Aljeriya

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  <page>
    <title>Aljeriya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1014</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839649</id>
      <parentid>839648</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T11:59:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Usmanmaifada</username>
        <id>20279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gyara rubutu</comment>
      <origin>839649</origin>
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      <text bytes="3762" sha1="141ap6dcigpe6ry120klvc3rkhgwo16" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:The Aguelmim Lake, Tikjda, Algeria.jpg|thumb|Tsuburi na algeria]]
[[File:Ruins in Algerian Desert.jpg|thumb|Tsaffin gine gine a Algeria]]
[[File:Maghnia-algeria.jpg|thumb|Maghnia algeria]]
'''Aljeriya,''' tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen [[Afirka]] ta arewa. Tana da babban kogi daga arewacin ta tana da kuma iyaka da ƙasashe shida su ne Kamar haka:

* Daga yammacin [[Maroko]] da hamada ta yamma. 
* Daga kudu maso yammaci [[Murutaniya|Murutaniya,]]  da [[Mali]]. 
* Daga kudu maso gabacin [[Nijar]]. 
* Daga gabasci [[Libya|Libya.]] 

* [[File:Annaba, algeria04.jpg|thumb|Algeria]]Daga arewa maso gabasci [[Tunisiya]]
[[File:Traditional Algerian desert dance.jpg|thumb|Bukukuwan al'ada na mutanen Algeria]]
[[File:Abdelmadjid Tebboune (2023).jpg|thumb|Shugaban kasar Aljeriya mai ci ayanzu]]
'''Aljeriya''' tana daya daga cikin kasashen, [[larabawa]] na [[Afirka]] kuma tana daya daga cikin kasashen larabawa kuma har wayau tana daya daga cikin kasashen [[Afirka]] kuma memba ce a kasashen Obek.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Jihohin Aljeriya''' ==

Aljeriya tana da yankuna arba'in da takwas su ne :-

{|
|-
|
* &lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt; [[Adrar (provins)|Adrar]]
* &lt;small&gt;2&lt;/small&gt; [[Aïn Defla (provins)|Aïn Defla]]
* &lt;small&gt;3&lt;/small&gt; [[Aïn Témouchent (provins)|Aïn Témouchent]]
* &lt;small&gt;4&lt;/small&gt; [[Algier]]
* &lt;small&gt;5&lt;/small&gt; [[Annaba (provins)|Annaba]]
* &lt;small&gt;6&lt;/small&gt; [[Batna (provins)|Batna]]
* &lt;small&gt;7&lt;/small&gt; [[Béchar (provins)|Béchar]]
* &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt; [[Béjaïa (provins)|Béjaïa]]
* &lt;small&gt;9&lt;/small&gt; [[Biskra (provins)|Biskra]]
* &lt;small&gt;10&lt;/small&gt; [[Blida]]
* &lt;small&gt;11&lt;/small&gt; [[Bordj Bou Arréridj (provins)|Bordj Bou Arréridj]]
* &lt;small&gt;12&lt;/small&gt; [[Bouira]]
* &lt;small&gt;13&lt;/small&gt; [[Boumerdès]]
* &lt;small&gt;14&lt;/small&gt; [[Chlef]]
* &lt;small&gt;15&lt;/small&gt; [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]]
* &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt; [[Djelfa (provins)|Djelfa]]
|
* &lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt; [[El Bayadh]]
* &lt;small&gt;18&lt;/small&gt; [[El Oued (provins)|El Oued]]
* &lt;small&gt;19&lt;/small&gt; [[El Tarf]]
* &lt;small&gt;20&lt;/small&gt; [[Ghardaïa]]
* &lt;small&gt;21&lt;/small&gt; [[Guelma]]
* &lt;small&gt;22&lt;/small&gt; [[Illizi]]
* &lt;small&gt;23&lt;/small&gt; [[Jijel]]
* &lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt; [[Khenchela]]
* &lt;small&gt;25&lt;/small&gt; [[Laghouat]]
* &lt;small&gt;26&lt;/small&gt; [[Mila]]
* &lt;small&gt;27&lt;/small&gt; [[Mostaganem (provins)|Mostaganem]]
* &lt;small&gt;28&lt;/small&gt; [[Medea (provins)|Medea]]
* &lt;small&gt;29&lt;/small&gt; [[Muaskar (provins)|Muaskar]]
* &lt;small&gt;30&lt;/small&gt; [[M'Sila]]
* &lt;small&gt;31&lt;/small&gt; [[Naama]]
* &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt; [[Oran]]
|
* &lt;small&gt;33&lt;/small&gt; [[Ouargla]]
* &lt;small&gt;34&lt;/small&gt; [[Oum el-Bouaghi]]
* &lt;small&gt;35&lt;/small&gt; [[Relizane]]
* &lt;small&gt;36&lt;/small&gt; [[Saida (provins)|Saida]]
* &lt;small&gt;37&lt;/small&gt; [[Sétif]]
* &lt;small&gt;38&lt;/small&gt; [[Sidi Bel Abbes]]
* &lt;small&gt;39&lt;/small&gt; [[Skikda]]
* &lt;small&gt;40&lt;/small&gt; [[Souk Ahras]]
* &lt;small&gt;41&lt;/small&gt; [[Tamanrasset]]
* &lt;small&gt;42&lt;/small&gt; [[Tébessa]]
* &lt;small&gt;43&lt;/small&gt; [[Tiaret]]
* &lt;small&gt;44&lt;/small&gt; [[Tindouf]]
* &lt;small&gt;45&lt;/small&gt; [[Tipaza]]
* &lt;small&gt;46&lt;/small&gt; [[Tissemsilt]]
* &lt;small&gt;47&lt;/small&gt; [[Tizi Ouzou]]
* &lt;small&gt;48&lt;/small&gt; [[Tlemcen]]
|
|[[File:Algeria_provinces_numbered.png|right|250px|Kaart mei provinsjes fan Algerije]]

|}
==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Abdalmumin_ben_ali_nedroma_statue.jpg|Mutum-Mutumin Abdalmumin ben ali nedroma
File:Tombeau_de_la_Chr%C3%A9tienne.JPG|Aljeriya 
File:Timgad,_3,_1975.jpg|Dakin wasa
File:Cath%C3%A9drale_Oran.jpeg|Birnin Oran, Aljeriya 
File:Tahagart.jpg|Tahagart Aljeriya 
File:El-3amra-15.jpg|Kogi
File:Meharis.jpg|Wani da raƙuminsa a yankin Aljeriya 
File:ONCFDM602.JPG|Layin dogo 
File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg|Tutar Aljeriya 
File:Algeria_CIA_map.png|Taswirar Aljeriya
&lt;/gallery&gt; 
{{Afirka}}

----
{{Commonscat|Algeria}}

[[Category:Afirka]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Ƙasashen Afirka]]
[[Category:Kasashen arewacin Afirika]]</text>
      <sha1>141ap6dcigpe6ry120klvc3rkhgwo16</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>839650</id>
      <parentid>839649</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T12:00:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Usmanmaifada</username>
        <id>20279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gyara rubutu</comment>
      <origin>839650</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3762" sha1="b8fg2241lhsoztg3iqspd29qgq1uht5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:The Aguelmim Lake, Tikjda, Algeria.jpg|thumb|Tsuburi na algeria]]
[[File:Ruins in Algerian Desert.jpg|thumb|Tsaffin gine gine a Algeria]]
[[File:Maghnia-algeria.jpg|thumb|Maghnia algeria]]
'''Aljeriya,''' tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen [[Afirka]] ta arewa. Tana da babban kogi daga arewacin ta tana da kuma iyaka da ƙasashe shida su ne Kamar haka:

* Daga yammacin [[Maroko]] da hamada ta yamma. 
* Daga kudu maso yammacin [[Murutaniya|Murutaniya,]] da [[Mali]]. 
* Daga kudu maso gabacin [[Nijar]]. 
* Daga gabacin [[Libya|Libya.]] 

* [[File:Annaba, algeria04.jpg|thumb|Algeria]]Daga arewa maso gabasci [[Tunisiya]]
[[File:Traditional Algerian desert dance.jpg|thumb|Bukukuwan al'ada na mutanen Algeria]]
[[File:Abdelmadjid Tebboune (2023).jpg|thumb|Shugaban kasar Aljeriya mai ci ayanzu]]
'''Aljeriya''' tana daya daga cikin kasashen, [[larabawa]] na [[Afirka]] kuma tana daya daga cikin kasashen larabawa kuma har wayau tana daya daga cikin kasashen [[Afirka]] kuma memba ce a kasashen Obek.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Jihohin Aljeriya''' ==

Aljeriya tana da yankuna arba'in da takwas su ne :-

{|
|-
|
* &lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt; [[Adrar (provins)|Adrar]]
* &lt;small&gt;2&lt;/small&gt; [[Aïn Defla (provins)|Aïn Defla]]
* &lt;small&gt;3&lt;/small&gt; [[Aïn Témouchent (provins)|Aïn Témouchent]]
* &lt;small&gt;4&lt;/small&gt; [[Algier]]
* &lt;small&gt;5&lt;/small&gt; [[Annaba (provins)|Annaba]]
* &lt;small&gt;6&lt;/small&gt; [[Batna (provins)|Batna]]
* &lt;small&gt;7&lt;/small&gt; [[Béchar (provins)|Béchar]]
* &lt;small&gt;8&lt;/small&gt; [[Béjaïa (provins)|Béjaïa]]
* &lt;small&gt;9&lt;/small&gt; [[Biskra (provins)|Biskra]]
* &lt;small&gt;10&lt;/small&gt; [[Blida]]
* &lt;small&gt;11&lt;/small&gt; [[Bordj Bou Arréridj (provins)|Bordj Bou Arréridj]]
* &lt;small&gt;12&lt;/small&gt; [[Bouira]]
* &lt;small&gt;13&lt;/small&gt; [[Boumerdès]]
* &lt;small&gt;14&lt;/small&gt; [[Chlef]]
* &lt;small&gt;15&lt;/small&gt; [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]]
* &lt;small&gt;16&lt;/small&gt; [[Djelfa (provins)|Djelfa]]
|
* &lt;small&gt;17&lt;/small&gt; [[El Bayadh]]
* &lt;small&gt;18&lt;/small&gt; [[El Oued (provins)|El Oued]]
* &lt;small&gt;19&lt;/small&gt; [[El Tarf]]
* &lt;small&gt;20&lt;/small&gt; [[Ghardaïa]]
* &lt;small&gt;21&lt;/small&gt; [[Guelma]]
* &lt;small&gt;22&lt;/small&gt; [[Illizi]]
* &lt;small&gt;23&lt;/small&gt; [[Jijel]]
* &lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt; [[Khenchela]]
* &lt;small&gt;25&lt;/small&gt; [[Laghouat]]
* &lt;small&gt;26&lt;/small&gt; [[Mila]]
* &lt;small&gt;27&lt;/small&gt; [[Mostaganem (provins)|Mostaganem]]
* &lt;small&gt;28&lt;/small&gt; [[Medea (provins)|Medea]]
* &lt;small&gt;29&lt;/small&gt; [[Muaskar (provins)|Muaskar]]
* &lt;small&gt;30&lt;/small&gt; [[M'Sila]]
* &lt;small&gt;31&lt;/small&gt; [[Naama]]
* &lt;small&gt;32&lt;/small&gt; [[Oran]]
|
* &lt;small&gt;33&lt;/small&gt; [[Ouargla]]
* &lt;small&gt;34&lt;/small&gt; [[Oum el-Bouaghi]]
* &lt;small&gt;35&lt;/small&gt; [[Relizane]]
* &lt;small&gt;36&lt;/small&gt; [[Saida (provins)|Saida]]
* &lt;small&gt;37&lt;/small&gt; [[Sétif]]
* &lt;small&gt;38&lt;/small&gt; [[Sidi Bel Abbes]]
* &lt;small&gt;39&lt;/small&gt; [[Skikda]]
* &lt;small&gt;40&lt;/small&gt; [[Souk Ahras]]
* &lt;small&gt;41&lt;/small&gt; [[Tamanrasset]]
* &lt;small&gt;42&lt;/small&gt; [[Tébessa]]
* &lt;small&gt;43&lt;/small&gt; [[Tiaret]]
* &lt;small&gt;44&lt;/small&gt; [[Tindouf]]
* &lt;small&gt;45&lt;/small&gt; [[Tipaza]]
* &lt;small&gt;46&lt;/small&gt; [[Tissemsilt]]
* &lt;small&gt;47&lt;/small&gt; [[Tizi Ouzou]]
* &lt;small&gt;48&lt;/small&gt; [[Tlemcen]]
|
|[[File:Algeria_provinces_numbered.png|right|250px|Kaart mei provinsjes fan Algerije]]

|}
==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Abdalmumin_ben_ali_nedroma_statue.jpg|Mutum-Mutumin Abdalmumin ben ali nedroma
File:Tombeau_de_la_Chr%C3%A9tienne.JPG|Aljeriya 
File:Timgad,_3,_1975.jpg|Dakin wasa
File:Cath%C3%A9drale_Oran.jpeg|Birnin Oran, Aljeriya 
File:Tahagart.jpg|Tahagart Aljeriya 
File:El-3amra-15.jpg|Kogi
File:Meharis.jpg|Wani da raƙuminsa a yankin Aljeriya 
File:ONCFDM602.JPG|Layin dogo 
File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg|Tutar Aljeriya 
File:Algeria_CIA_map.png|Taswirar Aljeriya
&lt;/gallery&gt; 
{{Afirka}}

----
{{Commonscat|Algeria}}

[[Category:Afirka]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Ƙasashen Afirka]]
[[Category:Kasashen arewacin Afirika]]</text>
      <sha1>b8fg2241lhsoztg3iqspd29qgq1uht5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Muritaniya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3415</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839651</id>
      <parentid>719597</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T12:02:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Usmanmaifada</username>
        <id>20279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gyara rubutu</comment>
      <origin>839651</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3495" sha1="ta2pr5lo4v9axpqic9vg0n6fevhfg1g" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
{{hujja}}

[[File:Mauritania_location_map.svg|thumb|right|250px|Taswirar Muritaniya.]]
[[File:Nouakchott-marche.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Kasuwa a birnin Nouakchott, babban birnin ƙasar]]
'''Muritaniya'''&lt;ref&gt;mɒrɪˈteɪniə/ ⓘ;[7] Arabic: موريتانيا, romanized: Mūrītānyā&lt;/ref&gt;ko '''Mauritaniya''' ko '''Jamhuriyar Musuluncin Muritaniya:''' (da Larabci: '''الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية'''; da Faransanci: '''République Islamique de Mauritanie''')&lt;ref&gt;Arabic: الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية, romanized: al-Jumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah&lt;/ref&gt;, ƙasa ce, da ke a Yammar [[Afirka]], a [[Afirka ta Yamma]]. Muritaniya tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita arabba'i (1 030 700) Muritaniya tana da yawan jama'a (4 005 475) bisa ga jimillar a shekarar (2020).   

Moritaniya ta na iyaka da ƙasar Atlantic ocean da ga yamma, Aljeriya, da ga Arewa maso yamma, Mali da ga Arewa maso gabas,  da koma gabas da koma kudu maso gabas,  sai kuma ƙasar Senegal da ga kudu maso yamma.  

Mauritiya itace ƙasa mafi girma A Africa. Yawanci mutanan Ƙasar wajan 4.4million suna rayuwan a tsananin zafin, a kudanci kasar, Babban birnin kasar koma mafi girma a shine Nouakhoth, yana kusa da Atlantic ocean, mouritaniya ta samu yancin kanta da ga kasar faransa a shekara ta (1960).&lt;ref&gt;Diagana, Kissima (23 June 2019). &quot;Ruling party candidate declared winner of Mauritania election&quot;. Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;   

Mohamed Ould El-Ghazaouani shine &lt;ref&gt;First peaceful transfer of power in Mauritania's presidential polls&quot;. RFI. 22 June 2019. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;shugaban kasar na muritaniya, [[Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya]] firiminista. 
Muritaniya ta samu ƴancin kanta a shekara ta (1960)daga [[Faransa]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Slavery Index country data – Mauritania&quot;. Global Slavery Index. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Activists warn over slavery as Mauritania joins U.N. human rights council&quot;. reuters.com. 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mauritania&quot;. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hotuna:==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Chinguetti_1997_43.jpg|Chinguetti,1997
File:Adrar_1997_14.jpg|Adrar 1997
File:The_Streets_Of_Maata_Moulana_(15143393436).jpg|Titin Maata Moulana, Muritaniya 
File:The_Salt_Pan_(15163654261).jpg|Teku na kasar
File:Chamelier_chargeant_un_chameau.jpg|Wani Buzu na shirya raƙuminsa 
File:Nouakchott-Dispersion des manifestants-2011.jpg|[Jemal Oumar] Matasan Mauritaniya sun tarwatsa masu zanga-zangar da hayaki mai sa hawaye a ranar 25 ga Afrilu.
File:National_Seal_of_Mauritania.svg|Hatimin ƙasar 
File:Chauffeus_de_bus-voyageurs.jpg|Wasu matafiya na kokarin tura motar da ta makalar a cikin Sahara, Muritaniya 
File:Proposition_de_drapeau_de_la_Mauritanie_de_2017.svg|Tutar kasar 
File:Adrar-Mother&amp;daughter.JPG|Uwa da 'yarta suna sayar da kayan aikin hannu a Adrar (Mauritania)
File:Chinguetti old town.jpg|Tsohon garin Chinguetti, Muritaniya
File:Central mosque in Nouakchott.jpg|Babban Massallaci da ke birnin Nouakchott, Muritaniya.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
{{Afirka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muritaniya}}
[[Category:Ƙasashen Afirka]]
[[Category:Kasashen yammacin Afirika]]</text>
      <sha1>ta2pr5lo4v9axpqic9vg0n6fevhfg1g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>839652</id>
      <parentid>839651</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T12:04:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Usmanmaifada</username>
        <id>20279</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gyara rubutu</comment>
      <origin>839652</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3475" sha1="jncxppr1c8nek68g0kmq4rmme7fpl9x" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
{{hujja}}

[[File:Mauritania_location_map.svg|thumb|right|250px|Taswirar Muritaniya.]]
[[File:Nouakchott-marche.jpg|230px|right|thumbnail|Kasuwa a birnin Nouakchott, babban birnin ƙasar]]
'''Muritaniya'''&lt;ref&gt;mɒrɪˈteɪniə/ ⓘ;[7] Arabic: موريتانيا, romanized: Mūrītānyā&lt;/ref&gt; ko '''Jamhuriyar Musuluncin Muritaniya:''' (da Larabci: '''الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية'''; da Faransanci: '''République Islamique de Mauritanie''')&lt;ref&gt;Arabic: الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية, romanized: al-Jumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah&lt;/ref&gt;, ƙasa ce, da ke a Yammar [[Afirka]], a [[Afirka ta Yamma]]. Muritaniya tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita arabba'i (1 030 700) Muritaniya tana da yawan jama'a (4 005 475) bisa ga jimillar a shekarar (2020).   

Moritaniya ta na iyaka da ƙasar Atlantic ocean da ga yamma, Aljeriya, da ga Arewa maso yamma, Mali da ga Arewa maso gabas,  da koma gabas da koma kudu maso gabas,  sai kuma ƙasar Senegal da ga kudu maso yamma.  

Mauritiya itace ƙasa mafi girma A Africa. Yawanci mutanan Ƙasar wajan 4.4million suna rayuwan a tsananin zafin, a kudanci kasar, Babban birnin kasar koma mafi girma a shine Nouakhoth, yana kusa da Atlantic ocean, mouritaniya ta samu yancin kanta da ga kasar faransa a shekara ta (1960).&lt;ref&gt;Diagana, Kissima (23 June 2019). &quot;Ruling party candidate declared winner of Mauritania election&quot;. Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;   

Mohamed Ould El-Ghazaouani shine &lt;ref&gt;First peaceful transfer of power in Mauritania's presidential polls&quot;. RFI. 22 June 2019. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;shugaban kasar na muritaniya, [[Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya]] firiminista. 
Muritaniya ta samu ƴancin kanta a shekara ta (1960)daga [[Faransa]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Slavery Index country data – Mauritania&quot;. Global Slavery Index. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Activists warn over slavery as Mauritania joins U.N. human rights council&quot;. reuters.com. 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mauritania&quot;. United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hotuna:==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Chinguetti_1997_43.jpg|Chinguetti,1997
File:Adrar_1997_14.jpg|Adrar 1997
File:The_Streets_Of_Maata_Moulana_(15143393436).jpg|Titin Maata Moulana, Muritaniya 
File:The_Salt_Pan_(15163654261).jpg|Teku na kasar
File:Chamelier_chargeant_un_chameau.jpg|Wani Buzu na shirya raƙuminsa 
File:Nouakchott-Dispersion des manifestants-2011.jpg|[Jemal Oumar] Matasan Mauritaniya sun tarwatsa masu zanga-zangar da hayaki mai sa hawaye a ranar 25 ga Afrilu.
File:National_Seal_of_Mauritania.svg|Hatimin ƙasar 
File:Chauffeus_de_bus-voyageurs.jpg|Wasu matafiya na kokarin tura motar da ta makalar a cikin Sahara, Muritaniya 
File:Proposition_de_drapeau_de_la_Mauritanie_de_2017.svg|Tutar kasar 
File:Adrar-Mother&amp;daughter.JPG|Uwa da 'yarta suna sayar da kayan aikin hannu a Adrar (Mauritania)
File:Chinguetti old town.jpg|Tsohon garin Chinguetti, Muritaniya
File:Central mosque in Nouakchott.jpg|Babban Massallaci da ke birnin Nouakchott, Muritaniya.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
{{Afirka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muritaniya}}
[[Category:Ƙasashen Afirka]]
[[Category:Kasashen yammacin Afirika]]</text>
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    <title>Simon Barker</title>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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'''Simon Barker''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964) ya kasance ƙwararren dan wasa ne na [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] daga ƙasar [[Ingila]],  wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Simon Barker&quot;. Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 9 March 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya fara aikinsa a Blackburn Rovers a shekara ta 1983, inda ya lashe Kofin Membobi tare da kulob din a 1987, kafin ya koma Queens Park Rangers a shekara mai zuwa akan £400,000. Ya buga wasanni 351 na lig da kofin QPR kuma ya buga gasar Premier kafin ya koma Port Vale a shekarar 1998. Ya zura kwallaye 84 a wasanni 619 da ya buga a gasar cin kofin duniya a tsawon shekaru 16 da ya yi a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila. Ya kuma wakilci Ingila 'yan kasa da shekara 21 sau hudu. Ya yi ritaya a watan Nuwamba 1999 kuma ya ci gaba da aiki da kungiyar kwararrun ‘yan wasan kwallon kafa a matsayin mataimakin shugaban zartarwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;FootballSquads – Port Vale – 1999/00&quot;. footballsquads.co.uk. Retrieved 24 June 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Sana'a ==
'''Blackburn Rovers'''

Barker ya fara aikinsa a Blackburn Rovers a ƙarƙashin kulawar Bobby Saxton a cikin 1983, kasancewar shi ɗan taya Noel Brotherston ne a matsayin ɗan koyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Dewhurst, Tony (17 February 2014). &quot;It's simple for Simon, Rovers cup joy was his finest time&quot;. Lancashire Telegraph. Retrieved 26 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zabi shiga Rovers gaban [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] saboda yana jin yana da damar shiga kungiyar farko a Ewood Park.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Norris, Ron. &quot;The Simon Barker Interview&quot;. QPRnet. Retrieved 26 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Rovers sun gama matsayi na shida a cikin Sashe na Biyu a cikin 1983–84, wurare uku da maki 13 a wajen yankin haɓakawa. Sun koma matsayi na biyar a 1984–85, wurare biyu kacal da maki daya a bayan daukakar [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]. Blackburn daga nan ta ragu zuwa matsayi na 19 a cikin 1985–86, wuri daya da maki uku a saman Carlisle United ta koma mataki na biyu; An zabi Barker a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan kungiyar a karshen kamfen. Sabon manaja Don Mackay ya tattara su zuwa matsayi na 12 a 1986–87. Barker ya buga wa Rovers a gasar cin kofin Membobi na 1987 na karshe a Wembley, inda burin Colin Hendry ya isa ya doke Charlton Athletic da ci 1–0.&lt;ref&gt;Rob Maul (20 February 2005). &quot;Caught in Time: Blackburn Rovers win Full Members Cup, 1987&quot;. Sunday Times. Retrieved 26 November 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;Blackburn ta kai wasan share fage a 1987–88, amma Chelsea ta doke ta a matakin wasan kusa da na karshe.

'''Queens Park Rangers'''

Ya koma kulob na First Division Queens Park Rangers a 1988 akan kudi £400,000, tarihin kulob na Blackburn da QPR.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ya buga wasansa na farko a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Manchester United a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar. Rangers sun ƙare a matsayi na tara a cikin 1988–89 ƙarƙashin Trevor Francis, na goma sha ɗaya a cikin 1989–90 kuma na goma sha biyu a 1990–91 ƙarƙashin Don Howe, kuma na goma sha ɗaya a 1991–92 ƙarƙashin Gerry Francis. Barker ya taimaka wa Rangers kammala matsayi na biyar a farkon kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier a 1992–93, abin da ya sanya su zama babban kulob a London. Sun koma matsayi na tara a 1993–94, kafin su kare na takwas a 1994–95 karkashin sabon manaja Ray Wilkins. Duk da haka, sayar da Les Ferdinand wanda ya fi zira kwallaye ga Newcastle United ya yi wa QPR wahala, kuma an yi watsi da su a 1995–96, ko da yake Barker ya ci kwallo a karawar da Chelsea ta yi a yammacin London. Sabon koci Stewart [[Houston]] ya kasa dawo da matsayi na gaba cikin sauri, yayin da suka kammala maki biyar a wajen wasan. Kulob din ya yi gwagwarmaya a 1997–98, inda ya kammala maki daya da matsayi daya a saman Manchester City da ta koma mataki na biyu. Bayan wasan shaida da Jamaica, Barker ya bar Loftus Road zuwa Port Vale. Barker ya buga wa QPR wasanni 351 a dukkan gasa, inda ya zura kwallaye 41.

'''Port Vale'''

Barker ya ci kwallo a lokacin da ya koma Loftus Road a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1998. Duk da haka, &quot;Valiants&quot; sun yi rashin nasara a wasan 3–2.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ya buga jimlar wasanni 25 a cikin 1998 – 99, yayin da kulob din ya shiga cikin mawuyacin hali ta hanyar maye gurbin koci John Rudge tare da Brian Horton. Barker ya bayyana sau shida kawai a Vale Park a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1999–2000 kuma ya yi ritaya a ƙarshen kwantiraginsa a watan Nuwamba bayan ya sami rauni.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Barker: Rudge was unbelievable&quot;. onevalefan.co.uk. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2020.  Shaw, Steve (2 March 2011).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki a Kungiyar PFA ==
Barker ya nemi aikin gudanarwa ba tare da nasara ba kuma a maimakon haka ya fara aiki na cikakken lokaci ga kungiyar kwararrun 'yan wasan kwallon kafa (PFA) a cikin 1999 bayan ya shafe shekaru biyar a kwamitin gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ya ci gaba da zama babban jami'in gudanarwa na PFA.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Port Vale: I have no case to answer over coach bust-up, claims Gannon&quot;. The Sentinel. Archived from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambar Girmamawa ==

* Mutum

Blackburn Rovers FC Gwarzon Dan Wasan Shekara: 1985–86

* Blackburn Rovers

Cikakkun Kofin Membobi: 1987&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barker, Simon}}
[[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dutse</title>
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[[Fayil:Dutse City.jpg|thumb|garin dutse]]
[[Fayil:Ibrahim Saminu Turaki Tower.jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Saminu Turaki Tawa, Dutse jahar jigawa]]
[[Fayil:Date Market.jpg|thumb|kasuwar dabino a jahar jigawa]]
'''Dutse:¹1'''({{ Audio|Dutse, jigawa.ogg|Pronunciation}}) Birni ne, da ke a arewacin [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne babban birnin [[Jigawa|jihar Jigawa]]. Yana gida ne ga Jami'ar Tarayya, Dutse wanda aka kafa a watan [[Nuwamba]] 2011. Baya ga Jami'ar Tarayya Dutse, akwai kuma Cibiyar Bincike ta Dabino (Sub-Station) da kuma polytechnic na jiha a Dutse. Kwalejin [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Hussaini Adamu|Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Jigawa]] tana da Kwalejin Nazarin Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa a garin Dutse, jihar [[Jigawa|Jigawa.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hafedpoly.com/aboutus.php|title=About Us|access-date=2010-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Geography da shimfidar wuri''' ==
Da yawan jama'a 153,000 (2009),  a halin yanzu Dutse shi ne birni mafi girma a jihar Jigawa sai [[Haɗejiya|Hadejia]] (111,000), [[Gumel]] (43,000), da [[Birnin Kudu]] (27,000). Dutse babban birnin jihar Jigawa ne a Najeriya. An kafa jihar ne a shekarar 1991 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida. Dutse (Dutsi, a farkon bayanin kula) ya samo sunansa daga saman dutsen da ya keɓanta da yankin. Ana iya ganin nau'ikan duwatsu daban-daban a ko'ina cikin garin. Garin dutsen da aka fi sani da shi, ya samo sunansa ne daga wannan albarkatu na halitta, Dutse ( kalmar dutsen Hausa). Dutse da kewayenta sun shahara da bishiyar dabino (Dabino) iri-iri. Wurin yana da ƙayyadaddun yanayin ƙasa da bangon tuddai. Sunan Jigawa (daga jigayi) ana danganta shi da irin wannan topology. Musamman a jihohin Arewa maso Yamma, al’ummar Dutse [[Hausawa]] ne kuma sune ƴan ƙasa. Tare da samun filin noma, mazauna Dutse galibi manoma ne; Akwai kuma wasu sana'o'in da aka saba da su a karkara a tsakanin jama'a.{{Wide image|Dutse 2.jpg|600px|360-degree Panorama of Dutse City from the top of Saminu Turaki Tower}}ref name=&quot;world gazetteer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?men=gpro&amp;des=gamelan&amp;geo=366498933|title= Dutse|access-date= 2007-02-18|work= World Gazetteer|publisher= Stefan Helders|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130210075849/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?men=gpro&amp;des=gamelan&amp;geo=366498933|archive-date= 2013-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samuwar Jiha: ==
[[Fayil:Dutse City 1.jpg|thumb|Dutse]]
[[Fayil:Dutse Palace 1.jpg|thumb|Masarautar Dutse]]
[[Fayil:Dutse Emirates Place 04.jpg|thumb|Dutse Emir's Palace]]
Tattaunawar samar da jihar Jigawa ya gudana ne ƙarƙashin jagorancin Malam Inuwa-Dutse, tsohon kwamishinan noma da albarkatun ƙasa a tsohuwar jihar Kano (wanda ya haɗa da jihohin Kano da Jigawa na yanzu) a zamanin marigayi Alhaji Audu Bako. An fara shi ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 amma an daƙile shi sakamakon juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi. An sami sabunta sha'awa a lokuta daban-daban tun daga kiran farko. Lokacin da aka sake yin kira ga kafa jihohi a karshen shekarun 1980, al’ummar Jigawa ba su yi kasa a gwiwa ba wajen ba da ra’ayinsu. Lokacin cin nasara ya zo ne a farkon shekarun 1990 (Agusta, 1991, daidai) lokacin mulkin soja na Shugaba Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida. Duk da cewa an samu nasarar yin kiraye-kirayen a samar da Jihohi, akasarin kananan hukumomin da aka gabatar a farkon rahoton samar da jihar an kawar da su, aka kuma bullo da wasu sababbi. Wasu yankunan da aka bar sun hada da Albasu, Ajingi, Wudil, Sumaila, Kachako da Takai. Kadan ne daga cikin wadanda suka tayar da hankalin samar da jihar a zahiri a cikin Sabuwar Duniya (jihar Jigawa, Tarin Allah a matsayin taken gama gari ga jihar).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://ijdutse.blogspot.co.uk/2016/07/historical-notes-dutse.html|title=Jinka!|date=19 July 2016|access-date=2016-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta: ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin hadi na waje ==

* [http://www.fud.edu.ng/ Federal University Dutse official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712104013/https://fud.edu.ng/ |date=2022-07-12 }}
* [http://ijdutse.blogspot.co.uk/2016/07/historical-notes-dutse.html]

{{Coord|11|42|04|N|9|20|31|E|region:NG_type:city(17697)}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|11|42|04|N|9|20|31|E|region:NG_type:city(17697)}}{{LGAs and communities of Jigawa State}}{{Cities in Nigeria}}{{Authority control}}</text>
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[[Fayil:Gombe State University.jpg|thumb|jamiar jihad gombe]]
[[Fayil:Black View at Gombe State University 03.jpg|thumb|hoton Caliban jamia at gombe]]
[[Fayil:GOMBE STATE UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE.jpg|thumb|kofar Shiva Jami ar]][[File:Gombe State University Law Students 16.jpg|thumb]][[File:Black View at Gombe State University 06.jpg|thumb]]
'''Jami'ar Jihar Gombe''' [[jami'a]] ce mallakar gwamnatin [[jihar Gombe]]. An kafa ta ne a shekara na 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.4icu.org/reviews/10742.htm|title=Gombe State University|publisher=www.4icu.org|date=|accessdate=16 March 2019|archive-date=23 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123043325/http://www.4icu.org/reviews/10742.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar jihar Gombe tana Tudun wada Gombe, [[:en:Gombe_State|Gombe state]]. Ita member ce ta [[google:Association+of+Commonwealth+Universities&amp;client=ms-opera-mini-android&amp;channel=new|association of common wealth  universities.]]&lt;ref&gt;^ &quot;Gombe State University&quot; .

www.4icu.org. Retrieved 9 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban jami'ar wato ''Chancellor'' shine sarkin Gombe Alhaji [[:en:Abubakar_Shehu-Abubakar|Abubakar Shehu Abubakar II]]&lt;ref&gt;Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar - Wikipedia&lt;/ref&gt; da mataimakinsa wato ''Vice-Chancellor [[:en:Aliyu_Usman_El-Nafaty|Professor Aliyu Usman Elnafaty]]''&lt;ref&gt;The Vice Chancellor – Gombe State University (gsu.edu.ng)&lt;/ref&gt;''.'' Farkon maitamakin shugaba na jami'ar (Vice Chancellor)  shine farfesa [[:en:Abdullahi_Mahadi|Abdullahi Mahadi]]&lt;ref&gt;Abdullahi Mahadi - Wikipedia&lt;/ref&gt;.

Governor  [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Danjuma_Goje Muhammad Danjuma Goje] ne ya kafa jami'ar a shekaran 2004.

==[[Tarihi]]==
Jami'ar jihar [[Gombe]] an samar da ita a shekarar 2003 karkashin mulkin gwamna [https://guardian.ng/politics/gombe-apc-expels-danjuma-goje/ Muhammad Danjuma Goje]. Hukumar [[ilimi]] ta jihar Gombe ta samar da shuwagabanni da manazarta na jami'ar kimanin mutane ashirin da hudu 24 wanda zasu kula da harkokin ilimi na jami'ar. Jami'ar tana samarda dalibai da suka kammala karatun gaba da sakandare a fannoni daban [https://www.channelstv.com/2023/06/24/gombe-varsity-management-gets-six-month-tenure-extension/ daban]

== Shuwagabannin Jami'ar ==
Marigayi [[Farfesa]] Abdullahi Mahadi shi ne shugaban jami'ar na farko. Kafin shiga Jami’ar Jihar Gombe a matsayin shugaban jami’ar a lokacin da aka kafa jami’ar a shekarar 2004, Mahdi ya yi aiki irin nasa a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke [[Zariya]] na tsawon shekaru hudu. Ya kasance Shugaban Jami’ar Jihar Gombe tun daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2014, lokacin da Gwamnan Jihar Gombe na lokacin [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Hassan_Dankwambo Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/dankwambo-how-ex-gov-who-forgot-he-had-left-power-missed-his-flight-seeking-vip-treatment/&lt;/ref&gt;  ya naɗa Farfesa Ibrahim Umar a matsayin Shugaban Jami’ar.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/168363-dankwambo-appoints-new-gombe-state-university-v-c.html?tztc=1&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin nadin nasa Farfesa Ibrahim Umar shi ne shugaban tsangayar [[kimiyya]] da karatun digiri na biyu na jami'ar. An haife shi a shekarar alif ɗari tara da hamsin da takwas (1958) a karamar hukumar Nafada,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/the-vice-chancellor/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-28 |archive-date=2022-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007180458/https://gsu.edu.ng/home/the-vice-chancellor/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; dake Jihar Gombe.

Shugaban jami'ar na yanzu shine Farfesa Aliyu Usman El-Nafaty a matsayin shugaban jami'ar jihar Gombe na uku bayan karewar wa'adin Prof. I. M Umar a shekarar 2019.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/168363-dankwambo-appoints-new-gombe-state-university-v-c.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://tribuneonlineng.com/tetfund-pillar-of-development-in-gombe-state-university-%E2%80%94-vc/{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/umar-professor-ibrahim-musa/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://dailytrust.com/prof-mahdi-appointed-vc-gombe-tech-varsity |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-28 |archive-date=2022-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003071910/https://dailytrust.com/prof-mahdi-appointed-vc-gombe-tech-varsity |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/the-vice-chancellor/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-28 |archive-date=2022-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007180458/https://gsu.edu.ng/home/the-vice-chancellor/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sashuna ==
Sashuna da ke ƙarƙashin Jami’ar Jihar Gombe:&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/about-us/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-28 |archive-date=2023-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109155837/https://gsu.edu.ng/home/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sashen Arts da Social Sciences&lt;ref&gt;Faculties – Gombe State University (gsu.edu.ng)&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sashen Ilimi&lt;ref&gt;Faculties – Gombe State University (gsu.edu.ng)&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sashen kimiyya&lt;ref&gt;Faculties – Gombe State University (gsu.edu.ng)&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sashen Law&lt;ref&gt;Faculties – Gombe State University (gsu.edu.ng)&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sashen Pharmaceutical Science&lt;ref&gt;Faculties – Gombe State University (gsu.edu.ng)&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sashen Medical Science&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Sashen Arts da Social Sciences&lt;ref&gt;List of FOASS – Gombe State University (gsu.edu.ng)&lt;/ref&gt; ==

* Accounting
* Business Administration
* Economics
* English Language
* History
* Political Science
* Public Administration
* Religious
* Sociology

== Sashen Ilimi ==
Wannan sashe ya ƙunshi manyan sassa guda uku (3)&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://gsu.edu.ng/home/dean-of-education/&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;, wanda ko wani sashe daga cikin su yana da rassa a ƙarƙashin sa. Sashunan sune kamar haka;

* Sashen Arts and Social Sciences Education 
* Sashen Educational Foundation 
* Sashen Science Education 

== Sashen [[kimiyya]]&lt;ref&gt;Faculty of Science – Gombe State University (gsu.edu.ng)&lt;/ref&gt; ==

* Biological Sciences
* Biochemistry
* Botany
* Chemistry
* Computer Science
* Geography
* Geology
* Mathematics
* Microbiology
* Physics
* Science Laboratory Technology
* Zoology

== Sashen Pharmaceutical Science&lt;ref&gt;Faculties – Gombe State University (gsu.edu.ng)&lt;/ref&gt; ==

* Pharmacognosy and Drug Development
* Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology
* Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice
* Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry
* Pharmacology and Therapeutics
* Pharmaceutical Microbiology

== Kwalejin Kimiyyar [[Lafiya]]&lt;ref&gt;Faculties – Gombe State University (gsu.edu.ng)&lt;/ref&gt; ==
Kwalejin kimiyyar likitanci ta ƙunshi sassa uku;

* Sashen Medical Sciences

* Sashen Basic Clinical Sciences

* Sashen Clinical Sciences

== Makarantar Digiri na gaba ==
An kafa Makarantar Digiri na biyu ne ta hanyar sashe na 7 (i) a na Dokar Jami’ar Jihar Gombe ta 2004. Yayin da aka fara aiwatar da shirin a shekarar 2008/2009, an bude Makarantar Koyon Digiri na farko a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2009. Duk da haka, darussa uku ne aka fara daga 2012/2013, wato: MA History, M.Sc. Physics da PGDE. Biyo bayan haɓaka da aka samu a cikin 2014/2015, Makarantar Digiri na biyu a halin yanzu tana gudanar da darussa sittin da takwas a ƙarƙashin sashunan karatu uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-28 |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204122910/https://gsu.edu.ng/home/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eafinder.com/ng/list-of-postgraduate-courses-offered-at-gombe-state-university-gsu/,%20https://www.eafinder.com/ng/list-of-postgraduate-courses-offered-at-gombe-state-university-gsu/{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dakin Karatu ==
Akwai babban ɗakin karatu guda ɗaya a cikin jami'ar. 

Babban dakin karatu na jami'ar wani gini ne mai hawa biyu wanda ke cikin babban jami'ar mai dauke da ofisoshi daban-daban, sassan da ke dauke da ma'aikatan gudanarwa, fasaha da sauran ma'aikata. Dakin karatun yana da tarin litattafai masu tarin yawa fiye da 52,000 da lakabi na lokaci-lokaci 12,000, da kuma fa'idodin mujallolin kan layi da na layi. Dakin karatun yanada sashi na musamman na yanar gizo (online) inda akwai na'urai na konfuta da dama domin dalibai masu aikin bincike (wato research da project} &lt;ref&gt;University Librarian – Gombe State University (gsu.edu.ng)&lt;/ref&gt;Yanzu kuma an sanya wa dakin karatu sunan marigayi Farfesa Abdullahi Mahdi, wanda ya kasance tsohon shugaban jami’ar kuma shugaban jami’ar na farko&lt;ref&gt;University Librarian – Gombe State University (gsu.edu.ng)&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Hotuna ==
[[File:Faculty of Arts. Social And Management Science.jpg|center|thumb|361x361px|Sashen Arts da Kimiyyan gudanarwa a GSU]]
[[File:Gombe State University.jpg|center|thumb|359x359px|Kofar shiga makaranta]]
[[File:Gombe State University Zoological Park.jpg|border|center|thumb|381x381px|Gidan Zoo na Jami'an]]


==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gombe}}
[[Category:Jami'o'i a Nijeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Babura</title>
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[[File:Dutse Central Mosque 3.jpg|thumb|babban masallaci a dutse]]
'''Babura'''({{ Audio|Babura.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|ƙaramar]] hukuma ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yammacin [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]]. Babura ta kasance garinsu marigayi Alƙalin alƙalai justice Ɗahiru Mustafa da kuma marigayi Malam [[Lawan Saleh Dache Babura]]. Tana ɗaya daga cikin biranen jihar [[Jigawa]] sannan ta yi boda da Ɗambatta daga ɓangaren kudu.
Garin Babura yanada tarihi sosai musamman bangaren sarauta. 
Sarki babura wanda ake yiwa lakabi da Mai cirimbi shine wanda ya kafa garin babura. Sarki ne mai Cikakken iko wanda yayi Gwagwarmaya da yake-yake da dama ciki har da bada kariya ga garin [[Kano]] zamanin da ake yaki tsakanin garin Kano da Damagaran din Nijar. 
Sarki Mai cirimbi yana da komai na sarauta kamar tambari fada da sauransu wukar yanka ce kadai yaqi karba saboda wasu dalilansa. 
Yanzu haka tsatson sarki Mai cirimbi sune suke sarautar Sarkin Gabas a garin Babura wanda yake matsayin babban dagachi. 


babura ɗaya ce daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi guda 27 a jihar Jigawa.
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Jigawa]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm2id=NGA018002&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.finelib.com/listing/Babura-Local-Government-Area/62476/&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Babura |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-08-30 |archive-date=2019-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106060702/https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Babura |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Birniwa</title>
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      <text bytes="768" sha1="4ajyodl77dylmfwa9rkfyz3vipbc9l2" xml:space="preserve">{{hujja}}{{Databox}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.manpower.com https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/wards-in-Iga/360/birniwa]&lt;/ref&gt;[[Fayil:Birniwa melon market.jpg|thumb|kasuqar Lankana biriniwa]]
[[Fayil:Birniwa water melon market.jpg|thumb|kasuqar birniwa]]
'''Biriniwa'''({{ Audio|Birniwa.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Karamar Hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yammacin [[Nijeriya]]. Ƙaramar hukumar Birniwa tana ƙarƙashin Masarautar [[Hadejia]].

Karamar Hukumar Birniwa tana da mazabu guda goma sha ɗaya wanda suka haɗar da , Batu, Birniwa, Dangwaleri, Fagi, Diginsa, Karanka, Kachallari, Kazura , Macinamari, Matamu da kuma Nguwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
{{Stub}}

==Manazarta==
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[[Fayil:Early hours of the day in dutse.jpg|thumb|Birnin kudu]]
'''Birnin Kudu'''({{ Audio|Birnin Kudu, jigawa.ogg|Pronunciation}}) gari ne kuma ƙaramar hukuma ce a kudancin [[Jigawa|jihar Jigawa ta]] [[Najeriya]], mai tazarar kilomita 120 kudu maso gabas da [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]. A shekarar 2006 garin Birnin Kudu yana da yawan jama'a 419,800 kuma ita ce ƙaramar hukuma mafi yawan al'umma a jihar.&lt;ref name=&quot;world gazetteer&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gpro&amp;lng=en&amp;dat=32&amp;geo=-158&amp;srt=npan&amp;col=aohdq&amp;pt=c&amp;va=x&amp;geo=365202950 | title = The World Gazetteer | accessdate = 2007-03-27 | publisher = Stefan Helders }}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Birnin Kudu tsohon birni ne mai cike da tarihi da ya yi suna da duwatsu da zane-zane da aka samu a wasu daga cikinsu tun shekaru aru-aru kafin a yi wa Arewacin Najeriya mulkin mallaka da kafa Hukumar ‘Yan Kasa (NA). Birnin ya kasance hedikwatar NA a lokacin mulkin Ingila kuma ya kasance babban birnin karamar hukumar Birnin Kudu.

Bayan haka garin birnin kudu Wanda lokacin da ana hade da jihar kano local government ce wacce tahada dayawa acikinta tundaga  wudil kwanar simaila takai dutse kiyawa buji dakuma gwaram.&lt;ref&gt;tarihin garin birnin kudu&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuma ayanzu haka garin birnin kudu wanda adasunan garin shine BODAN yana daga cikin garinda matasa maza da mata suka rungumi kasuwanci da sana'o'in hannu 

Birnin Kudu ita ce karamar hukumar da ta fi yawan al'umma a jihar Jigawa bisa ga kidayar jama'a a shekarar 2006, duk da cewa birnin yana tafiyar hawainiya wajen samar da ababen more rayuwa. Haka kuma gari ne da karamar hukumar Gwaram da Buji suka rabu a shekarar 1996.

Gida ne daya daga cikin tsofaffin makarantu a Arewacin Najeriya, Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Birnin Kudu, daga nan ne aka samu Shugabannin Arewa da ‘yan kasuwa da dama da suka hada da Alhaji Aliko dangote (mai kudi a Afirka).

A siyasar baya-bayan nan Birnin Kudu ya samar da gwamnoni biyu na jihar Jigawa (Alh Ali Sa'adu, gwamnan farar hula na farko) da kuma Alh Sule lamido, wanda ya yi gwamnan jihar jigawa daga ranar 29 ga watan Mayu 2007 zuwa 29 ga watan Mayu 2015.

Birnin Kudu yana da unguwannin siyasa guda 11, wato Kantoga, Kangire, Kwangwara, Kiyako, Sundumina, Surko, Lafiya, Unguwar 'ya, Yalwan dama, Birnin Kudu, da Wurno.

halin yanzu Siraj Muhammad Kantoga memba ne mai wakiltar Birnin Kudu a majalisar dokokin jihar Jigawa, 2015 zuwa yau.

'''BIRNINKUDU ROCK ARTS AND PINTING''' An gano zanen dutsen Birnin Kudu a shekarar 1950-1955 a Birnin Kudu. Yana da sananne kamar samun tarin tsoffin gongiyoyi na dutse waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman kayan kida da ƙararrawa na faɗakarwa

Hotunan dutsen Birnin Kudu na ɗaya daga cikin tabbatattun daɗaɗɗen wayewar ɗan adam a yankin Saharar Afirka. Ana kyautata zaton cewa wadannan zane-zane sun wuce shekaru dubu biyu da suka wuce, wadanda ke cikin shimfidar lu'u-lu'u na Arewacin Najeriya.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
{{LGAs and communities of Jigawa State}}</text>
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    <title>Yankwashi</title>
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        <id>26992</id>
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      <comment>Saka Sauti</comment>
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[[Fayil:Ringim Gate 2.jpg|thumb|hoton yankwashi]]
[[Fayil:JSCE.jpg|thumb|makaranta a yan kwasji]]
'''Yankwashi''' ({{ Audio|Yankwashi.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]].

{{Stub}}

==Manazarta== 
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Jigawa]]
Yankwashi takasnce daya daga cikin kananan hukumomin jahar jigawa, yankwashi takasnce a jigawa ta arewa maso yamma</text>
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    <title>Buji (Nijeriya)</title>
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'''Buji''' ({{ Audio|Buji.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Karamar Hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]]. Hedikwatarta tana cikin garin Gantsa. Tana da fadin yanki da ya kai 548 km2 da kuma yawan jama'a da ya kai 97,371 a lissafin  kidayar 2006.
Lambar akwatin gidan wayarta ita ce 721.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |publisher=NIPOST |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |accessdate=2009-10-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}} 

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}
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[[Fayil:Gagarawa Post Office, Earnest Shonekan Way, Dutse Jigawa State.jpg|thumb|Gagarawa police station ]]
'''Gagarawa'''({{ Audio|Gagarawa.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Karamar Hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]].

{{Stub}}
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'''Garki'''({{ Audio|Garki, Jigawa state.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Karamar Hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]].

== Yanayin Ƙasa ==
Lokacin damina a Garki yana da tsauri kuma gabaɗaya yana da duhu, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara na digiri 60 zuwa 104 na Fahrenheit. Garki yana da lokacin rani tare da ɗan gajimare da yanayi mai zafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Garki Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/61895/Average-Weather-in-Garki-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Garki, Jigawa, NG Climate Zone, Monthly Averages, Historical Weather Data |url=https://tcktcktck.org/nigeria/jigawa/garki |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=tcktcktck.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Stub}}

==Manazarta== 
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    <title>Gumel</title>
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      <text bytes="5746" sha1="5mzgu587ia6p09eybvae2ssva8ie5dt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Gumel''' ko '''Gumal'''({{ Audio|Gumel.ogg|Pronunciation}})  birni ne dake a [[masarautar]] gargajiya a [[Jihar Jigawa]], [[Najeriya]] .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Gumel tana da nisan kilomita 120 daga arewa maso gabashin [[Kano]], kuma tana da nisan kilomita 20 kudu da iyakar arewacin [[Najeriya]] da Nijar.  A shekarar 2007 an kiyasta yawan mutanen Gumel ya kai 44,158.  Gumel, ita ma ta zama, birni da masarautun gargajiya, arewacin jihar [[Jigawa]], [[arewacin Nigeria tana kusa da birnin Kano (kilomita 121 kudu maso yamma) da mabiyansa na kabilar Manga (Mangawa) ne suka kafa Masarautar kimanin 1750.  Jim kadan bayan rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1754, ta zama jihar da ta kasance abar gadar daular Bornu.  Masarautar ta tsira daga hare-haren Fulani na jihadin Usman dan Fodio (&quot;yaki mai tsarki&quot;) a farkon karni na 19 kuma ba ta taba shiga cikin daular Fulani ta Sokoto ba.  A cikin 1845 an ƙaura babban birnin Gumel daga Tumbi (mil 20 arewa da ita zuwa Nijar ta yanzu) zuwa wurin da ake yanzu.  Yaƙe-yaƙen Hadejia da ke kusa da Kano, da Zinder (Damagaram) ya addabi masarautar tun daga 1828;  An ci gaba da yakin da Hadejia har aka kashe Sarkin Gumel, Abdullahi a yakin na shekarar 1872. Hare-haren bayi a karshen karni da Damagaram ya kara lalata Gumel.  Sarki Ahmadu ya mika wuya ga Turawan Ingila a shekarar 1903, sannan aka shigar da masarautar Gumel cikin lardin Kano.  A 1976 ta zama jihar [[Kano]], kuma tun 1991 tana cikin jihar [[Jigawa]].

Garin Gumel ya kasance babbar cibiyar kasuwar yankin - millet da sorghum sune abinci na musamman - kuma yana aiki a matsayin wurin tattara peanuts (groundnuts), wanda ake jigilar su zuwa birnin Kano don fitarwa ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Ana amfani da dutse mai laushi da diatomaceous a cikin gida a yankunan da aka warwatsa. Garin yana da cibiyar horar da aikn gona da kwalejin horar da malamai. Gumel tana kan babbar hanyar da ke haɗuwa da Kano da Hadejia kuma cibiyar hanyoyin gida ce da ke aiki a arewacin jihar Jigawa. Pop.  (2006) yankin karamar hukuma, 107,161.

=== Yanayi ===
A cikin Gumel, lokacin fari yana da ƙanƙanta kuma yana da ɗan hazo yayin da lokacin rigar yana da zafi sosai kuma yana da hazo. Yawan zafin jiki yana sauka ƙasa da 55 ° F ko ya tashi sama da 108 ° F a duk shekara, yawanci yana canzawa tsakanin 60 ° F da 104 ° F.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gumel Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/61894/Average-Weather-in-Gumel-Nigeria-Year-Round#:~:text=Over%20the%20course%20of%20the,or%20above%20108%C2%B0F. |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Dan Juma da mabiyansa daga kabilar Mangawa ne suka kafa masarautar a shekara ta 1750. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya mutu a shekara ta 1754, ya zama jihar mai ba da gudummawa ga mulkin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Bornu]]. Masarautar ta tsira daga hare-haren Fulani na [[jihadi]] na Usman dan Fodio a farkon karni na 19 kuma ba ta taɓa zama wani ɓangare na daular Fulani ta Sokoto ba. Yanayin Gumel na yanzu shine sakamakon motsi na 1845 daga garin Tumbi, wanda ke cikin abin da ke yanzu Nijar. Masarautar ta kasance da yaƙi akai-akai da biranen da ke kusa da ita na [[Haɗejiya|Hadejia]], Danzomo, [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], da [[Zinder]] tun 1828. Yaƙin da aka yi da Hadejia ya ci gaba har sai da sarkin Gumel, Abdullahi, ya mutu a 1872. Kafin Sarki Ahmadu ya yarda da mulkin [[Birtaniya]] a cikin 1903, hare-haren bayi akai-akai daga garin Zinder sun zama ruwan dare. A shekara ta 1976 Gumel ta zama wani ɓangare na [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], kuma tun daga shekara ta 1991 ta kasance wani ɓangare na Jiha ta Jigawa kusa da Danzomo, [[Gagarawa]], [[Sule Tankarkar]], da [[Maigatari]].

Sarkin Gumel na yanzu, HRH Alh. Ahmed Mohammed Sani II (CON) shi ne sarkin Gumel na 16. Sarkin ya kammala karatu, na kimiyyar siyasa, na Jami'ar Jihar Ohio a Amurka. Sarkin ya kasance a ofis tun 1981. Gidan sarauta na sarkin yana samuwa ne kawai ga waɗanda sarkin ya gayyace su, ga membobin gidan sarauta, da kuma jami'an kotun sarauta (majalisa ta sarkin, wanda ake kira Majlis).&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gumel | title=Gumel |work=Encyclopaedia Britannica | accessdate=10 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jerin sarakunan Gumel ===
Emirs

* 1749 - 1754 Dan Juma I dan Musa
* 1754 - 1760 Adamu Karro dan Digadiga Karro (ya mutu 1760) 
* 1760 - 1777 Dan Juma II dan Digadiga Karro
* 1777 - 1804 Maikota dan Adam Karro (ya mutu 1804) 
* 1804 - 1811 Kalgo dan Maikota (ya mutu a shekara ta 1811) 
* 1811 - 1828 Dan Auwa dan Maikota (ya mutu 1828) 
* 1828 - 1851 Muhamman Dan Tanoma dan Maikota (ya mutu 1851) 
* 1851 - 1853 Ceri dan Muhamman Dan Tanoma (1st time) 
* 1853 - 1855 Muhamman Atu dan Dan Auwa
* 1855 - 1861 Ceri dan Muhamman Dan Tanoma (lokaci na biyu) 
* 1861 - 1872 da aka yi wa Abd Allahi dan Muhamman Dan Tanoma (ya mutu a shekara ta 1872) 
* 1872 - 18 Abu Bakar dan Muhamman Dan Tanoma (ya mutu a shekara ta 1896) 
* 1896 - 1915 Ahmadu dan Abi Bakar
* 1915 - 1944 Muhamman na Kota dan Ahmadu (ya mutu 1944) 
* Mayu 1944 - 1981 Maina Muhammad Sani II dan Muhamman na Kota (an haife shi a shekara ta 1912) 
* 1981 - Ahmad Muhammad Sani II dan Maina Muhammad Sani II

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Gumel tana aiki ne a matsayin cibiyar tattalin arziki ta farko a yankin. Ana tattara [[Dawa|Sorghum]], [[Gero|millet]], da peanuts a nan kuma ana kai su [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] a kan babbar hanyar sakandare inda ake fitar da su ta hanyar jirgin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gumel |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gumel |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[File:Nigeria flag map.png|thumb|hoton nigeria]]
'''Guri'''({{ Audio|Guri, Jigawa.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma]] ce dake a jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]].
Ƙaramar hukumar Guri tana ƙarƙashin Masarautar [[Hadejia]].
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[[File:A beautiful Rock,in Jigawa state.jpg|thumb|karamar hukuman gwaram]]
[[Fayil:Sunny atmosphere along the road.jpg|thumb|hanyan zuwa garin gwaram ]]
'''Gwaram'''({{ Audio|Gwaram.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Karamar Hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]] kusa da kano da bauci{{Stub}}

==Manazarta==
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Jigawa]]
Dan Allah wa''yanda suke da Tarishin Gwaram sudoramana shi.</text>
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'''Gwiwa'''({{ Audio|Gwiwa, Jigawa.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]].

{{Stub}}

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[[File:Hadejia 2.jpg|thumb|Cikin garin Hadejia]]
[[Fayil:River Hadejia 2.jpg|thumb|kogin hadejiya]]
[[Fayil:Hadejia 3.jpg|thumb|Hoton wani wuri a hadejiya]]
'''Haɗejiya'''({{ Audio|Hadejia.ogg|Pronunciation}}) ( kuma '''Haɗeja''', a baya '''Biram''' ) garin [[Hausawa]] ne a gabashin [[Jigawa|jihar Jigawa]], arewacin [[Najeriya]] . Yawan jama'a ya kai kusan 186,628 a cikin 2006.  Garin Haɗeja tana tsakanin latitude 12.4506N da longitude 10.0404E. &lt;ref&gt;GPS Coordinates: &quot;https://latitude.to/map/ng/nigeria/cities/hadejia&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta 
yi iyaka da ƙaramar hukumar [[Kiri Kasama|Kiri Kasamma]] daga gabas, [[Malam Madori|ƙaramar hukumar Mallam Madori]] daga Arewa, sai ƙaramar hukumar [[Auyo]] daga yamma. Ƙaramar hukumar Haɗeja ta ƙunshi gundumomin siyasa goma sha ɗaya (11) wato: Atafi, Dubantu, Gagulmari, Kasuwar yankofa, Kasuwar Kuda, Matsaro, Majema, Rumfa, Sabon Garu, Ƴankoli da Yayari. Mazaunan su ne Hausawa, [[Fulani]] da [[Mutanen Kanuri|Kanuri]] tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi irin su [[Tiv]], [[Yarbawa]], [[Inyamurai|Igbo]], [[Igala]] da sauransu. Babban aikin mazauna shine noma amfanin gona da kiwon dabbobi wanda kashi mai yawa, wanda ke yin ciniki, kamun kifi da ayyuka gami da aikin gwamnati. &lt;ref&gt;Isah Abubakar (2018) &quot;Use of ICT among Extension Agents in Hadejia Local Government&quot; Unpublished work&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen Haɗeja galibi [[Musulunci|Musulmai ne]], kodayake wasu suna bin tsarin imani na asali. Garin dai yana arewacin kogin [[Kogin Hadejia|Hadeja]] ne, kuma yana gaba da gabar ruwa na [[Dausayin Hadejia-Nguru|Hadeja-Guru]] . Haɗeja yanki ne mai mahimmancin muhalli da kuma kula da muhalli a duniya. 

Haɗeja a baya an ƙira ta da Biram, kuma ana ƙiranta ɗaya daga cikin &quot; [[Hausa Bakwai|ƙasashen Hausa]] bakwai na gaskiya&quot; ( [[Hausa Bakwai]] ),  domin zuri'ar fitaccen masanin tarihin Hausa [[Bayajidda]] da matarsa ta biyu, Daurama suka yi mulkinta.  A shekarar 1810, a lokacin yaƙin [[Jihadin Fulani|Fulani]], sarakunan Hausawa na Bakwai duk [[Fulani]] sun yi galaba a kansu.  Haɗeja ta zama Masarautar shekaru biyu da suka wuce, a cikin 1808. A shekara ta 1906 Haɗeja ta ƙi amincewa da mamayar turawan Ingila, a ƙarƙashin sarki (Muhammadu Mai-Shahada). Haɗejiya ta shiga [[Jigawa|jihar Jigawa]] a shekarar 1991 daga [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Hadejia&lt;/ref&gt;

Haɗeja ta ƙunshi manyan makarantu guda 4 waɗanda suka haɗa da: Binyaminu Usman Polytechnic Hadeja, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.bupoly.edu.ng/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |archive-date=2022-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626133705/http://bupoly.edu.ng/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; School of Nursing Haɗeja, &lt;ref&gt;http://jisconmhadejia.admissions.cloud/&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar Karatun Malamai ta Ƙasa ta Haɗeja. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.nti.edu.ng/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |archive-date=2022-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526051159/https://nti.edu.ng/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Hadejia.jpg|under construction IZALA University Hadejia
File:Hadejia 1.jpg|Maƙabartar Haɗeja
File:Hadejia 2.jpg|Kasuwar Mama ta Haɗeja
File:Hadejia 3.jpg|Ma'aikatar Sukari wadda aka deba aiki da ita a garin Haɗeja 
File:Hadejia 4.jpg|Milk market Hadejia
File:Hadejia 5.jpg|Wani Shatale-tale a garin Haɗeja 
File:Hadejia 06.jpg|Wajen zaman Turawan mulkin mallaka a kisa da birnin Haɗeja 
File:Hadejia 6.jpg|Firamare mafi daɗewa a garin Haɗeja 
File:Hadejia 7.jpg|Gonaki a gabashin Haɗeja
File:Hadejia 8.jpg|Titin Nguru Hadejia
File:Hadejia 9.jpg|Shatale-take a birnin Haɗeja 
File:Hadejia 10.jpg|
File:Hadejia 11.jpg|Gidan Tarihin Haɗeja 
File:Hadejia 12.jpg|
File:Hadejia 13.jpg|Fadar Sarkin Haɗeja
File:Hadejia 14.jpg|
File:Hadejia 15.jpg|
File:Hadejia 16.jpg|
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Bambanci tsakanin Haɗeja da Biram ==
Hadejia da Biram suna da alaƙa ta tarihi, amma suna nufin wurare biyu masu bambanta:

* Hadejia: Garin Hadejia yana a cikin jihar Jigawa, Najeriya, kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan biranen yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. Yana da tarihin sarauta da masarautar Hadejia, wacce ta kasance mai karfi a lokacin daular Fulani. Hadejia ta shahara da kasuwancinta, musamman kasuwancin ruwan sha a yankin tafkin Chadi. Tana kuma da wani tsohon tarihi na yaki da Turawan mulkin mallaka da sauran al'amuran tarihi na yankin.
[[File:Biram.jpg|thumb|right|Biram]]
* Biram: Biram (ko kuma Birnin Biri) shi ne tsohon garin da ake dauka a matsayi mafi dadewa a cikin masarautar Hadeja. shi ne inda ake ganin cewa zuriyar habe (wadanda suka mulki yankin kafin Fulani Jihad) suka kafa garinsu. Biram yana nesa da Hadeja kuma shi ne tushen masarautar kafin garin Hadeja ya zama babbar cibiyar mulki. Ana ganin biram a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin birane a yankin arewacin najeriya.

Don haka, Hadeja ita ce cibiyar mulkin masarautar a yau, yayin da Biram ke nuni da tsohon gari wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin kafa yankin.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011140542/http://www.hadejia.com/index.html Yanar Gizo na Masarautar Hadejia]
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[[Fayil:Jahun.jpg|thumb|garin jahun]]
'''Jahun,''' ({{ Audio|Jahun,.ogg|Pronunciation}})  [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Karamar Hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]]. babban birnin jahun nacikin jahun din  yana da fadin ƙasa kimani 1,172 km koma yana dayawan jama'a  kimanin 229,094 bisa ƙidayan 2006

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'''Kafin Hausa''' ({{ Audio|Kafin Hausa.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Karamar Hukuma]] ce da ke a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yammacin [[Najeriya]].

Garuruwa da kauyukan da suke karamar hukumar Kafin Hausa sun hada da Bulangu, Kafin Hausa, Maruwa, Gafasa Kafin Hausa, Majawa, Kaigamari, Shakato, da Baushe.

Adadin al’ummar karamar hukumar Kafin-Hausa yana da mutane 147,819 inda mazauna yankin ‘yan kabilar Hausawa ne, kuma sune yan ƙasa .

Harshen Hausa shine ake  amfani da shi a yankin yayin da addinin Musulunci ya yawaita a karamar hukumar.

== Bayanin Ƙasa ==
Karamar hukumar Kafin Hausa tana da fadin kasa murabba'in kilomita 1,380 kuma ta shaida manyan yanayi guda biyu wadanda suka hada da lokacin rani da damina.

Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na karamar hukumar Kafin Hausa ya kai kashi 29 cikin dari yayin da matsakaicin zafin yankin ya kai digiri 34.

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Ciniki dai wani muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arzikin karamar hukumar Kafin Hausa inda yankin ya kunshi kasuwanni da dama kamar babbar kasuwar Kafin Hausa inda ake saye da sayar da kayayyaki iri-iri.

Har ila yau, ana kiwon dabbobi da dama irin su rakuma da dawakai da kuma sayar da su a yankin. Har ila yau noma wani muhimmin abu ne na tattalin arzikin karamar hukumar Kafin Hausa tare da noma iri-iri a yankin.

== Harshe da Addini ==
Garin na da yawan Hausawa, kuma harshen Hausa shine yafi yawan amfani. Addinin Musulunci ya fi rinjaye tsakanin mazauna.

= Reference =
[https://dariyamedia.com/garin-kafin-hausa-a-jihar-jigawa/ Garin kafin hausa a jihar jigawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207015434/https://dariyamedia.com/garin-kafin-hausa-a-jihar-jigawa/ |date=2022-02-07 }}


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'''Kaugama'''  ({{ Audio|Kaugama.ogg|Pronunciation}})  [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Karamar Hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso ''yamman'' [[Nijeriya]].

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'''Taura''' ({{ Audio|Taura,.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Karamar Hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]].

{{Stub}}

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'''Roni''' ({{ Audio|Roni,.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Karamar Hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]].

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'''Ringim''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]].
[[File:Princes, Adnan and Ajman. 01.jpg|thumb|Yarima Adnan da Yarima Ajman, na Ringim]]

Ringim ({{ Audio|Ringim,.ogg|Pronunciation}}) karamar hukuma ce (LGA) a jihar [[Jigawa]], [[Najeriya]]. Hedkwatarta tana cikin garin Ringim, LGA tana da yanki mai girman kilomita 1,057 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 192,024 a ƙidayar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/ringim.php |access-date=2022-03-21 |archive-date=2022-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213051200/https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/ringim.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Masarautar Ringim ta fara aiki ne a watan Nuwamba, 1991, sakamakon kirkiro jihar [[Jigawa]] daga jihar [[Kano]] a ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 1991 da shugaban kasa kuma babban kwamandan&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/why-ringim-was-sacked/&lt;/ref&gt; sojojin Najeriya na lokacin, Janar Ibrahim [[Ibrahim Babangida|Badamasi Babangida]] ya yi. Masarautar ta kunshi kananan hukumomi hudu, wato: [[Ringim]], [[Taura]], [[Garki (Nijeriya)|Garki]] da [[Babura]]. Mai Martaba Sarkin Ringim na yanzu, HRH Alh. (Dr) Sayyadi mahmoud usman (CON) shine sarkin fulani na daya na Ringim. Sarkin ya kasance shugaban kungiyar hadin kan kasashen yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;https://dailytrust.com/amp/emir-of-ringim-a-dignified-silver-jubilee&lt;/ref&gt;
 
== Cigaban ilimi ==
Shekara 1930 shine farkon ci gaban ilimi daban-daban a Ringim. A shekarar 1930 aka kafa makarantar firamare ta farko a garin Ringim (Katutu Primary School). Daliban da aka dauka a shekarar 1931 sun kai 39. A 1954, an kafa wata makarantar firamare (Sabon Gida Senior. Primary School). Sakamakon shirin UPE a shekarar 1976 an kara gina wasu makarantu a garin Ringim sannan daliban sun karu, makarantar firamare ta Galadanchi da mayar da St.Peters zuwa makarantar firamare ta Sabon Gari. Wannan ya sanya adadin makarantun firamare a Ringim ya koma hudu baya ga wasu Makarantun Islamiyya. A shekarar 9176 aka koma makarantar sakandiren gwamnati zuwa Ringim bayan ta zauna na dan lokaci na tsawon shekaru biyu a dawakin Tofa sannan aka kafa babbar jami’a a karkashin Polytechnic Jigawa a shekarar 1991.

== Mazaɓu ==
Ƙaramar hukumar [[Ringim]] tanada mazaɓu guda goma (10).
* Chai-chai
* Dabi
* Kafin Babushe
* Karshi
* Kyarama
* Ringim
* Sankara
* Sintilmawa&lt;ref&gt;https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/wards-in-lga/379/ringim&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tofa
* Yandutse

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Ringim Emir's Palace.joh 03.jpg
Ringim Emir's Palace.joh 02.jpg
Ringim Gate.jpg
Ringim Emir's Palace.joh 01.jpg
Ringim Gate.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;
===manazarta===
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'''Miga''' ({{ Audio|Miga,.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma]] ce dake a jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yamman [[Nijeriya]].

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'''Maigatari''' ({{ Audio|Mai gatari.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yamman a kasar [[Nijeriya]].

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== Manazarta ==

 
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{{Infobox settlement|official_name=Kazaure Emirate|other_name=|native_name=|nickname=|settlement_type=Emirate, [[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA]], and city|motto=|image_skyline=Kazaure3.jpg|imagesize=|image_caption=Kazaure|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=Nigeria|pushpin_label_position=|pushpin_mapsize=|pushpin_map_caption=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name={{flag|Nigeria}}|subdivision_type1=[[States of Nigeria|State]]|subdivision_name1=[[Jigawa State]]|subdivision_type2=|subdivision_name2=|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=Emir|leader_name=Najib Hussaini Adamu|leader_title1=Local Government Chairman|leader_name1=Hon. Mansur Usman Dabuwa ([[All Progressives Congress|APC]])|established_title=|established_date=1819|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=Imperial|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=1780|area_land_km2=|population_as_of=2006|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=161,494 (Note: Kazaure LGA Only. Kazaure Emirate has approx. 500,000)|population_density_km2=|timezone=[[West Africa Time|WAT]]|utc_offset=+1|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|coordinates={{coord|12|39|10|N|8|24|43|E|region:NG|display=inline,title}}|module={{Infobox mapframe|wikidata=yes|zoom=8|marker=village|coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=|postal_code_type=|postal_code=705|area_code=|blank_name=|blank_info=|website=http://www.kazaure.net|footnotes=}}'''Kazaure'''({{ Audio|Kazaure,.ogg|Pronunciation}}) Masarautar ce kuma [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|Karamar Hukuma ce]] a [[Jihar Jigawa]] [[Najeriya|ta Najeriya]] . Hedkwatarsa tana cikin tsohon birnin Kazaure.

== Tarihin farko ==
An ce gungun mafarautan Hausawa (wanda aka fi sani da Habe) ne suka fara zama a Kazaure a ƙarƙashin jagorancin wani jarumi mai suna Kutumbi. Ya kasance kusan shekara ta 1300 CE. Bisa ga al'adar Baka da Griots ya yi a cikin shekaru aru-aru, an ce Kutumbi da jama'arsa sun yi hijira ne daga matsugunin maƙeran da ke zaune a tsaunin Dala, masana tarihi sun gaskata cewa su ne mutanen farko a ƙasar da aka fi sani da [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kano State, Nigeria |url=http://www.ngex.com/nigeria/places/states/kano.htm |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ngex.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Labarin kafuwar Kazaure ya ba da labarin yadda Kutumbi a ɗaya daga cikin balaguron farautarsa ya samu wani kwari da ke kewaye da shi da katafaren tudun tsaro da ke cike da koguna da kananan koguna. Ya dade a unguwar har sai da danginsa suka damu da rashin zuwansa na tsawon lokaci wanda ya sabawa dabi'ar farauta da ya saba, suka bi sawunsa na tsawon kwanaki. Bayan tafiya mai nisa da wahala, sai suka tarar da Kutumbi a cikin wani kyakkyawan kwari. Daya daga cikin waɗanda suka shigo ya kalli yanayin kasar ya ce da wani &quot;Wannan Wajen '''Kamar Zaure''' !&quot; ( Fassarar kalmar [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] ita ce &quot;Wannan wuri kamar daki ne na ciki&quot;). Wannan furci na &quot; '''Kamar Zaure''' &quot; ya koma '''Kazaure''' tsawon shekaru aru-aru don haka ya zama sunan mazauni da mafarautan Habe suka kafa a wurin. Kabilar Kutumbi sun zauna a yankin na tsawon ɗaruruwan shekaru, sun bar shaidar archaeological al'adar Hunter/Gatherer. Sun kuma yi noma kanana. Abinda ya fi dadewa na kasancewarsu shi ne addininsu; sun bauta wa wata baiwar Allah da ake kira Tsumburbura wadda suke yi mata hadayar dabbobi a saman tsaunin Kazaure. Ayyukan su na rayuwa a yau a cikin waƙoƙin ruhaniya da raye-raye na [[Bori]] . Sai da zuwan Fulanin Yarimawan aka kafa tsarin gudanar da mulki a yankin. 

Birnin Kazaure ya kasance hedikwatar masarautar tun 1819. [[Dan Tunku]], jarumin Bafulatani ne ya kafa shi, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane 14 masu dauke da tuta na shugaban [[Jihadin Danfodio|Fulanin jihadi]] (yaki mai tsarki) [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]] . Dan Tunku ya zo ne daga garin [[Dambatta]] da ke kusa a wani kauye mai tarin yawa wanda ya sanya wa suna Kazaure ya kafa masarauta wadda aka sassaka daga masarautun [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] da Katsina da [[Masarautar Daura|Daura]] .

Dan Tunku, shi ne shugaban Fulani, wanda tun a farkon jihadi ya hana hadin gwiwa tsakanin sojojin Sarakunan Hausawan Kano, Katsina, da Daura. Don wannan bajinta ya samu tuta daga Shehu. Daga baya ya taimaka wajen kafa daular Fulani a Daura, amma daga baya bai taka rawar gani ba a jihadi kuma bai bayar da gudumawa kadan ba wajen cin nasarar Kano. A ƙarshen yaƙin matsayinsa a arewacin Kano yana da karfi amma ba a bayyana shi ba. A matsayinsa na mai rike da tuta yana da ƴancin yin mubaya’a kai tsaye ga Shehu, daga baya kuma ga Bello, amma duk da haka ana ganin an gane cewa ya kasance a karkashin Kano. Da dai har Sulaimanu marar duniya ya zama Sarkin Kano wannan sako-sako da ga dukkan alamu ya yi aiki mai gamsarwa, amma lokacin da Ibrahim Dabo mai karfi ya gaje shi sai ya lalace. Ibrahim ya bukaci Dan Tunku ya yi masa mubaya’a aka ki. Daga nan ya ba wa daya daga cikin hadimansa, Sarkin Bai na ƙabilar [[Dambazawa]] fulani, wanda ya ƙunshi ɗaukacin Arewacin Kano ciki har da yankunan da Dan Tunku da mabiyansa suka samu a jihadi. Wannan matakin ya haifar da tashin hankali a fili.

Faɗan, ko da yake ba a kai ga cimma ruwa ba, ya kai kimanin shekaru biyar. Da farko Dan Tunku ya samu mafi kyawu kuma ya kai hari har bangon birnin. Sannu a hankali majin Kano ya fara bayyani aka danne shi. Amma duk da haka, ya ci gaba da yi wa duk yankin Arewacin Masarautar Kano hari. Lokacin da Clapperton ya ratsa ƙasar a shekarar 1824 ya tarar da sarki Ibrahim a sansanin yakinsa, yana shirin gudanar da yakin neman zabe na shekara-shekara, kuma a ƙauyuka da dama da suka lalace da babu kowa, ya ga alamun barnar da Dan Tunku ya yi a baya. A wannan shekarar ne Ibrahim Dabo ya yi yunƙurin kawo Dan Tunku, a dunƙule. Ya dauki runduna har zuwa tudun Kazaure, ya mamaye sansanin da Dan Tunku ya yi hedkwatarsa. Sai dai ba da jimawa ba Dan Tunku ya kai wani harin ba-zata inda ya sake fatattakar sojojin Kano.

Yayin da fadan ya kare ba tare da tsangwama ba, bangarorin biyu sun amince a mayar da rikicin zuwa ga sulhu na [[Muhammadu Bello|Sarkin Musulmi]] . Da aka kawo masa shari’ar Bello ya yanke hukunci a kan Dan Tunku, ya kuma tabbatar da ‘yancin Dan Tunku ga Sarkin Kano. Da haka aka gane Kazaure a matsayin masarauta daban kuma aka shata iyakokinta. Wannan shawarar ta kawo ƙarshen tashin hankalin, bayan haka Kano da Kazaure suka zauna tare a matsayin makwabta nagari. Amma gaskiyar magana ita ce, ko a zamanin Sultan Bello Fulani sun fara fada da Fulani. Abin takaici, yayin da ƙarni ya ci gaba, wannan al'amari ya zama ruwan dare gama gari.

== Yanayi ==
A Kazaure, lokacin noman rani yana da wani bangare na hazo da zafi duk shekara, kuma lokacin damina na zalunci ne kuma gaba daya gajimare. A cikin tsawon shekara, matsakaicin zafin jiki ya tashi daga 58 zuwa 102 digiri Fahrenheit, da wuya ya fadi kasa 54 ko tashi sama da 106. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kazaure Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/58595/Average-Weather-in-Kazaure-Nigeria-Year-Round#:~:text=The%20hottest%20month%20of%20the,high%20of%2085%C2%B0F. |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sarautar Ibrahim Dambo ==
A zamanin Sarki Dambo (1824 – 57) dan Dan Tunku kuma magajinsa, an kara girman masarautu (a wani ɓangare na kudin makwabtansa, waɗanda akasarinsu sun yarda cewa ya wuce gona da iri kuma suka amince da zama karkashin kulawar masarautarsa). Dambo kila shi ne basarake mafi girma da masarautar ta taba samu, duk saboda hikima da jagoranci mai karfi ya sa masarautar ta samu ‘yancin kai da karfinta, a lokacin da ake yawan mamayewa).

Sai dai an kashe sarkin yaki ne a wata arangama da rundunar Damagarawa ƙarƙashin jagorancin sarkinsu Tanimu. A shekarar 1857 ne. Mutuwar Dambo ta kasance wani lokaci mai ban tausayi ga sabuwar masarautu da aka kafa. An shafe kusan shekaru 50 kafin a dauki fansa a kan mutuwarsa. Amma ya rama, daga hannun jikansa Yarima Gagarau- fitaccen basaraken da ya yi kaca-kaca daga kofar Kazaure zuwa garuruwan da ke kan iyaka da Daular Damagaram a Jamhuriyar Nijar ta wannan zamani. Wani rikici da ya dace a ba da labari shi ne harin da Sarkin Damagaram Yakudima ya yi - wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba wanda ya kai wa Kazaure hari a zamanin Sarki Mayaki, jikan Sarki Dambo. Aka kwashe kwanaki 9 ana gwabza fada, daga karshe dai Yakudima ya yi murabus a wulakance. Bayan wannan arangama, an rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da amincewa da masarautun biyu ya haifar da zaman lafiya da wadata ga masarautun biyu. A zamanin Sarki Mayaki ne aka fara wani babi na tarihin Kazaure, shi ne ya kawo zaman lafiya na zamani da mutanen Kazaure suke ciki.

== Zamanin mulkin mallaka ==
A taron Berlin na 1884, an raba Afirka tsakanin manyan masu mulkin mallaka. Kudanci da Arewacin Najeriya na zamani sun fada ƙarƙashin mulkin turawan Ingila. A shekarar 1906, akasarin arewacin Najeriya aka hade da kuma sanya shi karkashin wata kariyar tsaro, amma sai a shekarar 1912 turawan Ingila suka isa Kazaure. An riga an kori Sakkwato da Kano duka kuma daular ta ruguje, an raba ta tsakanin Faransa da Ingila. Don haka Sarkin Kazaure Muhammad Mayaki cikin hikima ya mika wuya ga Turawa, Kazaure ya zama wani ɓangare na sabuwar Najeriya ba tare da zubar da jini ba. Mayaki shine na ƙarshe na sarakunan jarumai. Babban jikansa (marubuci) ne ya mutu a cikin wani gagarumin wasan kwaikwayo game da mamayewar Damagaram (Mayaki: The Warrior King, Anwar Hussaini Adamu, UCP Press Nigeria).

== Fitattun mutane ==

* Muhammad Gudaji Kazaure &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Gudaji Kazaure Archives |url=https://www.naijanews.com/topic/mohammed-gudaji-kazaure/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Naija News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-21 |title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=http://www.nass.gov.ng/mp/profile/681 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421064908/http://www.nass.gov.ng/mp/profile/681 |archive-date=21 April 2018 |access-date=2023-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sarakuna ==
[[Fayil:Three_Emirs_of_Kazaure's_Yarimawan_Fulani_Dynasty.jpg|thumb|Sarakunan Fulani na Yarimawan Kazaure na 7,9 da 10]]
[[Fayil:HRH_Dr._Najib_Hussaini_Adamu,_CON.jpg|thumb|Alhaji Najib Hussaini Adamu, Sarkin Kazaure na yanzu.]]

# Ibrahim Dantunku 1819/1824- Ya rasu ne sakamakon raunukan da ya samu a lokacin da yake aikin bindiga.
# Dambo dan Dantunku 1824/1857, kashe a 1857.
# Muhamman Zangi dan Dambo 1857/1886, ya rasu 1886.
# Muhamman Mayaki dan Dambo 1886/1914, yayi ritaya a 1914 saboda tsufa.
# Muhammadu Tura dan Muhamman Mayaki 1914/1922, yayi aure kuma ya samu fitowa. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1922.
# Ummaru Na'uka dan Muhammadu Tura 1922/1941, ya rasu 1941.
# Adamu dan Abdul-Mumini 1941/1968, Hakimin Roni -/1941
# Ibrahim dan Adamu 1968/1994
# Hussaini Adamu 1994/ 3 Oktoba 1998. Ya auri mata 3, ya haifi ‘ya’ya 16 (2 daga cikinsu an haife su bayan ‘yan watanni da rasuwa) da jikoki 25 a lokacin rasuwarsa.
# Najib Hussaini Adamu- 1998- zuwa yau.
#
#

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Kara karantawa ==

*  
* Anwar Hussaini Adamu (2004), The Hilly Land, Kano [Nigeria].
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Kiyawa.jpg|thumb|kiyawa]]
'''Kiyawa''' ({{ Audio|Kiyawa.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yammacin [[Nijeriya]]. a Afirca ta yamma.{{Stub}}

==Manazarta== 
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'''Kiri Kasamma''' ({{ Audio|Kirika Sama.ogg|Pronunciation}}) [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Karamar Hukuma]] ce dake a Jihar [[Jigawa]], Arewa maso yammacin [[Nijeriya]].
Hedkwatar ta tana cikin garin Kirikasama. Tana da yanki na 797 km2 da yawan mutane 191,523 a ƙidayar 2006.  Karamar hukumar Kirikasamma tana jihar Jigawa ne a arewa maso yammacin Najeriya kuma tana da hedikwatarta a garin Kirikasamma. Ƙaramar hukumar Kirikasamma tana da iyaka da ƙananan hukumomin [[Birniwa]], [[Malam Madori]], [[Guri (Nijeriya)|Guri]], da [[Auyo]].
Garuruwa da kauyukan da suka kunshi karamar hukumar Kirikasamma sun hada da Madachi, Tarabu, Fandum, Bulunchai, Tasheguwa, Doleri, Gayin, da Kirikasamma. Adadin al'ummar karamar hukumar Kirikasamma na da mazauna 183,508 inda mafi yawan mazauna yankin 'yan kabilar Hausa ne. Harshen Hausa dai ana magana da shi sosai a yankin yayin da addinin Musulunci ya yawaita a yankin. Karamar hukumar Kirika Samma kuma tana cikin babbar masarautar [[Hadejia]].
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[[Fayil:Kusada Katsina.ogg|thumb|kusada]]
'''Kusada''' ƙaramar hukuma ce a [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|Jihar]] [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina a]] [[Najeriya]]. Hedkwatarta tana cikin garin Kusada.

Manyan ƙabilun garin su ne Hausawa da Fulani.

Manyan garuruwansa sun haɗa da: Dudunni, Dangamau, Yashe, Mawashi, Ƙofar Kaikai. Al’ummar ƙaramar hukumar Kusada, manoma ne da makiyaya. Rayuwarsu [[Matsayin Rayuwa|ta]] inganta domin tun da daɗewa, gwamnati ta samar musu abubuwan more rayuwa kamar, makarantu, asibitoci, titunan kwalta, rijiyoyin burtsatse (na hannu da masu amfani da hasken rana), rijiyoyin burtsatse na gonaki, madatsun ruwa, kasuwannin cikin gida da dai sauransu.

Duk makarantun sakandare da firamare na kwana da na je-ka-ka-dawo na gwamnati, suna cikin garin da wasu daga cikin manyan ƙauyukan ƙaramar hukumar. Haka nan kuma, ƙaramar hukumar na da gidaje na musamman na gwamnati, masallatan juma'a, kyawawan hanyoyin da fitattun layika.

Garin yana da faɗin murabba'i 390 tare da kuma yawan jama'a 199,267 {{Sup|2}}, kamar yadda ƙidayar shekara ta 2006 ta nuna.

Lambar gidan wayar yankin ita ce 833. 

== Manazarta ==

# https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fufore</title>
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'''Fufore''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Karamar Hukuma]] ce dake a [[Adamawa]], arewa maso gabashin &lt;ref&gt;https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/2342515-place-fufore.html{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Nijeriya]].

==Yanayin Kasa==

Tafkunan Bagale da Shaffa Jauole, sanannun tabkuna biyu da ke cikin iyakoki Fufore LGA, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 34 ° C.  A cikin Fufore LGA, akwai matsakaicin 18% na danshi da 10 km / h na matsakaicin saurin iska.&lt;ref&gt;https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/2342515-place-fufore.html{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Zafi==
Lokacin zafi mai tsanani ya kai watanni 2.0, ya fara a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu kuma ya ƙare a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, lokacin da matsakaici zafin jiki na yau da kullun ya wuce 100 ° F. Afrilu ya fito ne a matsayin watan da ya fi zafi a Fufore, yana alfahari da matsakaicin 102 ° F da ƙananan 81

Sabanin haka, lokacin sanyi yana da tsawon watanni 3.3, farawa a ranar 24 ga Yuni kuma yana ƙare a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun a ƙasa da 91 ° F. Watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Fufore shine Janairu, wanda aka yi alama da matsakaicin matsakaicin 64 ° F da kuma sama da 92 ° F.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/56/fufore&lt;/ref&gt;

==Yare==
Yarukan da suke amfani dasu a wajen magana a cikin garin Fufore sune kamar haka.&lt;ref name=e22&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG/languages|title=Nigeria - Languages|publisher=[[Ethnologue]], 22d edition|date=Feb 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*[[Bata language|Fulani]] 
*[[Gengle language|Gengle]]
*[[Koma language|Koma]]
*[[Kugama language|Kugama]]
*[[Kumba language|Kumba]]
*[[Mboi language|Mboi]]
*[[Mumuye language|Mumuye]]
*[[Verre language|Verre]]
*[[Wom language (Nigeria)|Bata]]

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Adamawa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dukku</title>
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      <text bytes="10812" sha1="qs086iioqwfhwlel4voxt5hpo1doi8i" xml:space="preserve">'''Dukku''' yanki ne na karamar hukuma a jihar [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] {{Sup|2}}, [[Najeriya]] . Hedkwatar ta tana cikin garin Dukku. [[Gongola (kogi)|Kogin Gongola]] yana gudana ta yamma da arewacin karamar hukumar. Tana da fadin kasa  na 3,815 km2 da yawan jama'a 207,190 daga ƙidayar shekara ta 2006. Yawancin mazaunar garin [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] ne, amma akwai 'yan tsiraru [[Kirista]]. Babban kabilar  itace [[Fulani]] tare da [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] ana magana da shi a matsayin babban yare tare da [[Bolanci|Bole]] tare da ana  magana da [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], [[Kanuri]], da [[Harshen Karai-Karai|Kare-Kare]].&amp;nbsp;

'''Tarihin Dukku''' ya fara ne a Karni na 17 lokacin da Arɗo Sammbo, shugaban dangin [[Fulani]] da mutanensa tare da shanu suka yi hijira daga [[Fouta Djallon|Fuuta Jallon]] a [[Gini|Guinea]] kuma suka zauna wurin yanzu. Wata labari ta ce shugaban [[Fulani|Fulbe]] shine Arɗo Almoodo ko Almuudo .

Kafin su zauna a Dukku, a matsayin makiyaya, sun yi yawo a kusa da neman abinci  ga dabbobinsu. Sun fara zama a cikin wani yanki, bisa ga tarihin baki da ake kira Kamanei . Amma ba su daɗe a can ba saboda zalunci na sarkin Kamanei wanda ke da ɗa namiji mai laushi wanda zai fara zuwa ga kowane amarya a daren farkon amarya. Wannan al'ada ba ta yi kyau ba tare da Fulani waɗanda suka zauna a can, musamman ɗaya daga cikin ɗan Arɗo Sambo, Yero Nanaro wanda ya yi rantsuwa cewa zai yanka yarima, yayin da yarimar  ya zo wurin amaryarsa a daren farko. Kuma Yero ya cika alkawarinsa ta hanyar yanka yarima lokacin da ya zo ga amaryarsa a  daren amarya.

Wannan lamarin ya tilasta Arɗo Sammbo da mutanensa su bar Kamanei a wannan daren kuma su yi ta  kudu, ba tare da tsayawa ba har sai sun isa wani yanki a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], inda suka rabu zuwa uku, tare da daya sun bi  Arɗo Sam Mbo ko Almuudo suna motsawa yamma har sai da suka kai wani wuri da ake kira Lumpaaso, wasu mil daga  Dukkun yanzu, a bakin [[Gongola (kogi)|Kogin Gongola]], daya daga cikin sasshin [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]] a ƙarƙashin yankin shugaban mutanen [[Bolanci|Bolewa]] na Kalam mai suna Moi Duja.

Shugaban  kabilar Kalam, Moi Duja ya ba su babban karimci ta hanyar ba su damar zama a yankin. Amma da zarar sun zauna a Lumpaaso sai suka fahimci cewa wurin bai dace da su ba tare da da dabbobinsu saboda yana kusa da kogi wanda ya sa ya zama da wahala ga kiwon shanu. Don haka suka koka wa shugaban wanda ya umarci daya daga cikin masu tsaron fadarsa, Madaki Dishe, ya nuna musu wuri mafi kyau da ya fi dacewa a yankinsa, wanda shine wurin zama na Dukku na yanzu.

Sunan '''Dukku''' kalma ce ta [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]]. Sunan garin da farko shi ne Dukku ƴori, haɗuwa da kalmar Fulfulde, Dukku (kalma ce ta umurni don tsayar da  sanda wanda ake ɗaure saniya) da kalmar Bolewa, ƴori (yana da kyau), amma daga baya an taƙaita shi zuwa Dukku don saukakawa.

Garin shine hedkwatar [[Dukku|Masarautar Dukku]] da gwamnan farar hula na farko na [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Alhaji [[Abubakar Habu Hashidu]] ya kirkira daga [[Masarautar Gombe]] a shekara ta 2001 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Gombe Creates 210 New Districts - allAfrica.com |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200112030039.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
Lokacin [[Gajimare|Ruwan sama]] a Dukku yana da tsannani kuma yana da hazo, Lokacin fari yana da wani ɓangare na hazo, kuma yana da zafi a duk shekara. Yawan [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] yana da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa da 52 ° F ko ya tashi sama da 106 ° F a duk shekara, sau da yawa daga 57 ° F zuwa 102 ° F. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dukku Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/65583/Average-Weather-in-Dukku-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather in Dukku - accurate and detailed weather forecast in Dukku for today, tomorrow and week. Dukku, Gombe, Nigeria |url=https://meteotrend.com/forecast/ng/dukku/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=meteotrend.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730184139/https://meteotrend.com/forecast/ng/dukku/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dukku Weather |url=https://www.worldweatheronline.com/dukku-weather/gombe/ng.aspx |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=WorldWeatherOnline.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yanayin zafi ===
Tare da matsakaicin [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] na yau da kullun na 98 ° F, Lokacin fari yana da watanni 2.3, daga Maris 1 zuwa Mayu 11. A Dukku, Afrilu shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 101 ° F da ƙasa da 75 ° F.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dukku, Nigeria Weather Conditions {{!}} Weather Underground |url=https://www.wunderground.com/weather/ng/dukku |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.wunderground.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atlas |first=Weather |title=Weather today - Dukku, Nigeria |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/dukku |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=Weather Atlas |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun a ƙasa da 87 ° F yana da kyau a lokacin watanni 2.7 na lokacin harmattan wanda ke gudana daga Yuli 12 zuwa Oktoba 1. A Dukku, Janairu shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 58 ° F da kuma 90 ° F. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

A lokacin ruwan sama na 2024, wanda ya kai daga [[Yuni]] zuwa [[Satumba]], Dukku ta fuskanci [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]]. Wannan ibtilain ta haifar da lalacewar wuraren zama, ƙasar noma, da mahimman ababen more rayuwa. Ambaliyar ta shafi mutane a fadin ƙauyuka da yawa a cikin karamar hukumar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=JOINT POST–FLOOD SITUATION REPORT — GOMBE STATE |url=https://dtm.iom.int/nigeria |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=[[International Organization for Migration]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sashin noma, tushen rayuwa na farko ga mazauna, ta shafu,yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye gonaki. Kasuwancin abinci ya sami rushewa, tare da kusan kashi 75% ya lalace kuma kashi 8% ya lalace gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

Gidajen da abin ya shafa a cikin Dukku LGA sun haɗa da Hina, Dige, Kunde, Burari, Laÿya, Zange, da Dukkuyel, tare da Zange da DukkuYel suna fuskantar mafi yawan mutanen da abin ya faru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Makarantu a Dukku sun hada da;

# Makarantar Sakandare ta Ranar Gwamnati, Gombe, Hashid
# Makarantar Firamare ta Tsakiya ta Dukku
# Makarantar Firamare ta Safeena Dukku
# Makarantar Sakandare ta Kimiyya ta Dukku
# Haruna Rashid Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha Dukku
# Kwalejin Lafiya, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Dukku
# Jami'ar Jihar Gombe, Dukku Campus

Dukku ta samu laamɓe [shugabanninfulani] (guda daya:''laamɗo'')goma sha bakwai , sarakunan gargajiya. Wadannan sune jerin su da tsawon lokacin mulkin su.

* Sammbo Geno ɓii Arɗo Abdu (shekaru 7 da watanni 6) 
* Demmbo Dugge ɓii Idrisa (shekaru 2 da watanni 3) 
* Muhammadu Gaaɓɗo ɓii Geno (shekaru 40 da watanni 5) 
* Gorki ɓii Demmbo (shekaru 3 da watanni 4) 
* Muhammadu Bello ɓii Gaaɓɗo (shekaru 7 da watanni 8) 
* Yakubu ɓii Gaaɓɗo (shekaru 8 da watanni 7) 
* Adamu ɓii Gorki (shekaru 2 da watanni 3) 
* Adamu Dagaari ɓii Gaaɓɗo (shekaru 4 da watanni 6) 
* Usmanu ɓii Gaaɓɗo II (shekara 1 da watanni 2) 
* Jibir ɓii Gorki (shekaru 7 da watanni 6) 
* Sulaimanu Ankwai ɓii Gaaɓɗo (shekaru 17 da watanni 10) 
* Adamu ɓii Sulaimanu (shekaru 2 da watanni 3) 
* Sammbo Ñaande ɓii Jibir (watanni 9) 
* Haruna Rashidu ɓii Yakubu I (shekaru 36 da watanni 6. An cire shi daga sarauta 18/12/1942) 
* Usmanu ɓii Tafida Baaba II (03/05/1942-25/11/1963) 
* Abdulkadir Haruna Rashid (13/02/1964-24/12/2012) 
* Alhaji Haruna Abdulkadiri Rashid (1 ga Janairu, 2013 zuwa yau) 

'''Alhaji Haruna Abdulkadiri Rashid II''' shi ne na yanzu Laamɗo na 17th na  Dukku kuma na 2nd sarki na Dukku . Ya gaji mahaifinsa [https://allafrica.com/stories/201212270349.html Alhaji Abdulkadiri Haruna Rashid], Laamɗo Dukku na 15th kuma Sarkin Dukku na farko wanda ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Disamba 2012 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 26, 2012 |title=Emir of Dukku dies at 91 &amp;#124; Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/112678-emir-of-dukku-dies-at-91.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haife shi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1960, kuma an sanya masa sun [[Kakanni|kakan sa]], da kuma Laamɗo na 13th Dukku [[Haruna Rashid ɓii Yakubu I]], ɗan [[Yakubu ɓii Gaaɓɗo]], ɗan [[Gaaɓɗo ɓii Geno|Gaaɓɗo ɓii]] Geno, ɗan na farko  [[Sammbo Geno ɓii Arɗo Abdu]].

Ya fara karatunsa tun da wuri a tsarin makarantar Kur'ani na gargajiya kafin ya shiga makarantar firamare ta Dukku ta tsakiya tsakanin 1967 da 1972 inda ya sami karatun firamare. Ya kuma sami karatun sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati, [[Misau]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na ɗaliban majagaba tsakanin 1973 da 1977.

Ya fara aikinsa na aiki a tsohuwar ma'aikatar gwamnati ta [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare, inda ya yi aiki na watanni biyu kawai sannan daga baya ya shiga [[Sokoto (city)|jami'ar sokoto]]&quot;University of Sokoto&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Sokoto ta wancan lokacin, yanzu [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami'ar Usman Danfodio]] Sokoto a matsayin Mataimaki mae Digiri a Ma'aikatun Tattalin Arziki, ya yi aiki  tsawon shekaru takwas a matsayin dayan daga cikin malamai masu karantarwa a1982. A cikin 1990 ya sauya ayyukansa zuwa [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] (CBN) a cikin 1990 tun daga Legas a matsayin Mataimakin Mai Binciken Bankin daga bisani mukamin sa ya tashi zuwa matsayin Mataimakan Darakta da Mai Kula da Sashen, reshen [[Kano (birni)|Kano]].

Kafin ya hau gadon sarauta a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2013, ya rike taken Sardauna Dukku tun daga ranar 25 ga Yuli, 1986. Tsohon Gwamna Alhaji [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]] ya bashi sandar mulki a wata taro wacce ta samu halarcin mutane da dama  da haka gudanar a Dukku a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2008. 

== Shahararrun mutane ==

* [[Abubakar Habu Hashidu]], gwamnan [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] 1999-2003
* [[Aishatu Jibril Dukku]], memba na Majalisar Wakilai 2015-2023
* [[Sa'idu Ahmed Alkali]], sanata na [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] daga 2010
* [[Kawu Peto Dukku]], sanata na [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] 2007-2010
* [[Umar Usman Dukku]], sanata na [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] 1999-2003

== Gundumomi a Dukku ==
Akwai yankuna uku a cikin Karamar Hukumar, wato: Dukku, Hashidu, da Gombe Abba . Kuma gabaɗaya akwai  gundumomi goma sha ɗaya (11) a cikin LGA: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wards in Dukku Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/wards-in-lga/322/dukku |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Manchester City F.C.</title>
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      <comment>Replacing 2023-10-04_Fußball,_Männer,_UEFA_Champions_League,_RB_Leipzig_-_Manchester_City_FC_1DX_2797_(cropped).jpg with [[File:Josep_Guardiola_2023-10-04_Fußball,_Männer,_UEFA_Champions_League,_RB_Leipzig_-_Manchester_City_FC_1DX_2797_(cropped).jpg]] (by</comment>
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'''Manchester City Football Club''' akan takaita sunan zuwa '''Man City''', ta kasance kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dake zaune a garin [[Manchester]], England, UK, suna fafatawa a gasar [[Premier League]], babban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar England. Manchester City ta fara amfani da kayan sawanta na gida mai launin girgije tun a shekarar 1894, kuma shi ne kakar ƙungiyar na farko da ta fara amfani da sunan ta na yanzu.
Kulob ɗin ta lashe kofin league guda goma (wanda huɗu daga ciki a jere ta lashe su 2020-2024 wanda hakan yasa ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta yi irin haka a tarihi) da lashe Kofin FA bakwai, da EFL takwas, FA Community Shield shida, Gasar UEFA Champions league ɗaya, da kuma European Cup Winners'Cup guda ɗaya.

==Tarihi==
An kafa ƙungiyar a shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin 1880, ta shiga cikin gasar English Football League a shekara ta  1899,ta lashe babbar gasar na farko da Kofin FA|Kofin [[FIFA|fiFA]] a 1904 FA Cup Final shekara ta 1904. Sun samu nasarori a karshen shekara ta 1960s, inda suka lashe kofin League, fiFA Cup da League Cup a karkashin horarwar Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison. Bayan rashin nasarar  ta shekarar 1981 FA Cup Final, kulob din ta fada cikin rashin tagomashi,da samun Promotion and relegation|relegation har zuwa rukuni na uku a English football league system|English football.

[[File:City of Manchester Stadium 2.jpg|thumb|Babban filin wasa na Manchester City ]]
[[File:Josep Guardiola 2023-10-04 Fußball, Männer, UEFA Champions League, RB Leipzig - Manchester City FC 1DX 2797 (cropped).jpg|thumb|kocin Manchester City. Pep Guardiola.]]
[[File:David Silva shaved Man City 2017 (36471171422) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Captain din Manchester city. David Silva]]
Bayan dawowar su cikin gasar Premier League a shekara ta  2000s, An saida kulob din Manchester City a shekara ta  2008, wanda Abu Dhabi United Group  suka saya a £210&amp;nbsp;million, da samun sa jari da dama. Kulob ta samu nasarar lashe gasa da dama a tsakanin shekarun 2010s, kuma suka zama Kulob ta farko da ta samu kaiwa maki Premier League records and statistics#Points|100 points a kakar gasar [[premier league]].

Kudin shigar kulub din Manchester City shine na biyar a Deloitte Football Money League|fifth highest  a duniya a tsakanin shekara ta  2017–18 na kakar gasa, wanda yakai €527.7&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8/#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |title=UK Business Insider |access-date=2019-01-26 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118041429/http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-20-most-popular-rich-list-football-teams-on-social-media-2018-8#10-manchester-city-493-million-followers-11 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a shekara ta 2018, kulub din ita ce na Biyar a Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|fifth most valuable a duniya da kudin da suka kai $2.47&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 
[[File:2011 FA Cup Final Victory Parade (4).jpg|thumb|kungiyar Manchester City kenan a lokacin murnar lashe kofin FA a 2011]]
Kulub din nada babban hamayya sosai tsakanin ta da takwarar ta [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasa tsakanin su da ake kira da Manchester Derby.

===Shekarun farko da nasarorin farko===

City ta sami karramawar farko ta hanyar cin nasara a rukuni na biyu a 1899;  tare da samun ci gaba zuwa matsayi mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, Rukunin Farko.  Sun ci gaba da neman babbar karramawarsu ta farko a  23 ga Afrilu 1904, inda suka doke Bolton Wanderers 1–0 a Crystal Palace don lashe kofin FA;  'Yan wasan Blues sun yi rashin nasara a gasar League da Cup sau biyu a waccan kakar bayan sun kammala gasar zakarun Turai, amma duk da haka sun zama kulob na farko a Manchester da suka samu babbar daraja.  A shekarun da suka biyo bayan nasarar cin kofin FA, kulob din ya fuskanci zarge zarge na rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ya kai ga dakatar da 'yan wasa goma sha bakwai a 1906, ciki har da kyaftin Billy Meredith, wanda daga baya ya wuce garin zuwa Manchester United.  Wuta a hanyar Hyde ta lalata babbar tashar a 1920, kuma a cikin 1923 ƙungiyar ta koma sabon filin wasansu da aka gina a Maine Road a cikin Moss Side.

A cikin shekarun 1930, Manchester City ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin FA sau biyu a jere, inda ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Everton a  1933, kafin ta ci kofin da ta doke Portsmouth  a  1934. A lokacin gudu na 1934, kulob din ya karya tarihin zuwa gida mafi girma na kowane kulob a kwallon kafa ta Ingila.  tarihi, yayin da magoya bayan 84,569 suka cika titin Maine a gasar cin kofin FA zagaye na shida da Stoke City - tarihin da ya tsaya har zuwa 2016. Kungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko a karon farko a cikin 1937, amma an sake fitar da ita a kakar wasa ta gaba, duk da zura kwallaye a raga.  fiye da kowace kungiya a rukunin.  Shekaru 20 bayan haka, wata ƙungiyar Birni ta yi wahayi zuwa ga tsarin dabara da aka sani da Revie Plan ta sake kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin FA a jere, a 1955 da 1956;  kamar yadda a cikin 1930s, suka yi rashin nasara na farko, a Newcastle United, kuma suka ci na biyu.  Wasan karshe na 1956, wanda Blues ta doke [[Birmingham]] City 3–1, ya ga golan City Bert Trautmann ya ci gaba da taka leda bayan karya wuyansa da rashin sani.

===Zamanin tauraro na farko da kalubalen da suka biyo baya===


Bayan an koma mataki na biyu a cikin 1963, nan gaba ta yi kamar ba ta da kyau tare da ƙarancin halartan gida na 8,015 da Swindon Town a cikin Janairu 1965. A lokacin bazara na 1965, an nada ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta Joe Mercer da Malcolm Allison .  A kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin Mercer, Manchester City ta lashe kambun Division na Biyu kuma ta sanya hannu mai mahimmanci a Mike Summerbee da Colin Bell.  Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin 1967–68, City ta yi nasarar lashe kofin gasar a karo na biyu, inda ta doke makwabciyarta Manchester United a gasar a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 4-3 a Newcastle United.  Karin kofuna sun biyo baya: City ta lashe kofin FA a 1969 kuma bayan shekara guda ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ta doke Górnik Zabrze 2–1 a  1970 na wasan karshe.  Wannan ita ce karramawar da kulob din ya samu a Turai har zuwa nasarar da suka samu a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022-23.  Har ila yau, Blues ta lashe gasar cin kofin League a waccan shekarar, inda ta zama tawagar Ingila ta biyu da ta lashe kofin Turai da kofin gida a kakar wasa guda.

Kulob din ya ci gaba da kalubalantar daukaka a cikin shekarun 1970s, inda ya kammala maki daya a bayan zakarun gasar a lokuta biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League na 1974.  Daya daga cikin wasannin na wannan lokacin da magoya bayan Manchester City ke tunawa da su shi ne wasan karshe na kakar 1973-74 da abokan hamayyarta na Manchester United, wadanda ke bukatar yin nasara don samun wani begen gujewa faduwa.  Tsohon dan wasan United Denis Law  ya zura kwallo da diddige don bai wa City nasara da ci 1-0 a Old Trafford da kuma tabbatar da faduwa daga abokan hamayyarsu.  Kofin karshe na lokacin da ya fi samun nasara a kungiyar a karni na 20 an ci shi ne a shekarar 1976, lokacin da aka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na cin kofin League.

Wani dogon lokaci na  biyo bayan nasarar shekarun 1960 da 1970.  Malcolm Allison ya koma kulob din ya zama koci karo na biyu a shekarar 1979, amma ya yi almubazzaranci da makudan kudade kan sa hannu da dama da ba su yi nasara ba, irin su Steve Daley.  Bayan haka, wasu manajoji sun biyo baya - bakwai a cikin 1980s kadai.  Karkashin John Bond, City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 1981 amma ta sha kashi a karawar da Tottenham Hotspur ta yi.  Sau biyu kulob din ya yi fice daga matakin farko a cikin shekarun 1980 (a cikin 1983 da 1987), amma kuma ya koma mataki na farko a 1989  kuma ya kare a matsayi na biyar a 1991 da 1992 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Reid.  Koyaya, wannan ɗan hutu ne kawai, kuma bayan tafiyar Reid dukiyar Manchester City ta ci gaba da dusashewa.  City ta kasance masu kafa ƙungiyar Premier League bayan ƙirƙirar ta a  1992, amma bayan da ta kare a matsayi na tara a kakar wasan farko, sun yi fama da gwagwarmaya na shekaru uku kafin a sake su a 1996.  mafi ƙasƙanci a tarihin su, zama na biyu da suka lashe kofin Turai da aka sake komawa gasar rukuni-rukuni na ƙasarsu bayan  1. FC Magdeburg  ta [[Jamus]].

===Farfadowa ta biyu===

Bayan da aka tashi daga gasar, kulob din ya fuskanci tashe-tashen hankula a waje, tare da sabon shugaban David Bernstein ya gabatar da ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi.  Karkashin kociyan Joe Royle, City ta sami daukaka a yunkurin farko, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ban mamaki a wasan karshe na rukuni na biyu da Gillingham.  Matsayin ci gaba na biyu a jere ya ga City ta koma mataki na gaba, amma wannan ya zama mataki mai nisa ga ƙungiyar da ke murmurewa, kuma a cikin 2001 An sake komawa City sau ɗaya.  Kevin Keegan ya maye gurbin Royle a matsayin koci a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta ƙarshe, kuma ya samu koma baya nan da nan zuwa babban rukuni yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar rukunin farko ta 2001-2002, ta karya tarihin ƙungiyar na yawan maki da aka zura a raga a kakar wasa ɗaya a gasar.  tsari.  Kakar 2002–03  ita ce ta ƙarshe a Maine Road kuma ta haɗa da 3-1 derby nasara akan abokan hammayarsu Manchester United, wanda ya kawo karshen shekara 13 da aka yi ba tare da nasara ba.  Bugu da ƙari, City ta cancanci shiga gasar Turai a karon farko cikin shekaru 25 ta hanyar UEFA fair play ranking.  A karshen kakar wasa ta 2003–04, kulob din ya koma sabon City na filin wasa na Manchester.  Shekaru hudu na farko a filin wasa duk sun haifar da kammala tsakiyar tebur.  Tsohon manajan Ingila Sven-Göran Eriksson ya zama kociyan kungiyar na kasashen waje na farko lokacin da aka nada shi a shekarar 2007. Bayan fara wasa mai kyau, wasan kwaikwayo ya dusashe a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, kuma an kori Eriksson a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2008;  Mark Hughes ya maye gurbinsa bayan kwana biyu.

A shekara ta 2008, Manchester City ta kasance cikin mawuyacin hali na rashin kuɗi.  Thaksin Shinawatra ya karbi ragamar kulab din a shekarar da ta gabata, amma fafutukar siyasarsa ta ga kadarorinsa sun daskare.  Sannan, a cikin Agusta 2008, Ƙungiyar Abu Dhabi United ta sayi Birni.  Taken ya biyo bayan yunƙurin neman manyan ‘yan wasa;  Kulob din ya karya tarihin sayan 'yan wasa na Biritaniya ta hanyar siyan Robinho dan kasar [[Brazil]] daga Real Madrid kan fan miliyan 32.5.  Ba a samu wani gagarumin ci gaba ba idan aka kwatanta da kakar da ta gabata duk da kwararar kudi duk da haka, kungiyar ta kare a mataki na goma, duk da cewa ta yi rawar gani ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin UEFA.  A lokacin bazara na 2009, ƙungiyar ta ɗauki kashe kuɗin canja wuri zuwa matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba, tare da kashe sama da fam miliyan 100 akan 'yan wasa Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez, da Joleon Lescott.  A cikin Disamba 2009, Mark Hughes - wanda aka ɗauke shi aiki jim kaɗan kafin canjin ikon mallakar amma tun asali sabuwar hukumar ta riƙe shi - Roberto Mancini ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja.  City ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyar a gasar Premier, da kyar ta rasa gurbin shiga gasar zakarun Turai amma ta cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League.

===Zaman tauraro na biyu da zuwan Pep Guardiola===

Ci gaba da saka hannun jari a cikin 'yan wasa ya biyo baya a lokuta masu zuwa, kuma sakamakon ya fara daidai da haɓakar ingancin ɗan wasa.  City ta kai wasan karshe na cin kofin FA a shekarar 2011, babban wasan karshe na farko cikin sama da shekaru 30, bayan da ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United a wasan kusa da na karshe, karo na farko da ta fitar da abokiyar karawarta daga gasar cin kofin tun 1975. Blues ta doke Stoke.  City 1–0 a wasan karshe, inda ta samu nasarar cin kofin FA karo na biyar da kuma babban kofi na farko da kungiyar ta lashe tun bayan lashe kofin League na 1976.  A ranar karshe ta kakar 2010-2011, City ta doke [[Arsenal F.C.]] a matsayi na uku, ta yadda ta samu cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai kai tsaye a group stage.


An ci gaba da yin wasanni masu ƙarfi da kuma cimma nasarori a kakar wasa ta 2011–12, gami da nasarar da suka yi da Tottenham da ci 5–1 a White Hart Lane da kuma nasarar da ta yi daidai da 6–1 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, amma rashin kyawun tsari a rabin na biyu  kakar wasan dai ya bar City a matsayi na biyu da maki takwas tsakaninta da United saura wasanni shida kacal a buga.  A wannan lokacin, United ta yi rashin nasara a kan ta, inda ta yi kasa da maki takwas a cikin wasanni hudu, yayin da City ta fara samun nasara a jere, wanda ya sa kungiyoyin biyu suka tashi da maki daya saura wasanni biyu.  Duk da Buluwa kawai suna bukatar nasara a gida da Queens Park Rangers, kungiya a yankin relegation, sun fadi a baya da ci 1-2 a karshen lokacin al'ada.  Duk da haka, kwallaye biyu da aka zura a lokacin rauni – na biyu da Sergio Agüero ya zura a cikin minti na hudu da aka kara - ya daidaita kambin da City ta samu, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar Premier da maki kadai.

A kakar wasa ta gaba, City ta kasa yin kwafin nasarar da ta samu a shekarar da ta gabata.  Bayan kammala gasar ta biyu a gasar, maki goma sha daya a bayan Manchester United, da rashin nasara a gasar cin kofin FA 0–1 a hannun Wigan Athletic da ta koma mataki na daya, an kori Mancini.  Manajan Chilean Manuel Pellegrini ne ya maye gurbinsa.  A shekarar farko ta Pellegrini, City ta lashe kofin League kuma ta sake samun kofin Premier a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa.  Tsarin gasar kungiyar sannan sannu a hankali ya ragu cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, yayin da Blues din ta kare a matsayi na biyu a 2014–15  sannan ta koma ta hudu a cikin 2015–16, kodayake kakar 2015–16 za ta ga City ta lashe wani kofin gasar  Gasar Zakarun Turai na kusa da na karshe a karon farko.

Pep Guardiola, tsohon kocin Barcelona da Bayern Munich, an tabbatar da zama sabon kocin Manchester City a ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 2016, tare da sanar da sanarwar watanni da yawa kafin Manuel Pellegrini ya bar mukaminsa.  Kakar farko ta Guardiola a Manchester za ta kawo karshen gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, inda Blues ke matsayi na uku a kan teburin gasar, amma kakar wasan da ta biyo baya ta samu nasara sosai, yayin da City ta lashe kofin Premier da maki mafi girma a tarihi tare da karya wasu kungiyoyi da na Ingila da dama.  rubuce-rubuce a kan hanya.

Wannan zai zama farkon nasarar da Manchester City ta samu a karkashin Guardiola.  Tsakanin wasannin 2017-18 da 2022-23 na gasar Premier, City ta lashe kofunan lig biyar cikin shida, inda ta zo ta biyu a bayan Liverpool a kakar wasa ta 2019-20.  Guardiola ya kuma jagoranci Blues zuwa gasar cin kofin gida, wanda aka haskaka ta nasarar cin Kofin League guda hudu a jere a 2018-2021.  A lokacin kakar 2018-2019, City ta kammala babban gasar cikin gida da ba a taɓa gani ba na taken maza na Ingilishi.  Baya ga lashe dukkanin manyan gasa uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, sun kuma lashe Garkuwar Jama'a, wanda shi ne karon farko da kowace kungiya ta taba rike dukkan kofunan kwallon kafa hudu na Ingila a lokaci guda.  A matakin nahiyar, kulob din ya samu ci gaba a cikin 2020-21, inda ya kai wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na farko.  A cikin duk wani al'amari na Turanci, City ta yi rashin nasara 0-1 a Chelsea a Estádio do Dragão a [[Porto]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/football/the-resources-and-power-of-sheikh-mansoor-makes-this-deal-a-seismic-moment-for-the-aleague/story-fni2wcjl-1226808309758&lt;/ref&gt;

Kakar 2022-23  ta zama mafi girma a tarihin ƙungiyar, yayin da Manchester City ta lashe kofin Premier karo na uku a jere, da gasar cin kofin FA da abokiyar hamayyarta Manchester United, da kuma kofin gasar zakarun Turai na farko a filin wasa na Olympics na Atatürk da ke Istanbul  Inter [[Milano|Milan]], ta haka ne ke haɗa wani abu mai wuyar gaske - wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na nahiyar.  Hanyar cin kofin zakarun Turai ya hada da nasarar da Bayern Munich ta yi a Turai, wadda ta sha kashi da ci 4-1, da kuma Real Madrid, wadda ta sha kashi a hannun City da ci 1-5.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055003/http://www.plusmarketsgroup.com/details.shtml?ISIN=GB0005599336&lt;/ref&gt;

Zamanin Manchester City na ci gaba da fafatawa a gasa ya zo daidai da tuhume-tuhume da kuma a lokuta da dama da aka samu na keta dokokin Financial Fair Play (FFP) da dokokin Premier League.  A cikin 2014, Manchester City ta kasance batun yarjejeniyar sasantawa da UEFA wanda, a cikin matakai da yawa, an sanya iyaka kan adadin 'yan wasan da za su iya yin rajista a cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na UEFA da kuma adadin da za a iya kashewa.  a kan canja wuri da kuɗin fa'idar ma'aikata, an kuma bayar da tarar.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/10-things-you-need-know-about-manchester-clubs-humble-beginnings&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin 2017, Premier League ta ci tarar Manchester City tare da dakatar da siyan wasu 'yan wasa na makarantar shekaru biyu bayan da aka same su da karya dokokin ci gaban matasa.  A shekarar 2020, Kotun sauraron kararrakin wasanni (CAS) ta yanke hukuncin cewa wasu takunkumin da UEFA ta sanyawa kulob din bai dace ba, wanda hakan ya yi watsi da dakatarwar da City ta yi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Turai, amma duk da haka ta gano cewa kulob din ya keta ka'idojin UEFA ta hanyar rashin bayar da hadin kai da kuma kawo cikas ga kungiyar.  bincike, kuma saboda wannan &quot;tsanani mai tsanani&quot; ya ci tarar kulob din.  A cikin 2023, Premier League ta ba da sanarwar nata binciken zargin da ake yi wa Manchester City, inda take tuhumar kungiyar da keta dokokin FFP har 115 har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2017-18.

===Tarihin gasar===

*1892–1899 Division 2 (L2)
*1899–1902 Division 1 (L1)
*1902–1903 Division 2 (L2)
*1903–1909 Division 1 (L1)
*1909–1910 Division 2 (L2)
*1910–1926 Division 1 (L1)
*1926–1928 Division 2 (L2)
*1928–1938 Division 1 (L1)
*1938–1947 Division 2 (L2)
*1947–1950 Division 1 (L1)
*1950–1951 Division 2 (L2)
*1951–1963 Division 1 (L1)
*1963–1966 Division 2 (L2)
*1966–1983 Division 1 (L1)
*1983–1985 Division 2 (L2)
*1985–1987 Division 1 (L1)
*1987–1989 Division 2 (L2)
*1989–1992 Division 1 (L1)
*1992–1996 Premier League (L1)
*1996–1998 Division 1 (L2)
*1998–1999 Division 2 (L3)
*1999–2000 Division  1 (2)
*2000–2001 Premier League (L1)
*2001–2002 Division 1 (L2)
*2002– Premier League (L1)

==Launuka da kuma Alamun Kulob==

Launukan gidan Manchester City shuɗi ne da fari.  Launukan kit na gargajiya sun kasance ko dai maroon ko (daga shekarun 1960) ja da baki;  duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi amfani da launuka da dama.  Ba a san asalin launukan gidan kulob din ba, amma akwai alamun cewa kulob din ya sanya shudi tun 1892 ko kuma baya.  Wani ɗan littafi mai suna Shahararrun Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa - Manchester City wanda aka buga a shekarun 1940 ya nuna cewa West Gorton (St. Marks) tun asali tana wasa da ja da baki, kuma rahotanni daga 1884 sun bayyana ƙungiyar sanye da baƙaƙen riga mai ɗauke da farar giciye, wanda ke nuna asalin ƙungiyar kamar haka.  gefen coci.  Yin amfani da launin ja da baƙar fata ba safai ba har yanzu ya fito ne daga imanin tsohon mataimakin manajan Malcolm Allison cewa ɗaukar launukan AC Milan zai ƙarfafa City ga ɗaukaka.  Alamar Allison da alama yana aiki, tare da City ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA 1969, da 1970 kofin cin Kofin Jikiriku a 1970 yayin da ake adawa da Kungiyar Sky Blue.

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:City, Manchester}}
[[Category: Kungiyoyi kwallon kafa]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Idaho</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Owyhee Mountains.jpg]] → [[File:Owyhee Mountains, K5060-2 (8497810514).jpg]] → File replacement: Updating from an old version to a newer version with better quality ([[c:c:GR]])</comment>
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'''Idaho''' jiha ne daga jihohin ƙasar [[Tarayyar Amurka]], a Arewa maso Yammacin ƙasar. Jihar Tarayyar Amurka ne daga shekara ta 1890.

== Tarihi ==
Babban birnin jihar Idaho, [[Boise]] ne. Jihar Idaho yana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita arabba’i 216,900, da yawan jama'a 1,754,208.

== Mulki ==
Gwamnan jihar Idaho [[Brad Little]] ne, daga zaben gwamnan a shekara ta 2018.

== Arziki ==

== Wasanni ==

== Fannin tsarotsaro ==

== Kimiya da Fasaha ==

== Sifiri ==

=== Sifirin Jirgin Sama ===

=== Sifirin Jirgin Kasa ===

== Al'adu ==

=== Mutane ===

=== Yaruka ===

=== Abinci ===

=== Tufafi ===

== Ilimi ==

== Addinai ==

=== Musulunci ===

=== Kiristanci ===

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Springfield,Illinois-Old_State_Capitol.jpg|Old State Capitol
File:Chicago_Skyline_(44713240565).jpg|Birnin Chicago, Illinois.
File:BoiseGreenbeltFallenFirefighterMemorial.JPG|The Fallen Firefighter Memorial
File:Sunrise_on_Mount_Idaho_at_Merriam_Lake_-_Flickr_-_Knowles_Gallery.jpg|Kogin Merriam
File:Owyhee Mountains, K5060-2 (8497810514).jpg|Dutsin Owyhee, Idaho
File:Idaho Falls Idaho Temple 862.jpg| Gun bauta 
|Babban birnin Idaho
File:Rexburg idaho temple at sunset.JPG|Gun bauta a jihar Idaho
File:Big Springs, Idaho.jpg|Taokin Idaho
File:Idaho Wildlife Management Units.svg|Taswiran Idaho
File:Idaho State University.jpg|Cikin jami'ar jihar Idaho
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Idaho}}
[[Category:Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka]]
{{Jihohin Taraiyar Amurka}}</text>
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      <parentid>839911</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T02:17:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ziv</username>
        <id>32466</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Owyhee Mountains, K5060-2 (8497810514).jpg]] → [[File:Owyhee Mountains, K5060-2-cropped (8497810514).jpg]] Cropped version</comment>
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'''Idaho''' jiha ne daga jihohin ƙasar [[Tarayyar Amurka]], a Arewa maso Yammacin ƙasar. Jihar Tarayyar Amurka ne daga shekara ta 1890.

== Tarihi ==
Babban birnin jihar Idaho, [[Boise]] ne. Jihar Idaho yana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita arabba’i 216,900, da yawan jama'a 1,754,208.

== Mulki ==
Gwamnan jihar Idaho [[Brad Little]] ne, daga zaben gwamnan a shekara ta 2018.

== Arziki ==

== Wasanni ==

== Fannin tsarotsaro ==

== Kimiya da Fasaha ==

== Sifiri ==

=== Sifirin Jirgin Sama ===

=== Sifirin Jirgin Kasa ===

== Al'adu ==

=== Mutane ===

=== Yaruka ===

=== Abinci ===

=== Tufafi ===

== Ilimi ==

== Addinai ==

=== Musulunci ===

=== Kiristanci ===

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Springfield,Illinois-Old_State_Capitol.jpg|Old State Capitol
File:Chicago_Skyline_(44713240565).jpg|Birnin Chicago, Illinois.
File:BoiseGreenbeltFallenFirefighterMemorial.JPG|The Fallen Firefighter Memorial
File:Sunrise_on_Mount_Idaho_at_Merriam_Lake_-_Flickr_-_Knowles_Gallery.jpg|Kogin Merriam
File:Owyhee Mountains, K5060-2-cropped (8497810514).jpg|Dutsin Owyhee, Idaho
File:Idaho Falls Idaho Temple 862.jpg| Gun bauta 
|Babban birnin Idaho
File:Rexburg idaho temple at sunset.JPG|Gun bauta a jihar Idaho
File:Big Springs, Idaho.jpg|Taokin Idaho
File:Idaho Wildlife Management Units.svg|Taswiran Idaho
File:Idaho State University.jpg|Cikin jami'ar jihar Idaho
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Idaho}}
[[Category:Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka]]
{{Jihohin Taraiyar Amurka}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jami'ar Kashim Ibrahim</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>11527</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839717</id>
      <parentid>793278</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:41:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Em-mustapha</username>
        <id>6594</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Em-mustapha moved page [[Jami`ar Jihar Borno]] to [[Jami'ar Kashim Ibrahim]]</comment>
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[[Fayil:New Male Hostel B, UNIVERSITY of Maiduguri, BORNO STATE Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Dakin kwana na maza na jahar borno]]
'''Jami`ar Jihar Borno''' makarantar jami'a ce da ke a birnin [[Maiduguri]], [[Jihar Borno]], a [[Najeriya]]. An kafata a shekarar 2016.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nta.ng/news/20161107-unc-approves-borno-state-university-take-off &quot;NUC Approves Borno State University Take off&quot;]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Maiduguri, 07 November, 2016 ''Retrieved 06 April, 2019&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/nuc-approves-borno-state-university &quot;NUC Approves Borno State University&quot;] ''[[Daily Trust]]'' Maiduguri. Borno State&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da tsangayoyi biyar da kuma sama da ashirin na shashen karatu. Wanda ya fara kuma shine a yanzu  shugaban jami`ar, shine [[Umar Kyari Sandabe|farfesa Umar Kyari Sandabe]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.channelstv.com/tag/borno-states-university &quot; Borno State University &quot;] ''Channels Television'' Borno State, Nigeria.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.channelstv.com/2016/11/07/nuc-approves-borno-state-university-takeoff &quot;NUC Approves Borno State University Takeoff &quot;] Channels Television.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Front view of ACULTY of ALLIED health SCIENCES, University of Maiduguri, BORNO STATE Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Bagaren kiwon lafiya na Jami ar borno]]
[[Fayil:BSU GATE.jpg|thumb|Mashigar jamia'ar jahar Borno]]
A watan Yunin 2021 ne tsohon shugaban Najeriya [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya kaddamar da ginin majalisar dattawan jami'ar.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.tvcnews.tv/updated-buhari-inaugurates-senate-building-at-borno-state-university/&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fayil:BSU Library.jpg|thumb|Dakin karatu na jamia'ar jahar Borno]]

== Sashunan karatu ==

* Sashen Kimiyya
* Sashen gudanarwa
* Sashen Arts
* Sashen Kimiyyar Zamantakewa
* Sashen Ilimi

== Darussa ==
Darussan da ake bayarwa a Jami’ar Jihar [[Borno]] sun hada da kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;https://myschool.ng/classroom/institution-courses/borno-state-university&lt;/ref&gt;

* Accounting
* Noma
* Halittar Dabbobi da Muhalli
* Kimiyyar halittu
* Gudanar da Kasuwanci
* Chemistry
* Kimiyyan na'urar kwamfuta
* Ilimin Laifuka da Nazarin Tsaro
* Ilimin tattalin arziki
* Ilimi da Biology
* Ilimi da Chemistry
* Ilimi da Kimiyyar Kwamfuta
* Ilimi da Tattalin Arziki
* Ilimi da Ingilishi
* Ilimi da Ilimin Addinin Musulunci
* Ilimi da Lissafi
* Ilimi da Physics
* Gudanar da Ilimi
* Harshen Turanci
* Geography
* Jagora da Nasiha
* Karatun Musulunci
* Adabi a Turanci
* Sadarwar Jama'a
* Lissafi
* Nazarin zaman lafiya da warware rikici
* Physics
* Kimiyyar Shuka da Kimiyyar Halittu
* Kimiyyar Siyasa
* Gudanar da jama'a
* Ilimin zamantakewa
* Kididdiga
* Kimiyyar Ilimin Malami

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}

== Mahada na waje ==
Shafin yanar gizo na jami'ar jihar Borno: http://www.bosu.edu.ng/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528023139/http://www.bosu.edu.ng/ |date=2024-05-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528023139/http://www.bosu.edu.ng/ |date=2024-05-28 }}&lt;nowiki/&gt;{{stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jihar Borno, jami`a}}
[[Category: Jami'o'i a Nijeriya]]</text>
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      <id>839722</id>
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[[Fayil:New Male Hostel B, UNIVERSITY of Maiduguri, BORNO STATE Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Dakin kwana na maza na jahar borno]]
'''Jami'ar Kashim Ibrahim''' a baya '''Jami'ar Jihar Borno''' makarantar jami'a ce da ke a birnin [[Maiduguri]], [[Jihar Borno]], a [[Najeriya]]. An kafata a shekarar 2016.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nta.ng/news/20161107-unc-approves-borno-state-university-take-off &quot;NUC Approves Borno State University Take off&quot;]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Maiduguri, 07 November, 2016 ''Retrieved 06 April, 2019&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/nuc-approves-borno-state-university &quot;NUC Approves Borno State University&quot;] ''[[Daily Trust]]'' Maiduguri. Borno State&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da tsangayoyi biyar da kuma sama da ashirin na shashen karatu. Wanda ya fara kuma shine a yanzu  shugaban jami`ar, shine [[Umar Kyari Sandabe|farfesa Umar Kyari Sandabe]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.channelstv.com/tag/borno-states-university &quot; Borno State University &quot;] ''Channels Television'' Borno State, Nigeria.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.channelstv.com/2016/11/07/nuc-approves-borno-state-university-takeoff &quot;NUC Approves Borno State University Takeoff &quot;] Channels Television.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Front view of ACULTY of ALLIED health SCIENCES, University of Maiduguri, BORNO STATE Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Bagaren kiwon lafiya na Jami ar borno]]
[[Fayil:BSU GATE.jpg|thumb|Mashigar jamia'ar jahar Borno]]
A watan Yunin 2021 ne tsohon shugaban Najeriya [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya kaddamar da ginin majalisar dattawan jami'ar.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.tvcnews.tv/updated-buhari-inaugurates-senate-building-at-borno-state-university/&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fayil:BSU Library.jpg|thumb|Dakin karatu na jamia'ar jahar Borno]]

== Sashunan karatu ==

* Sashen Kimiyya
* Sashen gudanarwa
* Sashen Arts
* Sashen Kimiyyar Zamantakewa
* Sashen Ilimi

== Darussa ==
Darussan da ake bayarwa a Jami’ar Jihar [[Borno]] sun hada da kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;https://myschool.ng/classroom/institution-courses/borno-state-university&lt;/ref&gt;

* Accounting
* Noma
* Halittar Dabbobi da Muhalli
* Kimiyyar halittu
* Gudanar da Kasuwanci
* Chemistry
* Kimiyyan na'urar kwamfuta
* Ilimin Laifuka da Nazarin Tsaro
* Ilimin tattalin arziki
* Ilimi da Biology
* Ilimi da Chemistry
* Ilimi da Kimiyyar Kwamfuta
* Ilimi da Tattalin Arziki
* Ilimi da Ingilishi
* Ilimi da Ilimin Addinin Musulunci
* Ilimi da Lissafi
* Ilimi da Physics
* Gudanar da Ilimi
* Harshen Turanci
* Geography
* Jagora da Nasiha
* Karatun Musulunci
* Adabi a Turanci
* Sadarwar Jama'a
* Lissafi
* Nazarin zaman lafiya da warware rikici
* Physics
* Kimiyyar Shuka da Kimiyyar Halittu
* Kimiyyar Siyasa
* Gudanar da jama'a
* Ilimin zamantakewa
* Kididdiga
* Kimiyyar Ilimin Malami

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}

== Mahada na waje ==
Shafin yanar gizo na jami'ar jihar Borno: http://www.bosu.edu.ng/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528023139/http://www.bosu.edu.ng/ |date=2024-05-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528023139/http://www.bosu.edu.ng/ |date=2024-05-28 }}&lt;nowiki/&gt;{{stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jihar Borno, jami`a}}
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  <page>
    <title>Jerin Asibotoci a Nijar</title>
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[[File:Un-niger.png|right|400px]]
Wannan shine jerin '''asibotoci''' a [[Nijar|Jamhuriyar Nijar]]. Bankin duniya ya fitar da rahotin cewar a shekarar 2001 akwai asibitoci guda 40 a [[Nijar]] a kasarin su kananan asibitoci ne. Akwai ma'aikatan lafiy 296 a fadin kasar mai yawan mutane miliyan 13 a 2004.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?country=ner&amp;indicators=healthpersonnel World Health Organisation: health personnel statistics].&lt;/ref&gt; Anan an kawo jerin manya daga cikin asibitocin.

==Niamey (Babban birnin kasar)==
===Niamey===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Suna
!Waje
!Budewa
!Rufewa
|-
|Babban asibitin kasa&lt;ref name=signniger&gt;[http://www.sign-post.org/programs/niger/ Niger: Surgical Implant Generation Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728023019/http://www.sign-post.org/programs/niger/ |date=2011-07-28 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=usaidfistula&gt;[http://www.fistulacare.org/pages/sites/niger.php Fistula Care: Niger country overview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019050644/http://www.fistulacare.org/pages/sites/niger.php |date=19 October 2010 }}.  USAID.&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Niamey]]
|
|
|-
|Asibiti Lamordé (Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire – CHU)&lt;ref name=usaidfistula /&gt;
|[[Niamey]]
|
|
|-
|La Maternité Issaka Gazoby&lt;ref name=usaidfistula /&gt;
|[[Niamey]]
|
|
|-
|Asibitin Gamkalley (Mai zaman kansa)
|[[Niamey]]
|
|
|-
|CURE Hôpital des Enfants au Niger&lt;ref&gt;[http://cure.org/hospitals/niger] Website of CURE Hôpital des Enfants au Niger&lt;/ref&gt; (Charitable)
|[[Niamey]]
|2010
|
|}

=== Babban asibitin kasa na birnin Niamey ===
Gwamnatin turaean mulkin mallaka ce ta kirkire shi a 1922, anbata sunan (Hopital National de Niamey or HNN) a 1962. Asibitin zamani ne wanda gwamanatin kasar ke tagiyar dashi. Shine babban asibiti a kasar wanda ke samar da harkar lafiya mafi girma a kasar. Sauran asibitoci a kasar na aikewa da marasa lafiya Babban asibitin Niamey ko Asibitin Lamordé.

==Sashen Maradi==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Suna
!Waje
!Budewa
!Rufewa
|-
|Asibitin Galmi&lt;ref name=signniger /&gt;
|[[Galmi]]
|
|
|-
|Asibitin Mayarni&lt;ref name=usaidfistula /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/niger_35926.html Fight for survival: Saving undernourished children in Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714062544/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/niger_35926.html |date=2017-07-14 }}. Nina Marinek. UNICEF. (2006)&lt;/ref&gt;
|Maradi
|
|
|-
|Asibitin Guidan Roumji&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/niger_46254.html UNICEF supports maternal and newborn health in Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915144500/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/niger_46254.html |date=2016-09-15 }}. Sandra Bisin. UNICEF. (2008)&lt;/ref&gt;
|Maradi
|
|
|}

==Yankin Dosso==
[[File:Dosso maternity clinic visit 2008.jpg|thumb|right|Asibitin [[Dosso (sashe)|Sashe Dosso]], Dosso.]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Suna
!Waje
!Budewa
!Rufewa
|-
|Asibitin Dosso&lt;ref name=usaidfistula /&gt;
|[[Dosso]]
|
|
|}

==Sashen Diffa==

{{Empty section|date=July 2010}}
==Sashen Tillabéri==

{{Empty section|date=July 2010}}
==Sashen Tahoua==

{{Empty section|date=July 2010}}
==Sashen Agadez==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Suna
!Waje
!Budewa
!Rufewa
|-
|Centre Medical Hospitalier&lt;ref name=usembassyguide&gt;[http://niamey.usembassy.gov/niger/doctors_in_niger_niamey.html Doctors in Niger] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220101305/http://niamey.usembassy.gov/niger/doctors_in_niger_niamey.html |date=20 February 2009 }}. US EMBASSY, Niamey (November 2007)&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Agadez]]
|
|
|-
|Cominak Hospital&lt;ref name=usembassyguide /&gt;
|[[Arlit]]
|
|
|}
==Sashe Zinder==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Suna
!Waje
!Budewa
!Rufewa
|-
|[[Children's Hospital (Zinder)|Children's Hospital]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/niger_28037.html UN Secretary-General visits UNICEF-supported hospital in Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914124104/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/niger_28037.html |date=2016-09-14 }}.  Kent Page.  UNICEF (2005)&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Zinder]]
|
|
|}

==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Tillabery_Hospital_signs_(3333428223).jpg|Asibitin birnin Tillabery
File:Portail_H%C3%B4pital_National_de_Niamey.jpg|Asibitin Kasa na Yamai
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Flora Nwapa</title>
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Cif Florence Nwanzuruahu Nkiru Nwapa Listen (13 Janairu 1931 - 16 Oktoba 1993), marubuciya ce 'yar Najeriya wacce aka kira da uwar Adabin Afirka na zamani. Ita ce jagorar tsarar marubutan mata 'yan Afirka, kuma marubuciya mace 'yar Afirka ta farko da aka buga a harshen Ingilishi a Birtaniya. [2] Ta sami karramawa daga ƙasashen duniya da littafinta na farko Efuru , wanda Heinemann Educational Books ya buga a 1966. Duk da cewa ba ta taɓa ɗaukar kanta a matsayin mai kare mata ba, an fi saninta da sake ƙirƙirar rayuwa da al'adu daga ra'ayin mace 'yar Igbo . Ita kanta shugabar ƙabilar ce, tana riƙe da lakabin maza na musamman Ogbuefi a cikinsu. 

Ta wallafa wallafe-wallafen Afirka kuma ta inganta mata a cikin al'ummar Afirka. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata masu bugawa na farko na Afirka lokacin da ta kafa '''Tana Press''' a Najeriya a shekarar 1970. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matris |first=Henry |date=2026-02-26 |title=Flora Nwapa: The First African Woman to Publish a Novel Internationally |url=https://theaccomplishmagazine.com/flora-nwapa-the-first-african-woman-to-publish-a-novel-internationally/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=theaccomplishmagazine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nwapa ta shiga aikin gwamnati a sake ginawa bayan [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Biafra]]; musamman, ta yi aiki tare da marayu da 'yan gudun hijira waɗanda suka yi gudun hijira a lokacin yaƙin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agbo |first=Njideka |date=2019-01-13 |title=Florence Nwapa: The Mother of African Literature |url=https://guardian.ng/life/florence-nwapa-the-mother-of-african-literature/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=The Guardian |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Shekaru na farko da ilimi ===
An haifi Nwapa a yankin karamar hukuma ta [[Oguta]] na [[Imo|Jihar Imo]],  a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, babba cikin 'ya'ya shida na Christopher Ijeoma (wakilin [[Kamfanin United Africa]]) da Martha Nwapa, malamin wasan kwaikwayo.  Flora Nwapa ta halarci makaranta a Oguta, Makarantar Sakandare a [[Elelenwo]] a Obio Akpor LGA na Jihar Rivers, kudu maso kudu da Najeriya da [[Makarantar St Anne, Ibadan|Makarantar 'yan mata ta CMS, Jihar Legas]], wacce daga baya ta koma Ibadan don haɗuwa da Makarantar' yan mata ta Kudeti kuma an sake masa suna St Anne's School Ibadan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-01-29 |title=Remembering Flora Nwapa |url=https://dailytrust.com/remembering-flora-nwapa/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1953, lokacin da take da shekaru 22, ta halarci jami'a kuma a shekara ta 1957, tana da shekaru 26, ta sami digiri na BA daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan|Kwalejin Jami'ar, Ibadan]] a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Daga nan sai ta tafi Scotland, inda ta sami difloma a fannin ilimi daga Jami'ar Edinburgh a shekara ta 1958. 

=== Family life ===
Flora Nwapa tana da 'ya'ya uku: Ejine Nzeribe (daga dangantakarta ta baya), Uzoma Gogo Nwakuche da Amede Nzeribe . Ta auri Cif Gogo Nwakuche . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-01-13 |title=Flora Nwapa: Mother of Modern African Literature |url=https://www.thehistoryville.com/flora-nwapa/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kakanta, A. C. Nwapa, ita ce Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na farko a Najeriya, a cewar The House of Nwapa, shirin da Onyeka Nwelue ya yi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Akinbode |first=Ayomide |date=2019-01-13 |title=Flora Nwapa: Mother of Modern African Literature |url=https://www.thehistoryville.com/flora-nwapa/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nwapa dan uwan marubucin Najeriya Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani ne . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kentake |first=Meserette |date=2015-05-04 |title=Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani |url=https://kentakepage.com/adaobi-tricia-nwaubani/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Kentake Page |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728032804/https://kentakepage.com/adaobi-tricia-nwaubani/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Koyarwa da hidimar jama'a ===
Bayan ya koma Najeriya, Nwapa ya shiga Ma'aikatar Ilimi a [[Kalaba|Calabar]] a matsayin Jami'in Ilimi har zuwa 1959. Daga nan sai ta yi aiki a matsayin malama a Makarantar Sarauniya a [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]], inda ta koyar da Turanci da Geography daga 1959 zuwa 1962. Ta ci gaba da aiki a fannin ilimi da kuma aikin gwamnati a mukamai da yawa, gami da Mataimakin Mai Rijista, [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] (1962-1967).  Bayan [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] na 1967-1970, ta karbi ofishin ministoci a matsayin Ministan Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a Gabashin Tsakiya (1970-71), sannan kuma a matsayin Minista na Lands, Survey and Urban Development (1971-74).  Ta kasance malami mai ziyara a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya ta Alvan Ikoku a [[Owerri]], Najeriya . A shekara ta 1989, an nada ta farfesa mai ziyara na rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro a [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] . 

=== Rubuce-rubuce da bugawa ===
Littafin farko na Nwapa, ''Efuru'', an buga shi ne a shekarar 1966 lokacin da take da shekaru 30, kuma an dauke shi aiki na farko a matsayin littafi na harshen Ingilishi ta wata marubuciyar mace ta Afirka. Ta aika da rubutun ga sanannen marubucin Najeriya [[Chinua Achebe]] a cikin 1962, wanda ya amsa da wasika mai kyau har ma ya haɗa da kuɗi don gidan waya don aika rubutun ga mai wallafa Turanci, Heinemann.&lt;ref&gt;Ezenwa-Ohaeto, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTNOEimkkEcC&amp;dq=Nwapa+chinua+abebe&amp;pg=PA93 ''Chinua Achebe: A Biography''], p. 93, ({{ISBN|9780253333421}}), via google-books.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nwapa ya bi ''Efuru'' tare da litattafai kamar su ''[[Idu (littafi)|Idu]]'' (1970), Never Again (1975) , One is Enough (1981) , da Women are Different (1986) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Omijie |first=Othniel |date=2024-02-29 |title=Summary of Flora Nwapa’s “Women are Different” |url=https://www.literaturepadi.com.ng/2024/02/29/summary-of-flora-nwapas-women-are-different/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Literature PADI |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ta wallafa tarin labaru guda biyu - ''Wannan shi ne Legas'' (1971)  da kuma Wives at War (1980)  - da kuma yawan waƙoƙi, Cassava Song da Rice Song (1986).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=This Is Lagos And Other Stories by Nwapa, Flora: (1971) First Edition. {{!}} James M Pickard, ABA, ILAB, PBFA. |url=https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Lagos-Stories-Nwapa-Flora/31718045608/bd |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=www.abebooks.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oshunloye |first=Taiwo |date=2025-07-10 |title=Flora Nwapa’s 1980 story collection ‘Wives At War’ set to be adapted into films |url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/flora-nwapas-1980-story-collection-wives-at-war-set-to-be-adapted-into-films/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=TheCable Lifestyle |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce kuma marubuciyar littattafai da yawa ga yara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ThriftBooks |title=Flora Nwapa Books {{!}} List of books by author Flora Nwapa |url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/a/flora-nwapa/274450/ |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=ThriftBooks |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}}

A shekara ta 1974, ta kafa Tana Press, kuma a shekara ta 1977 Kamfanin Flora Nwapa, ta wallafa nata litattafan manya da yara da kuma ayyukan wasu marubuta.&lt;ref&gt;Zell, Hans M., [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000609/060911mb.pdf &quot;Publishing and Book Development in Africa: A Bibliography&quot;] (''Studies on Books and Reading'', UNESCO), p.{{Spaces}}4.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ba da ɗaya daga cikin manufofinta: &quot;don sanar da ilimantar da mata a duk faɗin duniya, musamman 'yan mata (duka tare da babban birnin F da ƙaramin f) game da rawar da mata ke takawa a Najeriya, 'yancin kansu na tattalin arziki, dangantakarsu da maza da yara, imanin gargajiya da matsayinsu a cikin al'umma gaba ɗaya&quot;. An bayyana Tana a matsayin &quot;ma'aikatar jarida ta farko da mace ta gudanar kuma an yi niyya ga manyan mata masu sauraro. Aikin da ya wuce lokacinsa a lokacin da babu wanda ya ga matan Afirka sun zama al'umma na masu karatu ko masu sayen littattafai&quot;.

A farkon aikin wallafe-wallafen Nwapa, sakamakon yadda ake kallon mata da kuma yadda aka nuna ta, ba ta da sha'awar mata saboda ta ji an nuna bambanci ga maza, amma daga ƙarshe ta yarda da shi. Koyaya, gwagwarmayarta da mata tana wakiltar tattaunawar yanzu game da motsi a Afirka da duniya gaba ɗaya.

Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka fara daga mujallu Présence Africaine da ''Black Orpheus'', a cikin shekarun 1960 da '70s, zuwa littafin 1992 Daughters of Africa, wanda [[Margaret Busby]] ta shirya.

=== Shekaru na baya ===
Ayyukan Nwapa a matsayin malami ya ci gaba a duk rayuwarta kuma ya ƙunshi koyarwa a kwalejoji da jami'o'i a duniya, gami da Jami'ar New York, Kwalejin Triniti, Jami'ar Minnesota, Jami'an Michigan da Jami'an Ilorin. Ta ce a wata hira da Mawallafa na zamani, &quot;Na kasance ina rubutu kusan shekaru talatin. Sha'awar ta kasance a kan yankunan karkara da mata na birane a cikin neman rayuwa a cikin duniyar da ke canzawa da maza suka mamaye&quot;.

Flora Nwapa ta mutu daga cutar huhu a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1993 a wani asibiti a Enugu, Najeriya, tana da shekaru 62. &lt;ref&gt;Brenda F, Berrian, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174890?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents &quot;In Memoriam: Flora Nwapa (1931–1993&quot;], ''Signs'', Vol.{{Spaces}}20, No.{{Spaces}}4, ''Postcolonial, Emergent, and Indigenous Feminisms'' (Summer 1995), pp.{{Spaces}}996–999.&lt;/ref&gt; Littafinta na karshe, The Lake Goddess, an buga shi ne bayan mutuwarta.

== Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==

; Littattafai

* ''Efuru'', Heinemann Littattafan Ilimi, 1966; Waveland Press, 2013,  {{ISBN|9781478613275}}
* ''[[Idu (littafi)|Idu]]'', Heinemann African Writers Series, No. 56,  ; 1970{{ISBN|0-435-90056-0}}
* Ba za a sake yin amfani da shi ba, Enugu: Tana Press, 1975; Nwamife, 1976; Africa World Press, 1992,  {{ISBN|9780865433182}}
* Ɗaya ya isa, Enugu: Flora Nwapa Co., 1981; Tana Press, 1984; Africa World Press, 1992,  {{ISBN|9780865433229}}
* ''Mata sun bambanta'', Enugu: Tana Press, 1986; Africa World Press, 1992,  {{ISBN|9780865433267}}
* The Lake Goddess, Lawrenceville, NJ: Africa World Press, 1995 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fable {{!}} Stories for everyone |url=https://fable.co/book/lake-goddess-by-nwapa-flora-9781098323851 |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=fable.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Gajerun labaru / waƙoƙi

* ''Wannan shi ne Legas da Sauran Labarai'', Enugu: Nwamife, 1971; Africa World Press, 1992,  {{ISBN|9780865433212}}
* ''Mata a Yaƙi da Sauran Labarai'', Enugu: Nwamife, 1980; Flora Nwapa Co./Tana Press, 1984; Africa World Press, 1992,  {{ISBN|9780865433281}}
* Cassava Song da Rice Song, Enugu: Tana Press, 1986 

; Littattafan yara

* Emeka, Driver's Guard, London: Jami'ar London Press, 1972; Enugu: Kamfanin Flora Nwapa, 1987 
* ''Mammywater'', 1979; Enugu: Kamfanin Flora Nwapa, 1984  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jell-Bahlsen |first=Sabine |date=1995 |title=The Concept of Mammywater in Flora Nwapa's Novels |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3820269 |journal=Research in African Literatures |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=30–41 |issn=0034-5210}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Labaran Deke'', Enugu: Flora Nwapa Co., 1980
* Kittens na Mu'ujiza, Enugu: Kamfanin Flora Nwapa, 1980
* ''Tafiya zuwa sararin samaniya'', Enugu: Kamfanin Flora Nwapa, 1980

== Kyauta ==
Flora Nwapa shine batun wani shirin da ake kira The House of Nwapa, wanda Onyeka Nwelue ya yi, &lt;ref&gt;Wealth Ominabo Dickson, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/208821-interview-achebes-things-fall-apart-not-great-african-novel-onyeka-nwelue.html Interview with Onyeka Nwelue], ''Premium Times'', 18{{Spaces}}August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka fara a watan Agustan 2016  

A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, an yi bikin ranar haihuwar Nwapa tare da Google Doodle .   

Dan Nwapa, Uzoma Gogo Nwakuche, ya kafa Gidauniyar Flora Nwapa, kamfani mai zaman kansa na California, a cikin 1994 bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarsa a 1993. Gidauniyar Flora Nwapa ta yi bikin Efuru@50 a cikin 2016.

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Buchi Emecheta]]
* [[Margaret Busby]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==
 

* Adeniyi, Idowu Emmanuel. &quot;Male Sauran, Mata da Post-feminist Sanin a cikin Sembène Ousmane's God's Bits of Wood da Flora Nwapa's ''Efuru''&quot;. ''Ibadan Journal of English Studies'' 7 (2019):57-72.
* Curry, Ginette. ''Farkawar Mata na Afirka: Dynamics of Change'' . London: Cambridge Scholars Press, 4 ga Janairu 2004. [https://www.amazon.com/Awakening-African-Women-Dynamics-Change/dp/190430334X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1492886149&amp;sr=8-2&amp;keywords=ginette+curry].
* Adeola, James (ed.), A cikin Muryarsu, Marubuta Mata na Afirka suna Magana, Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1990.
* Andrade, Susan Z., &quot;Rewriting History, Motherhood and Rebellion&quot;, ''Bincike a cikin Littattafan Afirka'' 21. (1990): 91–110.
* [[Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo|Ezeigbo, Theodora Akachi]], &quot;Cibiyoyin Mata na gargajiya a cikin al'ummar Igbo: Tasiri ga Marubucin Mata na Igbo&quot;, ''Harsuna da Al'adu'' 3. (1990): 149–65.
* Githaiga, Anna, Bayani akan &quot;Efuru&quot; na Flora Nwapa, Nairobi: Littattafan Ilimi na Heinemann, 1979.
* Ikonne, Chidi, &quot;The Society and Woman's Quest for Selfhood in Flora Nwapa's Early Novels&quot;. ''Kunapipi'' 6. (1984): 68–78.
* Nzegwu, Femi, Love, Motherhood da Tarihin Afirka: The Legacy of Flora Nwapa, Gidauniyar Renaissance ta Afirka (paperback 2003),  {{ISBN|1-903625-09-2}}
* Ogunyemi, Chikwenye Okonjo, Afirka Wo/Man Palava, Chicago: Jami'ar Chicago Press, 1996.
* Umeh, Marie, Emerging Perspectives on Flora Nwapa: Critical and Theoretical Essays, Africa World Press (1998),  {{ISBN|0-86543-515-4}}
* Wilentz, Gay, Al'adun Haɗi, Marubuta mata baƙar fata a Afirka da Diaspora, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://authorscalendar.info/nwapa.htm &quot;Flora Nwapa (1931-1993) &quot;], Kalandar Mawallafa.
* &quot;Efuru ya sauya 50: 6 Marubutan Ziyarar Shafuka na Zaɓuɓɓuka daga Flora Nwapa's Debut Novel&quot;, ''Jamhuriyar'', 23 ga Fabrairu 2017.
* [https://tv.nrk.no/serie/forfatterinne-i-dag/1987/FOLA00000687/avspiller &quot;Forfatterinne da dag: Flora Nwapa&quot;]. Wani shirin talabijin na Norway na 1987 wanda ke ba da haske game da rayuwar iyalin Flora Nwapa.
{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1993]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Fatiha Berber</title>
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'''Fatiha Berber''' (1945-2015) ta kasance yar'fim din [[Aljeriya]] ne da cinema da telebijin, wanda kuma asalin sunanta shine '''Fatiha Blal'''.

==Rayuwarta==
Fatiha Berber an haife ta ne a [[Casbah na Algiers]].&lt;ref name=HuffPost&gt;[https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2015/01/17/cinema-fatiha-berber-dece_n_6490262.html Cinéma: L'actrice algérienne Fatiha Berber n'est plus], ''Huff Post'', 16 January 2015&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifanta daga [[Legata]] suke na cikin [[Boumerdès Province]] dake Arewacin [[Aljeriya]].&lt;ref name=DjaZairess&gt;Yacine Idjer, [https://www.djazairess.com/fr/infosoir/204105 Fatiha Berber: Une étoile s'est éteinte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104235411/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/infosoir/204105 |date=2021-11-04 }}, ''DjaZairess'', 17 January 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

A karshen shekarar 1950 ta yi wake-wake a orchestra na [[Meriem Fekkaï]], kafin taje ta karanta drama a [[Conservatory of Algiers]]. Mai shiryawa [[Mustapha Gribi]] ya bata mataki na farko da zata fito, a wani daukan ta da akayi amatsayin [[Molière]], ''Les femmes savantes''. Ta Kuma shiga cikin gwagwarmayar [[Algerian War|Algeria's National Liberation struggle]].&lt;ref name=DjaZairess/&gt;

Ta mutu a ranar 16 watan Janairu 2015 a birnin [[Paris]], sanadiyar bugun zuciya da ta samu.&lt;ref name=HuffPost/&gt;&lt;ref name=DjaZairess/&gt;

==Ayyuka==
===Fina-finai===
* ''Hassan Taxi'', dir. [[Mohamed Slim Riad]], 1982
* ''Aila Ki Nass'', dir. [[Amar Tribeche]], 1990
* ''Le démon au féminin'' [Woman as the Devil], dir. [[Hafsa Zinaï Koudil]], 1994
* ''Rai'', dir. [[Thomas Gilou]], 1995
* ''Prima del tramonto'' [Before Sunset], dir. [[Stefano Incerti]], 1999
* ''Aïd el-Kébir'', dir. [[Karin Albou]], 1999

===Telebijin===
* ''El Masir'' [Destiny]
* ''[[The Player (Algerian TV Series)|El la'ib]]'' [The Player], 2004
* ''[[El Badra]]'' [The Seed], 2008-10

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}

==Hadin waje==
* {{IMDb name|0073319}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Berber, Fatiha}}
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  <page>
    <title>Fathi Hamad</title>
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'''Fathi Ahmad Hamad''' ( Arabic  , kuma '''Fathi Hammad''' ya rubuta; an haife shi 3 Janairu 1961) ɗan siyasan [[Falasdinawa|Falasdinu]] ne kuma memba a ofishin siyasa [[Hamas|na Hamas]] . Ya kasance ministan cikin gida a [[Zirin Gaza|yankin Gaza]] da Hamas ke mulki daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2014.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
A shekarar 1983, Hammad ya shiga [[Ƴan'uwa Musulmai|kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi]] . Shine wanda ya assasa kuma mataimakin shugaban Dar Al Quran . &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fathi Hammad - Who is Fathi Ahmad Hammad? |url=http://www.webgaza.net/gaza_strip/north_gaza/people_profiles/Hammad_Fathi.htm |website=www.webgaza.net |access-date=2021-03-01 |archive-date=2021-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517042645/http://webgaza.net/gaza_strip/north_gaza/people_profiles/Hammad_Fathi.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga shekarar 1988 zuwa 1994, Hamad yana kurkukun [[Isra'ila]]. Hakazalika [[Palestinian Authority|hukumar Falasdinu]] ta kama shi har sau uku, sannan ya shafe shekaru 2 a gidan yari na Falasdinu. 

Hamad ya zama memba mai alaka da [[Hamas]] a Majalisar Dokokin Falasdinu a shekara ta 2006, yana wakiltar garinsa na Beit Lahia da ke arewacin Gaza. Har ila yau kuma, yana jagorantar Sashen Hulda da Jama'a na Hamas da shugaban al-Ribat Communications and Artistic Productions &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hamas Expands Reach Through Media |url=http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/al_quds_tv.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006001824/http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/al_quds_tv.htm |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=29 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; - kamfani na Hamas wanda ke samar da gidan rediyon Hamas, Al-Aqsa Voice Radio, tashar talabijin ta, Al-Aqsa TV da jaridarsa na mako biyu, ''The Message'' .   A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, gidan rediyon ya watsa shirye-shiryen yara na Gobe's Pioneers, wanda ya sami babban suka game da abubuwan kyama da Islama . Hamad ya kare abubuwan da ke cikin shirin, yana mai cewa &quot;bai sabawa duk wani ma'auni na ɗabi'a ko na sana'a ba.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=al-Mughrabi |first=Nidal |date=August 9, 2007 |title=Hamas TV airs anti-Israel kids show despite protest |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL11403455/ |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilun shekarar 2009, Hamad ya zama ministan harkokin cikin gida a [[Zirin Gaza|yankin Gaza]] da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Hamas, ya maye gurbin Said Seyam wanda [[Isra'ila]] ta kashe a yakin Gaza na 2008-09 . Ya daina zama ministan cikin gida a watan Yunin shekarar 2014 kan kafa gwamnatin hadin kan Fatah da Hamas . A cewar Amurka, Hamad ya yi amfani da matsayinsa na ministan &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)&quot;&gt;cikin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; wajen &quot;haɗa kan ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci.&quot; 

A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2009, wata ƙungiyar agaji ta Gaza da Hamad ke jagoranta, ta yi tayin kyautar dala miliyan 1.4 ga duk wani Balarabe na Isra'ila da ya sace sojan [[Isra'ila]]. Yayin da ƙungiyoyin gwagwarmayar Falasdinawan suka sha yin kira ga Larabawa-Isra'ila da su kama sojoji, wannan shi ne karon farko da aka bayar da kuɗi. 

A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2016, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana Hamad a matsayin dan ta'adda na musamman, wanda ya haramta wa 'yan Amurka da kamfanoni yin kasuwanci da shi da kuma daskare kadarorinsa a yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka.   Sunan Hamad a matsayin wanda ya assasa kuma darektan gidan talabijin na Al-Aqsa na Hamad, wanda Amurka ta ce an watsa shirye-shiryen da aka tsara domin daukar yara su zama mayakan Hamas masu dauke da makamai da masu kunar bakin wake. A mayar da martani, Hamad ya shaida wa ''Washington Post'' cewa &quot;yana alfahari da cewa na yi nasarar fusata Amurka.&quot; 

Yana bayar da kuɗaɗe da koyarwar soji ga reshen Yammacin Kogin Jordan, wanda fursunonin suka kafa a musayar fursunoni na Gilad Shalit na shekara ta 2011. A cewar jami'an Falasdinu, Hamad ne ke da hannu wajen shirya harin kunar bakin wake da wasu hare-hare a Abu Dis . 

== Ra'ayi ==
Ana kallon Hamad a Gaza a matsayin mai ƙarfi, amma matsananci, sako-sako, wanda ke gudanar da ayyukansa ba tare da izini ba kuma Hamas ke tsare da shi. An san shi a matsayin daya daga cikin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Hamas.   Hamad ya kasance babban jigon da ke adawa da sulhu da Hukumar Falasdinu da ke ƙarƙashin Fatah. 

Wani jawabi da Hamad ya yi, wanda aka watsa a tashar talabijin ta Al-Aqsa a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2008, [[Isra'ila]] da wasu sun yi amfani da shi a matsayin shaida cewa Hamas da sauran kungiyoyin gwagwarmayar Falasdinu na amfani da [[Garkuwar Mutum|garkuwar mutane]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;mfa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=11 January 2009 |title=Video: Hamas uses civilians as a means to achieving military goals |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Hamas+war+against+Israel/Video_civilians_military_goals_Jan+2009.htm |access-date=28 April 2010 |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Landes |first=Richard |date=December 2009 |title=Goldstone's Gaza Report: Part One: A Failure of Intelligence |url=http://www.gloria-center.org/meria/2009/12/landes1.html#_edn21 |url-status=dead |journal=Middle East Review of International Affairs |publisher=Global Research in International Affairs Center (GLORIA) |volume=13 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413232650/http://www.gloria-center.org/meria/2009/12/landes1.html#_edn21 |archive-date=13 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Itamar Marcus, Barbara Crook and Nan Jacques Zilberdik |date=16 September 2009 |title=Eye-witnesses: Hamas used human shields in Gaza war |url=http://www.palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=157&amp;doc_id=1304 |access-date=28 April 2010 |publisher=Palestinian Media Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alan M. Dershowitz |date=16 September 2009 |title=UN Investigation of Israel Discredits Itself and Undercuts Human Rights |url=http://www.hudsonny.org/2009/09/un-investigation-of-israel-discredits-itself-and-undercuts-human-rights.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801210525/http://www.hudsonny.org/2009/09/un-investigation-of-israel-discredits-itself-and-undercuts-human-rights.php |archive-date=1 August 2012 |access-date=28 April 2010 |website=Hudson New York |publisher=Hudson Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wata hira da aka watsa a tashar talabijin ta Al-Aqsa a ranar 14 ga Disamba 2010 (kamar yadda MEMRI ta fassara), Hamad ya bayyana cewa Hamas na samun tallafi. 

A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin na Al-helma [[Misra|na kasar Masar]] a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2012, Hamad ya yi Allah wadai da ƙasar Masar kan karancin mai a zirin Gaza, ya kuma bayyana cewa, rabin Falasdinawa 'yan ƙasar Masar ne, sauran rabin kuma 'yan Saudiyya ne. 

A cikin Maris na shekara ta 2018, an ba da rahoton cewa Hamad babban jami'in Hamas ne wanda ke adawa da sulhu da Fatah, kuma ya bukaci a sake yaki da Isra'ila. Yana da hannu a yunkurin kashe firaminista Rami Hamdallah .  

== Rigingimu ==
A watan Yulin shekara ta 2019, Hamad ya bukaci mambobin Palasdinawa mazauna kasashen waje da su kashe Yahudawa a Falasdinu da ma duk faɗin duniya. An bayyana maganganunsa a matsayin tunzura ga kisan kiyashi ta Kwamitin Daidaita Rahoton Gabas ta Tsakiya a Amurka  da Cibiyar Simon Wiesenthal .  Wasu Falasdinawa sun yi Allah wadai da kalaman nasa.   Kisan fararen hula da gangan malaman musulunci suka ce haramun ne a shari'ar Musulunci. &lt;ref name=&quot;tnh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aly |first=Heba |date=24 April 2014 |title=The New Humanitarian {{!}} Islamic law and the rules of war |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/2014/04/24/islamic-law-and-rules-war |access-date=14 April 2024 |website=www.thenewhumanitarian.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=Interior Minister of Gaza Strip}}
{{S-end}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Ibn Saud</title>
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'''Abdulaziz dan Saud:'''  (15 Ga [[Janairu|Janairun]] shekarar 1876 &lt;ref&gt;His birthday is generally accepted as 1876, although a few sources give it as 1880. According to British author Robert Lacey's book ''The Kingdom'', a leading Saudi historian found records that show Ibn Saud in 1891 greeting an important tribal delegation. The historian reasoned that a nine or ten-year-old child (as given by the 1880 birth date) would have been too young to be allowed to greet such a delegation, while an adolescent of 14 or 15 (as given by the 1876 date) would likely have been allowed. When Lacey interviewed one of Ibn Saud's sons before writing the book, the son recalled that his father often laughed at records showing his birth date to be 1880. Ibn Saud's response to such records was told as &quot;I swallowed four years of my life&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; - 9 [[Nuwamba]] 1953), shi ne ya kafa kuma ya fara zama sarki a masarautar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] . &lt;ref&gt;''Current Biography 1943'', pp. 330–34&lt;/ref&gt; Galibi an san shi a tsakanin larabawa a matsayin '''Abdulaziz'''  kuma a an san shi da dan '''Saud''' . 
[[File:Syedna Taher Saifuddin and King ibn Saud at Aligarh Muslim University.jpg|thumb|Ibn Saud]]
Ya sake dawo da asalin garin mahaifinsa [[Riyadh]] a cikin shekarar 1902. Wannan kuma ya fara shekaru 30 wanda ya sanya shi mai mulkin kusan duk tsakiyar Arabiya. Ya ƙarfafa ikonsa akan Najd a shekarar 1922, sannan ya mamaye [[Hijaz]] a shekara ta 1925.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ibn Saud|author=John B. Glubb|author-link=John Bagot Glubb|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Saud|date=5 November 2021|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya haɗe mulkinsa zuwa Masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1932. A matsayinsa na Sarki, ya jagoranci gano man fetur a Saudi Arabiya a 1938 da kuma fara harkar mai mai yawa bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] . Ya haifi 'ya'ya da yawa, ciki har da' ya'ya maza 45.  Ya mutu ne sakamakon bugun zuciya . Duk sarakunan da suka biyo baya na [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] yaran sa ne, yanada ga cikin aikin da yayi yin hanyoyi,da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa ta zamani.

== Manazarta ==

* &lt;small&gt;Peter Polack, Yaƙin Dakarun Soja; Sarakunan Juyin Juya Hali, Casemate,  .&lt;/small&gt;
[[Category:Larabawa]]
[[Category:Sarakunan Saudiyya]]
[[Category:Mutanen Saudiyya]]

== __LEAD_SECTION__ ==

'''Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud''' ( {{Lang-ar|عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود|ʿAbd al ʿAzīz bin ʿAbd ar Raḥman Āl Suʿūd}}     ; an haifeshi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairu shekarata alif 1875 &lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Ibn Saud's birth year has been a source of debate. It is generally accepted as 1875, although a few sources give it as 1880. According to British author [[Robert Lacey]]'s book ''The Kingdom'', a leading Saudi historian found records that show Ibn Saud in 1891 greeting an important tribal delegation. The historian reasoned that a 10 or 11-year-old child (as given by the 1880 birth date) would have been too young to be allowed to greet such a delegation, while an adolescent of 15 or 16 (as given by the 1875 date) would likely have been allowed. When Lacey interviewed one of Ibn Saud's sons prior to writing the book, the son recalled that his father often laughed at records showing his birth date to be 1880. Ibn Saud's response to such records was reportedly that &quot;I swallowed four years of my life.&quot; p. 561&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; - zuwa ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekarata alif 1953), wanda aka fi sani da '''Ibn Saud''' a Yamma ( {{Lang-ar|ابن سعود}}   ; ''Ibn Su'ūd'' ),  shugaban siyasa ne na Larabawa kuma shugaban addini wanda ya kafa [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] - ƙasa ta uku ta Saudiyya - kuma ya yi sarauta a matsayin [[Sarakunan Saudi Arabia|sarki]] na farko daga ranar 23 ga watan Satumba shekarata alif 1932 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar alif 1953. Ya yi sarauta a sassan masarautar tun shekarar alif 1902, kasancewar a baya ya zama sarki, Sultan, da Sarkin Nejd, kuma Sarkin Hejaz . 
[[Fayil:Abdulaziz II of Saudi Arabia portrait.jpg|thumb|Ibn Saud]]
An kori dangin daga gidansu da ke birnin Riyadh a shekara ta alif 1890. Ibn Saud ya sake ci birnin Riyadh a shekara ta alif 1902, inda ya fara shekaru talatin na mamayar da ya sa ya zama shugaban kusan dukkanin tsakiyar Larabawa da arewacin Larabawa. Ya karfafa ikonsa akan Nejd a shekarar alif 1922, sannan ya ci [[Hijaz|Hejaz]] a shekarar alif 1925. Ya kara da mulkinsa zuwa kasar da daga baya ta zama Masarautar Saudiyya a shekarar 1932. Nasarar Ibn Saud da goyon bayansa ga masu fafutukar Musulunci za su kara karfafa akidar Musulunci a duk fadin [[duniyar Musulunci]] .  Bisa ga akidar [[Wahabiyanci|Wahabiyawa]], ya ba da umarnin rusa wasu wurare masu tsarki na Musulunci, da [[Al-Baqi'|makabartar Baqi]] da Jannat al-Mu'alla . {{Sfn|Shahi|2013}} A matsayinsa na Sarki, ya jagoranci gano man fetur a kasar Saudiyya a shekarar 1938 da kuma fara hako mai da yawa bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . Ya haifi 'ya'ya da yawa, ciki har da 'ya'ya maza 45,  da duk sarakunan Saudiyya da suka biyo baya tun daga shekarar {{CURRENTYEAR}} .
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Takfir wal-Hijra</title>
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      <text bytes="1564" sha1="kftfsm40zp866o9ftvfxrr8vi3p2ero" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Takfir Wal-hijira''' ( {{Lang-ar|تكفير والهجرة}}   - ''Sadarwa da Fitowa'' ) ƙungiya ce mai tsattsauran ra'ayin Islama mai tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ƙungiyar da aka kafa a [[Misra|Misira]] a cikin shekarun 1960s. Yau Takfir wal-Hijra na da membobi ko magoya baya a wasu ƙasashe da kuma yawa, waɗanda ke kawance da [[Al-Qaeda]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2007}} &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ana kiran kungiyar da suna ''Shuhadah ga Maroko'' .

Membobin ƙungiyar masu kishin Islama ne. Da alama mambobin kungiyar ba a daure su da matsalolin addinin Musulunci da aka saba da su ba. Suna yin bayyanar da ba Musulunci ba. Suna kuma iya aske gemu ko sa ƙulla. Suna yin wannan don yin wahalar ganewa a cikin taron jama'a. Wasu lokuta, hatta sauran musulmai suna da matsalar gano su. Suna iya shan barasa har ma su ci naman alade don yaudarar maƙiyansu. Sun yi imani da cewa duk wata hanya da za a iya tabbatar da karshenta, da kuma cewa kashe wasu Musulmai na iya zama hujja a dalilinsu kuma cewa al'ummar Yammacin ta arna ne kuma aikinsu ne su lalata shi. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/etc/script.html &quot;Al Qaeda's New Front&quot; ''Frontline'' PBS News, 25 January 2005]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba a san komai game da ƙungiya ta yanzu ko kuma matsayin ƙungiyar. Groupsungiyoyi da yawa waɗanda ke bin akida ɗaya sun yi amfani da sunan daban da juna.

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Ta'adanci]]
[[Category:Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci]]
[[Category:Rikici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Luigi Angeletti</title>
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      <comment>Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949</comment>
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[[File:Luigi_Angeletti_2006.jpg|thumb| Luigi Angeletti (2006)]]
'''Luigi Angeletti''' (haife May 20, 1949) ne [[Italiya|Italian]] cinikayya unionist da syndicalist . Shine babban sakatare na yanzu na kungiyar kwadago ta kasar Italia (UIL) &lt;ref&gt;See {{In lang|it}} [http://www.uil.it/segr_generale/angeletti.htm personal file from uil.it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124115122/http://www.uil.it/segr_generale/angeletti.htm |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haifi Angeletti a Greccio, Italiya. 

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Ya yi aiki na dogon lokaci a kamfanin OMI (Optical Mechanics Italian), kamfanin injiniya a Rome, wanda a ciki ya kasance wakili. Wannan kamfani ya fara gwagwarmayar kwadago wanda zai kai shi ga sakataren kungiyar UIL wanda yake da kusanci da shi tun daga nan, kusa da Socialist Party. Daga 1975 zuwa 1980 an nada shi Sakataren lardin LWF Uilm da Rome. Ya kuma taka rawa a Jam’iyyar ‘yan gurguzu ta Italiya.

A 1980 aka zabe shi a matsayin Sakatare na Kasa na Kungiyar Tarayyar Italia ta Masu Karafa, ya zama Babban Sakatare a watan Fabrairun 1992; a cikin wannan rawar, a cikin Yulin 1994, an yi farkon sabunta kwangilar ma'aikatan karafa ba tare da sa'a guda ba don yin yajin aiki. Ko da yake Babban Sakatare na Uilm yana ɗaya daga cikin masu shiryawa da waɗanda suka kafa ƙarin fansho na ma'aikatan ƙarfe CO. NI. TA (1997). Hakanan an yiwa sakatariyarta ta Uilm alama daga kadarorin da ke tallafawa haihuwar kamfanin Fiat a Melfi a lokacin ɗayan mafi ci gaba a Turai.

A shekarar 1998 aka zabe shi Sakataren kungiyar UIL. A cikin sabon rawar da yake takawa game da manufofin kwangila da kuma manufofin masana'antu ga dukkan bangarorin masana'antu da na ƙungiyar. A ranar 13 ga Yunin 2000 aka zabe shi Sakatare-Janar na ILO, wanda ya yi aiki har zuwa 2014.

 
== Duba kuma ==

* Kungiyar Kwadago ta Italiya

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==

* {{In lang|it}} [http://www.uil.it/segr_generale/angeletti.htm personal file from uil.it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124115122/http://www.uil.it/segr_generale/angeletti.htm |date=2011-11-24 }}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ghazi Ayadi</title>
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'''Ghazi Ayadi''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1996) shi ne kuma ɗan wasan [[Kwallan Kwando|ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar]] Tunusiya wanda ke wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya .

== Klub din ==
Ya fara aikin sa ne da Club Africain .&lt;ref name = &quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|pid=70932|accessdate=20 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 6 ga watan March shekarar 2020, yayi rigister for Saudi club [[Damac FC|Damac]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://goool.mx/2020/03/06/%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%83-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%89/|title=ضمك يتعاقد مع التونسي غازي العيادي حتى نهاية الموسم|date=6 March 2020|access-date=3 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203201030/https://goool.mx/2020/03/06/%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%83-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%89/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A ranar 6 ga watan Maris din shekarar 2020, ya sanya hannu kan kulob din Damac na Saudiyya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=الملعب التونسي يضم غازي العيادي لموسمين |url=https://www.alghad.tv/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B6%D9%85-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207133143/https://www.alghad.tv/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B6%D9%85-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan duniya ==
Ya fara buga wa ƙasar sa ta farko ta ƙasar Tunisia a shekara ta shekarar 2018. 

== Manazarta ==
 
[[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Tunisiya]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1996]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci</title>
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      <text bytes="6980" sha1="3typfk05osd5cd3o2e7i922k2rjz0vd" xml:space="preserve">Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin.
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    <title>Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria</title>
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      <text bytes="27662" sha1="q2l4ok82vx5revkh1zxs41u6r9v8roi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe 04.jpg|thumb|'''ruwan Victoria''']]
'''Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria''' (Lozi: Mosi-oa-Tunya, &quot;Hayakin da Ya Yi Tsawa&quot;; Tonga: Shungu Namutitima, &quot;Ruwan Tafasa&quot;) ruwa ne da ke kan [[Kogin Zambezi]] a kudancin Afirka, wanda ke ba da mazauni ga nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi na musamman. Tana kan iyakar tsakanin Zambiya da [[Zimbabwe]] kuma ana ɗaukarta ɗaya daga cikin manyan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na duniya saboda fadinta na 1,708 m (5,604 ft).

== Asalin suna ==
David Livingstone, ɗan mishan ''(Mission)'' ɗan asalin Scotland kuma mai bincike, an yi imanin cewa shi ne Bature na farko da ya kalli faduwar ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1855, daga abin da a yanzu ake kira tsibirin Livingstone, ɗayan ƙasashe biyu da ke tsakiyar kogin, nan da nan ya haura daga faduwa kusa da gabar Zambiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;LTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Livingstone Tourism Association, Victoria Falls, Zambia|location=Livingstone, Zambia|work=livingstonetourism.com|access-date=7 August 2018|url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Livingstone ya ambaci ganinsa don girmamawa ga Sarauniya Victoria, amma sunan yaren Sotho, Mosi-oa-Tunya— &quot;Hayakin da ke Tsawa&quot; - yana cigaba da amfani da shi gaba ɗaya. Lissafin al'adun duniya ya amince da sunayen biyu a hukumance.&lt;ref name=&quot;WW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/index.php|title=World Waterfalls &amp; Water Filters for Filtration of Clean Water|access-date=11 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714073724/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/index.php|archive-date=14 July 2007|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan Livingstone ya kawo tsoho mai suna, Seongo ko Chongwe, wanda ke nufin &quot;Wurin [[Bakan gizo]]&quot;, sakamakon feshin da ake yi akai-akai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wellington1955&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Wellington|first=John H.|title=Southern Africa: A Geographical Study|url={{google books|id=mFoBAAAAMAAJ|page=392|keywords=mosi-oa-yunya|plainurl=yes}}|volume=Volume 1|year=1955|publisher=University Press|location=Cambridge|page=392}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunan gandun dajin da ke kusa da Zambia ''Mosi-oa-Tunya'', yayin da gandun dajin da garin da ke gabar Zimbabwe duk suna mai suna Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria.
[[File:Cataratas_Victoria,_Zambia-Zimbabue,_2018-07-27,_DD_16-20_PAN.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cataratas_Victoria,_Zambia-Zimbabue,_2018-07-27,_DD_16-20_PAN.jpg|center|thumb|800x800px]]
[[File:Cataratas_Victoria,_Zambia-Zimbabue,_2018-07-27,_DD_07.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cataratas_Victoria,_Zambia-Zimbabue,_2018-07-27,_DD_07.jpg|thumb|Duba iska]]
[[File:Victoria_Falls_2019_8.webm|thumb|Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria da aka gani daga Zimbabwe a watan Agusta.]]
Duk da yake ba shine mafi girma ba ko kuma mafi fadada ruwan dusar kankara a duniya, amma Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ana sanya ta a matsayin mafi girma, ya danganta da fadin da ya kai na mita 1,708 (5,604 ft)&lt;ref&gt;Southern Africa Places (2009).&lt;/ref&gt; da tsayin mita 108 (354 ft),&lt;ref name=&quot;WDL&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url={{wdl|550}}|title=Victoria Falls|work=[[World Digital Library]]|date=1890–1925|access-date=1 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda hakan ya haifar da mafi girma a duniya takardar fadowa daga ruwa. Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria kusan ta ninka tsayin ''Niagara Falls'' sau biyu a Arewacin Amurka kuma ta ninka nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Waterfalls &amp; Water Filters for Filtration of Clean Water |access-date=11 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714073724/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/index.php&lt;nowiki&gt; |archive-date=14 July 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown  }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ga tazara mai nisa daga faduwar, Zambezi yana gudana a kan takardar basalt, a cikin kwari mara zurfin, wanda ke da iyaka da tsaunuka masu ƙanƙan da nesa. Ga tazara mai nisa daga faduwar, Zambezi yana damun kan takardar basalt, a cikin kwari mara zurfin, wanda ke da iyaka da tsaunuka masu cin mutuncin da nesa.
[[File:Victoria_Falls_Bridge_Aerial.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Falls_Bridge_Aerial.jpg|thumb|Gadar Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria hangen nesa]]
An kirkiro faduwar ne yayin da cikakken fadin kogin ya fadi kasa guda daya a tsaye zuwa wani rami mai zurfin mita 1,708 (5,604 ft) mai fadi, wanda aka sassaka shi da ruwansa tare da yankin da ke karaya a cikin tsaunin basalt. Zurfin ramin, wanda ake kira Ruwa na Farko, ya bambanta daga mita 80 (260 ft) a ƙarshen yamma zuwa mita 108 (354 ft) a tsakiya. Hanyar hanyar kawai zuwa Ruwa ta Farko shine tazara mai faɗin mita 110 (360 ft) kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na hanyar faɗin faduwar daga ƙarshen yamma. Dukkanin kogin ya kwarara zuwa cikin kwazazzabai na Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria daga wannan bakin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=402–403|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.|url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=5gopAQAAMAAJ|page=402|keywords=Victoria Falls}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai tsibirai guda biyu a gefen guguwar ruwa wadanda suke da girman da zasu raba labulen ruwa koda kuwa a cike take: Tsibirin Boaruka (ko Tsibirin Cataract) kusa da bankin yamma, da tsibirin Livingstone kusa da tsakiyar - wurin da Livingstone ya fara duba faduwa. A ƙasa da cikakkiyar ambaliyar ruwa, ƙarin tsibirai sun raba labulen ruwa zuwa rafuka masu daidaita a layi ɗaya. Ana kiran manyan kogunan ne, domin daga Zimbabwe (yamma) zuwa Zambiya (gabas): Katafar Iblis&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;/&gt; (wanda wasu ke kira Ruwa Mai Tsalle), Babban Falls, Ruwan Bakan Gizo (mafi girma) da Gabas ta Gabas.

Kogin Zambezi, wanda yake daga gangaren ruwa, yana samun lokacin damina daga ƙarshen Nuwamba zuwa farkon Afrilu, da lokacin rani a sauran shekara. Lokacin ambaliyar kogin shekara-shekara shine watan Fabrairu zuwa Mayu tare da wani tsaiko a watan Afrilu,&lt;ref name=&quot;WCD&quot;&gt;[http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzanx.pdf World Commission on Dams website:] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701005448/http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/studies/cszzanx.pdf|date=1 July 2007}} &quot;Case Study – Kariba Dam-Zambezi River Basin&quot; Annex 13 &amp; 14 Victoria Falls Mean Monthly Flows.&lt;/ref&gt; Feshin ruwan daga faduwar ruwa yakan tashi zuwa sama da mita 400 (1,300 ft), wani lokacin ma har ya ninka biyu, kuma ana iya gani daga sama zuwa kilomita 50 ( 30 mi) nesa. A cikakkiyar wata, ana iya ganin &quot;bakan gizo&quot; a cikin feshi maimakon bakan gizo da ya saba. A lokacin damina, ba shi yiwuwa a ga ƙafafun faduwa da galibin fuskarsa, kuma yawo tare da dutsen da ke gabansa yana cikin ruwan sama koyaushe kuma a rufe cikin hazo. Kusa da gefen dutsen, ana fesa harbe-harbe sama kamar roƙon ruwan sama, musamman a Gadar Knife-Edge ta Zambiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum1996&quot;/&gt;

Yayinda lokacin rani ya fara aiki, tsibirai a kan dutsen suna kara fadi da yawa, kuma a watan Satumba zuwa Janairu har zuwa rabin dutsen da ke fuskantar faduwar zai iya bushewa kuma ana iya ganin kasan Ruwa na Farko tare da mafi yawansa. tsawon. A wannan lokacin yana yiwuwa (duk da cewa ba lallai bane ya kasance mai aminci) tafiya a ƙetaren wasu kogin a gaci. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a taka zuwa ƙasan Ruwa na Farko a gefen Zimbabwe. Mafi ƙarancin kwarara, wanda ke faruwa a watan Nuwamba, ya kai kusan goma na adadin Afrilu; wannan bambancin kwararar ya fi na sauran manyan faduwa, kuma yana haifar da saurin kwararar ruwa na Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ya zama ƙasa da yadda ake tsammani gwargwadon iyakar yawo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum1996&quot;/&gt; A cikin shekara ta 2019 ƙarancin ruwan sama ya saukar da ruwan zuwa ƙaramin sirara da sirara kawai. Canjin yanayin duniya da canjin yanayin da aka canza ana ba da shawarar sun haifar da hakan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Victoria Falls slows to a trickle, fuelling fears of climate change|language=en|date=7 December 2019|website=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-07/victoria-falls-slows-to-a-trickle-amid-climate-change-fears/11777178}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria na fuskantar fari mafi muni a cikin karni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/07/victoria-falls-dries-to-a-trickle-after-worst-drought-in-a-century|title=Victoria Falls dries to a trickle after worst drought in a century|date=7 December 2019|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwazazzabai ==
[[File:Cataratas_Victoria,_Zambia-Zimbabue,_2018-07-27,_DD_36-43_PAN.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cataratas_Victoria,_Zambia-Zimbabue,_2018-07-27,_DD_36-43_PAN.jpg|left|thumb|Farkon kwazazzabo, daga gefen Zambiya]]
Dukkanin kogin Zambezi ya tsallake ta hanyar Ruwa na Farko ta hanyar 110-wide-110 (ƙafa 360) don nisan kusan mita 150 (490 ft), sannan ya shiga jerin ''zigzagging'' na kwazazzabai da aka tsara ta hanyar da kogin ya isa su. Ruwan da ke shiga Ruwa na Biyu yana yin kaifin dama kuma ya sassaƙa tafki mai zurfin wurin da ake kira Tukunyar Tafasa. An isa ta hanyar wata babbar hanyar ƙafa daga gefen Zambiya, kusan mil 150 ne (ƙafa 500). Yanayin sa mai santsi ne a ƙaramin ruwa, amma a babban ruwa alama ce ta manyan, jinkirin juyawa da hargitsi mai tafasa mai nauyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Spectrum Guide to Zambia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlUwAQAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Camerapix Publishers International|location=Nairobi|isbn=978-1-86872-012-5|via=Struik Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwa da dabbobin da suka mamaye faduwar, gami da ''hippopotamus'' na lokaci-lokaci, kada, ko ɗan adam, ana samun su da yawa suna yawo a nan ko kuma sun wanki a ƙarshen arewa maso gabas na Ruwa na biyu. Anan ne aka gano gawarwakin Misis Moss da Mr Orchard, wadanda yan kada suka yanka, a cikin 1910 bayan da wani dodo ya kife da wasu kwale-kwale biyu a Long Island.&lt;ref name=&quot;NRJ4&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|first=B. L.|last=Hunt|url=http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N1/V4N1.html|title=Kalomo to Livingstone in 1907|journal=The Northern Rhodesia Journal|volume=IV|issue=1|date=1959|page=16|quote=Mr Moss and Mrs Orchard and the eight Lozi paddlers managed to swim to the island, one of the paddlers saving the Orchards' year-old baby}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg|thumb|Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria daga gefen Zimbabwe]]
Babban kwazazzabai sune

* '''Kwazazzabo na farko''': wanda kogin ya fada a cikin Victoria Falls
* '''Kwazazzabo na biyu:''' Mita 250 (kafa 820) kudu da faduwa, tsawon kilomita 2.15 (tsayin 1.34), wanda gadar Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ta shimfida
* '''Kwazazzabo na uku''': Mita 600 (ƙafa 2,000) kudu, nisan kilomita 1.95 (1.21 mi), mai ƙunshe da tashar wutar lantarki ta Victoria Falls
* '''Kwazazzabo na''' '''huɗu''': kilomita 1.15 (0.71 mi) kudu, tsawon kilomita 2.25 (mil 1.40)
* '''Kwazazzabo na''' '''biyar''': kilomita 2.25 (1.40 mi) kudu, tsawon kilomita 3.2 (2.0 mi) tsawo
* '''Kwazazzabo na''' '''Songwe''': Kilomita 5.3 (3.3 mi) kudu, kilomita 3.3 (2.1 mi) dogon suna bayan karamin Kogin Songwe da ke zuwa daga arewa maso gabas, kuma mafi zurfin da ya kai mita 140 (460 ft), matakin kogin da ke cikinsu ya bambanta ta zuwa mita 20 (66 ft) tsakanin damuna da lokacin bushe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum1996&quot;/&gt;

== Formation ==
[[File:Victoria_Falls_National_Park_marker.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Falls_National_Park_marker.jpg|left|thumb|Alamar Victoria Park ta Kasa]]
Babban Kogin Zambezi asalinsa ya malale kudu zuwa Botswana ta yanzu don shiga Kogin Limpopo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|authors=Moore, A.E., Cotterill, F. P. D., Broderick, T., &amp; Plowes, D.|title=Landscape evolution in Zimbabwe from the Permian to present, with implications for kimberlite prospecting|year=2009|url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Moore2009_2.pdf|publisher=Geological Society of South Africa|journal=South African Journal of Geology|volume=112|pages=82|doi=10.2113/gssajg.112.1.65}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|authors=Spaliviero, M., De Dapper, M., Maló, S.|date=2014|title=Flood analysis of the Limpopo River basin through past evolution reconstruction and a geomorphological approach|journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences|volume=14|issue=8|pages=2027–2039|doi=10.5194/nhess-14-2027-2014|bibcode=2014NHESS..14.2027S|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɓakawar ƙasa gaba ɗaya tsakanin Zimbabwe da [[hamadar Kalahari]] kimanin shekaru miliyan 2 da suka gabata sun toshe wannan hanyar magudanan ruwa, kuma wani babban tafkin paleo da aka sani da [[Tafkin Makgadikgadi]] ya kafa tsakanin Kalahari da Batoka Basaltic Plateau na Zimbabwe da Zambiya. Wannan tabkin asalin asalinsa ba shi da mafita. A karkashin yanayin yanayi mai tsananin danshi game da shekaru dubu 20 na BP, daga karshe ya malalo ya fara malalawa zuwa gabas, yana yanke kwazazzabon Batoka ta hanyar daddawa yayin da yake tafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/92394/makgadikgadi-salt-pans|title=Makgadikgadi Salt Pans|date=2018|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|access-date=16 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.botswana-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1171|title=Geological history - Botswana Travel Guide|website=www.botswana-travel-guide.com|access-date=15 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Moore|first1=Andy|editor1-last=Viljoen|editor1-first=Richard|editor2-last=Anhaeusser|editor2-first=Carl|editor3-last=Viljoen|editor3-first=Morris|title=The Victoria Falls and gorges, in Africa's Top Geological Sites|date=2016|publisher=Struik Nature|location=Cape Town|isbn=9781775844488|pages=16–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tarihin ilimin ƙasa na kwanan nan na '''Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria'''  ana iya ganin shi a cikin gaba ɗaya na Ruwa na Batoka, tare da kwazazzabai guda shida da matsayi takwas da suka gabata na faduwar. Kwazazzabai na gabas zuwa yamma suna nuna iko na tsari tare da daidaitawa tare da mahaɗan yankuna masu ɓarna, ko kuma lahani tare da mita 50 (ƙafa 160) na ƙaura ta tsaye kamar yadda lamarin yake na kwazazzabai na biyu da na biyar. Rushewar kai tare da waɗannan layukan tsarin rauni zai kafa sabon layi da watsi da layin da ya gabata. Hadin gwiwar da ke arewa maso kudu yana kula da sassan da ke kwararar kudu. Daya daga cikin wadannan shine &quot;Boiling Pot&quot;, wanda ya hada Kwazazzabo na farko da Kwazazzabo na biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;VF&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Moore|first1=Andy|last2=Cotterill|first2=Fenton|editor1-last=Migon|editor1-first=Piotr|title=Vicotria Falls: Mosi-oa-Tunya - The Smoke That Thunders, in Geomorphological Landscapes of the World|date=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=9789048130542|page=147,149|chapter=15}}&lt;/ref&gt;:147,149&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum1996&quot;/&gt;

Wataƙila faduwar ruwa ta riga ta fara yanke babbar kwazazzabo na gaba, a tsoma gefe ɗaya a cikin &quot;Shafin Iblis&quot;, tsakanin gabar kogin yamma da Tsibirin Cataract. Lebe a halin yanzu yana mafi ƙasƙanci a nan kuma yana ɗauke da mafi girman ɗaukar ruwa a matakin matakin ambaliyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;VF&quot;/&gt; 149
[[File:Satellite_view_of_Victoria_Falls.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Satellite_view_of_Victoria_Falls.jpg|thumb|Hoton Tauraron Dan Adam wanda ke nuna fadin Zambezi yana fadawa cikin kunkuntar ramin da kuma jerin gorgesan zigzagging na gaba (saman hoton arewa).]]
Ana kiran jerin kayan kwalliyar da ke kan gishiri a gefen Kogin Zambezi Victoria Falls Formation, wanda ya kunshi tsakuwa, dutsen sandar Pipe, yashi na Kalahari, da yashi na ''aeolian'' da ''alluvium''. Gyalen tafki na 15-45 ya kewaye kogin kimanin kilomita 5-6 daga babban tashar, kuma jerin filaye na kogi sun bayyana tsakanin gyale da tashar.&lt;ref name=&quot;VF&quot;/&gt; 144-145

A tarihin ilimin ƙasa game da tafkin Zambezi yana cikin labarin sunan.

== Tarihi ==

=== Tarihin kasa ===
An kirkiro babban yankin plateau na Faɗuwar ruwan  Victoria, wanda [[kogin Zambezi]] yake gudana akan shi, a lokacin Jurassic Era, kimanin shekaru miliyan 200 da suka gabata.

=== Tarihin mulkin mallaka ===
Farkon zamanin ''Stone Acheulean'' kayan adon dutse da kayan aikin ''Oldowan'' an tono su a wuraren tarihi da ke kusa da faduwar, da kayan aikin ''Sangoan'' da kayan ''Lupemban'' waɗanda suka dace da zamanin Tsakiyar Dutse.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark1850&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Clark|first1=J. D.|year=1950|title=The Stone Age cultures of Northern Rhodesia, with particular Reference to the Cultural and Climatic Succession in the Upper Zambezi Valley and its Tributaries|location=Cape Town|publisher=South African Archaeological Society|pages=31–131|chapter=Archaeology|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56583/2015.56583.Stone-Age-Cultures-Of-Northern-Rhodesia#page/n79/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tono tukwanen ƙarfe na farko a wani yanki a kusa da Masuma Dam a farkon 1960s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=K. R.|year=1966|title=The Iron Age site in Kapula Vlei, near the Masuma Dam, Wankie Game Reserve, Rhodesia|journal=Arnoldia, Rhodesia|issue=239|pages=1–7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan an samo hujja don narkewar baƙin ƙarfe a wani shiri wanda aka yi kwanan wata zuwa ƙarshen karni na 1 AD.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Vogel|first1=J. O.|year=1975|title=Kabondo Kumbo and the Early Iron Age in Victoria Falls region|journal=_Journal of the British Institute in Eastern Africa|volume=10|issue=1|pages=49–75}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutanen Kudancin Tonga da aka fi sani da Batoka / Tokalea sun kira faduwar Shungu na mutitima. Matabele, masu zuwa daga baya, sunayi musu suna a Manz 'aThunqayo, kuma Batswana da Makololo (waɗanda mutanen Lozi ke amfani da yarensu) suna kiran su Mosi-o-Tunya. Duk waɗannan sunaye suna nufin &quot;hayaƙin da ke tsawa&quot;.

Taswirar da Nicolas de Fer ya zana a cikin 1715 yana nuna faɗuwar alama a sarari daidai. Hakanan yana nuna layi mai layi wanda yake nuna hanyoyin kasuwanci wanda David Livingstone ya bi shekaru 140 daga baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The History and Discovery of Victoria Falls|url=http://zambiahcabuja.org.ng/index.php/history-of-zambia/the-history-and-discovery-of-victoria-falls/|language=en-US|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203060835/http://zambiahcabuja.org.ng/index.php/history-of-zambia/the-history-and-discovery-of-victoria-falls/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taswira daga c. 1750 wanda Jacques Nicolas Bellin ya zana don Abbé Antoine François Prevost d'Exiles ya nuna faduwar a matsayin &quot;cataractes&quot; kuma ya lura da sasantawa a arewacin Zambezi da cewa yana da abokantaka da Portuguese a lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The History and Discovery of Victoria Falls - Zambia Tourism|url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/about-zambia/history/the-history-and-discovery-of-victoria-falls/|website=www.zambiatourism.com|access-date=24 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba 1855, David Livingstone shi ne Bature na farko da ya ga faduwar, lokacin da ya yi tafiya daga saman Zambezi zuwa bakin kogin tsakanin 1852 da 1856. Ruwan ya kasance sanannu ne ga ƙabilun yankin, kuma mai yiwuwa mafarautan Voortrekker sun san su. , kamar yadda Larabawa a ƙarƙashin suna daidai da &quot;ƙarshen duniya&quot;. Turawa suna da shakku kan rahotanninsu, wataƙila suna tunanin cewa rashin duwatsu da kwari a kan tudun ƙasa ya sa faduwa ta yi wuya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N4/V1N4.htm ''The Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online]: &quot;Native Name of Victoria Falls&quot;, Vol I No 4 pp. 80–82 (1951).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=816081722&amp;searchurl=sts%3Dt%26tn%3Dagter%2Bdie%2Bmagalies%26x%3D0%26y%3D0 ''Agter die Magalies'']: &quot;Agter Die Magalies&quot; B.K. de Beer, pp. 43–44 (1975) Postma Publications.&lt;/ref&gt;

An fadawa Livingstone labarin faduwar kafin ya iso garesu daga can sama sannan aka haye shi zuwa wani karamin tsibiri wanda yanzu yake dauke da suna Livingstone Island a Zambiya. Livingstone ya kasance da sha'awar Ngonye Falls a gaba, amma ya sami sabon faɗuwar da ya fi kyau, kuma ya ba su sunan Ingilishi don girmamawa ga Sarauniya Victoria. Ya yi rubutu game da faduwar jirgin, &quot;Ba wanda zai iya tunanin kyan gani daga duk wani abu da aka gani a Ingila. Ba a taba ganin irinsa ba daga idanun Turai; amma wuraren da suke da kyau dole mala'iku sun dube su yayin guduwa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum1996&quot;/&gt;

A 1860, Livingstone ya dawo yankin kuma yayi cikakken bincike game da faduwar tare da John Kirk. Sauran baƙi na farko na Turai sun haɗa da mai binciken Fotigal Serpa Pinto, mai binciken Czech Emil Holub, wanda ya yi shirin farko na faɗuwa da abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi a 1875 (wanda aka buga a 1880),&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.radio.cz/en/article/70921 ''The international service of Czech Radio online'':]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} &quot;Statue of explorer Emil Holub unveiled in Livingstone, Zambia&quot; accessed 28 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ɗan wasan Burtaniya Thomas Baines, wanda ya zartar da wasu zane-zanen farko na. faduwa. Har zuwa lokacin da aka buɗe yankin ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa a cikin 1905, kodayake, ba kasafai wasu Turawa suka ziyarci raƙuman ruwa ba. Wasu marubutan sun yi imanin cewa babban firist ɗin Fotigal Gonçalo da Silveira shi ne Bature na farko da ya fara hangen faduwar gaba a ƙarni na sha shida.&lt;ref&gt;Eric Anderson Walker.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lawrence George Green.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tarihi tun daga 1900 ===
[[File:Victoria_Falls_gorge1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Falls_gorge1.jpg|thumb|Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria 'Kwazazzabo na biyu (tare da gada) da Ruwa na Uku (dama). Dutsen tsaunuka yana cikin Zambiya, tsaunukan waje na Zimbabwe. Dutsen tsaunuka an hada shi da Batoka ''Formation'' basalt yana gudana. Hutu a gangare tare da ciyayi sune yankuna amygdaliodal basalt da ke raba 6 masu zuwa da manyan lawa suna gudana tare da mahaɗar tsaye tsaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;VF&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wellington1955&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Wellington|first=John H.|title=Southern Africa: A Geographical Study|url={{google books|id=mFoBAAAAMAAJ|page=392|keywords=mosi-oa-yunya|plainurl=yes}}|volume=Volume 1|year=1955|publisher=University Press|location=Cambridge|page=392}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|391}}]]

==== Gadar Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ta fara yawon bude ido ====
Yankin Turai na yankin Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria ya faro ne a wajajen 1900 don biyan bukatar '''Cecil Rhodes''' 'Kamfanin Burtaniya na Afirka ta Kudu don haƙƙin ma'adinai da mulkin mallaka a arewacin Zambezi, da kuma yin amfani da wasu albarkatun ƙasa kamar su gandun daji na katako a arewa maso gabashin faduwa, da hauren giwa da fatun dabbobi. Kafin shekarar 1905, an tsallaka kogin sama da faduwa a Tsohuwar Jirgin ruwa, ta kwale kwale ko kuma wani gantali da aka ɗauke ta da igiyar ƙarfe.&lt;ref name=&quot;NRJ4&quot;/&gt; Ganin hangen nesan Rhodes na layin dogo daga Cape-Cairo ya sanya shirye shiryen gadar farko ta ƙetaren Zambezi. Ya nace cewa za a gina ta inda feshin daga faduwa zai fada kan jiragen kasa masu wucewa, don haka aka zabi wurin da ke 'Kwazazzabo na Biyu. Duba babban labarin Victoria Falls Bridge don cikakkun bayanai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum1996&quot;/&gt; Daga 1905 titin jirgin ya ba da damar yin zirga-zirga daga Cape zuwa kudu da kuma daga 1909, har zuwa Kwango ta Beljiram a arewa. A cikin 1904 aka buɗe Victoria Falls Hotel don saukar da baƙi masu zuwa kan sabuwar hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Rashin faduwar ya zama sanadin jan hankali yayin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Arewacin Rhodesia (Zambiya) da Kudancin Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), tare da garin Victoria Falls ya zama babban cibiyar yawon bude ido.

==== Yayin yunkurin 'yanci ====
A shekarar 1964, Arewacin Rhodesia ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta ta Zambiya. A shekara mai zuwa, Rhodesia ta ba da sanarwar samun 'yanci kai tsaye. Zambiya, Ingila ko yawancin jihohi ba su amince da hakan ba wanda hakan ya haifar da sanya takunkumi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Dangane da rikicin da ya kunno kai, a shekarar 1966 Zambiya ta takaita ko dakatar da ketare iyaka; ba ta sake bude iyakar ba gaba daya sai a 1980. Yaƙin Guerrilla ya tashi a gefen kudancin Zambezi daga 1972: Yakin Bush na Rhodesian. Lambobin baƙi sun fara raguwa, musamman a gefen Rhodesian. Yakin ya shafi Zambiya ta hanyar kutsawar sojoji, lamarin da ya sa na karshen suka sanya matakan tsaro gami da jibge sojoji don takaita hanyoyin shiga kwazazzabai da wasu bangarorin faduwar jirgin.

Yancin Zimbabwe da duniya ta yarda da yancin kai a shekara ta 1980 ya kawo zaman lafiya kwatankwacin haka, kuma a cikin shekarun 1980s sun ga sabbin matakan yawon buɗe ido da cigaban yankin a matsayin cibiyar wasannin motsa jiki. Ayyukan da suka sami farin jini a yankin sun haɗa da raƙuman ruwa a cikin kwazazzabai, tsalle daga gadar, kamun kifi, dokin doki, kayak, da jiragen sama a kan faduwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNEP&quot;&gt;[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080510070551/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/mosi-oa-.html United Nations Environment Programme: Protected Areas and World Heritage World Conservation Monitoring Centre].&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yawon shakatawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ====
[[File:Tourists_swimming_at_Victoria_Falls.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tourists_swimming_at_Victoria_Falls.jpg|thumb|Halittar da aka kirkira ta &quot;Devilakin Iblis&quot;, inda masu yawon buɗe ido masu ninkaya duk da haɗarin faɗawa gefen gefen]]
A ƙarshen 1990s kusan mutane 400,000 ke ziyartar faduwar kowace shekara, kuma ana tsammanin wannan ya haura miliyan a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Ba kamar wuraren shakatawa ba, Faɗuwar ruwan Victoria tana da baƙon Zimbabwe da Zambiya fiye da masu yawon buɗe ido na duniya; ana samun damar jan hankali ta hanyar bas da jirgin kasa, kuma saboda haka kwatancen bashi da tsada don isa.

Duk kasashen biyu sun ba wa masu yawon bude ido damar yin tafiye-tafiye na rana a kan iyakar don duba faduwar daga ra'ayoyin biyu. Ana buƙatar baƙi da ke da biza ta izinin shiga guda-ɗaya su sayi biza duk lokacin da suka tsallaka kan iyaka; za a iya samun biza a duk kan iyakokin biyu. Farashi ya bambanta daga US $ 50- $ 80 (daga Janairu 2017). Dokokin Visa suna canzawa akai-akai; An shawarci baƙi da su bincika ƙa'idodin da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu a cikin ƙasashen biyu kafin su ƙetare iyakar ta kowace hanya. Bugu da kari, masu yawon bude ido na kasashen waje na iya siyan biza KAZA ta dalar Amurka $50 wanda zai ba wa baƙi damar yin tafiya tsakanin Zambiya da Zimbabwe har na tsawon kwanaki 30 muddin suka cigaba da kasancewa cikin ƙasashen da aka rufe.

Wani sanannen fasali shine &quot;Armchair&quot; wanda aka kirkireshi (wanda yanzu wani lokaci ake kiransa &quot;Kogin Iblis&quot;), kusa da gefen faduwar ta gefen Zimbabwe, daura da ƙarshen yammacin tsibirin Livingstone. Lokacin da kwararar kogin ta kasance a wani mataki, galibi tsakanin Satumba zuwa Disamba, sai katangar dutsen ta samar da tsari tare da ƙarancin na yanzu, wanda zai baiwa masu ninkaya masu yawon buɗe ido su fantsama cikin aminci dangi a gaban wurin da ruwan ke kwarara kan faduwar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Devils Pool Victoria Falls and Livingstone Island Tour|url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/devils-pool.html|access-date=4 January 2021|website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokaci-lokaci ana samun rahoton mutuwa yayin da mutane suka zame kan shingen dutse.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-1052-Tour%20guide%20in%20Vic%20Falls%20plunge/news.aspx|work=New Zimbabwe|title=Tour guide in Vic Falls plunge|date=28 September 2009|access-date=22 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302030916/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-1052-Tour%20guide%20in%20Vic%20Falls%20plunge/news.aspx|archive-date=2 March 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:White_rhino_Livingstone.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_rhino_Livingstone.jpg|right|thumb|Two [[:en:White_rhino|white rhinos]] at Mosi-oa-Tunya national park in May 2005. They are not [[:en:Endemic_(ecology)|indigenous]], but were imported from [[:en:South_Africa|South Africa]].]]

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[[File:Hellenic Imperial Airways Boeing 747-200 Spijkers.jpg|thumb]]
'''Kamfanin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways''' shi ne kamfanin jirgin sama dake da dogon zango na Birtaniyya, wanda ke aiki daga shekarar 1924 zuwa shekarar 1939 kuma yana gudanar da hidimomin hanyoyin Masarautar Burtaniya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, Indiya ta Gabas, gami da Australi Malaya da [[Hong Kong]]. Fasinjoji galibi 'yan kasuwa ne ko masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka, yawancin jirage suna ɗaukar fasinjoji 20 ko ƙasa da haka.Haɗari sun kasance m:a cikin shekaru shida na farko, mutane 32 sun mutu a cikin abubuwa bakwai. Kamfanin jirgin sama na Imperial Airways bai taba samun matakan kirkirar kere-kere na kere-kere ba, kuma an hade shi zuwa Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Burtaniya na kasashen waje (BOAC) a cikin shekarar 1939. BOAC kuma ya hade da British European Airways (BEA) a shekarar 1974 don samar da [[British Airways]].

[[File:Vickers Vulcan Type 74 G-EBLB Imperial Airways Dübendorf - LBS SR02-10199.tif|thumb]]

== Asali ==
Kafa Jirgin sama na Imperial Airways ya faru ne don dabbaqa ƙasashen ƙetare ta hanyar yin balaguro zuwa da dawowa daga yankuna cikin sauri, kuma wannan jirgin zai kuma hanzarta gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da kasuwancin da har zuwa lokacin ya dogara da jiragen ruwa. Kaddamar da kamfanin jirgin ya biyo bayan fashewar hanyar jirgin da aka gudanar a cikin Daular Birtaniyya bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na farko]], da kuma bayan wasu gwaje-gwajen gwaji (kuma galibi masu hatsari) masu nisan zango zuwa iyakokin Daular. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pirie&quot;&gt;Pirie, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samarwa ==
[[File:Tanken_van_een_vliegtuig_Airplane_provided_with_fuel.jpg|thumb| Shafin Handley W.8b wanda aka gada daga Shafin Shafin Handley lokacin da aka kirkiro Imperial Airways]]
An kirkiri filin jirgin Imperial Airways ne a bayan gasa mai tsananin gaske daga kamfanonin jiragen sama na Faransa da na Jamus waɗanda ke bunkasa da tallafin gwamnati da yawa da bin shawarwarin Kwamitin Caca na gwamnati (wanda aka fi sani da Kwamitin Tallafin CAT) ƙarƙashin Sir Herbert Hambling . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ord-Hume1&quot;&gt;Ord-Hume, 2010, pp.7–9&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin, wanda aka kafa a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1923, ya gabatar da rahoto a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1923 yana mai ba da shawarar cewa hudu daga cikin manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama na yanzu, da Instone Air Line Company, mallakar babban mai jigilar kaya Samuel Instone, Noel Pemberton Billing na British Marine Air Navigation (bangare na kamfanin Supermarine mai tashi da jirgin ruwa), da Daimler Airway, karkashin kulawar George Edward Woods, da Handley Page Transport Co Ltd., ya kamata a hade su. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ord-Hume2&quot;&gt;Ord-Hume, 2010, p.10&lt;/ref&gt;  An yi fatan cewa wannan zai haifar da kamfani wanda zai iya yin takara da gasar Faransa da ta Jamus kuma zai iya zama mai ƙarfi don haɓaka ayyukan jiragen sama na Burtaniya tare da rage tallafin da gwamnati ke bayarwa don ayyukan riɓi biyu. Tare da wannan duba, an bada tallafin £ 1m sama da shekaru goma don karfafa haɗakar. An kulla yarjejeniya tsakanin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Sama da British, Foreign and Colonial Corporation a ranar 3 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1923 ga kamfanin, a karkashin taken 'Imperial Air Transport Company' don mallakar ayyukan sufurin jiragen sama na yanzu a Burtaniya. Yarjejeniyar ta ayyana tallafin gwamnati ga sabon kamfanin: £ 137,000 a cikin shekarar farko ta ragu zuwa £ 32,000 a shekara ta goma gami da mafi karancin nisan tafiyar da za a cimma da kuma hukunci idan ba a sadu da su ba. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1924/1924%20-%200005.html Terms of Agreement Published] ''Flight'', 1924.&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa Kamfanin Imperial Airways a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1924 tare da kayan aiki daga kowane abin da ke ba da gudummawa: British Marine Air Navigation Company Ltd, Daimler Airway, Handley Page Transport Ltd da Instone Air Line Ltd. An nada Sir Eric Geddes shugaban hukumar tare da darekta guda daga kowane kamfanin suka hade. Gwamnati ta nada daraktoci biyu, Caca (wanda kuma shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar Bankunan ) da Manjo John Hills, tsohon Sakataren Kudi na Baitul malin. 

Hada-Hadan filayen sun kasance ne a Filin jirgin saman Croydon da ke kudancin [[Landan|London]]. Nan da nan kamfanin IAL ya dakatar da aikin magabata zuwa arewacin London, kamfanin jirgin yana mai da hankali ne kan bautar ƙasa da ƙasa maimakon na cikin gida. Bayan haka jirgin IAL kawai da ke aiki 'Arewacin Watford' yawo ne na haya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}

Matsalolin masana'antu tare da matukan jirgin sunyi sanadiyyar jinkirta fara ayyukan har zuwa 26 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1924, lokacin da aka buɗe hanyar London zuwa Paris kowace rana tare da de Havilland DH.34 . &lt;ref name=&quot;DH34&quot;&gt;Stroud, June 1984, pp. 315–19&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka aikin faɗaɗa hanyoyi tsakanin Ingila da Nahiyar ya fara, tare da Southampton – Guernsey a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1924, London-Brussels – Cologne a ranar 3 ga Mayu, London – Amsterdam a 2 Yuni 1924, da hidimar bazara daga London – Paris – Basel –Zürich a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1924. Sabon jirgin sama na farko da Imperial Airways ya umarta, shine Handley Page W8f ''City na Washington'', wanda aka gabatar a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1924.  A cikin shekarar farko ta aiki kamfanin ya dauki fasinjoji 11,395 da haruffa 212,380. A watan Afrilun shekarar 1925, fim din ''Thearshen Duniya'' ya zama fim na farko da aka fara duba fasinjoji a kan jirgin jirgin sama da aka shirya lokacin da aka nuna shi a kan hanyar London zuwa Paris.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}

== Hada Hadan Empire ==
[[File:Imperial_routes_April_1935.jpg|thumb| Afrilu 1935 taswira da ke nuna Imperial Airways '&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Hanyoyin jirgin sama tsakanin Ingila, Indiya, Australia da Afirka ta Kudu]]

==Tabbatar da Hanya ==
Tsakanin 16 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1925 da 13 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1926, Alan Cobham ya yi jirgin binciken jirgin Imperial Airways daga Burtaniya zuwa Cape Town ya dawo cikin Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar –powered de Havilland DH.50J floatplane ''G-EBFO'' . Hanyar waje ita ce [[Landan|London]] - [[Faris|Paris]] - [[Marseille]] - Pisa - Taranto - [[Athens]] - Sollum - [[Kairo|Alkahira]] - [[Luxor]] - Aswan - Wadi Halfa - Atbara - [[Khartoum]] - Malakal - Mongalla - Jinja - [[Kisumu]] - Tabora - Abercorn - [[Ndola]] - Broken Hill - Livingstone - [[Bulawayo]] - [[Pretoria]] - [[Johannesburg]] - Kimberley - Blomfontein - [[Cape Town]] . Bayan dawowars Cobham ya sami lambar yabo ta Air Force Cross saboda ayyukansa na jirgin sama.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2016}}

A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1926, Cobham ya tashi daga Kogin Medway a Rochester a ''G-EBFO'' don yin binciken hanyar jirgin sama na Imperial Airways don sabis zuwa Melbourne, yana zuwa 15 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1926. Ya bar Melbourne a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1926, kuma, bayan ya kammala {{Convert|28000|nmi|mi km}} a cikin awanni 320 na yawo sama da kwanaki 78, ya sauka a Thames a Westminster a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 1926. Sakataren Harkokin Jirgin Sama, Sir Samuel Hoare ya sadu da Cobham, kuma daga baya HM King George V ya yi masa kyakkyawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2016}}

A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1926, Imperial Airways de Havilland DH.66 Hercules ''G-EBMX City na Delhi sun'' bar Croydon don binciken jirgin zuwa Indiya. Jirgin ya isa Karachi a ranar 6 ga Janairun 1927 da Delhi a kan 8 Janairu 1927. Lady Irwin, matar Viceroy ne ya sanyawa jirgin suna a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1927. Jirgin dawowa ya tashi a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1927 kuma ya isa Heliopolis, Alkahira a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1927. Lokacin tashi daga Croydon zuwa Delhi ya kasance awanni 62 na mintina 27 da Delhi zuwa Heliopolis awanni 32 da mintuna 50. &lt;ref name=&quot;DH66&quot;&gt;Stroud, Nov 1986, pp. 609–14&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Hanyar Gabas ==
[[File:Imperial_Airways_Ad_1936.jpg|right|thumb| Wani talla na 1936]]


Sabis na yau da kullun akan hanyar [[Kairo|Alkahira]] zuwa [[Basra]] ya fara ne a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1927 ta amfani da jirgin DH.66, ya maye gurbin jirgin saman RAF na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;DH66&quot;&gt;Stroud, Nov 1986, pp. 609–14&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan tattaunawa na tsawon shekaru 2 tare da hukumomin Farisa game da haƙƙin sararin samaniya, [[Karachi|sabis ɗin London zuwa Karachi ya]] fara a ranar 30 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1929, yana ɗaukar kwanaki 7 kuma ya ƙunshi jirgi daga Landan zuwa Basle, jirgin ƙasa zuwa [[Genoa]] da Short S.8 Calcutta jirgin ruwan da ke tashi zuwa Alexandria, jirgin kasa zuwa Alkahira sannan a ƙarshe jirgin DH.66 zuwa Karachi. An faɗaɗa hanyar zuwa Delhi a ranar 29 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1929. Hanya tsakanin Turai da Bahar Rum ya canza sau da yawa a cikin fewan shekaru masu zuwa amma kusan koyaushe yana da titin jirgin ƙasa.

A watan Afrilun shekarar 1931 an yi gwajin jirgi mai tashi a iska daga [[Asturaliya|Landan- Australia;]] an canza wasikar a Dutch East Indies, kuma ya ɗauki kwanaki 26 gaba ɗaya don isa [[Sydney]] . Don jirgin fasinja da ya tashi daga Landan a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 1932, hanyar ta Gabas ta sauya daga Farisa zuwa bangaren Larabawa na Tekun Fasha, kuma an gabatar da jiragen saman Handley Page HP 42 a kan Alkahira zuwa bangaren Karachi. Yunkurin ya ga an kafa tashar jirgin sama da hutawa, Mahatta Fort, a cikin cialasar Trucial ta Sharjah yanzu wani ɓangare na [[Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar]] Daular Larabawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}

A ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1933 bincike da akayi tsakanin Ingila zuwa Australiya ya tashi, wanda ke karkashin Imperial Airways Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTL ''Astraea.'' Manjo HG Brackley, Imperial Airways 'Air Superintendent, shi ke kula da jirgin. ''Astraea ta'' tashi zuwa Croydon - [[Faris|Paris]] - [[Lyon]] - [[Rum|Rome]] - Brindisi - [[Athens]] - [[Alexandria]] - [[Kairo|Alkahira]] inda ta bi hanyar da ta dace zuwa [[Karachi]] sannan ta zarce zuwa Jodhpur - Delhi - [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] - Akyab - [[Yangon|Rangoon]] - [[Bangkok]] - Prachuab - Alor Setar - [[Singafora|Singapore]] - Palembang - [[Jakarta|Batavia]] - [[Surabaya|Sourabaya]] - Bima - Koepang - Bathurst Island - Darwin - Ruwan Newcastle - Camooweal - Cloncurry - Longreach - Roma - Toowoomba ya isa Eagle Farm, Brisbane a ranar 23 ga Yuni. An ziyarci Sydney a ranar 26 Yuni, Canberra a ranar 28 Yuni da Melbourne a 29 Yuni.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}

Sannan an fadada gabacin filin jirgin. Birnin Landan farko zuwa [[Kolkata|sabis na Calcutta ya]] tashi a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1933, London na farko zuwa [[Yangon|Rangoon]] a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 1933, London da [[Singafora|Singapore]] na farko zuwa sabis a ranar 9 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1933, da kuma London da [[Brisbane]] na farko a ranar 8 Disamba 1934, tare da Qantas ke da alhakin bangaren Singapore zuwa Brisbane. (Farawa ta 1934 don ta wasiƙa ne; jiragen fasinjoji zuwa Brisbane sun fara watan Afrilu mai zuwa. ) Fasinjojin Landan na farko zuwa [[Hong Kong]] sun tashi daga Landan ranar 14 ga Maris 1936 biyo bayan kafa reshe daga Penang zuwa Hong Kong.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}

=== Hanyar Afirka ===
[[File:De_Havilland_Hercules.jpg|right|thumb| de Havilland Hercules ''City na Alkahira'']]
A ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu 1931 aka fara hidimar mako-mako tsakanin London da Mwanza a tafkin Victoria a Tanganyika a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyar da aka tsara zuwa [[Cape Town]] . A ranar 9 ga Disamba 1931 aka shimfida sabis na Imperial Airways na Afirka ta Tsakiya ta gwaji zuwa Cape Town don ɗaukar wasikun Kirsimeti. Jirgin da aka yi amfani da shi a sashin da ya gabata, DH66 G-AARY ''City of Karachi ya'' isa Cape Town a ranar 21 Disamba 1931. A ranar 20 ga Janairun 1932 aka buɗe hanyar hanyar aika wasiƙa zuwa London zuwa Cape Town. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu an buɗe wannan hanya ga fasinjoji kuma ya ɗauki kwanaki 10. A farkon 1933 Atalantas ya maye gurbin DH.66s akan hanyar Kisumu zuwa Cape Town na hanyar London zuwa Cape Town. &lt;ref name=&quot;Atalanta&quot;&gt;Stroud, June 1986, pp.321–326&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1936 kamfanin sufurin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways ya buɗe hanyar zuwa Afirka tsakanin Khartoum da [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] a Najeriya. An faɗaɗa wannan hanyar zuwa [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1936.

=== Jirage masu tashi daga ruwa Short ===
[[File:StateLibQld_1_154471_Flying_boat,_Challenger_on_her_moorings_in_the_Townsville_Harbour,_Queensland.jpg|thumb| Short Empire yawo jirgin ''Kalubale'' .]]
A cikiin shekarata 1937 tare da gabatar da Jirgin Ruwa na Short Empire wanda aka gina a Short Brothers, Imperial Airways zai iya ba da sabis ta hanyar aiki daga [[Southampton]] zuwa Daular. Tafiya zuwa Cape din ya bi ta [[Marseille]],[[Rum|Rome]], Brindisi,[[Athens]], [[Alexandria]], [[Khartoum]], Port Bell, [[Kisumu]] kuma daga nan ta hanyar sana'ar ƙasa zuwa [[Nairobi]],Mbeya kuma daga ƙarshe [[Cape Town]] . Hakanan an yi jigilar jiragen sama a tsallaken [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] zuwa [[Sabuwar Zelandiya|New Zealand]] . A tsakiyar 1937 Imperial ya kammala hidimarsa ta dubu ga Daular. Farawa a cikin 1938 jiragen ruwa masu tasowa kuma sun tashi tsakanin Birtaniyya da Ostiraliya ta Indiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya. 

A watan Maris, shekara ta 1939 Shorts uku a mako guda sun bar Southampton zuwa Australia, suna isa Sydney bayan kwana goma na tashi da jirage tara na dare. Sauran uku sun bar Afirka ta Kudu, suna ɗaukar kwanaki shida na tashi zuwa Durban.

=== Fasinjoji ===
Jirgin na Imperial karami ne, mafi yawancin wuraren zama ba su wuce wajen fasinjoji ashirin ba; kimanin fasinjoji dubu 50 suka yi amfani da Imperial Airways a cikin shekarun 1930. Yawancin fasinjoji a kan hanyoyin ƙasashe ko kan sabis tsakanin da masarautun Biritaniya maza ne ke gudanar da mulkin mallaka, kasuwanci ko bincike. Da farko dai attajirai ne kawai zasu iya biyan kudin jirgi, amma jerin fasinjoji ya yawaita a hankali. Kwarewar tafiye-tafiye masu alaƙa da tashi da ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma an ba da rahotonsu da farin ciki a cikin jaridu, mujallu da littattafai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cultures&quot;&gt;Pirie, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai dama don yawon buɗe ido daga sama da tasha. &lt;ref&gt;Pirie, G.H. Incidental tourism: British imperial air travel in the 1930s. ''Journal of Tourism History'', 1 (2009) 49–66.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙungiyoyi ===
Kamfanin jirgin sama na Imperial Airways ya girka ma'aikatan jirgin saman jirgin maza da mata, da ma'aikatan jirgi da ma'aikatan ƙasa tare da tsawon hanyoyin sa. Injiniyoyin injiniyoyi da sifetoci - da ma'aikatan ƙasa kan juyawa ko tafiya - sun yi tafiya a kan jirgin ba tare da samar da kuɗin shiga ba. Da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin sama sun rasa rayukansu a cikin hadari. A ƙarshen 1930s lambobin ƙungiya sun kusan 3,000. Ana sa ran dukkan ma’aikatan za su kasance jakadun Burtaniya da daular Biritaniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cultures&quot;&gt;Pirie, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wasikar Jirgin Sama ===
[[File:FAM_18_Round_the_World_1939.jpg|right|thumb| Murfin jirgi wanda aka ɗauka a duniya akan jirgin PAA Boeing 314 Clippers da Imperial Airways Short S23 jiragen jirgi masu tashi 24 Yuni - 28 July 1939]]
A cikin shekara ta 1934 Gwamnati ta fara tattaunawa da Imperial Airways don kafa sabis ( Tsarin Jirgin Sama na Jirgin Sama ) don ɗaukar wasiƙa ta iska a kan hanyoyin da kamfanin jirgin ke amfani da su. Kai tsaye wadannan tattaunawar sun kai ga sallamar a cikin 1936 na Sir Christopher Bullock, Babban Sakatare na Dindindin a Ma’aikatar Jiragen Sama, wanda Kwamitin Bincike ya gano ya yi amfani da matsayinsa wajen neman mukami a kwamitin kamfanin yayin tattaunawar. suna cikin jirgin. Gwamnati, ciki har da Firayim Minista, ta yi nadamar shawarar sallamar sa, daga baya ta gano cewa, a zahiri, ba a zargin rashawa kuma ta nemi a dawo da Bullock wanda ya ki. 

Shirin Wasikar Jirgin Sama ya fara ne a watan Yulin 1937, ana aikawa ko'ina don 1  d./oz. A tsakiyar 1938 an aika tan ɗari na wasiƙa zuwa Indiya da irin wannan adadin zuwa Afirka. A cikin wannan shekarar, an fara ginin a kan Terminal Empire a Victoria, London, wanda A. Lakeman ya tsara kuma tare da mutum-mutumi na Eric Broadbent, ''Speed Wings Over the World yana'' ɗaukar tashar da ke saman babbar ƙofar. Daga tashar jirgin akwai haɗin jirgin ƙasa zuwa jiragen ruwan Imperial a [[Southampton]] da masu horarwa zuwa tashar jirgin saman ta a filin jirgin saman Croydon . Tashar tayi aiki kwanan nan kamar 1980.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}

Don taimakawa da inganta amfani da sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama, a cikin Yuni da Yuli 1939, Imperial Airways sun halarci tare da Pan American Airways wajen samar da sabis na musamman &quot;a duk duniya&quot;; Imperial ya ɗauki wasiƙar tun daga Foynes, Ireland, zuwa [[Hong Kong|Hongkong]], daga gabashin gabas zuwa [[New York (birni)|New York]] zuwa hanyar New York. Pan American ya ba da sabis daga New York zuwa Foynes (tashi 24 ga Yuni, ta jirgin farko na FAM 18 na Arewa) da Hongkong zuwa [[San Francisco]] (ta hanyar FAM 14), kuma [[United Airlines|Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na United ya]] ɗauka a ƙafa na ƙarshe daga San Francisco zuwa New York, zuwa ranar 28 Yuli.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}

Kyaftin HWC Alger ne matukin jirgin for karon iska mail jirgin dauke mail daga Ingila zuwa Australia a karon farko a kan Short Empire flyingboat ''Castor'' ga na mallaka Airways 'dauloli Air hanyoyi, a 1937. 

A watan Nuwamba she kara ta 2016, shekaru 80 daga baya, jirgin Crete2Cape Vintage Air Rally ya tashi wannan tsohuwar hanyar tare da jiragen saman girbi goma sha biyar - bikin ƙwarewar ƙwarewar waɗannan ƙwararrun jiragen. 

== Yakin Duniya na Biyu ==
Kafin barkewar yaki a ranar 1 ga Satumbar 1939, gwamnatin Birtaniyya ta riga ta aiwatar da Dokar Kewaya Na iska ((kuntatawa a Lokacin Yaƙin) Dokar 1939. Hakan ya ba da umarnin karbe ikon sojoji filayen jiragen saman fararen hula da yawa a Burtaniya, dakatar da duk wasu jirage masu zaman kansu ba tare da izinin kowane jirgin ba, da sauran matakan gaggawa. Wani sashen doka ne na ma'aikatar iska mai taken National Communications Communications (NAC). Zuwa 1 ga Satumba 1939, an tura jiragen da gwamnatocin Imperial Airways da British Airways Ltd zuwa filin jirgin saman Bristol (Whitchurch), don yin aiki tare da NAC. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1940, Imperial Airways Ltd da British Airways Ltd an hade su a hukumance zuwa wani sabon kamfani, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), wanda tuni an kirkireshi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 1939 tare da shirye-shiryen hada-hadar kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;Moss (1962)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru ==

=== Mummunar Haɗari ===

==== Cikin shekarata 1920 ====

* 24 ga Disamba 1924: de Havilland DH.34 G-EBBX ''City of Delhi ta yi'' hadari kuma gobara ta tashi jim kadan da tashinsa daga Filin jirgin saman Croydon, inda matukin jirgin da dukkan fasinjojin bakwai suka mutu. &lt;ref name=&quot;DH34&quot;&gt;Stroud, June 1984, pp. 315–19&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 13 ga Yuli 1928: Vickers Vulcan G-EBLB sun yi hadari a Purley yayin jirgin gwajin, inda mutane hudu daga cikin shida da ke cikin jirgin suka mutu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vulcan&quot;&gt;Stroud, Nov 1987, pp.609–612&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon hatsarin, Imperial Airways ya dakatar da tashiwar ma'aikata (wanda ake kira hawan farin ciki) yayin jigilar gwaji.
* 17 Yuni 1929: Handley Page W.10 G-EBMT ''City na Ottawa'' ditched a cikin harshen Turanci Channel wadannan ingine gazawar alhãli kuwa a kan wani jirgin daga Croydon zuwa Paris tare da asarar bakwai rayuwarsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;HPW&quot;&gt;Stroud, Oct 1983, pp.535–539&lt;/ref&gt;
* 6 ga watan Satumba 1929: de Havilland Hercules G-EBMZ ''Birnin Kudus'' ya yi hadari ya kone a kan saukarsu a Jask, [[Iran]] a cikin duhu saboda matukin jirgin ya yi rashin fahimta da tsayar da jirgin, ya kashe uku daga biyar a cikin jirgin. 
* 26 Oktoba 1929: Short Calcutta G-AADN ''City na Rome da'' ƙarfi ya sauka daga La Spezia, [[Italiya]] a cikin yanayi mara kyau; kwale-kwalen da ke tashi sama ya nutse cikin dare yayin kokarin jawo shi zuwa gabar teku, ya kashe bakwai din da ke cikinsa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Calcutta&quot;&gt;Stroud, Feb 1987, pp.97–103&lt;/ref&gt;

==== A tsakanin shekarun 1930 ====

* 30 ga Oktoba 1930: Shafin Handley W.8g G-EBIX ''Birnin Washington ya'' buge da doguwar ƙasa a cikin hazo a Boulogne, [[Faris|Paris]], [[Faransa]], inda ya kashe uku daga shida a cikin jirgin. &lt;ref name=&quot;HPW&quot;&gt;Stroud, Oct 1983, pp.535–539&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 28 Maris 1933: Armstrong Whitworth Argosy G-AACI ''City na Liverpool'' ya yi hadari a Diksmuide,[[Beljik|Belgium]] bayan wata gobara a cikin jirgin. Wannan ana zargin shine farkon lamarin ɓarna a cikin iska. Duk mutanen goma sha biyar da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Argosy&quot;&gt;Stroud, May 1985, pp.265–269&lt;/ref&gt;
* 30 ga Disamba 1933: Avro Ten G-ABLU ''Apollo ya'' yi karo da mashin rediyo a Ruysselede, Belgium kuma ya fadi . Duk mutanen goma da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Avro&quot;&gt;Stroud,Feb 1991, pp.115–120&lt;/ref&gt;
* 31 Disamba 1935: Short Calcutta G-AASJ ''City na Khartoum'' ya fado daga [[Alexandria]], [[Misra|Misira]] lokacin da dukkanin injina huɗu suka kasa zuwa, mai yiwuwa saboda yunwar mai; goma sha biyu daga 13 da ke cikin jirgin sun nitse a lokacin da jirgin da ke shawagi ya nutse. &lt;ref name=&quot;Calcutta&quot;&gt;Stroud, Feb 1987, pp.97–103&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 22 ga Agusta 1936: Short Kent G-ABFA ''Scipio ya'' nitse a Mirabello Bay, Crete bayan saukar jirgi mai nauyi, ya kashe biyu daga 11 da ke cikin jirgin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Calcutta&quot; /&gt; 
* 24 Maris 1937: Short Empire G-ADVA ''Capricornus'' ya yi hadari a tsaunukan Beaujolois kusa da Ouroux, Faransa sakamakon kuskuren kewayawa, ya kashe biyar. 
* 1 ga Oktoba 1937: Short Empire G-ADVC ''Courtier'' ya yi hadari a kan sauka a Phaleron Bay, [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] saboda rashin gani sosai, ya kashe biyu daga 15 a cikin jirgin. 
* 5 ga Disamba 1937: Short Empire G-ADUZ ''Cygnus'' ya yi hadari a kan tashinsa daga Brindisi, Italiya saboda ba daidai ba saitin filin, ya kashe biyu. 
* 27 ga Yuli 1938: Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTG ''Amalthea'' ya tashi zuwa wani tsauni kusa da [[Kisumu]], [[Kenya]] jim kaɗan bayan tashinsa, inda ya kashe duka mutanen da ke cikin jirgin. 
* 27 ga Nuwamba 1938: Short Empire G-AETW ''Calpurnia ta yi'' hadari a Tafkin Habbaniyah, [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] a cikin mummunan yanayi bayan matukin jirgin ya sauko don ci gaba da ganin ido da kasa bayan rikicewar sararin samaniya, ya kashe dukkan ma'aikatan jirgin hudu. 
* 21 Janairu 1939: Short Empire G-ADUU ''Cavalier'' ditched a cikin Atlantic 285&amp;nbsp;tashi daga [[New York (jiha)|New York]] saboda icing na carburettor da asarar ƙarfin injiniya;uku sun nitse yayin da masu tsira goma suka dauke ta tankin ''Esso Baytown'' . Bayan haka kuma Imperial Airways da Pan-American trans-ocicic boats masu jirgi suna da saman saman fuka-fukan da aka zana manyan alamun ganuwa mai ruwan lemu.
* 1 ga Mayu 1939: Short Empire G-ADVD ''Challenger'' ya yi hadari a cikin lagon Lumbo yayin da yake kokarin sauka a Filin jirgin saman Lumbo, ya kashe biyu daga shida a cikin jirgin.

==== 1940 ====

* 1 ga watan Maris 1940: Jirgin 197,  wanda ke aiki da Handley Page HP42 G-AAGX ''Hannibal'', ya bace a kan Tekun Oman dauke da mutane takwas; ba a sami tarkacen jirgin ruwa, kaya ko mazaunan ciki ba. Dalilin faduwar jirgin har yanzu ba a san shi ba, amma yunwa na man fetur, yajin tsuntsaye da ke lalata farfadiya kuma ya haifar da injin ko reshe ya rabu, fashewar jirgin sama ko rashin aikin injiniya da yawa an tsara. Watanni biyu bayan hadarin, an cire HP42 daga ayyukan fasinjoji. An kuma ba da shawarar cewa duk jiragen kasuwanci da ake amfani da su a dogon jirage a kan ruwa su kasance da kayan aiki na sirri da na rayuwa; wannan daga baya zai zama ingantacce a duk masana'antar kamfanin jirgin sama.

=== Hadarin da bai muni ba ===

* 21 ga Oktoba 1926: Shafin Handley W.10 G-EBMS ''Garin Melbourne wanda aka'' liƙa a Tashar Ingilishi {{Convert|18|nmi|km}} daga gabar tekun ingila bayan injin ya fadi. Dukkanin mutane 12 da ke cikin jirgin FV ''Invicta'' ne ya ceto su. &lt;ref name=&quot;HPW&quot;&gt;Stroud, Oct 1983, pp.535–539&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 19 ga Afrilu 1931: de Havilland DH.66 Hercules tare da rajista G-EBMW, sun lalace ba za a iya gyara su ba a saukowar tilas bayan yunwar mai a [[Surabaya]].Jirgin ya yi aiki ne a jirgin jirgi na gwaji daga Indiya zuwa [[Melbourne]] tare da tsayawa a hanyar Semarang, [[Surabaya|Soerabaja]] da Kupang .
* 8 ga watan Agusta 1931: Handley Page HP42 G-AAGX ''Hannibal'' yana gudanar da jigilar fasinjan fasinjoji daga Croydon zuwa Paris lokacin da injin ya faskara kuma tarkace suka tilasta wa injin na biyu rufe.Saukewar tilastawa zuwa Five Oak Green,Kent ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Babu raunin da ya faru. Hannibal ya warwatse kuma ya yi jigilar kaya zuwa Croydon don a sake gina shi. 
* 9 ga Nuwamba 1935: Short Kent G-ABFB ''Sylvanus ya'' kama da wuta kuma ya kone yayin shan mai a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Brindisi; ma'aikatan man sun sami damar tsallakewa daga jirgin da ke kone suka tsira. [nb 1]
* 29 Satumba 1936:Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTK ya ƙone a cikin wutar hangar a Delhi, Indiya.
* 31 ga Mayu 1937:Shafin Handley Shafin HP45 (tsohon HP42) G-AAXE ''Hengist'' ya lalace a cikin wutar hangar a [[Karachi]], Indiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;HP42&quot;&gt;Stroud, Aug 1985, pp.433–437&lt;/ref&gt;
* 3 Disamba 1938: de Havilland Express G-ADCN ya ƙone a Bangkok.
* 12 ga watan Maris 1939: Short S.23 Empire Flying Boat Mk 1 ''G-ADUY'',ya lalace fiye da gyara a Tandjong, Batavia,Netherlands East Indies.Buga wani abu mai nutsuwa yayin hawa motar haya bayan sauka. Jirgin jirgin sama ya lalace amma ya lalace baya gyarawa ta nutsewa da mishandling yayin rashi.Jirgin sama ya warwatse ya shigo dashi England amma bai dawo aiki ba. 
* 7 ga Nuwamba 1939: Shafin Handley Shafin HP42 G-AXXD ''Horatius'' an rubuta shi biyo bayan saukar sa da aka yi da karfi a filin wasan golf a Tiverton, Devon.
* 19 Maris 1940: Shafin Handley Shafin HP45 G-AAXC ''Heracles'' da HP42 G-AAUD ''Hanno'' an rubuta su bayan an busa su cikin guguwar iska yayin da suka tsaya a Filin jirgin saman Whitchurch.

== Jirgin sama ==
Jirgin sama na Imperial Airways yana aiki nau'ikan jirgin sama da yawa daga samuwar sa a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1924 har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 1940 lokacin da duk jiragen da ke aiki ke canzawa zuwa BOAC . 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:95%;&quot;
! width=&quot;21%&quot; |Aircraft
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Type
!Number
!Period
!Names
! width=&quot;24%&quot; |Notes
|-
|Armstrong Whitworth Argosy Mk.I
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |landplane&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''City class''
|3
|{{nowrap|1926–34}}
|''Birmingham'' (crashed 1931), ''City of Wellington'' (later ''City of Arundel'') (1934), ''Glasgow'' (retired 1934)
|
|-
|{{nowrap|[[Armstrong Whitworth Argosy|Armstrong Whitworth Argosy Mk.II]]}}
|4
|1929–35
|''City of Edinburgh'' (wrecked 1926), ''City of Liverpool'' (wrecked 1933), ''City of Manchester'' (sold 1935) and ''City of Coventry'' (scrapped 1935)
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Argosy&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta
|landplane&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Atalanta class''
|8
|1932–41
|''Atalanta'' (sold), ''Andromeda'' (withdrawn 1939), ''Arethusa'' (renamed ''Atalanta''), ''Artemis'', ''Astraea'', ''Athena'' (burnt 1936), ''Aurora'' (sold) and  ''Amalthea'' (wrecked 1938).
|For Nairobi-Cape Town leg on South Africa route &amp; [[Karachi]]-[[Singafora|Singapore]] leg on Australia route.
|-
|Armstrong Whitworth Ensign
|landplane&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Ensign class''
|12
|1938–46
|Empire type (27 passengers) ''Ensign'', ''Egeria'', ''Elsinore'', ''Euterpe'', ''Explorer'', ''Euryalus'', ''Echo'', ''Endymion'' and Western Type (40 passengers) ''Eddystone'', ''Ettrick'', ''Empyrean'' and ''Elysian''
|''Everest'' &amp; ''Enterprise'' delivered to BOAC. Intended to deliver 1st-class mail to the Empire by air.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ensign&quot;&gt;Stroud, June 1988, pp.433–437&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Avro 618 Ten
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |landplane
|2
|1930–38
|''Achilles'' (crashed 1938) ''Apollo'' (collided with radio mast 1933)
|licence-built Fokker F.VII 3/m&lt;ref name=&quot;Avro&quot;&gt;Stroud, Feb 1991, pp.115–120&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Avro 652
|2
|1936–38
|''Avalon'' and ''Avatar'' (later ''Ava'') to RAF in 1938.
|Prototypes for Anson bomber/trainer&lt;ref name=&quot;Avro&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Boulton &amp;amp;amp; Paul P.71A
|landplane&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Bodiciea class''
|2
|1934–36
|''Bodiciea'' (lost 1935) and ''Britomart'' (lost 1936)
|Experimental mailplanes&lt;ref name=&quot;BP&quot;&gt;Stroud, Aug 1986, pp.433–436&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Bristol Type 75 Ten-seater
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |landplane
|2
|1924–26
|''G-EAWY'', ''G-EBEV'' (retired 1925)
|ex-Instone Air Line used as freighters
|-
|de Havilland DH.34
|7
|1924–26
|ex-Instone Air Line ''G-EBBR'' (wrecked 1924), ''G-EBBT'' (scrapped 1930), ''G-EBBV'' (scrapped 1926), ''G-EBBW'' (scrapped 1926) and ex-Daimler Airway ''G-EBBX'' (wrecked 1924), ''G-EBBY'' (scrapped 1926), ''G-EBCX'' (wrecked 1924)
|&lt;ref name=&quot;DH34&quot;&gt;Stroud, June 1984, pp. 315–19&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|de Havilland DH.50
|3
|1924–33
|''G-EBFO'' (damaged 1924 and sold), ''G-EBFP'' (scrapped 1933), ''G-EBKZ'' (crashed 1928)
|G-EBFO used for surveys, later fitted with twin floats and sold in Australia
|-
|de Havilland DH.54 Highclere
|1
|1924–27
|''G-EBKI''
|freighter, destroyed in hangar collapse
|-
|de Havilland Giant Moth
|1
|1930-30
|''G-AAEV'' (wrecked 1930)
|crashed in Northern Rhodesia 2 weeks after hand over.
|-
|de Havilland Hercules
|9
|1926–35
|''City of Cairo'' (wrecked 1931), ''City of Delhi'' (to SAAF 1934), ''City of Baghdad'' (withdrawn 1933), ''City of Jerusalem'', ''City of Tehran'', ''City of Basra'' (to SAAF 1934), ''City of Karachi'' (withdrawn 1935), ''City of Jodhpur'' (sold) and ''City of Cape Town'' (sold)
|
|-
|de Havilland DH.86
|landplane&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Diana'' class
|12
|1934–41
|''Daedalus'' (burned 1938), ''Danae'', ''Dardanus'', ''Delia'' (wrecked 1941), ''Delphinus'', ''Demeter'', ''Denebola'', ''Dido'', ''Dione'', ''Dorado'', ''Draco'' (wrecked 1935), and ''Dryad'' (sold 1938)
|All surviving aircraft impressed in 1941
|-
|de Havilland Albatross
|landplane&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Frobisher'' class
|7
|1938–43
|''Faraday'' (impressed 1940), ''Franklin'' (impressed 1940), ''Frobisher'' (destroyed 1940), ''Falcon'' (scrapped 1943), ''Fortuna'' (crashed 1943), ''Fingal'' (crashed 1940) and ''Fiona'' (scrapped 1943).
|1 used as long range mail carrier&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson1973&quot;&gt;Jackson, 1973, 433–437&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Desoutter IB
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |landplane
|1
|1933–35
|''G-ABMW''
|Air-taxi No 6
|-
|Handley Page O/10
|1
|1924-24
|''G-EATH''
|ex-Handley Page Transport but never used
|-
|Handley Page W8b
|3
|1924–32
|''Princess Mary'' (wrecked 1928), ''Prince George'' (retired 1929) and ''Prince Henry'' (retired 1932)&lt;ref name=&quot;HPW&quot;&gt;Stroud, Oct 1983, pp.535–539&lt;/ref&gt;
|ex-Handley Page Transport&lt;ref name=&quot;HPW&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Handley Page W8f Hamilton
|1
|1924–30
|''City of Washington'' (wrecked 1930)&lt;ref name=&quot;HPW&quot; /&gt;
|Converted to twin engines and redesignated as W8g in 1929
|-
|Handley Page W9a Hampstead
|1
|1926–29
|''City of New York'' (sold 1929)&lt;ref name=&quot;HPW&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
|Handley Page W10
|4
|1926–33
|''City of Melbourne'' (sold 1933), ''City of Pretoria'' (sold 1933), ''City of London'' (crashed 1926) and ''City of Ottawa'' (crashed 1929).&lt;ref name=&quot;HPW&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
|Handley Page H.P.42E
|landplane&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Hannibal class''
|4
|1931–40
|''Hannibal'' (wrecked 1940), ''Horsa'' (impressed 1940), ''Hanno'' (wrecked 1940), ''Hadrian'' (impressed 1940)
|(24 passengers) used on long &quot;Empire&quot; routes&lt;ref name=&quot;HP42&quot;&gt;Stroud, Aug 1985, pp.433–437&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Handley Page H.P.42W/H.P.45
|landplane&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Heracles class''
|4
|1931–40
|''Heracles'' (wrecked 1940), ''Horatius'' (wrecked 1939), ''Hengist'' (wrecked 1937) and ''Helena'' (impressed 1940)
|(38 passengers) on short &quot;Western&quot; routes, ''Hengist'' and ''Helena'' converted to H.P.42E.&lt;ref name=&quot;HP42&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Short S.8 Calcutta
|flying boat
|5
|1928–35
|''City of Alexandria'' (wrecked 1936), ''City of Athens'' (later ''City of Stonehaven'') (scrapped), ''City of Rome'' (wrecked 1929), ''City of Khartoum'' (wrecked 1935) and ''City of Salonica'' (later ''City of Swanage'') (scrapped)&lt;ref name=&quot;Calcutta&quot;&gt;Stroud, Feb 1987, pp.97–103&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
|Short S.17 Kent
|flying boat&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''Scipio class''
|3
|1931–38
|''Scipio'' (wrecked 1936), ''Sylvanus'' (burned 1935) and ''Satyrus'' (scrapped 1938)&lt;ref name=&quot;Calcutta&quot; /&gt;
|
|-
|Short L.17 Scylla
|landplane
|2
|1934–40
|''Scylla'' (wrecked 1940) and ''Syrinx'' (scrapped 1940)
|Landplane version of Kent, replacement for lost H.P.42s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scylla&quot;&gt;Stroud, Oct 1984, pp.549–553&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Short Mayo Composite
|flying boat
|2
|1938–40
|''Mercury'' (scrapped 1941) and ''Maia'' (destroyed in German raid, 1942).
|Long range piggyback Composite aircraft derived from Short Empire.
|-
|Short S.23 Empire
|flying boat&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''C class''
|31
|1936–47
|''Canopus'', ''Caledonia'', ''Centaurus'', ''Cavalier'', ''Cambria'', ''Castor'', ''Cassiopea'', ''Capella'', ''Cygnus'', ''Capricornus'', ''Corsair'', ''Courtier'', ''Challenger'', ''Centurion'', ''Coriolanus'', ''Calpurnia'', ''Ceres'', ''Clio'', ''Circe'', ''Calypso'', ''Camilla'', ''Corinna'', ''Cordelia'', ''Cameronian'', ''Corinthian'', ''Coogee'', ''Corio'', and ''Coorong''. ''Carpentaria'', ''Coolangatta'', ''Cooee'' delivered but not used, and transferred to Qantas
|provided mail and passenger service to Bermuda, South Africa and Australia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Empire1&quot;&gt;Stroud, Dec 1989, pp.763–769&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Empire2&quot;&gt;Stroud, Jan 1990, pp.51–61&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Short S.26
|flying boat&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''G class''
|3
|1939–40
|''Golden Hind'', ''Golden Fleece'' and ''Golden Horn''
|Built for trans-atlantic service, impressed by RAF before entering revenue service. 2 returned to BOAC service and used until 1947.
|-
|Short S.30 Empire
|flying boat&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''C class''
|9
|1938–47
|''Champion'', ''Cabot'', ''Caribou'', ''Connemara'', ''Clyde'', ''Clare'', ''Cathay'', ''Ao-tea-roa'' (to TEAL as ''Aotearoa''), ''Captain Cook'' (to TEAL as ''Awarua'').
|long range variant of S.23&lt;ref name=&quot;Empire1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Empire2&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Supermarine Sea Eagle
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |flying boat
|2
|1924–29
|''Sarnia/G-EBGR'' (retired 1929) and ''G-EBGS'' (wrecked 1927)
|ex-British Marine Air Navigation
|-
|Supermarine Southampton
|1
|1929–30
|''G-AASH''
|RAF ''S1235'' on loan for 3 months to replace crashed Calcutta on Genoa-Alexandria airmail run.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson443&quot;&gt;Jackson, 1974, p.443&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Supermarine Swan
|1
|1925–27
|''G-EBJY'' (scrapped 1927)
|RAF prototype loaned for cross-Channel service
|-
|Vickers Vanguard
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |landplane
|1
|1926–29
|''G-EBCP'' (wrecked 1929)
|on loan from Air Ministry for evaluation
|-
|Vickers Vellox
|1
|1934–36
|''G-ABKY'' (wrecked 1936)
|cargo/experimental flights. Crashed at Croyden in August killing pilots and two wireless operators.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1936/1936%20-%202214.html &quot;Commercial Aviation&quot;] ''Flight'' 13 August 1936 p181&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Vickers Vimy Commercial
|1
|1924–25
|''City of London'' (wrecked 1925)
|ex-Instone Air Line&lt;ref name=&quot;Vimy&quot;&gt;Stroud, Feb 1984, pp.101–105&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Vickers Vulcan
|3
|1924–28
|''G-EBLB/City of Brussels'' (wrecked 1928), ''G-EBFC'' (withdrawn 1924 unused), G-EBEK (loaned from Air Ministry for 1925 Empire Exhibition Display.)
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Vulcan&quot;&gt;Stroud, Nov 1987, pp.609–612&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Westland IV and Wessex
|3
|1931–37
|''G-AAGW'', ''G-ABEG'' (wrecked 1936), ''G-ACHI''
|2 leased to other operators. IV (G-AAGW) upgraded to Wessex.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wessex&quot;&gt;Stroud, Dec 1985, pp.657–661&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}
 

== Bibliyo ==
* Baldwin, N.C. 1950.''Imperial Airways (and Subsidiary Companies): A History and Priced Check List of the Empire Air Mails.'' Sutton Coldfield, England: Francis J. Field.
* {{cite book|last=Bluffield|first=Robert|date=2009|title=Imperial Airways – The Birth of the British Airline Industry 1914–1940|publisher=Ian Allan Publishing|location=Hersham, Surrey, England|isbn=978-1-906537-07-4}}
* Budd,Lucy [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb253.html &quot;Global Networks Before Globalisation: Imperial Airways and the Development of Long-Haul Air Routes&quot;] Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Bulletin 253,5 December 2007.
* Cluett, Douglas; Nash, Joanna; Learmonth Bob. 1980.Croydon Airport 1928–1939,The Great Days. London Borough of Sutton {{ISBN|0-9503224-8-2}}
* Davies, R.E.G 2005. ''British Airways: An Airline and Its Aircraft, Volume 1: 1919–1939—The Imperial Years.'' McLean, VA: Paladwr Press. {{ISBN|1-888962-24-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-888962-24-0|1-888962-24-0]]
* Doyle, Neville. 2002. The Triple Alliance: The Predecessors of the first British Airways. Air-Britain. {{ISBN|0-85130-286-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-85130-286-6|0-85130-286-6]]
* Higham, Robin. 1960. ''Britain's Imperial Air Routes, 1918 to 1939: The Story of Britain's Overseas Airlines.'' London: G.T. Foulis; Hamden, CT: Shoe String.
* Jackson, A.J. 1959 and 1974. ''British Civil Aircraft since 1919'' 2 vols (1st ed.); 3 vols (2nd ed.) London: Putnam.
* Moss, Peter W. 1962. Impressments Log (Vol I-IV). Air-Britain.
* Moss, Peter W. October 1974. British Airways. ''Aeroplane Monthly''.
* {{cite book|last=Ord-Hume|first=Arthur W. J. G.|title=Imperial Airways, From Early Days to BOAC|year=2010|publisher=Stenlake Publishing|location=Catrine, Ayrshire|isbn=9781840335149|page=10|url=http://www.stenlake.co.uk/books/view_book.php?ref=635|access-date=2021-07-22|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122207/http://stenlake.co.uk/books/view_book.php?ref=635|url-status=dead}}
* Pirie, G.H. 2004. Passenger traffic in the 1930s on British imperial air routes: refinement and revision. ''Journal of Transport History'', 25: 66–84.
* Pirie, G.H. 2009. ''Air Empire: British Imperial Civil Aviation 1919–39''. Manchester: Manchester University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7190-4111-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4111-2|978-0-7190-4111-2]].
* Pirie, G.H. 2009. Incidental tourism: British imperial air travel in the 1930s. ''Journal of Tourism History'', 1: 49–66.
* Pirie, G.H. 2012.''Cultures and Caricatures of British Imperial Aviation: Passengers, Pilots, Publicity''. Manchester: Manchester University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7190-8682-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-8682-3|978-0-7190-8682-3]].
* Pudney, J. 1959. ''The Seven Skies - A Study of BOAC and its forerunners since 1919''. London: Putnam.
* Salt, Major A.E.W. 1930.''Imperial Air Routes.'' London: John Murray.
* Sanford, Kendall C. 2003. ''Air Crash Mail of Imperial Airways and Predecessor Airlines.'' Bristol: Stuart Rossiter Trust Fund. {{ISBN|0-9530004-6-X}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-9530004-6-X|0-9530004-6-X]]
* Stroud, John 1962.''Annals of British and Commonwealth Air Transport 1919–1960.'' London: Putnam.
* Stroud, John. 2005. ''The Imperial Airways Fleet.'' Stroud, England: Tempus Publishing. {{ISBN|0-7524-2997-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7524-2997-3|0-7524-2997-3]]
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== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010822124059/http://www.imperial-airways.com/ www.imperial-airways.com yanar gizo mai himma a archive.org]
* [http://www.britishairways.com/travel/explore-our-past/public/en_gb British Airways &quot;Binciko abubuwan da suka gabata&quot;]
* [http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/iaw.htm Tsarin Lokaci na Jirgin Sama na Imperial]
* [http://www.nzstamps.org.uk/air/external/eastern/easternroute.html Tarihi Hanyar Jirgin Sama Na Gabas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331082117/http://www.nzstamps.org.uk/air/external/eastern/easternroute.html |date=2022-03-31 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518132232/http://imperial-airways.co.uk/ Yanar gizo don bayanan tarihi akan kamfanin jirgin sama]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140317160801/http://www.imperial-airways.gb.com/ Yanar gizo don Gidan Tarihin Jirgin Sama na Imperial]
* [http://www.crete2cape.com Yanar Gizo don Haɗaɗɗen Jirgin Sama na Crete2Cape] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724160758/https://crete2cape.com/ |date=2021-07-24 }}
* Documents and clippings about Imperial Airways    

== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Tsaffin filayen jirage]]
[[Category:Filin jirgin sama]]
[[Category:Filin jiragen da aka kafa]]
[[Category:Filin Jirgin Imperial]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Ese Brume''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1996) 'yar wasan [[Najeriya]] ce wanda ta ƙware a tsalle tsalle . Ita ce babbar zakara a Afirka sau uku a cikin Jump Jump kuma tana da mafi kyawun 7.17 m (ba

Brume tana dogon tsalle zinariya medalist a 2013 Afirka Junior da tsalle-tsalle Championships, 2014 wasannin Commonwealth, 2014 Afirka Senior da tsalle-tsalle gasar da kuma 2015 Afirka Junior da tsalle-tsalle gasar . Ta kuma wakilci Najeriya a gasar matasa ta duniya a wasannin guje -guje a 2014.

Brume ta wakilci Najeriya a Gasar Olympics ta 2016 inda ta zo na 5 a wasan karshe na Long Jump tare da tsallake &lt;ref&gt;[http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/athletics/1014526/e_brume.html Ese Brume] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912112102/http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/athletics/1014526/e_brume.html |date=2021-09-12 }}. Glasgow2014. Retrieved on 3 August 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/rio-2016-olympic-games-women-long-jump-final IAAF – Olympic Long Jump Final]. Retrieved on 18 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:BRUME ESE Championnats d'Afrique d'athlétisme 2024 01.jpg|thumb|Ese Brume]]
Brume ta lashe tagulla a wasan dogon tsalle a Gasar Wasannin Duniya ta 2019 a Doha, tare da tsallake mita 6.91 da wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2020 a Tokyo, tare da tsalle 6.97 m.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.emu.edu.tr/en/news/news/emus-olympic-athlete-becomes-double-turkish-champion/1206/pid/2627 EMU’s Olympic Athlete Becomes Double Turkish Champion]. Retrieved on 25 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
An haife ta a [[Ughelli]], [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], Brume ya fara fitowa a matakin ƙasa a Gasar Wasannin na Ƙasa na Najeriya na 2012 tare da tsoffin ƙananan 'yan wasa Dakolo Emmanuel da Fabian Edoki. Ta sanya matsayi na shida a cikin tsalle mai tsayi, ta share sama da mita shida. Ita ce kuma ta yi nasara a bikin wasanni na kasa na 18 da aka yi a Legas.  A shekara mai zuwa ta saita mafi kyawun 6.53 m (21 ba ft 5 a) don sanya matsayi na biyu a cikin ƙasa, bayan [[Blessing Okagbare]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.makingofchamps.com/2014/09/08/exclusive-interview-with-ese-brume-nigerian-african-commonwealth-long-jump-champ/ EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW with ESE BRUME, Nigerian, African &amp; Commonwealth Long Jump CHAMPION!]. Retrieved on 25 April 2019&lt;/ref&gt;|&lt;ref name=&quot;Tilas&quot;&gt;[http://www.tilastopaja.org/db/atw.php?ID=122859&amp;Season=2012&amp;Odd=0 Ese Brume]. Tilastopaja. Retrieved on 3 August 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka yi nasara a Gasar Wasannin Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Afirka na 2013 : ta lashe gasar tsalle tsalle, ta ɗauki azurfa a tsalle uku, kuma tana cikin ƙungiyar' yan wasan tseren mita 4 × 100 na Najeriya. Ta kuma sanya ta hudu a daidaiku a cikin mita 100 . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maa.mu/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/resultats-complets-filles.xls Complete Results Women] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413053255/https://www.maa.mu/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/resultats-complets-filles.xls |date=2022-04-13 }}. MAA. Retrieved on 14 September 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Brume ta yi nasarar kare kambun ta na tsalle tsalle a bugu na gaba na gasar wasannin tsere na matasa na Afirka a Addis Ababa . A wannan karon, ta fi samun nasara yayin da ta kara tsalle-tsalle sau uku da taken relay 4 x 100m, da lambar tagulla a cikin mutuum dari 100 zuwa tarin ta.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.eurosport.com/athletics/ese-brume_prs455094/person.shtml]. Retrieved on 25 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;|

A watan MAyun 2014 tayi gudun 100m mafi kyau na dakika 11:84 sannan ta bi wannan tare da dogon tsalle mafi kyau sabon rikidin ƙaramin ɗan Afirka na 6.60 m (ba   don cin nasara a Warri Relays. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.africathle.com/2014/06/13/warri-relays-caa-grand-prix-nigeria-13062014/ Warri Relays CAA Grand Prix (Nigeria) 13/06/2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511011821/http://www.africathle.com/2014/06/13/warri-relays-caa-grand-prix-nigeria-13062014/ |date=2022-05-11 }}. Africathle. Retrieved on 3 August 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta inganta zuwa 6:68 (ba a Gasar Cin Kofin Najeriya don lashe taken ta na farko na farko na ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.athletics-africa.com/s/results/day-3-results-68th-nigerian-athletics-championships-calabar-2014-8451 Day 3 Results: 68th All Nigerian Athletics Championships Calabar 2014]. Athletics Africa. Retrieved on 3 August 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓe ta don horo a Gasar Matasa ta Duniya ta 2014 a Wasannin Wasanni amma, bayan ta tashi zuwa Eugene, Oregon kwana ɗaya kacal kafin fafatawar, ta yi rashin nasara kuma ta kasance ƙasa ta cancanta. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iaaf.org/results/iaaf-world-junior-championships/2014/iaaf-world-junior-championships-2014-4954/women/long-jump/qualification/result Viewing IAAF World Junior Championships &gt; IAAF World Junior Championships 2014 &gt; Long Jump – women]. IAAF. Retrieved on 3 August 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/world-juniors-fall-athletics-officials-planned-fail/ World juniors fall-out: How athletics officials planned to fail]. ''Nigeria Vanguard'' (2 August 2014). Retrieved on 2014-08-03.&lt;/ref&gt; Tawagar 'yan gudun hijira ta kananan mata ta Najeriya ma ba ta yi nasara ba, inda aka fitar da ita a gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar.
[[Fayil:Ese Brume Championnats d'Afrique d'athlétisme 2024 09.jpg|thumb|Ese Brume]]
Bayan kwana biyar kacal, ta wakilci Najeriya a wasannin Commonwealth na 2014 . Blessing Okagbare opted don gasa a cikin sprints haka Brume ya Najeriya ta tafin kafa entrant ga taron. Dan wasan mai shekaru 18 ya yi fice a wasannin tsalle tsalle na Commonwealth, inda ya share 6.56 m (ba   a ƙarshe don lashe lambar zinare. Brume ta sadaukar da nasarar ta ga [[Emmanuel E. Uduaghan|Emmanuel Uduaghan]], gwamnan jihar Delta wanda ya saka hannun jari a fagen tsere da tallafi a yankin. Okagbare, wacce taci gasar Commonwealth a karo na biyu, ita ma ta samo asali ne daga tsarin Kuma Brume ta bayyana cewa abubuwan da tsoffin 'yan wasan suka samu sun yi mata kwarin gwiwa.  Sakamakon nasarorin da ta samu na lashe lambar yabo, an baiwa Brume tallafin karatu don yin karatu a Amurka, tare da tallafin karamar hukuma. 

=== 2016 ===
Bayan riga kulla da cancantar misali ga Rio Olympics da ta sirri rikodin Jump a watan Yuni 2016 a Akure Golden League, &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20160812/282230895087185 Okagbare, Others begin quest for Athletics Medals]. Akure2016. Retrieved on 18 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Brume gangarawa zuwa [[Durban]] na Afirka ta tsalle-tsalle ta Championships a matsayin shugaban Afrika a ta taron. Ta yi nasarar kare taken ta daga gasar da ta gabata.
[[Fayil:Remise de medaille 20.jpg|thumb|Ese Brume]]
Brume Brume ta cancanci shiga gasar tsalle -tsalle ta tsalle -tsalle na Rio a matsayin na uku mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a tafkin ta.  Wannan ya sanya ta a matsayi na shida tana shiga wasan karshe. Daga karshe ta kawo karshen gasar a matsayi na biyar tana tsallen nisan mita 6.81 wanda ya kai santimita 2 kacal da rikodin nata wanda ta kafa a farkon shekarar. 

=== 2018 ===
[[Fayil:Ese Brume Championnats d'Afrique d'athlétisme 2024 06.jpg|thumb|Ese Brume]]
Brume ta zama zakara na Jami'o'in Turkiyya sau biyu a Wasannin Jami'o'in Turkiyya Koç Fest, wanda ke wakiltar jami'arta, Jami'ar Gabashin Bahar Rum . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.emu.edu.tr/en/news/news/emus-olympic-athlete-becomes-double-turkish-champion/1206/pid/2627 EMU’s Olympic Athlete Becomes Double Turkish Champion]. Retrieved on 25 April 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kafa rikodin taro da jagorar Afirka na 6.82 m a farkon kafa na 2018 Kalubalen Duniya a Kingston Jamaica.  Wannan alamar ta kasance mafi kyawun tsalle daga ɗan wasan Afirka har zuwa Gasar Wasannin na 2018 na 2018 da aka gudanar a [[Asaba (Najeriya)|Asaba]] . A can, ta ƙara karkatar da Afirka ta santimita ɗaya don samun nasara a matsayi na uku a jere. Sannan ta wakilci Afirka a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Ostrava inda ta zama ta hudu. 2018 kuma ga Brume tsare ta title a 19th Nijeriya National Sports Festival a Abuja, a wani sabon festival rikodin na 6,62 mita. 

=== 2019 ===
An zabi Brume a matsayin wanda aka zaba a cikin lambar yabo ta StarQt a rukunin 'yan wasan Afirka na bana.  Ita kadai ce 'yar wasan Najeriya da aka zaba a cikin kowane fanni. An gudanar da taron a watan Oktoba a Johannesburg.

Ta zama zakara a wasannin Afirka a Long Jump a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2019.  Wannan shine taken ta na farko na wasannin Afirka. A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2019, a Erzurum, ta inganta mafi kyawun abin ta zuwa 6.96m duk da tsananin iska (−2.1m/s).  A gasar zakarun Turai da aka yi a Bursa a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, ta karya katangar mita 7 a karon farko a cikin aikinta wanda ya zarce wannan alamar sau biyu a gasar. Tsallen nata ya kai 7.05 m (+ 0.9m/s) a matsayi na biyu mafi kyawun wasan Afirka a tarihi. A ranar 6 ga Oktoba, ta lashe lambar tagulla a Gasar Duniya tare da tsallake mita 6.91.

== Lakabi na ƙasa ==

* Tsawon Jump: 2014, 2016, 2017

== Mafi kyawun mutum ==

* Mita 100 - 11.41 sec ( [[Bursa]] 2019) 
* Dogon tsalle - 7.17 m (ba   (Chula Vista, 2021) 
* Sau uku tsalle - 13.16 m (43 ba ft 2 a) ( [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]] 2015) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rikodin gasa na duniya ==
{| {{AchievementTable}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2013
|rowspan=3|[[2013 African Junior Athletics Championships|African Junior Championships]]
|rowspan=3|[[Bambous, Mauritius]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|4 × 100 m relay
|46.28
|-
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Long jump
|6.33 m (w)
|-
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|Triple jump
|12.52 m (w)
|-
|rowspan=3|2014
|rowspan=2|[[2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]], [[United States]]
|11th (h)
|4 × 100 m relay
|[[2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|45.93]]
|-
|33rd (q)
|Long jump
|[[2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's long jump|5.18 m]] &lt;small&gt;(wind:&amp;nbsp;-0.3&amp;nbsp;m/s)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Glasgow, United Kingdom]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Long jump
|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's long jump|6.56 m]]
|-
|rowspan=5|2015
|rowspan=4|[[2015 African Junior Athletics Championships|African Junior Championships]]
|rowspan=4|[[Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|100 m
|11.86
|-
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|4 × 100 m relay
|44.83
|-
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Long jump
|6.33 m
|-
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Triple jump
|13.16 m
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games|African Games]]
|[[Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo]]
|4th
|Long jump
|[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games – Women's long jump|6.23 m]]
|-
|2016
|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]]
|5th
|Long jump
|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's long jump|6.81 m]]
|-
|2017
|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[London, United Kingdom]]
|17th (q)
|Long jump
|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Women's long jump|6.38 m]]
|-
|2018
|[[2018 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Asaba, Nigeria]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Long jump
|[[2018 African Championships in Athletics – Women's long jump|6.83 m]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2019
|rowspan=1|[[Athletics at the 2019 African Games|African Games]]
|rowspan=1|[[Rabat, Morocco]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Long jump
|[[Athletics at the 2019 African Games – Women's long jump|6.69 m]]
|-
|[[2019 World Athletics Championships|World Championships ]]
|[[Doha, Qatar]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Long jump
|[[2019 World Athletics Championships – Women's long jump|6.91 m]]
|-
|2021
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Tokyo, Japan]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Long jump
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's long jump|6.97 m]]
|} 

== Hanyoyin waje ==

* {{World Athletics}}
* Ese Brume at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)</text>
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    <title>Gwajin COVID-19 Cikin Saurin Antigen</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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[[Fayil:Sars-cov-2-spike-7JWB-image1.png|thumb|cutar Covid 19]]
[[Fayil:Orient gene COVID-19 rapid test cassette open.jpg|thumb|Cutar korona ]]
[[Fayil:COVID-19 vaccination (2020).jpg|thumb|Rigakafin korona]]
'''Gwajin saurin antigen, na COVID-19''', gwaje-gwaje da ake yi say cikin. saurin w jen gwada kwayoyin kare lafiyar jiki do gano cuta mai ya [[Koronavirus 2019|(COVID-19]] ) SAS. Ana iya saurin aiwatar da su tare da horo dan kadan, suna ba da fa'idodin tsada, farashi kaɗan na sauran nau'ikan gwajin COVID-19 kuma suna ba masu amfani sakamako a cikin mintuna 5-30. Ana amfani da gwaje-gwajen antigen cikin sauri a cikin ƙasashe da yawa a zaman wani ɓangare na gwajin taro ko hanyoyin tantance yawan jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Press corner2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Presscorner|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|access-date=2021-03-20|website=European Commission – European Commission|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2 November 2020|title=Slovakia carries out Covid mass testing of two-thirds of population|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|agency=Agence France-Presse|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/02/slovakia-carries-out-covid-mass-testing-of-two-thirds-of-population|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Peter Littlejohns|date=6 November 2020|title=The UK is trialling lateral flow testing for Covid-19 – how does it work?|url=https://www.nsmedicaldevices.com/news/lateral-flow-test-covid-19/|website=NS Medical Devices}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana tsammanin suna da mahimmanci don gano mutanen da ke da asymptomatic kuma suna iya yada cutar zuwa wasu mutane, waɗanda ba za su san sun kamu da cutar ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Guglielmi G|date=September 2020|title=Fast coronavirus tests: what they can and can't do|journal=Nature|volume=585|issue=7826|pages=496–498|bibcode=2020Natur.585..496G|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-02661-2|pmid=32939084|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan gwaji na COVID-19, kamar PCR, waɗanda galibi ana ganin su zama gwaji mai amfani ga mutane masu alama, saboda suna da haɓakar hankali kuma suna iya gano lokuta daidai.

== Tarihin ci gaban fasahar gwaji na saurin COVID-19 ==
[[File:Covid-19_rapid_test_in_Rwanda.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Gwajin gaggawa na Covid-19 a Rwanda]]
Gwaje-gwaje masu sauri don COVID-19 sun fito daga manyan saka hannun jari ta shirin Burtaniya Moonshot mai rikitarwa, shirin £ 100 biliyan don tantance tsari, haɓakawa da aiwatar da sabbin fasahohi don gwajin COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Iacobucci G, Coombes R|date=September 2020|title=Covid-19: Government plans to spend £100bn on expanding testing to 10 million a day|journal=BMJ|volume=370|pages=m3520|doi=10.1136/bmj.m3520|pmid=32907851|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rapid gwaje-gwaje da farko zauna a cikin wannan din kimantawa bututun dab da yawa wasu putative COVID-19 gwaji da fasahohi kamar fitila, Lampore, batu na kula PCR, taro spectrometry da samfurin pooling. Koyaya, yayin da aka ci gaba da kimantawa, gwaje-gwaje masu sauri sun fito a matsayin mafi nasara nau'in gwajin COVID-19 a cikin wannan shirin don dacewa da gwajin PCR na yanzu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}}

== Jagorar kasa da kasa don amfani da fasahar gwajin saurin COVID-19 da haɓakawa ==
Dalilin farko na kimiyya don yuwuwar amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri da jagorar duniya don haɓaka fasahar gwaji cikin sauri an haɓaka ta hanyar jagorar wucin gadi daga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] wacce ta nuna fa'idodin da za a iya samu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Antigen-detection in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection using rapid immunoassays|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/antigen-detection-in-the-diagnosis-of-sars-cov-2infection-using-rapid-immunoassays|access-date=20 March 2021|publisher=Word Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton ya lura cewa gwaje-gwajen gaggawa sun fi sauƙin aiwatarwa, kuma suna da fa'idodi masu tsada. Hukumar ta WHO ta ba da shawarar amfani da su wajen barkewar cutar, don gano cutar da wuri da kuma sa ido kan yanayin cututtuka. Daga baya, kuma daga baya ga ƙungiyar nazarin da ke ƙaruwa da sauri, wannan shawarar ta fadada ta Hukumar Turai. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da fasahar gwaji cikin sauri don tantance yawan jama'a inda adadin ingancin gwajin ya yi girma ko kuma ya yi yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Coronavirus: Commission puts forward rules on rapid antigen tests and secures 20 million tests for Member States|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_2483|access-date=20 March 2021|publisher=European Council}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa Janairu 2021, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da karfafa matsayinsu, tana ba da shawarar yin amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri, lura da cewa &quot;ya kamata bincike ya tabbatar da cewa gwajin antigen mai sauri na iya gudanar da gwajin da kansu .... Gwajin kai tare da ko ba tare da jagorar kwararru ba. kuma za a iya la'akari.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Council agrees on strengthening the use of rapid antigen tests and on the mutual recognition of COVID-19 test results|url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2021/01/21/council-agrees-on-strengthening-the-use-of-rapid-antigen-tests-and-on-the-mutual-recognition-of-covid-19-test-results|access-date=20 March 2021|publisher=Council of the EU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karatun Farko ==
Ofaya daga cikin ingantaccen binciken don gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri an kammala ta Lafiyar Jama'a Ingila, Jami'ar Oxford da Jami'ar Manchester, kuma Farfesa Richard Body da Dr Lennard Lee suka ƙaddamar. An kaddamar da binciken Falcon-C19 a cikin kwanaki uku a ranar 17 ga Satumba. An dauki majiyyaci na farko a filin wasa na [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] Etihad carpark a sabuwar cibiyar gwajin COVID-19. Binciken ya haɓaka cikin sauri har ya haɗa da wuraren bincike na al'umma 14 a duk faɗin Burtaniya. An rufe binciken ne a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, bayan kammala gwajin mutane 878. Binciken ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin binciken bincike na COVID-19 mafi sauri a Burtaniya a cikin ƙasar. Binciken ya ba da tabbataccen shaida cewa na'urorin gwaji masu sauri sun iya ɗaukar sakamako mai kyau tare da daidaito mai girma. Jimlar gwaje-gwaje masu sauri guda 4, gami da Innova SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Qualitative Test da Orientgene COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette, an inganta su a cikin wannan binciken, ta amfani da samfuran swab daga duka alamomi da masu asymptomatic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oxford University and PHE confirm lateral flow tests show high specificity and are effective at identifying most individuals who are infectious - University of Oxford|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-11-11-oxford-university-and-phe-confirm-lateral-flow-tests-show-high-specificity-and-are|access-date=2020-12-27|website=www.ox.ac.uk|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717053744/https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-11-11-oxford-university-and-phe-confirm-lateral-flow-tests-show-high-specificity-and-are|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A daidai lokacin da ake fitar da bincike na wucin gadi na wannan binciken na Burtaniya, Amurka ta tabbatar da cewa za a sayi gwaje-gwajen gaggawa miliyan 100 daga Abbott kuma za a tura su a duk fadin kasar don fara irin wannan karatun na Amurka, don kammala karatun da Jami'ar Oxford ta fara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The U.S. is conducting millions more rapid coronavirus tests, but are results reported?|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7404354/us-coronavirus-rapid-test-results/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Global News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nazarin ƙima a duk faɗin duniya ==
A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Slovakia ta zama ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta fara gwajin yawan jama'a ta hanyar amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri. Ma’aikata 60,000 ne suka yi gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri miliyan biyar waɗanda suka yi amfani da gwajin antigen SD Biosensor kuma suka yi swabbing a kan jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Mahase E|date=December 2020|title=Covid-19: Mass testing in Slovakia may have helped cut infections|journal=BMJ|volume=371|pages=m4761|doi=10.1136/bmj.m4761|pmid=33293348|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Agence France-Presse|date=2020-11-02|title=Slovakia carries out Covid mass testing of two-thirds of population|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/02/slovakia-carries-out-covid-mass-testing-of-two-thirds-of-population|access-date=2020-12-27|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya sa Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawarar a yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na tantance yawan jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Press corner2&quot; /&gt; Nazarin bincike guda biyu da aka buga a farkon 2021, ɗaya daga farfesa Martin Kahanec daga Jami'ar Turai ta Tsakiya da mawallafinsa da kuma wani na Martin Pavelka daga Makarantar Tsabtace &amp;amp;amp; Magungunan Tropical na London da ƙungiyarsa sun ba da shawarar cewa tasirin guguwar kaka na saurin antigen. gwajin da aka yi a Slovakia ya taimaka wajen dakile barkewar cutar a kasar, kodayake a cewar tsohon binciken sakamakon gwajin yawan jama'a kan cutar na wucin gadi ne kuma ya fara bazuwa bayan kimanin makonni biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Kahanec M, Laffers L, Schmidpeter B|date=June 2021|title=The Impact of Repeated Mass Antigen Testing for COVID-19 on the Prevalence of the Disease|journal=Journal of Population Economics|volume=34|issue=4|pages=1105–1140|language=English|doi=10.1007/s00148-021-00856-z|pmid=34219976|pmc=8241209|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Pavelka M, Van-Zandvoort K, Abbott S, Sherratt K, Majdan M, Jarčuška P, Krajčí M, Flasche S, Funk S|date=May 2021|title=The impact of population-wide rapid antigen testing on SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in Slovakia|journal=Science|volume=372|issue=6542|pages=635–641|doi=10.1126/science.abf9648|pmid=33758017|pmc=8139426|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Burtaniya ta ci gaba da ci gaba da shirin ci gaban gwaji cikin sauri ta hanyar amfani da gwajin sauri na Innova, tare da haɓaka cikin gaggawa yayin da shari'o'in COVID-19 ke ƙaruwa a duk faɗin Turai. A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, Firayim Minista, [[Boris Johnson]] ya fara aikin tantance Liverpool a duk faɗin birni a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɓakar fasahar fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-11-02|title=Liverpool to pioneer UK's first attempt at mass Covid testing|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/nov/02/liverpool-uk-first-attempt-coronavirus-mass-testing|access-date=2020-12-27|issn=0261-3077|vauthors=Boseley S, Elgot J}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma ƙaddamar da ƙarin fadada matukan gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a sassa da yawa waɗanda ba a taɓa yin gwajin ba. Wadannan sun hada da dalibai a Jami'o'in da suka yi fama da barkewar cutar. Wannan da farko ya fara ne a Jami'ar Durham wanda ke da abubuwan more rayuwa da ƙwarewa don gudanar da shirin gwaji cikin sauri,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Covid-19 updates: University's lateral flow tests available to book from tomorrow|url=https://www.palatinate.org.uk/covid-19-updates-michaelmas-2020/|date=2020-11-19|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Palatinate|language=en-GB|vauthors=Sigsworth T}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma an faɗaɗa yawancin Jami'o'in Burtaniya kuma ya ba da damar tsarin ƙaura na ƙasa don samun ɗalibai a gida lafiya don [[Kirsimeti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-11-11|title=Covid-19: Universities to oversee student exodus for Christmas|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-54887526|access-date=2020-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma aiwatar da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a cikin Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa don ma'aikata don rage yiwuwar watsawa ga marasa lafiya,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 November 2020|title=NHS staff to get twice-weekly home covid tests with immediate effect|url=https://www.hsj.co.uk/acute-care/nhs-staff-to-get-twice-weekly-home-covid-tests-with-immediate-effect/7028943.article|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Health Service Journal|language=en|vauthors=Serle J}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙananan hukumomi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=More rapid COVID-19 tests to be rolled out across England|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-rapid-covid-19-tests-to-be-rolled-out-across-england|date=2020-11-09|access-date=2020-12-27|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Roll out of lateral flow tests to local authorities|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/roll-out-of-lateral-flow-tests-to-local-authorities|date=2020-11-13|access-date=2020-12-27|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da gidajen kulawa don ba da damar ziyartar mazauna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: Care home residents allowed to see family after rapid tests rolled out – 'it was very emotional'|url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-care-home-residents-allowed-to-see-family-after-rapid-tests-rolled-out-it-was-very-emotional-12172563|date=2020-12-25|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Sky News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=£149 million to support increased care home testing|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/149-million-to-support-increased-care-home-testing|access-date=2020-12-27|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2020, Wales ta kammala gwajin gabaɗayan gundumar farko a Merthyr Tydfil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-14|title=Mass Testing in Merthyr Tydfil to continue until Friday|url=https://www.wales247.co.uk/mass-testing-in-merthyr-tydfil-to-continue-until-friday/|access-date=2020-12-27|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-10|title=Results of mass coronavirus testing in Merthyr schools released|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/education/merthyr-schools-coronavirus-results-testing-19413382|access-date=2020-12-27|website=WalesOnline|language=en|vauthors=Wightwick A}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, an kuma aiwatar da gwaji a duk makarantu a cikin Amurka don ɗalibai masu alamun cutar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-21|title=Dozens of Maine schools now using COVID rapid tests for students and staff|url=https://www.pressherald.com/2020/12/21/dozens-of-maine-schools-now-using-covid-rapid-tests-for-students-and-staff/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Press Herald|vauthors=Ohm R}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma cikin gidajen kulawa na Portuguese da makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-27|title=Portugal rolls out 'rapid tests' to help stem outbreaks in schools and OAP homes|url=https://www.portugalresident.com/portugal-rolls-out-rapid-tests-to-help-stem-outbreaks-in-schools-and-oap-homes/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Portugal Resident|language=en-GB|vauthors=Donn N|archive-date=2021-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114132357/https://www.portugalresident.com/portugal-rolls-out-rapid-tests-to-help-stem-outbreaks-in-schools-and-oap-homes/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Sashen gaggawa na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ne ya ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarin duniya don haɓaka kimanta gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri wanda ya ƙaddamar da babban aikin aiwatar da gwajin cutar cikin sauri a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, tare da taimakon yarjejeniya daga gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates wanda ke iyakance farashin don Kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SARS-CoV-2 Antigen detecting rapid diagnostic test implementation projects|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/articles-detail/sars-cov-2-antigen-detecting-rapid-diagnostic-test-implementation-projects|date=2020-11-10|access-date=2020-12-27|website=www.who.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global partnership to make available 120 million affordable, quality COVID-19 rapid tests for low- and middle-income countries|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/28-09-2020-global-partnership-to-make-available-120-million-affordable-quality-covid-19-rapid-tests-for-low--and-middle-income-countries|date=2020-09-28|access-date=2020-12-27|website=www.who.int|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Austriya|Austria]] ta fara gwajin jama'a a fadin kasar a ranar 5 ga Disamba kuma ta ba da umarnin gwaje-gwaje miliyan bakwai da suka kunshi gwajin SD Biosensor da Siemens Clinitest (aka Orientgene).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 Mass Testing in Austria: All Details|url=https://www.vindobona.org/article/covid-19-mass-testing-in-austria-all-details|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Vindobona.org {{!}} Vienna International News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='20,000 a day': How mass testing is working in Austria|url=https://www.thelocal.at/20201207/20000-a-day-how-mass-testing-is-working-in-austria|url-status=live|date=2020-12-07|access-date=2020-12-27|website=www.thelocal.at}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakiyar watan Disamba, an yi nazari da yawa da ke tabbatar da inganci da nasarar amfani da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri don gano mutane da COVID-19 ciki har da karatu a cikin [[Holand|Netherlands]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Gremmels H, Winkel BM, Schuurman R, Rosingh A, Rigter NA, Rodriguez O, Ubijaan J, Wensing AM, Bonten MJ, Hofstra LM|date=January 2021|title=Real-life validation of the Panbio™ COVID-19 antigen rapid test (Abbott) in community-dwelling subjects with symptoms of potential SARS-CoV-2 infection|journal=EClinicalMedicine|language=English|volume=31|pages=100677|doi=10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100677|pmc=7832943|pmid=33521610|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Batra R, Olivieri LG, Rubin D, Vallari A, Pearce S, Olivo A, Prostko J, Nebbia G, Douthwaite S, Rodgers M, Cloherty G|date=November 2020|title=A comparative evaluation between the Abbott Panbio™ COVID-19 IgG/IgM rapid test device and Abbott Architect™ SARS CoV-2 IgG assay|journal=Journal of Clinical Virology|volume=132|pages=104645|doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104645|pmc=7493757|pmid=32961429}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Basu A, Zinger T, Inglima K, Woo KM, Atie O, Yurasits L, See B, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME|date=July 2020|title=Performance of Abbott ID Now COVID-19 Rapid Nucleic Acid Amplification Test Using Nasopharyngeal Swabs Transported in Viral Transport Media and Dry Nasal Swabs in a New York City Academic Institution|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=58|issue=8|doi=10.1128/JCM.01136-20|pmc=7383552|pmid=32471894|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan karatun duk sun ba da damar gwaje-gwaje masu sauri don shiga daidaitattun dabarun gwajin COVID-19 na ƙasa. Gwajin gwaje-gwajen gaggawa na duniya yanzu ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a makarantu a Kanada,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-23|title=Rapid COVID-19 Testing Expands to Include Vulnerable Populations in Alberta|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/12/23/rapid-covid-19-testing-expands-to-include-vulnerable-populations-in-alberta.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=thestar.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wuraren balaguro a [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=CoconutsBali|date=2020-12-22|title=Passengers form long queues to take antigen rapid tests in Bali's Ngurah Rai Airport {{!}} Coconuts Bali|url=https://coconuts.co/bali/news/passengers-form-long-queues-to-take-antigen-rapid-tests-in-balis-ngurah-rai-airport/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Coconuts|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma cikin Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=Jun 28, 2020|title=Mumbai: As 15-minutes rapid tests start this week, spike in cases expected|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-as-15-minutes-rapid-tests-start-this-week-spike-in-cases-expected/articleshow/76668423.cms|access-date=2020-12-27|language=en|vauthors=Pinto R, Iyer M|department=Mumbai News|newspaper=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Damuwa game da amfani ==
Mutane da yawa sun tayar da damuwar cewa daidaiton gwaje-gwaje masu sauri ba su da kyau kamar yadda ake yin gwajin COVID-19 na PCR. Bayanan da aka fitar daga allon babban birni na Burtaniya a Liverpool sun nuna cewa sojojin da suka yi gwajin gwajin sun sami aikin gwajin kwararrun masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje,&lt;ref name=&quot;Topping2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-12-23|title=Scientists in Liverpool mass Covid testing trial defend rapid tests|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/23/scientists-in-liverpool-mass-covid-testing-trial-defend-rapid-tests|access-date=2020-12-27|issn=0261-3077|vauthors=Topping A}}&lt;/ref&gt; bin wasu matukan jirgi a Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-17|title=Why India's rapid antigen tests for coronavirus are like 'flipping a coin'|url=https://theprint.in/india/why-indias-rapid-antigen-tests-for-coronavirus-are-like-flipping-a-coin/483203/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|vauthors=Saxena R}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haifar da ƙananan batutuwa a cikin al'ummar kimiyya-psychological inda aka yi muhawara game da ko gwaje-gwaje masu sauri na iya haifar da tabbatacciyar ƙarya da canji a ɗabi'a. Koyaya, an tabbatar da canjin tunani game da amfani da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri bayan buga daga Amurka. Farfesa Michael Mina ya yi hasashen cewa har yanzu gwaje-gwaje masu sauri za su kasance da amfani yayin da aka gano masu kamuwa da cuta,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Mina MJ, Parker R, Larremore DB|date=November 2020|title=Rethinking Covid-19 Test Sensitivity – A Strategy for Containment|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=383|issue=22|pages=e120|doi=10.1056/NEJMp2025631|pmid=32997903|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da fa'idodin da aka samu daga maimaita gwajin sauri da samun sakamako cikin sauri fiye da sauran nau'ikan gwaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Larremore DB, Wilder B, Lester E, Shehata S, Burke JM, Hay JA, Tambe M, Mina MJ, Parker R|date=January 2021|title=Test sensitivity is secondary to frequency and turnaround time for COVID-19 screening|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=1|pages=eabd5393|bibcode=2021SciA....7.5393L|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd5393|pmc=7775777|pmid=33219112|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Shirazi S, Stanford CM, Cooper LF|date=May 2021|title=Testing for COVID-19 in dental offices: mechanism of action, application and interpretation of laboratory and point-of-care screening tests|url=|journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association|volume=152|issue=7|pages=514–525.e8|doi=10.1016/j.adaj.2021.04.019|pmid=34176567|issn=0002-8177|pmc=8096195}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babbar jami'ar kula da lafiya ta Burtaniya, Dokta Susan Hopkins, ta kuma lura cewa gwaje-gwaje masu sauri sun samar da hanyar gano &quot;mutanen da ... ba za mu iya samu ba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-05|title=Negative result in rapid Covid test is not green light to abandon social distancing, top medic warns|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/coronavirus-rapid-tests-susan-hopkins-b1766650.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The Independent|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Da yake lura da ikon gano lamura cikin sauri, da kuma la'akari da ci gaba da tabarbarewar lamura a Turai, hukumar ta Tarayyar Turai ta gana a ranar 11 ga Disamba kuma ta samar da tsarin gama gari na Turai don &quot;amfani, tabbatarwa da fahimtar juna na gwaje-gwaje masu sauri&quot;, da aiwatar da Yuro miliyan 100 don siyan gwaje-gwaje daga Roche da Abbott . Stella Kyriakides, kwamishiniyar Lafiya da Kariyar Abinci ta ce &quot;Gwajin maganin antigen cikin sauri yana ba mu sauri, dogaro da martani mai sauri don ware lokuta na COVID. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don rage yaduwar cutar.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press corner|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|access-date=2020-12-27|website=European Commission – European Commission|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu mutane sun nuna damuwa game da jinkirin ɗaukar nauyi da jigilar gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri da yuwuwar asarar rayuka da ka iya faruwa a sakamakon. Wata ƙungiyar ilimi daga Kanada ta lura cewa rabin mace-mace a gidajen kulawa a farkon farkon cutar za a iya hana su ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rapid tests could have prevented half of B.C. care home deaths in 2020, modelling suggests|url=https://bc.ctvnews.ca/rapid-tests-could-have-prevented-half-of-b-c-care-home-deaths-in-2020-modelling-suggests-1.5288453|access-date=2021-03-20|website=CTVNews|date=29 January 2021|language=en|archive-date=2022-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803222211/http://bc.ctvnews.ca/rapid-tests-could-have-prevented-half-of-b-c-care-home-deaths-in-2020-modelling-suggests-1.5288453|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amincewa da tsarin duniya don amfani don gwajin COVID-19 ==
Bayan nasarar binciken da yawa a duk duniya don nazarin gwaje-gwaje masu sauri daga watan Agustan 2020, ƙungiyoyin da ke da tsari a duk faɗin duniya sun amince da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun amfani da gwaji a matsayin &quot;sabuwar hanyar magance cutar&quot;. A ranar 16 ga Disamba, FDA ta zama hukuma ta farko don amincewa da gwajin saurin Abbott.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Office of the Commissioner|date=2020-12-17|title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Issues New Authorization for the BinaxNOW COVID-19 Ag Card Home Test|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-issues-new-authorization-binaxnow-covid-19-ag-card-home-test|access-date=2020-12-27|website=FDA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da izini na gaba don gwajin gida na Ellume COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=Rapid at-home Covid-19 tests are finally here. Here's how they could help end the pandemic.|url=https://www.vox.com/22178964/at-home-covid-tests-kit-rapid-ellume-abbott-lucira|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Vox|language=en|vauthors=Courage KH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Health Canada kuma ta amince da gwaje-gwajen gaggawa tare da mai ba su shawara, Farfesa David Juncter tare da lura da &quot;mafi kyawun gwaje-gwaje masu sauri suna da inganci sosai wajen gano masu kamuwa da cuta&quot; kuma kwararre kan cututtukan cututtuka Jean Longtin yana mai cewa &quot;Zai ba mu damar yin sauri fiye da kwayar cutar kuma mu nemo cutar. tuntuɓar mutum a cikin awa ɗaya ko biyu, maimakon jira awa 24&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Rapid test very reliable when used on symptomatic patients, Quebec scientists find {{!}} CBC News|language=en-US|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-id-now-rapid-covid-19-test-effective-1.5853027|access-date=2020-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rapid Test &amp; Trace Canada|date=2020-12-17|title=Rapid Test &amp; Trace Canada raises awareness about the benefits of rapid testing and tracing|url=http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/12/17/2146884/0/en/Rapid-Test-Trace-Canada-raises-awareness-about-the-benefits-of-rapid-testing-and-tracing.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=GlobeNewswire News Room}}&lt;/ref&gt;

MHRA ta Burtaniya ta tabbatar da amincewarsu da gwajin gaggawar Innova don gwajin amfani da kai a ranar 23 ga Disamba. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a duniya na wannan ci gaba na gwaje-gwajen gaggawa na duniya, Sir John Bell, Farfesa Regius a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Oxford ya ce &quot;Gwajin da sauri ya kasance babban abin kariya daga cutar sankara saboda suna da sauri, arha kuma ana samun su don maimaita amfani da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Topping2&quot; /&gt; A cikin watan Yuni 2021, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna a Amurka ta ba da sanarwar Tunawa da Class 1 na Innova LFT saboda rashin daidaiton su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Health|first=Center for Devices and Radiological|date=2021-06-10|title=Stop Using Innova SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Qualitative Test: FDA Safety Communication|url=https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/stop-using-innova-sars-cov-2-antigen-rapid-qualitative-test-fda-safety-communication|journal=FDA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a matsayin &quot;komawa ga al'ada&quot; ==
[[Ispaniya|Spain]] ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri don sauƙaƙe komawa zuwa al'ada tare da gwaje-gwajen gaggawa da ake samu a cikin kantin magani,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=Pharmacies in Spain to Roll out Rapid Tests for COVID-19|url=https://www.euroweeklynews.com/2020/12/07/pharmacies-in-spain-to-roll-out-rapid-tests-for-covid-19/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Euro Weekly News Spain|language=en-GB|vauthors=Glenn A}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma wasan kide-kide na kiɗan kyauta da aka gudanar a [[Barcelona]] ga mutanen da suka yi gwajin sauri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-13|title=Barcelona hosts concert for 500 residents in COVID rapid-test experiment|url=https://nypost.com/2020/12/12/barcelona-hosts-concert-for-500-in-covid-rapid-test-experiment/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=New York Post|language=en-US|vauthors=Dorn S}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ɗauki irin wannan hanya a [[Albaniya]] don ba da damar bukukuwan kiɗa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-02|title=Albanian government has approved rapid Covid testing for Unum Festival 2021|url=https://crackmagazine.net/2020/12/albanian-government-has-approved-the-use-of-rapid-covid-testing-for-unum-festival-2021/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Crack Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, ƙwararrun masana da yawa ba su da tabbas game da wannan hanyar suna gaskanta cewa &quot;gwajin gaggawa ba shine mafita don sake farawa rayuwa ta al'ada ba&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-22|title=Rapid tests are not the solution to restart normal life, expert says|url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/news/belgium-all-news/146693/rapid-tests-are-not-the-solution-to-restart-normal-life-expert-says-herman-goossens-antigen-pcr/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The Brussels Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma ana iya amfani dashi tare da wasu mahimman matakan rigakafin kamuwa da cuta kamar sa PPE mai dacewa, wanke hannu akai-akai da zamantakewa. nisantar ba da damar mutane su sami wannan muhimmin lokacin tare da waɗanda suke ƙauna yayin da suke taimakawa don kiyaye su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lateral flow testing – new rapid tests to detect COVID-19 – Public health matters|url=https://publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk/2020/12/08/lateral-flow-testing-new-rapid-tests-to-detect-covid-19/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabbin nau'ikan COVID-19 ==
A ranar 22 ga Disamba, 2020, an gano wani sabon nau'in cutar SARS-CoV-2 a cikin Burtaniya, VOC-202012/01 . Nauyin ya bazu cikin sauri a duniya. Tare da yaɗuwar amfani da wannan nau'i na gwajin COVID-19 a duniya, akwai damuwa cewa wannan bambance-bambancen zai sa gwajin sauri ya ƙare. A matsayin wani ɓangare na haɓaka fasahar fasahar Burtaniya ta haɓaka kwararar ruwa, a cikin sa'o'i 24, dakunan gwaje-gwajen Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Ingila sun sami damar tabbatar da gwajin saurin ci gaban duniya bai shafa ba kuma suna iya gano sabon bambance-bambancen. Wannan saboda saurin gwajin gabaɗaya yana hari akan furotin nucleocapsid ne ba furotin mai karu ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rapid evaluation confirms lateral flow devices effective in detecting new COVID-19 variant|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/rapid-evaluation-confirms-lateral-flow-devices-effective-in-detecting-new-covid-19-variant|access-date=2020-12-27|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu nau'ikan ko da yake, kwanan nan an gano su waɗanda ke shafar wasu saurin gwaji har zuwa ninki 1000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite document|last1=Bourassa|last8=Reed|doi=10.1101/2021.05.05.21256527|pages=2021.05.05.21256527|language=en|work=medRxiv|url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.05.21256527v1|title=A SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Variant that Affects Antigen Test Performance|date=2021-05-05|first9=Alexander L.|last9=Greninger|first8=Jonathan C.|first7=Kimberly G.|first1=Lori|last7=Harmon|first6=Pavitra|last6=Roychoudhury|first5=Margaret G.|last5=Mills|first4=Michelle J.|last4=Lin|first3=Quynh|last3=Phung|first2=Garrett A.|last2=Perchetti|s2cid=233739399}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abin farin ciki, yawan waɗannan maye gurbi na nucleocapsid (musamman D399N) har yanzu yana da ƙarancin ƙarancin duniya a ~ 0.02%.

== Amfanin ɗan adam don gwaje-gwaje masu sauri ==
Baya ga amfani da al'umma na yau da kullun, an kuma yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin jin kai yayin bala'in. Bayan ambaliya a [[Jakarta]] a Indonesia a ranar 2 ga Disamba, an yi gwajin gaggawa a matsugunan ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=North Jakarta to provide rapid tests for people in flood shelters|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/12/02/north-jakarta-to-provide-rapid-tests-for-people-in-flood-shelters.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, bayan rufe iyakokin kasa a Turai biyo bayan bullar sabuwar matsalar Burtaniya kafin Kirsimeti, direbobin manyan motoci kusan 6,000 ne suka makale ba tare da abinci ba,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-12-23|title=Covid-19: Charities send food to stranded truckers|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-kent-55421924|access-date=2020-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun dakatar da isar da abincin Kirsimeti yadda ya kamata. Ma'aikatan kashe gobara na Faransa ne suka yi gwajin gaggawa cikin sa'o'i 24 a tashar. Gwaje-gwajen gaggawa sun baiwa manyan motocin dakon kaya damar hawa kan hanya da kammala jigilar kayayyaki da komawa ga iyalansu don Kirsimeti, yana nuna yuwuwar amfanin duniya na samun gwajin COVID-19 mai sauƙin aiwatarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-12-24|title=Army to take over Covid testing for hauliers trapped near Dover|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/24/french-firefighters-arrive-in-dover-with-10000-covid-tests-for-lorry-drivers|access-date=2020-12-27|issn=0261-3077|vauthors=Rawlinson K, Halliday J}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: Raw anger among lorry drivers in Dover as coronavirus testing fails to ease tensions|url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-raw-anger-among-lorry-drivers-in-dover-as-coronavirus-testing-fails-to-ease-tensions-12171676|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Sky News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar likitoci ta Médecins Sans Frontières ta amince da yin amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga, tare da lura da cewa &quot;Gwajin antigen na COVID-19 na iya ba da sakamako cikin sauri da aiki, tare da tabbatar da gano mutanen da suka kamu da kwayar cutar a matakin al'umma&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 diagnostics: MSF welcomes more affordable rapid tests for lower- and middle-income countries – World|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/covid-19-diagnostics-msf-welcomes-more-affordable-rapid-tests-lower-and-middle-income|access-date=2021-03-20|website=ReliefWeb|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amurka da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri ==
Bayan da aka fara saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin saurin haɓaka fasahar gwaji tare da Burtaniya, ƙarin kimanta gwaje-gwajen cikin sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyoyin gwajin yawan jama'a a Amurka ya tsaya cik sakamakon rikicin kusan dala biliyan 900 na agajin COVID-19 da ke ƙunshe a cikin Haɗin gwiwar 2020 Dokar Kasafin Kudi, 2021 . An soki dokar saboda ba musamman saka hannun jari na zobe a cikin gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a matsayin tsada-tattalin arziki da ingantaccen nau'i na gwajin yawan jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=9 Things You Need to Know About the $1.4 Trillion Fiscal Year 2021 Omnibus and $900 Billion COVID-19 Package|url=https://www.heritage.org/budget-and-spending/commentary/9-things-you-need-know-about-the-14-trillion-fiscal-year-2021|access-date=2021-03-20|website=The Heritage Foundation|language=en|vauthors=Dickerson M}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana kimiyya a Amurka, irin su Farfesa Michael Mina na Jami'ar Harvard, sun lura cewa gwaje-gwajen sun kasance &quot;masu ƙarfi sosai ga duk abin da mutane ke yi&quot; kuma &quot;gwajin gida don COVID-19 na iya rage yawan kamuwa da cuta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-12-11|title=How Rapid-Result, at-Home COVID-19 Tests Could Slash Infection Rate|work=The Daily Signal|url=https://www.dailysignal.com/2020/12/11/how-rapid-result-at-home-tests-for-covid-19-could-slash-infection-rate/|access-date=2021-03-20|vauthors=Allen V}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farfesa William A. Haseltine, shi ma na Harvard, ya ƙarfafa wannan ra'ayi, a cikin wata kasida a cikin mujallar Forbes da ke ba da shawara &quot;Gwajin da za a yi cikin gaggawa, zai iya dakatar da yaduwar cututtuka da mutuwa&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Even With A Vaccine, We Still Need Rapid Tests To End Covid-19|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamhaseltine/2020/12/11/even-with-a-vaccine-we-still-need-rapid-tests-to-end-covid-19/|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Forbes|language=en|vauthors=Haseltine WA}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma labarin da Farfesa Annie ya yi. Sparrow na Dutsen Sinai, New York yana ba da shawarar &quot;Gwajin Rahusa Yana da Muhimmanci ga Nasara ta Cutar Kwalara&quot; bisa la'akari da &quot;gaggawa na nau'in B117 mai saurin yaduwa da sauri a cikin Burtaniya, da irin wannan nau'in daga Afirka ta Kudu&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cheap Mass Testing Is Vital for Pandemic Victory|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/05/cheap-mass-testing-covid-pandemic-pcr-antigen/|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US|vauthors=Sparrow A}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, saurin gwajin gida don COVID-19 yana samuwa ga mutane a bainar jama'a a cikin Janairu 2021, bin amincewar FDA ta farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=Rapid at-home Covid-19 tests are finally here. Here's how they could help end the pandemic.|url=https://www.vox.com/22178964/at-home-covid-tests-kit-rapid-ellume-abbott-lucira|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Vox|language=en|vauthors=Courage KH}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;htr2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/12/16/coronavirus-home-test-rapid/|title=How do home tests for coronavirus work? Where can I get one?|first=William|last=Wan|date=December 16, 2020|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu ba da inshorar lafiya a Amurka sun biya waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ga mutanen da ke da alamun COVID-19, ko waɗanda ke da kusanci da mai kamuwa da cuta ko tare da wani da ke nuna alamun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Appleby nbc2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Appleby|first1=Julie|last2=Kaiser Health News|title=Is your COVID test covered? The answer is up for interpretation.|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/your-covid-test-covered-answer-interpretation-n1234173|access-date=15 September 2021|work=NBC News|date=18 June 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani labarin a cikin Washington Post ya ba da shawarar cewa mafi girman fa'idar gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a cikin Amurka ba za a iya cimmawa ba har sai &quot;gwamnatin tarayya ta rufe gwajin mutanen da ba su da lafiya saboda watsar da wadancan mutanen babban bangare ne na barkewar&quot;, yayin da ake gwada wadannan mutane. inshorar lafiya bai rufe shi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrsa faq2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=HRSA Staff|title=FAQs for COVID-19 Claims Reimbursement to Health Care Providers and Facilities for Testing, Treatment and Vaccine Administration|url=https://www.hrsa.gov/coviduninsuredclaim/frequently-asked-questions|website=Official web site of the U.S. Health Resources &amp; Services Administration|access-date=15 September 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;htr2&quot; /&gt; Bayan zaben sabon shugaban kasa a watan Janairun 2021, Amurka ta sake fara saka hannun jari a cikin saurin bunkasa fasahar fasahar tare da buga umarnin zartarwa na shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Combating COVID-19|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/priorities/covid-19/|access-date=2021-03-20|website=The White House|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319232852/https://www.whitehouse.gov/priorities/covid-19/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-21|title=Biden executive orders address COVID-19, other health care issues|url=https://www.rollcall.com/2021/01/21/biden-uses-executive-orders-to-address-covid-19-other-health-care-issues/|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Roll Call|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Darajar kasuwar duniya ==
Bayan yawaitar amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a duk duniya, gwaje-gwaje masu sauri suna da darajar kasuwa ta dala biliyan 15; duk da haka, ana sa ran kasuwar za ta daina daga 2024 saboda allurar rigakafin yawan jama'ar duniya a ƙarshen 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global COVID 19 Rapid Test Kits Market Size, Share, Trends, Strategies|url=https://www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com/report/covid-19-rapid-test-kits-market|access-date=2020-12-27|website=www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Amurka, kasuwa don saurin gwaje-gwaje shine dalar Amurka biliyan 3.9 tare da ƙimar haɓaka&gt; 20% a asibitoci, asibitoci, Asiya Pacific amma kuma azaman gwajin masu amfani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reports and Data|date=2020-04-28|title=Rapid Test Kit Market For COVID-19 To Reach USD 3.91 Billion By 2027 {{!}} Reports and Data|url=http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/04/28/2023339/0/en/Rapid-Test-Kit-Market-For-COVID-19-To-Reach-USD-3-91-Billion-By-2027-Reports-and-Data.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=GlobeNewswire News Room}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manazarta kasuwannin kasa da kasa sun yi hasashen cewa masu kera gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri za su fuskanci karuwar bukatu yayin da mutane da yawa suka fara amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri don gano mutanen da ke da alamun sauki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=The Business Research Company|date=2020-09-03|title=COVID-19 Rapid Test Kits Manufacturing To Increase Due To Testing Of People With Mild Symptoms|url=http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/09/03/2088347/0/en/COVID-19-Rapid-Test-Kits-Manufacturing-To-Increase-Due-To-Testing-Of-People-With-Mild-Symptoms.html|access-date=2020-12-27|website=GlobeNewswire News Room}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin masu sharhi da masana kimiyya daga Amurka sun nuna damuwa ko cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta sami damar biyan bukatun duniya tare da kera daruruwan miliyoyin gwaje-gwajen da za a buƙaci don gwaji akai-akai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Rubin R|date=November 2020|title=The Challenges of Expanding Rapid Tests to Curb COVID-19|journal=JAMA|volume=324|issue=18|pages=1813–1815|doi=10.1001/jama.2020.21106|pmid=33084882|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-08|title=Huge demand for COVID-19 rapid antigen testing may face manufacturing constraints|url=https://www.modernhealthcare.com/supply-chain/huge-demand-covid-19-rapid-antigen-testing-may-face-manufacturing-constraints|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Modern Healthcare|language=en|archive-date=2022-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614141955/https://www.modernhealthcare.com/supply-chain/huge-demand-covid-19-rapid-antigen-testing-may-face-manufacturing-constraints|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Covid-19]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Garin Dutse na Zanzibar''' (Larabci: مدينة زنجبار الحجرية), kuma aka sani da '''Mji Mkongwe''' (Swahili don &quot;tsohon garin&quot;), tsohon yanki ne na ''birnin Zanzibar'', babban birnin Zanzibar, a [[Tanzaniya]]. Sabon yanki na birnin ana kiransa da Ng'ambo, Swahili don 'daya   bangaren'. Garin Dutse yana yammacin bakin tekun Unguja, babban tsibiri na tsibiri na Zanzibar. Tsohuwar babban birnin masarautar Zanzibar, kuma cibiyar kasuwancin kayan yaji da kuma cinikin bayi a karni na 19, ta ci gaba da rike mahimmancinta a matsayin babban birnin Zanzibar a lokacin mulkin mallaka na [[Burtaniya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zanzibar's slave market is a site made sacred by history|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/26/slave-markets-zanzibar|website=the Guardian|access-date=2016-01-03|first1=David|last1=Smith|first2=Africa|last2=correspondent}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da Tanganyika da Zanzibar suka hade juna don kafa Jamhuriyar [[Tanzaniya]], Zanzibar ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta, tare da Garin Dutse a matsayin kujerar karamar hukuma.

Garin [[Dutse]] birni ne mai fitattun tarihi da fasaha a Gabashin [[Afirka]]. Gine-ginensa, wanda akasari tun daga karni na 19, yana nuna tasiri iri-iri da ke tattare da al'adun Swahili, yana ba da cakuda musamman na abubuwan Larabawa, Farisa, Indiyawa da Turai. A saboda wannan dalili, an sanya garin a matsayin cibiyar [[UNESCO]] ta [[Duniya]] a cikin 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stone Town of Zanzibar - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/173|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=2016-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda gadonsa, Dutsen Town kuma babban abin jan hankali ne a Tanzaniya, kuma babban ɓangaren tattalin arzikinta ya dogara da ayyukan da suka shafi yawon buɗe [[ido]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zanzibar says we must not rely on tourism - BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34358099|website=BBC News|access-date=2016-01-03|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanin ==
[[File:Zanzibar_stone_town_pano.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zanzibar_stone_town_pano.jpg|thumb|Panorama na Garin Dutsen]]
Zuciyar Garin Dutse galibi ta ƙunshi ɗimbin ƴan ƴaƴan lunguna da gidaje, shaguna, kasuwanni da masallatai. Tunda yawancin tituna sun fi kunkuntar motoci, garin ya cika makil da kekuna da babura. Gaban tekun yana da fiɗaɗaɗɗen tituna kuma mafi girma, mafi yawan gine-gine da aka sanya akai-akai.

Gine-ginen Garin Dutse yana da fasali daban-daban, sakamakon haduwar al'adun Larabawa, Farisa, Indiyawa, Turai da Afirka. Sunan &quot;Garin Dutse&quot; ya fito ne daga ko'ina da amfani da dutsen murjani a matsayin babban kayan gini; wannan dutse yana ba wa garin siffa, launin dumi ja.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;zanzibartravel.co.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Palace Museum, Zanzibar - Zanzibar Travel|url=http://www.zanzibartravel.co.za/the-palace-museum.html|website=www.zanzibartravel.co.za|access-date=2016-01-04|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421075528/http://zanzibartravel.co.za/the-palace-museum.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gine-gine na gargajiya suna da ''baraza'', dogon benci na dutse tare da bangon waje; Ana amfani da wannan azaman tafarki mai tsayi idan ruwan sama mai yawa ya sa tituna ba su da amfani, ko kuma a matsayin benci don zama, hutawa, zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;overland&quot;&gt;[http://www.overlandafrica.com/overlanding-destinations/zanzibar/stone_town.asp Stone Town] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125110137/http://www.overlandafrica.com/overlanding-destinations/zanzibar/stone_town.asp |date=2010-11-25 }} at Overland Africa&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mahimmin fasalin mafi yawan gine-gine shi ne manyan veranda da aka keɓe ta hanyar zane-zane na katako. Filayen da aka fi sani da gidajen Zanzibari su ne ƙofofin katako da aka ƙawata, tare da sassaƙaƙƙun sassaka da kayan kwalliya, wani lokaci tare da manyan sandunan tagulla na al'adar Indiyawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;zanzibartravel.co.za&quot; /&gt; Ana iya bambanta manyan kofofi iri biyu: na salon Indiya sun yi zagaye sama da sama, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin salon Larabawan Omani suna da rectangular. Sau da yawa sassaƙaƙe na Musulunci ne a cikin abubuwan ciki (misali, da yawa sun ƙunshi ayoyin Kur'ani), amma ana amfani da wasu alamomi lokaci-lokaci, misali, furannin magarya na Indiya a matsayin alamar wadata.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;[http://www.zanzibar.org/ Independent Travel Guide to Zanzibar]&lt;/ref&gt;

Garin Dutse yana da manyan gine-gine na tarihi, da dama daga cikinsu ana samun su a bakin teku; waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoffin fadojin sarakuna, garu, majami'u, masallatai, da sauran gine-ginen hukumomi.
[[File:Cine_Afrique_-_Art_Deco_Cinema_-_Kiponda_District_-_Stone_Town_-_Zanzibar_-_Tanzania_(8830689498).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cine_Afrique_-_Art_Deco_Cinema_-_Kiponda_District_-_Stone_Town_-_Zanzibar_-_Tanzania_(8830689498).jpg|thumb|Cikakken bayanin Art Deco na Cine Afrique a Garin Dutsen]]
Yayin da aka haɗa garin Dutse a cikin wuraren tarihi na UNESCO a cikin 2000, wannan nadi ba ya ba da cikakkiyar kariya ga kayan tarihi na garin. Duk da kafa Hukumar Kula da Lafiya,&lt;ref name=&quot;zanzibartravel.co.za&quot; /&gt; kusan kashi 80% na gine-gine 1,709 na Garin Dutse suna cikin tabarbarewar yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=HERITAGE @ RISK: SOUTHERN AFRICA|url=http://www.international.icomos.org/risk/world_report/2000/southernafrica_2000.htm|website=www.international.icomos.org|access-date=2016-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake dutsen murjani yana da sanyi sosai, ana buƙatar kulawa akai-akai don yawancin waɗannan gine-gine. Wasu manyan ayyukan gyarawa (musamman a bakin teku) an yi su a cikin 'yan lokutan nan ta Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC).

== Tarihi ==

=== Medieval Zanzibar ===
Rubutun Greco-Roman tsakanin ƙarni na 1 da na 3, ''Periplus na Tekun Erythraean'', ya ambaci tsibirin Menuthias (Ancient Greek: Μενουθιάς), wanda tabbas Unguja ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pearce&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRRzAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA81-IA2|title=Zanzibar: The Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa|author=[[Francis Barrow Pearce]], C.M.G., E. P.|publisher=Dutton and Company|location=New York City|date=1920}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zanzibar, kamar bakin tekun da ke kusa, masu magana da Bantu sun zauna a farkon karni na farko. Abubuwan da aka gano na kayan tarihi a Fukuchani, da ke arewa maso yammacin gabar tekun Zanzibar, ya nuna mazauna yankin noma da kamun kifi tun daga karni na 6 AZ a ƙarshe. Yawan adadin dabobin da aka samu yana nuna gine-ginen katako, kuma an sami ƙwanƙolin harsashi, masu niƙa, da kuma baƙin ƙarfe a wurin. Akwai shaida don iyakance haɗin gwiwa a cikin kasuwanci mai nisa: an sami ɗan ƙaramin tukwane da aka shigo da shi, ƙasa da 1% na jimillar tukwane da aka samo, galibi daga Gulf kuma kwanan wata zuwa karni na 5 zuwa 8. Kamanceceniya da rukunan zamani kamar Mkokotoni da Dar es Salaam na nuni da gamayyar gungun al'ummomin da suka bunkasa zuwa cibiyar farko ta al'adun tekun teku. Garuruwan da ke gabar teku, ciki har da na Zanzibar, da alama sun tsunduma cikin kasuwancin [[tekun Indiya]] a farkon wannan lokaci. Kasuwanci ya ƙaru cikin sauri cikin mahimmanci da yawa tun daga tsakiyar karni na 8 kuma a ƙarshen karni na 10 Zanzibar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsakiyar tsakiyar kasuwancin Swahili.&lt;ref&gt;Horton, Mark and Middleton, Tom. &quot;The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Community.&quot; (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010), 46.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shangani, asalin garin kamun kifi wanda ya haɓaka zuwa Garinn Dutse, ƙaramin yanki ne, wanda ba shi da mahimmancin rukunin Swahili wanda aka kafa a ƙarni na 11. Manyan garuruwa a Unguja Ukuu, Kizimkazi, da Tumbatu sune ikon tsibirin daga karni na 8 zuwa na 16. Turawan Portugal sun gina coci a Shangani a farkon karni na 16, kuma Sarauniyar Unguja ta arewa ta gina wani gida a can a tsakiyar karni na 17. Lokacin da Zanzibaris da Pembans suka kori Portuguese a karni na 17, masu kishin gida sun gayyaci Sultan na Oman ya yi amfani da ikon siyasa don musanya kariya daga ramuwar gayya ta Portuguese. An gina wani ɓangare na cocin Portuguese a cikin sansanin Omani, wanda ke da sojoji kusan hamsin. Sarkin ya kuma nada wani hakimin karamar hukuma, amma har yanzu ikon siyasa na hannun Mwinyi Mkuu, a wannan lokacin Sarauniya Fatima.&lt;ref&gt;Charles River Editors. &quot;Zanzibar: The History of the International Trade Center off the Coast of Africa.&quot; (Charles River Editors, 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;

Abubuwan da aka tona a tsibirin Pemba na kusa, amma musamman a Shanga a cikin tsibiran Lamu, sun ba da kyakkyawan hoto na ci gaban gine-gine. An gina gidaje da katako (c. 1050) kuma daga baya a cikin laka tare da bangon murjani (c. 1150). An ci gaba da sake gina gidajen tare da ƙarin kayan dindindin. Ya zuwa karni na 13, an gina gidaje da dutse, kuma an hade su da laka, kuma karni na 14 ya ga yadda ake amfani da lemun tsami wajen hada dutse. Masu arziki ne kawai za su gina gidaje na dutse da lemun tsami, ƙarfin kayan da ke ba da damar yin rufin rufi, yayin da yawancin jama'a ke zaune a cikin gidaje masu hawa guda ɗaya mai kama da na karni na 11 da 12. A cewar Tom Middleton da Mark Horton, tsarin gine-gine na waɗannan gidaje na dutse ba su da wani abu na Larabawa ko Farisa, kuma ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin ci gaban gine-gine na gida. Yayin da aka sake gina yawancin gine-ginen Garin Zanzibar a lokacin mulkin Omani, wuraren da ke kusa da su sun bayyana ci gaban Swahili, da Zanzibari, gine kafin karni na 15.&lt;ref&gt;Horton, Mark and Middleton, Tom. &quot;The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Community.&quot; (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010), 119.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mulkin Omani ===
[[File:Sansibar,_Sultanspalast.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sansibar,_Sultanspalast.jpg|thumb|Hoton garin dutse yana nuna tsohon kagara da fada daga shekara ta 1871 zuwa shekara ta 1875.]]
Garin Dutse yana tare da tashar jiragen ruwa na halitta kuma Turawa na farko da suka taka ƙafa a tsibirin Zanzibar su ne Portuguese. Turawan Portugal sun mallaki tsibirin sama da ƙarni 2 kuma suka fara gina ginin Dutsen Dutse na farko, Tsohon Kagara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zanzibar Ngome Kongwe - Zanzibar Old Fort, Zanzibar Excursions|url=http://www.utalii.com/Zanzibar/Old_Fort.htm|website=www.utalii.com|access-date=2016-01-04|archive-date=2006-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060117150005/http://www.utalii.com/Zanzibar/Old_Fort.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma a karshen karni na 17 ne masarautar Oman ta mamaye tsibirin tare da kammala katanga don hana kai hare-hare a nan gaba. Wataƙila an fara gina gidajen dutse na farko a cikin Dutsen Town a cikin 1830s, a hankali ya maye gurbin wani ƙauyen kamun kifi da ke kusa da Tsohon Kagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.zanzibar.cc/stonetown.htm|title=Zanzibar Stone Town Introduction|access-date=3 January 2016|website=zanzibar.cc|archive-date=12 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712014004/http://www.zanzibar.cc/stonetown.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin ne masarautar Oman ke iko da tsibiran Zanzibar, [[Mombasa]] da gabar tekun Swahili.

A cikin 1840, Sultan Said bin Sultan ya motsa kujerarsa daga Muscat, Oman, zuwa Garin Dutse, wanda hakan ya shiga zamanin ci gaba cikin sauri a matsayin sabon babban birnin Oman da Zanzibar. Da Burtaniya ta haramta cinikin bayi a tekun Indiya, dukiyar Sarkin Musulmi ta fadi. Tattalin arzikin Muscat ya tabarbare kuma yawancin Omani sun yi hijira zuwa Zanzibar. Haɓaka yawan al'ummar Larabawa a tsibirin ya sauƙaƙe ƙarin haɓaka kuma ƙarin gine-gine sun fara bunƙasa a cikin garin. Bugu da ƙari, an gina manyan gine-ginen sarauta kamar Gidan Al'ajabi da Fadar Sarkin Musulmi. A shekara ta 1861, sakamakon yakin da aka yi tsakanin gidan sarautar Omani, Zanzibar da Oman sun rabu, inda Zanzibar ta zama sarki mai cin gashin kanta karkashin Sultan Majid bin Said.

A cikin ƙarni na 19 Dutse Town ya bunƙasa azaman cibiyar kasuwanci. Ya shahara musamman ga cinikin kayan yaji (mafi yawan cloves) da bayi. Kusan tsakiyar karni, sultan yana da dangantaka ta kud da kud da Birtaniya; David Livingstone, alal misali, an san ya zauna a Dutsen Town a 1866 yayin da yake shirya balaguron ƙarshe zuwa cikin Gabashin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr. David Livingstone - exploring Africa and searching for the source of the nile - doctor Livingstone I presume|url=http://crawfurd.dk/africa/livingstone.htm|website=Crawfurd Homepage|access-date=2016-01-04|archive-date=2002-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021208055641/http://crawfurd.dk/africa/livingstone.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A daidai wannan lokacin, al'ummomin baƙi da yawa daga Oman, Farisa da Indiya sun kafa a sakamakon tsananin kasuwancin garin. Sarkin Zanzibar ya karfafa bakin haure 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje wadanda suka yi arziki sosai kuma suka zauna a cikin birnin wadanda suka kawo bambancin gine-ginen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Discovering the Rich History of the Indian Ocean World in Zanzibar|url=http://ultimatehistoryproject.com/discovering-the-rich-history-of-the-indian-ocean-world-in-zanzibar.html|website=ultimatehistoryproject.com|access-date=2019-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ikon Mulkin Mallaka ===
[[File:AngloZanzibarWar.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AngloZanzibarWar.jpg|thumb|Sakamakon harin bam din da sojojin ruwan Burtaniya suka yi na yakin Anglo-Zanzibar na 1896]]
A cikin shekarun da suka wuce na karni, Sarakunan Zanzibar sannu a hankali sun yi asarar dukiyoyinsu a yankin Gabashin Afirka zuwa Daular Jamus da Burtaniya. A cikin 1890, tare da yarjejeniyar Heligoland-Zanzibar, Zanzibar kanta ta zama kariyar Burtaniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/606_Anglo-German%20Treaty_110.pdf|title=Wilhelmine Germany and the First World War, 1890-1918 Anglo-German Treaty [Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty] (July 1, 1890)|access-date=3 January 2016|website=germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/|publisher=German History in Documents and Images|archive-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123133909/http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/606_Anglo-German%20Treaty_110.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1896, ba zato ba tsammani daga Zanzibari Omanis suka yi wa mulkin Birtaniya ya kai ga yakin Anglo-Zanzibar, wanda ake tunawa da shi a matsayin yaki mafi guntu a tarihi: Sarkin Musulmi ya mika wuya bayan minti 45 na harin bam da sojojin ruwa suka yi a garin Dutse da sojojin ruwa na Royal suka yi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Shortest War in History - The Anglo Zanzibar War|url=http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Shortest-War-in-History/|website=www.historic-uk.com|access-date=2016-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin kariyar Birtaniyya, Sarkin Musulmi ya ci gaba da rike wasu madafun iko kuma Dutsen Dutse ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci mai mahimmanci don cinikin yau da kullun. Duk da cewa a baya garin yana da karamin titin jirgin kasa Turawan Ingila sun yi titin jirgin kasa daga Garin zuwa kauyen Bububu. Burtaniya ba ta ba da tallafin manyan abubuwan ci gaba a garin ba kuma sun ba wa sarkin damar gudanar da al'amuran tsibiran daga garin dutse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=HISTORY OF ZANZIBAR|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad52|website=www.historyworld.net|access-date=2016-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birtaniyya ta ba Mombasa da Dar es Salaam gata a matsayin tashoshin kasuwancinsu a Gabashin Afirka.

=== Juyin juya halin Zanzibar ===
[[File:People's_Bank_of_Zanzibar.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:People's_Bank_of_Zanzibar.jpg|thumb|Tsohon gidan ya koma Bankin Jama'a na Zanzibar bayan juyin juya hali]]
A shekara ta 1964, garin Dutse shi ne gidan wasan kwaikwayo na juyin juya halin Zanzibar, wanda ya haifar da kawar da sarkin da kuma haifar da gwamnatin gurguzu karkashin jagorancin Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP). Sama da mutane 20,000 ne aka kashe tare da ‘yan gudun hijira musamman Larabawa da Indiyawa suka tsere daga tsibirin sakamakon juyin juya hali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The forgotten genocide of the Zanzibar revolution - Speak Magazine|url=http://speakjhr.com/2014/01/forgotten-genocide-zanzibar-revolution/|website=Speak Magazine|access-date=2016-01-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213123430/http://speakjhr.com/2014/01/forgotten-genocide-zanzibar-revolution/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Larabawa da Indiyawa sun bar duk abin da suke da shi kuma ASP ya yi sauri ya mamaye tsofaffin gidaje tare da mayar da su gine-ginen jama'a. A cikin 1964, lokacin da Tanganyika da Zanzibar suka haɗu suka kafa Tanzaniya, Stone Town ya ci gaba da zama babban birni da kujerar gwamnati ga Zanzibar, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin wani yanki mai cin gashin kansa na sabuwar ƙasa.

== Labarin ƙasa ==


Garin Dutse yana kusa da tsakiyar gabar tekun Unguja ta yamma, akan wani ɗan ƙaramin tudu da ke shiga tashar Zanzibar. Babban matsuguni mafi kusa a gabar Tekun Tanzaniya, kusa da Dutsen Dutse, shine Bagamoyo (zuwa kudu maso yamma).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zanzibar hotels Stone Town suburb.|url=http://www.zanzibarpalmtours.com/zanzibar_hotels_outside_stone_town.htm|website=www.zanzibarpalmtours.com|access-date=2016-01-03|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095947/http://www.zanzibarpalmtours.com/zanzibar_hotels_outside_stone_town.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin Dutse wani yanki ne na birnin Zanzibar, wanda kuma ya hada da 'Sabon Garin' na Ng'ambo (&quot;Sauran Gefen&quot;), wanda galibi ya mamaye cikin Unguja zuwa kudu maso gabas. Layin raba tsakanin Garin Dutse da Ng'ambo shine titin Creek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=An introduction to Zanzibar Town on the island of Zanzibar in Tanzania.|url=http://www.zanzibar-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1764|website=www.zanzibar-travel-guide.com|access-date=2016-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alkaluma ==
{{Historical populations||16=|align=left|type=USA|26=16,000|25=2016 Est.|24=15,000|23=2008|22=|21=|20=15,854|19=1988|18=15,493|17=1978|15=||14=18,179|13=1958|12=16,698|11=1948|10=|9=|8=|7=|6=|5=|4=10,000|1870 Est.|cols=}}

== Alamomin ƙasa ==

=== Gine-gine da wuraren tarihi ===
{{wide image|Zanzibar Panorama.jpg|1500px|Panorama na Zanzibar, musamman Garin Dutse, panorama da aka ɗauka daga Tekun Indiya. Ana gani a cikin hoton akwai fadar Sultan, Gidan abubuwan al'ajabi, Lambunan Forodhani, da kuma St. Joseph's Cathedral}}
[[File:Beit_al_Ajaib,_2010.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beit_al_Ajaib,_2010.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan abubuwan al'ajabi, yanzu yana karbar bakuncin gidan kayan gargajiya akan al'adun Swahili.]]
[[File:Old_Fort_of_Zanzibar.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Fort_of_Zanzibar.jpg|right|thumb|Tsohon kagara kamar yadda aka gani daga Gidan abubuwan al'ajabi.]]
[[File:Forodhani_park_food_stand.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forodhani_park_food_stand.jpg|right|thumb|Ana sayar da abinci na Zanzibari a lambunan Forodhani]]

# Gidan abubuwan al'ajabi (ko &quot;Palace of Wonders&quot;, wanda kuma aka sani da &quot;Beit-al-Ajaib&quot;), wanda ke kan titin Mizingani kusa da gabar tekun Dutsen Town, kuma tabbas shine mafi sanannun wuraren tarihi na Dutsen Town. An gina ta a shekara ta 1883 kuma an mayar da ita bayan yakin Anglo-Zanzibar na 1896. A da gidan Sarkin Musulmi, ta zama wurin zama na jam'iyyar Afro-Shirazi bayan juyin juya hali. Wannan dai shi ne gini na farko a Zanzibar da ya samu wutar lantarki, haka kuma shi ne gini na farko a gabashin Afirka da ya samu na'ura mai kwakwalwa. Tun 2000, an sadaukar da cikinsa ga gidan kayan gargajiya akan al'adun Swahili da Zanzibar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=House of Wonders and Palace Museum {{!}} World Monuments Fund|url=https://www.wmf.org/project/house-wonders-and-palace-museum|website=www.wmf.org|access-date=2016-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Disambar 2020, yayin gyaran ginin, wani babban yanki na ginin ya ruguje a wani babban hatsari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Ndilwa|first1=Lilian|last2=Kalumbia|first2=Louis|title=Zanzibar in Shock As House of Wonders Collapses|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202012260062.html|access-date=28 December 2020|agency=allAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Tsohon Kagara (&quot;Ngome Kongwe&quot; a cikin Swahili), kusa da Gidan Abubuwan Al'ajabi, wani babban kagara ne na dutse wanda Omani ya gina a karni na 17. Wanda kuma aka fi sani da sansanin Omani da sarakunan farko suka gina shi don kare birnin daga mamayewar Turawa. Yana da siffar murabba'i mai nisa kuma tsakar gida yanzu cibiyar al'adu ce mai shaguna, wuraren bita, da ƙaramin fage inda ake gudanar da raye-rayen da nunin kiɗan kullun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana amfani da wurin katanga don bikin fina-finai na Zanzibar na kasa da kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=East Africa: Shock Cancellation of Sauti Za Busara Music Fest|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201508312339.html|website=allAfrica.com|publisher=Allafrica|access-date=2016-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Wani hamshakin attajiri dan kasar Indiya ne ya gina Tsohuwar Dispensary (ko &quot;Ithnashiri Dispensary&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; daga 1887 zuwa 1894, don yin hidima a matsayin asibitin sadaka ga matalauta amma daga baya aka yi amfani da shi azaman rarrabawa. Yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun gine-gine na Garin Dutse, tare da manyan baranda na katako da aka sassaka, tagogin gilashi, da kayan ado na stucco na zamani. Bayan fadowa cikin rugujewa a shekarun 1970 da 1980, AKTC ta gyara ginin daidai gwargwado.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zanzibar Stone Town Projects: From the Old Dispensary to the Stone Town Cultural Centre|url=http://www.akdn.org/aktc_hcp_zanzibar3.asp|website=www.akdn.org|access-date=2016-01-04|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053507/http://www.akdn.org/aktc_hcp_zanzibar3.asp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Fadar Gidan tarihi (wanda kuma aka sani da &quot;Sultan's Palace&quot;, &quot;Beit el-Sahel&quot; a cikin Larabawa) wani tsohon fadar sarki ne, a bakin teku, zuwa arewacin gidan abubuwan al'ajabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;travel2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Stone Town - Zanzibar Town |url=http://www.zanzibartravel.it/index.php?lang=it&amp;area=5&amp;menuid=122 |access-date=2021-12-13 |archive-date=2012-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217225055/http://www.zanzibartravel.it/index.php?lang=it&amp;area=5&amp;menuid=122 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina shi ne a karshen karni na 19, kuma a yanzu yana dauke da wani gidan tarihi game da rayuwar yau da kullum na gidan sarautar Zanzibari, ciki har da kayayyakin Sayyida Salme, wata tsohuwar gimbiya Zanzibar da ta yi gudun hijira tare da mijinta zuwa Turai.
# Edward Steere, bishop na uku na Zanzibar ya gina Anglican Cathedral na Cocin Christ, akan titin Mkunazini a ƙarshen karni na 19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zanzibar Christians|url=http://www.zanzibarhistory.org/zanzibar_christians.htm|website=www.zanzibarhistory.org|access-date=2016-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina babban cocin ne a wani babban yanki a tsakiyar garin Dutse wanda a baya ya karbi bakuncin babbar kasuwar bayi ta Zanzibar; An zaɓi wurin da gangan don bikin ƙarshen bauta, kuma bagaden yana a daidai wurin da babban wurin bulala na kasuwa ya kasance. Wani abin tunawa ga bayi, da kuma gidan tarihi na tarihin bauta, banda cocin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=History &amp; Heritage|url=http://www.zanzibaranglican.or.tz/history-heritage/|website=Anglican Diocese of Zanzibar|access-date=2016-01-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041949/http://www.zanzibaranglican.or.tz/history-heritage/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Friends Of Zanzibar|url=http://www.zanzibarfriends.org/|website=Friends Of Zanzibar|access-date=2016-01-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2016-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209053429/http://www.zanzibarfriends.org/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# An gina cocin Roman Katolika na St. Joseph da ’yan mishan na Faransa suka gina a tsakanin 1893 zuwa 1897. An gina majami’ar ne bisa na Cathedral na [[Marseille]], fuskarta, mai manyan tudu biyu, tana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun wuraren tarihi. Garin Dutse kuma ana iya gani daga nesa lokacin tafiya cikin tashar jiragen ruwa. Cocin yana aiki har yanzu a yau kuma yana gudanar da taro na yau da kullun a ranar Lahadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
# [[File:Dutse 4.jpg|thumb]]Lambunan Forodhani wani karamin wurin shakatawa ne a cikin babban tekun tafiya na Garin Dutse, daidai gaban Tsohon Kagara da Gidan Abubuwan Al'ajabi. Kungiyar Aga Khan Trust for Culture ta mayar da gonar kwanan nan kan dala miliyan 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aga Khan Trust for Culture Starts US$2.2 million Revitalisation of Forodhani Park in Zanzibar's Historic Stone Town|url=http://www.akdn.org/Content/455/|website=www.akdn.org|access-date=2016-01-04|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065603/http://www.akdn.org/Content/455/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kowace yamma bayan faduwar rana, lambuna suna karbar bakuncin shahararriyar kasuwa mai son yawon bude ido da ke sayar da gasasshen abincin teku da sauran girke-girke na Zanzibari wanda ke jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido da mazauna gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zanzibar Pizza|url=http://www.afar.com/places/forodhani-gardens-zanzibar-town-3|website=AFAR Media|access-date=2016-01-04|archive-date=2015-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217134411/http://www.afar.com/places/forodhani-gardens-zanzibar-town-3|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sufuri ==
[[File:Zanzibar_Stone_Town03.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zanzibar_Stone_Town03.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px|Zanzibari &quot;mabasi&quot; yana jiran fasinjoji a tashar Bus]]
Titunan Garin Dutse suna da kunkuntar sosai kuma kusan isa ko'ina a cikin garin dole ne a yi da ƙafa. Ƙananan tituna suna ba da inuwa kuma kusan komai yana samuwa daga cikin garin. Sai dai kuma, a kan tituna masu fadi a tarihi, ana amfani da kekuna na baya-bayan nan don safarar mutane da kayayyaki. Ana iya samun garin daga Zanzibar da sauran yankin ta hanyoyin shiga uku.

Babban nau'in jigilar jama'a a Zanzibar shine tasi mai raba daladala; kuma babban tashar yana kusa da Kasuwar Darajani. Daladalas ya haɗa Garin Dutse zuwa wurare da dama na tsibiri, kamar Bububu (ƙauyen da ke arewa da Dutsen Dutse), filin jirgin sama, filin wasa na Amaan, Jangombe, da Magomeni.&lt;ref name=&quot;virtual&quot;&gt;[http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Africa/Tanzania/Zanzibar_Island-2235628/Transportation-Zanzibar_Island-BR-1.html Transportation on the island of Unguja]&lt;/ref&gt; Don dogon tafiye-tafiye, akwai &quot;mabasi&quot; (Swahili don &quot;bas&quot;, &quot;basi&quot;) guda ɗaya, waɗanda manyan motoci ne da aka daidaita don jigilar fasinja. Babban tashar &quot;mabasi&quot; kuma yana kusa da Kasuwar da kuma hanyar sadarwar &quot;mabasi&quot; a fadin tsibirin kuma ita ce hanya mafi arha ta hanyar tafiya mai nisa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zanzibar Island Transportation|url=http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Africa/Tanzania/Zanzibar_Island-2235628/Transportation-Zanzibar_Island-BR-1.html|website=VirtualTourist.com|access-date=2016-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban tashar jiragen ruwa na tsibirin Zanzibar yana tsakiyar Garin Dutse kuma jiragen ruwa na yau da kullun daga Dar es Salaam da Pemba suna haɗa garin zuwa babban yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ferry between Dar es Salaam &amp; Zanzibar - Zanzibar Quest|url=http://www.zanzibarquest.com/ferries-flights/ferry-dar-es-salaam-zanzibar.html|website=www.zanzibarquest.com|access-date=2016-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin kuma yana kusa da babban filin jirgin saman tsibirin. Filin jirgin saman Zanzibar mai nisan kilomita 9 (mil 5.6) kudu da Dutsen Town yana da jirage zuwa babban yankin Tanzaniya (musamman Arusha da Dar es Salaam) da kuma sauran manyan filayen jiragen saman Afirka kamar Nairobi, Mombasa, da Johannesburg.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ZANZIBAR AIRPORTS AUTHORITY|url=http://zaa.go.tz/index.html|website=zaa.go.tz|access-date=2016-01-04|archive-date=2016-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307002415/http://zaa.go.tz/index.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yinayi ==
Garin Dutse tare da dukan tsibiran Zanzibar suna fuskantar irin wannan yanayi a duk shekara. Tsibirin na da yanayi mai zafi a duk shekara a duk shekara tare da mafi zafi watanni shine Fabrairu da Maris sannan watanni masu sanyi su ne Yuli da Agusta. A mafi yawancin watanni na shekara ana samun ruwan sama mai yawa tare da dogon lokacin damina mai tsayi daga Maris-Mayu da gajeriyar lokacin damina daga Nuwamba-Disamba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Climate: Stone Town – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table – Climate-Data.org|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/435/|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2016-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙananan lokacin rani yana faruwa tsakanin Disamba-Fabrairu da Mayu-Agusta kuma saboda haka shine lokacin yawon buɗe ido saboda yawon shakatawa na bakin teku a tsibirin.
{{Weather box|width=75%|Sep rain days=3|Apr record high C=34|Mar record high C=38|Feb record high C=38|Jan record high C=35|Dec rain days=8|Nov rain days=9|Oct rain days=4|Aug rain days=2|Jun record high C=32|Jul rain days=2|Jun rain days=4|May rain days=10|Apr rain days=11|Mar rain days=8|Feb rain days=5|Jan rain days=5|May record high C=33|Jul record high C=31|Nov rain mm=75.9|May record low C=18|Dec record low C=16|Nov record low C=15|Oct record low C=14|Sep record low C=14|Aug record low C=18|Jul record low C=18|Jun record low C=19|Apr record low C=19|Aug record high C=31|Mar record low C=16|Feb record low C=22|Jan record low C=18|Dec record high C=34|Nov record high C=36|Oct record high C=32|Sep record high C=32|Dec rain mm=80.9|Oct rain mm=52.0|location=Stone Town|Jun high C=29|Jan low C=24|Dec high C=32|Nov high C=31|Oct high C=31|Sep high C=30|Aug high C=29|Jul high C=29|May high C=30|Mar low C=25|Apr high C=31|Mar high C=32|Feb high C=32|Jan high C=32|temperature colour=pastel|single line=Yes|metric first=Yes|Feb low C=24|Apr low C=25|Sep rain mm=14.8|Jan rain mm=53.7|Aug rain mm=23.9|Jul rain mm=29.5|Jun rain mm=35.3|May rain mm=131.8|Apr rain mm=178.6|Mar rain mm=116.0|Feb rain mm=53.9|rain colour=green|May low C=23|Dec low C=24|Nov low C=23|Oct low C=22|Sep low C=22|Aug low C=22|Jul low C=22|Jun low C=23|source 1=MSN Weather&lt;ref name=&quot;msn-weather&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/today/stone-towntanzania/we-city?q=stone-town&amp;form=PRWLAS&amp;iso=TZ&amp;el=%2fnj%2b8z2rQWcEdQNVZu5p3Q%3d%3d|title=MSN Weather
|access-date=December 11, 2017&lt;!-- 2008 --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;zan-weather&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://zanzibar.net/weather_climate/
|title=Zanzibar Weather
|access-date=January 3, 2016&lt;!-- 2008 --&gt;
|archive-date=December 29, 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229224656/http://zanzibar.net/weather_climate/
|url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Sanannen mazauna ==

* Freddie Mercury (Farrokh Bulsara), jagoran mawaƙin Burtaniya Sarauniya, an haife shi a Garin Dutse.
* Ali Muhsin al-Barwani, ministan harkokin wajen Zanzibar mai cin gashin kansa na farko
* Bi Kidude, mawaki
* David Livingstone, mai binciken Scotland, mishan kuma ɗan mulkin mallaka
* Tippu Tip, mai cinikin bayi

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; styles=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;
File:Old dispensary front.jpg|Tsohon Dispensary
File:Shangani Post Office, Zanzibar.jpg|Gidan waya na Shangani
File:Stone Town - Zanzibar - door.jpg|Ƙofar salon Zanzibar na gargajiya
File:Freddie Mercury's birthplace.jpg|Gidan Haihuwar Freddie Mercury
File:Christ Church Stone Town Zanzibar.jpg|Anglican Cathedral na Zanzibar.
File:Stone Town of Zanzibar-108843.jpg|Tsohon Kagara
File:Stone Town of Zanzibar-108845.jpg|Cathedral na St. Joseph, Zanzibar
File:Stone Town of Zanzibar-108847.jpg|Ƙofar gargajiya
File:The French Post Office in Malindi (Road), Zanzibar Stone Town, 19th century.jpg|&quot;Poste française&quot;. Ofishin gidan waya na Faransa tare da tutar Faransa a Garin Dutse, kafin 1900.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Makli Necropolis</title>
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[[Fayil:Makli Necropolis-12.jpg|thumb|Makli Necropolis]]
'''Makli Necropolis''' ([[Urdu]]: مکلی کا شہرِ خموشاں; Sindhi: مڪلي جو مقام) na daya daga cikin manyan wuraren jana'izar a duniya, wanda ya bazu a wani yanki mai nisan kilomita 10 kusa da birnin Thatta, a lardin Sindh na kasar Pakistan. Wurin yana dauke da kaburbura kusan 500,000 zuwa miliyan 1&lt;ref name=&quot;arch&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Makli Hill|url=https://archnet.org/sites/1751|website=ArchNet|publisher=Aga Khan Trust for Culture and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)|access-date=17 July 2017|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410050035/https://archnet.org/sites/1751|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; da aka gina a tsawon shekaru 400.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/143|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=17 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makli Necropolis yana da manyan abubuwan tunawa da jana'iza na sarakuna, waliyyai Sufaye daban-daban, da manyan malamai. An rubuta wurin a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta [[UNESCO]] a cikin 1981 a matsayin &quot;fitacciyar shaida&quot; ga wayewar Sindhi tsakanin ƙarni na 14 da 18.&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/143 Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta] UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 10 February 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
[[Fayil:Makli 12 cropped - Diwan Shurfa Khan's tomb.jpg|thumb|Makli Necropolis]]
Makli Necropolis yana cikin garin Makli, wanda ke kan tudu mai tazarar kilomita 6 daga birnin Thatta,&lt;ref name=&quot;arch&quot; /&gt; babban birnin kasar Sindh na kasa har zuwa karni na 17.&lt;ref name=&quot;WJ&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Furnival|first1=WJ|title=Leadless Decorative Tiles, Faience, and Mosaic: Comprising Notes and Excerpts on the History, Materials, Manufacture &amp; Use of Ornamental Flooring Tiles, Ceramic Mosaic, and Decorative Tiles and Faience, with Complete Series of Recipes for Tile-bodies, and for Leadless Glazes and Art-tile Enamels, Volume 1|date=1904|publisher=W. J. Furnival|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v6QaAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=Makli|access-date=17 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da kusan kilomita 98 ​​gabas da [[Karachi]], kusa da kololuwar kogin Indus a kudu maso gabashin Sindh. Madaidaicin kudu na wurin yana da nisan mil 5 arewa da rugujewar ''Kallankot'' Fort na da.

== Etymology ==
[[Fayil:PK Thatta asv2020-02 img12 Makli Necropolis.jpg|thumb|Makli Necropolis]]
Wurin, da tsaunukan da ke kusa, an ce sun samo sunan su ne daga wata tatsuniyar da wani alhaji ya tsaya a wurin, ya yi farin ciki da ruhi, inda ya ayyana wurin a matsayin Makkah. Sannan ance Walin Sufaye Sheikh Hamad Jamali ya sanyawa wurin suna “Makli” ko “Little Makkah” bayan ya ji labarin mahajjaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Qureshi|first1=Urooj|title=In Pakistan, imposing tombs that few have seen|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20140730-in-pakistan-imposing-tombs-that-few-have-seen|access-date=17 July 2017|publisher=BBC Travel|date=8 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Waliyyin Sufaye, mawaki kuma masani Shaikh Jamali ya kafa wurin taro na ''khanqah'', ko Sufaye, a Makli kuma daga karshe aka binne shi a can.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt; Sarkin Samma na karni na 14, Jam Tamachi, ya girmama waliyyi kuma ya yi fatan a hada shi kusa da waliyyi, inda ya fara al'adar amfani da Makli a matsayin wurin jana'izar.

Wurin ya shahara a matsayin babban wurin jana'izar a lokacin mulkin daular Samma, wanda ya yi babban birninsu kusa da Thatta.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Makli Necropolis-29.jpg|thumb|Makli Necropolis]]
Mafi mahimmancin kaburburan gine-gine a wurin sun kasance tun daga zamanin Mughal, tsakanin 1570 zuwa 1640 CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;WJ&quot; /&gt;

== Tsarin aiki ==
Makli Necropolis yana da murabba'in kilomita 10, yana da gidaje akalla 500,000 kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO&quot; /&gt; Ya taso daga ''Pir Patho'' a kudancin tsaunin Makli, zuwa arewa cikin siffar lu'u-lu'u.&lt;ref name=&quot;aha&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/885/pakistan/thatta/makli-necropolis|title=Makli Necropolis|publisher=Asian Historical Architecture|access-date=17 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gefen Gabas ɗinta an kafa shi ne ta ƙoramar tsaunin Makli. Ana samun manyan abubuwan tunawa da yawa a gefen kudu na wurin, kodayake ana samun kaburburan Samma a arewa.

== Juyin Halitta ==
[[File:Makli_Tombs1.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Makli_Tombs1.jpg|thumb|Yawancin kaburburan sun ƙunshi sassaƙaƙen kayan ado.]]
Gine-ginen jana'izar na manyan abubuwan tarihi sun haɗa tasirin musulmi, Hindu, Farisa, Mughal, da Gujarati,&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO&quot; /&gt; a cikin salon Lower Sindh wanda ya zama sananne da salon ''Chaukhandi'', mai suna bayan kaburburan Chaukhandi kusa da Karachi. Salon ''Chaukhandi'' ya zo ne don haɗa shingen dutsen yashi waɗanda maƙeran dutse suka [[sassaƙa]] a hankali cikin ƙira mai ƙira.&lt;ref name=&quot;malik&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQTABKAGaVgC&amp;q=Makli&amp;pg=PA93|title=Culture and Customs of Pakistan|last1=Malik|first1=Iftikhar|date=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0313331268|access-date=17 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaburbura na farko sun nuna faifai uku zuwa shida na dutse da aka jera a saman juna zuwa siffar ƙaramin dala. Haɓaka gine-ginen jana'izar sa'an nan kuma ya haɗa ƙananan tarkace.

A karni na 15, an fara shigar da kayan ado na rosettes da alamu masu da'ira a cikin kaburbura. Ƙarin sarƙaƙƙiyar ƙira da ƙira na Larabci tare da bayanan tarihin jikin da aka haɗa sannan suka fito. Manya-manyan abubuwan tarihi na tarihi sun haɗa da ginshiƙai da wasu ƙira da aka yi wahayi daga ilimin sararin samaniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;malik&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Close_to_grave_in_Makli_Necropolis.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_to_grave_in_Makli_Necropolis.jpg|thumb|Yawancin cenotaphs an sassaka su sosai.]]
Tsarin pyramidal daga ƙarni na 16 yana nuna amfani da minarets ɗin da aka yi sama da kayan furanni a cikin wani salo na musamman ga kaburbura waɗanda suka fito daga daular Turkic Trakhan. Gine-gine daga karni na 17 a sashin ''Leilo Sheikh'' na makabartar sun ƙunshi manyan kaburbura da suka yi kama da gidajen ibada na Jain daga nesa,&lt;ref name=&quot;malik&quot; /&gt; tare da babban tasiri daga yankin [[Gujarat]] na kusa.

Da yawa daga cikin manyan kaburbura sun ƙunshi sassaka na dabbobi, mayaka, da makamai - al'adar da ba a saba gani ba ga abubuwan tunawa da jana'izar musulmi. Daga baya kaburbura a wurin wani lokaci ana yin su gaba ɗaya da tubali, tare da shingen yashi kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;arch&quot; /&gt;

Manyan gine-gine mafi girma a cikin salon Chaukhandi na archetypal sun ƙunshi domed dutsen yashi na rawaya waɗanda aka yi wa fararen farare tare da ƙofofin katako, a cikin salon da ke nuna tasirin Asiya ta Tsakiya da Farisa. Girman kubba yana nuni da shaharar mutumin da aka binne, tare da ƙawata ƙasa da sifofin furen da aka sassaƙa.&lt;ref name=&quot;malik&quot; /&gt; Ƙarƙashin wasu kanofi yana nuna furannin magarya, alamar da aka fi haɗawa da addinin Hindu.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt;

Wasu kaburbura sun zo suna da fale-falen fale-falen fale-falen shuɗi na Sindh.&lt;ref name=&quot;malik&quot; /&gt; Amfani da rumfunan jana'izar daga ƙarshe ya haɓaka sama da ƙananan Sindh, kuma ya yi tasiri ga gine-ginen jana'izar a Gujarat maƙwabta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hasan|first1=Shaikh Khurshid|title=The Islamic Architectural Heritage of Pakistan: Funerary Memorial Architecture|date=2001|publisher=Royal Book Company|isbn=978-9694072623|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPLVAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Makli|access-date=17 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mausolea na Sarauta ==
Mausolea na sarauta mai ban sha'awa ya kasu kashi biyu manyan gungu: waɗanda daga zamanin Samma suka samar da nasu gungu, yayin da waɗanda suka fito daga lokutan Tarkhan, Arghun, da Mughals suna taruwa tare.

=== Samma cluster ===
Kaburburan da suka fito daga Daular Samma sun taru a cikin wani yanki mai girman eka 5 a arewacin ƙarshen necropolis. Samma su ne sarakunan Rajput, waɗanda suka kwace ikon Thatta a cikin 1335.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt; Kaburburan Samma suna da tasiri sosai da salon Gujarati, kuma sun haɗa da kayan ado na musulmi da na Hindu.

Kabarin Sarki Jam Nizamuddin II, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1510, wani tsari ne mai ban sha'awa na murabba'in mita 11.4 a kowane gefe. An gina shi da dutsen yashi kuma an yi masa ado da fure-fure da kayan ado na geometric. Siffar kuboid na kabarin na iya samun wahayi daga Ka'aba da ke Makkah. Ba a taɓa gina kubbarsa ba, don haka ya bar cikin fallasa ga abubuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aha&quot; /&gt; Gidan tarihin yana da wani katon ''jharoka'' ko baranda da aka sassaƙa irin na Gujarati, da ƙaramin kololuwa a samansa, wanda ya sa kabarin ya yi kama da haikali. A waje yana da nau'ikan kayan ado guda 14 waɗanda ke da ayoyin Alqur'ani da alamomin Hindu,&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt; kodayake bisa ga al'adar Musulunci, duk kayan ado suna ɗaukar sifar tsarin geometric, ban da frieze da ke nuna [[agwagwa]] na gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;aha&quot; /&gt;

Kabarin dan riƙon Jam Nizamuddin, Darya Khan, yayi kama da sansanin Rajasthani, kuma an gina shi bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1521 an haifi Darya Khan a matsayin bawa, amma ya yi fice a matsayin janar bayan ya fatattaki sojojin Arghun a yaƙi. An ba shi lakabin &quot;Jarumi na Sindh,&quot; kuma daga karshe aka nada shi ''Madrul Muham'', ko Firayim Minista.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt;

=== Arghun, Trakhan, da tari na Mughal ===
[[File:PK_Thatta_asv2020-02_img15_Makli_Necropolis.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PK_Thatta_asv2020-02_img15_Makli_Necropolis.jpg|thumb|Kabarin Mirzaa Baqi Uzbek yana da salon tsakiyar Asiya ''iwan''.]]
Kabarin Isa Khan Tarkhan I, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1554 zuwa 1565, yana wakiltar tashi daga gine-ginen jana'izar na Sammas. Kabarin yana da wani sabon salo mai salo na cenotaph, kuma an shimfida shi da siffa mai siffar rectangular tare da bangon ciki gaba daya an lullube shi da ayoyin kur'ani. Har ila yau kabarin yana da wurin da aka keɓe don kaburburan matansa na sarauta 5.&lt;ref name=&quot;aha&quot; /&gt;

Mausoleum na Isa Khan Hussain II Tarkhan (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1651) yana da ginin bene mai hawa biyu mai dauke da kofofi da baranda. An ce an gina kabarin a zamanin Isa. Bayan kammalawa, tatsuniya ta bayyana cewa Isa ya ba da umarnin a datse hannayen masu sana’ar don kada su sake yin wani abin tunawa da zai yi hamayya da nasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot; /&gt;

Kabarin Jan Beg Tarkhan (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1600), wani tsari ne na bulo wanda aka lulluɓe shi da shuɗi da fale-falen turquoise. Kaburbura ko kaburbura (''chattri maqbara'' ko kabarin laima) wani nau'in fasalin gine-gine ne na Indo-Musulunci, da kuma kaburbura.

Lokacin Mughul yana wakiltar kaburbura da yawa a gefen kudu na necropolis, ciki har da mausoleum na Mirza Jani da Mirza Ghazi Baig, na Nawab Shurfa Khan, shingen Mirza Baqi Baig Uzbek da na Mirza Jan Baba da kuma ban sha'awa. kabarin Nawab Isa Khan Tarkhan ƙarami.

== Kiyayewa ==
Makli Necropolis an ayyana shi a matsayin wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO a cikin 1981. Tsaftar tsarin wurin ya shafi sitaci, mamayewa, rashin kula da wuraren, barna, da sharar gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO&quot; /&gt; Ambaliyar ruwa ta Pakistan a shekarar 2010 ta kara dagula tabarbarewar wurin.&lt;ref&gt;''Damage Assessment Mission to the Necropolis of Makli'', Heritage Foundation, supported by the Prince Claus Fund for Culture and Development, Karachi (2011).&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Makli-graveyard-thatta.jpg|Makli graveyard
File:Makli_Necropolis-11.jpg|Makli Necropolis 
File:Overview of Makli Hills.jpg|Babban ra'ayi game da shafin
File:Beautiful architecture - pillars at Makli, Thatta.jpg|Wasu gumakan suna ƙunshe da shinge tare da rufin da aka tallafa wa dutsen dutsen da aka sassaka
File:PK Thatta asv2020-02 img16 Makli Necropolis.jpg|Wasu mausolea, irin na Dean Shurfa Khan suna da tasirin gine-gine mai ƙarfi daga Asiya ta Tsakiya
File:Tomb of Sultan Jam Nizamuddin.jpg|Kabarin Jam Nizamuddin II yana da jharoka wanda ke nuna tasirin Gujarati
File:PK Thatta asv2020-02 img20 Makli Necropolis.jpg|Kabarin Isa Khan Hussain II na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan tarihi a wurin
File:Makli Tombs9.jpg|Kaburbura da yawa sun lalace sosai
File:Quranic artwork at a decorated grave in the necropolis at Makli, Thatta.jpg|Alkur’ani zane-zane a wani kabari da aka yi wa wani Sufi tsarkaka a cikin necropolis
File:Canopy tomb of Daya Khan Rahu.jpg|Kabarin Daya Khan Rahu
File:Jam Mubarak Khan .jpg|Ra'ayin kabarin Jam Mubarak Khan
File:Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta-108247.jpg|Ra'ayin Nizam al-Din Tomb tare da palon polygon
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Arie Kouandjio</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
        <id>24962</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
      <origin>839812</origin>
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      <text bytes="5982" sha1="nk94l4xk5xud30fw59182e2qfhc1btj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Naturalization Ceremony (29665270956).jpg|thumb|Arie kouandjio]]
[[Fayil:Naturalization Ceremony (29589457862).jpg|thumb|ceremony ]]
[[Fayil:Naturalization Ceremony (29589456582).jpg|thumb|tsohon me tsaran kwallon kafane na kamaru]]
{{Infobox NFL player|name=Arie Kouandjio|image=Arie Kouandjio 2016.jpg|image_size=250px|alt=|caption=Kouandjio with the Washington Redskins in 2016|current_team=|number=60, 74|position=[[Offensive guard]]|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1992|4|23}}|birth_place=[[Douala]], [[Cameroon]]|death_date=|death_place=|height_ft=6|height_in=5|weight_lbs=316|high_school=[[DeMatha Catholic High School|DeMatha Catholic]]&lt;br/&gt;([[Hyattsville, Maryland]])|college=[[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]]|draftyear=2015|draftround=4|draftpick=112|pastteams=* [[Washington Redskins]] ({{NFL Year|2015}}–{{NFL Year|2016}})
* [[Baltimore Ravens]] ({{NFL Year|2017}})*
* Washington Redskins ({{NFL Year|2017}}–{{NFL Year|2018}})
* [[New York Guardians]] ({{XFL Year|2020}})|pastteamsnote=yes|status=|highlights=* 2× [[BCS National Championship Game|BCS national champion]] ([[2012 BCS National Championship Game|2011]], [[2013 BCS National Championship Game|2012]])
* Second-team [[College Football All-America Team|All-America]] ([[2014 College Football All-America Team|2014]])
* First-team All-[[Southeastern Conference|SEC]] ([[2014 All-SEC football team|2014]])|nflnew=ariekouandjio/2552333/|statseason=|statweek=|statlabel1=Games played|statvalue1=16|statlabel2=Games started|statvalue2=8}}
[[File:Arie_Kouandjio_2016.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Arie Manuel Kouandjio]]
'''Arie Manuel Kouandjio''' (An haife shi ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu, 1992). tsohon mai tsaron ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Kamaru]]. Ya buga kwallon kafa na kwaleji a Alabama, kuma [[Washington]] Redskins ne ya tsara shi a zagaye na hudu na 2015 NFL Draft.

== Rayuwar farko ==
Georgette da Jean-Claude Kouandjio, mahaifiyar Arie da mahaifinsa, sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka daga [[Kamaru]] a shekara ta 1998 sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara shida. &lt;ref name=&quot;ArieCitizenship&quot;&gt;Sabin, Rainer. [http://www.al.com/alabamafootball/index.ssf/2016/09/as_fellow_nfl_players_sit_for.html As fellow NFL players sit for anthem, former Alabama OL proud to become an American], Alabama Media Group, September 13, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kouandjio da farko ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta High Point a Beltsville, Maryland, inda ya buga kwallon kafa don shirin Eagles. Bayan shekara ta biyu an ɗauke shi aiki kuma aka koma shi zuwa DeMatha Catholic High School a Hyattsville, Maryland tare da ƙanensa Cyrus, inda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa don shirin Stags. Ya kasance mai daukar taurari hudu ta Rivals.com. A cikin Fabrairu 2010, ya himmatu zuwa Jami'ar Alabama don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji.  

== Aikin koleji ==
[[Fayil:Naturalization Ceremony (29589457862).jpg|thumb|Arie Kouandjio a tsakiya ]]
[[Fayil:Naturalization Ceremony (29665273376).jpg|thumb|Arie Kouandjio]]
Kouandjio ya kasance jajayen riga a matsayin sabon saurayi na gaskiya a cikin 2010. A matsayin dan wasan jajayen riga a shekarar 2011, ya buga wasanni biyu kafin raunin gwiwa ya kare kakarsa.  A matsayinsa na biyu a cikin 2012, Kouandjio ya buga wasanni 11 cikin 14 a matsayin madadin.  Ya zama mafari a karon farko yana ƙarami a cikin 2013, yana farawa duk wasanni 13. Kouandjio ya dawo a matsayin farkon babban shekara a 2014.  Ya fara duk wasanni 14 kuma an kira shi ƙungiya ta biyu Ba -Amurke .

== Sana'ar sana'a ==
{{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=4¾|weight=310|dash=|ten split=|twenty split=|shuttle=|cone drill=|vertical=|broad ft=|broad in=|bench=|arm span=34⅛|hand span=10⅞|wonderlic=|note=All values from NFL Combine&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arie-Manuel Kouandjio Combine Profile |url=https://www.nfl.com/prospects/arie-manuel-kouandjio/32194b4f-5505-0326-33d3-2a972c432b30 |access-date=September 16, 2020 |website=NFL.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== Washington Redskins ===
Washington Redskins ta tsara Kouandjio a zagaye na huɗu tare da zaɓi na 112 na gaba ɗaya a cikin 2015 NFL Draft .  Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2015. 

=== Baltimore Ravens ===
A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2017, an rattaba hannu kan Kouandjio zuwa tawagar horarwa ta Baltimore Ravens . 

=== Washington Redskins (lokaci na biyu) ===
A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2017, Kouandjio ya rattaba hannu a kan kungiyar Redskins daga kungiyar wasan Ravens.  Ya buga wasanni takwas a cikin 2017, yana farawa shida a gadin dama.
[[Fayil:Naturalization Ceremony (29619638191).jpg|thumb|Arie Kouandjio]]
A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2018, an sanar da cewa za a yi wa Kouandjio tiyatar quad saboda wani bangare na hawaye.  Mako mai zuwa, bayan tiyatar, an ba da rahoton cewa Kouandjio ba zai rasa dukkan kakar wasa ta 2018 ba.  

=== New York Masu gadi ===
An tsara Kouandjio a cikin zagaye na 10 a cikin kashi na biyu a cikin 2020 XFL Draft ta Masu gadi na New York . 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
[[Fayil:Naturalization Ceremony (29665270956).jpg|thumb|Arie Kouandjio]]
Kanin Kouandjio, Cyrus, wanda ya taka leda a Alabama a matsayin tuntuɓe kuma an zaɓi shi a zagaye na biyu na 2014 NFL Draft ta Buffalo Bills .   Kouandjio ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;ArieCitizenship&quot;&gt;Sabin, Rainer. [http://www.al.com/alabamafootball/index.ssf/2016/09/as_fellow_nfl_players_sit_for.html As fellow NFL players sit for anthem, former Alabama OL proud to become an American], Alabama Media Group, September 13, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141121141732/http://www.rolltide.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/arie_kouandjio_713420.html Alabama Crimson Tide bio]
* [https://www.redskins.com/team/players-roster/arie-kouandjio/ Washington Redskins bio]
{{2011 Alabama Crimson Tide football navbox}}{{2012 Alabama Crimson Tide football navbox}}{{Redskins2015DraftPicks}}

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ahmad S Nuhu</title>
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      <text bytes="2068" sha1="lmm2i9qvnpn2j4f337s3atesma7uqt9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name           = Ahmad S. Nuhu
| image          = 
| caption        = 
| birth_date     = 1977
| birth_place    = Plateau, Najeriya
| death_date     = 1 ga Janairu, 2007
| death_place    = Titin Azare, Bauchi, Najeriya
| nationality    = Najeriya
| occupation     = Jarumi, Mai bada umurni (Producer)
| years_active   = 2003–2007
| notable_works  = Masoyiyata (2003), Sakace (2005), Dijangala (2008)
| known_for      = Fina-finan Hausa (Kannywood)
}}

'''Ahmad S Nuhu''' fitaccen jarumine a masana'antar shirya fina finan hausa ta [[Kannywood]] Dan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma me bada umurni Wanda ya haska a fina finai da dama kaman su (masoyiyata) a shekarar alif 2003, Dijangala a shekara ta alif 2008, da Sakace a shekarar alif 2005 da dai sauransu. An haifi Ahmad S Nuhu a garin plato dake arewa maso tsakiyar Najeriya. Ya rasu ranar 1  ga watan Janairu shekarar 2007 sakamakon haɗarin mota a hanyarsa ta dawowa daga wasannin sallah dasuka gudanar a garin maiduguri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200701050242.html|date = 5 January 2007 |accessdate = 19 August 2024 |title = Nigeria: Hausa Film Actor, Ahmed S. Nuhu, is Dead| publisher = allafrica.com |first = Mustapha|last = Isah Kwaru|language = en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon Rayuwa ==
Ahmad S Nuhu an haifeshi ne a shekarar alif 1977 a garin [[Plateau (jiha)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/42c6c3cc717ef4560aca2af72ece19d6 |access-date=2022-08-21 |archive-date=2022-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821162814/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/42c6c3cc717ef4560aca2af72ece19d6 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==

== Aiki ==
Sana'arsa itace wasan kwaikwayo a masana'antar kannywood inda yasamu nasara sosai ayayinda ya haskaka a fina finai  da dama a lokacin rayuwarsa.

== Manazrta ==
[[Category:mutane daga masana'antar kannywood]]
[[Category:Matattun mutane daga masana'antar kannywood]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Mutane daga jihar filato]]
[[Category:Mutuwan 2007]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1977]]</text>
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    <title>Emmanuelle Assman</title>
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[[Fayil:Meeting d'Athlétisme Paralympique de Paris - Emmanuelle Assmann 02.jpg|thumb|Emmanuelle Assman]]
'''Emmanuelle Assmann''',(an haife ta a watan Oktoba 27, 1974 a Raincy), yar wasan shingen keken hannu ta Faransa ce, kuma shugabar wasanni. Ta kasance shugabar kwamitin wasannin naƙasassu da wasanni na Faransa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Emmanuelle Assmann reelected as the head of the French Paralympic Committee|url=https://france-paralympique.fr/actualite/emmanuelle-assmann-reelected-as-the-head-of-the-french-paralympic-committee/|access-date=2022-11-23|website=Comité Paralympique et Sportif Français|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba ta kyautar Knight na Legion, of Honor, a cikin 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Emmanuelle Assmann Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur|url=http://www.valerie-fourneyron.fr/actualites/emmanuelle-assmann-chevalier-de-la-legion-dhonneur.html|access-date=2022-11-23|website=web.archive.org|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2015-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005055510/http://www.valerie-fourneyron.fr/actualites/emmanuelle-assmann-chevalier-de-la-legion-dhonneur.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Ta yi gasa a wasannin naƙasassu na bazara na 2004 a Athens, inda ta sami lambar yabo ta Bronze a ƙungiyar epée ta mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-28|title=Athens 2004 - wheelchair-fencing - womens-epee-team {{!}} International Paralympic Committee|url=https://www.paralympic.org/athens-2004/results/wheelchair-fencing/womens-epee-team|access-date=2022-11-23|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2020-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028004757/https://www.paralympic.org/athens-2004/results/wheelchair-fencing/womens-epee-team|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi fafatawa a cikin foil A na mata,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-22|title=Athens 2004 - wheelchair-fencing - womens-foil-individual {{!}} International Paralympic Committee|url=https://www.paralympic.org/athens-2004/results/wheelchair-fencing/womens-foil-individual|access-date=2022-11-23|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2020-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022211021/https://www.paralympic.org/athens-2004/results/wheelchair-fencing/womens-foil-individual|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙungiyar foil ɗin mata,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-25|title=Athens 2004 - wheelchair-fencing - womens-foil-team {{!}} International Paralympic Committee|url=https://www.paralympic.org/athens-2004/results/wheelchair-fencing/womens-foil-team|access-date=2022-11-23|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2020-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025060159/https://www.paralympic.org/athens-2004/results/wheelchair-fencing/womens-foil-team|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma epée A na mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-21|title=Athens 2004 - wheelchair-fencing - womens-epee-individual {{!}} International Paralympic Committee|url=https://www.paralympic.org/athens-2004/results/wheelchair-fencing/womens-epee-individual|access-date=2022-11-23|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2020-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021104354/https://www.paralympic.org/athens-2004/results/wheelchair-fencing/womens-epee-individual|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana aiki da EDF Sport Energie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Brandvoice|date=2021-06-15|title=EDF lance EDF Sport Energie, une application d'engagement collectif et solidaire pour tous. Emmanuelle Assmann, responsable management projet EDF-Paris 2024 et Louis-Frédéric Doyez, directeur général de la fédération française Handisport nous parlent de l'engagement d'EDF depuis plus de 30 ans auprès de nos athlètes.|url=https://www.forbes.fr/sport-et-esport-business/edf-lance-edf-sport-energie-une-application-dengagement-collectif-et-solidaire-pour-tous-emmanuelle-assmann-responsable-management-projet-edf-paris-2024-et-louis-frederic-doyez-directeur-general/|access-date=2022-11-23|website=Forbes France|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2022-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123192019/https://www.forbes.fr/sport-et-esport-business/edf-lance-edf-sport-energie-une-application-dengagement-collectif-et-solidaire-pour-tous-emmanuelle-assmann-responsable-management-projet-edf-paris-2024-et-louis-frederic-doyez-directeur-general/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita mamba ce ta hukumar nakasassu ta Faransa. Ta jagoranci kwamitin wasannin nakasassu na Faransa (CPSF) daga Mayu 2013 zuwa Disamba 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-14|title=Marie-Amélie Le Fur nouvelle présidente du comité paralympique français|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/sport/omnisport/afp-00665624-marie-amelie-le-fur-nouvelle-presidente-du-comite-paralympique-francais-2230235.php|access-date=2022-11-23|website=lesechos.fr|language=fr|archive-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224023706/https://www.lesechos.fr/sport/omnisport/afp-00665624-marie-amelie-le-fur-nouvelle-presidente-du-comite-paralympique-francais-2230235.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Alesi|first=Stéphane|date=2018-12-05|title=Emmanuelle Assmann : « Financer le sport est un investissement social, politique et de santé »|url=https://journal.ccas.fr/emmanuelle-assmann-financer-le-sport-est-un-investissement-social-politique-et-de-sante/|access-date=2022-11-23|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 
[[Category:Haihuwan 1974]]</text>
      <sha1>kwudk2ylrzg8fi7icb93zf7yveyatag</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gaitana (Mawakiya)</title>
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      <text bytes="4822" sha1="i4znnrjcdup3xw84nfkrpj12xc2nlcm" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Gaitana.JPG|thumb|hotonta ]]
 {{databox}}
[[File:GaitanaUkrainianface.png|200px|right|thumbnail|Gaitana]]
'''Gaita-Lurdes Klaverivna Essami''' ( Ukraine  ; an haife ta a ranar 24 Maris 1979), wanda aka fi sani da  '''Gaitana''' ( Ukrainian     ), mawakiya ce kuma marubuciya ‘yar ƙasar Ukraine. An siffanta salon kidanta na Essami da ƙunshi salon jazz, funk, rai, da jama'a . Ta wakilci Ukraine a gasar Eurovision Song Contest 2012 a [[Baku]], inda ta yi waƙar &quot; Ka kasance Baƙona &quot; da kuma sanya 15th a wasan karshe.

Gaitana ta kasance ‘yar takara na biyu na Eurovision ‘yar asalin tsatson Afirka da aka taɓa haifa a cikin tsohuwar USSR, bayan mawaƙin Lithuania kuma mai kaɗa jita, Viktoras &quot;Victor&quot; Diawara na LT United sun kasance na farko.

== Kuruciya ==
An haifi Essami a [[Kiev|Kyiv]] ga mahaifiya ‘yar kasar  Ukraine, Tatiana Petrova, da uba, Klaver Essami, daga [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Syrotyuk&quot;&gt;[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/122884/ Racist comments about Gaitana stir controversy, anger], [[Kyiv Post]] (24 February 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;stars.glavred.info&quot;&gt;[http://stars.glavred.info/?/articles/2009/05/05/145506-14 STARS @ GLAVRED — Гайтана уехала жить к отцу в Конго… (ФОТО)]&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da take jaririya, dangin sun bar Ukraine kuma suka ƙaura zuwa garin mahaifinta a [[Brazzaville]] . Sun zauna a Jamhuriyar Kongo na tsawon shekaru biyar, har Essami da mahaifiyarta suka koma Ukraine a 1985. Saboda zama mafi yawan kuruciyarta a Jamhuriyar Kongo, Essami tana iya magana da [[Faransanci]] da Lingala ne kawai bayan ta koma Ukraine, kodayake daga baya ta iya yaren Yukren da [[Rashanci]] . Mahaifin Essami ya kasance a Brazzaville, inda yake gudanar da  kasuwancin sufuri. 

A Kyiv, Essami ta halarci makarantar waka, inda ta koyi yadda ake amfani da na’urar saxophone . Daga baya ta yi karatu a fannin tattalin arziki . Tun daga ƙuruciyarta, Essami ƙwararriyar 'yar wasa ce wadda ta kasance zakara mai wasan tennis . A cikin 1991, Essami ta fafata a gasar kiɗa ta yara ta ''Fantasy Lotto Nadiya'', inda ta zo na uku. Bayan gasar, Essami ya fara rera waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar kiɗan yara karkashin jagorancin Volodymyr Bystryakov. &lt;ref name=&quot;timecomeG&quot;&gt;[http://globalspin.blogs.time.com/2012/03/05/ukraines-eurovision-selection-marred-by-right-wing-racism/ Ukraine’s Eurovision Selection Marred by Right-Wing Racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601090942/http://globalspin.blogs.time.com/2012/03/05/ukraines-eurovision-selection-marred-by-right-wing-racism/ |date=2012-06-01 }}, [[Time.com]] (9 February 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; A lolacin a Tarayyar Soviet, waƙar salon R&amp;amp;amp;B bai yaɗu ba, don haka an gabatar da Essami ga waƙoƙin ƙasashen waje yayin da take halartar wuraren kiɗa na ƙasa cikin sirri a kuruciyarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;timecomeG&quot; /&gt;

== Sana’ar waka ==
Essami ta fara sana'ar waƙa a shekara ta 2003, inda ta fitar da album ɗinta na farko na ''O tebe'' . Ta ci gaba da fitar da wasu albam guda bakwai a cikin aikinta: ''Slidom za toboyu'' (2005), ''Kapli dozhdya'' (2007), ''Kukabarra'' (2008), ''Taynyye zhelaniya'' (2008), ''Tolko segodnya'' (2010), ''Viva, Turai!'' (2012), da kuma ''Voodooman'' (2014). Ana yin rikodin waƙoƙinta da [[Rashanci]], Ukrainian, ko [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] . Bayan rantsar da [[Barack Obama]] a matsayin shugaban Amurka a shekara ta 2009, Essami ya yi wasa a wata kwallo ta musamman don karrama shi a [[Kiev|Kyiv]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;timecomeG&quot;/&gt;

== Wakoki ==

=== Albam ===

* 2003 - ''О тебе'' (Gaitana da Hadin kai) - Game da ku
* 2005 - ''Слідом за тобою'' - Bin ku
* 2007 - ''Капли дождя'' - Ruwan ruwa
* 2008 - ''Kukaбaррa'' - Kukabarra
* 2008 - ''Тайные желания'' - Sirrin Sha'awa
* 2010 - ''Только сегодня'' - Yau Kawai
* 2012 - ''Viva, Turai!''
* 2014 - ''Voodooman''

=== Wakoki ===

* 2006 - &quot;Двa вікна&quot; - Windows guda biyu
* 2007 - &quot;Yalеній&quot; - Go Crazy
* 2009 - &quot;Нещодавно&quot; (Gaitana da Stas Konkin) - Kwanan nan
* 2012 - &quot; Ku Kasance Baƙona &quot;
* 2013 - &quot;Aliens&quot;
* 2014 - &quot;Galaxy&quot;
* 2020 - &quot;Jirgin Takarda&quot; (Na Aryan King)  

== Kyaututtuka ==

* [[Showbiz award|Kyautar Showbiz]]
** Mafi kyawun Tauraruwar Turai (kyauta ta musamman)
* [[Ukrainian Music Awards|Kyaututtukan Kiɗa na Yukren]] 
** Mafi kyawun mawakiyar mata 2008
** Mafi kyawun Album 2008

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://gaitana.com/en Shafin hukuma] {{In lang|en}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-ach|ach}}
{{Succession box|}}
{{S-end}}{{Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest|state=autocollapse}}{{Ukrainian singers of 2000}}{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1979]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Getaneh Molla</title>
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'''Getaneh Tamire Molla''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 1994) dan wasan tsere mai nisa ne dan kasar Habasha wanda ke fafatawa a wasan tsere mai nisa har zuwa 10K. Shi ne wanda ya lashe lambar zinare a tseren mita 5000 a gasar wasannin Afirka ta shekarar 2015.

Nasarar farko da Geteneh ya samu a matakin kasa ta zo ne a gasar guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta kasar Habasha a shekarar 2015 inda ya lashe gasar tseren 5000.&amp;nbsp;m. &lt;ref&gt;Negash, Elshadai (2015-06-14). [https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/ethiopian-athletics-championships-2015 Melese and Wasihun triumph at Ethiopian Championships]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2017-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya ba shi matsayi a cikin tawagar ƙasa a gasar shekara ta 2015 na yankin Afirka, inda ya zama zakara. &lt;ref&gt;Minshull, Phil (2015-09-17). [https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/2015-all-africa-games-day-5 Kenya's 4x400m men finish off the All-Africa Games in style]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2017-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2016 ya lashe taken kasa a Jan Meda Cross Country kuma ya kare 5000.&amp;nbsp;m  a gasar tseren. &lt;ref&gt;Negash, Elshadai (2016-01-31). [https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/jan-meda-international-molla-alamirew Molla and Alamirew take Jan Meda International cross country titles]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2017-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Negash, Elshadai (2016-04-25). [https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/ethiopian-athletics-championships-2016 Tamire, Sado and Hadise among the winners at Ethiopian Championships]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2017-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance a wajen samun lambobin yabo na kowane mutum a gasar kasa da kasa a waccan shekarar, inda ya zama na shida a Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta shekarar 2016 da na hudu a Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka na shekarar 2016. Sai dai ya jagoranci tawagar 'yan wasan kasar Habasha ta maza a gasar tagulla a gasar. Ya kare shekarar tare da nasara a [[Silvesterlauf Trier]] sannan ya bude sabuwar shekara tare da wata nasara a [[Cross Ouest-France]].  &lt;ref&gt;[https://more.arrs.run/runner/38976 Geteneh Tamire Mola] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406113714/https://more.arrs.run/runner/38976 |date=2023-04-06 }}. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]]. Retrieved on 2017-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;

Getaneh ya samu kyautar sa na farko na kasa a gasar duniya ta hanyar kare kambunsa na Habasha a gasar Jan Meda Cross Country ta shekarar 2017, inda ya doke Ibrahim Jeilan da [[Imane Merga]] da dai sauransu. &lt;ref&gt;Negash, Elshadai (2017-02-13). [https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-cross-country-championships/news/gidey-molla-dida-2017-ethiopian-cross-country Gidey, Tamire and Dida among the winners at Ethiopian Cross Country Championships]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2016-08-26.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gasar kasa da kasa ==
{| {{AchievementTable}}
|-
|2015
|[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games|African Games]]
|[[Brazzaville]], Congo
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]]
|13:21.88
|-
|rowspan=3|2016
|rowspan=2|[[2016 African Cross Country Championships|African Cross Country Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Yaoundé]], Cameroon
|6th
|Senior race
|27:13
|-
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Senior team
|41 pts
|-
|[[2016 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Durban]], South Africa
|4th
|[[2016 African Championships in Athletics – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]]
|13:17.84
|-
|2018
|[[2018 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Asaba City|Asaba]], Nigeria
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[2018 African Championships in Athletics – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]]
|13:49.06
|}1st a Riyadh rabin marathon 21000 m

== National titles ==

* Gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Habasha
** 5000 m: shekarar 2015, 2016
* Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Habasha
** Babban tsere: 2016, 2017

== Nasarar Circuit ==

* [[Silvesterlauf Trier]] : 2016
* [[Cross Ouest-France|Cross Ouest-Faransa]] : 2017

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin hadi na waje ==

* {{World Athletics|289671}}
[[Category:Haihuwan 1994]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Figueres</title>
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[[File:Figueres_03.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Abin tunawa da aka sadaukar don Josep Pep Ventura i Casas, Figueres (Alto Ampurdan, Girona, Catalonia, Spain)]]
[[File:Figueres_02.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Abin tunawa ga José Pep Ventura y Casas, Figueras (Alt Ampurdán, Girona, Catalonia, Spain)]]
[[File:Figueres_27.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Gorgot Tower, (Cypress-Cupressus sempervirens na Italiyanci) na Dalí Theatre and Museum, a Figueres, Catalonia, arewa maso gabashin Spain.]]
[[File:20061227-Figueres Sant Pere MQ.jpg|thumb|Figueres]]
Figueres (Da harshen Katalanci 'bishiyar', Furuci a yaren Katalanci: [fiˈɡeɾəs],  [fiˈɡeɾes]; Spanish: Figueras,  [fiˈɣeɾas]) itace babbar birnin ''[[Catalonia/Comarques|comarca]]'' na [[Alt Emporda|Alt Empordà]], ia gundumar [[Lardin Girona|Girona]], [[Katalunya|Catalonia]], Hispaniya.

A garin aka haifi mai zane [[Salvador Dalí]], kuma akwai gidan tarihi mai suna Teatre-Museu Gala Salvador Dalí, babban gidan kayan gargajiya wanda Dalí da kansa ya tsara wanda ke jan hankalin baƙi da yawa. Har ila yau, a nan aka haifi Narcís Monturiol, wanda ya fara yin nasarar ƙirƙira jirgin ruwa mai ƙarfi na farko a duniya. Har ila yau, a nan ne aka haifi Mónica Naranjo, ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙan Hispaniya da tafi kowa shahara acikin Mutanen Espanya a tsakanin 1990s da 2000s.

== Tarihi ==
Sunan garin ya samo asali ne daga '''''Ficaris''''', na asalin Visigoth. A shekarar 1267, Sarki James na na Aragon ya amince da haƙƙin ''fuero'', amma bayan shekaru huɗu Count Ponç IV na Empúries ya cinnawa garin wuta.

A cikin 1794 Figueras ta mika wuya ga Faransa, amma an sake dawo da ita a cikin shekarar 1795. A lokacin Yaƙin Peninsular Turawan Faransa ne suka kwace yankin a 1808, Mutanen Sipaniya suka sake kwato shi a 1811, Faransawa suka sake karbe shi a cikin wannan shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Figueras}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin yakin basasa na Sipaniya, garin ya zamo amintacce ga gwamnatin Republican, kuma jiragen saman Italiya na Nazi da na Fascist sun ta jefa bama-bamai akai-akai.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Figueres, la Gernika de Catalunya&quot;. ''Publico'' (in Spanish). 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2020-01-03.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Yana daya daga cikin garuruwan Kataloniya da aka fi yi masu ruwan bama-bamai a lokacin yakin basasa, a shekarar 1938, kuma, musamman, a farkon shekarar 1939, lokacin da dubban mutane suka ratsa cikin garin kan hanyarsu ta gudun hijira. Tabbas ba za a iya sanin adadin wadanda harin bam ya rutsa da su ba, amma zai kai kusan 400.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;ICIP participates in the historical memory project &quot;(silences) Figueres under the bombs&quot;. International Catalan Institute for Peace. Generalitat de Catalunya&quot;. ''International Catalan Institute for Peace''. Retrieved 2020-01-03.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Gwamnatin Republican ta Hispaniya ta gudanar da taronta na ƙarshe na yakin basasa (ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1939) a gidan kurkukun Sant Ferran Castel . 

Garin Figueres ta farfado tun daga 1950s, tana ƙarfafa tattalin arzikinta da masana'antun yawon shakatawa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Castell de Sant Ferran | Figueres, Spain Attractions&quot;. ''Lonely Planet''. Retrieved 2020-01-03.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimman wurare ==

* Sant Ferran Castle, wanda aka gina a cikin 1753 a lokacin mulkin Ferdinand VI na Spain, a wurin wani gidan zuhudu na Capuchin.  Yana da shimfidar pentagonal, tare da jimlar kewayen {{Convert|5.6|km|1}} .
* Ikilisiyar Parish na St. Peter, a cikin Gothic . Yana da nave guda ɗaya tare da ɗakin karatu na gefe.
* Teatre-Museu Gala Salvador Dalí (ƙarni na 19, an sabunta shi a cikin 1960s). Ya haɗa da hasumiya daga tsohuwar ganuwar.
* Gidan kayan tarihi na fasaha na Empordà, gidan kayan gargajiyar fasaha tare da ɗaruruwan na'urorin buga rubutu na tsoho
* Museu de l'Emportda

[[File:Face_of_Dali_1025.jpg|thumb| Bayar da yabo ga [[Salvador Dalí]] a gindin Rambla, Figueres]]

== Sanannun mutane ==

* Narcís Monturiol (1819-1885), injiniyan jirgin ruwa na farko kuma mai ƙirƙira.
* [[Salvador Dalí]] (1904-1989), mashahurin mai fasaha a duniya
* Montserrat Minobis da Puntonet (1942 – 2019), yar jarida ta mata
* Montserrat Vilà (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), masanin ilimin halitta
* Mónica Naranjo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974), mawaƙa kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin
* Dídac Lee (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974), ɗan kasuwa, tsohon memba na hukumar [[FC Barcelona]]
* Maverick Viñales (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), ɗan tseren MotoGP
* Sílvia Soler (an haifi 1961), marubuci kuma ɗan jarida

== Garuruwan Twin - garuruwan 'yan'uwa ==
An haɗa Figueres tare da: 

* {{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Alkalan Real|Alcalá la Real]], Spain (1989)
* {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Marignane]], France (1968)
* {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Kalisz]], Poland (1986)
* {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]], United States (2011)

== Nassoshi ==

; Nassoshi
{{Reflist}}

; Adabi

* Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). ''Guia de Catalunya'', Barcelona: Caixa de Catalunya. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/84-87135-01-3|84-87135-01-3]] (Spanish). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/84-87135-02-1|84-87135-02-1]] (Catalan).
{{Commonscat|Figueres}}
 

* [http://www.figueres.cat Majalisar Figueres] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720000547/http://www.figueres.cat/ |date=2011-07-20 }} : Majalisar Figueres (Catalan)
* [http://aplicacions.municat.gencat.cat/index.php?page=consulta&amp;mostraEns=1706690004 Shafukan bayanan gwamnati] {{In lang|ca}}
{{Geographic location|Centre=Figueres|N=[[Cabanes, Girona|Cabanes]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vilabertran]]|NE=[[Peralada]]|E=[[Vila-sacra]]|SE=[[El Far d'Empordà]]|S=|SW=[[Vilafant]]|W=|NW=[[Llers]]}}{{Alt Emporda}}{{Municipalities in Girona|state=autocollapse}}{{Authority control}}</text>
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    <title>Hanitriniaina Rakotondrabé</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Hanitriniaina Rivosoa Rakotondrabé''' (An haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan [[Janairu]] 1967) 'yar wasan tseren [[Madagaskar|Malagasy]] mai ritaya ce wacce ta kware a cikin tseren mita 100.

Ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe a tseren mita 60 a gasar cikin gida ta duniya a shekarun 1997 da 1999. Ta kuma taka leda a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a shekarun 1995, 1997 da 1999 da kuma gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2000 ba tare da samun ci gaba daga heats ba.

Rakotondrabé ta lashe tseren mita 100 a Wasan  [[Antananarivo|Antananarivo francophone Games]] a ranar 3 ga watan [[Satumba]] 1997.

Mafi kyawun lokacinta shine 11.32 seconds, wanda aka samu a watan Mayu 1996 a [[Dijon]]. Wannan shine rikodin Malagasy na yanzu, wanda aka gudanar tare da Lalao Ravaonirina.&lt;ref&gt;Malagasy athletics records Archived

2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt;   Ta kuma rike tarihin kasa na dakika 43.61 a  gudun mita 4 x 100, wanda aka samu a gasar [[Olympics]] ta bazara ta shekarar 2000 . Ta lashe tseren mita 100 a shekarun 1998 da 2003 Wasannin Tsibirin Tekun Indiya (Indian ocean Island games).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Indian Ocean Island Games&quot; .

www.gbrathletics.com . Retrieved 4 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin hadi na waje ==

* Hanitriniaina Rakotondrabé at World Athletics
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1967]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Arisa (manga)</title>
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      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Arisa_2010.webp|Arisa_2010.webp]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 17 May 2026.</comment>
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Arisa an haife ta a kasar jafanis ƙwararriyar wasan shojo ce kokari ta na cinma manufar manga fim ta bayyana Natsumi Ando ta bayyana shi ah mujallarna wata na kayoshi lokacin shekara febrari 2009,har zuwa lokacin satamba 2012.kodansha ta fitar da labari Sha biyu bound volume daga shekarar aprilu na 2009 zuwa satamba 2012.sun shirya fittar da Japan,tsubasa uehara amatsayin Mai bincike kenan ilmi fasaha lokacin ta mallaka wa Yar uwar ta gwayenta

Del Rey ya ba da lasisin jerin don fassarar yaren Ingilishi a Arewacin Amurka. Ya buga kundi na farko a cikin Oktoba 2010, kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka, Kodansha USA ta ɗauki nauyin bugawa, tare da ƙarar ƙarshe da aka buga a cikin Janairu 2014. Masu karanta harshen Ingilishi sun karɓi jerin gwano mai inganci, tare da ɗimbin kundila guda uku da aka sanya a cikin Jerin Mafi kyawun Masu siyarwa na New York Times na manga. ''Arisa'' gabaɗaya ta sami tabbataccen bita daga masu bitar harshen Ingilishi, kuma ƙarar farko da aka sanya a cikin jerin “Great Graphic Novels for Teens” a cikin 2011.

== Makirci ==
An saita a cikin Japan na zamani, makircin ya shafi Tsubasa Uehara  da Arisa Sonoda , kyawawan 'yan'uwa mata tagwaye da rabuwa da iyayensu suka rabu da su ta hanyar wasika. Daga karshe kuma ta sake zuwa a matsayin matashiya bayan shekaru uku, tomboyish Tsubasa tana da kishi, amma tana alfahari da fitacciyar ‘yar uwarta, idan aka kwatanta da rayuwarta ta makaranta inda ake kiranta da “Gimbiya Aljana”. Sa’ad da Arisa ta karɓi wasiƙa daga makarantarta da ke zarginta da cewa maciya amana ce, sai ta yi ƙoƙarin kashe kanta kuma ta koma. A gigice da bakin ciki, Tsubasa ta fito a matsayinta, tana zuwa makarantarta don jin dalilin da ya sa ta yi yunkurin kashe kanta. Ta sami labarin cewa ajin Arisa na aika sakon fatan alheri a wayoyinsu ga wanda ake kira King kowace Juma'a. Sarki yana ba da fata guda ɗaya kawai a mako, wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali. Tsubasa ya yanke shawarar dakatar da Sarki ya gano sunan mutumin don ceto Arisa, da fatan ya tashe ta daga suman da tayi.

Taimakawa a cikin binciken ta Akira Manabe , Abokin karatun Arisa wanda ya koyi ainihin Tsubasa, ta ci karo da Mariko Takagi , Abokin Arisa wanda Sarki ya yi amfani da shi; Midori Yamashita , Abokin Arisa; Rei Kudō , dalibin canja wuri wanda Arisa ta yi abokantaka a kan layi kuma wanda ke aiki a matsayin manzon Sarki; da Shizuka Mochizuki , Abokin ƙuruciyar Manabe wanda ya rasa amfani da kafafunsa bayan wani yunkurin kashe kansa da Sarki ya yi. Arisa ta farka daga suman da take yi, amma ta yi kamar tana da amnesia ta koma bangaren Midori. Ta bayyana cewa ita ce Sarki na asali: ko da yake ta yi buri marar lahani tun da farko, ta saci amsoshin jarrabawar da Mariko ke so, saboda tsoron rashin jin daɗi idan ta ƙi. Midori ya kama ta a cikin wannan aikin, kuma ta raba aikin biyan bukatun ajin tare da shi, har sai da ya raunata mahaifiyarta, a kokarin cimma burinsa. Daga nan Midori ya maye gurbinta a matsayin Sarki, yana amfani da tashin hankali da cin zarafi don biyan bukatansa. A tsorace ta zaluntarsa da ganin kamanceceniya da ke tsakaninsu, sai ta kai ga tagwayenta, tana fatan Tsubasa ta iya tona gaskiya. Tsubasa ya sami labarin cewa Midori ya sami rauni a hankali tun yana ƙuruciyarsa bayan mahaifiyarsa ta watsar da shi kuma ya shaida tagwayensa, Akari, ya mutu saboda sakaci . Daga baya ta dakile yunkurinsa na kashe mahaifiyarta, saboda ya tsani mahaifiyarsa kuma ya yi imani da cewa Arisa ma yana son nata. Arisa ta furta cewa tana sonsa don ya lura da kaɗaicinta, kuma ya gane cewa shima yana sonta. A ƙarshe, mahaifiyar Arisa ta ba da ƙarin lokaci tare da ita, kuma Arisa ta sulhunta da Tsubasa.

== Ci gaba ==
Manga artist Natsumi Ando 's Concept art of ''Arisa'' tana da nau'ikan Tsubasa guda biyu na baya tare da tsayi mai tsayi da tsayin kafada, bi da bi. Ando da farko ya ji damuwa game da rashin yiwuwar abokiyar soyayya ga Tsubasa, saboda masu sauraron ''Arisa'' {{'}} yan mata ne; duk da haka, yayin da manga ya ci gaba, ta yi la'akari da shi a matsayin &quot;maganin siyarwa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;vol 12&quot; /&gt; A sakamakon haka, ta sami damar mai da hankali kan tunanin Tsubasa game da tagwayen ta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fara jerin abubuwan manga, Ando ya ƙirƙiri &quot;Tsubasa&quot;, wani babin kari da ke mai da hankali kan yadda Arisa ta yi kamar ta zama ƙanwarta; ta ci gaba da jinkirta fitowar ta, saboda da alama bai dace ba a sami labarin bonus tare da Arisa ta bayyana lokacin da ta nutse a cikin babban labarin ta. A cewar Ando, ya sanya babi mai kyau da za a kammala jerin.

== Fitarwa ==
Natsumi Ando ne ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta sauraro na ''Arisa'', sun bayyana a jere a cikin mujallar manga na wata-wata ''Nakayoshi'' daga fitowar Fabrairu 2009 zuwa fitowar Satumba 2012.  Kodansha ya tattara saurari zuwa littafi goma sha biyu, kuma ya buga su daga Afrilu 28, 2009, zuwa Satumba 6, 2012. 

A cikin 2009, Del Rey ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya ba da lasisin jeri don fassarar yaren Ingilishi a Arewacin Amurka. Del Rey ya fitar da ƙarar farko a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2010;  Kodansha USA ya ci gaba da buga jerin, tare da ƙarar ƙarshe da aka buga a Janairu 21, 2014. Kodansha a Burtaniya ma ya buga bugu na dijital na jerin. Carlsen Comics kuma an fassara ''Arisa'' zuwa Jamusanci. 

== liyafa ==
''Arisa'' ta sami kyakkyawar kulawa  daga masu karatun na Turanci. Juzu'i na biyu, na biyar, da na shida kowanne an sanya su a cikin Jerin Mafi kyawun Masu siyarwa na New York Times na manga.

Ƙungiyar Sabis na Laburaren Matasa ta sanya ƙarar farko na ''Arisa'' a cikin jerin &quot;Babban Zane-zane don Matasa&quot; na 2011. Deb Aoki na About.com ya sake nazarin ƙarar farko na ''Arisa'' da kyau, yana yaba shi a matsayin &quot;mai tursasawa&quot; da &quot;labari mai duhu&quot; fiye da aikin Ando na baya ''Gimbiya Gimbiya'' ; daga baya ta sanya ''Arisa'' a cikin jerin 2010 na &quot;Mafi kyawun Sabon Manga&quot; don nau'in ''shojo'' .  A cewar Matthew Warner na Mania Entertainment, farkon clichéd-da alama haruffa da bayyanan jigo sun taimaka wajen samar da &quot;bambanci mai ƙarfi&quot; ga babban labarin da &quot;lalata da karkatacciyar yanayin ɗabi'ar Arisa&quot;.  Yayin da yake lura da kasancewar clichés da &quot;ramukan makirci&quot;, Carlo Santos na Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Anime ya ji daɗin ƙarar farko, yana kwatanta shi a matsayin &quot; Naoki Urasawa mai salo na shoujo, wanda aka gina akan yadudduka na sirrin jaraba&quot;; yana da ra'ayi iri ɗaya game da zane-zane nata, inda ya rubuta cewa ya ba da labarin da kyau, amma ba shi da wani salo na fasaha na musamman.  A cikin bitarta na juzu'i na uku, Rebecca Silverman, wata mai bita don Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Anime, ta rubuta cewa yayin da tsarin tsakiyar makarantar ya ji abin yarda da shi kuma asirin ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, wasu bangarori na makircin suna ƙoƙarin dakatar da karatu na rashin imani, da kuma zane-zane, kodayake yawanci yana da daɗi, ya kasa zama mai ban tsoro mai gamsarwa yayin al'amuran ban tsoro. A cikin bita na bita na littattafai na goma sha ɗaya da na goma sha biyu, Silverman ya fassara Arisa a matsayin gwagwarmaya tare da  na Stockholm kuma ya rubuta cewa ba shi da damuwa, kamar yadda ta ƙarshe, halin har yanzu ya kasance a cikin &quot;dangantakar da ba ta da.&quot; Ta ji daɗin wannan tuhuma kuma ta rubuta cewa labarin baya na Midori ya isa ya bayyana ayyukansa, ta ƙarasa da cewa &quot;Arisa ta kasance mai hawan daji, abin tsoro

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Baba Dee</title>
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        <username>Hafsah3639</username>
        <id>35826</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347071205|Baba Dee]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

Dare Fasasi, wanda aka fi sani da Baba Dee, darektan fina-finai ne na Sweden-Nijeriya, kuma mai zane-zane na rawa.[1][2] Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan mawaƙin mawaƙa na Najeriya, Sound Sultan, tare da wanda ya kafa lakabin rikodin mai suna Naija Ninja Entertainment Production Company. [3][4] Ayyukan kiɗa na Baba Dee ya fara ne tare da sakin kundi na farko a shekarar 1997. [5]

== Ilimi da aiki ==
Baba Dee ta sami digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]],  da kuma digiri na biyu a cikin jagorantar mataki da fim. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Directors {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/#dare-fasasi |access-date=2021-08-26 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirinsa na farko a kiɗa shine Lekki Splash Talent Hunt inda ya yi gasa da wasu masu fafatawa tara kuma ya lashe a shekarar 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;thenet.ng&quot; /&gt; Nasarar da ya samu ta haɗa da kwangilar rikodi wanda ya kawo shi cikin masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya, bayan haka ya sami wani kwangilar yin rikodi tare da Astro Entertainment a Sweden, wanda ya zagaya Turai tare da wasu masu fasaha.

A cikin wata hira ta 2014, ya bayyana cewa ba ya amfani da jima'i wajen inganta kiɗansa.

Baba Dee ya jagoranci fim dinsa na farko, Head Gone, a shekarar 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fasasi, Dare {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dare-fasasi/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din, wanda aka hada shi da dan uwansa, Sound Sultan,  ya hada da mawaƙin Najeriya [[2Baba|Tuface]], [[Alibaba Akpobome]], [[Basketmouth]], [[Eniola Badmus]], [[Akpororo]], da sauransu.  Head Gone kuma an fara shi ne a Sweden da [[Berlin]] a cikin 2014, kuma an ruwaito shi ne fim na farko na Nollywood da wani darektan Sweden ya yi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Radio |first=Sveriges |title=First Nollywood film produced by Swedish director - Radio Sweden |url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6157793 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=sverigesradio.se |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2013, Baba Dee ya bayyana niyyarsa na yin takara don zama memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas, Oriade Amuwo Odofin mazabar 2, a Babban Zabe na Najeriya na 2015.  Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin kungiyar haƙƙin mallaka ta Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=eventnewsafrica |last2=eventnewsafrica |date=2015-08-28 |title=Police IG assures COSON of full support in the war against copyright theft |url=https://www.eventnews.tv/press-release/coson-copyright-theft/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Eventnews Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Baba Dee shi ne babban ɗan'uwan mawaƙin Najeriya kuma mai kida, Sound Sultan, wanda ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Yulin 2021. 

A wani girmamawa ga marigayi ɗan'uwansa a watan Yulin 2021, ya yi ƙoƙari ya sulhunta 'yan uwan tagwaye [[Mr. P (mawaƙi)|Peter Okoye]] da Paul Okoye, ƙungiyar kiɗa ta tsohuwar [[P-Square]] wacce ke rikici.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee Begs P-Square To Reunite, Ends Tubaba And Blackface’s ‘Beef’ |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2021/07/25/baba-dee-begs-p-square-to-reunite-ends-tubaba-and-blackfaces-beef/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana da ɗa mai suna Tunde Vahlberg Fasasi . 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* Head Gone (2014) - Darakta &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fasasi, Dare {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dare-fasasi/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dare-fasasi/ &quot;Fasasi, Dare | African Film Festival, Inc&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-08-21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kundin studio'''

* Tsaya 4 Hanyar (2018) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/baba-dee/257021175 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Apple Music |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Boom Box'' (2014) 
* Mai amfani da yawa (2007) 
* ''Mafi Bukatar'' (1997) 

* Ayyukan &quot;Daggarin&quot;. Jaycii (2019) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/baba-dee/257021175 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Apple Music |language=en-CA}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/baba-dee/257021175 &quot;Baba Dee on Apple Music&quot;]. ''Apple Music''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-08-21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Duk Game da Kai&quot; (2017) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Kyautar
!Sashe
!Ayyuka
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2007
|Headies
|Mafi kyawun Reggae / Dancehall Album
|''Sauye-sauye''|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Past Winners of HHWA |url=http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227045424/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=14 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2013
|Headies
|Mafi kyawun Reggae / Dancehall Single
|&quot;Ka sauka&quot;|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 December 2013 |title=Olamide, Phyno win big at The Headies 2013 |url=http://entertainment.ng.msn.com/local-entertainment/olamide-phyno-win-big-at-the-headies-2013-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222225944/http://entertainment.ng.msn.com/local-entertainment/olamide-phyno-win-big-at-the-headies-2013-1 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=10 February 2014 |publisher=MSN Entertainment Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>Gyara rubutu</comment>
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Dare Fasasi, wanda aka fi sani da Baba Dee, darektan fina-finai ne na Sweden-Nijeriya, kuma mai zane-zane na rawa.[1][2] Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan mawaƙin mawaƙa na Najeriya, Sound Sultan, tare da wanda ya kafa lakabin rikodin mai suna Naija Ninja Entertainment Production Company. [3][4] Ayyukan kiɗa na Baba Dee ya fara ne tare da sakin kundi na farko a shekarar 1997. [5]

== Ilimi da aiki ==
Baba Dee ta sami digiri na farko a fannin wasan kwaikwayo daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]],  da kuma digiri na biyu a cikin jagorantar mataki da fim. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Directors {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/#dare-fasasi |access-date=2021-08-26 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirinsa na farko a kiɗa shine Lekki Splash Talent Hunt inda ya yi gasa da wasu masu fafatawa tara kuma ya lashe a shekarar 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;thenet.ng&quot; /&gt; Nasarar da ya samu ta haɗa da kwangilar rikodi wanda ya kawo shi cikin masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya, bayan haka ya sami wani kwangilar yin rikodi tare da Astro Entertainment a Sweden, wanda ya zagaya Turai tare da wasu masu fasaha.

A cikin wata hira ta 2014, ya bayyana cewa ba ya amfani da jima'i wajen inganta kiɗansa.

Baba Dee ya jagoranci fim dinsa na farko, Head Gone, a shekarar 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fasasi, Dare {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dare-fasasi/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din, wanda aka hada shi da dan uwansa, Sound Sultan,  ya hada da mawaƙin Najeriya [[2Baba|Tuface]], [[Alibaba Akpobome]], [[Basketmouth]], [[Eniola Badmus]], [[Akpororo]], da sauransu.  Head Gone kuma an fara shi ne a Sweden da [[Berlin]] a cikin 2014, kuma an ruwaito shi ne fim na farko na Nollywood da wani darektan Sweden ya yi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Radio |first=Sveriges |title=First Nollywood film produced by Swedish director - Radio Sweden |url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6157793 |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=sverigesradio.se |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2013, Baba Dee ya bayyana niyyarsa na yin takara don zama memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas, Oriade Amuwo Odofin mazabar 2, a Babban Zabe na Najeriya na 2015.  Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin kungiyar haƙƙin mallaka ta Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=eventnewsafrica |last2=eventnewsafrica |date=2015-08-28 |title=Police IG assures COSON of full support in the war against copyright theft |url=https://www.eventnews.tv/press-release/coson-copyright-theft/ |access-date=2021-08-26 |website=Eventnews Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Baba Dee shi ne babban ɗan'uwan mawaƙin Najeriya kuma mai kida, Sound Sultan, wanda ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Yulin 2021. 

A wani girmamawa ga marigayi ɗan'uwansa a watan Yulin 2021, ya yi ƙoƙari ya sulhunta 'yan uwan tagwaye [[Mr. P (mawaƙi)|Peter Okoye]] da Paul Okoye, ƙungiyar kiɗa ta tsohuwar [[P-Square]] wacce ke rikici.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee Begs P-Square To Reunite, Ends Tubaba And Blackface’s ‘Beef’ |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2021/07/25/baba-dee-begs-p-square-to-reunite-ends-tubaba-and-blackfaces-beef/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Channels Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana da ɗa mai suna Tunde Vahlberg Fasasi . 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* Head Gone (2014) - Darakta &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fasasi, Dare {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dare-fasasi/ |access-date=2021-08-21 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://africanfilmny.org/directors/dare-fasasi/ &quot;Fasasi, Dare | African Film Festival, Inc&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-08-21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Kundin studio'''

* Tsaya 4 Hanyar (2018) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/baba-dee/257021175 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Apple Music |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Boom Box'' (2014) 
* Mai amfani da yawa (2007) 
* ''Mafi Bukatar'' (1997) 

* Ayyukan &quot;Daggarin&quot;. Jaycii (2019) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baba Dee on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/baba-dee/257021175 |access-date=2021-08-21 |website=Apple Music |language=en-CA}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/baba-dee/257021175 &quot;Baba Dee on Apple Music&quot;]. ''Apple Music''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-08-21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Duk Game da Kai&quot; (2017) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Kyautar
!Sashe
!Ayyuka
!Sakamakon
!Ref
|-
|2007
|Headies
|Mafi kyawun Reggae / Dancehall Album
|''Sauye-sauye''|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Past Winners of HHWA |url=http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227045424/http://hiphopworldmagazine.com/theheadies/past-winners |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=14 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2013
|Headies
|Mafi kyawun Reggae / Dancehall Single
|&quot;Ka sauka&quot;|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 December 2013 |title=Olamide, Phyno win big at The Headies 2013 |url=http://entertainment.ng.msn.com/local-entertainment/olamide-phyno-win-big-at-the-headies-2013-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222225944/http://entertainment.ng.msn.com/local-entertainment/olamide-phyno-win-big-at-the-headies-2013-1 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=10 February 2014 |publisher=MSN Entertainment Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
==Manzarta==</text>
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Yare ne Wanda Ɗaya daga cikin yarurrukan da mutanen kudancin kasashen [[Asiya]] sukeyi kamar indiya da sauransu waɗansu makwabtan kasar ta [[Indiya]] dake a kudancin ƙasashen [[Asiya]], Akallla mutanen kasar indiya 3,394,000 suna magana na yaren.&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO WAL
https://en.wal.unesco.org › languages
Wagdi in India&lt;/ref&gt;
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Yare ne Wanda Ɗaya daga cikin yarurrukan da mutanen kudancin ƙasashen [[Asiya]] sukeyi kamar indiya da sauransu waɗansu makwabtan ƙasar ta [[Indiya]] dake a kudancin ƙasashen [[Asiya]], Akallla mutanen ƙasar indiya 3,394,000 suna magana na yaren.&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO WAL
https://en.wal.unesco.org › languages
Wagdi in India&lt;/ref&gt;
== Manazarta ==</text>
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Yare ne Wanda Ɗaya daga cikin yarurrukan da mutanen kudancin ƙasashen [[Asiya]] sukeyi kamar indiya da sauransu waɗansu maƙwabtan ƙasar ta [[Indiya]] dake a kudancin ƙasashen [[Asiya]], Akallla mutanen ƙasar indiya 3,394,000 suna magana na yaren.&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO WAL
https://en.wal.unesco.org › languages
Wagdi in India&lt;/ref&gt;
== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fihirisar Lalacewar yanayi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4036" sha1="d6toulbdvzqle7r74f2psx4yuf0yg1f" xml:space="preserve">Indexididdigar Matsalolin Sauyin yanayi (CVI), wanda kuma ake kira da Indexididdigar Sauyin Sauyin Yanayi (CCVI), kayan aiki ne da ke gano wuraren da ke fama da ambaliya da tasirin zafi na canjin yanayi ta hanyar haɗa abubuwan ginannun, zamantakewa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://oceanfdn.org/ha/teku-da-sauyin-yanayi/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-27 |archive-date=2025-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811083008/https://oceanfdn.org/ha/teku-da-sauyin-yanayi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;, da muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-01 |title=Climate Change Vulnerability Index {{!}} Resilient Connecticut |url=https://resilientconnecticut.uconn.edu/ccvi/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Rajiv |last2=Jha |first2=ShashidharKumar |date=2012-06-01 |title=Climate vulnerability index - measure of climate change vulnerability to communities: a case of rural Lower Himalaya, India |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-011-9338-2 |journal=Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change |language=en |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=487–506 |bibcode=2012MASGC..17..487P |doi=10.1007/s11027-011-9338-2 |issn=1573-1596 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma bayyana shi azaman kayan aiki na tsari don kimanta [[Hadarin sauyin|Hadarin canjin yanayi]] cikin sauri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.jcu.edu.au/cvi-heritage |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Climate Vulnerability Index (CVI) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi amfani da Cibiyar Tsaro ta Yanayi don nazarin tasirin canjin yanayi a kan [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidajen Tarihin Duniya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ana iya amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin taswirar don bincika rauni a matakin yanki da na gida don fahimtar abubuwan da suka dace.

CVI ta zana sama da 180 bayanai don samar da cikakkun bayanai, ƙididdiga-matakin ƙidayar, tattara bayanai a cikin yankuna kamar kiwon lafiya, kayayyakin more rayuwa, muhalli, da matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.  Mutane, ababen more rayuwa, da/ko albarkatun muhalli sun fi fuskantar lahani a wuraren da suka fi dacewa da sauyin yanayi yayin da yanayin zafi ya tashi, ambaliyar ruwa ta yi muni, kuma iska mai ƙarfi ta yi ƙarfi..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Balica |first=S. F. |last2=Wright |first2=N. G. |last3=van der Meulen |first3=F. |date=2012-10-01 |title=A flood vulnerability index for coastal cities and its use in assessing climate change impacts |journal=Natural Hazards |language=en |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=73–105 |bibcode=2012NatHa..64...73B |doi=10.1007/s11069-012-0234-1 |issn=1573-0840 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin lafiyar yanayi ya haɗa da fannoni da yawa kamar bayyanar jiki, ƙwarewa ga rauni, da rashin ƙwarewar jimrewa da daidaitawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sullivan |first=C. |last2=Meigh |first2=J. |date=2005-03-01 |title=Targeting attention on local vulnerabilities using an integrated index approach: the example of the climate vulnerability index |url=https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0111 |journal=Water Science and Technology |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=69–78 |bibcode=2005WSTec..51Q..69S |doi=10.2166/wst.2005.0111 |issn=0273-1223 |pmid=15918360 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fahimtar rauni yana ba mu damar yin zabi game da rarraba albarkatu, tsara manufofi, da fifiko, zama, da kuma tsara ayyukan.

A Amurka, an yi amfani da CVI don bincika yankuna gaba ɗaya a duk faɗin ƙasar, suna ba da masu tsara manufofi da al'ummomi tare da bayanan da aka tara akan abubuwan da ke tattare da al'umma ga haɗarin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=‘Climate Vulnerability Index’ Shows Where Action, Resources Are Needed To Address Climate Change Threats |url=https://stories.tamu.edu/news/2023/10/02/climate-vulnerability-index-shows-where-action-resources-are-needed-to-address-climate-change-threats/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=stories.tamu.edu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar CVI, tun daga 2023, waɗannan su ne yankunan Amurka da suka fi rauni: &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;</text>
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    <title>Dutsen Bima</title>
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'''Tudun Bima''' wani tudu ne a [[Gombe (jiha)|jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] dake cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Yamaltu/Deba]]. Yana da girman 404 m (1325 ft).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bima Hills |url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/bima-hills.html |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=PeakVisor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Poly |first=Hill |title=Rural Hausa : A Village and Setting. |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1972 |isbn=9780521082426}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Tudun Bima shine na hudu mafi tsayi a [[jihar Gombe]] a cikin 23. Hakanan shine farkon cikin biyu a Yamaltu/Deba. A shahararriyar tsaunin Bima shine na 80 a [[Najeriya]], na biyu a [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] kuma na daya a Yamaltu/Deba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Yankunan tsaunin Bima ==
'''Shinga''' gari ne, da ke a yankin Yamaltu/Deba a [[Jihar Gombe]], a [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shinga, Nigeria - Facts and information on Shinga - Nigeria.Places-in-the-world.com |url=https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/2323156-place-shinga.html |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=nigeria.places-in-the-world.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya ta'allaka ne a tsayin mita 425 (1394 ft) tsakanin tsaunin Bima da gefen hagu na [[Gongola (kogi)|Kogin Gongola]]. Shinga yana da nisan kilomita 8 (5 mi) arewa da tsaunin Bima. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke kusa su ne:

* Kalo: 4.4 km (5 mi)
* Gwani: 6.9 km (4.3 mi)
* Gadam: 9.7 km (6 mi)
* Nahantsi: 11.1 km (6.9 mi)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bima Hills / Bima Hills, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa |url=https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2347144_Bima+Hills.html |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=travelingluck.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bima Hills hills, Gombe, Nigeria |url=https://ng.geoview.info/bima_hills,2347144 |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=ng.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gombe Mountains |url=https://peakvisor.com/adm/gombe.html |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=PeakVisor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==
Tudun Bima&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;  yana gefen hagu na Kogin [[Gongola]] tare da latitude 10.3997°N, 11.5331°E.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bima Hills hills, Gombe, Nigeria |url=https://ng.geoview.info/bima_hills,2347144 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=ng.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;  tare da tsayin kusan 764 m (2,507 ft).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gombe Mountains |url=https://peakvisor.com/adm/gombe.html |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=PeakVisor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

'''Alamomin ƙasa'''

Gidan Gwamnatin Biryel: kilomita 9 (5.6 mi) kudu maso gabas

[[Dadin Kowa Dam]]: 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest

Wade Hills: kilomita 11 (6.8 mi) arewa maso gabas

Deba Fulani: 18 km (11.2 mi) yamma

Taimakon ya kasance ƙasa da 300 m (984 ft) wanda ya tashi sama da ƙasa mai kewaye tare da yanayin yanayi na tropical savanna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2347144.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=www.mindat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

Siffar tsaunin shine nau'in hypsographic wanda shine nazari da taswirar yanayin  duniya sama da matakin teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bima Hills, Nigeria - Geographical Names, map, geographic coordinates |url=https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-2788274&amp;fid=4318&amp;c=nigeria |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=geographic.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin Zafi ==

A lokacin rana, yawan zafin wurin dutsen Bima ya kai 25 ° C. Jimlar ruwan sama 0 mm. Da dare gajimare. Mafi ƙarancin zafin wurin shine 22 ° C. 

== Yawon buɗe ido a Dutsen Bima ==
Tudun dai wani wurin yawon bude ido ne da ke kan titin Gombe-Biu, wanda ya kai mita 764 da taku 259 sama da matakin teku kuma galibin masu yawon bude ido na cikin gida da na kasashen waje ke ziyarta.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gbemiga Ogunleye</title>
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'''Gbemiga Ogunleye,''' lauya ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|dan Najeriya]], ɗan jarida, masanin harkokin yaɗa labarai, kuma tsohon shugaba na [[Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Jarida|Cibiyar Jarida ta Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://theeagleonline.com.ng/nij-appoints-ogunleye-johnson-as-provost-deputy-provost/|title=NIJ appoints Ogunleye, Johnson as Provost, Deputy Provost|work=The Eagle Online - The Nigerian Online Newspaper|accessdate=6 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://newsnowafrica.com/tag/nigerian-institute-of-journalism/|title=NIGERIAN INSTITUTE OF JOURNALISM - NEWS NOW AFRICA|work=newsnowafrica.com|accessdate=6 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412101015/http://newsnowafrica.com/tag/nigerian-institute-of-journalism/|archive-date=12 April 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ya samu digirin farko a fannin shari’a daga [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami’ar Jihar Legas]], sannan ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin yaɗa labarai da sadarwa daga [[Jami'ar Pan Atlantic|Jami’ar Pan-Atlantic]] amma ya samu shaidar kammala Diploma a aikin jarida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theelitesng.com/nij-sacks-provost-elisabeth-ikem-ogunleye-johnson-named-new-provost-deputy-provost/|title=sacks provost,elisabeth ikem Ogunleye Johnson named new provost and deputy provost|work=theelitesng.com|accessdate=6 April 2015|archive-date=12 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412035331/http://www.theelitesng.com/nij-sacks-provost-elisabeth-ikem-ogunleye-johnson-named-new-provost-deputy-provost/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha (BA) a fannin ilimin harsuna daga [[Jami'ar Benin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/literary-punch/ogunleye-becomes-nij-provost/ |title=Ogunleye becomes NIJ provost |work=The Punch - Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper |accessdate=6 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318131917/http://www.punchng.com/feature/literary-punch/ogunleye-becomes-nij-provost/ |archivedate=18 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ogunleye shi ne Shugaban Sadarwa na Kamfanin [[Arik Air]], wani kamfanin jirgin sama na Najeriya da ke gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na cikin gida, yanki da na waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://proshareng.com/news/1889|title=EFCC Probes Arik Air Ownership Structure, Funding|work=proshareng.com|accessdate=6 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.savidnews.com/council-of-nigerian-institute-of-journalism-appoints-new-officers/|title=Council of Nigerian Institute of Journalism appoints new officers  –  Savid News, Sports, Politics|work=savidnews.com|accessdate=6 April 2015|archive-date=11 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411224016/http://www.savidnews.com/council-of-nigerian-institute-of-journalism-appoints-new-officers/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma kasance mataimakin babban editan jaridar ''The Punch'', jaridar Daily Nigerian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dameawards.com/dame20thphoto.htm|title=DAME Awards|work=dameawards.com|accessdate=6 April 2015|archive-date=25 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825002902/http://dameawards.com/dame20thphoto.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban [[Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Jarida|Cibiyar Jarida ta Najeriya]] don maye gurbin Dr. Elizabeth Ikem, ya kasance darektan Labarai da al'amuran yau da kullun a [[TVC News]], kasar Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/nij-gets-new-provost-deputy/|title=NIJ gets new provost, deputy - The Nation|work=The Nation|accessdate=6 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[category:Haifaffun 1959]] 
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Yan jaridar Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gervais Mendo Ze</title>
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[[Fayil:Pr. Gervais.jpg|thumb|Gervais Mendo Ze]]
'''Gervais Mendo Ze''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan Disamban shekarar ta alif 1944 - 9 Afrilu 2021) masani ne a fannin harshe ɗan ƙasar [[Kamaru]] ne, malami, [[marubuci]] kuma jami'in [[gwamnati]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Ce-que-les-camerounais-ignorent-du-Professeur-Mendo-Ze-d-c-d-587953|title=Ce que les camerounais ignorent du Professeur Mendo Ze décédé|date=9 April 2021|work=CamerounWeb|language=French|access-date=7 December 2023|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417021124/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Ce-que-les-camerounais-ignorent-du-Professeur-Mendo-Ze-d-c-d-587953|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya yi shugabanci a gidan [[talabijin]] na Kamaru daga cikin shekarun 1988 zuwa 2005.
'''Gervais Mendo Ze''' (25 Disamba 1944 - 9 Afrilu 2021) masani ne a fannin harshe ɗan ƙasar Kamaru ne, malami, marubuci kuma jami'in gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Ce-que-les-camerounais-ignorent-du-Professeur-Mendo-Ze-d-c-d-587953|title=Ce que les camerounais ignorent du Professeur Mendo Ze décédé|date=9 April 2021|work=CamerounWeb|language=French|access-date=7 December 2023|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417021124/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Ce-que-les-camerounais-ignorent-du-Professeur-Mendo-Ze-d-c-d-587953|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya yi shugabanci a gidan talabijin na Kamaru daga cikin shekarun 1988 zuwa 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Gervais-Mendo-Ze/173013|title=Gervais Mendo Ze|work=Babelio|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haife shi ne a Meyomessala, Gervais Mendo Ze ya halarci Jami'ar Yaoundé, ya samu digiri na {{Interlanguage link|Diplôme d’études supérieures spécialisées|fr}} a cikin shekarar 1973.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.camerounweb.com/person/Gervais-Mendo-Ze-2143|title=Gervais Mendo Ze|work=CamerounWeb|language=French|access-date=2023-12-07|archive-date=2023-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180656/https://www.camerounweb.com/person/Gervais-Mendo-Ze-2143|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya yi digiri na uku a cikin shekarar 1984 a [[Bordeaux]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.osidimbea.cm/hommes-et-femmes/mendo-ze-gervais/|title=Gervais MENDO ZE|work=Osidimbea|language=French|access-date=2023-12-07|archive-date=2024-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913204226/https://www.osidimbea.cm/hommes-et-femmes/mendo-ze-gervais/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Farfesa ne jami'a,  sannan ya zama Darakta a gidan [[Rediyon transistor|rediyon]] Kamaru, ya yi aiki daga shekarun 1988 zuwa 2005. Ya kasance Wakilin Minista a Ma'aikatar Sadarwa ta Kamaru daga shekarun 2004 zuwa 2007.

An tsare ni a [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]] a watan Nuwamba 2014 saboda almubazzaranci da dukiyar jama'a kuma aka yanke min hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/38962/politique/cameroun-pervier-gervais-mendo-ze-fric-et-frasques/|title=Cameroun – Épervier : Gervais Mendo Ze, fric et frasques|date=18 November 2014|work=Jeune Afrique|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/751723/societe/cameroun-gervais-mendo-ze-et-polycarpe-abah-abah-condamnes-dans-laffaire-de-la-gestion-de-la-crtv/|title=Cameroun : Gervais Mendo Ze et Polycarpe Abah Abah condamnés dans l’affaire de la gestion de la CRTV|date=20 March 2019|work=Jeune Afrique|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/24744/fr.html/tcs-20-ans-de-prison-pour-gervais-mendo|title=TCS: 20 ans de prison pour Gervais Mendo Ze|date=20 March 2019|work=Cameroon Tribune|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;     A cikin shekarar 2021, lafiyarsa ta fara taɓarɓarewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.camer.be/mobile/85061/11:1/cameroun-le-prof-gervais-mendo-ze-lancien-dg-de-la-crtv-entre-la-vie-et-la-mort-cameroon.html|title=Le Prof. Gervais Mendo Ze l'ancien DG de la Crtv entre la vie et la mort|date=14 March 2021|work=Camer.be|language=French|access-date=7 December 2023|archive-date=3 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403023859/https://www.camer.be/mobile/85061/11:1/cameroun-le-prof-gervais-mendo-ze-lancien-dg-de-la-crtv-entre-la-vie-et-la-mort-cameroon.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/cameroun-serail-le-pr-gervais-mendo-ze-gravement-malade-voici-le-temoignage-glacant-de-393441.html|title=Cameroun - Sérail: Le Pr Gervais Mendo Ze gravement malade, voici le témoignage glaçant de l’activiste David Eboutou|date=22 January 2021|work=Cameroon-Info.net|language=French|access-date=7 December 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180713/http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/cameroun-serail-le-pr-gervais-mendo-ze-gravement-malade-voici-le-temoignage-glacant-de-393441.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/cameroun-etat-de-sante-de-gervais-mendo-ze-voici-la-video-de-lancien-directeur-394941.html|title=Cameroun – État de Santé de Gervais Mendo Ze: Voici la vidéo de l’ancien directeur de la CRTV, sur son lit d’hôpital|date=12 February 2021|work=Cameroon-Info.net|language=French|access-date=7 December 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180636/http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/cameroun-etat-de-sante-de-gervais-mendo-ze-voici-la-video-de-lancien-directeur-394941.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;    Wanda ya kafa choir &quot;La Voix du cénacle&quot;,cénacle&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://gervaismendozelavoixducenacle.wordpress.com/|title=Pr. Mendo Ze &amp; La Voix du Cenacle|work=gervaismendozelavoixducenacle.wordpress.com|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;   ya kuma rubuta litattafai da yawa kan [[Faransanci|harshen Faransanci]] da kimiyyar siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index_harmattan.asp?navig=auteurs&amp;obj=artiste&amp;no=17548|title=Gervais Mondo Ze|work=L'Harmattan|language=French|access-date=2023-12-07|archive-date=2023-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208165029/https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index_harmattan.asp?navig=auteurs&amp;obj=artiste&amp;no=17548|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=32749|title=Gervais Mondo Ze|work=Africultures|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Gervais Mendo Ze ya mutu a Yaoundé a ranar 9 ga watan Afrilu 2021 yana da shekaru 76 bayan doguwar rashin lafiya da yayi fama da ita.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ecomatin.net/necrologie-le-professeur-gervais-mendo-ze-nestt-plus/|title=Nécrologie : le Professeur Gervais Mendo ZE n’est plus|date=9 April 2021|work=EcoMatin|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Matattun 2021]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1944]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ellen: Labarin Ellen Pakkies</title>
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'''''Ellen: Labarin Ellen Pakkies''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo  wanda aka yi a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda Daryne Joshua ya tace kuma ya jagoranta. Bisa la’akari da abubuwan da suka faru na gaskiya, fim ɗin ya ba da labarin lalacewar dangantakar da ke tsakanin wata mata da danta, wanda ya kamu da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Har sannan kuma, ya ba da labarin yadda al'amuran da suka kai ga uwar ta kashe ɗanta, da kuma hukuncin shari'a da ya biyo baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Africa: Ellen Pakkies Was 'Desperate' |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200812030848.html |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=[[allAfrica]]|date=3 December 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya samu muƙamai da kyaututtuka da yawa da lambar yabo ta 15th Africa Movie Academy Awards .

== Yin wasan kwaikwayo ==

* [[Jill Levenberg]] kamar yadda Ellen
* Jarrid Geduld as Abie
* [[Elton Landrew]]
* Clint Brink
* Ilse Klink

== Samarwa ==
Darakta Daryne Joshua da farko bai so ya karbi aikin ba la'akari da hankalin labarin. Amma bayan ganawa ta sirri tare da Ellen Pakkies (ainihin mutumin da sunan lakabi ya dogara), ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da aikin.&lt;ref name=&quot;two&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dordley |first=Lucinda |date=2018-06-25 |title=Ellen Pakkies movie makes international waves |url=https://www.capetownetc.com/entertainment/ellen-pakkies-movie-makes-international-waves/ |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=Cape Town etc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saki ==
An saki fim ɗin a Wasu yankuna dake Afirka ta Kudu ranar Bakwai 7 ga watan Satumba na shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha takwas 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;one&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grifin |first=Giles |date=2018-10-01 |title=Film review: The Ellen Pakkies Story |url=https://www.liferighting.com/2018/10/01/film-review-the-ellen-pakkies-story/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |archive-date=2020-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128001528/https://www.liferighting.com/2018/10/01/film-review-the-ellen-pakkies-story/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== liyafar ==

=== Mahimman liyafar ===
A cikin bitarsa, Peter Feldman na ''The Citizen'' ya yaba wa jagororin fim ɗin musamman jagora, da kuma marubuci da mai samarwa. Da yake bayyana shi a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun fina-finan Afirka ta Kudu a ‘yan kwanakin nan, ya ba shi kima 4/5 gaba daya.  Hakazalika, DRM.am ya ba shi darajar tauraro huɗu, tare da yawancin yabon sa akan saƙon da ke cikin fim ɗin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Feldman |first=Peter |date=2018-09-07 |title= Ellen: The Ellen Pakkies Story review AddThis Sharing Buttons Share to Facebook Share to TwitterShare to WhatsAppShare to Email |url=https://citizen.co.za/lifestyle/your-life-entertainment-your-life/movies-and-tv/2006158/ellen-the-ellen-pakkies-story-review/ |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; An karanta cewa fim ɗin &quot;... yana tunatar da kai yadda yake da sauƙi a hukunta wani ba tare da sanin ainihin dalilan da ke tattare da gaskiyar ba.&quot;  Giles Grifin for ''Life Righting Collective'' ya ba da labarin daga jigon fim ɗin yadda al'umma suka kasa ba da kariya ga mutanen da ke zaune tare da masu shan barasa ko ma su kansu masu shan barasa.  ''Daily Maverick'' ya bada shawarar cewa aiwatar da fim din ya kasance na musamman da ya kamata a yi bikin ko da a wajen Afirka ta Kudu.  Ya sami kyakkyawan kima na 8/10 daga Sling Movies, wanda ya yaba da &quot;sauti, ingantaccen gaskiya da wasan kwaikwayo na ikirari&quot; na fim ɗin. Hakanan ya sami yabo don saƙon alhakin zamantakewa, kuma an ba da shawarar a matsayin abin koyi ga sauran fina-finai.

=== Yabo ===
An nuna fim ɗin a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Rotterdam, da kuma bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Seattle .  Ya lashe kyaututtuka uku da suka hada da nau'in mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da mafi kyawun marubuci a bikin kykNET Silwerskerm. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Fim]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kony: Order from Above (fim)</title>
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'''''Kony: Order from Above''''' fim ɗin yakin [[Uganda]] ne na shekarar 2017 wanda [[Steve T. Ayeny]] ya bada Umarni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Odeke |first1=Steven |title=Ayeny, Ugandan film maker eyeing the Oscars |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/video/1507033/ayeny-ugandan-film-maker-eyeing-oscars |accessdate=13 September 2019 |agency=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara ba da rahoto a matsayin fim daga Uganda don lashe gasar Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim na Duniya a Kyautar Kwalejin 92nd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uganda&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.softpower.ug/kony-order-from-above-movie-selected-for-oscar-awards-in-a-first-for-uganda/ |title=''Kony Order from Above'' movie selected for Oscar Awards in a first for Uganda |work=Softpower |accessdate=12 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, daga baya an tabbatar da cewa ba a zaɓi fim din ba saboda ba zai iya cika mafi ƙarancin buƙatun da ake nema ba kafin ya kai matakin da zai yi gogayya da sauran fina-finai don neman lashe kyautar.  Sai dai ya kasance fim na Uganda na farko ds aka mika izuwa ga gasar Oscar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.showbizuganda.com/ugandan-movie-kony-orders-from-above-selected-for-oscar-awards/ |title=Ugandan movie ''Kony-Orders from Above'' selected for Oscar Awards |work=Showbiz Uganda |accessdate=12 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kozlov |first1=Vladimir |title=Oscars: Uganda Selects 'Kony: Order from Above' for International Feature Category |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-uganda-selects-kony-order-international-feature-category-1239516 |accessdate=13 September 2019 |agency=The Hollywood Reporter |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kasasira |first1=Risdel |title=Kony movie submitted for American Oscar Awards |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Kony-movie-submitted-American-Oscar-Awards-Musinguzi/688334-5271100-15iw9a9z/index.html |accessdate=13 September 2019 |agency=Daily Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan an ayyana shi don lashe gasar Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim da Cinematography a Kyautar Bikin Fim ta [[Uganda]] ta 2017

== Sharhi ==
A cikin tashin hankalin na [[Ƙungiyar Ƴan Tawaye na Ubangiji|Lord Resistance Army]], an raba wasu matasa biyu masoya.

== Ysn wasan shirin ==
* [[Joel Okuyo Atiku|Joel Okuyo Prynce]] a matsayin Kony
* Steve T. Ayeny a matsayin Agutti
* [[Michael Wawuyo]]

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}

==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje==
* {{IMDb title|7377394|Kony: Order from Above}}
[[Category:Fim]]</text>
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    <title>Pleasure and Suffering</title>
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'''''Pleasure and Suffering''''' ( {{Lang-ar|المتعة والعذاب}} , al-Mutåt wal-Âzab &lt;ref name=&quot;Habib129&quot;&gt;Habib, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iNK5jWJxvrAC&amp;pg=PA129 129].&lt;/ref&gt; ko al-Moutʾah wal-ʾadhāb &lt;ref name=&quot;Armes183&quot;&gt;Armes, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=88sTRTl6yKwC&amp;pg=PA183 183].&lt;/ref&gt; ) fim ɗin ƙasar Masar ne da aka yi kimanin shekara ta 1971. &lt;ref name=&quot;Habib129&quot; /&gt; Niazi Mostafa ne ya ba da umarnin fim ɗin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Armes183&quot; /&gt; Manyan jaruman shirin su ne [[Shams al-Baroudi]] da Nour al-Sherif . &lt;ref name=&quot;Habib129&quot; /&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

* Armes, Roy. ''Dictionary of African Filmmakers''. [[Indiana University Press]], July 11, 2008. {{ISBN|0253000424}}, 9780253000422.
* Habib, Samar. ''Female Homosexuality in the Middle East: Histories and Representations''. [[Routledge]], July 18, 2007. {{ISBN|0415956730}}, 9780415956734.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chioma Ude</title>
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        <username>Naja'atu Bintoo Usman</username>
        <id>22641</id>
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[[Fayil:Chioma &amp; Ebuka Ude AFRIFF 2019.jpg|thumb|Chioma Ude da ebuka]]
'''Chiomade'''  Babban jami'in nishadantarwa ne na [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . A shekarar 2010, ta kafa bikin [[Africa International Film Festival|fina-finai na Africa International Film Festival]], bikin fina-finai da ake gudanarwa duk shekara a [[Najeriya]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2022-07-09 |title=I was always the dancer, story teller in the family —Ude, founder, African International Film Festival |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/i-was-always-the-dancer-story-teller-in-the-family-ude-founder-african-international-film-festival/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ude ya kafa AFRIFF a cikin 2010, a matsayin dandamali don horar da daidaikun mutane a masana'antar fina-finai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.naij.com/637549-afriff-set-vibrant-film-festival-chioma-ude.html | title=AFRIFF Set To Be Most Vibrant Film Festival | publisher=naij.com | date=December 2015 | accessdate=5 Oc&lt;/ref&gt; sannan kuma haɓakawa da samun kuɗin shiga ga jama'a.  A taron nishadantarwa na [[Najeriya]], ta bayyan da alhakin rashin zaɓensu a Kyautar Kwalejin.A watan Oktoban 2016, ta yi magana da kamfanonin duniya game da AFRIFF a [[Lagos]], inda ta bayyana cewa manufar ita ce wayar da kan jama'a game da fa'ida da yuwuwar fina-finan [[Afirka]].

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ude yana da digiri a fannin kasuwanci daga [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]], [[Nsukka]] . 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fatiha Boudiaf</title>
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      <text bytes="4035" sha1="fs7f2fdvvhstfcjav7fbeu0o2k1e3hy" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Fatiha-boudiaf.jpg|thumb|Hoton fatiha]]
'''Fatiha Boudiaf''' (Nuwamba 28, 1944 a [[Oran]]) 'yar gwagwarmayar Aljeriya ce, gwauruwa kuma mata ta biyu ga tsohon shugaban ƙasar  [[Aljeriya]] Mohamed Boudiaf. Bayan kashe shi a shekarar 1992, ta kafa gidauniyar Boudiaf don yaɗa sakon zaman lafiya na mijinta. Ta kasance mai sukar lamirin hukuncin da aka yanke wa Lambarek Boumaarafi, inda ta ce an haɗa baki da yawa wajen kisan tsohon mijin nata kuma ta buƙaci a sake buɗe bincike.

== Mutuwar Mohamed Boudiaf ==
Boudiaf ita ce matar shugaban [[Aljeriya|ƙasar Aljeriya]] Mohamed Boudiaf ta biyu.&lt;ref name=femmes&gt;{{cite news|first=Farid|last=Alilat|title=Algérie : Bouteflika et les femmes |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/225294/politique/alg-rie-bouteflika-et-les-femmes/ |work=[[Jeune Afrique]] |language=French|date=3 March 2015 |accessdate=28 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Ta yi Allah-wadai da binciken da aka yi a hukumance na kisan maigidanta, wanda ke nuni da cewa ba aikin wani mai son rai ba ne kawai, amma wani ɓangare ne na wani babban shiri. Ta yi yunkurin ziyartar Lambarek Boumaarafi, mutumin da aka samu da laifin kashe mijinta, yayin da yake gidan yari, amma hukuma ta ki amincewa da wannan buƙata.&lt;ref name=ja/&gt;
[[Fayil:Fatiha-boudiaf.jpg|thumb|Fatiha Boudiaf]]
Ta yi hasashen cewa wanda ya kashe mijinta ya ɓoye a karkashin teburin a gabansa a lokacin kuma har yanzu ba a kama shi ba.&lt;ref name=ja&gt;{{cite news|first=Farid|last=Alilat|title=The &quot;J'accuse! &quot;Madame Boudiaf |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/103722/archives-thematique/le-j-accuse-de-madame-boudiaf/ |language=French|work=Jeune Afrique |date=22 August 2015 |accessdate=26 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekarar 2016, ta zargi wasu tsaffin manyan hafsoshin soja huɗu da kisan mijinta, sannan ta aika buɗaɗɗiyar wasika zuwa ga tsohon shugaban ƙasar, [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]], inda ta buƙaci a sake buɗe shari'ar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Algérie. Nacer Boudiaf accuse 4 anciens hauts gradés de l'armée de l'assassinat de son pere|url=http://www.medias24.com/MAROC/Quoi-de-neuf/165131-Algerie.-Nacer-Boudiaf-accuse-4-anciens-hauts-grades-de-l-armee-de-l-assassinat-de-son-pere.html|accessdate=26 October 2016|language=French|work=Medias24|date=30 June 2016|archive-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027055752/http://www.medias24.com/MAROC/Quoi-de-neuf/165131-Algerie.-Nacer-Boudiaf-accuse-4-anciens-hauts-grades-de-l-armee-de-l-assassinat-de-son-pere.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan gwagwarmaya ==
Ta kafa gidauniyar Boudiaf,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Naylor|first1=Phillip C.|title=Historical Dictionary of Algeria|date=1994|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Metuchen, N.J.|isbn=978-0-58507-031-5|page=143}}&lt;/ref&gt;  wacce ta sami lambar yabo ta Yariman Asturias don Hadin gwiwar Duniya a shekarar 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Prince of Asturias Award - Rewarded|url=http://www.fpa.es/es/premios-princesa-de-asturias/premiados/1998-emma-bonino-olayinka-koso-thomas-graca-machel-fatiha-boudiaf-rigoberta-menchu-fatana-ishaq-gailani-y-somaly-mam.html?texto=acta&amp;especifica=0|language=French|publisher=Prince of Asturias Award|accessdate=26 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An kafa gidauniyar ne domin girmama mijin Boudiaf da ya rasu, kuma yana fatan isar da sakon zaman lafiya da ilimi ga ɗaukacin al'ummar ƙasar Aljeriya. Kowace shekara a ranar zagayowar mutuwarsa, ana bikin rayuwarsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Lire aussi L'homme est mort, l'oeuvre reste  IL Y A 14 ANS, BOUDIAF RENTRAIT AU PAYS Le retour du père prodige  Il y a 12 ans revenait Mohamed Boudiaf Que reste-t-il de l'idéal Boudiaf ?  La patrie au cœur  Mohamed Boudiaf Communiqué de la Fondation Boudiaf|url=http://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemaghreb/11391|publisher=Djazairess|accessdate=26 October 2016|language=French|date=29 June 2008|archive-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027060419/http://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemaghreb/11391|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 1944]]</text>
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    <title>Earl G. Matthews</title>
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[[Fayil:Earl G. Matthews.png|thumb|earl g]]

 {{Databox}}
'''Earl G. Matthews''' jami'in gwamnatin Amurka ne kuma lauya wanda ya riƙe manyan mukamai a cikin Ma'aikatar Soji da kuma Fadar White House lokacin gwamnatin [[Donald Trump|Shugaba Donald Trump]] . Matthews ya kasance memba na tawagar mika mulki na Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Trump kuma an nada shi a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga Sakataren Tsaro, James N. Mattis a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 2017 |title=Defense Industry and Trump's Transition Team |url=https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2016/11/18/defense-industry-well-represented-on-trump-transition-team/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trump names his transition team |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/trump-names-dod-transition-team-defense-secretary-post-still-open-1.440136}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Political Appointees |url=https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/Personnel_Related/17-F-0821_DOCS_01-38_Documents_Concerning_Political_Appointees.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya an nada Matthews a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Janar na Sojoji a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senior Executive Service Announcements |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/1230972/senior-executive-service-announcements/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mukaddashin Janar na Sojoji daga ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2017, har zuwa lokacin da James E. McPherson aka rantsar da shi a matsayin Janar Lauyan a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Black conservatives reel after Omarosa resigns |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2017/12/15/black-conservatives-reel-after-manigault-resigns/Tt3kXLzan1BuwpCMroMzqM/story.html |website=[[The Boston Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2017 |title=With Omarosa Gone, Here are the Black People Still Working for President Trump |url=https://blackchristiannews.com/2017/12/with-omarosa-gone-here-are-the-black-people-still-working-for-president-trump/ |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206000920/http://blackchristiannews.com/2017/12/with-omarosa-gone-here-are-the-black-people-still-working-for-president-trump/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matthews ya ci gaba da zama Babban Mataimakin Babban Lauyan Sojoji har zuwa lokacin da aka yi masa cikakken bayani ga Fadar White House don zama mataimaki na musamman ga Shugaban kasa kuma Babban Darakta kan manufofin tsaro da dabaru kan ma'aikatan Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa a karshen watan Mayun 2018.

Robert J. Sander ya yi nasara a hukumance a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Janar na Sojoji a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2018. An nada Matthews a matsayin mataimakin mataimakin shugaban kasa a watan Janairun 2019 kuma ya ci gaba da zama Babban Darakta a Manufofin Tsaro da Dabarun Ma’aikatan Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa (NSC) har sai da ya yi murabus daga Fadar White House a watan Nuwamba 2019.

A cikin Disamba 2020, an nada Matthews a Hukumar Kasuwancin Tsaro . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 December 2020 |title=White House fires Pentagon advisory board members, installs loyalists |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/04/pentagon-fires-business-advisory-board-members-442892 |website=[[Politico]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Janairu 2021, an kuma nada shi Kwamitin Sunan Abubuwan Ma'aikatar Tsaro waɗanda ke Tunawa da Ƙasashen Tarayyar Amurka ko Duk Wani Mutumin da Ya Yi Hidima da Radin Kai tare da Ƙasashen Tarayyar Amurka da aka ƙirƙira a cikin 2021 NDAA . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Department of Defense Announces New Appointments |url=https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/2466980/department-of-defense-announces-new-appointments/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabis na Fadar White House ==
A matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa, Matthews ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan Amurkawa na Afirka a cikin Gwamnatin Trump. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 November 2019 |title=Highest ranking African-American members of the Trump White House |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/11/07/earl-matthews-nsc-ukraine-067363 |website=[[Politico]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na Babban Darakta a Manufofin Tsaro da Dabaru, ya yi aiki kafada da kafada tare da mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro na lokacin John R. Bolton kan batutuwan da suka shafi tsaron kasa da dama.

Matthews ya shiga cikin shirin farko na Rundunar Sojan sararin samaniya ta Amurka kuma ya rubuta wata sanarwa ta Oktoba 2018 na Fadar White House ga Pentagon, tare da Sakataren Zartaswa na Majalisar Sararin Samaniya Scott Pace, yana neman Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta ba da shawara ga Shugaba Trump. ko ya kamata a tsara rundunar sararin samaniyar wani sashin soji mai zaman kansa ko kuma a tsara shi azaman reshen soja daban a cikin Sashen Sojan Sama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2018 |title=White House Seeks Alternatives to Independent Space Force |url=https://www.defenseone.com/politics/2018/11/white-house-seeks-alternatives-independent-space-force/153119/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Space Force: To Stand Alone or Not to Stand Alone |url=https://www.voanews.com/science-health/space-force-stand-alone-or-not-stand-alone}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matthews ya yi tafiya tare da mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro John R. Bolton zuwa Ukraine a watan Agustan 2019 da Warsaw, Poland a watan Satumba na 2019 inda ya halarci ganawa tsakanin shugaban Ukraine [[Volodymyr Zelensky]] da manyan jami'an Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 November 2019 |title=NSC official who attended key Ukraine meetings to leave post |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/11/07/earl-matthews-nsc-ukraine-067363 |website=[[Politico]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga Bolton, Babban Darakta na NSC Tim Morrison da kuma babban jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka a Kiev, Ambasada William Taylor sun kuma halarci tarukan da aka yi a Ukraine inda Matthews ya halarta.

Matthews kuma ya halarci taron tsakanin mataimakin shugaban kasa [[Mike Pence]] da shugaban Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky wanda ya faru a Warsaw a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NSC official who attended Pence Ukraine meeting quits |url=https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow/watch/nsc-official-who-attended-pence-ukraine-meeting-quits-73101893662 |website=[[MSNBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarukan Zelensky da Matthews ya halarta a Ukraine da Poland sun kasance daga baya a mayar da hankali kan binciken tsige House, Matthews bai shiga cikin binciken ba. Matthews ya bar mukaminsa na Fadar White House a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2019.

A farkon Disamba 2021, Kanar Earl G. Matthews ya fitar da wata sanarwa da ta zargi Charles A. Flynn, ɗan'uwan Laftanar Janar Michael T. Flynn, da yin gayyata ga abubuwan da suka faru a ranar 6 ga Janairu, yana kwatanta Flynn da LTG Walter E. Piatt a matsayin &quot; cikakkar maƙaryata marasa ƙarfi&quot; da kuma ba da &quot;shaidar ƙarya a gaban Majalisa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Harder Right: An Analysis of a Recent DoD Inspector General Investigation and Other Matters |url=https://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000017d-8aca-dee4-a5ff-eeda79e90000 |website=[[Politico]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Matthews ɗan asalin Philadelphia ne, Pennsylvania. Ya halarci Jami'ar Villanova kuma ya sauke karatu tare da Bachelor of Arts (BA), cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa, a cikin Mayu 1995. Ya sami digiri na Juris Doctor (JD) daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard a cikin Yuni 1998, Jagoran Kimiyya (MS) a cikin Dabarun Hankali daga Jami'ar Intelligence ta ƙasa a cikin Agusta 2005, da Jagoran Dokoki ( LL.M. ) a cikin ƙasa Dokar Tsaro daga Cibiyar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Georgetown a cikin 2013. Bugu da kari, Mista Matthews ya samu digirin MS a fannin Dabaru daga Kwalejin Yakin Sojojin Amurka a shekarar 2016.

== Asalin soja ==
[[File:LTC_Earl_G._Matthews.png|thumb|233x233px| Earl G. Matthews a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel (LTC), 2015, District of Columbia National Guard]]
Baya ga rawar da ya taka a matsayinsa na ɗan siyasa farar hula kuma memba na Fadar White House, Matthews yana aiki a matsayin Kanar (COL) a cikin Sojojin Amurka, Gundumar Columbia, National Guard (DCNG).

Matthews yana aiki a matsayin Mai ba da Shawarar Shari'a na Ma'aikata (SJA)  don Hedkwatar Rundunar Haɗin Kan (JFHQ). A matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Alƙali na ma'aikata na DCNG, COL Matthews yana ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga Janar Janar kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara kan shari'a akan duk batutuwan da suka shafi DCNG)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography of Earl G. Matthews |url=https://dc.ng.mil/News/Biographies/Article/1685854/colonel-earl-g-matthews |access-date=2024-03-19 |archive-date=2021-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227210724/https://dc.ng.mil/News/Biographies/Article/1685854/colonel-earl-g-matthews/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta da kayan ado ==
Kayan ado na COL Matthews sun haɗa da:
{{Plainlist|*[[File:ASIB.png|90px]] [[Army Staff Identification Badge]]
*[[File:Joint Chiefs of Staff seal.svg|90px]] [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge]]
*[[File:Bronze OL Cluster.png|90px]] [[Bronze Star Medal]] with [[oak leaf cluster]]
*[[File:Defense Meritorious Service Medal ribbon.svg|90px]] [[Defense Meritorious Service Medal]]
*[[File:MSM 4.png|90px]] [[Meritorious Service Medal (United States)|Meritorious Service Medal]]
*[[File:JointSerCommendationMed OLC.png|90px]] [[Joint Service Commendation Medal]] with oak leaf cluster
*[[File:ACR 3OLC.png|91px]] [[Army Commendation Medal]] 3 oak leaf clusters
*[[File:U.S. Army Reserve Components Achievement Medal ribbon.svg|90px]] [[Army Reserve Components Achievement Medal]]
*[[File:Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal ribbon.svg|90px]] [[Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal]]
*[[File:National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|90px]] [[National Defense Service Medal]]
*[[File:Iraq Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|90px]] [[Iraq Campaign Medal]]
*[[File:Afghanistan Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|90px]] [[Afghanistan Campaign Medal]]
*[[File:Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal ribbon.png|90px]] [[Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal]]
*[[File:Global War on Terrorism Service Medal ribbon.svg|89px]] [[Global War on Terrorism Service Medal]]
*[[File:ArmedForcesSerRibbon M.png|90px]] [[Armed Forces Reserve Medal]] with “M” device and numeral three
*[[File:Over Seas Service 3.png|90px]] [[Overseas Service Ribbon]] with numeral three
*[[File:Nato Medal.png|90px]] [[NATO Medal]]
*[[File:ArmyServiceRibbon.png|90px]] [[Army Service Ribbon]]
*[[File:Joint Meritorious Unit Award ribbon.svg|90px]] [[Joint Meritorious Unit Award]]
*[[File:Army Superior Unit Award ribbon.svg|90px]] [[Army Superior Unit Award]]
*[[File:Presidential Unit Citation ribbon.svg|90px]] [[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation]]}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dsamou Micheline</title>
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'''Dsamou Micheline''' (an haifi Moutio Micheline ranar 1 ga watan Yunin, shekarar 1947, a Bangaren yammacin  kasar Kamaru) 'yar  ƙasar Kamaru ce kuma [[Ɗan siyasa|'yar siyasa]]. Ta kasance sanata a majalisar dokokin Kamaru tun a watan Maris shekarar 2018.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

== Yarantaka da Rayuwar Farko ==
Dsamou Micheline ta halarci makarantar firamare a makarantar gwamnati a New Bell, unguwar masu aiki a cikin birnin [[Douala]]. Ta yi karatun sakandare a [[Noutong College|Kwalejin Noutong]] da ke Bangangté, sannan ta yi makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata a Douala, daga karshe kuma a [[Lycée d'Etampes]] a Faransa. A farkon shekarar 1970s, ta yi rajista a Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy a [[Angers]], ta sami takardar shaidar kantin magani.

== Sana'a ==
Dsamou Micheline kuma 'yar kasuwa ce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=Cameroun : La milliardaire Dsamou Micheline lance le plus gros projet agro-industriel |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Cameroun-La-milliardaire-Dsamou-Micheline-lance-le-plus-gros-projet-agro-industriel-713117 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=CamerounWeb |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ta kammala karatunta ne ta yanke shawarar komawa ƙasar Kamaru domin bayar da gudunmuwar ci gaban ƙasar a lokacin bunƙasar tattalin arziki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Promotion de l’agro-industrie : un parc intégré annoncé à l’Ouest |url=https://www.cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/45530/fr.html/promotion-de-lagro-industrie-un-parc-integre-annonce-louest |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.cameroon-tribune.cm |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan dawowarta, ta sami kantin magani na Guely daga wani ɗan ƙasar Faransa. Tana da shekaru 28, ta kafa Pharmacie du Soleil a [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]] a cikin shekarar 1975.

A cikin shekarar 1986, ta kafa Pharmacam, kamfanin rarraba magunguna, kuma a farkon shekarun 1990, ta shiga cikin zirga-zirga da dabaru tare da ƙirƙirar Line Transit.

Ta riƙe muƙaman jagoranci a wasu kamfanoni da dama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=Cameroun : Un Parc Agro-industriel Intégré Pour Produire Plus De Huit Cents Tonnes De Riz Par An - 237online.com |url=https://www.237online.com/cameroun-un-parc-agro-industriel-integre-pour-produire-plus-de-huit-cents-tonnes-de-riz-par-an/,%20https://www.237online.com/cameroun-un-parc-agro-industriel-integre-pour-produire-plus-de-huit-cents-tonnes-de-riz-par-an/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |language=fr-FR }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafiya ta Siyasa ==
A watan Satumbar shekarar 2011, an zaɓi Dsamo Micheline a matsayin mamba a kwamitin tsakiya na [[Cameroonian People's Democratic Rally|jam'iyyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jama'ar Kamaru]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=webmaster |title=Les Membres Suppléants du comité Central |url=http://www.rdpcpdm.cm/les-membres-suppleants-du-comite-central/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Site Web Officiel du RDPC |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a cikin shekarar 2018, an zaɓe ta a matsayin Sanata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les Sénateurs élus du RDPC {{!}} RDPC/CPDM |url=http://senatoriales.rdpcpdm.cm/fr/services |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=senatoriales.rdpcpdm.cm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sake zaɓen ta a matsayin Sanata a watan Maris 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-03-24 |title=Cameroun-Sénatoriale 2023 : la liste des 70 sénateurs élus dévoilée |url=https://237infos.net/cameroun-senatoriale-2023-la-liste-des-70-senateurs-elus-devoilee/ |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=237infos |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sharon Dede Padi</title>
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[[Fayil:Sharon Dede Padi.jpg|thumb|Sharon Dede Padi]]
'''Sharon Dede Padi''' 'yar kasar Ghana ce kuma mawakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-04 |title=I want to project Africa through my paintings- CEO of Padiki Arts Gallery |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/entertainment/africa-3/2023/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Sharon Dede Padi ta gano sha'awarta ga zanen tun tana ƙarama. Ta inganta ƙwarewarta ta fasaha yayin da take karatun injiniyan gine-gine a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) a Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Sharon Dede Padi Launches Her Maiden Book |url=https://www.thedailysearchlight.com/sharon-dede-padi-launches-her-maiden-book/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=The Daily Searchlight |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da neman aiki a cikin gine-gine, ba ta taɓa rasa ƙaunarta ga fasaha ba kuma ta yanke shawarar haɗa shi cikin sana'arta a matsayin nishaɗi.

Har ila yau, tana da digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine da gudanar da aikin daga Jami'ar London Southbank . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Sharon Dede Padi ita ce Shugaba na Padiki Art Gallery, inda take nuna ayyukanta na zane-zane kuma tana tallafawa wasu masu zane-zane masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Art, A Profession To Encourage Young Ones To Do - Sharon Dede Padi |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/202309/493047.php |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news |archive-date=2024-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119232947/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/202309/493047.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukanta na fasaha sun haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban kamar zane-zane na ruwa, katin katin, da zane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ta bayar ga masana'antar fasaha, an girmama ta da lambar yabo ta Mafi Kyawun Mata a Fasaha a Kyautar Kyautar Mata ta [[Ghana]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Padiki Art Gallery:A Fulfilled Reality |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/social/202212/480309.php |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Peacefmonline.com }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2022, an shigar da ita cikin kwamitin Ghana Digital Centers Limited . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-24 |title=GDCL, AITI-KACE boards inaugurated |url=https://dailystatesman.com.gh/gdcl-aiti-kace-boards-inaugurated/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=The Daily Statesman Newspaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanar da zane-zane ==
Sharon Dede Padi mai karfi ne don karfafa matasa masu fasaha da inganta zane-zane a Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Padi ya yi kira ga [[Gwamnatin Ghana]] da ta mai da hankali ga masana'antar fasaha ta Ghana, kuma ya jaddada bukatar kayan da za a iya amfani da su da kuma tallafin kudi ga masu zane-zane masu zuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-09-19 |title=Ghana government urged to disburse funds to the creative art industry |url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2023/09/19/ghana-government-urged-to-disburse-funds-to-the-creative-art-industry/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Ghana Business News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Ta ƙaddamar da littafinta na farko, REFLEXIONS, a cikin 2023 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-07-06 |title=Sharon Padi launches her first poetry book |url=https://gna.org.gh/2023/07/sharon-padi-launches-her-first-poetry-book/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Ghana News Agency |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta zama mai bugawa a Ghana Library Authority. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Classified Authors: Ghana Library Authority |url=https://gnb.library.gov.gh/file.php?name=CLASSIFIED%20LIST%20_%20JULY%202023.pdf |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=gnb.library.gov.gh}}&lt;/ref&gt; Littafin yana dauke da zane-zane sama da 100 daga repertoire dinta, wanda ta canza zuwa waƙoƙi. Ta hanyar littafinta, tana da niyyar ƙirƙirar hotuna na tunani na abubuwa, yanayi, da ayyukan ɗan adam, suna nuna zurfin alaƙa tsakanin fasaha da shayari da ƙarfin da ke tattare da matan Afirka wanda ya zama babban jigon aikinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=I Want My Book To Promote And Raise Awareness Of Art In Its Diverse Forms |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/education/202307/489876.php |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news |archive-date=2024-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120003734/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/education/202307/489876.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Driss El-Asmar</title>
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'''Driss Ahmed El-Asmar''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1975) tsohon golan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda ya taka leda a ƙungiyoyi a Maroko, Sweden da Girka. Cikakken dan wasan kasa da kasa tsakanin shekarar ta 1998 zuwa shekarar ta 2003, ya ci wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|Morocco]] wasanni uku kuma ya wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika a shekara ta 1998.

== Aikin kulob ==
El-Asmar ya fara buga wasan kwallon kafa ne da kungiyar Difaa El Jadida a shekarar ta 1995. Ya koma FAR Rabat na kaka uku kafin ya koma Difaa El Jadida na kakar wasa daya kafin ya koma buga wasa a kasar waje.

El-Asmar da farko ya tafi Sweden don taka leda na biyu division gefen Degerfors IF . Bayan nasarar kakar wasa, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da Malmö FF a cikin Satumba shekara  ta 2001. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Driss el Asmar tillbaka i målet nästa säsong |url=http://www.sydsvenskan.se/sport/driss-el-asmar-tillbaka-i-malet-nasta-sasong/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131332/http://www.sydsvenskan.se/sport/driss-el-asmar-tillbaka-i-malet-nasta-sasong/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2012-05-16 |publisher=Sydsvenskan.se |language=Swedish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan zamansa a Sweden, El-Asmar ya koma Maroko da buga wasa a Raja Casablanca kuma zai lashe kofin Botola na 2003-04 tare da kungiyar. Yana da shekaru 30, ya sake komawa ƙasar waje, ya rattaba hannu tare da Ethnikos Asteras FC a cikin rukuni na biyu na Girka a watan Yuni shekara ta 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 June 2006 |script-title=el:&quot;Κόκκινος&quot; ο Ασμάρ |trans-title=Asmar the &quot;Red&quot; |url=http://sport.pathfinder.gr/football/greece/football-league/asteras/194706.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714015447/http://sport.pathfinder.gr/football/greece/football-league/asteras/194706.html |archive-date=14 July 2012 |publisher=Pathfinder Sport |language=Greek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
El-Asmar ya buga wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|tawagar kwallon kafar kasar Morocco]] wasanni uku, kuma an zabe shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika a shekara ta 1998 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Courtney, Barrie |date=5 June 2005 |title=African Nations Cup 1998 - Final Tournament Details |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/98a-det.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115941/http://www.rsssf.com/tables/98a-det.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi wasa mai kyau a wasan sada zumunci a lokacin 2004 da aka yi na share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 May 2003 |title=Victoire des Ivoiriens sur le onze national |trans-title=Ivorians defeat the national team |url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/28549 |publisher=Le Matin |language=French |access-date=2 April 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054231/http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/28549 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1975]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Evelyne Nakiyingi</title>
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      <text bytes="1975" sha1="6azdim22qbw14ku29eh2s9n2hjj4svm" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}  '''Evelyne Nakiyingi''' (an Haife shi Nuwamba 2, 1998) ƴar wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ce ta Uganda wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai gadi ga JKL Dolphins da ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta Uganda . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Evelyne Nakiyingi, Basketball Player, News, Stats |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Eurobasket}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Evelyne Nakiyingi |url=https://play.fiba3x3.com/players/56a3f324-ee8a-42ad-bc3a-65eecdca4500 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=play.fiba3x3.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin sana'a ==
Nakiyingi ya kasance a cikin tawagar JKL Dolphins da ke buga gasar cin kofin kwallon kwando na mata ta FIBA ta Afirka.

Ta fara wakiltar [[Uganda]] ne a shekarar 2023 lokacin da aka kira ta a gasar cin kofin kwallon kwando na mata ta FIBA. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Evelyne Nakiyingi - Player Profile |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/player/225799/Evelyne-Nakiyingi |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=FIBA.basketball}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance daga cikin jerin sunayen 'yan wasan Gazelles da ke wakiltar Uganda a lokacin gasar Afrobasket ta mata ta 2023 a [[Kigali]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] wanda ke gudana daga 28 ga Yuli 2023 zuwa 6 ga Agusta 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kawalya |first=Brian |date=2023-07-25 |title=Evelyn Nakiyingi Wants To Make Her Minutes Count |url=https://sportsnation.co.ug/2023/07/25/evelyn-nakiyingi-wants-to-make-her-minutes-count/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Live from ground |archive-date=2024-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419001917/https://sportsnation.co.ug/2023/07/25/evelyn-nakiyingi-wants-to-make-her-minutes-count/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-22 |title=GAZELLES: 19 Called for AFROBASKET 2023 Preps |url=https://chimpreports.com/gazelles-19-called-for-afrobasket-2023-preps/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=ChimpReports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1998]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Xolisile Qayiso</title>
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'''Xolisile Shinars Qayiso''' (an haife shi 8 Fabrairun shekarar 1962) ɗan siyasan [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ne kuma memba ne a Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu . Shi memba ne na Majalisar Wakilan Afirka .

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Qayiso a ranar 8 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1962. Ya fara makaranta a makarantar firamare ta Byelkanderkoms a [[Bloemfontein]] West a cikin 1972 kuma ya yi karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Moemedi a 1984. &lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mr Xolisile Shinars Qayiso |url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/312 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421191343/https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/312 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=Parliament of South Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan shekara guda yana horarwa da samun takardar shaida, an ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na aikin jinya. Daga nan ya yi wasu gajerun kwasa-kwasai a Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya sami takardar shaidar sarrafa ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot; /&gt; A halin yanzu Qayiso yana kammala kwas a kan Basic Principle of Labor Law a Jami'ar Free State . &lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot; /&gt;

== Siyasa ==
A matsayinsa na ƙwadago, Qayiso ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Ƙasa, Lafiya da Ƙwararrun Ma'aikata kuma ma'aikacin shago. &lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot;/&gt; Ya kasance ma'ajin NEHAWU na lardin a wani mataki. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban lardi da mataimakin shugaban larduna na [[Majalisar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu|Congress of African Trade Unions]] (COSATU) a cikin ' Yanci . &lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot; /&gt;

Qayiso kuma ma’aikacin ofishin reshe ne kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da ’yan sandan yankin. Ya kasance memba na Cibiyar Shawarwari ta Mangaung a farkon 1990s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot;/&gt;

Qayiso ya shiga jam'iyyar African National Congress a shekarar 1992 sannan ya shiga jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afrika ta kudu . Ya kasance mamban zartarwa reshe wanda aka dorawa alhakin ilimin siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot;/&gt; A halin yanzu mamba ne a kwamitin zartarwa na lardin ANC. &lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot; /&gt;

=== Majalisa ===
Qayiso ya tsaya a matsayin dan takarar majalisar dokoki ta ANC daga jihar ‘yanci a zaben kasa na 2019, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS CANDIDATES LIST 2019 ELECTIONS |url=https://www.anc1912.org.za/candidates-list-2019 |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=African National Congress |archive-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715072058/https://www.anc1912.org.za/candidates-list-2019 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; daga baya kuma aka zabe shi a majalisar dokoki ta kasa kuma aka rantsar dashi a ranar 22 ga Mayu 2019.  

A majalisar, shi mamba ne na zaunannen kwamitin hadin gwiwa kan harkokin kudi na majalisar da kuma zaunannen kwamitin kula da kasafin kudi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot;/&gt;

== Magana ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Xolisile Shinars Qayiso at People's Assembly
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Ezekiel Warigbani</title>
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Fasto '''Ezekiel Warigbani Zebulun''' Wanda aka fi sani da '''Ezekiel Warigbani''', ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne kuma mai kare matasa.  Ya kasance dan takarar gwamna na Advanced Peoples Democratic Alliance (APDA) a zaben gwamnan jihar [[Jihar Rivers|Rivers]] na 2019.  Bayan kammala zaben, ya jagoranci gamayyar 'yan takarar gwamna da shugabannin jam'iyya a jihar Rivers zuwa ofishin hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta da ke [[Port Harcourt]] domin nuna adawa da wanda ya lashe zaben Ezenwo Nyesom Wike.  A halin yanzu, yana cikin kawance mai karfi da Ministan Sufuri na Najeriya, Rt.Hon.Rotimi Amaechi  domin neman gwamnan kogi na jihar Ribas a zaben gwamnan jihar Rivers mai zuwa na 2023. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Fuad Kayode Laguda</title>
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'''Fuad Kayode Laguda,''' wanda aka fi sani da '''FKL''', an haife shi ne a ranar 23 ga Yuli, 1977, ga dangin Late Ramota Olanrewaju da Muyideen Akinola Laguda na Laguda Family na [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]] a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]].

== Bayanan ilimi ==
Ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a K. Kotun Memorial Nursery da Makarantar Firamare, Surulere, Legas kafin ya ci gaba zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Ansar-ud-Deen, Falolu, Surulere don karatun sakandare, wanda ya kammala a shekara ta 1993.

Ya sami digiri na farko (Hons.) a fannin tattalin arziki a shekara ta 2000 daga [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]], [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] . Ya kammala aikin tilas na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) a [[Ofishin Kula da Bashi (Najeriya)|Ofishin Gudanar da Kudin]] [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] a cikin 2001/2002.

Ya kammala digirinsa na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a (Manufar Jama'a) daga [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas (Unilag)]] , kuma yana da digiri na MBA daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Jami'ar Lagos . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Alao Abiodun {{!}} Senior |date=2024-02-01 |title=FULL PROFILE: Meet 12 candidates jostling for Gbajabiamila's seat in Surulere |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/full-profile-meet-12-candidates-jostling-for-gbajabiamilas-seat-in-surulere/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daramola |first=Ayomikunle |date=2024-02-05 |title=PROFILE: Fuad Laguda, the taxman set to replace Gbaja at n'assembly |url=https://www.thecable.ng/profile-fuad-laguda-taxman-who-is-determined-to-continue-gbajas-legacy-at-nassembly/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasancewar kwararru ==
Fuad Laguda memba ne na Cibiyar Haraji ta Najeriya (CITN); Abokin Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya (NIM) ; kuma Abokin Cibiya ta Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya (ICEN).

Ya kasance Alumnus na Makarantar Harvard Kennedy / Ilimi na Zartarwa, Boston inda aka ba shi takardar shaidar a aiwatar da manufofin jama'a; kuma yana da takardar shaidarsa a cikin Gudanar da 'yan kasuwa daga Cibiyar Ci gaban Kasuwanci, [[Jami'ar Pan Atlantic|Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic]].

Ya sami jerin horo da darussan a cikin gida da na duniya a cikin Gudanarwa, Manufofin Jama'a, Jagora, [[Haraji|Gudanar da Haraji]], [[Albarkatun dan'adam|Albarkatun Dan Adam da Gudanarwa]].

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 2003, FKL ta shiga Hukumar Haraji ta Cikin Gida ta Jihar Legas a matsayin Sufeto na Haraji na II kuma an tura ta zuwa Ofishin Baitulmalin Jiha a matsayin Jami'in Baitulmalinu a shekara ta 2005, daga baya zuwa Ofishin Shugaban Ma'aikata a matsayin Jami&quot; Yarjejeniya kuma ya tashi zuwa matsayin Sufetocin Haraji na I a shekara ta 2006.

A shekara ta 2008, kwamitin ya zama mai cin gashin kansa kuma an kira shi Hukumar Haraji ta Cikin Gida ta Jihar Legas, (LIRS) inda ya fara a matsayin Mataimakin Manajan Haraji / Mataimakin Mutum ga Shugaban Zartarwa. A shekara ta 2012, an ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin Mataimakin Manajan Haraji, kuma ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin Mataimakan Shugaban Zartarwa a matsayin Shugaban Sashin Jama'a, inda yake tabbatar da haraji na ma'amaloli na mutum tare da MDAs. A watan Yulin 2015, ya tashi zuwa matsayin Manajan Haraji kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashin Jama'a, da kuma Shugaban Hukumar Haraji ta Cikin Gida ta Legas / Hukumar Kula da Halitta ta Jihar Legas (LIRS / LasPPPA) Sashin Hulɗa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LIRS – Welcome |url=https://lirs.gov.ng/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=lirs.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

A shekara ta 2016, ya shiga Hukumar Haraji ta Tarayya (FIRS) a matsayin manajan, kuma ya yi aiki a Sashin Gudanar da Dangantaka da Sashin Gudun Sashin a Ofishin Shugaban Zartarwa, daga baya ya zama Mai Gudanar da Kudancin Yammacin Najeriya, Sashin Gudummawa na Gwamnati, kuma an canja shi a cikin 2020 zuwa Sashen Haraji na Duniya - Ofishin Haraji na Jama'a, kuma ya hau mulki har zuwa kwanan nan a matsayin shugaban Sashin Haraji Mai Girma, inda ya yi aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIRS – It pays to pay your tax! |url=https://www.firs.gov.ng/ |access-date=2023-10-15 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwar siyasa ==
Fuad Kayode Laguda memba ne na All Progressives Congress (APC) mai mulki kuma memba mai daraja wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Surulere 1 a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-03 |title=APC's Laguda replaces Gbajabiamila, wins Surulere bye-election |url=https://guardian.ng/news/apcs-laguda-replaces-gbajabiamila-wins-surulere-bye-election/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne kuma Shugaban, Kwamitin Majalisar kan Tarayya Polytechnics da Ilimi na Ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-03 |title=APC's Laguda wins Surulere constituency bye-election |url=https://punchng.com/apcs-laguda-wins-surulere-constituency-bye-election/ |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin wannan, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban, All Progressives Congress, Surulere Local Government; Sakataren Taron Taron APC 57 LGA / LDA Shugabannin a Jihar Legas; da Sakataren, Shugabannin Jam'iyyar APC ta Tsakiya ta Gundumar Legas . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2022 |title='APC chieftain Laguda extols Gbajabiamila at 60, lauds devt strides in Surulere' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/apc-chieftain-laguda-extols-gbajabiamila-at-60-lauds-devt-strides-in-surulere/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2022 |title='Why Nigerians should elect Tinubu' |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/why-nigerians-should-elect-tinubu/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2001, ya yi burin zama mai ba da shawara ga Ward G a karkashin [[Alliance for Democracy (Nijeriya)|Alliance for Democracy]] (AD) na lokacin. Ya kuma kasance dan takarar Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas a Surulere 1, kamar 2022, a karkashin All Progressives Congress (APC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

A lokacin babban zaben 2015, FKL ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kwamitin Yakin Karamar Hukumar Surulere kuma a cikin 2018, ya kasance memba, Kwamitin Shirye-shirye da Dabarun Kungiyar Yakin Mai Zaman Kanta ta [[Babajide Sanwo-Olu|Babajide Olushola Sanwoolu]] Mandate Campaign Organisation.

An sanya shi Darakta, Kwamitin Watsa Labarai da Talla, Kungiyar Kamfen Mai Zaman Kanta, [[Femi Gbajabiamila]] Team Continuity Campaign Organisation a cikin 2018; memba, Kwamitin Shirye-shirye da Dabarun, Kwamitin Kamfen na Jihar Legas a cikin 2018); Mataimakin Darakta na WES Kwamitin Sanata na Tsakiya na Legas 2022/23 da Darakta-Janar, Surulere (TGSEE) Kwamitin Kamfanin a cikin Babban Zabe na 2022/23.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-16 |title=Fuad Kayode Laguda Declares Candidacy for Surulere Constituency 1, Promising to Be a Dedicated People's Servant ~Ajasa-Info |url=https://ajasainfo.com/2023/07/16/fuad-kayode-laguda-declares-candidacy-for-surulere-constituency-1-promising-to-be-a-dedicated-peoples-servant-ajasa-info/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan jin kai ==
Ya yi aiki sosai a matsayin mai kula da Ƙungiyar Patriotic Association of Surulere (PAS), yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga shirye-shiryen sadaka daban-daban a Surulere da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2014 |title='Women Get Free cancer Screening' |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/women-get-free-cancer-screening/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 June 2018 |title='Group donates books to schools' |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/group-donates-books-to-schools-2/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, yana riƙe da matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattun Gidauniyar Magdalene da Maravi, ƙungiyar sadaka da ta fi mayar da hankali kan karfafawa da goyon bayan 'yan mata marayu, musamman a Arewacin Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, Fuad Laguda yana aiki a matsayin Patron na kungiyar matasa ta Ansar-ud-Deen ta Najeriya (ADYAN), reshen Legas.

== Rayuwar jama'a ==
Ya kasance memba na ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban kamar su Legas State Public Service Club, F's Club, Bond Club, Ikoyi Club, Eko Club, da Legas Lawn Tennis Club.

Fuad Kayode Laguda ta yi aure tare da yara.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Dan siyasan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Free Senior High School</title>
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[[Fayil:Ghanaian_Senior_High_School_students_in_class_01.jpg|thumb|Ɗalibi na Babban Makarantar Ghana]]
[[Fayil:Penn Hills Senior High School sign Pittsburgh PA 2022-10-22 09-33-11.jpg|thumb|Free Senior High School]]
Manufar '''Makarantar Sakandare ta kyauta''' (Free SHS) a [[Ghana]] wani shiri ne na gwamnati da aka gabatar a cikin Gwamnatin Shugaban kasa ta Nana Akufo-Addo wanda aka gabatar acikin watan Satumban shekara ta 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=President Akufo-Addo Launches Free SHS Policy |url=http://presidency.gov.gh/index.php/briefing-room/news-style-2/364-president-akufo-addo-launches-free-shs-policy |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=presidency.gov.gh |language=en-gb }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Asalin manufofin ya fara ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa a Lokacin zaben Ghana na 2016, kuma ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na tsarin ilimi na Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Kyeremanteng, Harriet. (2016). Assessing stakeholder participation in policy formulation and implementation: The case study of the Free Senior High School Policy in Ghana. (PDF). ''The'' ''University of Ghana, Legon'': pp.1-80. Retrieved 15 April 2020, from http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/handle/123456789/30912/ Assessing Stakeholder Participation in Policy Formulation and Implementation- The Case Study of the Free Senior High School Policy in Ghana.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y&lt;/ref&gt; Babban jigogi na manufofin na samun dama, daidaito da daidaito sun cika burin ci gaba mai ɗorewa na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], inda kasashe membobin suka haɗa waɗannan jigogi a cikin tsarin iliminsu don tabbatar da isasshen ƙwarewar ilmantarwa ga ɗalibai.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations [[Sustainable Development Goal 4]] (SDG 4) | Education within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. (2020). Retrieved 22 April 2020, from https://sdg4education2030.org/the-goal&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da 'yan siyasa da ma'aikatan zamantakewa aikin tabbatar da ingancin manufofin, yawan aiki da ci gaba. Wadannan shugabannin sun fito ne daga sassan gwamnati daban-daban ciki har da Ma'aikatar Kudi da Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki ta Ghana da Ma'aikatan Ilimi ta Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Dalilin manufofin ==
[[Fayil:Dr._John_speaking_to_young_teens_in_rural_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliban makarantar sakandare a yankunan karkara na Ghana]]
Binciken manufofi da ayyukan tsoffin makarantar sakandare ta Ghana ya haifar da mahimmancin kirkirar Free SHS. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Ghana, ta lura da rashin inganci a manyan fannoni; samun dama ga ilimi, ingancin ilimi, da gudanar da ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Ministry of Education. (2012). Education Strategic Plan 2010 to 2020. ''Government of Ghana''. Retrieved 26 March 2020, from https://www.globalpartnership.org/content/government-ghana-education-strategic-plan-2010-2020-volume-1-policies-strategies-delivery {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216015558/https://www.globalpartnership.org/content/government-ghana-education-strategic-plan-2010-2020-volume-1-policies-strategies-delivery |date=2022-02-16 }} pp.1-15&lt;/ref&gt; [https://www.globalpartnership.org/sites/default/files/2013-Ghana-Education-Strategic-Plan-2010-2020-%20Vol.%201.pdf Shirin dabarun ilimi na biyar da aka yi niyya don 2010 zuwa 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618053032/https://www.globalpartnership.org/sites/default/files/2013-Ghana-Education-Strategic-Plan-2010-2020-%20Vol.%201.pdf |date=2024-06-18 }}, ya tsara mahimman manufofin ilimi na gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;Aheto-Tsegah, C. (2012). Education in Ghana – status and challenges. Retrieved 23 March 2020, from http://www.cedol.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Charles-Aheto-Tsegah-article.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan manufofi da Dokar Ilimi ta Ghana ta 2008 ta rinjayi, ana aiwatar da su a cikin manufofin don tsara waɗannan hanyoyin majalisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Tun lokacin da Ghana ta sami 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1957, an yi jerin gyare-gyare ga tsarin ilimi don sake fasalin tsarin mulkin mallaka da na kasashen waje don dacewa da mutanen Ghana, al'adu da al'adu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Adu-Gyamfi, Samuel; Donkoh, Wilhemina Joselyn; Addo, Anim Adinkrah (September 2016). Educational Reforms in Ghana: Past and Present. ''Journal of Education and Human Development''. Vol. 5: pp. 158-172. Retrieved 20 April, from {{Doi|10.15640/jehd.v5n3a17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan gyare-gyare sune abin da aka dauka a matsayin misali na ilimi mai dacewa ga sabuwar jihar da aka sake mulkin mallaka. An kafa Shirin Ci Gaban Hanzari na 1961 (ADP) don cimma ra'ayin 'Ilimi na firamare na duniya' tare da matakai don kawar da kudaden karatu da kara yawan shiga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Akyeampong, K. (2009). Revisiting Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education (FCUBE) in Ghana. ''Comparative Education'', ''45''(2), 175-195. {{Doi|10.1080/03050060902920534}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a cire matsalar kudi a kan gidaje gaba ɗaya ba saboda kuɗin kayan makaranta kamar littattafai da kayan aiki alhakin iyaye ne da masu kula. Rashin samun malamai da aka horar da su da kuma karancin kudade na kayan aikin makaranta da suka dace ya haifar da rashin iyawar ADP don tsayayya da shi a matsayin shirin na dogon lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Ƙarin ci gaban ilimi sun haɗa da dokar Ilimi na Firamare na Duniya a cikin 'Dokar Ilimi ta 1961', gyare-gyare na 'National Liberation Council', 'Sabon Tsarin da Abun Ilimi na 1974', da Sabon Gyaran Ilimi na 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Adu-Gyamfi, Samuel; Donkoh, Wilhemina Joselyn; Addo, Anim Adinkrah (September 2016). Educational Reforms in Ghana: Past and Present. ''Journal of Education and Human Development''. Vol. 5: pp. 158-172. Retrieved 20 April, from {{Doi|10.15640/jehd.v5n3a17}}[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]&lt;span data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;[[doi:10.15640/jehd.v5n3a17|10.15640/jehd.v5n3a17]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofin Jama'a ===
Kodayake karfafawa yana samuwa ga dukkan daliban makarantar sakandare, yawan jama'a da manufofin da aka yi niyyar amfana da mafi girma sune wadanda ke cikin yankunan karkara da marasa galihu. Manufar ta goyi bayan wasu gudummawar gwamnati ga rayuwar dalibai marasa talauci da iyalansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; Da farko, an ba da ɗalibai masu nasara a waɗannan yankuna kawai tare da tallafi da damar horarwa. Manufar a cikin samun dama ta samar da hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don inganta rabo na kudaden da aka kashe a cikin kudaden ilimi na makarantar sakandare da kuma damar ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Duflo, Esther; Dupas, Pascaline; Kremer, Michael (October 14, 2019). The Impact of Free Secondary Education: Experimental Evidence from Ghana (PDF). ''The American Economic Association'': pp. 1-105. Received 18 April 2020, from https://web.stanford.edu/~pdupas/DDK_GhanaScholarships.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019182534/https://web.stanford.edu/~pdupas/DDK_GhanaScholarships.pdf |date=2023-10-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amsoshin ==

=== Amsa ===
A cikin gabatarwar farko ta manufofin a cikin jama'a, an sami rashin amincewa saboda rashin fahimtar yanayin ta. Rikicin da ya shafi karuwar haraji na sama da kuma kara matsin lamba a kan ɗaliban aji na tsakiya da ƙananan ɗalibai don cimma maki mafi girma fiye da waɗanda aka riga aka sa ran. Tsoron gazawar rarraba albarkatu da kudade yadda ya kamata zai iya haifar da ƙarin haɗarin rashin amfani ga ɗalibai da suka riga sun fuskanci matsaloli. Free SHS kara yawan matakan karatu da rubutu ya kara ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; Ya saki bukatun iyaye na kudaden ilimi don canzawa zuwa mayar da hankali kan gina juriya da jin dadin jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Sakamakon farko mara kyau na zamantakewar al'umma ya canza zuwa goyon baya mai yawa, musamman don ikonsa na hana matasa daga mugunta na zamantakewa don ba da gudummawa mai tasiri ga al'ummominsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Shepedia_02.jpg|thumb|Daliban Makarantar Sakandare]]

=== Amsa ta Siyasa ===
cibiyoyin [[Gwamnati]] da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba da kuma goyon bayan majalisa, dole ne su sauƙaƙa ra'ayoyin siyasa a lokacin ƙirƙirar da kuma canza manufofin. Ilimi a matsayin al'ada da aka raba tsakanin jam'iyyun shine mayar da hankali tsakanin muhawara ta zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na manufofin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Animah, G. (2018). The Impact of Free Senior High School (FSHS) on Rural Areas in Ghana. ''University of Birmingham International Development Department''. pp.1-74. Retrieved 7 April 2020, from https://www.academia.edu/40117244/The_Impact_of_Free_ Senior_High_School_FSHS_on_Rural_Areas_in_Ghana?email_work_card=interaction-paper&lt;/ref&gt; An kirkiro wani muhimmin mayar da hankali tsakanin 'yan wasan siyasa da masu tasiri don samar da inganci da yawa a gabatar da manufofin ilimi a Ghana. Bukatar ilimi mai inganci a baya ya fi ƙarfin bukatun siyasa na jam'iyyun siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Asumadu , E. (2019). Challenges and Prospects of the Ghana Free Senior High School (SHS) Policy: The case of SHS in Denkyembour District. pp. 1-25. Retrieved 7 May 2020, from http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/handle/123456789/30956/  Challenges and Prospects of the Ghana Free Senior High School %28SHS%29  Policy The Case of SHS in Denkyembour District..pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y&lt;/ref&gt; Jam'iyyun da suka dace a cikin kafa manufofin SHS sun yi kira ga imani da hanyoyin gurguzu don tabbatar da cewa za a samar da manufofin gaba ɗaya kuma a gudanar da su ba tare da nuna bambanci na siyasa ba game da manufofi na baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Amsar Ilimi ===
Cibiyoyin ilimi sun samar da nasu bincike kan albarkatun, makarantu, malamai, da dalibai don tantance tasirin manufofin. Yawan dalibai da suka shiga makarantar sakandare a yanzu idan aka kwatanta da kafin aiwatar da manufofin inda kudaden shiga suka kasance masu mahimmanci don karɓa ya karu sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; A cikin shekarun 2017 da 2018 kowane dalibi, musamman wadanda ke cikin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na makarantun gwamnati da ke yankunan karkara sun amfana daga manufofin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; An ba dalibai litattafai kyauta da sauran kayan ilmantarwa waɗanda za a yi amfani da su ga masu karɓar tallafin karatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Adu-Ababio, K., &amp; Osei, R.D (2018) : Effects of an education reform on household poverty and inequality: A microsimulation analysis on the free Senior High School policy in Ghana. ''WIDER Working Paper, No. 2018/147, {{ISBN|978-92-9256-589-3}}, pp. 1-19. The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)'' {{Doi|10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin ==

=== Tasirin Tattalin Arziki ===
Za'a iya karfafa tsammanin daliban makarantar sakandare su shiga fannonin aiki a bangaren gwamnati wanda ke buƙatar ilimi na sakandare, yanzu. An samu raguwar rata a cikin masu karatun jami'a waɗanda ke samun digiri ba tare da samun nasarar karatun sakandare ba. A baya, kashi 70% na daliban makarantar sakandare da ke son matsayin ma'aikatan gwamnati tun suna da shekaru 25 an samu kashi 6% kawai na wannan kashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Ta hanyar manufofin kasuwar ma'aikata ta fadada a fannoni daban-daban tare da mutane masu ilimi don ci gaba da ci gaban kasar, &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Nazarin ya nuna cewa ɗalibai da ke da babban kuɗin tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu marasa galihu ana ba su damar ilimi da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Akyeampong, K. (2009). Revisiting Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education (FCUBE) in Ghana. ''Comparative Education'', ''45''(2), 175-195. {{Doi|10.1080/03050060902920534}}[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]&lt;span data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;[[doi:10.1080/03050060902920534|10.1080/03050060902920534]]&lt;/ref&gt; Inganta ilimin makarantar sakandare kyauta ya zama gardama cewa zai bunkasa Ci gaban tattalin arziki Ghana.  Manufar SHS kyauta tana fadada cancanta da nasarar waɗannan damar ilimi tare da manufar mutum ya bunkasa cikin dukiyar al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Adu-Ababio, K., &amp; Osei, R.D (2018) : Effects of an education reform on household poverty and inequality: A microsimulation analysis on the free Senior High School policy in Ghana. ''WIDER Working Paper, No. 2018/147, {{ISBN|978-92-9256-589-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-92-9256-589-3|978-92-9256-589-3]], pp. 1-19. The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)'' {{Doi|10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3}}[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]&lt;span data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;[[doi:10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3|10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tasirin Siyasa ===
[[Fayil:Saint_Thomas_Aquinas_SHS_01.jpg|thumb|St. Thomas Aquinas Senior High School a Ghana]]
Manufofin da ke ba da fifiko ga jin daɗin ɗalibai, suna ƙarfafa matasa su kasance masu hankali ga siyasa kuma su shiga cikin harkokin siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Ya gina amincewar masu jefa kuri'a ga yawancin manyan ɗaliban makarantar sakandare da iyalansu inda goyon baya ga jam'iyyun siyasa yanzu ya dogara da sakamakon jam'iyya da aka amince da shi ba a kan [[Falsafa|falsafar]] jam'iyya ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Yanayin rashin nuna bambanci na manufofin Free SHS ya inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da siyasa da aiki a cikin Ghana, ta hanyar ikonsa na zama alkawarin siyasa ga al'umma kuma a ƙarshe ya zama samfurin nasara. Ya karfafa fahimtar ɗan ƙasa da amintaccen haraji a cikin imanin cewa harajin zai ba da gudummawa kai tsaye don tallafawa manufofin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Adu-Ababio, K., &amp; Osei, R.D (2018) : Effects of an education reform on household poverty and inequality: A microsimulation analysis on the free Senior High School policy in Ghana. ''WIDER Working Paper, No. 2018/147, {{ISBN|978-92-9256-589-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-92-9256-589-3|978-92-9256-589-3]], pp. 1-19. The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)'' {{Doi|10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3}}[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]&lt;span data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;[[doi:10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3|10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3]]&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar Free SHS wata shaida ce ga siyasar dimokuradiyya ta zamani inda niyyar farko ta haifar da tasiri na siyasa, inda ake aiwatar da manufofi da dokoki don tallafawa ci gaban 'yan ƙasa da al'ummarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

=== Tasirin Jama'a ===
Manufar ta ɗaga nauyin kuɗi ga yawancin iyaye, waɗanda yanzu zasu iya zama masu tallafawa a cikin ilimin yaransu ba tare da jin dogaro da tallafin karatu ko fa'idodi masu zaman kansu ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Don biyan kuɗin ilimi na dogon lokaci, ƙananan gidaje suna watsi da farashin ilimi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Saboda haka biyan kuɗin karatu ga iyaye da masu kula da su wajibi ne kuma sayen kayan makaranta ya zama bukatun sakandare. Manufar SHS ta kyauta ta rufe kudaden farko da na biyu da masu kulawa suka ɗauka don samarwa duk da rashin iyawar tattalin arziki don yin hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Adu-Ababio, K., &amp; Osei, R.D (2018) : Effects of an education reform on household poverty and inequality: A microsimulation analysis on the free Senior High School policy in Ghana. ''WIDER Working Paper, No. 2018/147, {{ISBN|978-92-9256-589-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-92-9256-589-3|978-92-9256-589-3]], pp. 1-19. The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)'' {{Doi|10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3}}[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]&lt;span data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;[[doi:10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3|10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2018/589-3]]&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko yawancin iyaye za su biya kuɗin karatun sakandare bisa ga ikon kansu na fahimtar ƙwarewar yaransu, amma yanzu an cire su daga matsalar zamantakewa na zabar wasu yara akan wasu don samun ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Sakatariyar SHS kyauta ==
[[Gwamnatin Ghana]] ce ta kafa sakatariyar don ba da damar gudanar da shirin Free SHS, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Free SHS Secretariat |url=http://freeshs.gov.gh/index.php/free-shs-secretariat/ |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=FreeSHS |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; bayan da The Ghana National Education Campaign Coalition ta yi kira game da kafa ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-09-13 |title=Education coalition proposes Secretariat for free SHS |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2017/september-13th/education-coalition-proposes-secretariat-for-free-shs.php |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=www.myjoyonline.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan da sakatariyar ke fara sun haɗa da: Ayyukan Harkokin Harkokin Makarantar Sakandare (SHSIPs),  Ƙarin ciyar da Makaranta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=800 school facilities to ease SHS over-crowding by September |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2019/June-18th/800-school-facilities-to-ease-shs-over-crowding-by-september.php |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |archive-date=2019-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112135657/http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2019/June-18th/800-school-facilities-to-ease-shs-over-crowding-by-september.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-10-17 |title=Our nutrition Department monitors food quality – School Feeding PRO |url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/10/our-nutrition-department-monitors-food-quality-school-feeding-pro/ |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112135654/http://citifmonline.com/2017/10/our-nutrition-department-monitors-food-quality-school-feeding-pro/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Kudin ==
[[Gwamnatin Ghana|Gwamnati]] ta kashe GH¢212 miliyan daga Kudin Kudin Kasafin Kudin Shekara (ABFA) a cikin shekara ta farko ta aiwatar da shirin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-01-30 |title=Govt shifts Free SHS burden to Scholarship Secretariat |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/govt-shifts-free-shs-burden-to-scholarship-secretariat.html |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanzu an cire shirin daga jerin ayyukan da aka tallafawa tare da Kudin Kudin Kasafin Shekara (ABFA). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=No more oil cash for Free SHS |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/No-more-oil-cash-for-Free-SHS-748076 |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yanzu Sakatariyar Scholarship ce ke tallafawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-12-22 |title=Transfer of Free SHS funds to Scholarship Secretariat lawful – Gov't |url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/12/transfer-of-free-shs-funds-to-scholarship-secretariat-lawful-govt/ |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Rikici na kudi ==
Dubi kuma (Yin amfani da Asusun Tarihi don aiwatar da manufofin ilimi na SHS kyauta) 

Samun manufofin bai zo ba tare da nuna rashin amincewar siyasa da zamantakewa ba game da yadda za a tattara kudade don manufofin kuma a yi aiki. Shugaba Nana Afuffo-Addo da farko ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin tsarin ta hanyar sake daidaita kasafin kuɗin kasa. Cibiyar IMANI ta kalubalanci irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren wadanda ke da ƙungiyar 'tunanin' waɗanda ke ba da bincike da shawarwari ga gwamnatoci da cibiyoyin gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-06 |title=Ghana: 'No Regrets for Using Oil Revenues to Fund Free SHS' - President Akufo-Addo |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201911060108.html |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar ta yi imanin cewa shawarar Shugaban kasa za ta sanya isasshen kudade ga sauran sassan gwamnati da shirye-shiryen siyasa cikin hadari. Babban Ministan Asusun Tarihi, Mista Yaw Osafo Marfo ya goyi bayan Shugaban kasa ta amfani da kashi 9% na kuɗin ajiyar mai na gwamnati don tallafawa 'yan shekarun farko na manufofin don ya zama shirin mai ɗorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica.com&quot; /&gt; Shugaban 'yan tsiraru na Asusun Tarihi, Mista [[Haruna Iddrisu]] ya goyi bayan shawarar Cibiyar IMANI don Manufofin da Ilimi, ta hanyar son wannan kuɗin ajiya don yiwuwar, tattalin arziki ko rikicin zamantakewa wanda zai iya faruwa a Ghana. Shugaban ya biyo baya tare da shawarar da ya yanke na amfani da man fetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica.com&quot; /&gt;

== Aiwatar da tsarin waƙoƙi biyu ==
A cikin 2018, [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Akuffo Addo]] da tawagarsa ta gudanar da mulki sun gabatar da wani shiri a matsayin wani ɓangare na Manufofin Ilimi na SHS kyauta wanda shine Tsarin Hanya Biyu. 
[[Fayil:Ghanaian_Senior_High_School_students_in_class_03.jpg|thumb|Daliban makarantar sakandare ta Ghana]]
[[Gwamnatin Ghana|gwamnati]] ta gabatar da tsarin waƙoƙi biyu don ba da damar manyan makarantun sakandare daban-daban don karɓar ƙarin ɗalibai da kuma tabbatar da cewa duk ɗalibai suna da damar samun ilimi na makarantar sakandare. Tsarin Hanya Biyu yana cikin zaman biyu, don haka Green Track da Gold Track . Green Track yana wakiltar rukunin farko na ɗalibai waɗanda za su je makaranta don semester kuma daga baya ɗaliban Gold Track waɗanda za su ci gaba bayan ɗaliban zaman kore sun bar aikin a cikin kalandar ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Double Track System |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Double-Track-System-First-batch-to-attend-classes-for-41-days-682546 |access-date=11 October 2018 |website=Ghana Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin waƙoƙi biyu misali ne na fadada manufofin tun lokacin da aka ci gaba. An gabatar da tsarin ne don yaki da yawan adadin masu shiga makarantar sakandare waɗanda suka kasance sakamakon yada manufofin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Mensah, D. (2019). Teachers’ Perspective on Implementation of the Double Track Senior High School System in Ghana. ''International Journal Of Emerging Trends In Social Sciences'', ''5''(2), 47-56. pp. 47-56. {{Doi|10.20448/2001.52.47.56}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban zargi game da tsarin shine yadda ba a tuntubi malamai da masu mallakar makarantu gaba ɗaya game da tsare-tsaren gwamnati ba, wanda ya haɗa da lokacin da za a gyara makarantun su da kuma samun damar su ga kudade masu zaman kansu. 
[[Fayil:Gardener_in_a_senior_high_school_pruning_a_hedge.jpg|thumb|Mai aikin lambu a makarantar sakandare ta Ghana]]
Sabili da haka, wasu ci gaba da aka yi ba za su iya amfana da yankunan da aka kafa tsarin musamman ba, yayin da wasu har yanzu ba su da kayan aiki masu dacewa wasu suna da yalwar hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Mensah, D. (2019). Teachers’ Perspective on Implementation of the Double Track Senior High School System in Ghana. ''International Journal Of Emerging Trends In Social Sciences'', ''5''(2), 47-56. pp. 47-56. {{Doi|10.20448/2001.52.47.56}}[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]&lt;span data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;[[doi:10.20448/2001.52.47.56|10.20448/2001.52.47.56]]&lt;/ref&gt; Aiwatar da shi duk da haka ya ga ingancin albarkatun ilimi kamar inganta yanayin ɗakunan ajiya na zahiri, rage tarwatsa ɗakunan aji, da kuma taƙaita lokutan makaranta, suna ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ilimi da zamantakewa na ɗalibai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; An gabatar da tsarin wucin gadi da nufin ƙirƙirar ingantaccen makarantar da ke aiki daidai da manufa ta SDG 4.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Ƙara yawan rajista tun lokacin da aka aiwatar da tsarin Double Track ===
[[Fayil:Enrolement_Graph.png|alt=|none|thumb|707x707px]]
'''Tasirin Rikicin COVID-19 akan SHS kyauta'''

Don rage yaduwar kwayar cutar SARS-CoV2, Ma'aikatar Ilimi (MoE) ta haɓaka rufewa da komawa makarantu bayan umarnin zartarwa na Shugaba Nana Kufo Addo, wanda ya umarci makarantu a kowane mataki su rufe a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2020.  Da farko za a ba wasu daliban SHS3 damar ci gaba da shirya don jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare ta Yammacin Afirka, amma jim kadan bayan an rufe dukkan makarantu gaba daya. Bugu da kari MoE ta ba da umarnin cewa, ɗaliban makarantar sakandare na shekara ta biyu ne kawai suka koma makaranta don kammala shekara ta biyu ta karatunsu, farawa daga 5 ga Oktoba 2020.   [ana buƙatar hujja]An aiwatar da dabaru da yawa don ci gaba da ilimi a duk matakan duk da rufewa, gami da darussan da aka watsa ta hanyar talabijin da rediyo a duk fadin Ghana, da kuma ci gaban wasu iyakantaccen nesa ko dandamali na e-learning.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=Ghana Ministry of Education|date=2020|title=COVID-19 Coordinated Education Response Plan for Ghana|url=https://ges.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/EDUCATION-RESPONSE-PLAN-TO-COVID-19-IN-GHANA-APRIL-2020-1.pdf|access-date=2024-06-18|archive-date=2024-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618053234/https://ges.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/EDUCATION-RESPONSE-PLAN-TO-COVID-19-IN-GHANA-APRIL-2020-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2021 (bayan rufewar watanni 10), ta hanyar umarnin shugaban kasa an sake buɗe makarantun a Ghana tare da buƙatar cewa makarantu suna sa ido kan yanayin kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar binciken zafin jiki kuma duk ɗalibai suna sa abin rufe fuska a kowane lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Schools in Ghana reopen as covid-19 cases surge |url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/other/schools-in-ghana-reopen-as-covid-19-cases-surge/ar-BB1cSrAQ |access-date=2021-07-19 |website=www.msn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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    <title>Geshere, Najeriya</title>
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      <text bytes="2016" sha1="nw6av19xcsgnnzve8he6c353ul9pgsn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Geshere''' gari ne, da ke cikin [[Kauru|ƙaramar hukumar Kauru]], a kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|yankin Middle Belt]], [[Najeriya]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Min&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geshare, Geshere, Kauru, Kaduna State, Nigeria |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2341227.html |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=mindat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;PPW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geshere, Nigeria |url=https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/9412140-region2-geshere.html |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=Places in the World }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 811. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Post Offices - with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archive-date=7 October 2009 |access-date=24 January 2024 |publisher=NIPOST}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geshere, Kauru, Kaduna: 811102 |url=https://nga.postcodebase.com/region3/gesherekauru |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=Nigeria Postcode}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mutanen avori ne ƙabila mafi girma a yanki, waɗanda ke magana da yaren Tivori.

== Kasa ==
Ginin Geshere wata cibiya ce da ba a san ta ba a Najeriya tare da syenite da granite. Yana da jerin duwatsun da aka kafa ta magma crystallization. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Magaji |first=Shehu Suleiman |last2=Martin |first2=Robert F. |last3=Ike |first3=Echefu C. |last4=Ikpokonte |first4=Awajiokan E. |date=2011 |title=The Geshere syenite-peralkaline granite pluton: a key to understanding the anorogenic Nigerian Younger Granites and analogues elsewhere |url=https://rosa.uniroma1.it/rosa04/periodico_di_mineralogia/article/view/15754 |journal=R.O.SA |volume=80 |issue=1 |doi=10.2451/2011PM0016 |access-date=24 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin ƙauyuka a jihar Kaduna|Jerin kauyukan jihar Kaduna]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Garuruwa a Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Jihar Kaduna]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eleocharis palustris</title>
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      <text bytes="6716" sha1="lvikmf6gqb8nthski1mf7xxb9dpq0e0" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
{{speciesbox|image=EleocharisPalustrisAspekt.jpg|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{Cite iucn |title=''Eleocharis palustris'' |author=Lansdown, R.V. |name-list-style=amp |page=e.T163990A1017558 |date=2013 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T163990A1017558.en |access-date=23 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;|genus=Eleocharis|species=palustris|authority=([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Johann Jacob Roemer|Roem.]] &amp; [[Josef August Schultes|Schult.]]|synonyms_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;1094314-2&quot; &gt;{{cite POWO |id=1094314-2 |title=''Eleocharis palustris'' (L.) Roem. &amp; Schult. |access-date=20 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;|synonyms={{collapsible list|
*''Bulbostylis palustris'' {{small|(L.) Steven}}
*''Chlorocharis palustris'' {{small|(L.) Rikli}}
*''Clavula palustris'' {{small|(L.) Dumort.}}
*''Cyperus paluster'' {{small|Missbach &amp; E.H.L.Krause}}
*''Cyperus paluster'' var. ''uniglumoides'' {{small|E.H.L.Krause}}
*''Cyperus palustris'' {{small|(L.) Sessé &amp; Moc.}}
*''Eleocharis appendiculata'' {{small|Phil.}}
*''Eleocharis boissieri'' {{small|Podp.}}
*''Eleocharis ecarinata'' {{small|Zinserl.}}
*''Eleocharis filiculmis'' {{small|Schur}}
*''Eleocharis glaucescens'' {{small|(Willd.) Schult.}}
*''Eleocharis globularis'' {{small|Zinserl.}}
*''Eleocharis gracilis'' {{small|Hayek}}
*''Eleocharis haematolepis'' {{small|Steud.}}
*''Eleocharis intersita'' f. ''acetosa'' {{small|Tang &amp; F.T.Wang ex Y.L.Chang}}
*''Eleocharis kasakstanica'' {{small|Zinserl.}}
*''Eleocharis kitamurana'' {{small|T.Koyama}}
*''Eleocharis levinae'' {{small|Zoz}}
*''Eleocharis limosa'' {{small|Drège}}
*''Eleocharis lindbergii'' {{small|(Strandh.) Tzvelev}}
*''Eleocharis minima'' f. ''major'' {{small|Boeckeler}}
*''Eleocharis minima'' var. ''mexicensis'' {{small|H.Pfeiff.}}
*''Eleocharis nebrodensis'' {{small|Parl.}}
*''Eleocharis oxystachys'' {{small|Sakalo}}
*''Eleocharis palustris'' var. ''degenerata'' {{small|Hook.}}
*''Eleocharis palustris'' subsp. ''globularis'' {{small|(Zinserl.) T.V.Egorova}}
*''Eleocharis palustris'' var. ''globularis'' {{small|(Zinserl.) A.E.Kozhevn.}}
*''Eleocharis palustris'' subsp. ''intersita'' {{small|(Zinserl.) Tzvelev}}
*''Eleocharis palustris'' var. ''kurilensis'' {{small|A.E.Kozhevn.}}
*''Eleocharis palustris'' var. ''lindbergii'' {{small|Strandh.}}
*''Eleocharis palustris'' subsp. ''lindbergii'' {{small|(Strandh.) Tzvelev}}
*''Eleocharis palustris'' var. ''major'' {{small|Sond.}}
*''Eleocharis palustris'' var. ''minor'' {{small|Hook.}}
*''Eleocharis palustris'' subsp. ''vigens'' {{small|(L.H.Bailey) A.Haines}}
*''Eleocharis palustris'' subsp. ''vulgaris'' {{small|Walters}}
*''Eleocharis palustromicrocarpa'' {{small|Á.Löve}}
*''Eleocharis quaesita'' {{small|Kitag.}}
*''Eleocharis smallii'' {{small|Britton}}
*''Eleocharis smallii'' var. ''major'' {{small|(Sond.) F.Seym.}}
*''Eleocharis striata'' {{small|Hochst. ex Engl.}}
*''Eleocharis vulgaris'' {{small|Á.Löve &amp; D.Löve}}
*''Limnochloa capensis'' {{small|Nees}}
*''Megadenus palustris'' {{small|(L.) Raf.}}
*''Schoenus palustris'' {{small|(L.) Bernh.}}
*''Scirpus acicularis'' {{small|Oeder}}
*''Scirpus appendiculatus'' {{small|(Phil.) Kuntze}}
*''Scirpus baeothryon'' {{small|Schrad.}}
*''Scirpus bailii'' {{small|Kohts}}
*''Scirpus caespitosus'' {{small|Willd. ex Kunth}}
*''Scirpus campestris'' {{small|Willd. ex Kunth}}
*''Scirpus conicus'' {{small|C.Presl ex Mert. &amp; W.D.J.Koch}}
*''Scirpus glaucescens'' {{small|Willd.}}
*''Scirpus intermedius'' {{small|Thuill.}}
*''Scirpus ovatus'' {{small|Gilib.}}
*''Scirpus palustris'' {{small|L.}}
*''Scirpus palustromicrocarpus'' {{small|(Á.Löve) Á.Löve}}
*''Scirpus reptans'' {{small|Thuill.}}
*''Scirpus tenuis'' {{small|Schreb. ex Schweigg. &amp; Körte}}
*''Scirpus varius'' {{small|Schreb. ex Schweigg. &amp; Körte}}
*''Trichophyllum palustre'' {{small|(L.) House}}
*''Trichophyllum palustre'' var. ''glaucescens'' {{small|(Willd.) House}}
*''Trichophyllum palustre'' var. ''vigens'' {{small|(L.H.Bailey) House}}
 }}}}

'''''Eleocharis palustris''''', na yau [[Shuka mai Shekaru|da kullum]] spike-rush, creeping spike-Rush ko marsh spike-urush, nau'in shuke-shuke ne masu fure a cikin dangin  shuke shuke na Cyperaceae. Yana girma a cikin wuraren da ke da ruwa a [[Turai]], [[Arewacin Afirka]], arewa da tsakiyar [[Asiya]] (Siberia, [[Sin|China]], [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]], [[Iran]], [[Nepal]], da dai sauransu) da [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin]] [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] (Amurka, [[Kanada]], Greenland, arewacin [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;yak&quot;&gt;[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=242738 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. &amp; Schult. common spikerush |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ELPA3 |access-date=May 19, 2008 |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] |archive-date=September 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916160722/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ELPA3 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Eleocharis%20palustris.png Biota of North America Program, 2013 range distribution map]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=220004641 Flora of China, Vol. ]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&amp;taxon_id=220004641 Flora of North America, ''Eleocharis palustris'' (Linnaeus) Roemer &amp; Schultes in J. J. Roemer et al., Syst. ]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=eleocharis+palustris Altervista Flora Italiana, Giunchina comune, ''Eleocharis palustris'' ] includes photos plus distribution maps for Europe and North America&lt;/ref&gt; ''Eleocharis palustris'' ba a sauƙaƙe rarrabe shi daga wasu nau'o'in da ke da alaƙa da juna kuma yana da bambanci sosai a duk duniya kanta. Nau'in nau'in ''palustris'' shine Latin don &quot;na marsh&quot; kuma yana nuna mazauninta na yau da kullun.&lt;ref&gt;Archibald William Smith {{Google books|ahNMkgoNJ7IC|A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gabatar da sunaye da yawa don nau'o'i da nau'o-nau'i. Wadannan an san su: &lt;ref name=&quot;yak&quot;/&gt;

# ''Eleocharis palustris'' subsp. ''Iran'' &lt;small&gt;Kukkonen&lt;/small&gt; - Misira, Turkiyya, Iran, Iraki, [[Afghanistan]], Pakistan
# ''Eleocharis palustris'' subsp. ''palustris'' - mafi yawan nau'o'in
# ''Eleocharis palustris'' var. vigens &lt;small&gt;L.H.Bailey&lt;/small&gt; - Arewacin Amurka
# ''Eleocharis palustris'' subsp. ''Waltersii'' Bureš &amp; Danihelka - Turai da Cyprus

[[Fayil:Eleocharis_palustris_in_Rehovot_vernal_pool.JPG|left|thumb|''Eleocharis palustris'' a cikin tafkin Rehovot, Isra'ila]]

== manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Filin jirgin saman Richmond</title>
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[[Fayil:RIC Terminal Building.jpg|thumb|Filin jirgin saman Richmond]]


{{Infobox airport|name=Richmond International Airport|image=Richmond International Airport Logo.png|image2=RIC Terminal Building.jpg|image-width=250|image2-width=250|IATA=RIC|ICAO=KRIC|FAA=RIC|type=Public|owner-oper=Capital Region Airport Commission|city-served=[[Greater Richmond Region|Central Virginia]]|location=[[Sandston, Virginia]], U.S.|elevation-f=167|elevation-m=51|coordinates={{coord|37|30|18|N|077|19|10|W|type:airport_region:US}}|website=[http://www.flyrichmond.com/ www.flyrichmond.com]|image_map=Kric.png|image_mapsize=175|image_map_caption=FAA airport diagram (2009)|mapframe=yes|mapframe-zoom=10|mapframe-wikidata=yes|r1-number=16/34|r1-length-f=9,003|r1-length-m=2,744|r1-surface=[[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]|stat1-header=Aircraft operations|stat1-data=104,952|stat-year=2023|r2-number=02/20|r2-length-f=6,607|r2-length-m=2,014|r2-surface=Asphalt|stat2-header=Based aircraft|stat2-data=72|stat3-header=Passengers|stat3-data=4,755,889|stat4-header=Total cargo (lbs.)|stat4-data=206,575,168|footnotes=Sources: [[Federal Aviation Administration]]&lt;ref name= &quot;FAA&quot;&gt;{{FAA-airport|ID=RIC|use=PU|own=PU|website=27013.1*A}} effective August 2022&lt;/ref&gt; and RIC Airport&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://flyrichmond.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/RIC-DEC23-Activity-Report.pdf|title=RIC Airport Aviation Activity Data for 2023|website=flyrichmond.com|access-date=February 1, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[Fayil:Richmond,_June_1984_(9458787701).jpg|thumb|Filin jirgin saman Richmond a shekarar 1984 lokacin da yake filin jirgin sama na huɗu mafi girma a Virginia]]
'''Filin jirgin saman'''  (  : ,  : RIC filin jirgin sama ne na hadin gwiwa a Sandston, Virginia, na  Amurka, al'umma ce da ba a kafa ta ba (a cikin Henrico County). Filin jirgin saman yana da kimanin kilomita 7 (11 km) kudu maso gabashin garin Richmond, babban birnin [[Virginia|Commonwealth na Virginia]]. &amp;nbsp;Filin jirgin saman Richmond shi ne filin jirgin sama mafi yawan jama'a a tsakiyar Virginia kuma na uku mafi yawan jamaʼa a jihar bayan Washington Reagan da Washington Dulles . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?20=E&amp;Nv42146=eVP&amp;Nv42146_anzr=evpuz10q,%20iN:%20evpuz10q%20V06r40n6v10ny&amp;pn44vr4=SNPgf BTS Transtats]&lt;/ref&gt; RIC ta rufe kadada 2,500 (1,012 ha) na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RIC airport data at skyvector.com |url=https://skyvector.com/airport/RIC/Richmond-International-Airport |access-date=September 1, 2022 |website=skyvector.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
Hukumar Filin jirgin saman Babban Birnin (CRAC) ta mallaki kuma tana aiki da Filin jirgin sama na Richmond. An kafa shi a cikin 1975 ta Babban Taron Virginia, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Capital Region Airport Commission - Richmond International Airport |url=http://www.flyrichmond.com/index.php/about-us/capital-region-airport-commission |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623145503/http://www.flyrichmond.com/index.php/about-us/capital-region-airport-commission |archive-date=June 23, 2017 |access-date=June 21, 2017 |website=flyrichmond.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kwamishinan yana karkashin kulawar wakilan yankunan Chesterfield, Hanover, da Henrico, da Birnin Richmond. RIC tana aiki da Babban Yankin Richmond tare da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ba tare da tsayawa ba zuwa wurare 26, waɗanda masu jigilar jiragen sama bakwai ke aiki. Filin jirgin saman farar hula da soja na hadin gwiwa, RIC ya ƙunshi tsohon dukiyar tashar tsaron kasa ta filin jirgin sama ta Richmond, wanda aka sauya zuwa Ma'aikatar Sojoji don tallafawa Sojojin Amurka da Ayyukan Tsaro na Sojojin Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Pike |title=Richmond International Airport / Byrd Field |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/richmond-iap.htm |access-date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=Globalsecurity.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A farkon shekarun 2000, Richmond ya ga wani lokaci na ci gaba mai yawa, kuma a cikin 2005 ya ba da sanarwar sake fasalin gaba ɗaya. RIC ya tafi daga tashar hawa ɗaya tare da ƙofofi 12 zuwa ƙofoci 22 (tare da ƙofofin gada masu yawa waɗanda ba na jet ba), ƙara wuraren ajiye motoci (zuwa 10,500), kuma ya kirkiro sabuwar hanyar tashar da hasumiyar kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama. Aikin yana da manyan gyare-gyare na ginin tashar, gami da tashi-mataki na sama da isowa-mataki, gina tashar kayan aiki ta tsakiya, da fadada wuraren tsaro. An kammala ginin a kan tashar matakai biyu a cikin bazara na 2007, kuma Gresham, Smith &amp; Partners ne suka tsara shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Airport Design, Architecture and Interior Design – Gresham, Smith and Partners |url=http://showcase.gspnet.com/Showcase/Projects/Showcase-1/Richmond-International-Airport |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225420/http://showcase.gspnet.com/Showcase/Projects/Showcase-1/Richmond-International-Airport |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |access-date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=Showcase.gspnet.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda ci gaban fasinjoji, Richmond ta sake buɗe ƙofar ta duniya (B15) don jiragen sama zuwa Cancun, Toronto da Punta Cana, dukansu sabis ne na yanayi.

A cikin 2016, Richmond ta yi rikodin yawan fasinjoji na shekara-shekara na biyu, kuma filin jirgin sama yana da babban fadada da aka fara a ƙarshen 2018. Adadin ƙofofin ya karu daga 22 zuwa 28 ko 30 ta hanyar ƙara ƙofofi 6 ko 8 (net) zuwa Gidan A. Ginin ya fara ne a ƙarshen 2018 kuma ya ɗauki shekaru 3. An kammala fadada a cikin 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Richmond International Airport Concourse A Expansion &amp;#124; Architect Magazine |url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/richmond-international-airport-concourse-a-expansion |access-date=December 31, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Filin jirgin saman ya kuma fadada yankin dubawa a cikin Gidan B, daga hudu zuwa shida hanyoyin tantance TSA. An fara fadada hanyar TSA a cikin fall na 2018 kuma an kammala shi a watan Yunin 2019. Gidan A yana da hanyoyi uku na tantancewa a yankin sa, kodayake ana iya fadada hakan a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa. Ƙarin gine-gine a filin jirgin sama yana zuwa - Hukumar Filin jirgin saman Babban Birnin tana kallon motsa masu ba da motar haya daga tsakiyar ɓangaren ƙananan matakin zuwa yankin da aka faɗaɗa na arewa. Filin jirgin saman kuma yana sa ran ƙara hanyar da aka rufe ta matakai biyu tsakanin tashar da garage na haya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CLINE |first=ALEXANDRA |date=June 16, 2018 |title=Expansion of Richmond International Airport's Concourse A should begin later this year |url=https://www.richmond.com/business/expansion-of-richmond-international-airport-s-concourse-a-should-begin/article_baeee94b-9daa-5318-936b-9ab97f630692.html |access-date=February 22, 2020 |website=Richmond Times-Dispatch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, an shirya garage na haya don fadada.

A cikin 2016, Filin jirgin saman Richmond ya kula da fiye da tan 63,000 na kaya, babban lokaci. Ayyukan kaya sun haɗa da fiye da 100,000 square feet (10,000 &quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;  na ɗakin ajiya / ofis sarari da 1,000,000 square feet (100,000 m) na sarari. Filin jirgin saman an sanya shi Yankin Ciniki na Kasashen Waje. Saboda matsayinta a Gabashin Gabas, jigilar kaya ta hanyar RIC tana tasowa. Kayayyakin da aka fitar daga yankin Richmond na iya kaiwa kashi 72% na yawan jama'ar Amurka cikin awanni 24.

A cikin 2016, RIC ta ba da rahoton watan 32 a jere na ci gaba, tare da kimanin matafiya 345,000 da aka ruwaito a watan Oktoba 2016. Kamfanonin jiragen sama da yawa da ke aiki da RIC sun amsa buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa tare da inganta hanyoyin da jirgin sama. Delta Air Lines, JetBlue Airways da Southwest Airlines sun kara ƙarin hanyoyi da manyan jiragen sama a cikin 2017. [[United Airlines|Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na United]] Airlines ya daidaita sabis na Denver zuwa babban jirgin sama, ya maye gurbin Embraer E-175 da aka yi amfani da shi tare da United Express.

A cikin 2017, filin jirgin sama ya yi wa fasinjoji 3,657,479 hidima, rikodin filin jirgin sama a wannan lokacin, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News - Richmond International Airport |url=http://www.flyrichmond.com/index.php/news/article/ric-sets-annual-passenger-record |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190056/http://www.flyrichmond.com/index.php/news/article/ric-sets-annual-passenger-record |archive-date=2018-02-02 |website=flyrichmond.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya karya rikodin da ya gabata na 3,634,544 a cikin 2007. A cikin 2023, RIC ta kafa rikodin fasinja na 4,755,889. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RIC Airport Sets All-Time Passenger Record In 2023 |url=https://flyrichmond.com/new-records-established-for-passenger-traffic-and-cargo-volume |access-date=June 11, 2024 |website=flyrichmond.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanonin jiragen sama suna aiki da RIC da ke tashi da farko a cikin gida zuwa birane a Kudu, Arewa maso Gabas da Midwest, da kuma haɗa jiragen sama zuwa manyan cibiyoyin don wuraren duniya.

== Tarihi ==
An keɓe filin jirgin sama a matsayin Richard Evelyn Byrd Flying Field a 1927 don girmama mai jirgin sama Richard E. Byrd, ɗan'uwan Gwamna. Harry F. Byrd na lokacin. Charles Lindbergh ya halarci bikin keɓewa. Kodayake wurin yana cikin Henrico County, Magajin garin Richmond John Fulmer Bright ya taimaka wajen kirkirar filin Byrd, wanda da farko mallakar Birnin Richmond ne. An sake masa suna '''Filin jirgin saman Richard E. Byrd''' a 1950, kuma ya zama Filin jirgin sama na Richmond a 1984. Manajan filin jirgin sama daga 1957 zuwa 1988 shine Anthony E. Dowd, Sr.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richmond Times-Dispatch |first=ELLEN ROBERTSON |date=July 23, 2015 |title=Anthony E. &quot;Tony&quot; Dowd, who helped put the &quot;international&quot; at Richmond's airport, dies at 90 |url=http://www.richmond.com/obituaries/featured/anthony-e-tony-dowd-who-helped-put-the-international-at/article_5d6caf42-c7e2-5f39-bd1d-641e82cd7acd.html |access-date=May 19, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kammala ginin tashar da Marcellus Wright da Son suka tsara a shekarar 1950.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Terminal Building, Richard E. Byrd Airport, Richmond, Virginia: Rarely Seen Richmond |url=http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/postcard/id/460 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309015003/http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/postcard/id/460 |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |access-date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=Virginia Commonwealth University}}&lt;/ref&gt; An faɗaɗa shi daga 1968 zuwa 1970, wanda ya haɗa da wasannin fasinja na yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.flyrichmond.com/index.php/about-us/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308222924/http://www.flyrichmond.com/index.php/about-us/history |archive-date=March 8, 2016 |access-date=January 22, 2015 |publisher=Capital Region Airport Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jagoran Jirgin Sama na Ofishin Afrilu 1957 ya lissafa tashi 43 na mako: 22 a kan Eastern Air Lines, goma a kan Piedmont Airlines, biyar a kan American Airlines, hudu a kan National Airlines da biyu a kan Capital Airlines.

A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s United Airlines ta shirya tafiya ta yau da kullun tsakanin Richmond da Los Angeles (LAX) tare da Douglas DC-8-61 ta hanyar Washington-Dulles . &lt;ref name=&quot;departedflights.com&quot;&gt;http://www.departedflights.com, April 15, 1975 Official Airline Guide&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.departedflights.com, June 6, 1976 United Airlines timetable&lt;/ref&gt; DC-8-61 mai yiwuwa shine mafi girman jirgin fasinja da aka tsara zuwa filin jirgin sama. United kuma tana tashi Boeing 727-200s da Boeing 737-200s zuwa filin jirgin sama, gami da jiragen sama marasa tsayawa zuwa Washington-National ban da Dulles.&lt;ref name=&quot;departedflights.com&quot; /&gt; Sauran kamfanonin jiragen sama a Richmond a cikin 1975 sun haɗa da Eastern Air Lines da ke aiki da Boeing 727s da McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30s tare da wadanda ba su tsaya daga [[Filin jirgin saman Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson|Atlanta]], New York-JFK, New York'LaGuardia da Raleigh / DurhamRaleigh / Durham Airlines da ke aiki na Boeing 737-200s da NAMC YS-11s ba tare da tsayawa ba daga Charleston (WV) , Chicago-O'Hare, Huntington, Lynchburg (VA) , Newport News, Norfolk, Mount Raleigh/Durham, Roanoke, Rocky / Wilson, da Washington-National.&lt;ref name=&quot;departedflights.com&quot; /&gt; Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Altair, mai jigilar jiragen sama, yana aiki da Richmond tare da Beechcraft 99s ba tare da tsayawa ba daga Baltimore, Philadelphia da Wilmington, DE.&lt;ref name=&quot;departedflights.com&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 1985 OAG ta lissafa kamfanonin jiragen sama guda biyar da ke aiki a Richmond tare da jirgin sama ciki har da Delta Air Lines, Eastern Air Lines.&lt;ref name=&quot;departedflights.com (ref 2)&quot;&gt;http://www.departedflights.com, Feb. 15, 1985 Official Airline Guide&lt;/ref&gt; Delta tana aiki da Boeing 737-200sBoeing 737-200s-redirect cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;288&quot; href=&quot;./McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9-30&quot; id=&quot;mwnQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30&quot;&gt;McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30sMcDonnell Douglas DC-9-30s [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Atlanta]]_International_Airport&quot; id=&quot;mwng&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport&quot;&gt;Atlanta; Gabas tana aiki da Bell 727-100s, McDonnellDouglas DC-9-30 da McDonnel Douglas DC-9-50s ba tare tare da tsayawar ba daga Atlanta, [[Charlotte Douglas International Airport|Charlotte]] Douglas International Airport&quot;&gt;Charlotte, Greensboro, New York-JFK da New York-LaGuardia; Piedmont tana aiki da kuma [[Boeing 727-200]]&quot;&gt;Boeing 727-200s, Boeing Boeing Boeing Boeing-O'Hens da Philadelphia ba tare da katsewa ba, Chicago da tsayawa, da Amurka ba, da tsayawa da Amurka ba ne daga [[Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport|Baltimore]]/Washington_International_Thurgood_Marshall_Airport&quot; id=&quot;mwqg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport&quot;&gt;Baltimore, United, Boston Boston Boston Boston da Amurka 7Hare da Amurka 727 da Boston Boston Boston, United, United da Boston Boston da Boston Boston-Guensboro, United da North27 da Boston da Boston da North America. Kamfanonin jiragen sama guda huɗu da na yanki sun kasance a Richmond, gami da Air Virginia wanda ke aiki a tashar jirgin sama da ke tashi Swearingen Metroliners ba tare da tsayawa ba daga BaltimoreBaltimore=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;322&quot; href=&quot;./Charlottesville–Albemarle_Airport&quot; id=&quot;mwvg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Charlottesville–Albemarle Airport&quot;&gt;Charlottesville (VA) , Lynchburg (VA) , New Bern (NC), New York-LaGuardia, Newark, [[Norfolk International Airport|Norfolk]]_International_Airport&quot; id=&quot;mwxA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Norfolk International Airport&quot;&gt;Norfolk, Philadelphia, Raleigh / Durham, Roanoke, da Washington-National; Delta Regional Connection da ke aiki tare da sansstop ba tare da Sable 340 da Sable Boston Boston ba tare da sabis na raba lambar [[Roanoke–Blacksburg Regional Airport|Roanoke]]_Regional_Airport&quot; id=&quot;mwzQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Roanoke–Blacksburg Regional Airport&quot;&gt;Roanoke da Sable, New York City City City City da Sable / Sable, Sable, Redmont (D), Sable Boston Dighton; Sable) suna aiki don Sable, 39 da Sable; Sable, South York City City da Redbybybyby, New York&lt;ref name=&quot;departedflights.com (ref 2)&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1986 Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Wheeler yana da karamin cibiya a filin jirgin sama kuma ya kara da jiragen sama ba tare da tsayawa ba daga Charleston (WV)  da Parkersburg (WV) . &lt;ref&gt;http://www.departedflights.com, Feb. 15, 1986 Wheeler Airlines route map&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jiragen sama da wuraren da ake nufi ==

=== Fasinjoji ===
{{Airport destination list|[[Allegiant Air]]|[[Nashville International Airport|Nashville]], [[Orlando Sanford International Airport|Orlando/Sanford]], [[St. Petersburg-Clearwater International Airport|St. Petersburg/Clearwater]]&lt;br&gt; '''Seasonal:''' [[Punta Gorda Airport (Florida)|Punta Gorda (FL)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbc-2.com/story/41306172/allegiant-announces-nonstop-flights-to-punta-gorda-starting-at-dollar65|title=Allegiant announces nonstop flights to Punta Gorda starting at $65|website=nbc-2.com|date=November 12, 2019|access-date=February 22, 2020|archive-date=November 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113060655/https://www.nbc-2.com/story/41306172/allegiant-announces-nonstop-flights-to-punta-gorda-starting-at-dollar65|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;|&lt;ref name=&quot;AllegiantRoutes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Allegiant Air|url=https://www.allegiantair.com|access-date=7 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;|[[American Airlines]]|[[Charlotte Douglas International Airport|Charlotte]], [[Dallas Fort Worth International Airport|Dallas/Fort Worth]], [[Miami International Airport|Miami]]|&lt;ref name=&quot;AmericanRoutes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Flight schedules and notifications|url=https://www.aa.com/travelInformation/flights/schedule|access-date=7 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;|[[American Eagle (airline brand)|American Eagle]]|[[Charlotte Douglas International Airport|Charlotte]], [[O'Hare International Airport|Chicago–O'Hare]], [[LaGuardia Airport|New York–LaGuardia]], [[Philadelphia International Airport|Philadelphia]]|&lt;ref name=&quot;AmericanRoutes&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;|[[Breeze Airways]]|[[Charleston International Airport|Charleston (SC)]], [[Bradley International Airport|Hartford]], [[Harry Reid International Airport|Las Vegas]], [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]], [[Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport|New Orleans]], [[San Francisco International Airport|San Francisco]], [[Tampa International Airport|Tampa]]&lt;br&gt;'''Seasonal:''' [[Southwest Florida International|Fort Myers]], [[Jacksonville International Airport|Jacksonville (FL)]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wtvr.com/news/local-news/breeze-flights-raleigh-durham-december-07-2022|title=Breeze Airways no longer adding flights from Richmond to Raleigh-Durham|website=WTVR|date=December 7, 2022|access-date=December 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Long Island MacArthur Airport|Long Island/Islip]], [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|Phoenix–Sky Harbor]]|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Destinations|url=https://www.flybreeze.com/destinations/Richmond|access-date=January 17, 2023|website=[[Breeze Airways]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fox4now.com/news/local-news/breeze-airways-adds-seasonal-and-new-routes-from-fort-myers|title=Breeze Airways adds seasonal and new routes from Fort Myers|website=FOX 4 Southwest Florida|date=18 July 2023|accessdate=18 July 2023|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718121253/https://www.fox4now.com/news/local-news/breeze-airways-adds-seasonal-and-new-routes-from-fort-myers|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;|[[Delta Air Lines]]|[[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Atlanta]], [[Detroit Metropolitan Airport|Detroit]]|{{nowrap|&lt;ref name=&quot;DeltaRoutes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=FLIGHT SCHEDULES|url=https://www.delta.com/flightinfo/viewFlightSchedulesSetup.action|access-date=8 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{better source needed|date=March 2022}}}}
&lt;!-- --&gt;|[[Delta Connection]]|[[Logan International Airport|Boston]], [[Detroit Metropolitan Airport|Detroit]], [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport|Minneapolis/St. Paul]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |user=IshrionA |number=1604123120931160066 |title=NEW: Delta Air Lines retaliates against Sun Country with the addition of two routes}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York–JFK]], [[LaGuardia Airport|New York–LaGuardia]]|&lt;ref name=&quot;DeltaRoutes&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;|[[JetBlue]]|[[Logan International Airport|Boston]], [[Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport|Fort Lauderdale]], [[Orlando International Airport|Orlando]]|&lt;ref name=&quot;JetBlueRoutes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=JetBlue Airlines Timetable|url=https://b6.innosked.com/(S(ke2am3wxgiegj0zs1pxotirq))/default.aspx|access-date=29 January 2017|archive-date=July 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713064749/http://b6.innosked.com/(S(52udsaj2thvywnmtihsndo55))/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;|{{nowrap|[[Southwest Airlines]]}}|[[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Atlanta]], [[Baltimore/Washington International Airport|Baltimore]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Southwest Airlines Will Add One of Its New Shortest Routes |url=https://ishrionaviation.com/news/southwest-airlines-baltimore-richmond |website=Ishrion Aviation |access-date=9 April 2024 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409175518/https://ishrionaviation.com/news/southwest-airlines-baltimore-richmond |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Midway International Airport|Chicago–Midway]], [[Denver International Airport|Denver]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Southwest just announced 5 new and 24 returning routes this year as it bolsters its network— see the full list&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Southwest just announced 5 new and 24 returning routes this year as it bolsters its network— see the full list|website=[[Business Insider]] |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/southwest-launching-5-new-24-returning-routes-2023-2|access-date=9 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nashville International Airport|Nashville]]&lt;ref name=&quot;swamedia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Southwest Airlines Extends Flight Schedule Through Early November |date=February 8, 2024 |url=https://swamedia.com/releases/release-04348ac5b321df2dd32727736b2cdcf8-southwest-airlines-extends-flight-schedule-through-early-november |access-date=8 Feb 2024 |archive-date=10 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210040448/https://swamedia.com/releases/release-04348ac5b321df2dd32727736b2cdcf8-southwest-airlines-extends-flight-schedule-through-early-november |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|&lt;ref name=&quot;SouthwestRoutes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Check Flight Schedules|url=https://www.southwest.com/air/flight-schedules/index.html|access-date=7 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;|[[Spirit Airlines]]|[[Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport|Fort Lauderdale]], [[Harry Reid International Airport|Las Vegas]], [[Orlando International Airport|Orlando]]&lt;br&gt;'''Seasonal:''' [[Southwest Florida International Airport|Fort Myers]], [[Tampa International Airport|Tampa]]|&lt;ref name=&quot;SpiritRoutes&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title=Where We Fly|url=https://www.spirit.com/RouteMaps.aspx| publisher=Spirit Airlines| access-date=7 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;|{{nowrap|[[Sun Country Airlines]]}}|'''Seasonal:''' [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport|Minneapolis/St. Paul]]|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Route Map |url=https://www.suncountry.com/route-map |access-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815090927/https://www.suncountry.com/Explore/Route-Map.html |archive-date=August 15, 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;|[[United Airlines]]|[[O'Hare International Airport|Chicago–O'Hare]], [[Denver International Airport|Denver]] &lt;br&gt;'''Seasonal:''' [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport|Houston–Intercontinental]]|&lt;ref name=&quot;UnitedRoutes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Timetable|url=https://www.united.com/web/en-US/apps/travel/timetable/default.aspx|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-date=January 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128165254/https://www.united.com/web/en-US/apps/travel/timetable/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;|[[United Express]]|[[O'Hare International Airport|Chicago–O'Hare]], [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport|Houston–Intercontinental]], [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]], [[Washington Dulles International Airport|Washington–Dulles]]|&lt;ref name=&quot;UnitedRoutes&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;|3rdcoltitle=Refs|3rdcolunsortable=yes
&lt;!--DO NOT ADD TERMINAL/CONCOURSE INFORMATION TO THIS TABLE AS IT VIOLATES [[WP:NOTTRAVEL]], SOURCES ADDED PER DISCUSSION AT [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Airports#Proposal to Change Template Discussion]], PLEASE EXPRESS CONCERNS YOU MAY HAVE AT THIS DISCUSSION, NOT BY CHANGING THIS TABLE!!!--&gt;
&lt;!-- --&gt;}}
{| class=&quot;collapsible uncollapsed&quot; style=&quot;border:1px #aaa solid; width:50em; margin:0.2em auto&quot;
!Taswirar wuraren da ake nufi
|-
|{{Location map+|United_States}}
|}
{{Airport destination list|[[Amazon Air]]|[[Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport|Cincinnati]], [[Fort Worth Alliance Airport|Fort Worth/Alliance]], [[Lakeland Linder International Airport|Lakeland]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lakeland |url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/flights/sy3037 |website=Flightradar24 |access-date=30 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[San Bernardino International Airport|San Bernardino]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=FlightRadar24 SBD Cargo Flight |url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/flights/8c3462 |website=Flightradar24 |access-date=24 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport|San Juan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=San Juan |url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/flights/sy3057 |website=Flightradar24 |access-date=22 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wilmington Air Park|Wilmington (OH)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=KILN, Wilmington |url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/flights/8c3460#3406fbdf |website=Flightradar24 |access-date=16 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;|[[DHL Aviation]]|[[Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport|Cincinnati]], [[Piedmont Triad International Airport|Greensboro]]|{{nowrap|[[FedEx Express]]}}|[[Indianapolis International Airport|Indianapolis]], [[McGhee Tyson Airport|Knoxville]], [[Memphis International Airport|Memphis]], [[Nashville International Airport|Nashville]]|[[UPS Airlines]]|[[Baltimore/Washington International Airport|Baltimore]], [[Louisville International Airport|Louisville]], [[Norfolk International Airport|Norfolk]], [[Philadelphia International Airport|Philadelphia]], [[Washington-Dulles International Airport|Washington-Dulles]]}}

== Kididdiga ==

=== Hanyar cikin gida mafi girma ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%&quot;
|+'''Hanyoyin cikin gida mafi yawan jama'a daga RIC (Afrilu 2023 - Maris 2024) &lt;br /&gt;'''&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=RITA &amp;#124; Transtats |url=http://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?pn=1&amp;Airport=RIC&amp;Airport_Name=Richmond,%20VA:%20Richmond%20International&amp;carrier=FACTS |access-date=June 11, 2023 |publisher=Transtats.bts.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Matsayi
!Filin jirgin sama
!Fasinjoji
!Masu ɗaukar kaya
|-
|1
|[[Filin jirgin saman Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson|Atlanta, Georgia]]{{Flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}}
|516,220
|Delta, Kudu maso Yamma
|-
|2
|[[Filin jirgin saman Charlotte Douglas|Charlotte, Arewacin Carolina]]{{Flagicon|North Carolina}}
|338,860
|Ba'amurke
|-
|3
|[[Filin jirgin saman Dallas / Fort Worth|Dallas / Fort Worth, Texas]]{{Flagicon|Texas}}
|145,580
|Ba'amurke
|-
|4
|[[Filin jirgin saman LaGuardia|New York-LaGuardia, New York]]{{Flagicon|New York (state)}}
|126,050
|Ba'amurke, Delta
|-
|5
|[[Filin jirgin saman Logan|Boston, Massachusetts]]{{Flagicon|Massachusetts}}
|125,490
|Delta, JetBlue
|-
|6
|[[Filin jirgin saman O'Hare|Chicago-O'Hare, Illinois]]{{Flagicon|Illinois}}
|114,310
|Amurkawa, United
|-
|7
|[[Filin jirgin saman Orlando|Orlando, Florida]]{{Flagicon|Florida}}
|110,270
|JetBlue, Ruhu
|-
|8
|[[Filin jirgin saman Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood|Fort Lauderdale, Florida]]{{Flagicon|Florida}}
|104,900
|JetBlue, Ruhu
|-
|9
|[[Filin jirgin saman Denver|Denver, Colorado]]{{Flagicon|Colorado}}
|102,530
|Kudu maso Yamma, United
|-
|10
|[[Filin jirgin saman Newark Liberty|Newark, New Jersey]]{{Flagicon|New Jersey}}
|72,480
|Haɗa kai
|}

=== Kasuwancin jirgin sama ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kamfanonin jiragen sama na farko a RIC &lt;small&gt; (Afrilu 2023 - Maris 2024) &lt;/small&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;
!Matsayi
!Jirgin Sama
!Fasinjoji
!Kashi na kasuwar
|-
|1
|[[Jiragen saman Amurka|Jirgin Sama na Amurka]]
|1,075,000
|22.25%
|-
|2
|[[Delta Air Lines|Jirgin Sama na Delta]]
|847,000
|17.53%
|-
|3
|[[Southwest Airlines|Jirgin Sama na Kudu maso Yamma]]
|406,000
|8.40%
|-
|4
|JetBlue
|361,000
|7.47%
|-
|5
|[[United Airlines|Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na United]]
|324,000
|6.71%
|-
|
|Sauran
|1,819,000
|37.63%
|}

=== Fasinjoji ===

=== Jirgin shekara-shekara ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+RIC Filin jirgin saman Fasinjoji Bayanan 1999-Yanzu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Historical Passenger Data for RIC Airport 1999-2014 |url=https://flyrichmond.com/archived-statistics |access-date=June 11, 2024 |website=flyrichmond.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RIC Airport Annual Passenger Data 2015-Present |url=https://flyrichmond.com/airport-information/#monthly-statistics |access-date=June 11, 2024 |website=flyrichmond.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Shekara
!Fasinjoji
!Shekara
!Fasinjoji
!Shekara
!Fasinjoji
|-
|1999
|2,618,921
|2009
|3,305,199
|2019
|4,379,663
|-
|2000
|2,687,444
|2010
|3,311,747
|2020
|1,702,372
|-
|2001
|2,411,732
|2011
|3,179,956
|2021
|3,190,200
|-
|2002
|2,360,418
|2012
|3,167,294
|2022
|4,068,689
|-
|2003
|2,390,497
|2013
|3,196,480
|2023
|'''4,755,889'''
|-
|2004
|2,496,230
|2014
|3,352,651
|2024
|
|-
|2005
|2,903,503
|2015
|3,513,142
|2025
|
|-
|2006
|3,294,045
|2016
|3,559,052
|2026
|
|-
|2007
|3,634,544
|2017
|3,657,479
|2027
|
|-
|2008
|3,490,356
|2018
|4,077,763
|2028
|
|}

== Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru ==

* A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1946, wani Douglas C-47 da ke aiki da Viking Air Transport ya fadi kilomita 6.3 a kudancin filin Richmond-Byrd saboda matsalolin injiniya. Dukkanin 27 da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu.
* A ranar 19 ga Yuli, 1951: Jirgin saman Eastern Airlines Flight 601 wanda ke kan hanyar daga Newark zuwa Miami ya sha wahala mai tsanani bayan an buɗe ƙofar shiga cikin jirgin sama a kan Lynchburg, Virginia kuma ma'aikatan sun yanke shawarar karkatar zuwa Richmond. An yi saukowar ƙafafun da ba su da flapless a 'yan mil kaɗan daga titin jirgin sama a Curles Neck Farm saboda ma'aikatan sun ji tsoron cewa jirgin zai rushe kafin su iya isa filin jirgin sama don ƙoƙarin saukowa na gaggawa. Babu wadanda suka mutu.
* A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1961: Jirgin saman Imperial Airlines Flight 201/8 ya lalace lokacin da ya fadi kuma ya ƙone bayan yunkurin sauka na gaggawa a filin jirgin sama, duk fasinjoji 74, kuma uku daga cikin ma'aikatan biyar sun mutu.
* A ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1964: Wani jirgin saman Eastern Airlines DC-7B N809D tare da mazauna 76 da aka ɗaure daga New York ya sauka a kusa da Runway 15, ya sha wahala a babban kayan aiki na dama kuma ya zame don ƙafa 4752. Babu wani rauni, amma jirgin ya lalace ba tare da gyara ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 16, 1964 |title=Aircraft accident Eastern Airlines DC-7B, Richmond, VA |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19640716-0 |website=Aviation Safety Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1980, wani Gates Learjet 23, N866JS, ya juya saukowa a kan Runway 33. Jirgin ya fadi kusa da titin jirgin sama a karfe 03:12 kuma ya fashe cikin wuta. An kashe matukan jirgi biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 6, 1980 |title=Aircraft accident Learjet 23 N866JS, Richmond, VA |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19800506-0 |website=Aviation Safety Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A ranar 9 ga Yuni, 1996, Eastwind Airlines Flight 517 daga Trenton, New Jersey, ya sami asarar kulawar rudder yayin da yake kusanci zuwa Richmond; duk da haka, an sake samun iko jim kadan bayan haka, kuma jirgin ya sauka yadda ya kamata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 9, 1996 |title=Aircraft accident Boeing 737-2H5 N221US Richmond, VA |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19960609-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021123604/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19960609-2 |archive-date=October 21, 2012 |website=Aviation Safety Network}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai karamin rauni guda daya.

== Soja ==

=== Sojojin Tsaro na Virginia ===
[[Fayil:Va._Guard_helicopter_crew_departs_to_support_Southwest_border_mission_130729-A-SM601-359.jpg|thumb|UH-72 a waje da babban ɗakin ajiya na Cibiyar, yana shirin tura tsaro na kan iyaka]]
Filin jirgin saman Richmond yana aiki ne a matsayin Cibiyar Taimako ta Jirgin Sama don Rundunar Tsaro ta 224 ta Virginia. Sojojin Tsaro na Kasa a halin yanzu suna da jirage masu saukar ungulu 25 ciki har da 18 UH-60, 3 HH-60, da 4 UH-72 da ke wurin. Har ila yau, wurin yana da 1 C-12 Huron wanda ke aiki a matsayin jigilar kaya / fasinjoji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Army Aviation Support Facility |url=https://va.ng.mil/Installations/Army-Aviation-Support-Facility/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=va.ng.mil |archive-date=2022-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707164606/https://va.ng.mil/Installations/Army-Aviation-Support-Facility/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Virginia Air National Guard ===
Har zuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007, rundunar sojan sama ta 192d (192 FW), rundunar sojin sama (ACC) da aka samu daga Virginia Air National Guard, ta ci gaba da kula da tashar Air National Guard. A ƙarshen 2007, bisa ga aikin BRAC 2005, 192 FW ya bar jirgin F-16C da F-16D kuma ya koma Langley AFB (yanzu Joint Base Langley-Eustis), don haɗuwa da Sojojin Sama na yau da kullun a matsayin haɗin gwiwa ga 1st Fighter Wing (1 FW) da ke tashi da F-22 Raptor.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Filin jirgin saman Sojojin Virginia na Yaƙin Duniya na II

== manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Emil Riis Jakobsen</title>
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'''Emil Riis Jakobsen''' (An haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1998) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Denmark wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a kulob ɗin Preston North End na gasar zakarun EFL .

== Ayyukan kulob ==

=== Shekaru na farko ===
Riis ya shiga makarantar matasa ta Randers yana da shekara 14. Ya ci gaba da zama babban mai zira kwallaye na ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 17 ta hanyar zira kwallayi 24 a gasar matasa. Bayan gwaje-gwaje biyu, ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta kulob ɗin Derby County a watan Yulin 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;Randers FC 'Emil Riis switches to English football&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2015 |title=Randers FC' Emil Riis skifter til engelsk fodbold [Randers FC 'Emil Riis switches to English football] |url=https://amtsavisen.dk/randersfc/Randers-FC-Emil-Riis-skifter-til-engelsk-fodbold/artikel/206874 |access-date=8 April 2018 |publisher=Amtsavisen |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya shiga kulob din, an sanya shi a cikin Ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2015 |title=17-årig Derby-dansker: Scorede så mange mål, at de blev nødt til at købe mig [17-year-old Derby Dane: scored so many goals that they had to buy me] |url=https://www.dbold.dk/2015/08/17-aarig-derby-dansker-scorede-saa-mange-maal-at-de-blev-noedt-til-at-koebe-mig/ |access-date=8 April 2018 |publisher=D Bold |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya ci gaba da taka leda a kungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 23 kuma ya zira kwallaye 11 yayin da ƙungiyar sa ta sami matsayin Premier League 2 Division 1.&lt;ref name=&quot;DCFC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emil Riis Jakobsen |url=https://www.dcfc.co.uk/teams/player/emil-riis-jakobsen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509015910/https://www.dcfc.co.uk/teams/player/emil-riis-jakobsen |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=8 April 2018 |publisher=Derby County F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, Riis ya gwada tare da kulob ɗin Dutch VVV-Venlo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emil Riis Jakobsen op proef bij VVV-Venlo [Emil Riis Jakobsen on trial at VVV-Venlo] |url=http://www.venlonaren.net/emil-riis-jakobsen-op-proef-vvv-venlo/ |access-date=8 April 2018 |publisher=Venlonaren |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2018, ya shiga kulob din kan yarjejeniyar aro har zuwa karshen kakar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2018 |title=Derby County transfer news: Rams forward moves on loan to Holland |url=https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/derby-county-transfer-news-jakobsen-1045645 |access-date=8 April 2018 |publisher=Derby Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara bugawa a ranar 17 ga Maris 2018, inda ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Romeo Castelen a cikin asarar 3-0 ga [[PSV Eindhoven|PSV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jensen |first=Kenneth |date=20 March 2018 |title=Dansker fik debut i Holland: Nu overvejer han fremtiden |url=https://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/benelux/dansker-fik-debut-i-holland-jeg-skal-beslutte-hvad-jeg-skal |access-date=1 October 2020 |publisher=[[Tipsbladet]] |language=da |quote=Den 19-årige angriber Emil Riis Jakobsen kom ind for hollandske VVV-Venlo, der tabte med 0-3 ude mod PSV i weekenden.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sake fitowa sau biyu a cikin Eredivisie a lokacin bazara.

=== Randers ===
A ranar 13 ga Yuni 2018, an sanar da cewa Riis zai koma Randers FC, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 June 2018 |title=Emil Riis vender hjem til Randers FC |url=https://www.randersfc.dk/emil-riis-vender-hjem-til-randers-fc/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117070249/https://www.randersfc.dk/emil-riis-vender-hjem-til-randers-fc/ |archive-date=17 January 2019 |access-date=1 October 2020 |website=www.randersfc.dk |publisher=[[Randers FC]] |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kakar 2018-19, kakar wasa ta farko a saman Danish Superliga, ya taka leda a kai a kai, amma ba koyaushe ba ne mai farawa. A lokacin kakar, Riis ya kuma buga wa tawagar ajiya. Bayan wasanni 19 ga tawagar farko, inda ya zira kwallaye uku, Randers ya kammala a matsayi na takwas na teburin league a lokacin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, kuma ta haka ne ya cancanci rukuni na 2 a zagaye na sakewa, inda kulob ɗin ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na kwallon kafa na Turai a matsayin masu cin nasara. An yi amfani da Riis a duk wasannin kuma ya zira kwallaye 1-0 a wasan da ya yi da Hobro IK.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 April 2019 |title=Randers tager ny snæver sejr over Hobro i chanceorgie |url=https://sport.tv2.dk/fodbold/2019-04-19-randers-tager-ny-snaever-sejr-over-hobro-i-chanceorgie |access-date=1 October 2020 |website=sport.tv2.dk |publisher=[[TV 2 (Denmark)|TV 2]] |language=da |quote=Fredagens kamp var blot seks minutter gammel, da Emil Riis bragte hjemmeholdet foran. Angriberen var for hurtig for Hobros midterforsvar og sparkede let bolden i mål.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wasan kwaikwayo, Randers ya kai zagaye na uku kuma mai yanke hukunci, inda daga ƙarshe suka rasa 4-2 ga Brøndby wanda ya cancanci shiga UEFA Europa League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Ritzau]] |date=31 May 2019 |title=Storslået Brøndby-comeback sikrer Europa-billet - se alle målene her |url=https://www.tv3sport.dk/sport/fodbold/nyheder/storslaet-brondby-comeback-sikrer-europa-billet-se-alle-malene-her |access-date=1 October 2020 |website=tv3sport.dk |publisher=[[TV3 Sport]] |language=da |archive-date=4 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804213955/https://www.tv3sport.dk/sport/fodbold/nyheder/storslaet-brondby-comeback-sikrer-europa-billet-se-alle-malene-her |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin kakar 2019-20, Riis ya sami damar kafa kansa a cikin sahun farawa. A cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, ya zira kwallaye 5 a wasanni 29.&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=E. Riis |url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/emil-ris-jakobsen/454544/ |access-date=8 April 2018 |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Randers ya ƙare a matsayi na 7 kuma ya sake cancanta don zagaye na sakewa,  inda Riis ya zira kwallaye uku kuma ya sake taimaka wa kulob dinsa zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 June 2020 |title=Randers og Horsens vælger hurtigste vej til overlevelse |url=https://www.tidende.dk/sport-abroad/2020/06/07/randers-og-horsens-vaelger-hurtigste-vej-til-overlevelse-20200607172809/ |access-date=1 October 2020 |publisher=Bornholms Tidende |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt; A can, OB ta kori Randers (2-1; 0-2). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 July 2020 |title=Randers sendt på sommerferie: OB videre i Europa playoff |url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/superliga/randers-sendt-paa-sommerferie-ob-videre-i-europa-playoff |access-date=1 October 2020 |website=www.dr.dk |publisher=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]] |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Preston North End ===
A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2020, Riis ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da kulob din Preston North End na Ingila don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba,  wanda aka yi imanin yana kusa da DKK miliyan 10. &lt;ref name=&quot;pnefc-signing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 October 2020 |title=Emil Riis Jakobsen: &quot;It Is A Dream Come True&quot; |url=https://www.pnefc.net/news/2020/october/emil-riis-jakobsen-it-is-a-dream-come-true/ |access-date=1 October 2020 |website=pnefc.net |publisher=[[Preston North End F.C.|Preston North End]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abolhosseini |first=Farzam |date=1 October 2020 |title=B.T. afslører: Superliga-profilen Emil Riis er solgt til Preston |url=https://www.bt.dk/superligaen/bt-afsloerer-superliga-profilen-emil-riis-er-solgt-til-preston |access-date=1 October 2020 |website=www.bt.dk |publisher=[[B.T. (tabloid)|B.T.]] |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din a nasarar 3-0 a kan Reading a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 November 2020 |title=Reading 0-3 Preston North End |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54714754 |access-date=5 November 2020 |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Riis ya fara kakar 2021-22 a cikin kyakkyawan tsari, ya zira kwallaye biyar a duk gasa a watan Agusta. Ya ci gaba da zira kwallaye 16 a duk gasa a karshen watan Janairun 2022, ciki har da minti na 96 da ya yi wasa da Bristol City a ranar 29 ga watan Janairu 2022, inda ya ci gaba da samun yabo saboda iyawarsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BBC |title=Emil Riis Jakobsen rescues Preston |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/60093112 |access-date=30 January 2022 |website=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Riis ta kasance ta Denmark 'yan kasa da shekara 16, kasa da shekara 17 da kasa da shekara 21.&lt;ref name=&quot;Randers FC 'Emil Riis switches to English football&quot;/&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)]]

An kira shi zuwa babbar tawagar Denmark don wasannin cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 da Tsibirin Faroe da Scotland a ranar 12 da 15 ga Nuwamba 2021, bi da bi. Ya kasance a kan benci a kan Scotland.

== Kididdigar aiki ==

=== Kungiyar ===
{{Updated|match played on 5 May 2024}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/emil-ris-jakobsen/454544/|title=E. Riis|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=11 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[KNVB Cup]], [[Danish Cup]], [[FA Cup]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
|VVV-Venlo (an ba da rancen) 
|2017–18
|Rarrabawar Kasuwanci
|3
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|3
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Randers
|2018–19
|Danish Superliga
|25
|4
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|5 {{Efn|Appearances in Superliga European play-offs}}
|0
|32
|5
|-
|2019–20
|Danish Superliga
|31
|8
|4
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2[ƙasa-alpha 3][lower-alpha 3]
|1
|37
|11
|-
|2020–21
|Danish Superliga
|3
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|3
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!62
!14
!6
!3
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!7
!1
!75
!18
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Preston North End
|2020–21
|Gasar cin kofin
|38
|2
|1
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|39
|3
|-
|2021–22
|Gasar cin kofin
|44
|16
|1
|0
|4
|4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|49
|20
|-
|2022–23
|Gasar cin kofin
|24
|5
|0
|0
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|26
|5
|-
|2023–24
|Gasar cin kofin
|21
|6
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|8
|6
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!127
!29
!3
!1
!6
!4
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!136
!34
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!189
!38
!9
!4
!6
!4
!7
!1
!211
!47
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Soccerway|emil-ris-jakobsen/454544}}
* Emil Riis JakobsenBayanan ƙungiyar ƙasa aKungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Denmark  (a cikin Danish) 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Gibril Haddad</title>
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      <text bytes="17445" sha1="hs5qz46jbpx8zv7xjm62a0pm71p9kel" xml:space="preserve"> {{Infobox person|honorific_prefix=[[Shaykh]]|name=Gibril Fouad Haddad|native_name={{lang|ar-at|جبريل فؤاد حداد}}|native_name_lang=ar|birth_name=|birth_date={{birth year and age|1960}} CE or 1380 AH&lt;ref name=SimpIyIslamBio /&gt;|birth_place=[[Beirut]], Lebanon|death_date=|death_place=|other_names=Fouad Haddad; Gabriel Fouad Haddad; G.F. Haddad; Gibril F. Haddad; Gibril Fouad Haddad; Gibril Haddad; GF Haddad; Jibril Fouad Haddad; Jibril Fuad Haddad; Jibril Haddad|education=|alma_mater=|occupation=[[Ulama|Islamic scholar]], [[muhaddith]]|years_active=|employer=[[Universiti Brunei Darussalam]]}}
{| class=&quot;infobox biography vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;background:
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#000000;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;'''Gibril Haddad'''&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Taken
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Shaykh
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background:
#9BE89B; color:
#000000;&quot; |Na Mutum
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Addini
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; |[[Islam|Musulunci]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Yankin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Masanin Lebanon
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Sunan da ake kira
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; |[[Sunni]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Shari'a
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; |[[Shafi'i]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ka'idar
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; |[[Ashari]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Babban sha'awa (s) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Fiqh]], [[Sufism]], [[Aqidah]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Tariqa]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Naqshbandi]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Aiki
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Islamic Scholar|Masanin Islama]]
|}
'''Gibril Fouad Haddad''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960)  masanin addinin Musulunci ne wanda aka haifa a Lebanon, masanin [[Hadisi|hadith]] (''muhaddith''), marubuci, kuma mai fassara rubutun Musulunci na gargajiya.  An nuna shi a cikin jerin sunayen ''Musulmai 500 mafi tasiri'' kuma ana kiran shi &quot;ɗaya daga cikin muryoyin Musulunci na gargajiya a Yammacin duniya&quot;, &lt;ref name=&quot;500list&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=The 500 Most Influential Muslims in the World |url=http://themuslim500.com/downloads/2009-low.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227214951/http://themuslim500.com/downloads/2009-low.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2017 |access-date=9 December 2015 |publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre |page=96}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;mashahurin Sunni na Orthodox&quot;  da kuma &quot;mai kare makarantun shari'a na gargajiya na Musulunci.  Yana riƙe da ijaza daga sama da malamai 150 a duk faɗin duniyar Musulmi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=College |first=Ebrahim |date=14 October 2016 |title=Scholar Visit – Shaykh Dr. Gibril Fouad Haddad – Ebrahim College |url=https://ebrahimcollege.org.uk/scholar-visit-shaykh-dr-gibril-fouad-haddad/ |access-date=2022-08-30 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830222426/https://ebrahimcollege.org.uk/scholar-visit-shaykh-dr-gibril-fouad-haddad/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance abokin ziyara na daga (2013-2015) sannan ya zama babban mataimakin farfesa (2015-2018) a Cibiyar Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin don Nazarin Musulunci, Universiti Brunei Darussalam .  &lt;ref name=&quot;SeekersHubBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaykh Dr. Gibril Fouad Haddad - Biography |url=http://seekershub.org/home/teachers/gibril-fouad-haddad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202054019/http://seekershub.org/home/teachers/gibril-fouad-haddad |archive-date=2 December 2015 |access-date=9 December 2015 |website=SeekersHub.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Gibril Fouad Haddad {{!}} Sultan Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Centre for Islamic Studies |url=http://soascis.ubd.edu.bn/dr-gibril-fouad-haddad/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422213059/http://soascis.ubd.edu.bn/dr-gibril-fouad-haddad/ |archive-date=2017-04-22 |access-date=2017-04-22 |website=soascis.ubd.edu.bn |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, mai sukar [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabism]] da [[Salafiyya|Salafism]] ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Jonathan A.C. |date=2009-12-14 |title=Salafism |url=https://oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0070.xml |language=en |pages=9780195390155–0070 |doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0070}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon Rayuwarsa ==
An haifi Gibril Haddad a shekara ta 1960 a [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]] cikin dangin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] na Lebanon.&lt;ref name=&quot;SunnahBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fouad Haddad |author-link=Gibril Haddad |date=28 January 1997 |title=How I came to Islam |url=http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/fouad1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111712/http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/fouad1.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=9 December 2015 |website=Sunnah.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bayyana danginsa a matsayin cakuda na Katolika na Gabas da [[Cocin katolika|Roman]] / Maronite.&lt;ref name=&quot;LivIslamInterview&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Omar Tufail |date=2004 |title=Interview with Gibril Fouad Haddad |url=http://www.livingislam.org/o/igfh_e.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125020217/http://livingislam.org/o/igfh_e.html |archive-date=25 November 2010 |website=LivingIslam.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya girma ne a cikin unguwa mai gauraye kuma ya halarci makarantar Jesuit wanda mahaifinsa da kakansa suka halarta a gabansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;SunnahBio&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1976, mahaifinsa ya mutu a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Lebanon kuma an tilasta wa iyalinsa su gudu daga Lebanon zuwa Ingila inda Haddad ya kammala makarantar sakandare.&lt;ref name=&quot;SunnahBio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CarMusBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaykh Gibril Haddad |url=http://www.caribbeanmuslims.com/authors/3/Shaykh-Gibril-Haddad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092317/http://www.caribbeanmuslims.com/authors/3/Shaykh-Gibril-Haddad |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=9 December 2015 |website=caribbeanmuslims.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya iyalinsa suka koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] inda Haddad ya halarci Kwalejin Columbia dake [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] kuma ya kammala karatu da digiri na farko. Daga nan sai ya koma Lebanon kuma ya sami aiki a tsohuwar makarantarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;SunnahBio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CarMusBio&quot; /&gt; Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ya sake barin Lebanon kuma ya shiga cikin shirin digiri na adabi na Faransa a Jami'ar Columbia, New York.  &lt;ref name=&quot;SimpIyIslamBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaykh Dr Gibril Haddad |url=http://www.simplyislam.com.sg/main/about/our-scholars/shaykh-gibril-haddad/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115101148/http://www.simplyislam.com.sg/main/about/our-scholars/shaykh-gibril-haddad/ |archive-date=15 November 2015 |access-date=9 December 2015 |website=SimpyIslam.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LivIslamInterview&quot; /&gt; Haddad ya bayyana cewa ya shafe mafi yawan lokacinsa bayan azuzuwan a cocin ko ɗakin karatu na yankin kuma a wasu lokuta yakan ziyarci mahaifiyarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarMusBio&quot; /&gt;

== Juyowarsa zuwa ga Musulunci ==
Yayinda yake a Lebanon Haddad ya fahimci cewa shi Kirista ne wanda &quot;ba ya rayuwa bisa ga abin da ya sani shine ka'idojin bangaskiyarsa&quot;.  Daga nan sai ya yanke shawarar cewa duk lokacin da damar ta zo zai yi ƙoƙarinsa ya rayu bisa ga ra'ayinsa na ka'idodin Kirista na shekara guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;SunnahBio&quot;/&gt; Ya yi ƙoƙarin yin haka yayin da yake dalibi a Jami'ar Columbia.&lt;ref name=&quot;SunnahBio&quot; /&gt; A wannan lokacin, daya daga cikin abokansa [[Kirista]] na Amurka ya tuba zuwa addinin [[Musulunci]]. Haddad ya tuna cewa wannan taron ya yi tasiri sosai a kansa kuma ya sa ya ji kishi: &quot;Ga Ba'amurke ne ke rungumar addinin mutanena - [[Larabawa]] - da addinin da na ji an haɗa ni da shi&quot;.  A cikin shekara guda da ya kwashe a [[Faris|Paris]] a kan tallafin karatu, Haddad ya sayi cikakken saiti na karatun [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CarMusBio&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SunnahBio&quot; /&gt; Bayan ya dawo New York, ya ji kaset kuma ya mai da hankali sosai ga wuraren da suka shafi Kiristoci. Ya tuna cewa ya ji kalmomin Alkur'ani na [[Allah]] ne amma kuma &quot;ya ɓace&quot; a wasu ayoyin da suka yi barazana ga Kiristoci.&lt;ref name=&quot;SunnahBio&quot; /&gt; Ya karanta wasu littattafai da yawa game da Islama kuma daga ƙarshe bai gamsu da hanyar ibada ta Kirista ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;CarMusBio&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1991,   ya tafi ƙungiyar ɗaliban musulmi a Jami'ar Columbia kuma ya furta ''[[Shahada]]'', don haka ya tuba zuwa reshen [[Hanafiyya|Hanafi]] [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] na Islama.  &lt;ref name=&quot;ieqHaddadbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān |url=http://www.iequran.com/about.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220011706/http://www.iequran.com/about.php |archive-date=20 December 2015 |access-date=25 December 2015 |website=iequran.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SeekersHubBio&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CarMusBio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SunnahBio&quot; /&gt;

== Ilimi na addini ==
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya musulunta, Haddad ya hadu da Shaykh Hisham Kabbani na Tripoli   wanda ya gabatar da shi ga hanyoyin Naqshbandi Spiritual Order (''tariqa'').&lt;ref name=&quot;CarMusBio&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SunnahBio&quot;/&gt; A cikin watan Ramadan bayan ya musulunta, Haddad ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Landan]] inda ya hadu da malamin Kabbani kuma surukinsa, Shaykh Muhammad Nazim al-Haqqani na Cyprus, kuma ya karbe shi a matsayin jagorar ruhaniya na Naqshbandi Spiritual Order.&lt;ref name=&quot;LivIslamInterview&quot;/&gt;

Daga nan sai ya koma garin [[Damascus]] inda yayi karatu har na tsawon shekaru goma&lt;ref name=&quot;SimpIyIslamBio&quot;/&gt; karkashin ulawar malaman musulunci da yawa kamar du Dr. Nur al-Din `Itr, Shaykh Adib Kallas, Shaykh Wahbi Sulayman al-Ghawji, Shaykh Muhammad al-Yaqoubi, Dr. Samer al-Nass, Dr. Wahba Zuhayli, Shaykh Abd al-Hadi Kharsa, Shaykh Muhammad Muti al-Hafiz, Shaykh Bassam al-Hamzawi and Shaykh Munir al-Hayek.&lt;ref name=&quot;SimpIyIslamBio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LivIslamInterview&quot;/&gt; lokacin da yake rayuwa a Damascus, Haddad ya cigaba da haduwa da Shaykh Muhammad Nazim al-Haqqani a gidanshi dake cyprus kai har a Damascus.&lt;ref name=&quot;LivIslamInterview&quot; /&gt; A garin [[Makkah|Makka]] kuwa, yayi karatu karkashin kulawar Shaykh Dr. Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki.&lt;ref name=&quot;SimpIyIslamBio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LivIslamInterview&quot; /&gt; a [[Moroko|Morocco]] kuma yayi karatu a karkashin Sidi Mustafa Bassir s'annan kuma a garin [[Beirut]], yayi karatu karkashin Shaykh Husayn Usayran, na karshe cikin daliban da suke kusa da Qadi Shaykh Yusuf al-Nabhani.&lt;ref name=&quot;SimpIyIslamBio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LivIslamInterview&quot; /&gt;

Haddad da farko ya bi makarantar [[Hanafiyya|Hanafi]] ta shari'ar Sunni bayan ya musulunta amma daga baya ya karɓi makarantar [[Shafi`iyya|Shafi'i]] ta shari'a ta Sunni. Ya ce ya yi haka ne saboda: 1. Ya sami sauƙin karatu saboda Shaykh [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]]'s Reliance of the Traveler; 2. Ya sami ya fi dacewa a yi aiki saboda ita ce babbar makarantar shari'a a Lebanon kuma saboda ita ce makarantar da matarsa ke bi; 3. Wanda ya kafa makarantar, [[Imam Al-Shafi'i|Imam Shafi'i]], memba ne na kabilar [[Ƙuraishawa|Quraysh]] (kabilar [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]) kuma Muhammadu ya gaya wa mabiyansa su riƙe Kur'ani da danginsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;LivIslamInterview&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CarMusBio&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwa a matsayin masanin addinin Musulunci ==
Shaykh Gibril Haddad an dauke shi a matsayin ƙwararren masanin addinin musulunci, masanin hadisi (muhaddith), shugaban addini, marubuci, kuma mai fassara matani na Islama na gargajiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;500list&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SimpIyIslamBio&quot;/&gt; Yana riƙe da ijazas daga malamai sama da 150 a duk faɗin duniyar musulmi kuma ya fassara kuma ya buga littattafai sama da 30. &lt;ref name=&quot;500list&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

A shekara ta 2009, an lissafa shi a cikin Musulmai 500 Mafi Muhimmanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;500list&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;SeekersHubBio&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SimpIyIslamBio&quot;/&gt; Ya kasance malami a kan cibiyar gargajiya ta Qibla ta Musulunci (tsohon SunniPath)   kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga gidan yanar gizon eshaykh.com, wanda ke ba da jagora da koyarwar gargajiya kan fannoni daban-daban na Islama.&lt;ref name=&quot;SeekersHubBio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SimpIyIslamBio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shaykh Gibril Fouad Haddad {{!}} eshaykh.com |url=https://eshaykh.com/shaykh-gibril-fouad-haddad/ |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=eshaykh.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu shi ne babban editan Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān (IEQ).  &lt;ref name=&quot;ieqHaddadbio&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SeekersHubBio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

'''Hamayya da Salafism'''

Haddad mai tsayin daka ne na makarantun shari'a na gargajiya na Islama  kuma abokin adawar [[Salafiyya|Salafism]]-[[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabism]].  &lt;ref name=&quot;LivIslamInterview&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IslamDailyWah&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stephen Schwartz |date=26 February 2005 |title=Wahhabis in America |url=http://www.islamdaily.org/en/wahabism/2553.wahhabis-in-america.htm/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024115/http://www.islamdaily.org/en/wahabism/2553.wahhabis-in-america.htm/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 December 2015 |website=Islamdaily.org |publisher=Islam Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jonathan A. C. Brown ya lura Haddad ya zama Sunni na Orthodox wanda ya rubuta jayayya mai banƙyama game da [[Salafiyya|Salafism]] kuma ya kafa tsananin kare dokar Musulunci ta gargajiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Ya wallafa cikakkiyar fassarar Qadi Ibn Jahbal al-Dimashqi na ƙin yarda da Al-__hau____hau____hau__ na [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taymiyya]] na Al-__yue____yue____wue____yuke al-Kubra (&quot;The belief of the great people of Hama&quot;) da kuma wani littafi na farko game da Salafism na zamani mai taken ''[[Sheikh Al-Albani|Albani]] da Abokansa''.  &lt;ref name=&quot;LivIslamInterview&quot;/&gt; Ya soki Ƙungiyar Musulunci ta Arewacin AmurkaƘungiyar Musulunci ta Arewacin Amurka Amurka, da kuma Majalisar Matasan Musulmi ta Duniya don inganta Salafism.&lt;ref name=&quot;IslamDailyWah&quot;/&gt; Ya kuma rubuta wani zargi game da Deobandi masanin Mufti Taqi Usmani's fatwa game da bikin ranar haihuwar Muhammad ([[Maulidi|Mawlid]]). &lt;ref name=&quot;LivIslamInterview&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Gibril Haddad ya rubuta daruruwan labarai  kuma ya rubuta, ya fassara kuma ya buga littattafai da yawa ciki har da:  &lt;ref name=&quot;ieqHaddadbio&quot;/&gt;]&lt;ref name=&quot;CarMusBio&quot;/&gt;

* ''Albani da Abokansa: Cikakken Jagora ga Motsi na &quot;Salafi&quot;'' (2004) 
* Daga Wuraren Wuraren Tsarki Biyu: Jaridar Hajj (2006) 
* ''Imamai huɗu da makarantun su: Abu Hanifa, Malik, al-Shafi'i, Ahmad'' (2007) 
* ''Sunna Bayani: Nazarin Hadith &amp; Koyarwa Volume I: Hadith Tarihi &amp; Ka'idoji''
* ''Sunna Bayani: Nazarin Hadisi da Koyarwa Volume II: Kyakkyawan Innovation a cikin Alkur'ani da Hadisi''
* ''Ibn Khafif Al-'Aqida al-Sahiha''  (&quot;Dalilin Koyarwar Musulunci&quot;).
* ''Al-Bayhaqi Al-Asma&quot; wal-Safat''  (&quot;Sunayen Allah da Halayen&quot;).
* ''Ibn 'Abd al-Salam Ai-Mulha fi I&quot;tiqad Ahl al-Haqq'' (&quot;Imani na Mutanen Gaskiya&quot;).
* ''Ibn 'Arabi. Aqidat al-'Awamm min Ahl al-Islam'' (&quot;Koyarwar Musulmi&quot;). (&quot;Koyarwar Musulmi ta Jama'a&quot;).
* ''Sayyid Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki Al-Anbiya&quot; fi-Barzakh'' (&quot;Annabi a cikin Isthmus-Life&quot;). An sake fasalin fitowar harsuna biyu.
* ''Al-Anwar al-Bahiyya fi Isra&quot; waMi'raj Khayr al-Bariyya'' (&quot;Tafiyar Dare da Hawan Annabi&quot;). An sake fasalin Turanci.
* ''Sayyid Yusuf Hashim al-Rifa'i. Nasiha li-Ikhwaninia Ulama&quot; Najd''  (&quot;Shawarwari ga 'yan uwanmu malaman Najd&quot;).  Gabatarwa ta M.S.R. al-Buti.  Tare da Sayyid 'Alawi Ahmad al-Haddad's Misbah al-Anam (&quot;The Light of Mankind&quot;).  Turanci.
* ''Al-Habib 'Ali al-Jafri. Yesu Kristi Ɗan Maryamu da Uwarsa Mafi Albarka''
* ''Afdalu al-Khalqi Sayyiduna Muhammad'' (A kan halayen annabci &quot;Mafi kyawun Halitta&quot;). Harsuna biyu.
* ''Al-Arba'un fi Fadli al-Shami wa-Ahlih wal-Hijrati ila Allahi wa-Rasulih'' (&quot;The Excellence of Syro-Palestine and Its People in Emigrating to Allah and His Prophet: 40 Hadith&quot;) Bilingual.
* ''Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Saddiq''. Harsuna biyu.
* ''Qubrus al-Tarab fi Suhbat Rajab'' (&quot;Farin Ciki na Cyprus a cikin Kungiyar Rajab [1422]&quot;). Jawabin Shaykh Nazim al-Haqqani. Harsuna biyu.
* ''Mawlid: Yin bikin haihuwar Annabi mai tsarki (zaman lafiya ya kasance a kansa) ''
* ''Addu'ar Jama'a: Sunna ko Bid'a?'' Harsuna biyu.
* ''Ahmad ibn Taymiyya''
* ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Ayn al-Hayb fi Usul Kashf al-Ghayb'' (&quot;Tabbatar da ilimin annabci na Unseen&quot;). Harsuna biyu.
* ''Siyar al-Khulafa&quot; al-Rashidin'' (&quot;Kaliphs masu jagorantar gaskiya&quot;). Harsuna biyu.
* ''Usul al-Bid'at al Hasana fil-Qur'an wal Hadith'' (&quot;Tabbatar da Littattafai na Kyau Mai Kyau daga Alkur'ani da Hadisi&quot;). Harsuna biyu.
* ''Al-Ziyarat al-Iraqiyya ila al-Hadarat al-Barzakhiyya bil-Imdadat al-Haqqaniyya wal-Suhbat al-Jiliyya'' (&quot;Haqqani Ziyarar Wuri Mai Tsarki na Iraki tare da Shaykh 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilli al-Madani&quot;). Harsuna biyu.
* ''Min al-Haramayn al-Sharifayn'' (&quot;Daga Wuri Mai Tsarki Biyu: Jaridar Hajji&quot;). Buga na biyu. Harsuna biyu.
* ''Min al-Maghrib al-Mubarak'' (&quot;Daga Maroko mai albarka&quot;). Turanci da Larabci.
* Mahaifiyarmu 'A'isha al-Siddiqa al-Nabawiyya. Harsuna biyu.
* ''Makarantar Ash'ari da Littattafai: Littattafai da Tarihi.''
* ''[[Tafsirin Baydawi|Hasken Ru'ya ta Yohanna da Asirin Fassara]]''.
* ''Abd al-Khaliq. Hujjiyat al-Sunna'' (&quot;Tabbatar da Sunna&quot;). Harsuna biyu.
* Ibn Jahbal al-Kilabi. Ƙaryata Shi [ibn Taymiyyah] Wanda ke ba da Jagora ga Allah.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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  <page>
    <title>Gidan ajiye makamai na Toulon</title>
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[[Fayil:Rade_toulon.jpg|thumb| Gabaɗaya view of the roadstead of Toulon.]]
'''Tashar jiragen ruwa na sojujin  na Toulon''' ( {{Lang-fr|arsenal de Toulon}}  &lt;/link&gt; ) shi ne babban tashan  na sojojin ruwa na Faransa kuma mafi girma na sojojin ruwa a cikin [[Bahar Rum]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toulon Naval Port |url=https://www.visitvar.fr/en/explore/through-time/toulon-navy-port/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=VisitVar}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin birnin [[Toulon]] . Yana rike da mafi yawan sojojin Faransa Force d'action navale, wanda ya hada da jirgin ruwa ''Charles de Gaulle'' da kuma jiragen ruwa na harin nukiliya, a cikin duka, sansanin ya ƙunshi fiye da kashi 60% na ton na [[Sojojin Saudi Arebiya|sojojin]] ruwa na kasar  Faransa, da kimanin 20,000 na aikin soja da na farar hula. a gindi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.defense.gouv.fr/english/marine/magazine/bases-navales/bases-navales |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031232509/https://www.defense.gouv.fr/english/marine/magazine/bases-navales/bases-navales |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=4 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A ''Rade'' ==
[[Fayil:Petite_rade_Toulon_vue_de_Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer.jpg|thumb| Rade na Toulon da aka gani daga Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer]]
[[Fayil:Gaule96.jpg|left|thumb| Mai ɗaukar jirgin ''Charles De Gaulle'' a cikin Rade na Toulon]]
Kalmar ''rade'' ta fito ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Ingilishi ' Hanyar ,' &quot;wani kariya kusa da bakin teku, ba a rufe shi a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa, inda jiragen ruwa za su iya tafiya a kan anga.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Webster's New World Dictionary College Edition, 1957&lt;/ref&gt; Rade na Toulon yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun ginshiƙan yanayi a kan Tekun Bahar Rum, kuma mafi girma rade a Turai. An kiyaye shi daga teku ta yankin Giens da yankin Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer, kuma ana amfani da shi azaman tashar jiragen ruwa tun karni na 15. Rade ya tanadi tashar jiragen ruwa na Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer, tashar jiragen ruwa na La Seyne-sur-Mer, da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa, ko tashar soja ta Toulon, da tashar kasuwanci.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Vernet-toulon-1.jpg|left|thumb| Duba tashar jiragen ruwa na Toulon a kusa da 1750, na Joseph Vernet .]]
Tarihin 'zamani' na tashar jiragen ruwa ya fara ne lokacin da Louis XII ya gina Tour Royale a Toulon a 1514. An gina makamin sojan ruwa da filin jirgin ruwa a cikin 1599, kuma an gina ƙaramin tashar jiragen ruwa, Veille Darse, a 1604-1610 don kare jiragen ruwa daga iska da ruwa. Cardinal Richelieu ya kara girman filin jirgin ruwa sosai, wanda ya yi fatan sanya Faransa ta zama karfin sojan ruwa na Bahar Rum. A cikin 1680, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Sakataren Gwamnatin Navy da Mai Kula da Kuɗi na Sarki Louis XIV, ya fara gina tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma, wanda ake kira Darse Vauban ko Darse Neuve, da filin jirgin ruwa, wanda kwamishinansa na garu Vauban ya tsara. . &lt;ref&gt;Roumagnac, ''L'Arsenal de Toulon et La Royale'', pg. 13-15)&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1697, Vauban ya gina igiya mai ban sha'awa, ginin da aka ƙera don yin igiya. Gidan igiyar, wanda har yanzu yana tsaye yana da faɗin mita 20 da tsayin mita 320, an gina shi ta yadda za a iya shimfiɗa igiya gaba ɗaya tsawon ginin yayin da ake murɗe su tare. An ba da ikon yin igiya ta hanyar masu laifi daga kurkukun da ke kusa, Bagne de Toulon, waɗanda suka yi tafiya a cikin wani babban injin tuƙi. Ƙofar nasara (yanzu Gidan Tarihi na Navy) an ƙara shi zuwa Arsenal a 1738.

Har yanzu tashar jiragen ruwa ta Arsenal ta kara girma a cikin karni na 19 da karni na 20. Ginin arsenal du Mourillon ya fara ne a farkon karni na 18, a matsayin fadada manyan makaman Toulon da ke gabar gabas na titin. Har zuwa karni na 20 wannan tsawo yana riƙe da kantin sayar da katako don gina sojojin ruwa na Faransa. Tun daga ƙarshen karni na 19 wannan tashar jirgin ruwa ce ta gina jiragen ruwa na farko na Faransa sannan kuma jiragen ruwa na zamani na farko a duniya.
[[Fayil:Toulon_1942.jpg|right|thumb| Scuttling na Faransa rundunar a Toulon a 1942 (aerial view)]]
Maimakon shiga cikin sojojin Faransa na 'yanci a Arewacin Afirka da kuma guje wa kama da Jamusawa, sojojin Faransa da ke Toulon sun yi wa kansu a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1942 bisa umarnin Faransanci. &lt;ref&gt;''Le suicide de la Flotte Française à Toulon''	by [[Henri Noguères]] Editions &quot;J'ai lu leur aventure&quot; n°A120/121&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin karni na 20th, Mourillon arsenal an sadaukar da shi ne don ayyukan karkashin ruwa a matsayin tashar jirgin ruwa na Faransa har zuwa 1940, sannan na Jamus daga 1940 zuwa 1945, sannan tashar jirgin ruwa da masana'antar torpedo bayan 1945. Kungiyar ta Arsenal ta yi mummunar barna sakamakon harin bam da aka kai a yakin duniya na biyu, amma tun bayan da aka sake ginawa da kuma zamanantar da ita. Yana da busassun busasshen ruwa guda goma sha ɗaya don gyaran jirgin ruwa, biyu mafi girma daga cikinsu sun kai mita 422 da mita 40. Har ila yau Arsenal ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta soja ta Faransa, tashar jirgin ruwa na gida na jirgin ruwa ''Charles de Gaulle ,'' Faransa ta kai hari karkashin ruwa, da sauran jiragen ruwa na Faransa Rum.

Kungiyar Arsenal ba ta bude wa jama'a ba, amma gidan tarihi na Naval da ke kofarsa yana da tarin manya-manyan samfuran jiragen ruwa daga karni na 18, wadanda aka yi amfani da su wajen horar da magajin gadon sarauta a kan teku, da kuma sauran abubuwan tunawa da sojojin ruwa. Ana iya ganin ginin Corderie a gefen titin kusa. Yawon shakatawa na kwale-kwale yana tashi akai-akai daga bakin ruwa, kuma yana ba baƙi damar kallon jiragen ruwa na Faransa da kyau. &lt;ref&gt;for the history of the Arsenal and the Port, see Cyrille Roumagnac, ''L'Arsenal de Toulon et la Royale'' Editions Alan Sutton, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manyan abubuwan more rayuwa ==
[[Fayil:Toulon_Naval_Museum.jpg|right|thumb| Shigar Nasara na Arsenal na Toulon (1738), yanzu Gidan Tarihi na Naval]]
Sansanin sojin ya kasu kashi hudu ne, kowanne yana da nasa hanyar shiga teku. Daga gabas zuwa yamma wadannan su ne:

* Castineau ;
* Malbousquet ;
* Misissy ;
* Milhaud.

Na farko yana da manyan kofofin shiga guda biyu :

* kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na farar hula - babbar kofa, kusa da musée de la marine wanda facade, wanda aka lasafta shi a matsayin tarihin tarihi, shi ne wanda ya rigaya zuwa wannan sabuwar kofa. Sabuwar ƙofa tana kusa da arsenal's quai d'honneur da babban facade na yankin tekun Bahar Rum, wanda ke gefen igwa da gilding.
* a ƙofar yamma zuwa tsakiyar garin Toulon - mafi amfani fiye da sauran ƙofar (ba ta da nisan mil 200 daga hanyar fita ta mota zuwa hanyoyi huɗu), yana tabbatar da jigilar kaya da motocin farar hula da na soja daga tushe na iya gudana cikin yardar kaina.

Sauran kofofin guda uku na sakandare kuma ba a yi amfani da su ba, duk da cewa har yanzu ana tsare da su sosai. Zuwa iyakar yamma a cikin kwamitocin La Seyne-sur-Mer da Ollioules sansanin soja yana hulɗa da tashar kasuwanci ta [[Brégaillon]], an haɗa shi da cibiyoyin sadarwa na ƙasa da na yanki don samar da kayan aikin bindigogi da sauran kayayyaki.

Arsenal du [[Mourillon]], kusa da titin hanya, ana samun damar kai tsaye ta hanyar arsenal ta arewa wacce ke da tashar jirgin ruwa har zuwa 1945. Ana samun shiga arsenal ta kudanci ta ƙaramin titin Le Mourillon kusa da masana'antar torpedo da ta bace.

=== Hanyoyi da layin dogo ===
Sansanonin sojin sun mallaki fiye da 30&amp;nbsp;km na tituna, mashigin matakin jirgin ƙasa, fitilun zirga-zirga, alamu, da dai sauransu. Hakanan yana da layin dogo na SNCF wanda ke gudana daga tashar a La Seyne-sur-Mer zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta wuraren ajiyarsa.

=== Kayan aikin sojan ruwa ===
Matakan jiragen ruwa na tashar jiragen ruwa na Toulon, daga Gabas zuwa Yamma:

; The girmamawa quay
:

Ana amfani da shi don ɗaukar jiragen ruwa na waje, ko manyan jiragen ruwa. A al'adance, ana amfani da wannan kwarin don girmama manyan jiragen ruwa ta hanyar sanya su a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa na 'yan kasuwa.

; Busassun jiragen ruwa guda huɗu da tashar Vauban
:

Busassun dokin ruwa guda huɗu sun dace don gyare-gyare akan matsakaici zuwa babban sana'a. Ana amfani da tashar jirgin ruwa ta Vaudan azaman mashigar jiragen ruwa (tallafi na ruwa, yaƙin ma'adana, jakunkuna, jiragen sintiri) da manyan jiragen ruwa.

; Mississy quay da Malbousquet quay

Harbor jiragen ruwa na harin nukiliya. An yi wa jiragen ruwa da rufin hannu wanda ke rufe jiragen ruwa a lokacin da ake gyara makamansu na nukiliya. Waɗannan tafiye-tafiyen kuma sun ƙunshi busassun docks masu yawa.

; Milhaud asalin

Manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na tashar jiragen ruwa, inda jiragen ruwa, jigilar jiragen sama, motocin dakon kaya da jiragen ruwa ke sauka.

=== Kasa kayayyakin more rayuwa na tushe ===

=== Shigarwa kusa da tushe ===

== Duba kuma ==

* {{Interlanguage link|Fort de Balaguier|fr|Fort de Balaguier}}

== manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110905233804/http://www.netmarine.net/bat/listes/alphabep.htm Jirgin ruwa da ke tushen Toulon]
* [http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/decouverte/organisation/autres_commandements/toulon/haut_commandement_de_l_arrondissement_maritime_de_toulon/ Haɗin gwiwar babban kwamandan yankin arrondissement na teku na Toulon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126230950/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/decouverte/organisation/autres_commandements/toulon/haut_commandement_de_l_arrondissement_maritime_de_toulon/ |date=2024-11-26 }}
* [http://www.netmarine.net/forces/operatio/toulon/index.htm Labari akan Netmarine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604181317/http://www.netmarine.net/forces/operatio/toulon/index.htm |date=2024-06-04 }}
* [http://www.toulonnais.com/port-toulon.htm Dossier a tashar jiragen ruwa na Toulon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324155046/http://www.toulonnais.com/port-toulon.htm |date=2010-03-24 }} Archived  &lt;/link&gt;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820080300/http://www.le-minot.com/histoire/arsenal.htm Tarihin arsenal du Mourillon a Toulon]
{{Authority control}}


[[Rukuni:Tashar jirgin ruwa]]
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Gavali (Gawali), ƙaramin ƙauye ne dake cikin hukumar Belgaum, jihar Karnataka a Indiya, kudu maso yammacin birnin Belgaum. Ƙauyen na kewaye da dazuzzuka, magudanar ruwa da fadowa, waɗanda ake haƙo ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da kawar da shuke-shuken magani da sare dazuzzuka.
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Cin zarafin aure (wani nau'i na fyade na abokin tarayya, na tashin hankali na gida, da cin zarafin jima'i da abokin aure ya yi) ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a duk [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|Jihohin Amurka]] 50, kodayake cikakkun bayanai game da laifin sun bambanta da jihohi.

Kafin shekarun 1970s, fyade na aure ya kasance doka a kowace jiha ta Amurka. An haramta shi a [[Michigan]] da [[Delaware]] a shekara ta 1974, sannan aka haramta shi gaba daya a [[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]] da [[Nebraska]] a shekara ta 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Mollie |title=The Gradual Fall of the Marital Rape Exemption: The Curious Case of South Dakota |url=https://www.veteranfeministsofamerica.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Mollie-Johnson-Thesis-Final-Draft.pdf |website=Veteran Feminists of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shari'ar kotu ta ''Oregon v. Rideout'' a 1978 ita ce ta farko da wani ya tsaya a gaban shari'a saboda fyade matarsa yayin da suke zaune tare. A shekara ta 1993, fyade na aure ya zama laifi a duk fadin kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncvc.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SPOUSAL RAPE LAWS: 20 YEARS LATER |url=http://www.ncdsv.org/images/NCVC_SpousalRapeLaws20YearsLater_2004.pdf |access-date=2020-08-16 |publisher=Ncdsv.org }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun 1990s, yawancin jihohi sun ci gaba da rarrabe tsakanin yadda ake kallon fyade na aure da fyade ba tare da aure ba. Dokokin sun ci gaba da canzawa da canzawa, tare da yawancin jihohin da ke sake fasalin dokokinsu a karni na 21. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai jihohi inda ake bi da fyade na aure da fyade ba tare da aure ba daban-daban a ƙarƙashin doka.

== Tarihi ==

=== Tarihi ===
Ra'ayoyin da suka ba da gudummawa ga dokokin fyade da ba su dace da aure ba za a iya gano su, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, zuwa dokar Ingila ta ƙarni na 17, wanda aka shigo da shi zuwa yankunan Burtaniya na Amurka. Mai shari'a na Ingila na ƙarni na 17, Sir Matthew Hale (1609-1676), ya bayyana matsayin doka ta kowa a cikin Tarihin Karatu na Crown (bayan mutuwarsa, 1736) cewa &quot;miji ba zai iya zama da laifi na fyade da ya yi wa matarsa ta doka ba, saboda ta hanyar yardar auren juna da kwangilar matar ta ba da kanta a cikin wannan nau'in ga mijinta wanda ba za ta iya janyewa ba&quot;. Hukuncin, kodayake babu wani rikodin shari'a da aka samu a baya fiye da Hale, mai yiwuwa ya dogara da ka'idojin da suka gabata. A cikin wani lamari na Lord Audley (1488-1544), alal misali, ya ambaci lauya Bracton (c. 1210 - c. 1268) don tallafawa wannan doka, wanda aka ce ya samo asali ne daga dokokin Sarki Æthelstan (r. 927-939) inda a kan doka ta riƙe cewa har ma &quot;sun kasance jam'iyyar da ba ta da rai mai tsabta, amma karuwa, duk da haka akwai yiwuwar halaka: amma yana da kyau a ce ta kasance ƙwaraƙwaransa. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;Geis, Gilbert (1978), &quot;Rape in Marriage: Law and Law Reform in England, the United States, and Sweden&quot;, ''Adelaide Law Review'', 6(2):285.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai ci gaba da karɓa a matsayin sanarwa na doka a Ingila da Wales har sai House of Lords ta soke shi a cikin shari'ar ''R da R'' a cikin 1991,  inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin fiction na shari'a mai banƙyama. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1991/12.html ''R v R''] [1992] 1 AC 599.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2011 |title=Valley paper criticized over pastor's column on spousal rape |url=http://www.adn.com/2011/07/22/1980301/readers-blast-valley-paper-over.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203959/http://www.adn.com/2011/07/22/1980301/readers-blast-valley-paper-over.html |archive-date=2013-10-29 |website=Anchorage Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1970s: canji ya fara ===
A Amurka, kafin tsakiyar shekarun 1970s an cire fyade daga dokokin fyade na yau da kullun. An kuma sami cirewa a cikin Dokar Shari'a ta 1962, wanda ya bayyana cewa &quot;Mutumin da ke da jima'i da ''mace ba matarsa ba'' shi da laifin fyade idan: ...&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Denno |first=Deborah W. |date=Fall 2009 |title=Selected Model Penal Code Provisions |url=http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/13023/13335893/downloadables/model_penal_code_sel_sec2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205803/http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/13023/13335893/downloadables/model_penal_code_sel_sec2.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-29 |publisher=Fordham University School of Law |via=Prentice Hall}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Michigan]] da [[Delaware]] sun rage haƙurin shari'arsu game da fyade a shekara ta 1974 amma ba su kawar da bambancin aure gaba ɗaya ba a cikin dokokin fyade. Michigan ta aikata laifin fyade a aure ne kawai lokacin da ma'aurata suka nemi saki kuma suna zaune daban. Delaware ta aikata laifin fyade ga &quot;aboki na son rai,&quot; wanda zai iya haɗawa da mace; wannan laifin an bi da shi ba tare da tsanani ba fiye da sauran nau'ikan fyade.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson2019&quot;/&gt;

[[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]] ta haramta fyade a aure daga 1975 zuwa 1977. Wani lissafin da Sanata Grace Mickelson ya gabatar a hankali ya kori auren aure daga dokar jihar. An sake dawo da banbanci ba da daɗewa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson2019&quot;/&gt; A cewar ''New York Times'' Dakota ta Kudu ita ce jiha ta farko da ta haramta fyade a aure.

[[Nebraska]] kuma ta kawar da izinin aure a 1975. Jiha ta sabunta dokar ta don amfani da kalmar &quot;harin jima'i&quot; maimakon &quot;rashin lafiya&quot;, da kuma kasancewa tsaka-tsaki na jinsi, maimakon ɗaukar mai aikata namiji da mace. Canjin a cikin doka ya kasance sakamakon bayar da shawarwari ta ƙungiyoyin Mata na biyu da kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwarin da aka azabtar a Nebraska, kuma Sanata Wally Barnett ne ya gabatar da shi ga majalisa.

Wasu dokoki na shekarun 1970 sun buƙaci miji da matar kada su zauna tare don a kawo tuhumar fyade ta aure.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt1978&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ledbetter |first1=Les |title=Oregon Man Found Not Guilty On a Charge of Raping His Wife |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/28/archives/oregon-man-found-not-guilty-on-a-charge-of-raping-his-wife-husband.html |access-date=28 February 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=28 December 1978}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shari'ar da ta fara kalubalantar wannan sashi na haɗin kai ita ce ''Oregon v. Rideout'' a shekarar 1978.  A cikin lamarin, an zargi mijin da yi wa matarsa fyade, mutum na farko a Amurka da aka tuhume shi da fyade matarsa yayin da suke zaune tare. Shari'ar ita ce ta farko a Oregon da ta shafi fyade na aure tun lokacin da jihar ta sake fasalin dokar fyade a 1977 don kawar da rigakafin fyade na auren.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt1978&quot; /&gt; Kodayake an wanke mijin daga fyade matarsa, hakan ya haifar da yunkurin zuwa ga sake fasalin; jihohin Amurka da yawa sun fara ba da izinin gurfanar da su don fyade a aure da kuma zama tare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Woodworth-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Woodworth |first=Whitney |date=13 August 2016 |title=Rape and Marriage: A look back at the Rideout case |url=http://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/crime/2016/08/13/rape-and-marriage-look-back-rideout-case/88460204/ |access-date=14 January 2018 |website=Statesman Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dokoki sun canza a duk jihohi ta 1993 ===
A wasu jihohi, kotuna sun soke izinin aure a matsayin wanda bai dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba. A cikin shari'ar Kotun daukaka kara ta New York ta 1984 na People v. Liberta, Alkalin Sol Wachtler ya bayyana cewa &quot;kada a kalli lasisin aure a matsayin lasisi ga miji ya yi wa matarsa fyade da karfi ba tare da hukuntawa ba. Mace mai aure tana da wannan damar sarrafa jikinta kamar yadda mace marar aure ta yi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''People v. Liberta'' 64 N.Y.2d 152, 474 N.E.2d 567, 485 N.Y.S.2d 207(1984) |url=http://faculty.law.miami.edu/zfenton/documents/Peoplev.Liberta.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807002114/http://faculty.law.miami.edu/zfenton/documents/Peoplev.Liberta.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-07 |access-date=2013-09-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika, a [[Alabama]], an sami izinin aure daga dokar sodomy (Williams v. State (1986) ) da kuma dokar fyade (Merton v. State (1986), sun kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Fall 2002 |title=''Williams v. State'' 494 So. 2d 819 (Ala. Crim. App. 1986) |url=http://www.law.ua.edu/colquitt/crimmain/crimcase/wms.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202750/http://www.law.ua.edu/colquitt/crimmain/crimcase/wms.htm |archive-date=2013-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://law.justia.com/cases/alabama/court-of-appeals-criminal/1986/500-so-2d-1301-0.html ''Merton v. State'' 500 So.2d 1301 (1986)]&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1993, duk jihohin sun janye izinin fyade na aure, jihohin karshe da suka yi haka sune [[Oklahoma]] da North Carolina  (duka biyu a cikin 1993) ko kuma an ayyana izinin ta hanyar shari'a don rashin bin doka.&lt;ref name=&quot;ncvc.org&quot;/&gt;

Kodayake dokoki sun canza a kowace jiha a shekara ta 1993, a cikin jihohi 17 kawai an yi wa fyade a matsayin fyade ba tare da aure ba. A cikin sauran jihohin, an ci gaba da samun manyan bambance-bambance a yadda aka bi da fyade na aure da fyade ba tare da aure ba, kamar ƙananan azabtarwa, ko cire yanayin da ba a yi amfani da tashin hankali ba, ko gajeren lokacin bayar da rahoto.&lt;ref&gt;Russell, Diana E. H., ''Rape in Marriage'', Macmillan, 1990.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hasday |first=Jill Elaine |date=October 2000 |title=Contest and Consent: A Legal History of Marital Rape |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254557694 |journal=California Law Review |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=1373–1505 |doi=10.2307/3481263 |jstor=3481263 |access-date=May 3, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawaii.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bergen |first=Raquel Kennedy |date=March 1999 |title=Marital Rape |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Marital%20Rape.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724221251/http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Marital%20Rape.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-24 |publisher=Applied Research Forum, National Electronic Network on Violence Against Women |via=University of Hawaii}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zuwa ga maganin tufafi ===
A cikin shekarun 1990s jihohi da yawa sun bambanta tsakanin nau'o'i uku na wadanda abin ya shafa:&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawaii.edu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson 2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Michelle J. |title=Marital Immunity, Intimate Relationships, and Improper Inferences: A New Law on Sexual Offenses by Intimates |url=http://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&amp;context=villanovalwps |url-status=dead |journal=Hastings Law Journal |volume=54 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195932/http://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&amp;context=villanovalwps |archive-date=2013-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Mutanen da ba su yi aure ba, waɗanda ke da cikakkiyar kariya ta dokokin laifukan jima'i,
* Mutanen da suka yi aure waɗanda ke cikin aure mara kyau (misali sun rabu, abokin aure ɗaya ya nemi saki da dai sauransu), waɗanda galibi ana bi da su a hanyar tsakiya, kodayake jihohi da yawa suna bi da su ko dai a matsayin marasa aure ko kuma a matsayin masu aure, da kuma
* Mutanen da suka yi aure da ke zaune tare (maza da ke zaune a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun), dokokin jihohi da yawa sun kasance da ƙuntatawa sosai, suna aikata laifuka ne kawai ga &quot;mafi munin&quot; nau'ikan tashin hankali na jima'i na gida (misali yana buƙatar tashin hankali, mafi girman barazana, rauni da sauransu; kuma sau da yawa suna hukunta laifin da ba su da tsanani).

A cikin shekarun 1990s da baya, [[Feminism|'yan mata]], mata da sauran kungiyoyi sun ci gaba da yin kira ga gyare-gyaren dokokin fyade na aure don tabbatar da cewa ana ɗaukar fyade na auren kuma ana bi da shi kamar kowane fyade, kodayake [[Fyade a Amurka|dokokin fyade a Amurka]] ba daidai ba ne, kuma dokokin sun canza sau da yawa, amma bambance-bambance sun kasance a wasu jihohi.

[[South Carolina|Kudancin Carolina]], alal misali, ya kasance kawai jihar inda karfi ko tashin hankali da aka yi amfani da shi ko barazanar dole ne ya kasance mafi girma (ƙarfi ko tashin hankali dole ne ya zama &quot;babban yanayi&quot; - duba sashi a ƙasa da dokokin Jihar yanzu).

Irin wannan doka ta kasance a [[Tennessee]] har zuwa 2005, lokacin da aka soke ta. Dokar ta bayyana cewa mutum na iya zama da laifin fyade ga matarsa a lokacin da suke zaune tare kawai idan wannan mutumin &quot;ya kasance dauke da makami ko wani labarin da aka yi amfani da shi ko kuma an tsara shi ta hanyar da za ta jagoranci wanda ake zargi da ya yi imani da shi makami ne&quot; ko kuma &quot;ya haifar da mummunan rauni ga wanda ake zarge shi&quot;. Wannan yana nufin cewa, a aikace, ba za a iya gurfanar da yawancin fyade na aure ba, tunda 'yan fyade kaɗan ne suka shafi irin wannan matsanancin yanayi. A ƙarshe an soke dokar a shekara ta 2005, yana ba da izinin yin fyade a aure kamar kowane nau'in fyade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walden |first=Rachel |date=November 5, 2008 |title=Why Reproductive Rights Advocates Need to Start Paying Attention to Tennessee |url=http://womenshealthnews.wordpress.com/2008/11/05/why-reproductive-rights-advocates-need-to-start-paying-attention-to-tennessee/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108041053/https://womenshealthnews.wordpress.com/2008/11/05/why-reproductive-rights-advocates-need-to-start-paying-attention-to-tennessee/ |archive-date=2021-01-08 |website=Women's Health News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SB 0556 (HB 1116) |url=http://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/BillInfo/Default.aspx?BillNumber=%20SB0556&amp;GA=104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406182030/https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/BillInfo/Default.aspx?BillNumber=%20SB0556&amp;GA=104 |archive-date=2022-04-06 |access-date=May 3, 2022 |website=Tennessee General Assembly}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-503 |url=https://advance.lexis.com/documentpage/?pdmfid=1000516&amp;crid=7482d5f6-7f7a-4e06-b9ac-369817928546&amp;nodeid=ABNAAKAAFAAD&amp;nodepath=%2FROOT%2FABN%2FABNAAK%2FABNAAKAAF%2FABNAAKAAFAAD&amp;level=4&amp;haschildren=&amp;populated=false&amp;title=39-13-503.+Rape.&amp;config=025054JABlOTJjNmIyNi0wYjI0LTRjZGEtYWE5ZC0zNGFhOWNhMjFlNDgKAFBvZENhdGFsb2cDFQ14bX2GfyBTaI9WcPX5&amp;pddocfullpath=%2Fshared%2Fdocument%2Fstatutes-legislation%2Furn%3AcontentItem%3A631B-8980-R03M-D321-00008-00&amp;ecomp=vg1_kkk&amp;prid=c377ea32-4da2-4971-a8b3-90ee4203975e |access-date=May 3, 2022 |publisher=LexisNexis}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da lissafin soke tsohuwar doka fiye da sau goma kafin ta yi nasara.  

Har zuwa shekara ta 2013, [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]] tana da izinin hana matar daga gurfanar da ita da fyade na uku a kan ɗayan matar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Minard |first=Anna |date=May 2, 2013 |title=Washington Closes Troubling Marital Rape Loophole, to the Relief of Wives |url=http://slog.thestranger.com/slog/archives/2013/05/02/washington-closes-troubling-marital-rape-loophole-to-the-relief-of-wives |access-date=May 3, 2022 |website=The Stranger |archive-date=August 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811200628/http://slog.thestranger.com/slog/archives/2013/05/02/washington-closes-troubling-marital-rape-loophole-to-the-relief-of-wives |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Washington ta cire cire izinin ta don fyade na farko da fyade na biyu a 1983, amma an cire izinin fyade na uku bayan shekaru 30.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eliminate Marital Exemptions for Rape in the Third Degree and Indecent Liberties |url=http://www.wcsap.org/sites/wcsap.huang.radicaldesigns.org/files/uploads/addressing_public_policy/Marital_Rape_PP_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017050720/http://www.wcsap.org/sites/wcsap.huang.radicaldesigns.org/files/uploads/addressing_public_policy/Marital_Rape_PP_final.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-17 |access-date=2015-06-09 |publisher=Washington Coalition of Sexual Assault Programs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HB 1108 – 2013–14 – Modifying the definition of rape in the third degree and indecent liberties |url=http://app.leg.wa.gov/billinfo/summary.aspx?bill=1108&amp;year=2013 |access-date=May 3, 2022 |publisher=Washington State Legislature |archive-date=December 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221151743/http://app.leg.wa.gov/billinfo/summary.aspx?year=2013&amp;bill=1108 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har zuwa watan Yulin 2019, a [[Minnesota]] tashin hankali na jima'i da ke faruwa tsakanin ma'aurata a lokacin da suke zaune tare ko tsakanin abokan da ba su yi aure ba za a iya gurfanar da su ne kawai idan akwai karfi ko barazanar hakan, saboda keɓancewar da Mataki na 609.349 'Dangantaka ta son rai' ya haifar wanda ya nuna cewa wasu laifuka na jima'a ba su shafi ma'auraka ba (sai dai an raba su), kuma ba su shafi mazauna da ba su da aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=609.349 MS 2018 |url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=609.349 |access-date=May 3, 2022 |publisher=Office of the Revisor of Statutes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan laifuka ne da ke magance yanayin da rashin yarda ya faru ne saboda rashin yarda da wanda aka azabtar, gami da inda wanda ya aikata laifin ya ba da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Wadannan yanayi, wadanda aka cire daga gurfanarwar, sune inda wanda aka azabtar ya kasance &quot;mai rauni a hankali, mai rauni a hankali), ko kuma ba shi da taimako a jiki&quot;. An bayyana kalmar &quot;marasa iyawa&quot; a matsayin mutumin da &quot;a ƙarƙashin tasirin barasa, narcotic, anesthetic, ko wani abu, wanda aka ba wa wannan mutumin ba tare da yarjejeniyar mutumin ba, ba shi da hukunci don ba da izini mai ma'ana ga hulɗar jima'i ko shiga jima'i&quot; (duba Mataki na 609.341 don ma'anoni).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=609.341 2021 |url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=609.341 |access-date=May 3, 2022 |publisher=Office of the Revisor of Statutes}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019, an soke waɗannan keɓancewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vera |first=Amir |date=2019-05-03 |title=Marital rape is no longer legal in Minnesota with new law |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/03/us/minnesota-marital-rape-repeal/index.html |access-date=2019-05-20 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ferguson |first=Dana |date=2 May 2019 |title=Walz signs repeal of marital rape exemption in Minnesota |url=https://www.twincities.com/2019/05/02/walz-signs-repeal-of-marital-rape-exemption-in-minnesota/ |access-date=2019-05-20 |website=Twin Cities}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2003 ya gano cewa &quot;jihohi ashirin da hudu da Gundumar Columbia sun soke rigakafin aure don laifukan jima'i ... jihohi ashirin na shida suna riƙe da rigakafin auren a cikin wani nau'i ko wani&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson 2013&quot;/&gt;Tun daga shekara ta 2003, jihohi da yawa sun sake fasalin dokokinsu (duba sama).

== Matsayi na yanzu ==
Wasu jihohi suna ci gaba da bi da fyade na aure da wadanda ba na aure ba daban:

=== California ===
A [[California]], an amince da fyade a matsayin laifi ta hanyar Sashe na 262 na Dokar Shari'a ta California a shekara ta 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;Francis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Francis |first=Leslie |date=2010 |title=Date Rape: Feminism, Philosophy, and the Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Iyy69SZhukC&amp;pg=PA54 |location=University Park, Pennsylvania |publisher=Penn State Press |pages=53–55 |isbn=9780271038162 |access-date=29 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, akwai laifuka daban-daban na fyade ba tare da aure ba ([https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=261.&amp;lawCode=PEN Sashe na 261]) da kuma fyade na aure (Sashe ya 262);  an bi da ƙarshen a matsayin laifi mara tsanani har sai an aiwatar da [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1171 Dokar Majalisar California ta 2021 1171] .&lt;ref name=&quot;California Penal Code&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CA Codes (pen:261-269) |url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&amp;group=00001-01000&amp;file=261-269 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108112543/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&amp;group=00001-01000&amp;file=261-269 |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=22 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Francis&quot; /&gt; Kafin aiwatar da wannan lissafin, jima'i da matarsa ba tare da yardarsu ba a gane shi a matsayin laifi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Francis&quot; /&gt; Sashe na 262 ya buƙaci cewa, idan ma'aurata A ba sa son yin jima'i, suna buƙatar tsayayya da yunkurin jima'i na ma'auratan B, sai dai idan A &quot;an hana shi tsayayya ta kowane abu mai sarrafawa&quot;, ko kuma &quot;ba zai iya tsayayya&quot; saboda A ba shi da sani ko barci, ba tare da sanin aikin jima'i da ke faruwa ba, ko kuma yaudare shi da &quot;yautar mai aikata laifin a zahiri&quot;, a wannan yanayin aikin jima'a zai kai ga fyade.&lt;ref name=&quot;California Penal Code&quot; /&gt;

Yin jima'i da wani ba tare da matarsa ba an gane shi a matsayin laifi daban. Koyaya, Sashe na 261 ya nuna cewa wannan ya shafi ne kawai idan wanda aka azabtar &quot;ba zai iya [ba da izinin doka] ba saboda rikicewar hankali ko nakasa ta jiki&quot;. In ba haka ba, ana buƙatar wanda aka azabtar ya tsayayya da yunkurin jima'i na mai aikata laifin, sai dai idan an &quot;hana wa wanda aka azabta daga tsayayya ta kowane abu mai sarrafawa&quot;, ko kuma &quot;ba zai iya tsayayya ba&quot; saboda A ba shi da hankali ko barci, ba tare da sanin aikin jima'i da ke faruwa ba, ko kuma yaudare shi da &quot;yautar mai aikata laicin cewa shiga jima'i ya yi amfani da manufa ta sana'i ba, a lokuta cewa fyade ba zai kai ga fyade ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;California Penal Code&quot;/&gt;

Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2019, Dokar Shari'a Sashe na 261.6 ya bayyana &quot;yanci&quot; a matsayin &quot;haɗin kai mai kyau a cikin aiki ko hali bisa ga yin amfani da 'yancin zaɓe. Mutum dole ne ya yi aiki da yardar rai kuma ya sami ilimin yanayin aikin ko ma'amala da ke ciki&quot;. Sashe na 261.6 da [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=261.7.&amp;lawCode=PEN 261.7] sun tsara cewa, duk inda &quot;yanci yake cikin matsala&quot;, &quot;a halin yanzu ko baya soyayya ko dangantaka ta aure ba za ta isa ta zama yarda ba&quot;, kuma &quot;shaida ce cewa wanda aka azabtar ya ba da shawarar, ya nemi, ko kuma ya sanar da wanda ake tuhuma cewa wanda ake tuhumar ta yi amfani da kwaroron roba ko wani na'urar hana haihuwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;California Penal Code&quot;/&gt;

7 ga Oktoba, 2021, Gwamna Gavin Newsom ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta 2021 1171 a cikin doka, ya kawar da sashi na 262 na Dokar Shari'ar California. AB-1171 ta soke tanadin da suka shafi fyade na aure kuma ta yi canje-canje masu dacewa, don haka yin jima'i da aka yi da matar da za a hukunta shi a matsayin fyade idan aikin ya cika ma'anar fyade, sai dai cewa jima'i tare da mutumin da &quot;ba zai iya ba da izini ba saboda rikicewar hankali ko ci gaba ko nakasa jiki&quot; ba fyade ba ne idan mutane 2 sun yi aure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bill Text - AB-1171 Rape of a spouse. |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1171 |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Connecticut ===
Dokar Shari'a ta [[Connecticut]] Sec. 53a-70b tana ma'amala da jima'i da matar aure. Wannan ba ya shafi ma'aurata kawai har ma da mazauna da ba su yi aure ba. Dokar ta fi taushi fiye da sauran dokokin jima'i kuma tana da gajeren hukunci. Ya karanta: &lt;ref name=&quot;cga.ct.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chapter 952 - Penal Code: Offenses |url=https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_952.htm#sec_53a-70b |website=www.cga.ct.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Blockquote|No spouse or cohabitor shall compel the other spouse or cohabitor to engage in sexual intercourse by the use of force against such other spouse or cohabitor, or by the threat of the use of force against such other spouse or cohabitor which reasonably causes such other spouse or cohabitor to fear physical injury.}}
Dokar fyade ta Connecticut tana nuni da tilastawa da aka yi amfani da ita ko barazanar a kan &quot;wani abokin aure ko abokin zama&quot; yayin da dokar cin zarafin jima'i ta 'al'ada' ta shafi tilastawa aka yi amfani ko barazanarwa a kan &quot;wannan mutum ko a kan mutum na uku&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;cga.ct.gov&quot;/&gt;

=== Idaho ===
Dokar [[Idaho]] ta 18-6101 ta bayyana fyade mai laifi, ba tare da cire fyade na aure ba, kamar yadda baki, farji, ko hanci ya shiga ta azzakari kuma ko dai rashin iyawar wanda aka azabtar ya ba da izinin shari'a, wanda aka azabta yana tsayayya amma ana shawo kansa da karfi ko tashin hankali, wanda aka zalunta yana da rashin sani, ko kuma lokacin da wanda aka azabtur ya miƙa wuya a ƙarƙashin wasu ƙarya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Section 18-6101 – Idaho State Legislature |url=https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/title18/t18ch61/sect18-6101/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maryland ===
A baya, dokar [[Maryland]] ta bayyana a cikin Sashe na 3-318 cewa, idan ma'aurata suna zaune tare, za a iya gurfanar da shi ne kawai idan wanda ake tuhuma &quot;ya yi amfani da karfi ko barazanar karfi kuma aikin ba tare da yardar matar ba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Code of Maryland, Criminal Law, Sec. 3–318 |url=https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Laws/StatuteText?article=gcr&amp;section=3-318 |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=General Assembly of Maryland}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya canza tare da wucewar Dokar Majalisar Dattijai 129 a cikin 2023,  wanda ya cire &quot;tsaron aure&quot; wanda aka bayyana a cikin Sashe na 3-318 gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Senate Bill 129 |url=https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Legislation/Details/SB0129?ys=2023rs |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=General Assembly of Maryland}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Repeals Spousal Defense for Rape |url=https://www.tahirih.org/news/maryland-repeals-spousal-defense-for-rape/ |website=Tahirih Justice Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Michigan ===
A [[Michigan]], Sashe na 750.520l ya cire yanayin da aikata laifuka ya zo ne kawai saboda matar ta kasance&quot;marasa iyawa, ko rashin iyawa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.legislature.mi.gov/%28S%282cvl0feqxr35ea552rmon055%29%29/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&amp;objectName=mcl-750-520l Legislature.mi.gov]&lt;/ref&gt; Sashe na 750.520a Ma'anar ya karanta: &quot;'Mentally incapacitated&quot; yana nufin cewa mutum ya zama na ɗan lokaci ba zai iya tantancewa ko sarrafa halinsa ba saboda tasirin narcotic, anesthetic, ko wani abu da aka ba wa wannan mutumin ''ba tare da yardarsa baba tare da yardarsa ba'' aikin da aka yi wa wannan mutumin kuma ba tare da izininsa ba. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.legislature.mi.gov/%28S%282cvl0feqxr35ea552rmon055%29%29/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&amp;objectName=mcl-750-520a Legislature.mi.gov]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mississippi ===
A [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], ana iya yanke wa mutum hukunci game da cin zarafin jima'i na matarsa lokacin da suke zaune tare kawai idan ya shiga cikin &quot;tsinkaye-tsinkaye da aka tilasta ba tare da nufin wanda aka azabtar ba&quot;. Wannan ya cire, a tsakanin sauran, yanayin da wanda aka azabtar ya &quot;sa ba zai iya sanin ko sarrafa halinsa ba, ko kuma ba zai iya tsayayya da wani aiki ba saboda tasirin kowane magani, narcotic, anesthetic, ko wani abu da aka ba wa wannan mutumin ba tare da yardarsa ba&quot;.

=== Nevada ===
[[Nevada]] doka tana bukatar karfi ko barazanar karfi.  Mataki na ashirin da 200.373   ya bayyana cewa: &quot;Ba wani tsaro ba ne ga tuhumar cin zarafi cewa wanda ya aikata laifin, a lokacin da aka kai harin, ya auri wanda aka azabtar, idan an kai harin da karfi ko kuma ta hanyar barazanar karfi.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;leg.state.nv.us&quot;&gt;[http://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-200.html#NRS200Sec366 Leg.state.nv.us]&lt;/ref&gt;  Wannan da alama yana nufin {{oshin bincike inline| kwanan wata=Mayu 2022}} cewa idan ba a yi amfani da karfi ko barazanarsa ba, aure zai iya zama kariya.  Gabaɗaya ma’anar cin zarafi ta yi amfani da kalmar “saɓanin son wanda aka azabtar” ko “a ƙarƙashin yanayin da mai laifin ya sani ko kuma ya kamata ya san cewa wanda aka azabtar ba shi da ikon yin tsayayya ko fahimtar yanayin halinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;leg.state.nv.us&quot; /&gt;

=== Ohio ===
A [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], fyade da ke faruwa a cikin aure lokacin da ma'aurata ke zaune tare za a iya tuhumar shi ne kawai a ƙarƙashin sashi na A (2) na ''2907.02 Rape'', wanda ya bayyana cewa: &quot;Babu mutum da zai shiga cikin jima'i da wani lokacin da mai laifi ya tilasta wa ɗayan ya miƙa wuya da karfi ko barazanar tilasta. &quot; Sabanin haka, mutumin da bai auri wanda ake tuhuma ba amma yana zaune daban kuma zai iya dogaro da dokoki da yawa waɗanda ke hulɗa da nau'ikan tilasta wa mutane daban-daban na tilasta. Ya zama sananne cewa sashi na A (1) (a) na ''2907.02 Rape'' wanda ke hulɗa da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ga wani &quot;da gangan ko ta hanyar tilasta, barazanar tilastawa, ko yaudara&quot; don tilasta musu cikin jima'i ba ya aiki a cikin aure (sai dai idan akwai rabuwa). Dukan labarin ''2907.03 Batir na jima'i'', wanda ke hulɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban na tilasta (alal misali ya bayyana a cikin sashi a cikin A (1) cewa &quot;Mai laifi [ya aikata laifi lokacin da ya] da gangan ya tilasta wa ɗayan ya miƙa wuya ta kowace hanya da za ta hana juriya daga mutum na talakawa&quot;) ba ya aiki kwata-kwata ga mutanen da suka yi aure.&lt;ref&gt;[http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/2907.02 Codes.ohio.gov]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/2907.03 Codes.ohio.gov]&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2015, an gabatar da lissafin don cire waɗannan keɓancewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ohio HB234 – 2015-2016 – 131st General Assembly |url=https://legiscan.com/OH/bill/HB234/2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ohio legislators propose removing statute of limitations on rape convictions |url=http://www.auroraadvocate.com/latest+headlines/2015/05/26/ohio-legislators-propose-removing-statute-of-limitations-on-rape-convictions |website=Aurora Advocate }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oklahoma ===
A [[Oklahoma]], fyade da matar ta yi za a iya tuhuma ne kawai a karkashin sashi (B) na Sashe na 1111 - Rape Defined wanda ya ce:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=69602 Oscn.net]&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Blockquote|B. Rape is an act of sexual intercourse accomplished with a male or female who is the spouse of the perpetrator if force or violence is used or threatened, accompanied by apparent power of execution to the victim or to another person.}}
Misali, mutum a Oklahoma ba zai iya cajin mijinta ba don fyade idan an tilasta masa ya miƙa wuya saboda kwayoyi &quot;wanda ko tare da sirrin wanda ake tuhuma ke yi amfani da shi a matsayin hanyar tilasta wa wanda aka azabtar ya miƙa kansa&quot;, ko kuma lokacin da ta / shi ba tare da sanin komai ba, kamar yadda ake aiwatar da waɗannan yanayi a ƙarƙashin sashi (A) na Sashe na 1111 wanda ke bayyana fyade a matsayin jima'i &quot;tare da namiji ko mace wanda ba matar mai aikata laifin ba&quot;.

=== Tsibirin Rhode ===
A cikin Rhode Island, Mataki na 11-37-2 &quot;Rashin cin zarafin jima'i na farko&quot;, yana da sassan huɗu; yayin da sassan 2, 3 da 4 suka shafi ma'aurata, sashi na 1 ba haka ba; ya karanta: &quot;Mai tuhuma, ba matar ba, ya san ko yana da dalilin sanin cewa wanda aka azabtar ba shi da hankali, na hankali, ko kuma ba shi da taimako. &quot;  Wannan yana da sakamakon cirewa daga gurfanar da shi, a tsakanin sauran yanayi, abubuwan da suka faru inda wanda aka azabtur ya yi masa miyagun ƙwayoyi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/TITLE11/11-37/11-37-2.HTM Webserver.rilin.state.ri.us]&lt;/ref&gt;  (&quot;Mentally incapacitated&quot; an bayyana shi ta hanyar doka a matsayin: &quot;mutumin da aka sanya shi na ɗan lokaci ba zai iya tantancewa ko sarrafa halinsa ba saboda tasirin narcotic, anesthetic, ko wani abu da aka ba wa mutumin ba tare da yardarsa ba, ko kuma wanda ba zai iya sadarwa da rashin son shiga cikin aikin ba&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/TITLE11/11-37/11-37-1.HTM Webserver.rilin.state.ri.us]&lt;/ref&gt; ) 

=== Kudancin Carolina ===
Dokar [[South Carolina|Kudancin Carolina]] game da &quot;Halin Jima'i da Laifuka na Laifi&quot; (Title 16, Babi na 3, Mataki na 7 na Dokokin SC) ya ba da ma'anoni daban-daban da azabtarwa tsakanin fyade da matar da wasu bangarorin. Cin zarafin jima'i na farko da na biyu yana ɗauke da matsakaicin hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na shekaru 30 da 20,   bi da bi, yayin da shekaru 10 shine matsakaicin hukunci don fyade na aure. &lt;ref name=&quot;16-3-652&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Carolina Code 16-3-652. Criminal sexual conduct in the first degree |url=https://www.lawserver.com/law/state/south-carolina/sc-code/south_carolina_code_16-3-652 |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=LawServer.com |archive-date=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718200316/https://www.lawserver.com/law/state/south-carolina/sc-code/south_carolina_code_16-3-652 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;16-3-653&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Carolina Code 16-3-653. Criminal sexual conduct in the second degree |url=https://www.lawserver.com/law/state/south-carolina/sc-code/south_carolina_code_16-3-653 |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=LawServer.com |archive-date=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718200329/https://www.lawserver.com/law/state/south-carolina/sc-code/south_carolina_code_16-3-653 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;16-3-615&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Carolina Code 16-3-615. Spousal sexual battery |url=http://www.lawserver.com/law/state/south-carolina/sc-code/south_carolina_code_16-3-615 |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=LawServer.com |archive-date=21 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721124957/https://www.lawserver.com/law/state/south-carolina/sc-code/south_carolina_code_16-3-615 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Don gurfanar da shi, dole ne wanda aka yi wa aure ya ba da rahoton fyade a cikin kwanaki 30, koda kuwa suna zaune daban daga matansu.

Kudancin Carolina Code 16-3-615, mai taken Matar jima'i, ya karanta:
{{Blockquote|Sexual battery, as defined in Section 16-3-651(h), when accomplished through use of aggravated force, defined as the use or the threat of use of a weapon or the use or threat of use of physical force or physical violence of a high and aggravated nature, by one spouse against the other spouse if they are living together, constitutes the felony of spousal sexual battery and, upon conviction, a person must be imprisoned not more than ten years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawserver.com/law/state/south-carolina/sc-code/south_carolina_code_16-3-615|title=South Carolina Code 16-3-615. Spousal sexual battery|website=LawServer|access-date=2024-09-02|archive-date=2024-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902210340/https://www.lawserver.com/law/state/south-carolina/sc-code/south_carolina_code_16-3-615|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Wannan ma'anar ba ta haɗa da duk nau'ikan karfi a ƙarƙashin ma'anar cin zarafin jima'i na farko ba, kamar fyade tare da ayyukan laifi - kamar tsare-tsare, satar mutane, fataucin mutane, ko cin hanci da rashawa - ko shari'o'in da mai fyade ya yi wa wanda aka yi wa aure miyagun ƙwayoyi.

A cikin yanayin aikata laifuka na jima'i lokacin da wanda aka azabtar da mai aikata laifukan suka yi aure amma ba sa zama tare a matsayin ma'aurata, nau'ikan cin zarafin jima'i na farko da na biyu an haɗa su a cikin ma'anar fyade, amma ba nau'ikan digiri na uku ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;16-3-654&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Carolina Code 16-3-654. Criminal sexual conduct in the third degree |url=https://www.lawserver.com/law/state/south-carolina/sc-code/south_carolina_code_16-3-654 |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=LawServer.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, alal misali, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da fyade ga matar da aka raba ku da ita ya saɓa da doka, amma idan ba su iya ba da izini ba saboda abubuwan da suka ɗauki kansu ko kuma wani ɓangare na uku ya ba su, yin jima'i da su ba a bayyana su a matsayin fyade ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;16-3-658&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Carolina Code 16-3-658. Criminal sexual conduct; when victim is spouse |url=https://www.lawserver.com/law/state/south-carolina/sc-code/south_carolina_code_16-3-658 |access-date=18 July 2019 |website=LawServer.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Virginia ===
A [[Virginia]], babban bambanci ya kasance a cikin hukunci. A wasu yanayi, idan wanda aka azabtar da lauyan Commonwealth sun yarda, mai aikata laifin zai iya yin shirin magani, wanda idan an kammala shi cikin nasara, ya maye gurbin kowane hukunci. Wannan na iya faruwa idan &quot;kotun ta sami irin wannan mataki zai inganta kula da sashin iyali kuma ya kasance mafi kyawun shaidar da ke gunaguni&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/18.2-61/ Leg1.state.va.us]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shekarar aure da shekarun yarda ==
Yaro da [[Auren dole|auren tilasta]] a Amurka sun zo ga karuwar bincike a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Child Marriage in America: Current Laws Are Failing to Protect Vulnerable Children and Teens « Tahirih Justice Center |url=http://www.tahirih.org/news/child-marriage-happens-in-the-u-s-too/ |website=www.tahirih.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake shekarun aure gabaɗaya 18 ne a mafi yawan Amurka, jihohi 40 suna ba da izinin aure a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 tare da yardar iyaye da / ko kotu. Irin waɗannan banbanci na iya haifar da rikice-rikice tsakanin dokokin shekarun yarda da shekarun aure, tare da yawancin dokokin fyade na doka da ke haifar da banbanci ga yara da ke cikin jima'i da matansu na doka - kodayake irin waɗannan yara ba za su iya yarda da jima'i ba. Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Rhode Island, da New York sun kafa doka don hana duk auren yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18, ba tare da banbanci ba.

A cikin [[Iowa]], alal misali, sashi na (2) na labarin 709.4 Cin zarafin jima'i a mataki na uku, ya cire ayyukan jima'i da manya suka aikata tare da yara tun suna da shekaru 12, idan dai bangarorin suna &quot;suna zaune tare a matsayin miji da matarsu&quot;.  Wannan ba kawai yana nufin auren doka ba, amma yana iya amfani da auren doka na yau da kullun. Iowa kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 10, da kuma Gundumar Columbia, wanda ya amince da auren doka ta al'ada, kodayake yana buƙatar, &quot;shaida mai mahimmanci na niyyar yanzu da yarjejeniya don yin aure, ci gaba da zama tare, da kuma sanarwar jama'a cewa bangarorin miji ne da mata&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;agdocket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tidgren |first=Kristine |date=6 September 2016 |title=Iowa Court of Appeals Says Common-Law Marriage Established |url=https://www.calt.iastate.edu/blogpost/iowa-court-appeals-says-common-law-marriage-established |access-date=22 June 2019 |website=The AG Docket: Perspective on Current Agricultural Law Issues |publisher=Iowa State University Center for Agricultural Law and Taxation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2012, wani mutum wanda ya sami budurwarsa mai shekaru 13 da ke zaune a ciki ya yi ƙoƙari ya dogara da wannan doka. Mutumin, wanda ya fito ne daga Mexico, ya yi jayayya cewa bisa ga ka'idojin kamar yadda suke a cikin al'adunsa, dangantakarsu &quot;kamar auren gwaji ne&quot;. Kotun ta ki amincewa da wannan gardamar, ta yanke hukuncin cewa za a iya amfani da wannan izinin ne kawai idan ma'auratan &quot;sun kasance tare a matsayin miji da matar, ko doka ta kowa ko kuma a'a, ba idan kawai sun yi imani da hakan ba.&lt;ref&gt;[http://statecasefiles.justia.com/documents/iowa/court-of-appeals/2-660-11-1305.pdf?ts=1346943878 Statecasefiles.justia.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150419023318/http://texaslawhelp.org/files/685E99A9-A3EB-6584-CA74-137E0474AE2C/attachments/BFA48673-8514-441E-8BC3-40625F79CC9C/rapeinmarriage.pdf Rashin Cin zarafin aure da Dokar]
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    <title>Emily Whitmire</title>
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{{databox}}
'''Emily Anne Whitmire''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1991) &lt;ref&gt;[http://boxing.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/boxingnvgov/content/results/2020_Results/08-29-20MMA.pdf Mixed martial arts show results Date: August 29, 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta kasar Amurka (MMA) wacce a halin yanzu ke fafatawa a rukunin Strawweight na Invicta FC . Ta taba taka leda a gasar Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).

== Tarihi ==
Yar Mitch da Tiffany Whitmire, an haife ta ne a Washougal, Washington .  Mahaifinta - zakara a gwagwarmayar jihar Washington - ya mutu a hatsarin mota lokacin da take da watanni kawai. Iyalinta sun koma Camas, Washington, sannan zuwa Vancouver inda ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Skyview .  Emily ta girma dawakai masu tsere, tana mafarkin tsere a cikin Rodeo na Ƙarshe na Ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;knpr15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dan Hernandez |date=August 27, 2015 |title=Hitting it big |url=https://knpr.org/desert-companion/2015-08/hitting-it-big |website=[[KNPR]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi masa maye bayan ya shiga cikin mashaya tare da ID na karya a matsayin mai shekaru 18, Whitmire ya yi wasa da Lisa Ellis kuma wasan ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi duk da rasa. Bayan abin da ya faru, ta fara horo a dakin motsa jiki na Portland kuma tana yin wasannin amateur kafin a gayyace ta don horar da ita a Xtreme Couture a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;knpr15&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyukan zane-zane na mixed ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Whitmire ta fara sana'arta ta MMA a shekarar 2015 kuma ta tara rikodin 2-1 kafin ta shiga cikin jerin gasar The Ultimate Fighter 26 UFC TV MMA wanda UFC ta sanya hannu a kanta bayan wasan kwaikwayon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sherdog.com |title=Emily |url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Emily-Whitmire-61380 |access-date=2019-02-19 |website=Sherdog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Babban Mai Yaki ===
A watan Agustan 2017, an ba da sanarwar cewa Whitmire na ɗaya daga cikin mayakan da aka nuna a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen UFC TV, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-09-06 |title=Meet 'The Ultimate Fighter 26' cast: Emily Whitmire, who used a fake ID to make her unplanned MMA debut |url=https://mmajunkie.com/2017/09/the-ultimate-fighter-26-cast-emily-whitmire-fake-id-unplanned-mma-debut |access-date=2019-02-19 |website=MMAjunkie |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda za a yi amfani da tsarin lashe gasar UFC ta farko ta 125-pound. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=2017-08-05 |title='The Ultimate Fighter 26' cast revealed: Who's vying to become 1st UFC women's flyweight champ? |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/08/ufc-ultimate-fighter-26-cast-revealed-inaugural-womens-flyweight-title |access-date=2019-02-18 |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zagaye na farko, Whitmire ta fuskanci Christina Marks  kuma ta lashe yakin ta hanyar mika wuya a zagaye na ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-10-19 |title=Episode No. 7 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 26: A New World Champion' |url=https://mmajunkie.com/2017/10/episode-no-7-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-26-a-new-world-champion |access-date=2019-02-19 |website=MMAjunkie |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mmajunkie.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-11-02 |title=Episode No. 8 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 26: A New World Champion' |url=https://mmajunkie.com/2017/11/episode-no-8-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-26-a-new-world-champion |access-date=2019-02-19 |website=MMAjunkie |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwata-kwata, ta fuskanci Roxanne Modafferi  kuma ta rasa wasan ta hanyar buga kwallo. &lt;ref name=&quot;mmajunkie.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-11-09 |title=Episode No. 9 recap: 'The Ultimate Fighter 26: A New World Champion' |url=https://mmajunkie.com/2017/11/episode-no-9-recap-the-ultimate-fighter-26-a-new-world-champion |access-date=2019-02-19 |website=MMAjunkie |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gasar Gwagwarmaya ta Ƙarshe ===
Whitmire ta fara UFC a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2017, a kan The Ultimate Fighter 26 Finale da Gillian Robertson . Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar miƙa wuya a zagaye na farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-12-02 |title=TUF 26 Finale results: Gillian Robertson taps 'TUF' teammate Emily Whitmire in first |url=https://mmajunkie.com/2017/12/tuf-26-finale-results-gillian-robertson-taps-tuf-teammate-emily-whitmire-in-first |access-date=2019-02-19 |website=MMAjunkie |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yaƙin da ta yi na gaba ya zo ne a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2018, a UFC 226 da Jamie Moyle . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sherdog.com |title=Jamie Moyle-Emily Whitmire Strawweight Tilt Added to UFC 226 Lineup |url=https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Jamie-MoyleEmily-Whitmire-Strawweight-Tilt-Added-to-UFC-226-Lineup-137009 |access-date=2019-02-19 |website=Sherdog}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-07 |title=UFC 226 results: Emily Whitmire decisions Jamie Moyle to rebound from debut loss |url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/07/ufc-226-results-emily-whitmire-decisions-jamie-moyle-to-rebound-from-debut-loss |access-date=2019-02-19 |website=MMAjunkie |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2019, Whitmire ta fuskanci Aleksandra Albu a UFC a kan ESPN 1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DNA |first=MMA |title=Veel gevechten van gecancelde UFC 233 card verplaatst naar andere evenementen |url=http://mmadna.nl/veel-gevechten-van-gecancelde-ufc-233-card-verplaatst-naar-andere-evenementen/ |access-date=2019-02-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar mika wuya kawai minti daya a zagaye na farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-17 |title=UFC on ESPN 1 results: Emily Whitmire needs just 61 seconds to submit Alexandra Albu |url=https://mmajunkie.com/2019/02/ufc-on-espn-1-results-emily-whitmire-needs-just-61-seconds-to-submit-alexandra-albu |access-date=2019-02-19 |website=MMAjunkie |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Whitmire ta fuskanci sabon mai gabatarwa Amanda Ribas a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2019, a UFC a kan ESPN 3. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amanda Ribas tem pena reduzida, e UFC marca estreia contra Emily Whitmire, 29 de junho |url=https://sportv.globo.com/site/combate/noticia/amanda-ribas-tem-pena-reduzida-e-ufc-marca-estreia-contra-emily-whitmire-29-de-junho.ghtml |access-date=2019-05-04 |website=Sportv |language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar mika wuya a baya a zagaye na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bitter |first=Shawn |date=2019-06-29 |title=UFC Minneapolis Results: Amanda Ribas Impressively Submits Emily Whitmire In Round Two |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/06/29/ufc-minneapolis-results-amanda-ribas-submits-emily-whitmire-round-two/ |access-date=2019-06-30 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Whitmire don fuskantar [[Polyana Viana]] a ranar 7 ga Maris, 2020, a UFC 248. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DNA |first=MMA |title=Emily Whitmire treft Polyana Viana tijdens UFC 248 in Las Vegas |url=https://mmadna.nl/emily-whitmire-treft-polyana-viana-tijdens-ufc-248-in-las-vegas/ |access-date=2019-12-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ma'auni, Whitmire ya auna a 117.5 fam, 1.5 fam a kan iyakar gwagwarmayar da ba ta da lakabi na 116. An ci tarar ta kashi 20% na jakarta kuma ana sa ran gwagwarmayarta da [[Polyana Viana]] za ta ci gaba kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin nauyin kamawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nolan King |date=2020-03-06 |title=UFC 248 weigh-in results: champions, challengers hit marks; one undercard fighter misses |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/03/ufc-248-israel-adesanya-yoel-romero-zhang-weili-joanna-jedrzejczyk-weigh-in-results-live-video-stream |access-date=2020-03-06 |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya, an kwantar da Whitmire a asibiti a ranar da aka gudanar da taron kuma an soke yakin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MMA Weekly Staff |date=2020-03-07 |title=UFC 248 preliminary bout scratched last minute due to medical concerns |url=https://www.yahoo.com/sports/ufc-248-preliminary-bout-scratched-194153259.html |access-date=2020-03-07 |publisher=yahoo.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake tsara su a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2020, a UFC Fight Night 175 a cikin wani tsalle-tsalle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DNA |first=MMA |title=Tweede poging voor Emily Whitmire vs. Polyana Viana, ditmaal in de Flyweight divisie |url=https://mmadna.nl/tweede-poging-voor-emily-whitmire-vs-polyana-viana-ditmaal-in-de-flyweight-divisie/ |access-date=2020-07-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Whitmire ya rasa yakin ta hanyar mika wuya a zagaye na farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2020-08-29 |title=UFC Vegas 8 Results: Polyana Viana Secures Quick Submission Against Emily Whitmire |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2020/08/29/ufc-vegas-8-results-emily-whitmire-vs-polyana-viana/ |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana sa ran Whitmire za ta fuskanci Hannah Cifers a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2021 a UFC Fight Night: Rozenstruik vs. Gane . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Redactie |date=2020-12-22 |title=Emily Whitmire vs. Hannah Cifers added to UFC event on February 27 |url=https://mmadna.nl/emily-whitmire-vs-hannah-cifers-toegevoegd-aan-ufc-evenement-op-27-februari/ |access-date=2020-12-22 |publisher=mmadna.nl}} {{In lang|nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, Cifers ya fice saboda dalilan da ba a bayyana ba kuma Sam Hughes ya maye gurbinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;HughesIn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mike Heck and Steven Marrocco |date=2021-02-03 |title=With Hannah Cifers out, Emily Whitmire now expected to face Sam Hughes at UFC Vegas 20 |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/2/3/22264945/with-hannah-cifers-out-emily-whitmire-now-expected-to-face-sam-hughes-at-ufc-vegas-20 |access-date=2021-02-03 |publisher=mmafighting.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan, an cire Whitmire daga wasan a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu saboda dalilan da ba a bayyana ba,  kuma an soke wasan. &lt;ref name=&quot;WhitmireOut&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Danny Segura |date=2021-02-14 |title=Sam Hughes vs. Emily Whitmire off UFC Fight Night 186 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2021/02/sam-hughes-vs-emily-whitmire-off-ufc-fight-night-186-booking-women-mma |access-date=2021-02-14 |publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-14 |title=Sam Hughes vs. Emily Whitmire off UFC Fight Night 186 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2021/02/sam-hughes-vs-emily-whitmire-off-ufc-fight-night-186-booking-women-mma |access-date=2021-02-15 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana sa ran Whitmire zai fuskanci Cory McKenna a UFC Fight Night 192 a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farah Hannoun |date=July 29, 2021 |title=Cory McKenna vs. Emily Whitmire added to UFC Fight Night on Sept. 18 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2021/07/ufc-news-cory-mckenna-vs-emily-whitmire-strawweight-fight-night-sept-18 |website=[[MMAjunkie.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, an cire McKenna daga taron saboda dalilan da ba a bayyana ba kuma Hannah Goldy ta maye gurbin ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=McKenna absent, Hannah Goldy affronte Emily Whitmire à l’UFC Fight Night le 18 septembre – Marseille News |url=https://www.marseillenews.net/mckenna-absent-hannah-goldy-affronte-emily-whitmire-a-lufc-fight-night-le-18-septembre.html |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=www.marseillenews.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Whitmire ya rasa yakin ta hanyar armbar a zagaye na farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evanoff |first=Josh |date=2021-09-18 |title=UFC Vegas 37 Results: Hannah Goldy Submits Emily Whitmire |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/09/18/ufc-vegas-37-results-hannah-goldy-submits-emily-whitmire/ |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan asarar, an sanar da Whitmire ba zai kasance cikin jerin sunayen UFC ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-03 |title=Thomas Almeida, Emily Whitmire among 5 fighters no longer on UFC. Whitmire  never really belonged in the UFC and should seek a different career  roster |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-news-thomas-almeida-emily-whitmire-alpar-rodriguez-arroyo |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gasar Gwagwarmayar Invicta ===
An shirya Whitmire don fuskantar Hilarie Rose a ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2022 a Invicta FC 45. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-12-15 |title=Invicta FC 45 set for Jan. 12, headlined by Alesha Zappitella vs. Jessica Delboni title rematch |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2021/12/invicta-fc-45-alesha-zappitella-vs-jessica-delboni-title-rematch |access-date=2021-12-16 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi tsage wasan ne saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-02 |title=Invicta FC 45: Helen Peralta vs. Elise Pone added |url=https://www.mmacrossfire.com/2022/01/02/invicta-fc-45-helen-peralta-vs-elise-pone-added/ |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=MMA Crossfire |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gasar Cin Kofin Fury ===
An shirya Whitmire don fuskantar Celine Haga a ranar 27 ga Maris, 2022 a Fury FC 59 amma an jinkirta wasan bayan Whitmire ya ji rauni. An sake tsara wasan don ya faru a Fury FC 67 a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, 2022 amma an sake soke shi.

== Rubuce-rubucen zane-zane ==
{{MMArecordbox|draws=|nc=|ko-wins=|sub-wins=1|dec-wins=3|ko-losses=|sub-losses=5|dec-losses=|dq-wins=|dq-losses=|other-losses=}}{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|4–5
|[[Hannah Goldy]]
| Submission (armbar)
| [[UFC Fight Night: Smith vs. Spann]]
| {{dts|2021|September|18}}
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:17
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
| {{Small|Flyweight bout.}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|4–4
|[[Polyana Viana]]
|Submission (armbar)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Smith vs. Rakić]]
|{{dts|2020|August|29}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:53
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 4–3
|[[Amanda Ribas]]
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|[[UFC on ESPN: Ngannou vs. dos Santos]] 
|{{dts|2019|June|29}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:10
|[[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], United States
|
|-
|{{Yes2}}Win
|align=center| 4–2
|[[Aleksandra Albu]]
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|[[UFC on ESPN: Ngannou vs. Velasquez]]
|{{dts|2019|February|17}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 1:01
|[[Phoenix, Arizona]], United States
|
|-
|{{Yes2}}Win
|align=center| 3–2
|[[Jamie Moyle]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC 226]]
|{{dts|2018|July|07}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{Small|Return to Strawweight.}}
|-
|{{No2}}Loss
|align=center| 2–2
|[[Gillian Robertson]]
|Submission (armbar)
|[[The Ultimate Fighter: A New World Champion#The Ultimate Fighter 26 Finale|The Ultimate Fighter: A New World Champion Finale]]
|{{dts|2017|December|01}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 2:12
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{Small|Flyweight debut.}}
|-
|{{Yes2}}Win
|align=center| 2–1
|Ronni Nanney
|Decision (unanimous)
|Extreme Beatdown: Beatdown 20
|{{dts|2017|March|18}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
|[[New Town, North Dakota]], United States
|
|-
|{{No2}}Loss
|align=center| 1–1
|Kelly D'Angelo
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|RFA 44
|{{dts|2016|September|30}}
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 3:46
|[[St. Charles, Missouri]], United States
|
|-
|{{Yes2}}Win
|align=center| 1–0
|[[Emily Ducote]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|Freestyle Cage Fighting 50
|{{dts|2015|September|19}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
|[[Shawnee, Oklahoma]], United States
|{{Small|Strawweight debut.}}
|-
{{End}}{{MMA exhibition record box|ko-wins=|ko-losses=1|sub-wins=1|sub-losses=|dec-wins=|dec-losses=}}{{MMA record start}}
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
| align=center | 1–1
| [[Roxanne Modafferi]]
| TKO (elbows)
|rowspan=2| [[The Ultimate Fighter: A New World Champion]]
| {{dts|2017|November|8}} (air date)
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 4:59
|rowspan=2| [[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
| {{Small|TUF 26 Quarter-final round}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
| align=center | 1–0
| Christina Marks
| Verbal Submission (armbar)
| {{dts|2017|November|01}} (air date)
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 0:40
| {{Small|TUF 26 preliminary round}}
{{End}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin mata masu zane-zane

== manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Emily WhitmireaUFC
* Professional MMA record for Emily WhitmiredagaSherdog
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>o3d928tws231b5h4jme6y4yh8xfztf5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Felice Herrig</title>
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{{Databox}}
Felice Nicole Herrig, (an haife ta a watan Satumba 18, shekara ta 1984) ɗan wasan kickboxer ne ɗan Amurka mai ritaya, Muay Thai mayaƙi, kuma gauraya mai fasaha wanda ya fafata a Gasar Ƙarshen Yaƙin Yaƙi (UFC) a cikin rukunin bambaro.

== Fage ==
An haifi Herrig a Buffalo Grove, Illinois . Ta na da ƙane, wanda ya mutu daga ciwon daji na pancreatic yana da shekaru biyu. [1] Herrig ta fara aikinta na yin kickboxing da Muay Thai kafin ta koma MMA a 2009. [2] Herrig ya sauke karatu daga Buffalo Grove High School a 2003.

== Aikin Kickboxing ==
[[Fayil:Felice_Herrig_fighting_at_Muay_Thai_Mayhem_XIV_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb| Herrig a wani wasa a Muay Thai Mayhem XIV a birnin New York ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2009]]
Kafin yunƙurin Herrig zuwa gaurayawar fasahar martial, ta riƙe ƙwararriyar rikodin kickboxing na 23–5. &lt;ref name=&quot;UFCprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Felice Herrig - Official UFC Fighter Profile |url=http://www.ufc.com/fighter/Felice-Herrig |access-date=April 19, 2015 |publisher=UFC.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi mata matsayi mai girma zuwa lamba 2 a Duniya a cikin IKF International Kickboxing Federation Pro Women's Muay Thai Bantamweight Division.

A matsayin pro kickboxer, Herrig ya lashe taken International Kickboxing Pro Muay Thai United States Bantamweight Title. Ta lashe taken a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2008, a Chicago, Illinois, Amurka, lokacin da ta doke Katie Meehan ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya (49-46, 48–47, 49–46).

A matsayinta na mai son, ta kasance zakaran Budaddiyar Gasar Kickboxing ta Duniya sau biyu.

A ranar 21 ga Agusta, 2005, Herrig ya zama 2005 IKF North American Classic Amateur Full Contact Dokokin Bantamweight Championship Champion lokacin da ta doke Terri Faransa na Little Rock, Arkansas, US, ta hanyar yanke shawara 30 – 27 gabaɗaya akan duk katunan alkalai 3.

A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2006, Herrig ta kare taken gasar IKF a 2006 IKF World Classic lokacin da ta doke Stacy Chung na Thunder Bay, Ontario, Kanada ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya 29 – 28 akan dukkan katunan alkalai 3.

Ta kuma yi takara a World Combat League tare da St. Louis Enforcers. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-08-18 |title=MMA Fighter Felice Herrig is Bantering with Brian Dryfhout |url=http://www.mouthpiecesports.com/media/mma-fighter-felice-herrig-is-bantering-with-brian-dryfhout-22562/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218085108/http://www.mouthpiecesports.com/media/mma-fighter-felice-herrig-is-bantering-with-brian-dryfhout-22562/ |archive-date=2009-12-18 |access-date=2010-04-16 |publisher=MouthpieceSports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha ==
[[Fayil:VCJCS_2019_USO_Tour_190331-D-SW162-1254_(40544642293).jpg|left|thumb| Felice Herrig a filin jirgin saman Bagram, Afghanistan; Tasha ta biyu akan Tafiyar Mataimakin Shugaban {asa ta USO, Maris 31, 2019.]]
Herrig ta fito a cikin Fight Girls a cikin 2007 akan Oxygen kuma ta yi nasara a yakinta a [[Tailan|Thailand]] da zakaran fadan Thai. &lt;ref name=&quot;FIGHTHYPE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-08-06 |title=Felice Herrig: &quot;Girls Want Nothing To Do With My Standup&quot; |url=http://fighthype.com/pages/content5394.html |access-date=2009-08-19 |publisher=FightHype.com |archive-date=2009-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809105327/http://fighthype.com/pages/content5394.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya an shirya ta fito a wani wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya game da MMA na mata da ake kira Ƙalubalen Mata na Ƙarshe . &lt;ref name=&quot;FIGHTHYPE&quot; /&gt;

Herrig ta fuskanci Iman Achhal a UWC: Man &quot;O&quot; War a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2009, a farkon MMA. Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-02-22 |title=Easton Captures UWC Gold; Patterson Victorious |url=http://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/Easton-Captures-UWC-Gold-Patterson-Victorious-16298 |access-date=2010-04-16 |publisher=Sherdog.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fuskanci Michele Gutierrez a Unconquered 1: Nuwamba Mulki a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 2009, kuma ta ci nasara a yakin ta hanyar mika wuya a zagaye na biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-12-03 |title=Highlights of Felice Herrig's First MMA Victory |url=http://chicagosmma.com/2009/12/highlights-of-felice-herrigs-first-mma-victory/ |access-date=2010-04-16 |publisher=ChicagosMMA.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Herrig ya fuskanci Jessica Rakoczy a Bellator 14 a kan Afrilu 15, 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-04-14 |title=Askren, Thomas Cleared for Bellator 14 |url=http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Askren-Thomas-Cleared-for-Bellator-14-23877 |access-date=2010-04-16 |publisher=Sherdog.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-04-15 |title=Herrig ekes out a split decision while Curran loses in UD at Bellator |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/mma/blog/cagewriter/post/Herrig-ekes-out-a-split-decision-while-Curran-lo?urn=mma%2C234604 |access-date=2010-04-16 |publisher=YAHOO! Sports |archive-date=2010-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419105858/http://sports.yahoo.com/mma/blog/cagewriter/post/Herrig-ekes-out-a-split-decision-while-Curran-lo?urn=mma,234604 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Herrig ya fuskanci Amanda LaVoy a XFO 37 a kan Disamba 4, 2010. Ta yi nasara a yakin ne ta hanyar mika wuya a zagayen farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-12-06 |title=XFO 37 results – Jeff Curran picks up win &amp; Felice Herrig vs. Amanda LaVoy fight video |url=http://www.ultmma.com/news/index.php?itemid=1365 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926155124/http://www.ultmma.com/news/index.php?itemid=1365 |archive-date=2015-09-26 |access-date=2010-12-06 |publisher=ULTMMA.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 14 ga Janairu, 2011, Herrig ya fuskanci Barb Honchak a Hoosier Fight Club 6: Sabuwar Shekara Nemesis a Valparaiso, Indiana. Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-01-15 |title=Barb Honchak Defeats Felice Herrig At Hoosier Fight Club 6 |url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2011/01/15/barb-honchak-defeats-felice-herrig-at-hoosier-fight-club-6/ |access-date=2011-01-15 |publisher=MMARising.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Herrig ya fuskanci Andrea Miller a gasar Cagefighting Championship 3 a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2011. Ta yi nasara a yakin da TKO ta yi a zagayen farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-03-06 |title=Pulver Wins Despite Broken Foot |url=http://chicagosmma.com/2011/03/pulver-wins-despite-broken-foot/ |access-date=2011-03-06 |publisher=ChicagosMMA.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Herrig ya fuskanci Nicdali Rivera-Calanoc a XFO 39 a kan Mayu 13, 2011, a Cibiyar Sears a Hoffman Estates, Illinois. Ta yi nasara a yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MMA Recap |title=XFO 39 Results and Recap |url=http://mmarecap.com/news/XFO_39_Results_and_Recap-4281 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515104321/http://mmarecap.com/news/XFO_39_Results_and_Recap-4281 |archive-date=2011-05-15 |access-date=2011-05-13 |website=MMARecap.com |publisher=MMARecap}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sargent |first=Robert |date=2011-05-13 |title=Felice Herrig, Amanda LaVoy Earn Victories At XFO 39 |url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2011/05/13/felice-herrig-amanda-lavoy-earn-victories-at-xfo-39/ |access-date=2011-10-11 |website=MMARising.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fadan da ta shirya yi da Kelly Warren da ba a ci nasara ba a Yakin Yakin ranar 20 ga Agusta, 2011, an soke saboda Warren yana auna nauyin kilo 7. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fight Tour: Sylvia Vs Adams from Rockford, Illinois – Quick Results |url=http://www.thefightnerd.com/fight-tour-sylvia-vs-adams-from-rockford-il-quick-results/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009003127/http://www.thefightnerd.com/fight-tour-sylvia-vs-adams-from-rockford-il-quick-results/ |archive-date=2011-10-09 |access-date=2010-08-20 |publisher=TheFightNerd.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Herrig ya fuskanci Carla Esparza a XFC 15: Tribute a kan Disamba 2, 2011, a Tampa, Florida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-10-13 |title=Carla Esparza vs Felice Herrig Announced For XFC 15 |url=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2011/10/13/carla-esparza-vs-felice-herrig-announced-for-xfc-15/ |access-date=2011-10-19 |publisher=MMARising.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kayar da ita da yanke shawara gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-12-02 |title=Carla Esparza Defeats Felice Herrig In XFC 15 Co-Feature |url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2011/12/02/carla-esparza-defeats-felice-herrig-in-xfc-15-co-feature/ |access-date=2011-12-02 |publisher=MMARising.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2012, Herrig ya fuskanci Patricia Vidonic a XFC 17: Apocalypse a Jackson, Tennessee. Ta doke Vidonic da yanke shawara baki daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-04-13 |title=Felice Herrig Defeats Patricia Vidonic At XFC 17: &quot;Apocalypse&quot; |url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2012/04/13/felice-herrig-defeats-patricia-vidonic-at-xfc-17-apocalypse/ |access-date=2012-04-15 |publisher=MMARising.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Herrig na gaba ya fuskanci Simona Soukupova a XFC 19: Charlotte Showdown a kan Agusta 3, 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-06-20 |title=Felice Herrig vs Simona Soukupova Planned For XFC 19 |url=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/06/20/felice-herrig-vs-simona-soukupova-planned-for-xfc-19/ |access-date=2012-06-22 |publisher=MMARising.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ci Soukupova ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-08-03 |title=Felice Herrig Defeats Simona Soukupova In XFC 19 Co-Feature |url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2012/08/03/felice-herrig-defeats-simona-soukupova-in-xfc-19-co-feature/ |access-date=2012-08-03 |publisher=MMARising.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Herrig zai koma Bellator don fuskantar Michele Gutierrez a sake fafatawa a Bellator 84 a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-10-12 |title=Felice Herrig vs Michele Gutierrez Rematch Added To Bellator 84 |url=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/10/12/felice-herrig-vs-michele-gutierrez-rematch-added-to-bellator-84/ |access-date=2012-10-17 |publisher=MMARising.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai Gutierrez ya janye daga fafatawar a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba kuma Herrig ya fafata a karawar da suka yi da Patricia Vidonic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-12-03 |title=Gutierrez Out, Herrig Now Set To Rematch Vidonic At Bellator 84 |url=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2012/12/03/gutierrez-out-herrig-now-set-to-rematch-vidonic-at-bellator-84/ |access-date=2012-12-04 |publisher=MMARising.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-12-04 |title=Felice Herrig Gets New Opponent for Bellator 84 After Michele Gutierrez Allegedly Fakes Injury to Cover Up Weight Issues |url=http://www.cagepotato.com/felice-herrig-gets-new-opponent-for-bellator-84-after-michele-gutierrez-allegedly-fakes-injury-to-cover-up-weight-issues/ |access-date=2012-12-04 |publisher=CagePotato.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi nasara a yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-12-14 |title=Felice Herrig Defeats Patricia Vidonic In Bellator 84 Rematch |url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2012/12/14/felice-herrig-defeats-patricia-vidonic-in-bellator-84-rematch/ |access-date=2012-12-14 |publisher=MMARising.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-12-14 |title=Bellator 84 results: Herrig cruises to one-sided decision in rematch |url=http://www.mmajunkie.com/news/2012/12/bellator-84-results |access-date=2012-12-14 |publisher=MMAjunkie.com |archive-date=2012-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218100810/http://www.mmajunkie.com/news/2012/12/bellator-84-results |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Herrig na gaba ya fafata da Heather Clark a Bellator 94 a kan Maris 28, 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-02-20 |title=Felice Herrig vs Heather Clark Targeted For Bellator 94 In Florida |url=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2013/02/20/felice-herrig-vs-heather-clark-targeted-for-bellator-94-in-florida/ |access-date=2013-02-20 |publisher=MMARising.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-03-28 |title=Jessica Aguilar, Felice Herrig Victorious At Bellator 94 In Florida |url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2013/03/28/jessica-aguilar-felice-herrig-victorious-at-bellator-94-in-florida/ |access-date=2013-03-28 |publisher=MMARising.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fadan dai ya kare ne da cece-kuce yayin da bayan kararrawa ta karshe Herrig ta fitar da kukan biki a fuskar abokin karawarta, wanda ya haifar da bugun daga kai sai da Clark ya yi. Herrig ta rama da naushin nata, kafin a maido da oda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-03-31 |title=Felice Herrig apologizes for Bellator 94 scuffle with Heather Clark |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2013/03/felice-herrig-apologizes-for-bellator-94-scuffle-with-heather-clark/ |access-date=2015-03-08 |publisher=mmajunkie.com |archive-date=2015-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402182809/http://mmajunkie.com/2013/03/felice-herrig-apologizes-for-bellator-94-scuffle-with-heather-clark |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gasar Yaƙin Invicta ===
A ranar 13 ga Agusta, 2013, an sanar da cewa Herrig ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar yaƙi da yawa tare da Invicta Fighting Championships . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-08-13 |title=Felice Herrig Signs With Invicta Fighting Championships |url=http://invictafc.com/2013/08/felice-herrig-signs-with-invicta-fighting-championships/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816175921/http://invictafc.com/2013/08/felice-herrig-signs-with-invicta-fighting-championships/ |archive-date=2013-08-16 |access-date=2013-08-13 |publisher=InvictaFC.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fuskanci Tecia Torres a Invicta FC 7: Honchak vs. Smith a kan Disamba 7, 2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-10-11 |title=INVICTA FC 7 COMING TO KANSAS CITY ON DECEMBER 7TH |url=http://invictafc.com/2013/10/invicta-fc-7-coming-to-kansas-city-on-december-7th/ |access-date=2013-10-17 |publisher=InvictaFC.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-10-11 |title=Felice Herrig Set To Face Tecia Torres At Invicta FC 7 |url=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2013/10/11/felice-herrig-set-to-face-tecia-torres-at-invicta-fc-7/ |access-date=2013-10-17 |publisher=MMARising.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara.

=== ''Mafi Girma Fighter 20'' ===
Herrig shi ne mayaki na shida da ya je wurin koci Anthony Pettis . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Killian |first=Gabe |date=26 November 2014 |title=Getting to Know Your TUF 20 Strawweights: Team Pettis |url=https://mmaoddsbreaker.com/news/4565-64getting-to-know-your-tuf-20-strawweights-team-pettis |access-date=2017-12-01 |website=mmaoddsbreaker.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fuskanci abokiyar hamayyarta Heather Jo Clark a karawar da suka yi a zagayen farko na gasar. Herrig ya sake lashe yakin da yanke shawara baki daya.  Ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Randa Markos ta hanyar mika wuya a gasar zagayen kwata fainal. 

=== Gasar Yaƙin Ƙarshe ===
Yaƙin farko na Herrig bayan ''Ƙarshen Ƙarfafa'' ya kasance da Lisa Ellis a ''Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshe: Za a Ƙarƙashin Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe'' a kan Disamba 12, 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matt Erickson |date=2013-12-11 |title=TUF 20 Finale adds six fights in Las Vegas, including Herrig-Ellis, Torres-Magana |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2014/12/tuf-20-finale-adds-six-fights-in-las-vegas-including-herrig-ellis-torres-magana |access-date=2013-12-11 |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi nasara a yakin ne ta hanyar mika wuya a zagaye na biyu. 

Herrig ya fuskanci Paige VanZant a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2015, a UFC akan Fox 15 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tristen Critchfield |date=2015-01-14 |title=UFC ON FOX 15 GETS PAIGE VANZANT-FELICE HERRIG, JIM MILLER-PAUL FELDER ON APRIL 18 |url=http://sherdog.com/news/news/UFC-on-Fox-15-Gets-Paige-VanZantFelice-Herrig-Jim-MillerPaul-Felder-on-April-18-80281 |publisher=sherdog.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara da yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. 

Herrig na gaba ya fuskanci Kailin Curran a UFC akan Fox 20 akan Yuli 23, 2016. Ta yi nasara a gasar ta baya tsirara mintuna biyu kacal da fara zagayen farko. 

Herrig ya fuskanci Justine Kish a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2017, a UFC Fight Night: Chiesa vs. Lee . Ta yi nasara a yakin da yanke shawara baki daya. 

Herrig ya fuskanci Cortney Casey a kan Disamba 2, 2017, a UFC 218 .  Ta yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara. 

Herrig ya fuskanci [[Karolina Kowalkiewicz]] a kan Afrilu 7, 2018, a UFC 223 .  Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara. 

Herrig na gaba ya fuskanci Michelle Waterson a kan Oktoba 6, 2018, a UFC 229 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adam Hill |date=2018-08-09 |title=5 bouts added to McGregor-headlined UFC 229 card in Las Vegas |url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/sports/mma-ufc/5-bouts-added-to-mcgregor-headlined-ufc-229-card-in-las-vegas/ |access-date=2018-08-09 |publisher=reviewjournal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya 

Ana sa ran Herrig zai fuskanci Xiaonan Yan a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2019, a UFC 238 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marcel Dorff |date=2019-03-25 |title=Felice Herrig vs. Yan Xiaonan is the fourth women's fight for UFC 238 in Chicago |url=https://mmadna.nl/felice-herrig-vs-yan-xiaonan-is-het-vierde-vrouwengevecht-voor-ufc-238-in-chicago/ |access-date=2019-03-25 |publisher=mmadnanl.com |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2019, an ba da rahoton cewa Herrig ya sha wahala daga tsagewar ACL kuma an cire shi daga taron. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adam Guillen |date=2019-04-30 |title=Felice Herrig forced to withdraw from UFC 238 with a torn ACL |url=https://www.mmamania.com/2019/4/30/18524717/ufc-felice-herrig-forced-withdraw-ufc-238-with-torn-acl-mma |access-date=2019-05-01 |publisher=mmamania.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Herrig ya fuskanci [[Virna Jandiroba]] a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2020, a UFC 252 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Tees |date=2020-06-12 |title=Felice Herrig faces Virna Jandiroba at UFC 252 |url=https://www.fightful.com/mma/report-felice-herrig-faces-virna-jandiroba-ufc-252 |access-date=2020-06-12 |publisher=fightful.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ne ta hanyar mika wuya a zagayen farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2020-08-15 |title=UFC 252 Results: Virna Jandiroba Earns Quick Sub Over Felice Herrig |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2020/08/15/ufc-252-results-felice-herrig-vs-virna-jandiroba/ |access-date=2020-08-16 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan hutu na shekaru biyu, Herrig ya fuskanci [[Karolina Kowalkiewicz]] a kan Yuni 4, 2022, a UFC Fight Night 207 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-27 |title=Felice Herrig vs. Karolina Kowalkiewicz 2 official for UFC Fight Night 207 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2022/05/ufc-fight-night-207-felice-herrig-vs-karolina-kowalkiewicz-rematch-booked |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Herrig ya yi rashin nasara a karawar ta hanyar tsirara a baya a zagaye na biyu, inda ya yi ritaya bayan fafatawar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Law |first=Eddie |date=2022-06-04 |title=UFC Vegas 56: Karolina Kowalkiewicz Submits Herrig Via RNC, Snaps Losing Streak |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/06/04/ufc-vegas-56-felice-herrig-vs-karolina-kowalkiewicz/ |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Mookie |date=4 June 2022 |title=Video: Felice Herrig retires after UFC Vegas 56 loss to Karolina Kowalkiewicz |url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2022/6/4/23154589/video-felice-herrig-retires-after-ufc-vegas-56-loss-to-karolina-kowalkiewicz-mma-news |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=Bloody Elbow |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi ritaya daga gasar MMA bayan rashin nasara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-20 |title=2024 MMA retirement tracker: A list of those who hung up the gloves |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/2024-ufc-bellator-mma-retirement-tracker-champions-women-legends-contenders?itm_source=parsely-api |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin dambe ==
Herrig ta fara yin damben ƙwararru a karawarta da Veronika Dmitriyeva a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=Felice Herrig to make pro boxing debut in July |url=https://mymmanews.com/felice-herrig-to-make-pro-boxing-debut-in-july/ |website=mymmanews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi nasara a wasan ne ta hanyar bugun fasaha na zagaye na hudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BoxRec: Event - That's Not Me |url=https://boxrec.com/en/event/871518 |website=[[BoxRec]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mixed Martial Art Records ==
{{Reflist}}{{MMArecordbox|ko-wins=1|sub-wins=4|dec-wins=9|ko-losses=0|sub-losses=2|dec-losses=8}}

=== Rikodin nunin wasan kwaikwayo mai gauraya ===
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|14–10
|[[Karolina Kowalkiewicz]]
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Volkov vs. Rozenstruik]]
|{{dts|2022|June|04}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|4:01
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|14–9
|[[Virna Jandiroba]]
|Submission (armbar)
|[[UFC 252]]
|{{dts|2020|August|15}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:44
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|14–8
|[[Michelle Waterson]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC 229]] 
|{{dts|2018|October|6}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|- 
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|14–7
|[[Karolina Kowalkiewicz]]
|Decision (split)
|[[UFC 223]]
|{{dts|2018|April|7}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Brooklyn, New York]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|14–6
|[[Cortney Casey]]
|Decision (split)
|[[UFC 218]] 
|{{dts|2017|December|02}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|13–6
|[[Justine Kish]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Chiesa vs. Lee]]
|{{dts|2017|June|25}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|12–6
|[[Alexa Grasso]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Bermudez vs. Korean Zombie]] 
|{{dts|2017|February|04}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Houston, Texas]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|11–6
|[[Kailin Curran]]
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|[[UFC on Fox: Holm vs. Shevchenko]] 
|{{dts|2016|July|23}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:59
|[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States
|{{Small|Performance of the Night.}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|10–6
|[[Paige VanZant]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC on Fox: Machida vs. Rockhold]] 
|{{dts|2015|April|18}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Newark, New Jersey]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|10–5
|[[Lisa Ellis (fighter)|Lisa Ellis]]
|Submission (armbar)
|[[The Ultimate Fighter: A Champion Will Be Crowned#The Ultimate Fighter 20 Finale|The Ultimate Fighter: A Champion Will Be Crowned Finale]]
|{{dts|2014|December|12}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|3:05
|[[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 9–5
| [[Tecia Torres]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 7: Honchak vs. Smith|Invicta FC 7: Honchak vs. Smith]]
| {{dts|2013|December|7}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
| [[Kansas City, Missouri]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 9–4
| [[Heather Jo Clark]]
| Decision (split)
| [[Bellator Fighting Championships: Season Eight#Bellator XCIV|Bellator 94]]
| {{dts|2013|March|28}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
| [[Tampa, Florida]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 8–4
| Patricia Vidonic
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[Bellator Fighting Championships: Season Seven#Bellator LXXXIV|Bellator 84]]
| {{dts|2012|December|14}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
| [[Hammond, Indiana]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 7–4
| [[Simona Soukupova]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[Xtreme Fighting Championships#XFC 19: Charlotte Showdown|XFC 19: Charlotte Showdown]]
| {{dts|2012|August|3}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
| [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 6–4
| Patricia Vidonic
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[Xtreme Fighting Championships#XFC 17: Apocalypse|XFC 17: Apocalypse]]
| {{dts|2012|April|13}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
| [[Jackson, Tennessee]], United States
| 
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 5–4
| [[Carla Esparza]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| [[Xtreme Fighting Championships#XFC 15: Tribute|XFC 15: Tribute]]
| {{dts|2011|December|2}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
| [[Tampa, Florida]], United States
| 
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 5–3
| [[Nicdali Rivera-Calanoc]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| Xtreme Fighting Organization 39
| {{dts|2011|May|13}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
| [[Hoffman Estates, Illinois]], United States
| 
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 4–3
| Andrea Miller
| TKO (punches)
| Chicago Cagefighting Championship 3
| {{dts|2011|March|05}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 3:30
| [[Villa Park, Illinois]], United States
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 3–3
| [[Barb Honchak]]
| Decision (unanimous)
| Hoosier Fight Club 6: New Years Nemesis
| {{dts|2011|January|14}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
| [[Valparaiso, Indiana]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 3–2
| Amanda LaVoy
| Submission (armbar)
| Xtreme Fighting Organization 37
| {{dts|2010|December|04}}
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 3:35
| [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States
|
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 2–2
| [[Jessica Rakoczy]]
| Decision (split)
| [[Bellator 14]]
| {{dts|2010|April|15}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
| [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States
|{{Small|Catchweight (120 lb) bout.}}
|-
| {{yes2}}Win
|align=center| 1–2
| Michele Gutierrez
| Submission (armbar) 
| Unconquered 1: November Reign 
| {{dts|2009|November|20}}
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 2:03
| [[Coral Gables, Florida]], United States
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 0–2
| Valerie Coolbaugh
| Decision (split) 
| Xtreme Fighting Organization 29
| {{dts|2009|April|17}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
| [[Lakemoor, Illinois]], United States
|
|-
| {{no2}}Loss
|align=center| 0–1
| Iman Achhal
| Decision (split) 
| UWC: Man &quot;O&quot; War
| {{dts|2009|February|21}}
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
| [[Fairfax, Virginia]], United States
|{{Small|Catchweight (120 lb) bout.}}
{{End}}{{MMA exhibition record box|ko-wins=|ko-losses=|sub-wins=0|sub-losses=1|dec-wins=1|dec-losses=0}}

== Rikodin Kickboxing (bai cika ba) ==
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|1–1
| [[Randa Markos]]
| Submission (scarf-hold armlock)
| rowspan=2| [[The Ultimate Fighter: A Champion Will Be Crowned]]
|{{dts|2014|November|19}} (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:46 
| rowspan=2|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|{{Small|[[TUF 20]] Quarterfinal round.}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|1–0
| [[Heather Jo Clark]]
| Decision (unanimous) 
|{{dts|2014|October|22}} (airdate)
|align=center|2
|align=center|5:00
|{{Small|[[TUF 20]] Elimination round.}}
|-
{{End}}

== Ƙwararrun rikodin dambe ==
{{Kickboxing record start|norec=y|title=Kickboxing record|record='''23 wins''' (? KOs), '''5 losses''', '''0 draws'''}}
|-
|-  bgcolor=&quot;#CCFFCC&quot;
| 2009-06-16 || Win ||align=left|{{Flagicon|USA}} Emily Bearden || Muay Thai Mayhem 14 || [[New York City, New York]], US || Decision (majority) || 3 || 3:00 
|-
|-  bgcolor=&quot;#CCFFCC&quot;
| 2008-11-15 || Win ||align=left|{{Flagicon|USA}} Katie Meehan || N/A || [[Chicago, Illinois]], US || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00  
|-
|-  bgcolor=&quot;#CCFFCC&quot;
| 2005-03-18 || Win ||align=left|{{Flagicon|USA}} Liz McKay || Border Wars || [[Crystal Lake, Illinois]], US || Decision (split) || 3 || 3:00 
|-
|-
| colspan=9 | '''''Legend''''': {{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #CCFFCC}} {{legend2|#FFBBBB|Loss|border=1px solid #FFBBBB}} {{legend2|#c5d2ea|Draw/No contest|border=1px solid #c5d2ea}} {{legend2|White|Notes|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{End}}

== Bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai ==
Herrig hali ne mai iya wasa a cikin wasan bidiyo na 2011 ''Supremacy MMA'' don Xbox 360 da PlayStation 3 .  Ta kuma bayyana a cikin ''Ninja Warrior na Amurka'' a cikin 2015, da kuma a cikin 2016, amma ba ta kammala karatun farko ba. 

== Duba kuma ==

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fried plantain (Abinci)</title>
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      <text bytes="12533" sha1="pbdbv31x3a1i7fgacrrq9dpf4aq4yua" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
[[File:Beans porridge and fried plantains.jpg|Beans_porridge_and_fried_plantains|thumb|kelewele]][[File:Fried plantain with stew.jpg|Fried_plantain_with_stew|thumb|Kelewele]]'''Kelewele''' abinci ne na al’ada da ake yinsa a ƙasar Ghana, wanda ake yi da ayaba mai ɗan tsami da aka yanka a soya tare da kayan kamshi.&lt;ref&gt;name=https://travelandmunchies.com/kelewele/&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da ɗanɗano mai daɗi, kuma ana yawan amfani da shi wajen cin abincin dare ko kuma kayan ciye-ciye.&lt;ref&gt;name=https://cheflolaskitchen.com/easy-kelewele-spicy-fried-plantains/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kayan Amfani Wajen yin Kelewele ==
Kelewele ana yin sa ne da sinadarai wadanda suka haɗa da:

* '''Ayaba''' (Plantain) Ayaba mai ɗan tsami wadda ba ta cika nuna sosai ba.&lt;ref&gt;name=https://www.africanbites.com/kelewele-or-alocospicy-fried-plantains/&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Tafarnuwa''' Ana murza tafarnuwa don ƙara ɗanɗano.
* '''Barkono'''  Barkono mai ɗan yaji don ya ba kelewele ɗanɗano mai zafi.
* '''Citta''' Ana amfani da ginger don ya ƙara ƙamshi da ɗanɗano.
* '''Gishiri''' A kan ƙara gishiri domin karin ɗanɗano.

== Yadda ake yin Kelewele ==
* '''Ayaba''' Ana yanka ayaba ta yanda zata yi ƙanana kuma kaɗan siriri.

* '''Kayan Kamshi''' A hade tafarnuwa, ginger, barkono, da gishiri a murza su wuri daya.
* '''Jiƙa Ayaba da Kayan Kamshi''' A jiƙa yankakken ayaba a cikin kayan kamshi a barshi na wani ɗan lokaci don ya sha.
* '''Soyawa''' A soya ayabar cikin mai mai zafi har sai ta yi launin zinariya ta yi kauri.

== Muhimmanci Kelewele a Kasar Ghana ==

Kelewele abinci ne da ke bayyana al’adun dake kasar Ghana, kuma ana yawan cin shi a lokutan hutu ko bukukuwa. Ya shahara wajen kayan ciye-ciyen dare musamman a biranen Accra da Kumasi, inda ake siyar da shi a titunan gari. Kelewele yana dauke da carbohydrates daga ayaba, sannan yana da wasu sinadarai daga ginger da tafarnuwa wadanda ke taimakawa wajen inganta garkuwar jiki.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category: Abinci]]

== Duba kuma ==

 
* Banana guntu
* Banana fritter
* Chifle
* Jerin jita-jita na ayaba
* Tostones.
* Kayan lambu guntu

== External links ==

 
* Banana guntu
* Banana fritter
* Chifle
* Jerin jita-jita na ayaba
* Tostones.
* Kayan lambu guntu

* [https://cheflolaskitchen.com/fried-plantains/ Soyayyen Kayan girke-girke na Plantain]
* [https://cheflolaskitchen.com/fried-plantain-chips/ Soyayyen Chips Plantain]

== Karin karatu  ==

 
* Banana guntu
* Banana fritter
* Chifle
* Jerin jita-jita na ayaba
* Tostones.
* Kayan lambu guntu

* {{Cite web |date=2019-05-18 |title=Fried plantain |url=https://www.nigeriafoodrecipes.com/fried-plantain/ |access-date=2019-06-04 |website=Nigerian Food Recipes |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604013224/https://www.nigeriafoodrecipes.com/fried-plantain/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |date=2019-09-09 |title=Plantain |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/plantain |access-date=2019-09-20 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en-US}}
* http://www.raw-food-health.net/Plantains.html Archived 2022-09-29 at the Wayback Machine

* [https://cheflolaskitchen.com/fried-plantains/ Soyayyen Kayan girke-girke na Plantain]
* [https://cheflolaskitchen.com/fried-plantain-chips/ Soyayyen Chips Plantain]

== Amfani da yadda ake ci ==

 
Soyayyen plantain za a iya ba da shi azaman abun ciye-ciye, mai farawa ko abincin gefe zuwa babban hanya, kamar su shinkafa Jollof, naman barbecued mai yaji, tumatur ko wake . Ana yin shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban: gishiri ko rashin gishiri, a yanka a cikin &quot;kunnuwa&quot; ko &quot;yatsu&quot;, diced ko soyayyen gaba daya.


A cikin Mutanen Espanya na Caribbean soyayyen ciyawar kore ana cin su tare da mojo sauce a Cuba da Puerto Rico da wasakaka a Jamhuriyar Dominican, dukansu rigar tafarnuwa mai tsami. Wani lokaci ana cinye su da ketchup ko cakuda mayonnaise-ketchup. A cikin garin Cali na kasar Kolombiya na Pacific, ana cin ciyayi a soya kuma a tare da wani naxari mai suna Hogao. Ana kuma ba da ciyayi mai daɗi tare da abubuwan shiga masu daɗi a cikin Caribbean, musamman tsibiran Mutanen Espanya, Pacific Colombia da Jamaica.
[[Fayil:Aloko.jpg|thumb|''Dodo'']]
''Alloco'', kamar yadda ake kira a [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]] da [[Burkina Faso]], ana kiranta ''dodo'' ( [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]] ) a [[Najeriya]], missolè a [[Kamaru]], ''kɔkɔɔ a y'akyi'' ( [[Yaren Akan|Twi]] ) a [[Ghana]] da ''makemba'' a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . Sunan ''alloco'' (wani lokaci ana gani a matsayin ''aloko'' ) ya fito ne daga Baoulé, wata kabila da aka samu a Gabashin [[Ivory Coast]] . An samo shi daga kalmar ''loko'', wanda ke nuna idan plantain ya cika. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-04-10 |title=Alloco: Ivorian Fried Plantains |url=https://blog.arousingappetites.com/alloco-ivorian-fried-plantains/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Arousing Appetites: Home to the Serious Cook |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516092959/https://blog.arousingappetites.com/alloco-ivorian-fried-plantains/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shahararren abun ciye-ciye ne na Yammacin Afirka da aka yi da soyayyen plantain. Ana yawan amfani da shi da barkono barkono da albasa. A [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], sau da yawa yana aiki azaman gefe ko kuma ana iya cinye shi da kansa.

[[Gizdodo]] abinci ne na gefe a Najeriya mai dauke da soyayyen plantain da gasasshen gizzar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onyeakagbu |first=Adaobi |date=2018-07-04 |title=Try this simple gizzard and dodo recipe |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/gizdodo-try-this-simple-gizzard-and-dodo-recipe/yh669lq |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Alloco'' ana daukarsa a matsayin abinci mai sauri kuma ana sayar da shi a titunan [[Ivory Coast|Cote d'Ivoire]] . Wani yanki mai yawan gasasshen nama da masu sayar da abinci ''na alloco'' a unguwar Cocody ana kiransa Allocodrome, bayan wannan tasa.

==== ''Ipekere'' ====
[[Fayil:Ipekere.jpg|thumb|Ipekere]]
''Ipekere'' abun ciye-ciye ne na gargajiya na Najeriya mai tushe a cikin abincin Yarabawa. Yana da plantain chips. Ana yin shi daga ciyayi da ba su da tushe waɗanda aka yanka su cikin zagaye na sirara ko siraran sifofi a tsaye kuma a soya su sosai don cimma kyakyawan rubutu. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga harshen Yarbanci kuma an san shi sosai a duk fadin Najeriya.

Wannan abun ciye-ciye na gargajiya yana da dogon tarihi kuma ana jin daɗinsa don ɗanɗanonsa mai daɗi da sauƙi. Yana da mahimmanci a cikin abincin Yarbawa kuma mutane na kowane zamani suna jin daɗinsa a duk faɗin Najeriya. A cikin Janairun 2024, wani hoto mai hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri a shafukan sada zumunta ya nuna wata mata tana sarrafa guntun plantain tare da polythene nailan a cikin mai mai zafi; Don haka hukumar ta NAFDAC ta bukaci al’ummar Najeriya musamman jihar Legas da su yi taka-tsan-tsan wajen sayen kayan ciye-ciye, tare da tabbatar da cewa an yi musu rajista. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ubanagu |first=Makua |date=2024-01-20 |title=NAFDAC probes 'poisonous' plantain chips allegation |url=https://punchng.com/nafdac-probes-poisonous-plantain-chips-allegation/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chukwunedu |first=Chioma |date=2024-01-17 |title=Lagos State alerts residents on poisonous plantain chips |url=https://nairametrics.com/2024/01/17/lagos-state-alerts-residents-on-poisonous-plantain-chips/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Shiri =====
Don shirya ''ipekere'', cikakke plantains ana barewa kuma a yanka su cikin sirara, sifofi iri ɗaya, yawanci ta amfani da wuka ko yanki na mandoline. Ana soya su sosai har sai sun juya launin ruwan zinari, suna haifar da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=for #OunjeAladun |first=Omolabake |date=2015-03-14 |title=Ipekere (Plantain Chips) |url=https://ounjealadun.com/2015/03/14/ipekere-plantain-chips/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Ounje Aladun |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana zuba Ipekere da gishiri ko sukari. Hakanan ana iya ɗanɗana shi da kayan kamshi daban-daban, kamar barkono cayenne, ginger, garin albasa, ko garin tafarnuwa. Wasu kuma suna soya albasa da ginger tare da yankan plantain don ƙarin dandano. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Lola |date=2023-06-14 |title=Mama Gabi's Ipekere (Plantain Chips) |url=https://pan-african.net/recipe/mama-gabis-ipekere-plantain-chips/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=pan-African |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ''Kelewele'' ====
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;220px&quot; heights=&quot;160px&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Fried_plantains.jpg|alt=Plantains being fried| Ana soya Plantains
Fayil:Un_plat_d'alloco_Fried_Plantains.JPG|alt=A platter of fried plantains| A farantin soyayyen plantain
&lt;/gallery&gt;''Kelewele'' sanannen [[abinci]] ne [[Ghana|na Ghana]] wanda aka yi da soyayyen plantain da aka yi da kayan yaji.  A [[Accra]], kelewele yawanci ana sayar da su da daddare ta hanyar masu siyar da tituna, wani lokacin kuma da rana ta wajen matan }asa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;ccb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kelewele - The Congo Cookbook (African recipes) www.congocookbook.com - |url=http://www.congocookbook.com/vegetable_and_side_dish_recipes/kelewele.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201611/http://www.congocookbook.com/vegetable_and_side_dish_recipes/kelewele.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=14 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;Osseo-Asare&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Osseo-Asare |first=Fran |year=2002 |title=&quot;We Eat First With Our Eyes&quot;: On Ghanaian Cuisine |journal=Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture |publisher=University of California Press |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=49–57 |doi=10.1525/gfc.2002.2.1.49 |jstor=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Kelewele'' kuma sanannen zaɓi ne don abincin dare.  Ana yawan ba da [[Wake|ita]] tare da stew, gyada, &lt;ref name=&quot;Osseo-Asare&quot; /&gt; ko ita kaɗai a matsayin kayan zaki . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghanaian Recipes |url=http://www.ghanaianrecipes.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/sampleghanaianrecipesebook.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325173910/http://www.ghanaianrecipes.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/sampleghanaianrecipesebook.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2012 |access-date=14 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asalin asali daga [[Ghana]], ''kelewele'' ya shahara a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ta littattafan girke-girke da yawa (recipezaar, 2009)

===== TShiri =====
Ana cire tsire-tsire kuma ana iya yanke su cikin gungu ko cubes. &lt;ref name=&quot;Osseo-Asare&quot;/&gt; [[Citta|Ginger]], barkono cayenne, da [[gishiri]] sune irin kayan yaji da ake amfani da su don yin ''kelewele.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;ccb&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Osseo-Asare&quot; /&gt;  [[Albasa]], [[anise]], cloves, nutmeg, kirfa, da [[Chili foda|barkono barkono]], duk da haka, ana iya amfani dashi azaman kayan yaji. &lt;ref name=&quot;ccb&quot; /&gt; Akwai shirye-shiryen kasuwanci waɗanda zasu iya sauƙaƙe shirye-shiryen da bayar da daidaitaccen dandano. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ANIS Spices Facebook Page |url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/ANIS-Spices/218831041474906?fref=nf |access-date=9 October 2014 |website=[[Facebook]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mai|Man]] zai kasance mai zafi kuma kada plantain ya yi laushi sosai ko kuma ya sha mai da yawa.  Za a soya shi har sai [[Sukari|sukarin]] da ke cikinsa ya yi caramelize, kuma ya samar da gefuna masu launin ruwan kasa a kan plantain. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kordylas1990&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Kelewele_Seller_in_Takoradi.jpg|thumb|Kelewele mai siyarwa a Takoradi, Ghana]]
 

* Banana guntu
* Banana fritter
* Chifle
* Jerin jita-jita na ayaba
* Tostones.
* Kayan lambu guntu

* {{Cite web |date=2019-05-18 |title=Fried plantain |url=https://www.nigeriafoodrecipes.com/fried-plantain/ |access-date=2019-06-04 |website=Nigerian Food Recipes |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604013224/https://www.nigeriafoodrecipes.com/fried-plantain/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |date=2019-09-09 |title=Plantain |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/plantain |access-date=2019-09-20 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en-US}}
* http://www.raw-food-health.net/Plantains.html Archived 2022-09-29 at the Wayback Machine

* [https://cheflolaskitchen.com/fried-plantains/ Soyayyen Kayan girke-girke na Plantain]
* [https://cheflolaskitchen.com/fried-plantain-chips/ Soyayyen Chips Plantain]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Farantin hasken rana</title>
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[[Fayil:Photovoltaik_Dachanlage_Hannover_-_Schwarze_Heide_-_1_MW.jpg|thumb|Tsarin hasken rana da aka ɗora a saman rufin]]
farantin Hasken rana na'urar ce da ke canza hasken rana zuwa wutar lantarki,ta hanyar amfani da sel na photovoltaic (PV). Ana yin ƙwayoyin PV da kayan da ke samar da lantarki masu farin ciki lokacin da aka fallasa su ga haske. Electrons suna gudana ta hanyar da'ira kuma suna samar da wutar [[lantarki]] ta yanzu (DC), wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don samar da wutarৰণ na'urori daban-daban ko adanawa a cikin [[Batirin lantarki|batir]]. An kuma san '''bangarorin hasken rana''' a matsayin bangarorin sel na hasken rana, bangarorin lantarki na hasken wuta, ko kuma tsarin PV.&lt;ref&gt;https://bakandamiya.com/lantarki/&lt;/ref&gt;

farantin Hasken rana na'urar ce da ke canza hasken rana zuwa wutar lantarki,ta hanyar amfani da sel na photovoltaic (PV). Ana yin ƙwayoyin PV da kayan da ke samar da lantarki masu farin ciki lokacin da aka fallasa su ga haske. Electrons suna gudana ta hanyar da'ira kuma suna samar da wutar lantarki ta yanzu (DC), wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don samar da wutarৰণ na'urori daban-daban ko adanawa a cikin [[Batirin lantarki|batir]]. An kuma san '''bangarorin hasken rana''' a matsayin bangarorin sel na hasken rana, bangarorin lantarki na hasken wuta, ko kuma tsarin PV.

Wasu fa'idodi na bangarorin hasken rana sune cewa suna amfani da tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa da tsabta, rage hayakin gas, da kuma rage kudaden wutar lantarki. Wasu rashin amfani sune cewa sun dogara da wadata da tsananin hasken rana, suna buƙatar tsaftacewa, kuma suna da tsada mai yawa. Ana amfani da bangarorin hasken rana don zama, kasuwanci, da dalilai na masana'antu, da kuma sararin samaniya, sau da yawa tare da batir.

== Tarihi ==
A cikin 1839, ikon wasu kayan don ƙirƙirar cajin lantarki daga hasken haske ya fara lura da shi ne ta hanyar masanin kimiyyar Faransa Edmond Becquerel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=April 2009 |title=April 25, 1954: Bell Labs Demonstrates the First Practical Silicon Solar Cell |url=http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200904/physicshistory.cfm |journal=APS News |publisher=American Physical Society |volume=18 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake waɗannan bangarorin hasken rana na farko ba su da inganci sosai ga na'urorin lantarki masu sauƙi, an yi amfani da su azaman kayan aiki don auna haske.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christian |first=M |title=The history of the invention of the solar panel summary. |url=https://www.energymatters.com.au/panels-modules/ |access-date=25 January 2019 |website=Engergymatters.com |publisher=Energymatters.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken da Becquerel ya yi ba a sake maimaita shi ba har zuwa 1873, lokacin da injiniyan lantarki na Ingila Willoughby Smith ya gano cewa cajin zai iya haifar da haske da ya buga selenium. Bayan wannan binciken, William Grylls Adams da Richard Evans Day sun buga &quot;Aikin haske akan selenium&quot; a cikin 1876, suna kwatanta gwajin da suka yi amfani da shi don kwaikwayon sakamakon Smith.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=William Grylls |last2=Day |first2=R. E. |date=1 January 1877 |title=IX. The action of light on selenium |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |language=en |volume=167 |pages=313–316 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1877.0009 |issn=0261-0523 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1881, mai kirkirar Amurka Charles Fritts ya kirkiro kwamiti na farko na hasken rana, wanda Fritts ta ruwaito a matsayin &quot;ci gaba, dindindin kuma mai karfi ba kawai ta hanyar hasken rana ba har ma da hasken rana. &quot; Koyaya, waɗannan bangarorin hasken rana ba su da inganci sosai, musamman idan aka kwatanta da tashoshin wutar lantarki.

A cikin 1939, Russell Ohl ya kirkiro ƙirar tantanin hasken rana wanda ake amfani da shi a yawancin bangarorin hasken rana na zamani. Ya ba da izini ga ƙirar sa a shekara ta 1941.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ohl |first=Russell |date=27 May 1941 |title=Light-sensitive electric device |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2402662 |access-date=7 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1954, Bell Labs ne suka fara amfani da wannan ƙirar don ƙirƙirar sel na silicon na farko mai cin gashin kansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Masu shigar da bangon hasken rana sun ga ci gaba mai mahimmanci tsakanin 2008 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Solar Industry Data |url=http://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-industry-data |access-date=2014-01-13 |publisher=SEIA |archive-date=2012-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717214920/http://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-industry-data |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda wannan ci gaban yawancin masu shigarwa suna da ayyukan da ba su da &quot;mafi kyau&quot; rufin hasken rana don yin aiki tare kuma dole ne su sami mafita ga rufin inuwa da matsalolin daidaitawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 2007 |title=California Rooftop Photovoltaic (PV) Resource Assessment and Growth Potential by County |url=https://www.energy.ca.gov/2007publications/CEC-500-2007-048/CEC-500-2007-048.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213194550/https://www.energy.ca.gov/2007publications/CEC-500-2007-048/CEC-500-2007-048.PDF |archive-date=December 13, 2013 |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=[[California Energy Commission]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ƙalubalen da farko an magance shi ta hanyar sake fadada micro-inverters kuma daga baya kirkirar masu inganta wutar lantarki.

Masana'antun panel na hasken rana sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanonin micro-inverter don ƙirƙirar samfuran AC da kamfanonin inganta wutar lantarki da suka yi haɗin gwiwa da masana'antun samfuran don ƙirƙirar samfuri masu wayo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-10-23 |title=Solar Module OEMs Seeking Advantage With Inverter Electronics |url=http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Solar-Module-OEMs-Seeking-Advantage-with-Inverter-Electronics |access-date=2014-01-13 |publisher=Greentech Media}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2013 yawancin masana'antun panel na hasken rana sun sanar kuma sun fara jigilar hanyoyin da suke amfani da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-02-28 |title=Leading Solar Module OEMs To Display Next-generation Tigo Energy Technology During PV Expo Japan |url=http://www.tigoenergy.com/press-releases/leading-solar-module-oems-display-next-generation-tigo-energy-technology-during-pv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812095050/http://www.tigoenergy.com/press-releases/leading-solar-module-oems-display-next-generation-tigo-energy-technology-during-pv |archive-date=12 August 2012 |access-date=2014-01-13 |publisher=Tigo Energy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ka'ida da gini ==
[[Fayil:From_a_solar_cell_to_a_PV_system.svg|thumb|Daga tantanin hasken rana zuwa Tsarin PV]]
Modules na photovoltaic sun ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na sel na hasken rana kuma suna amfani da makamashi mai haske (photons) daga Sun don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar tasirin photovoltaic. Yawancin sassan suna amfani da sel na silicon mai laushi ko sel masu laushi. Tsarin (mai ɗaukar kaya) memba na wani tsari na iya zama ko dai saman Layer ko Layer na baya. Dole ne a kare sel daga lalacewar inji da danshi. Yawancin sassan suna da tsayi, amma wadanda ke da sassauci wanda ya dogara da sel masu laushi suna samuwa. Ana haɗa ƙwayoyin ta hanyar lantarki a cikin jerin, ɗaya zuwa ɗaya zuwa ƙarfin lantarki da ake so, sannan a layi ɗaya don ƙara halin yanzu. iko (a cikin watts) na tsarin shine ƙarfin lantarki (a cikin volts) da aka ninka ta halin yanzu (a cikin Amperes), kuma ya dogara da adadin haske da nauyin lantarki da aka haɗa da tsarin. Ana samun ƙayyadaddun masana'antu a kan bangarorin hasken rana a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, waɗanda yawanci ba yanayin aiki na gaskiya ba ne da aka fallasa bangarorin Hasken rana a wurin shigarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kifilideen |first=Osanyinpeju |last2=Adewole |first2=Aderinlewo |last3=Adetunji |first3=Olayide |last4=Emmanuel |first4=Ajisegiri |year=2018 |title=Performance Evaluation of Mono-Crystalline Photovoltaic Panels in Funaab, Alabata, Ogun State, Nigeria Weather Condition |journal=International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=8–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haɗa akwatin haɗin PV a bayan bangon hasken rana kuma yana aiki azaman ƙirar fitarwa. Haɗin waje don mafi yawan tsarin photovoltaic suna amfani da haɗin MC4 don sauƙaƙe haɗin da ke hana yanayi zuwa sauran tsarin. Hakanan ana iya amfani da wutar lantarki ta USB.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kinsella |first=Pat |date=2021-06-03 |title=Are solar chargers worth it: a useful tool or a flash in the pan gimmick? |url=https://www.advnture.com/features/should-i-buy-a-portable-solar-power-charger |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=advnture.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan bangarorin hasken rana suna amfani da bangarorin ƙarfe waɗanda suka haɗa da kayan aiki, ƙuƙwalwa, siffofin mai nunawa, da kuma kwari don inganta tsarin panel.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Hanyoyin haɗin sel ===
Ana buƙatar haɗa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin hasken rana tare don samar da tsarin, tare da wutar lantarki na gaba da ke toshe yankin hasken rana na gaba dan kadan. Don kara girman yankin da ke gaban hasken rana da kuma inganta ingancin tantanin hasken rana, masana'antun suna amfani da dabarun haɗin hasken rana na baya:

* Lantarki ta baya mai ba da haske (PERC) tana ƙara fim din polymer don kama haske
* Tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) yana ƙara wani oxidation layer zuwa fim din PERC don kama ƙarin haske &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chan |first=Keng Siew |date=2019-11-21 |title=What is a TOPCON solar cell? - |url=https://www.kschan.com/what-is-a-topcon-solar-cell/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Interdigitated back contact (IBC) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Solar Cell Technology BSF PERC TOPCON HJT IBC - Knowledge |url=https://www.dsneg.com/info/solar-cell-technology-bsf-perc-topcon-hjt-ibc-59069656.html |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=DS New Energy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rukunin tsarin PV ===
Tsarin hasken rana guda ɗaya na iya samar da iyakantaccen ƙarfin; yawancin shigarwa suna ƙunshe da ƙididdigar da ke ƙara ƙarfin lantarki ko ƙarfin lantarki. Tsarin photovoltaic yawanci ya haɗa da jerin tsarin photovoltaics, mai juyawa, batirin batir don ajiyar makamashi, mai kula da caji, haɗin kai, masu fashewa da kewayon, fuses, masu sauyawa, mita na ƙarfin lantarki, da kuma zaɓi na tsarin bin hasken rana. An zaɓi kayan aiki a hankali don inganta fitar da makamashi da ajiya, rage asarar watsa wutar lantarki, da canzawa daga halin yanzu kai tsaye zuwa halin yanzu.

=== Kayan hasken rana masu wayo ===
[[File:Smart_Module.png|thumb|Kayan aiki mai hankali]]
Kayan aiki masu wayo sun bambanta da bangarorin hasken rana na gargajiya saboda kayan lantarki da aka saka a cikin tsarin suna ba da ingantaccen aiki kamar sa ido kan iyakar ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin, saka idanu, da ingantaccen aminci.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}}[ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Kayan lantarki na wutar lantarki da aka haɗe da firam ɗin tsarin hasken rana, ko kuma an haɗa su da kewayon photovoltaic ta hanyar haɗin kai, ba a la'akari da su da kyau ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-08-23 |title=Solar Electronics, Panel Integration and the Bankability Challenge |url=http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/solar-electronics-panel-integration-and-the-bankability-challenge |access-date=2014-01-13 |publisher=Greentech Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanoni da yawa sun fara haɗa cikin kowane tsarin PV daban-daban na lantarki kamar:

* Matsakaicin sa ido na wutar lantarki (MPPT), fasahar canzawa ta DC-to-DC da aka haɓaka don haɓaka girbi na wutar lantarki daga tsarin hasken rana ta hanyar biyan diyya don tasirin inuwa, inda inuwa da ke faɗuwa a wani sashi na module ke haifar da fitar da wutar lantarki na ɗaya ko fiye na sel a cikin module ya faɗi kusa da sifili, amma ba tare da fitar da dukan module ya faɗi zuwa sifili ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-15 |title=Do Solar Panels Work In The Shade? A Complete Guide To Solar Panel Shading, Its Effect, And Its Solutions {{!}} RenewableWise |url=https://www.renewablewise.com/do-solar-panels-work-in-the-shade/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=www.renewablewise.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Masu sa ido kan aikin hasken rana don bayanai da gano kuskuren

=== Fasahar ===
Yawancin tsarin hasken rana a halin yanzu ana samar da su ne daga sel na hasken rana (c-Si) da aka yi da polycrystalline ko Monocrystalline silicon. A cikin 2021, silicon mai lu'u-lu'u ya kai kashi 95% na samar da PV a duniya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PHOTOVOLTAICS REPORT |url=https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ise/de/documents/publications/studies/Photovoltaics-Report.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Teixeira |first=Bernardo |last2=Centeno Brito |first2=Miguel |last3=Mateus |first3=Antonio |date=2024 |title=Raw materials for the Portuguese decarbonization roadmap: The case of solar photovoltaics and wind energy |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104839 |journal=Resources Policy |language=en |volume=90 |issue=104839 |doi=10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104839 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da sauran kasuwar gabaɗaya ta ƙunshi fasahar fim mai laushi ta amfani da cadmium telluride (CdTe), jan ƙarfe indium gallium selenide (CIGS) da silicon amorphous (a-Si). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2014 |title=Photovoltaics Report |url=http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/downloads-englisch/pdf-files-englisch/photovoltaics-report-slides.pdf |website=Fraunhofer ISE |pages=18, 19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fasahar hasken rana mai tasowa, ƙarni na uku tana amfani da ƙwayoyin fina-finai masu tsayi. Suna samar da sauye-sauye mai inganci sosai don ƙananan farashi idan aka kwatanta da sauran fasahar hasken rana. Har ila yau, ana amfani da kwayoyin halitta masu tsada, masu inganci, da kuma kusanci da aka ɗora su a cikin bangarorin hasken rana a kan jirgin sararin samaniya, yayin da suke ba da mafi girman rabo na ƙarfin da aka samar da kowane kilogram da aka ɗaga cikin sararin samaniya. MJ-cells sune semiconductors kuma an yi su da gallium arsenide (GaAs) da sauran kayan semiconductor. Wata fasahar PV mai tasowa ta amfani da sel na MJ shine concentrator photovoltaics (CPV).

==== Fim mai laushi ====
{{Excerpt|Thin-film solar cell}}
==manazarta==
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>John Hodge (injiniya)</title>
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'''John Dennis Hodge''' (10 ga watan [[Fabrairu]] shekarar 1929 - 19 ga watan Mayun 2021) injiniyan sararin samaniya ne na [[Birtaniya|Biritaniya]]. Ya yi aiki da CF-105 Avro Arrow jet interceptor project a Kanada. Lokacin da aka soke shi a shekarar alif 1959, ya zama memba na NASA's Space Task Group, wanda daga baya ya zama Johnson Space Center. A lokacin aikinsa na NASA, ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan jirgin da mai tsarawa. A matsayin darektan jirgin saman Gemini 8 da Neil Armstrong da Dave Scott suka yi a lokacin da ya shiga cikin jujjuyawar, Hodge an lasafta shi da samun nasarar saukar wadannan 'yan sama jannatin.

Lokacin da ya koma NASA a cikin 1980s, ya yi aiki a matsayin manaja a kan aikin 'Yancin Sararin Samaniya, wanda daga baya ya zama tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gudanarwa a Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka.

==Rayuwar farko==

==Mutuwa== 
Hodge ya mutu a gidansa a Herndon, Virginia, yana da shekaru 92 ranar 19 ga watan Mayu 2021.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun  1929]]
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    <title>Fasuwa Abayomi Johnson</title>
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'''Fasuwa Abayomi Johnson,''' wanda aka fi sani da FAJ, [[ɗan siyasa]] [[Najeriya]] ne, Ma'aikacin gwamnati, Kwalejin kimiyya kuma ɗan kasuwa, a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Tarayya]] wanda ke wakiltar [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] a cikin Hukumar Jama'a ta Kasa (NPC)  ta Najeriya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Fasuwa Abayomi Johnson a [[Ijebu ta Arewa maso Gabas|Ododeyo, Ijebu Arewa maso Gabas]], [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun, Najeriya]] . Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St. Michael, Ododeyo don karatun firamare, sannan ya koma makarantar sakandare ta Deyo Tuwo don karatun sakandare.

Johnson ya ci gaba da karatunsa mafi girma a [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo|Jami'ar Jihar Ogun (yanzu Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo, Ago Iwoye)]] , inda ya kammala karatu tare da digiri a fannin Geography da Regional Planning a shekarar 1998. A shekara ta 2004, ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin ƙasa daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] . Ya ci gaba da karatunsa kuma a shekarar 2012 ya sami Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) daga [[Jami'ar Takanolaji na Ladoke Akintola|Jami'ar Ladoke Akintola]], ƙwararre a cikin talla. A cikin 2020, Johnson ya fara digirinsa na PhD a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Jami'ar Ilimi ta Tai Solarin, yana mai da hankali kan [[Canjin yanayi]] da Gudanar da Kogin Kogin . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=hamzat |date=2018-08-30 |title=&quot;I'm In Politics To Spread Joy&quot; ...Ogun Assembly Hopeful, FAJ |url=https://globalexcellenceonline.com/im-in-politics-to-spread-joy-ogun-assembly-hopeful-faj/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=Global Excellence Online |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007110833/https://globalexcellenceonline.com/im-in-politics-to-spread-joy-ogun-assembly-hopeful-faj/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya kammala a 2024.

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyukan kamfanoni ===
Johnson ya fara sana'arsa a cikin Ayyukan kamfanoni, yana aiki a cikin shawarwari, kayan masarufi masu saurin motsi (FMCG), da kayan lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2018-08-29 |title=WHY I AM LEAVING MY BUSINESS FOR POLITICS – Fasuwa Abayomi Johnson |url=https://www.societyreporters.com/why-i-am-leaving-my-business-for-politics-fasuwa-abayomi-johnson/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=SocietyReporters {{!}} Welcome to SocietyReporters.com ...News as it happens!!! |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya fara aikinsa a [[Akintola Williams Deloitte]] a shekara ta 2003, wani kamfani mai ba da shawara, kafin ya koma [[Kamfanin Kwalabe na Najeriya|Kamfanin Bottling na Najeriya]], inda ya ba da gudummawa ga tallace-tallace da tallace-tafiyen kayayyakin [[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]]. Daga baya, ya shiga FrieslandCampina, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Manajan Tallace-tallace na Kamfanin Peak da madara. Ya kuma taka rawa a matsayin Manajan Tallace-tallace na Kasa na Royal Philips Netherlands, matsayin da ya rike daga 2013 zuwa 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
Ayyukan siyasa na Johnson ya fara ne a shekarar 2014, lokacin da ya yi takara a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ogun amma ya fadi. Ya sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 2019, kuma an zabe shi memba na majalisar dokokin jihar Ogun wanda ke wakiltar mazabar jihar Ijebu ta Arewa maso Gabas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amarachi |date=2024-03-06 |title=Senate Confirms Tinubu's Nominees, Raheem, Abayomi As NPC Commissioner |url=https://www.tori.ng/news/263759/senate-confirms-tinubus-nominees-raheem-abayomi-as.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=Tori.ng |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin mulkinsa, ya mayar da hankali kan ci gaban ababen more rayuwa da kuma shiga cikin al'umma, mazabar da kuma kananan hukumomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=OgunToday |date=2022-04-21 |title=2023: Ijebu North-East APC stakeholders endorse Ogun lawmaker, Fasuwa for second term |url=https://oguntoday.com/2023-ijebu-north-east-apc-stakeholders-endorse-ogun-lawmaker-fasuwa-for-second-term/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=Oguntoday Newspaper |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241015225404/https://oguntoday.com/2023-ijebu-north-east-apc-stakeholders-endorse-ogun-lawmaker-fasuwa-for-second-term/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-19 |title=Otunba Faj: President Tinubu Paves Way for Effective Governance - News Reporters |url=https://newsreporters.com.ng/2024/02/19/otunba-faj-president-tinubu-paves-way-for-effective-governance/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007143441/https://newsreporters.com.ng/2024/02/19/otunba-faj-president-tinubu-paves-way-for-effective-governance/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2024, an zabi Johnson a matsayin Kwamishinan [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Tarayya]] a karkashin gwamnatin [[Bola Tinubu|Shugaba Bola Tinubu]] . Ayyukansa a cikin wannan rawar sun haɗa da kula da Ayyukan ƙididdigar ƙasa da tsara yawan jama'a, kuma ya yi aiki don inganta tattara bayanai don manufofin yawan jama'ar ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

=== Hukumar Jama'a ta Kasa ===
A cikin 2024, an nada Johnson a cikin Hukumar Jama'a ta Kasa (NPC)  a matsayin Kwamishinan [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Tarayya]], wanda ke wakiltar [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]]. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da kula da ayyukan ƙidaya, tsara yawan jama'a, da kuma kula da bayanan jama'a ga al'ummar. A matsayin wani ɓangare na NPC, yana aiki don tabbatar da cewa an tattara bayanan yawan jama'ar Najeriya daidai, an bincika su, kuma an yi amfani da su don manufofi ci gaban ƙasa, musamman a fannoni kamar [[Kula da lafiya|kiwon lafiya]], ilimi, da tsara ababen more rayuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Editorial 01 |first=Premier |date=2024-03-06 |title=JUST IN: THE SENATE CONFIRMS RAHEEM AND ABAYOMI, TINUBU'S NOMINEES, AS NPC COMMISSIONERS. |url=https://thepremiernews.com/just-in-the-senate-confirms-raheem-and-abayomi-tinubus-nominees-as-npc-commissioners/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=The Premier News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Fasuwa Johnson ta yi aure, tana da 'ya'ya uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Takardun sarauta da girmamawa ==
Don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga hidimar jama'a da al'ummarsa, Johnson yana da taken Otunba Apesin na Ilugun-South Ijebu da Apesin na Igbeba Land. Taken ''Otunba'' girmamawa ce ta gargajiya a [[Najeriya]], yawanci ana ba da ita ga mutanen da suka ba da gudummawa ga al'ummominsu, sau da yawa a cikin jagoranci, taimakon jama'a, ko sabis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2017-07-03 |title=Meet AWUJALE's 50 Otunbas &amp; High Chiefs+ Why Oba SIKIRU ADETONA Likes Them |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/meet-awujales-50-otunbas-high-chiefs-oba-sikiru-adetona-likes/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Muhammad Toha (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)</title>
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'''Muhammad Toha''' (An haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan [[Janairu|Janairun]] shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Indonesia gl wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai ba da dama ga ƙungiyar Lig 1 Persita Tangerang . &lt;ref name=&quot;soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indonesia - M. Toha - Profile with news, career statistics and history |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/muhammad-toha/654432/ |access-date=11 February 2020 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kulob din ==

=== Persita Tangerang ===
An sanya hannu ga Persita Tangerang don yin wasa a Ligue 2 a kakar 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;tribunnews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kisah M Toha yang Rela Tinggalkan Satpol PP untuk Gabung ke Persita dan Lolos Promosi ke Liga 1 |url=https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2019/12/22/kisah-m-toha-yang-rela-tinggalkan-satpol-pp-untuk-gabung-ke-persita-dan-lolos-promosi-ke-liga-1 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=tribunnews}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Persita Daftarkan 25 Pemain di Liga 2 |url=https://www.beritasatu.com/bola/553641/persita-daftarkan-25-pemain-di-liga-2 |website=beritasatu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dole ne ya bar aikinsa a matsayin 'Yan sanda na gari don ya bi mafarkinsa a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2020 |title=Kisah Bek Andalan Persita Tangerang yang Ternyata Sempat Jadi Satpol PP |url=https://www.indosport.com/sepakbola/20200526/kisah-bek-andalan-persita-tangerang-yang-ternyata-sempat-jadi-satpol-pp |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=Indosport |language=id |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202074809/https://www.indosport.com/sepakbola/amp/20200526/kisah-bek-andalan-persita-tangerang-yang-ternyata-sempat-jadi-satpol-pp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Toha ya zira kwallaye na farko tare da daidaitawa a wasan 4-4 da Blitar Bandung United a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2019 |title=Persita Tahan Imbang Blitar Bandung United 4-4 |url=https://kabar6.com/persita-tahan-imbang-blitar-bandung-united-4-4/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=kabar6 |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya yi wasanni da yawa tare da Persita a cikin 2019 Liga 2, a ƙarshe Toha na iya jin mafi  girman matsayi na ƙwallon ƙafa na Indonesiya. Nasarar Persita wajen samun ci gaba zuwa Lig 1 ba za a iya raba shi da rawar da Toha ya taka ba, ya zama ɗaya  daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fi samun minti a kakar 2019 kuma ya tabbatar da yadda muhimmancin rawar da ya taka wajen kare kulob din.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 April 2020 |title=TAK KENAL TAK SAYANG - Muhammad Toha, Bek Persita yang Ubah Jalan Hidup Melalui Sepak Bola |url=https://www.bolasport.com/read/312115404/tak-kenal-tak-sayang-muhammad-toha-bek-persita-yang-ubah-jalan-hidup-melalui-sepak-bola?page=all |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=bolasport |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2020, a gudanarwar Persita ta ba da sanarwar cewa Toha da wasu 'yan wasa 11 sun tsawaita kwangilar su tare da Persita don kakar wasa mai zuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 January 2020 |title=Persita Tangerang tidak memperpanjangkontrak 15 pemain lama. Klub sepak bola ini hanya mempertahankan 12 pemain musim lalu. |url=https://m.facebook.com/abouttng/photos/a.205958543078652/1103483469992817/?type=3 |access-date=7 January 2020 |website=[[Facebook]] |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 1 ga watan [[Maris]] na shekara ta 2020, ya fara buga wasan farko na manyan 'yan  wasa ta hanyar farawa a wasan 0-0 a kan Bali United a Filin wasa na Kapten I Wayan Dipta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 March 2020 |title=Kisah Bek Persita Tangerang Menyambung Hidup dari Sepak Bola |url=https://bola.kompas.com/read/2020/03/01/15200058/kisah-bek-persita-tangerang-menyambung-hidup-dari-sepak-bola?amp=1&amp;page=2&amp;jxconn=1*2nq0vf*other_jxampid*NEVocHF1a2ZzRzdkb1VpQmdCZXN4S1dtX2drS04tZTQ0Z0N3RG9ySTRQREV6RXJMM0REU0FqRE52UWxqZUxMLQ.. |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=kompas.com |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 March 2020 |title=BALI UNITED VS. PERSITA  0 - 0 |url=https://id.soccerway.com/matches/2020/03/01/indonesia/super-liga/persisam-putra-samarinda/persita-tangerang/3238716/ |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=Soccerway |language=id}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya buga wa kulob din wasa sau 3 a cikin Liga 1 na 2020 saboda an gwagwalada dakatar da gasar a hukumance saboda annobar COVID-19.

A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan 2021, ya fara wasan sa a  gasar Liga 1 ta 2021-22 ga Persita a cikin nasara 1-2 a kan Persipura Jayapura . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 August 2021 |title=Hasil Pertandingan BRI Liga 1 Persipura Jayapura vs Persita Tangerang: Skor 1-2 |url=https://m.bola.net/indonesia/hasil-pertandingan-bri-liga-1-persipura-jayapura-vs-persita-tangerang-skor-1-2-b72e1f.html |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=bola.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, Toha ya jagoranci Persita a karo na farko a cikin manyan rukunin Lig 1 a kan Persikabo 1973. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Hasil Persita Tangerang vs Persikabo 1973 di Pekan Kedelapan Liga 1 2021-2022: Pendekar Cisadane Menang Tipis |url=https://bola.okezone.com/read/2021/10/22/49/2490249/hasil-persita-tangerang-vs-persikabo-1973-di-pekan-kedelapan-liga-1-2021-2022-pendekar-cisadane-menang-tipis |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=okezone}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Toha ya ba da gudummawa ga Taylon Correa a wasan Persita 3-3 a kan PSIS Semarang a  ranar 20 ga Maris 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 March 2022 |title=Persita 1–1 PSIS Semarang |url=https://id.soccerway.com/matches/2022/03/20/indonesia/super-liga/psis-semarang/persita-tangerang/3757492/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toha ya ƙare gwagwalada kakar 2021-22 tare da wasanni 34 da kuma taimakon 1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title=Chemistry Skuad Pendekar Cisadane Makin Terbentuk |url=https://rm.id/baca-berita/zona-sport/136727/liga-1-indonesia-chemistry-skuad-pendekar-cisadane-makin-terbentuk |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=rm.id}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 25 ga watan Yulin 2022, ya fara wasan sa a matsayin kyaftin din kulob din a gasar Liga 1 ta 2022-23 ga Persita a nasarar 2-0 a kan Persik Kediri . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 July 2022 |title=Hasil Persita vs Persik di Liga 1: Menang, Pendekar Cisadane Temani Madura &amp; Borneo di Papan Atas |url=https://m.tribunnews.com/superskor/2022/07/25/hasil-persita-vs-persik-di-liga-1-menang-pendekar-cisadane-temani-madura-borneo-di-papan-atas |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Tribunnews}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, ya buga wasan sa na 100 a kulob din yayin da Persita ta ci 1-2 a Persis Solo .  Toha ya ba da taimako biyu a nasarar Persita ta 4-1 a kan RANIN Nusantara a ranar 13 ga Disamba.

== Kididdigar aiki ==

=== Kungiyar ===
{{Updated|match played 22 December 2024}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin{{Efn|Includes [[Piala Indonesia]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Yankin nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Persita Tangerang
|2017
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Ligue 2
|6
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|6
|0
|-
|2018
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Ligue 2
|29
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|29
|0
|-
|2019
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Ligue 2
|27
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|27
|1
|-
|2020
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Lig 1
|3
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|3
|0
|-
|2021–22
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Lig 1
|34
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|3{{Efn|Appearances in [[2021 Menpora Cup|Menpora Cup]]}}
|0
|37
|0
|-
|2022–23
|Lig 1
|33
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4{{Efn|Appearances in [[Indonesia President's Cup]]}}
|0
|37
|0
|-
|2023–24
|Lig 1
|33
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|33
|0
|-
|2024–25
|Lig 1
|16
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|16
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!181
!1
!0
!0
!0
!0
!7
!0
!188
!1
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Daraja ==

=== Kungiyar ===
'''Persita Tangerang'''

* Wanda ya zo na biyu a Ligue 2: 2019

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Soccerway|muhammad-toha/654432}}
* [https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/bri_liga_1_2021-2022/muhammad_toha Muhammad Toha]{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} a Liga Indonesia
{{Persita Tangerang Squad}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gandun Daji a Indiya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="995" sha1="ds418uuftai8m0jlv7r9zjalp4nxxhn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Kayan '''gandun daji a kasar [[Indiya]]''' muhimmiyar masana'antar karkara ce kuma babbar hanyar muhalli ce. Kasar [[Indiya]] tana daya daga cikin kasashe goma mafi arziki a duniya. Tare, Indiya da wasu kasashe 9 suna da kashi 67 cikin 100 na jimlar yankin gandun daji na duniya.Yankin gandun daji na Indiya ya karu da 0.20% a kowace shekara a kan 1990-2000, kuma ya karu da kashi 0.7% a kowace shekara sama da kimanin 2000-2010, &lt;ref&gt;[2]Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010, FAO Forestry Paper 163, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011), &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-92-5-106654-6&lt;/nowiki&gt;, page 21&lt;/ref&gt;bayan shekarun da suka gabata inda lalacewar gandun daji ya kasance abin damuwa mai tsanani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.fsi.org.in/final_2011.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-01-17 |archive-date=2023-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208025853/http://www.fsi.org.in/final_2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Stub}} 
==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abam</title>
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      <text bytes="4808" sha1="s1zyjlkgif59tfrfjch8me39lkw9qcv" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Abam''' ƙabilar [[Inyamurai|Igbo]] ce a [[Abiya|jihar Abia.]]Tana cikin mazabar tarayya ta [[Arochukwu]] / [[Ohafia]] a [[Najeriya]]. Abam shine mafi girman dangi ta yawan jama'a da filaye a karamar hukumar Arochukwu, kuma daya daga cikin manyan dangi a gundumar Abia ta Arewa.

Abam ɗan'uwa ne ga Ohafia,  kamar yadda Abam da Ohafia suke da zuriya ɗaya, al'adu, yare da dai sauransu. An san zuriyar mutanen Abam da '''Onyerubi Atita'''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-01-25 |title=Abam people in politics: A true reflection - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/abam-people-in-politics-a-true-reflection/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=dailytrust.com/ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinmu na jama'a, ana kiran dangin Abam a jihar Abia da '''Abam''' '''Onyerubi.'''

A tarihi, mutanen Abam sun kasance mayaƙa masu tsauri da tsoro. Sun yi fahariya a yakin yaƙe-yaƙe, kuma sun taka rawar gani sosai a aikin sojan haya da na soja a Gabashin Nijeriya. An ba su kwangilar ne a fadin kasar Igbo da ma wajensu domin kare kai, a madadin al’ummomin da suke karkashin zalunci ko halaka daga makwabta ko makiya masu nisa. Abam warriors sune majagaba na mashahurin Ikpirikpi Ogu, wanda aka fi sani da Abam War Rawar, wanda dangin Ohafia suka daidaita da Ohafia War Dance da kuma dangin Abiriba a matsayin Abiriba War Rawar. Abam ba shi kaɗai ba yana da nagartaccen al'adar soja. Sauran dangin da ke kusa da Abam suma sun haɓaka wannan al'ada kamar Abam. Kabila irin su Ohafia, Abiriba, Edda, Alayi, Igbere, Ututu da dai sauransu suma sun bunkasa wannan al’adar mayaka kuma duk da suka hada da Abam sun gina kungiyar sojan yankin da daukacin kasar Ibo suka firgita. A wasu lokuta, wadannan gungun mayaƙan da suka yi amfani da su, suka yi amfani da su, da kuma yin amfani da su don yin balaguro na yankin Aro a kudancin Nijeriya. Ana kyautata zaton cewa idan ba Abam mayakan Abam da sauran dangin Jaruman da ke makwabtaka da su kamar Abam ba, da ba a samu kungiyar Aro ba. Mutanen Abam ba mayaƙa ne kawai ba, har ma manoma ne masu himma da kasuwanci.

Abam yana da fadin kasa mai albarka, wanda ya mayar da shi kwandon abinci na jihar Abia. Tare da gonakin dabino, Shukan Rubber, Gashin Shinkafa, gonakin Rogo, gonakin koko, da sauran su, wanda ya mamaye yawancin fili. Wuri ne mai yawan zaman lafiya da karimci ga ’yan asalinsa da maziyartan sa. 'Ya'yanta maza da mata, suna yin abubuwan cin zarafi a duk faɗin duniya. 


&lt;big&gt;Al'umma a Abam&lt;/big&gt;

Abam a jihar Abia yana da kauyuka 27. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=James Ume: Touching Lives, One at a Time - THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/12/16/james-ume-touching-lives-one-at-a-time |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.thisdaylive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu daga cikin kauyukan sune:

• Ndiebe Abam &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=africanresearcher2013 |date=2014-07-12 |title=and Arochukwu/Ohafia Federal Constituency. Ndi Ebe Abam is one of the 27 Communities/villages that made up Abam Onyerubi. Ndi Ebe Abam |url=https://odimegwuonwumere.wordpress.com/tag/and-arochukwuohafia-federal-constituency-ndi-ebe-abam-is-one-of-the-27-communitiesvillages-that-made-up-abam-onyerubi-ndi-ebe-abam/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Odimegwu Onwumere |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

• Ozu Abam

• Idima Abam

• Amaeke Abam

• [[Ndi Oji Abam]]

• Amelu Abam

• Amuru Abam

• Aminu Abam

• Atan Abam

• Ndi-Okereke Abam

• Ndi-Ojugwo Abam

• Ndi-Inya Abam

• Ndi-Mmeme Abam

• Ndi-Agwu Abam da sauransu. 


&lt;big&gt;Zuriyar Hijira&lt;/big&gt;

Akwai wasu al’ummomi da garuruwa da dangoginsu a wasu sassan Gabashin [[Najeriya]], wadanda suka samo asali daga asalinsu na Abam, musamman saboda sake tsugunar da wadannan mutanen Abam zuwa yankunan, bayan yakin da suke yi, ko ayyukan haya, ko kuma fadada filayen noma a can.  Wasu daga cikinsu sune:

• Garin Umuhu dake karamar hukumar [[Bende (Nijeriya)|Bende]] ta jihar Abia.

• Al'ummar Ndoro Oboro dake karamar hukumar [[Ikwuano]] ta jihar Abia.

• Al'ummar Ogbuegbulle Oboro dake karamar hukumar Ikwuano ta jihar Abia.

• Kabilar Abba a [[Imo|jihar Imo]] .

• Kabilar Osuh a jihar Imo ( Garin [[Anara, Nijeriya|Anara]] a karamar hukumar [[Isiala Mbano]] ta jihar Imo, da al’ummar [[Eziama Obiato]] a karamar hukumar [[Mbaitoli]] ta jihar Imo, da sauran al’ummar Osuh).

• dangin [[Ariam/Usaka]] dake karamar hukumar Ikwuano ta jihar Abia.

• dangin [[Oloko]] dake karamar hukumar Ikwuano ta jihar Abia.

• Al'ummar Abam Ubakala dake karamar hukumar [[Umuahia ta Kudu|Umuahia ta kudu]] ta jihar Abia.

• Al'ummar [[Azia|Abam Azia]] dake karamar hukumar [[Ihiala]] ta [[Anambra|jihar Anambra]] .

• Garin [[Okrika|Abam-Ama Okrika]] a [[Jihar Rivers|Jihar Ribas]], da sauran su.

== Nassoshi ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gail Kelly</title>
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      <text bytes="15069" sha1="f10wuw0p4a60myhniy0hl3ha52jf3bb" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}} 
'''Gail Kelly''' (née Currer) ƴar kasuwa ce ta Australiya da aka haifa a Afirka ta Kudu. A shekara ta alif 2002, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama Shugaba na babban bankin Australiya ko manyan kamfanoni 15, kuma a shekara ta 2005 ita ce mace mafi albashi a cikin kamfani na Australiya. Ita ce tsohuwar Shugaba ta Westpac, rawar da ta taka daga 2008 zuwa 2015. A shekara ta 2010 an kira Kelly mace ta 8 mafi iko a duniya ta Forbes; a shekara ta 2014, an lissafa ta a matsayi na 56.

Ta auri Allan Kelly a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;THEAGE1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 July 2005 |title=CEO who gave birth to triplets |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/ceo-who-gave-birth-to-triplets/2005/07/02/1119724845747.html |access-date=15 April 2011 |publisher=[[The Age]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WESTPAC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 August 2007 |title=Westpac Media Release August 2007 |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/719245/000110465907063344/a07-22245_1ex1.htm |access-date=15 April 2011 |publisher=[[Westpac]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Malami ===
Ma'auratan sun koma [[Rhodesia]] (yanzu [[Zimbabwe]]), inda ta koyar da Latin a Kwalejin Falcon yayin da take aiki a cikin Sojojin Rhodesia. Sun koma Afirka ta Kudu, inda Allan Kelly ya yi karatun likita a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] kuma Gail Kelly tayi koyarwa a makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;THEAGE1&quot;/&gt;

=== Bankin ===
Kelly ta fara aiki a [[Nedcor Bank|Bankin Nedcor]] a 1980 a matsayin mai ba da kuɗi amma an bi shi cikin sauri a cikin shirin horo mai sauri.&lt;ref name=&quot;WESTPAC&quot;/&gt; Ta fara MBA a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Wits, makarantar digiri na biyu ta gudanar da kasuwanci ta [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]]  a 1986 yayin da take da ciki da 'yarta ta fari kuma ta kammala karatu tare da bambanci a 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;WitsReview&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 May 2018 |title=Simply Gail |url=https://issuu.com/witsalumnirelations/docs/wits_review_april_2018_issuu/s/15799 |access-date=2 October 2024 |publisher=Wits Alumni Relations}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;THEAGE1&quot;/&gt; A shekara ta 1990, ta zama shugabar albarkatun ɗan adam a Nedcor (bayan ta haifi 'ya'ya uku watanni biyar da suka gabata). Daga farkon 1992 zuwa 1997 ta rike wasu mukamai daban-daban na janar a Nedcor, gami da katunan da banki na sirri.  

Kellys sun zama marasa jin daɗi game da Afirka ta Kudu a tsakiyar shekarun 1990s kuma suna neman ƙaura zuwa wata ƙasa daban. A watan Yunin 1997, ta tashi zuwa Sydney inda ta yi hira da manyan bankunan hudu kuma an nada ta zuwa babban matsayi a Bankin Commonwealth a watan Yulin 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;THEAGE1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WESTPAC&quot;/&gt;

Kelly ya fara aiki a matsayin Janar Manajan Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a Bankin Commonwealth a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1997. A shekara ta 2002, ta kasance shugabar Sashen Kula da Abokin Ciniki wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da babban cibiyar sadarwar reshe na Bankin Commonwealth.&lt;ref name=&quot;WESTPAC&quot;/&gt;

Ayyukanta a Bankin Commonwealth ya kai ta ga a dauki ta a matsayin Shugaba na Bankin St. George (bayan mutuwar Shugaba mai ci gaba daga ciwon zuciya). Ta fara ne a watan Janairun 2002 - a lokacin, ana ganin St. George a matsayin yiwuwar mamayewa (musamman bayan sayen Bankin Jihar Colonial ta Bankin Commonwealth) amma Kelly ta kara riba bankin kuma ta sami matakan da suka fi girma akan dawowar kadarori.&lt;ref name=&quot;THEAGE1&quot;/&gt; A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2004, Bankin St. George ya ba Kelly karin albashi kuma [[Evergreen contract|ya tsawaita kwantiraginta har abada]] tare da kaddamar da bankin da ya karu da dala biliyan 3 tun farkon lokacin da ta fara a matsayin Shugaba. &amp;nbsp;Mujallar Banking &amp; Finance ta Australia ta ba ta lambar yabo don Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Kudi a cikin 2003 da 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;THEAGE1&quot; /&gt;

Saboda nasarar da ta samu a St George, an yi hasashen kafofin watsa labarai da yawa a watan Yunin 2005 cewa za ta koma Bankin Commonwealth a matsayin Shugaba a lokacin da David Murray AO ya yi ritaya, amma Kelly ta ce ta himmatu ga kasancewa tare da St. George. An maye gurbin Murray da Ralph Norris, tsohon Shugaba kuma manajan darektan Air New Zealand . &lt;ref name=&quot;WESTPAC&quot;/&gt;

A ranar Jumma'a 17 ga watan Agusta 2007, ta sanar da murabus dinta a matsayin Shugaba na St. George Bank don ɗaukar wannan matsayi a Westpac daga shekara ta 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kelly resigns from St.George |url=http://www.stgeorge.com.au/media_centre/news/news_archive.asp?id=254 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903184329/http://stgeorge.com.au/media_centre/news/news_archive.asp?id=254 |archive-date=3 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Westpac a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;WESTPAC&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2008 Kelly ta ba da sanarwar hadewar dala biliyan 18.6 tsakanin Westpac da St. George Bank. &lt;ref name=&quot;abc.net.au&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2008 |title=St George, Westpac agree on merger terms |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-05-13/st-george-westpac-agree-on-merger-terms/2434060 |access-date=14 September 2014 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun Tarayya ta Ostiraliya ta amince da hadewar kuma ta kammala a ranar 26 ga Mayu 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2008 |title=St George and WBC sign merger deal, ''NEWS.com.au'' |url=http://www.news.com.au/business/story/0,23636,23759042-462,00.html |access-date=15 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗin ya haifar da sabon haɗin Westpac Group yana da abokan ciniki miliyan 10, kashi 25% na kasuwar rancen gida na Australiya kuma tare da kudaden saka hannun jari na dala biliyan 108 a ƙarƙashin gwamnatinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;abc.net.au&quot; /&gt;

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, Kelly ta ba da sanarwar burin samun mata kashi 40% na manyan mukamai 4000 a Westpac, aikin da jaridar The ''Australiya'' ta ruwaito cewa kusan an cimma shi a watan Maris na shekara ta 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2012 |title=Westpac chief Gail Kelly's new kind of women's liberation |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/westpac-chiefs-new-kind-of-womens-liberation/story-fn91v9q3-1226292626827 |access-date=2 May 2013 |website=[[The Australian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2014, Kelly ta sanar da cewa za ta yi ritaya a matsayin Shugaba na Westpac Group a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2015. An nada Brian Hartzer, shugaban kungiyar kula da kudi ta Australia ta Westpac, a matsayin maye gurbin ta.

== Littafin ==
A watan Agustan 2017, littafin tunawa na Kelly, Live Lead Learn: My Stories of Life and Leadership an buga shi ne ta hanyar Viking. Littafin ya ba da cikakken bayani game da abubuwan da ta samu na kasancewa babban 'yar kasuwa kuma mahaifiyar yara huɗu.

== Impact and influence ==
A shekara ta 2010 an kira Kelly mace ta 8 mafi iko a duniya ta ''Forbes''; &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/11/power-women_2010.html |access-date=14 September 2017 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; a shekara ta 2014, an lissafa ta a matsayi na 56. &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women |url=https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/2/#tab:overall |access-date=26 June 2014 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matsayi ===
'''Forbes - Mata mafi iko a duniya'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Matsayi
!Labari mai alaƙa
|-
|2014
|56
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cappiello |first=Emily |title=Gail Kelly |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/gail-kelly/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2013
|62
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|60
|{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2020}}
|-
|2011
|32
|
|-
|2010
|8
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=World's Most Powerful Women List 2010 - Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/11/power-women_2010.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103162711/https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/11/power-women_2010.html |archive-date=2012-01-03 |access-date= |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
|18
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-10-07 |title=Gail Kelly in Forbes list of world's 10 most powerful women {{!}} The Australian |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/gail-kelly-in-forbes-list-of-worlds-10-most-powerful-women/story-e6frg8zx-1225935338055 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008032740/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/gail-kelly-in-forbes-list-of-worlds-10-most-powerful-women/story-e6frg8zx-1225935338055 |archive-date=2010-10-08 |access-date= |website=www.theaustralian.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2008
|11
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=The 100 Most Powerful Women sorted by Rank - Forbes.com |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/11/biz_powerwomen08_The-100-Most-Powerful-Women_Rank.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830053700/https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/11/biz_powerwomen08_The-100-Most-Powerful-Women_Rank.html |archive-date=2008-08-30 |access-date= |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
'''Fortune - Bambance-bambance'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Labari mai alaƙa
|-
|2014
|Shugabannin 50 Mafi Girma a Duniya
|49
|
|-
|2014
|Mata mafi iko a Asiya-Pacific
|1
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-09-18 |title=The Most Powerful Women of Asia-Pacific {{!}} Fortune |url=https://fortune.com/2014/09/18/most-powerful-women-asia-pacific/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701220109/https://fortune.com/2014/09/18/most-powerful-women-asia-pacific/ |archive-date=2019-07-01 |access-date= |website=fortune.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2014
|Mata 50 Mafi Iko - Global Edition
|10
|
|-
|2013
|50 Mafi iko a Kasuwanci: Duniya 50
|3
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=50 Most Powerful Women In Business 2013: The Global 50 - Fortune Magazine |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/most-powerful-women/2013/global/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Fortune |archive-date=2014-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218194821/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/most-powerful-women/2013/global/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2012
|Mata 50 Mafi Iko a Kasuwanci - Jerin Duniya
|2
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Most Powerful Women in Business 2012 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/most-powerful-women/2012/global/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=CNNMoney |archive-date=2019-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008015749/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/most-powerful-women/2012/global/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2011
|Ƙarfin Duniya 50
|2
|
|-
|2010
|50 Mafi Ƙarfin Mata - Ƙarfin Duniya 50
|2
|
|-
|2009
|Mata 50 Mafi Iko a Kasuwanci - Jerin Duniya
|2
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=50 Most Powerful Women in Business 2009: The Global 50 - FORTUNE on CNNMoney.com |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/mostpowerfulwomen/2009/global/index.html |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=money.cnn.com |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009012631/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/mostpowerfulwomen/2009/global/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2008
|Mata 50 Mafi Iko a Kasuwanci - Jerin Duniya
|2
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=50 Most Powerful Women in Business 2008: The Global 50 - from FORTUNE |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/mostpowerfulwomen/2008/global/index.html |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=money.cnn.com |archive-date=2024-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104042545/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/mostpowerfulwomen/2008/global/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2007
|50 Mafi Ƙarfin Mata: Ƙarfin Duniya 50
|28
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Global Power 50 - Gail Kelly (28) - FORTUNE |url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0709/gallery.women_intl.fortune/28.html |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=money.cnn.com |archive-date=2024-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814094747/https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0709/gallery.women_intl.fortune/28.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
'''Lokaci na Kudi'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
|-
|2011
|Manyan Mata 50 a Kasuwancin Duniya
|12
|-
|2010
|Manyan Mata 50 a Kasuwancin Duniya
|17
|}
'''Mujallar Nazarin Kudi ta Australiya / Boss'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
|-
|2010
|Shugabannin Gaskiya: Kasancewa da iko
|Babu matsayi
|-
|2008
|Jerin Mujallar AFR: Ikon Sashen: Ayyukan Kudi
|2
|-
|2007
|Shugabannin Gaskiya na AFR - Hall of Fame
|Top 25
|-
|2005
|Shugabannin Gaskiya na AFR
|Babu matsayi
|-
|2004
|Jerin Mujallar AFR: Ikon Sashen: Ayyukan Kudi
|Babu matsayi
|-
|2003
|Jerin Shugabannin Gaskiya na AFR
|Babu matsayi
|}
'''Sauran jaridu na Australiya'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
|-
|Fabrairu 2015
|Mujallar Australian's Deal - Mata 50 Mafi Iko a Kasuwancin Australiya
|40
|-
|Maris 2013
|Jaridar Australiya - Jerin Mutanen 50 Mafi Tasiri a Siyasa
|46
|-
|2011
|The Sydney Morning Herald - Mata 50 masu tasiri
|n/a
|-
|2003
|Daily Telegraph - Masu Gudanar da Ayyuka na Sydney
|n/a
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Title
!Ranking
!Related article
|-
|2014
|Morningstar – CEO of the Year
|Joint runner-up
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=News Archive {{!}} Morningstar Australia and New Zealand - Morningstar Names John Martin of Gilead Sciences as its 2014 CEO of the Year |url=http://corporate.morningstar.com/au/asp/subject.aspx?xmlfile=5689.xml&amp;filter=PR5306 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028154100/http://corporate.morningstar.com/au/asp/subject.aspx?xmlfile=5689.xml&amp;filter=PR5306 |archive-date=2016-10-28 |access-date= |website=corporate.morningstar.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2014
|Australian Women Online – Power List
|4
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-09-22 |title=Australian Women Online Julie Bishop Tops List of the 50 Most Powerful Women in Australia |url=https://australianwomenonline.com/julie-bishop-tops-list-of-the-50-most-powerful-women-in-australia/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Australian Women Online |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2013
|Crikey – Power 50 Index
|20
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=The eight most powerful women in Australia |url=http://womensagenda.com.au/talking-about/top-stories/item/3102-the-eight-most-powerful-women-in-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307193138/http://womensagenda.com.au/talking-about/top-stories/item/3102-the-eight-most-powerful-women-in-australia |archive-date=2016-03-07 |access-date= |website=womensagenda.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2011
|Insto Magazine – Banker of the Year
|1
|
|-
|2010
|Australian Women's Weekly – 6 Women of Influence
|No rank
|
|-
|2007
|Bulletin Magazine – 50 Most Influential in Business
|9
|
|-
|2007
|Australian Women's Weekly – List of the 10 Most Powerful Women
|No rank
|
|-
|2005
|Australian Banking &amp; Finance Magazine – Best Financial Services Executive
|1
|
|-
|2004
|Bulletin Magazine – Smartest People List
|'Heads up the business category...’ with Chip Goodyear.
|
|-
|2004
|Australian Banking &amp; Finance Magazine – Best Financial Services Executive
|1
|
|-
|2003
|Australian Banking &amp; Finance Magazine – Best Financial Services Executive
|1
|
|-
|2002
|Business Review Weekly – Top 20 Most Powerful Women in Australian Business
|4
|
|}
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tara Donovan</title>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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'''Tara Donovan''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1969 a Flushing, Queens, a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]])  ƴar Amurka ce mai zane-zane wanda ke zaune da aiki a Brooklyn, New York . Babban shigarwarta, siffofi, zane-zane, da bugawa suna amfani da abubuwa na yau da kullun don bincika tasirin canji na tarawa da tarawa. An san ta da jajircewarta ga tsari, ta sami yabo saboda ikonta na amfani da halaye na jiki na wani abu don canza shi zuwa ayyukan da ke haifar da abubuwan fahimta na musamman da tasirin yanayi. Ayyukanta an haɗa su da tarihin tarihi na fasaha wanda ya haɗa da masu zane-zane na Postminimalism da Process kamar Eva Hesse, Jackie Winsor, Richard Serra, da Robert Morris, tare da masu zane na Light da Space kamar Mary Corse, Helen Pashgian, Robert Irwin, da James Turrell.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Contemporary Artist Tara Donovan's Dazzling New Installation Opens at Metropolitan Museum |url=https://metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2007/contemporary-artist-tara-donovans-dazzling-new-installation-opens-at-metropolitan-museum |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title=Tara Donovan Talks Process, Inspiration, and Her Place in the Art World |url=https://www.surfacemag.com/articles/2015106tara-donovan-talks-planning-inspiration-and-her-place-in-the-art-world/ |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=Surface Mag |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Donovan, karatun fasaha na yau da kullun ya fara ne a Makarantar Fasaha (New York) a cikin shekara ta 1987-88. :{{Rp|139}} Donovan ta sami BFA a Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Corcoran (Washington DC) a shekara ta 1991. Bayan kammala karatunta na farko, ta ci gaba da yin ɗakin karatu a Baltimore kuma ta fara shiga cikin nune-nunen rukuni a gallery da wuraren zane-zane marasa riba.

== Ayyuka ==

=== Nuni na farko ===
Babban nune-nunen ta na farko shi ne ArtSites 96 don ''Washington Review,'' game da nune-nununen Maryland Art Place a Baltimore, inda ta fara gabatar da cubes dinta. Ta kuma shiga cikin ''Zaɓuɓɓuka 1997'' a Washington Project for the Arts, inda ta gabatar da aikinta na farko ta amfani da takarda mai laushi, da kuma nune-nunen rukuni a Baumgartner Galleries da Numark Gallery a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. A shekara ta 1998, Donovan ta gudanar da nune-nunen farko, Resonances, a Hemphill Fine Arts a Washington DC. A cikin wannan shekarar, ta nuna New Sculpture a Reynolds Gallery a Richmond, Virginia . 

Donovan ta koma karatunta kuma ta sami MFA a VCUarts, wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Commonwealth ta Virginia (VCU)  a cikin 1999, lokacin da ta kuma sami hira ta farko a cikin Articulate Contemporary Art Review . Bayan kammala karatunta, ta kafa babban nune-nunen gidan kayan gargajiya na farko a Corcoran Gallery of Art's Hemicycle Gallery a Washington, DC a 1999, inda ta gabatar da ''Whorl'', shigarwa da aka yi da kusan fam 8,000 nailan fiber wanda aka haɗa shi cikin raka'a sannan ya bazu a ƙasa a cikin tsarin fadadawa. Ba da daɗewa ba, ta koma New York ''Ruwa'' an gayyace ta don shiga cikin 2000 Biennial Exhibition a Whitney Museum of American Art, inda ta gabatar da shigarwar bene (Ripple, 1998) da aka yi da yanke kebul na lantarki.

=== Nuni ===
An kafa manyan nune-nunen kasuwanci na farko na Donovan a Ace Gallery a New York da Los Angeles. An haɗa aikinta a cikin 2000 Whitney Biennial . &lt;ref name=&quot;ArtNet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/tara-donovan/ |access-date=6 December 2019 |website=ArtNet}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun da farko, daga 1999 zuwa 2000, Donovan ya nuna ''Whorl'' a Hemicycle Gallery, Corcoran Gallery of Art a Washington, DC. Bayan karɓar kiran cewa za ta nuna wannan takamaiman shigarwa, an nakalto Donovan yana cewa &quot;Na yi kururuwa kuma na gudu a cikin da'irori ... Menene kuke tunani?&quot;  A cikin bita na wannan nune-nunen, mai sukar fasaha Jessica Dawson ta lura cewa &quot;Kamar ''Whorl'', ayyukan da suka gabata na mai zane sun canza adadi mai yawa na kayan yau da kullun - takarda, rufin rufin da aka yi, juyawa na ƙara takarda - cikin ba zato ba tsammani: tsari na halitta, da alama kwayoyin halitta masu rai, taswirar taswirar ƙasa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 January 2000 |title=Tara Donovan: Whorl |url=https://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/arts/article/13019186/tara-donovan-whorl |access-date=2019-01-18 |website=Washington City Paper |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ''Whorl'', Donovan ya nuna jerin nune-nunen a Ace Gallery a Los Angeles, CA.

A shekara ta 2003, ta mamaye dukkan sararin Ace Gallery a titin Hudson 274 a New York tare da jerin shirye-shiryen 'site-responsive', da yawa daga cikinsu yanzu sun zo don bayyana aikin mai zane. Misalan sun haɗa da ''Haze'' (2003), wanda ya ƙunshi gaba ɗaya na filastik masu sha da aka ɗora a kan bango kuma an ƙarfafa shi da bangon da ke kusa don ƙirƙirar abin tunawa tare da tasirin yanayi. An yi shigarwar bene na Nebulous (2002) gaba ɗaya daga tef na Scotch wanda ba a haɗa shi ba kuma an 'sanya shi' a cikin raka'a masu haɗin kai. Transplanted (2001) ya fadada a kan ayyukan da ta gabata tare da ragargaza takarda don ƙirƙirar wani abu mai ban mamaki wanda ke da sawun sama da murabba'in mita 25. Strata (2000) wani babban shigarwa ne na bene wanda aka yi da ɓangarorin da aka bushe na Elmer. Moiré (1999) ya ƙunshi manyan takardu na ƙara takarda na inji waɗanda aka sarrafa su kuma aka shimfiɗa su don samar da alamu masu haske waɗanda ke canzawa tare da matsayin mai kallo. Colony (2000) ya ƙunshi yankan sassan madaidaiciyar fensir a tsawon daban-daban, waɗanda aka shirya a ƙasa don ba da shawarar yaduwar gine-gine na ci gaban birane. Nunin ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci, yana samun sake duba''W'' da bayanan martaba a cikin [[New York Times|The New York Times]], Village Voice, Artforum, Art in America, ''Flash Art International'', da W, da sauransu.

Jerin ayyukan gidan kayan gargajiya na solo sun biyo baya a wuraren da suka hada da Rice University Art Gallery a Houston, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan: Haze |url=https://www.ricegallery.org/tara-donovan |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=Rice Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt; Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, UCLA's Hammer Museum, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 May 2004 |title=Hammer Projects |url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/exhibitions/2004/hammer-projects-tara-donovan/ |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=Hammer Museum UCLA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Berkeley Art Museum,  Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland,  da kuma Saint Louis Art Museum, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Currents 98: Tara Donovan |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/41050/currents-98-tara-donovan/ |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=e-flux}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sauransu.

Donovan ya ce game da aikinta, &quot;Ba kamar ina ƙoƙarin kwaikwayon yanayi ba. Ya fi kama da hanyar yanayi, hanyar da abubuwa ke girma a zahiri. &quot; Abokin zane-zane Chuck Close ya gaya wa wani mai ba da rahoto cewa &quot;A wannan lokaci na musamman a cikin duniyar fasaha, an saukar da kirkirar mutum don neman amfani, na mamaye akwatin kankara na al'adu. Don wani ya fita ya yi ƙoƙarin yin wani abu da ba ya tunatar da ku game da aikin wani ba kuma yana da gaske, kuma yana da gaskiya - aikin Tara yana da gaske - wannan lokacin.

=== Gidan shakatawa ===
A shekara ta 2005, Donovan ta shiga Pace Gallery inda aka haɗa aikinta a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na bazara da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na rukuni Logical Conclusions: 40 Years of Rule-Based Art wanda Marc Glimcher ya tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Logical Conclusions: 40 Years of Rule-Based Art |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/11894/logical-conclusions-40-years-of-rule-based-art |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627150915/https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/11894/logical-conclusions-40-years-of-rule-based-art |archive-date=2019-06-27 |access-date=2019-06-27 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nune-nunen ta na farko a Pace a cikin 2006, ''Tara Donovan: Sabon Aiki'', ya gabatar da Untitled (Plastic Cups), shigar da tarin kofuna na filastik da aka taru a sikelin da ya ba da shawarar shimfidar wuri mai juyawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan: New Work |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/11816/tara-donovan-new-work |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617165730/https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/11816/tara-donovan-new-work |archive-date=2019-06-17 |access-date=2019-06-27 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta gabatar da Tara Donovan: Rubber Band Drawings . Tun daga wannan lokacin ta ci gaba da gabatar da mafi yawan sabbin ayyukanta a cikin nune-nunen solo da na rukuni a Pace da kuma tashoshin haɗin gwiwar duniya a London, Beijing, Hong Kong, [[Seoul]], Menlo Park, da Palo Alto, waɗanda suka haɗa da waɗannan (cikin wasu):

* Haske, Lokaci da Dimensions Uku, Pace Gallery, New York, Yuni 28 - Agusta 24, 2007 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Light, Time and Three Dimensions |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/11701/light-time-and-three-dimensions |access-date=2019-06-27 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}
* Tara Donovan: Sabon zane, Pace Gallery, New York, Afrilu 10 - Mayu 2, 2009 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan: New Drawings |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/11453/tara-donovan-new-drawings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617165731/https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/11453/tara-donovan-new-drawings |archive-date=17 June 2019 |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}
* A kan Square, Pace Gallery', New York, Janairu 8 - Fabrairu 13, 2010 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On the Square |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/11327/on-the-square |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}
* Shekaru 50 a Pace, Pace Gallery, New York, Satumba 17-Oktoba 16, 2010 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=50 Years at Pace: Art in the Twenty-First Century |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/11254/50-years-at-pace-art-in-the-twenty-first-century |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829015748/https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/11254/50-years-at-pace-art-in-the-twenty-first-century |archive-date=29 August 2019 |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tara Donovan: Zane (Pins) '', Fabrairu 12, 2011 - Maris 19, 2011 sun haɗa da zane-zane sama da goma sha biyu waɗanda suka ƙunshi dubban fil ɗin ƙarfe masu kaifi da aka soke cikin fararen gatorboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan: Drawings (Pins) |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/11229/tara-donovan-drawings-pins |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617165734/https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/11229/tara-donovan-drawings-pins |archive-date=17 June 2019 |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}
* Ba a san shi ba (Mylar), Mayu 4 - Afrilu 9, 2011 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Untitled (Mylar) |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/11222/tara-donovan-untitled-mylar-2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617165737/https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/11222/tara-donovan-untitled-mylar-2011 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}
* Beijing Voice 2011: Barin Realism a baya, Nuwamba 9, 2011 - Fabrairu 12, 2012 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beijing Voice 2011: Leaving Realism Behind |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/11178/beijing-voice-2011-leaving-realism-behind |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829015548/https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/11178/beijing-voice-2011-leaving-realism-behind |archive-date=29 August 2019 |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Sue |title=&quot;Beijing Voice: Leaving Realism Behind&quot; Presented by Pace Beijing |url=http://en.cafa.com.cn/beijing-voice-leaving-realism-behind-presented-by-pace-beijing.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110001930/http://en.cafa.com.cn/beijing-voice-leaving-realism-behind-presented-by-pace-beijing.html |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=CAFA Art Info}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}
* ''An kafa shi'', Janairu 17 - Fabrairu 22, 2014 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=On the Floor |url=http://www.pacegallery.com/artists/111/tara-donovan/exhibitions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103011416/http://www.pacegallery.com/artists/111/tara-donovan/exhibitions |archive-date=2014-01-03 |access-date=2013-12-20 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}
* ''Tara Donovan'', Pace Gallery, New York, Mayu 22 - Agusta 23, 2014 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/12667/tara-donovan-untitled |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829023048/https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/12667/tara-donovan-untitled |archive-date=29 August 2019 |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}
* ''Tara Donovan'', Pace Gallery, New York, Mayu 9 - Yuli 8, 2015 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/12741/tara-donovan |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}
* Tattaunawa a kan Takarda, tafiya a Beijing, Afrilu 17 - Yuni 18, 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Talking on Paper |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/12801/talking-on-paper |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}
* ''Tara Donovan'', Pace a Palo Alto, Janairu 26 - Maris 26, 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/12846/tara-donovan |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}
* Chewing Gum II, Pace a Hong Kong, Fabrairu 10 - Maris 11, 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chewing Gum II |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/12853/chewing-gum-ii |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}
* ''Tara Donovan'', Pace Gallery, New York, Fabrairu 17 - Maris 18, 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/12851/tara-donovan |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}
* ''Tara Donovan'', Pace a Seoul, Satumba 6 - Oktoba 22, 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/12880/tara-donovan |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}
* ''Tara Donovan: Rubuce-rubuce'', Pace a London, Janairu 24 - Maris 9, 2018  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan: Compositions |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/12899/compositions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829022904/https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/12899/compositions |archive-date=29 August 2019 |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan: Compositions |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/event/20171208-compositions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627170120/http://www.bbc.com/culture/event/20171208-compositions |archive-date=27 June 2019 |access-date=27 June 2019 |website=BBC - Culture}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Spaced en dash}}

Baya ga Pace, an haɗa aikin Donovan a cikin nune-nunen solo da na rukuni a wasu tashoshin ciki har da Krakow Witkin Gallery &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://www.krakowwitkingallery.com/tara_donovan |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=Krakow Witkin Gallery |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024215504/https://www.krakowwitkingallery.com/artist/tara_donovan/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Boston]], Reynolds Gallery &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 August 2006 |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://www.reynoldsgallery.com/artists/tara-donovan/ |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=Reynolds Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Richmond, Galerie Perrotin &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Paulin, Paulin, Paulin |url=https://www.perrotin.com/exhibitions/pierre_paulin-paulin-paulin-paulin/2315 |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=Perrotin Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Paris, Stephen Friedman Gallery a London, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan at Stephen Friedman Gallery |url=https://www.stephenfriedman.com/exhibitions/past/2007/tara-donovan/ |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=Stephen Friedman Gallery |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716151715/https://www.stephenfriedman.com/exhibitions/past/2007/tara-donovan/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da Quint Gallery &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan at Quint Gallery |url=https://www.artsy.net/quint-gallery/artist/tara-donovan |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=Artsy}}&lt;/ref&gt; a La Jolla, da sauransu.

=== Nuni na gidan kayan gargajiya ===
Donovan ya samar da nune-nunen da yawa a gidajen tarihi. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun shine nune-nunen ta na 2007 a Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan a New York . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan at the Met |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2007/tara-donovan |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=The Met}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kira shi Tara Donovan a Met, aikin shine na huɗu a cikin jerin ayyukan tare da masu zane-zane na zamani waɗanda gidan kayan gargajiya ya ba da umarni. Ta samar da shigarwar shafin-mai amsawa ta amfani da madauki na tef na Mylar da aka sanya a cikin ɗakunan ga dukkan ganuwar tashar, wanda ke kewaye da masu kallo a cikin motsi, kwarewar abubuwan da suka faru yayin da suka motsa ta sararin samaniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan at the Met, Installation |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2007/tara-donovan/photo-gallery |access-date=16 July 2019 |website=The Met}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Donovan kuma yana da aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na nune-nunen Material Matters wanda Jami'ar Cornell Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art ta shirya a shekara ta 2005. Wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya nuna aikin masu zane-zane 20 waɗanda suka nuna kayan aiki da tsari amma kuma sun samo asali ne daga ƙamus na fasaha da ƙarancin '60 da '70's. Ayyukan da aka nuna su ne cube da aka yi da dubban fil da aka riƙe tare ta hanyar friction da nauyi.

Babban nune-nunen binciken Donovan na farko ya fito ne daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani, Boston, inda ta buɗe a shekara ta 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://www.icaboston.org/exhibitions/tara-donovan |access-date=25 July 2019 |website=ICA Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nunin ya yi tafiya zuwa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Cincinnati, Cibiyar Fasahar Des Moines, da Gidan Tarihi na zamani na San Diego a duk sauran 2008 da 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://www.contemporaryartscenter.org/exhibitions/2009/02/tara-donovan |access-date=25 July 2019 |website=CAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://www.desmoinesartcenter.org/exhibitions/donovan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617171322/https://www.desmoinesartcenter.org/exhibitions/donovan |archive-date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=25 July 2019 |website=Des Moines Art Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://www.mcasd.org/exhibitions/tara-donovan |access-date=25 July 2019 |website=MCaSD |archive-date=18 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818193856/https://www.mcasd.org/exhibitions/tara-donovan |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga sababbin maimaitawa na ''Haze'', Nebulous, Strata, ''Moiré'', Untitled (Plastic Cups), Untitled, da Untitled (&quot;Mylar Tape), nune-nunen ya haɗa da misalai na ''Bluffs'' (sculptures da aka yi da tarin maɓallan filastik), Untitle (Paper Plates) (wani jerin siffofi waɗanda ke amfani da gefen takarda na takarda don samar da ƙwayoyin da suka haɗu a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cube-kamar da Untitle na Untitled), da aka yi tare (Glass), da ƙwayoyi masu kama da Untitles na Untitles (Gstalline-kamar Untitled na Untitle-ƙwalwa daban-ƙwalwa). Donovan ya kuma gabatar da masu sauraron gidan kayan gargajiya ga sababbin ayyukan kamar Untitled (Mylar), wanda ya ƙunshi takardun da aka ninka na Mylar da aka taƙaita cikin sassan ƙira, da Untitled, shigarwa ta bango wanda ke amfani da takardun fim din polyester da aka ninke da kuma matsa don gina babban allo na kayan da ke wasa da haske, gani da hangen nesa (an sake maimaita wannan aikin don Lever House Art Collection ).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan: Untitled |url=https://www.leverhouseartcollection.com/commissions/tara-donovan |access-date=25 July 2019 |website=Lever House Art Collection}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2010, Donovan ta yi aiki tare da Gidan Tarihi na Indianapolis don samar da Tara Donovan: Untitled, nune-nunen yawancin ayyukan shigar da kayan aikin da ta gabata (ciki har da Ripple, Colony, Strata, Transplanted, da Untitled (Plastic Cups)) tare da misalai na yawancin zane-zanenta da monoprints da aka samar tun daga 2000. Bugu da kari, gidan kayan gargajiya ya ba da umarnin babban nau'in Untitled (Mylar), wanda yanzu yana cikin tarin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan: Untitled Trailer |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ik7CVIBOssY |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421201738/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ik7CVIBOssY&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |archive-date=2022-04-21 |access-date=25 July 2019 |website=YouTube }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IMA Collections |url=http://collection.imamuseum.org/artwork/54604/ |access-date=25 July 2019 |website=Indianapolis Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya baje kolin gidan kayan gargajiya na farko na Turai a cikin 2013 ta Gidan Tarihi na Arp a Remagen, Jamus tare da hadin gwiwar Gidan Tarihin zamani na Louisiana a Humlebaek, [[Denmark]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://www.louisiana.dk/en/exhibition/tara-donovan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801203305/https://www.louisiana.dk/en/exhibition/tara-donovan |archive-date=1 August 2019 |access-date=1 August 2019 |website=Louisiana Contemporary}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://arpmuseum.org/en/exhibitions/temporary-exhibitions/retrospective/tara-donovan.html |access-date=1 August 2019 |website=Arp Museum Rolandseck}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nunin ya gabatar da samfurin shigarwarta da ayyukan zane-zane da aka samar a cikin shekaru goma sha biyar da suka gabata.

A cikin 2015, mai kula da gidan kayan gargajiya Andrea Grover ya gayyaci Donovan don shiga cikin shirin dandalin gidan kayan gargajiya na Parrish, wanda shine jerin ayyukan masu zane-zane na zamani waɗanda ke amsawa ga gine-gine, mahallin, da yanayin muhalli na gidan kayan gargajiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Platform: Tara Donovan |url=https://parrishart.org/exhibitions/platform-tara-donovan |access-date=1 August 2019 |website=Parrish Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Donovan ta gabatar da sabbin ayyukan da suka danganci gwaje-gwajen da ta yi tare da Slinkys (abin wasa na yara) a matsayin kayan zane-zane da kayan yin alama. An kuma gayyaci mai zane don shiga cikin nune-nunen farko na Burtaniya a Jupiter Artland a Scotland inda ta gabatar da shigarwar bango na Slinkys tare da maimaita Untitled (Plastic Cups) da Untitled. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://www.jupiterartland.org/whats-on/tara-donovan |access-date=1 August 2019 |website=Jupiter Artland}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shigar da tarin katunan styrene na Donovan (wanda a baya aka fara a Pace Gallery a cikin 2014) a cikin baje kolin Wonder a Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian na Fasaha na Amurka na Renwick Gallery, wanda aka buɗe a watan Nuwamba na 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WONDER |url=https://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/wonder |access-date=1 August 2019 |website=Smithsonian American Art Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WONDER: Tara Donovan |url=https://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/wonder/online/tara-donovan |access-date=1 August 2019 |website=Smithsonian American Art Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nunin Hyperobjects na 2018 a Ballroom Marfa - wanda aka tsara tare da haɗin gwiwar Timothy Morton - ya yi la'akari da aikin Donovan a cikin tsarin tunani mai zurfi na lokacin ilimin ƙasa da alamar aikin ɗan adam da raguwar kayan sa a yanzu da nan gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hyperobjects |url=https://www.ballroommarfa.org/archive/event/hyperobjects/ |access-date=1 August 2019 |website=Ballroom Marfa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nunin Donovan na 2018 a Gidan Tarihi na zamani na Denver &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fieldwork: Tara Donovan |url=https://mcadenver.org/exhibitions/tara-donovan |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=MCA Denver}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya mamaye duk ginin da David Adjaye ya tsara. Mai kula Nora Abrams ya haɗu da tsofaffin ayyukan Donovan na baya-bayan nan na biyu da uku don &quot;buɗe sabbin wuraren tattaunawa a cikin aikinta kuma ya ba masu kallo damar yin haɗi a duk lokacin da batun&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MCA: Tara Donovan: Fieldwork |url=https://www.denverarts.org/local_exhibits/local_exhibits/mca_tara_donovan_fieldwork |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=Denver Arts}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciki har da zane-zane, zane-zane. Ayyuka a kan takarda, da shigarwar shafin, nune-nunen ya jawo hankali ga yadda gwaje-gwajen kayan Donovan ke haifar da aiki daban-daban.

== Kyaututtuka ==

* 2008, MacArthur Fellow, John D. da Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MacArthur Fellows Program |url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/73/ |access-date=28 June 2019 |website=MacArthur Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2005 Kyautar Calder, Gidauniyar Calder  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calder Prize |url=http://www.calder.org/about/archives |access-date=28 June 2019 |website=Calder Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Calder Prize 2005–2015 |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/12783/the-calder-prize-2005-2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511131556/http://www.pacegallery.com/exhibitions/12783/the-calder-prize-2005-2015 |archive-date=May 11, 2016 |access-date=28 June 2019 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2004 Willard R. Metcalf Award, Kwalejin Fasaha da Harafi ta Amurka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Metcalf Awards |url=http://artsandletters.org/awards/ |access-date=28 June 2019 |website=Awards - American Academy of Arts and Letters}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Shugaban kasa ta 2004, Caucus na Mata don Fasaha  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WCA Past Honorees |url=https://www.nationalwca.org/awards/pasthonorees.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129100533/http://www.nationalwca.org/awards/pasthonorees.php |archive-date=29 November 2018 |access-date=28 June 2019 |website=Women's Caucus for Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Catalogue WCA |url=https://www.nationalwca.org/LTA/LTA2004.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325235518/http://nationalwca.org/LTA/LTA2004.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=28 June 2019 |website=Women's Caucus for Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zaɓuɓɓukan tarin jama'a ==

* Gidan zane-zane na Albright-Knox, Buffalo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://www.albrightknox.org/person/tara-donovan |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=Albright-Knox Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan Tarihi na Birmingham, Alabama &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Collection at the BMA |url=https://artsbma.org/artist/tara-donovan-american-born-1969/ |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=Birmingham Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brooklyn Museum Collections |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/188121 |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=Brooklyn Museum |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805144931/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/188121 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cibiyar Pompidou, Paris 
* Gidan Tarihi na Dallas 
* Gidan Tarihi na Indianapolis &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Untitled (Mylar) |url=http://collection.imamuseum.org/artwork/54604/ |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=Indianapolis Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani ta Boston &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://www.icaboston.org/artists/tara-donovan-0 |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=Institute of Contemporary Art / Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan Tarihi na Los Angeles County &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LACMA Collections |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/164006 |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=Los Angeles County Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan, New York &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Met Collections |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/498735 |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani, San Diego &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MCASD Collections |url=https://www.mcasd.org/artists/tara-donovan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027204559/https://www.mcasd.org/artists/tara-donovan |archive-date=27 October 2020 |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Fine Arts, Boston &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MFA Collections |url=https://www.mfa.org/collections/object/untitled-556050 |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=Museum of Fine Arts, Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Parrish, Watermill, NY &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PAM Collections: Tara Donovan |url=http://parrishart.org/artist-stories/#/collection/10876920 |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=Parrish Art Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Virginia, Richmond &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=VMFA Collections: Tara Donovan |url=https://www.vmfa.museum/collections/search-collections/?nav=1&amp;keyword=tara+donovan |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=Virginia Museum of Fine Arts}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford 
* Whitney Museum of American Art, New York &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Whitney Collections: Tara Donovan |url=https://whitney.org/artists/5527 |access-date=5 August 2019 |website=Whitney Museum of American Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==

*  
*  
*  
* Tarihin baje kolin Tara Donovan, Pace Gallery &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tara Donovan |url=https://www.pacegallery.com/catalogues?artist_id=111 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829023113/https://www.pacegallery.com/catalogues?artist_id=111 |archive-date=29 August 2019 |access-date=8 August 2019 |website=Pace Gallery}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Manasi Pradhan</title>
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'''Manasi Pradhan''' (an haife ta a 4 ga Oktoba a shekarar 1962) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin mata ce kuma marubuciya. Ita ce ta kafa Kamfen na girmamawa ga Mata na Kasa, wani yunkuri na kasa don kawo karshen tashin hankali ga mata a Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2014 |title=President Confers Stree Shakti Puruskar on International Women's Day |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104539 |access-date=12 March 2014 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 November 2016 |title=Manasi among World's top feminists |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/manasi-among-worlds-top-20-feminist-authors.html |access-date=12 February 2018 |publisher=The Pioneer |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709035220/https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/manasi-among-worlds-top-20-feminist-authors.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 February 2017 |title=These women's rights activists inspire us to fight for equality |url=https://www.one.org/us/2017/02/09/these-womens-rights-activists-inspire-us-to-fight-for-equality/ |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=ONE |publisher=One.org, Washington, DC. |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709011354/https://www.one.org/us/2017/02/09/these-womens-rights-activists-inspire-us-to-fight-for-equality/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manasi Pradhan wins Rani Laxmibai Puraskar |url=http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/080314/p2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031553/http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/080314/p2.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Delhi gangrape victim continues to embolden Indian women – Matters India&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://mattersindia.com/delhi-gangrape-victim-continues-to-embolden-indian-women/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313153101/http://mattersindia.com/delhi-gangrape-victim-continues-to-embolden-indian-women/ |archive-date=13 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2014, Shugaban Indiya ya ba ta Rani Laskhmibai Stree Shakti Puraskar. Tare da Mary Prema Pierick, shugaban duniya na Missionaries of Charity, ta lashe kyautar 'Masu Kyautattun Mata' a shekara ta 2011.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Statesman&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2014 |title=Rani Laxmibai Stree Shakti Puraskar for Manasi Pradhan |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/odisha/courage-rewarded-43178.html |access-date=12 March 2014 |publisher=Statesman}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UN Women |url=http://unwomen-asiapacific.org/mediaclippings/myFiles/Countries/India/2012/03-March/UN-Women-and-NCW-report2.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004533/http://unwomen-asiapacific.org/mediaclippings/myFiles/Countries/India/2012/03-March/UN-Women-and-NCW-report2.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=4 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2017 |title=Women Reformers : Breaching Bastions |url=https://issuu.com/sulabhindia/docs/05-12_mar-2017_english |access-date=3 June 2017 |publisher=Sulabh International |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217043405/https://issuu.com/sulabhindia/docs/05-12_mar-2017_english |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pradhan ana nuna shi akai-akai ta hanyar wallafe-wallafen kasa da kasa da kungiyoyi. A cikin shekarun 2016, ''Bustle'' na New York ya sanya ta cikin Marubutan Mata da Masu Gwagwarmaya 20 mafi ban sha'awa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=E. Ce |date=14 November 2016 |title=20 Feminist Authors And Activists Who Will Inspire You To Get Out There And Fight |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/194950-20-feminist-authors-and-activists-who-will-inspire-you-to-get-out-there-and-fight |access-date=30 December 2016 |publisher=Bustle magazine, BDG Media Inc., New York City}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2017, kamfanin Welker Media Inc. da ke Los Angeles ya sanya ta cikin manyan masu sauye-sauyen mata 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ivashchenko |first=Ekaterina |date=6 July 2017 |title=Women's Power : 12 Feminists Any Changemaker Should Know |url=http://welkermedia.com/daily/women-power-feminist-changemaker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719124027/http://welkermedia.com/daily/women-power-feminist-changemaker |archive-date=19 July 2017 |access-date=12 July 2017 |publisher=Welker Media Inc., Los Angeles}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2018, Oxford Union na [[Jami'ar Oxford]] ta gayyace ta don yin jawabi ga ƙungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2018 |title=Manasi Pradhan to be a Guest Speaker at Oxford Union |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/top-stories/manasi-pradhan-guest-speaker-oxford-union |access-date=2 October 2018 |publisher=SheThePeople.TV |archive-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211084629/https://www.shethepeople.tv/top-stories/manasi-pradhan-guest-speaker-oxford-union |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 April 2018 |title=Activist at Oxford Union |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/activist-at-oxford-union/cid/1412151 |access-date=6 October 2018 |publisher=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2018 |title=Manasi Pradhan |url=https://www.oxford-union.org/node/1716 |access-date=2 October 2018 |publisher=The Oxford Union, Oxford, United Kingdom }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Manasi Pradhan invited to speak at the Oxford Union |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/manasi-invited-to-speak-at-oxford-union.html |access-date=5 October 2018 |publisher=The Pioneer |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329192009/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/manasi-invited-to-speak-at-oxford-union.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita ce ta kafa Nirbhaya Vahini, Nirbhaya Samaroh da OYSS Women .  Ta yi aiki a kwamitin Central Board of Film Certification (Censor Board) na Indiya  da Kwamitin Bincike na [[Hukumar Kula da Mata ta Kasa|Hukumar Mata ta Kasa]].  &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2010 |title=I &amp; B Ministry appoints Manasi Pradhan as Censor Board advisory member – Trade News |url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/i-b-ministry-appoints-manasi-pradhan-as-censor-board-advisory-member/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313152512/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/i-b-ministry-appoints-manasi-pradhan-as-censor-board-advisory-member/index.htm |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=2013-06-15 |publisher=BollywoodTrade.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

An haife ta ne a cikin wata iyali matalauta a wani kauye mai nisa na [[Odisha]], ta yi nasarar yin gwagwarmaya da haramtacciyar zamantakewar al'umma game da ilimantar da mata, ta yi tafiya kilomita 15 a kowace rana a cikin tuddai da kuma tafki zuwa makarantar sakandare guda daya a duk yankin don fitowa a matsayin mace ta farko da ta yi karatu a ƙauyen ta kuma daga baya mace ta farko ta kammala karatun shari'a a yankin ta. &amp;nbsp;An karɓi labarin rayuwar Manasi Pradhan a matsayin takardun shaida a Amurka da Isra'ila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tyagi |first=Dev |date=20 November 2017 |title=Manasi Pradhan : Meet One of India's Finest Unsung Women Heroes |url=http://www.rapidleaks.com/featured/manasi-pradhan-unsung-hero/ |access-date=12 February 2018 |publisher=Rapidleaks}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Pradhan ne a cikin wata iyali matalauta a wani kauye mai nisa da ake kira Ayatapur a cikin yankin Banapur na Gundumar Khordha, [[Odisha]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Statesman&quot;/&gt; Ita ce babba a cikin 'ya'ya mata biyu da ɗa da aka haifa wa Hemalata Pradhan da Godabarish Pradhan . Mahaifinta manomi ne kuma mahaifiyarta matar gida ce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=महिला हिंसा के खिलाफ आवाज़ उठाती मानसी प्रधान |url=http://bharatduniya.com/2017/12/women-achiever-series-manasi-pradhan-worked-for-women-empowerment/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192440/http://bharatduniya.com/2017/12/women-achiever-series-manasi-pradhan-worked-for-women-empowerment/ |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=3 January 2018 |publisher=Lok Bharat Media Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An dauki ilimin mata a matsayin babban haramun a mafi yawan yankunan karkara na Banapur a lokacin. Ba a yarda 'yan mata su halarci makarantar sakandare ba. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare a ƙauyen, akwai matsin lamba don kawo karshen karatunta. Bugu da ƙari, babu makarantar sakandare a yankunan da ke kusa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Story of Manasi Pradhan |url=http://fsfoundationindia.org/share-your-story-of-happiness/happiness-stories/happiness-story-manasi-pradhan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818135457/http://fsfoundationindia.org/share-your-story-of-happiness/happiness-stories/happiness-story-manasi-pradhan/ |archive-date=18 August 2017 |access-date=3 June 2017 |publisher=First Stone Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi tafiya kilomita 15 a kowace rana, a cikin tuddai da kuma tafki, zuwa makarantar sakandare guda ɗaya a duk yankin, don fitowa a matsayin mace ta farko da ta wuce jarrabawar makarantar sakandare a ƙauyenta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Statesman&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manasi Pradhan – The Social Reformer |url=http://www.janmanchtv.com/2017/06/06/manasi-pradhan-a-social-reformer-whose-discussion-is-not-only-in-india-but-also-in-the-world/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616195828/http://www.janmanchtv.com/2017/06/06/manasi-pradhan-a-social-reformer-whose-discussion-is-not-only-in-india-but-also-in-the-world/ |archive-date=16 June 2017 |access-date=12 July 2017 |publisher=JanManch TV}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar sakandare ta Patitapaban da ke Gambharimunda, iyalin suka koma Puri don karatun koleji. Tare da karamin kuɗi daga gonar ƙauyen, ya zama da wahala a ci gaba. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta wuce jarrabawar tsakiya, sai ta yi aiki don tallafawa iyalinta da karatunta. Ta sami B.A. a fannin tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin Mata ta Gwamnati, Puri, da MA a cikin wallafe-wallafen Odia daga Jami'ar Utkal . Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta G.M., Puri . &lt;ref name=&quot;orissapost.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manasi Pradhan wins Rani Laxmibai Puraskar |url=http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/080314/p2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031553/http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/080314/p2.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 March 2014 |publisher=Orissa Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manasi Pradhan biography |url=https://www.notedlife.com/hi/Manasi-Pradhan-biography-in-hindi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192616/https://www.notedlife.com/hi/Manasi-Pradhan-biography-in-hindi |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=13 July 2017 |publisher=www.notedlife.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Manasi_Pradhan_Stree_Shakti_Puraskar.JPG|right|thumb|Shugaban Indiya Pranab Mukherjee yana ba da kyautar 2013 Rani Lakshmibai Stree Shakti Puraskar a kan Manasi Pradhan a Rashtrapati Bhawan a New Delhi a ranar 8 ga Maris 2014 . ]]

== Ayyuka ==
Ta yi aiki tare da sashen kudi, Gwamnati. na [[Odisha]] da Bankin Andhra na ɗan gajeren lokaci amma ya bar duka biyu don bin sha'awarta. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1983, tana da shekaru 21, ta fara kasuwancin bugawa da mujallar wallafe-wallafen. A cikin 'yan shekaru, kasuwancin ya karu sosai, ya sanya ta cikin ƙungiyar' yan kasuwa mata masu cin nasara na lokacinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;orissapost.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=5 Most Inspiring Women Social Workers around the World |url=http://www.womensdaycelebration.com/blog/5-most-inspiring-women-social-workers-around-the-world/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216144010/http://www.womensdaycelebration.com/blog/5-most-inspiring-women-social-workers-around-the-world/ |archive-date=16 February 2018 |access-date=22 June 2017 |publisher=Women's Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women Entrepreneur contribution to Indian Economy |url=https://www.dewaninstitutes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Women-Entrepreneur-contribution-to-Indian-Economy.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322204725/https://www.dewaninstitutes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Women-Entrepreneur-contribution-to-Indian-Economy.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2018 |access-date=15 March 2018 |publisher=DVS International Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Research, ISSN No.2454-7522, Issue: 08 Vol:02, No.4 April–June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yunkurin fafutuka ==
A shekara ta 1987, ta kafa OYSS Women . Dalilin farko shine don taimakawa daliban mata su sami ilimi mafi girma da haɓaka su a matsayin shugabannin gaba a cikin al'umma. Mata na OYSS suna shirya bita na jagoranci, sansanonin ilimi da horar da sana'a, wayar da kan jama'a game da shari'a da sansanonin kare kansu, suna kula da dubban matasan mata a matsayin shugabanci da za su iya zama a fagen da suka zaɓa.[1]

Baya ga abubuwan da ke sama, kungiyar tana gudanar da ayyuka da abubuwan da suka faru da yawa kuma ana yaba da ita sosai don gudummawar farko wajen karfafa mata. Har ila yau, kungiyar tana jagorantar Gasar Girma ta Mata ta Kasa.

== Daraja ga Kamfen na Kasa na Mata ==
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009, ta kaddamar da Kamfen na girmamawa ga Mata na Kasa, wani yunkuri na kasa da kasa don kawo karshen tashin hankali ga mata a Indiya. Wannan motsi ya taimaka wajen karfafa al'ummar kan ta'addanci na mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 April 2015 |title=Three strategies to cut violence against women |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&amp;story_url_key=three-strategies-to-curb-violence-against-women&amp;section_url_key=state-editions |access-date=28 June 2015 |publisher=The Pioneer |archive-date=26 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826000217/http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&amp;story_url_key=three-strategies-to-curb-violence-against-women&amp;section_url_key=state-editions |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manasi Pradhan |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=151551141#tabs1-html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109174406/https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=151551141#tabs1-html |archive-date=9 January 2020 |access-date=12 February 2018 |website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan motsi yana amfani da dabarun da yawa don yaki da barazanar tashin hankali ga mata a Indiya.

Yana amfani da motoci da yawa watau kantin kare hakkin mata, bikin kare hakkin mata. 

A gefe guda, yana sanya matsin lamba a kan jihar ta hanyar tattara ra'ayin jama'a da kuma ci gaba da kamfen don canje-canje na hukumomi da matakan gyara don hana tashin hankali ga mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;newindianexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Three-pronged Strategy to Curb Crime Against Women |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Three-pronged-Strategy-to-Curb-Crime-Against-Women/2015/04/12/article2760160.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130233404/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Three-pronged-Strategy-to-Curb-Crime-Against-Women/2015/04/12/article2760160.ece |archive-date=30 November 2015 |publisher=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2013, bayan shekaru huɗu na rikice-rikice wanda ya shafi jerin tarurruka na kasa, bita da shawarwari da suka shafi masu ruwa da tsaki daga ko'ina cikin Indiya, ƙungiyar ta zo da cikakken rubutun da ke tsara gwagwarmayarta don kawo karshen tashin hankali ga mata.

A cikin shekara ta 2014, ƙungiyar ta fitar da Yarjejeniyar Bukatar Abubuwa huɗu ga dukkan gwamnatocin jihohi Indiya. A cikin wannan shekarar, ta ƙaddamar da Nirbhaya Vahini, wanda ya ƙunshi sama da masu sa kai 10,000 da suka bazu a duk faɗin Indiya don tattara ra'ayin jama'a da shiga cikin kamfen ɗin da aka ci gaba don aiwatar da yarjejeniyar buƙata guda huɗu.

== Yarjejeniyar Bukatar Abubuwa Hudu ==
A cikin shekara ta 2014, Kamfen na girmamawa ga Mata na Kasa wanda Manasi Pradhan ke jagoranta ya fitar da takardar shaidar buƙata guda huɗu ga dukkan gwamnatocin jihohi Indiya. Yarjejeniyar ta zama babban tushe na motsi kuma ta jagoranci gwamnatocin jihohi da yawa don yin gyare-gyare masu dacewa.

# Cikakken ƙuntata cinikin giya
# Horar da kare kai ga mata a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin karatun ilimi
# Sojojin kariya na musamman ga tsaro na mata a kowane gundumar
# Kotun da ke da sauri da kuma bangaren bincike na musamman da kuma gurfanar da shi don aikata laifuka a kan mata a kowane gundumar.&lt;ref name=&quot;newindianexpress.com&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen ==
Manasi Pradhan sanannen marubuci ne kuma mawaki. Littafinta na huɗu ''Urmi-O-Uchchwas'' ( ) an fassara shi cikin manyan [[Harshe (yare)|Harsuna]] takwas.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2010 |title=Manasi Pradhan is advisory panel member of Censor Board |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k10/aac512.php |website=Indian Television Dot Com |publisher=IndianTelevision.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 September 2016 |title=Manasi Pradhan: Odisha's daughter |url=http://idishoom.com/manasi-pradhan-odishas-daughter |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329121634/http://idishoom.com/manasi-pradhan-odishas-daughter/ |archive-date=29 March 2018 |access-date=22 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Manasi Pradhan mahaifiyar Baisali Mohanty ce (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Agustan 1994 a Puri, [[Odisha]]) wacce ta haifa tare da Radha Binod Mohanty, tsohon babban injiniyan lantarki kuma tsohon jami'in Cibiyar Fasaha ta Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-02 |title=Oxford topper Baisali Mohanty appointed United Nations Policy Officer |url=https://orissadiary.com/oxford-topper-baisali-mohanty-appointed-united-nations-policy-officer/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Odisha Diary, Latest Odisha News, Breaking News Odisha |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813152656/https://orissadiary.com/oxford-topper-baisali-mohanty-appointed-united-nations-policy-officer/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-07-04 |title=Baisali Mohanty appointed United Nations Policy Officer |url=https://thesamikhsya.com/city/baisali-mohanty-appointed-united-nations-policy-officer |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=The Samikhsya |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==
 

* Jerin masu fafutukar zaman lafiya

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Haɗin waje ==
{{Commons category-inline}}

* [http://www.thestatesman.com/odisha/courage-rewarded-43178.html thestatesman.com]
* [http://presidentofindia.nic.in/pdfs/pr080314.pdf presidentofindia.nic.in]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031553/http://www.orissapost.com/epaper/080314/p2.htm orissapost.com]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]
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'''Enver Kazaz''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1962) masanin tarihin wallafe-wallafen [[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnian]] ne, mai sukar wallafe-wallo, marubuci, mai sharhi kan zamantakewar al'umma kuma mai tallatawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Enver Kazaz |url=http://makdizdar.ba/tag/enver-kazaz/ |publisher=Fondacija Mak Dizdar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi Farfesa ne na Centennial kuma shugaban sashen wallafe-wallafen Croatian a cikin sashen wallafen kwatankwacin Jami'ar Sarajevo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Dr. Enver Kazaz |url=http://www.ff.unsa.ba/index.php/bs/2014-12-15-22-37-13/148-prof-dr-enver-kazaz |publisher=University of Sarajevo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife shi a ƙauyen [[Ilijaš]])&quot; id=&quot;mwGA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Kamenica (Ilijaš)&quot;&gt;Kamenica, wani ɓangare na garin Ilijaš ga dangin Bosniak. Ya yi karatun adabin Slavic na Kudu a Jami'ar Sarajevo inda ya kammala a shekarar 1985. Ya sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Belgrade Faculty of Philology a 1991 tare da rubutun kan ruhun zamani a cikin waƙoƙin Musa Ćazim Ćatić.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nova pripovjedačka Bosna |url=http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/nova-pripovjedacka-bosna |publisher=Sveske.ba |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2012-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308151106/http://www.sveske.ba/bs/content/nova-pripovjedacka-bosna |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2000, ya sami digirinsa na PhD daga Jami'ar Sarajevo tare da rubutun kan marubuta na Bosniak na karni na 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Enver Kazaz: Bošnjački bosanski jezik |url=http://www.prometej.ba/clanak/drustvo-i-znanost/enver-kazaz-bosnjacki-bosanski-jezik-2611 |publisher=Prometej.ba}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bošnjački roman XX vijeka |url=https://www.knjiga.ba/bosnjacki-roman-xx-vijeka-k4443.html |publisher=Knjiga.ba}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Littattafai ta Sarajevo daga 1986 zuwa 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Enver Kazaz biografija |url=http://penbih.ba/clanovi/enver-kazaz/ |publisher=Penbih.ba}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance Farfesa na Centennial, shugaban sashen wallafe-wallafen Croatian da Nazarin Slavic tun 1996. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ya kasance farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Warsaw . Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa gidan wallafe-wallafen Zoro kuma wanda ya kafa kuma babban editan mujallar Lica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Enver Kazaz biografija |url=http://penbih.ba/clanovi/enver-kazaz/ |publisher=Penbih.ba}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Jami'ar Sarajevo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uskoro počinje šesti Otvoreni univerzitet Sarajevo pod nazviom &quot;Šta da se radi?&quot; |url=https://www.radiosarajevo.ba/metromahala/teme/uskoro-pocinje-sesti-otvoreni-univerzitet-sarajevo-pod-nazviom-sta-da-se-radi/280285 |publisher=Radio Sarajevo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi sanannen mai sharhi ne na zamantakewa da siyasa kuma mai fafutuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Enver Kazaz: Dinastija Izetbegović u 2018. bi mogla otići s povijesne scene |url=http://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/336655/enver-kazaz-dinastija-izetbegovic-u-2018-bi-mogla-otici-s-povijesne-scene |publisher=Dnevni avaz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Enver Kazaz: Socijaldemokratija se vraća svojim osnovama i ljevica će biti ta koja će izvući zemlju iz kriza |url=http://www.prometej.ba/clanak/vijesti/enver-kazaz-socijaldemokratija-se-vraca-svojim-osnovama-i-ljevica-ce-biti-ta-koja-ce-izvuci-zemlju-iz-kriza-3641 |publisher=Prometej.ba}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Enver Kazaz: Izazovi nove ljevice |url=http://www.okruzenje.net/iz-mog-ugla/enver-kazaz-izazovi-nove-ljevice |publisher=Okruzenje.net |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2018-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708021020/http://www.okruzenje.net/iz-mog-ugla/enver-kazaz-izazovi-nove-ljevice |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2017, ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==

* Musa Ćazim Ćatić - književno naslijeđe i duh zamani, Centar za kulturu, Tešanj 1997.
* [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka.
* Antologija BH__ayr____ayr____ayr__ (wanda Ivan Lovrenović da Nikola Kovač suka rubuta) Alef, Sarajevo 2000.
* Bošnjački roman XX vijeka, Naklada Zoro, Zagreb-Sarajevo 2004.
* Neprijatelj ili susjed u__ilo____ilo____ilo__, Rabic, Sarajevo 2008.
* Traži ya fito ne daga gare shi. Međunarodni centar za mir, Sarajevo 1996.  (A bayyane yake cewa akwai abin da ya faru a lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi.) 
* Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha.
* Rat i__hau____hau____hau__ , (wanda ya rubuta Ivan Lovrenović) Novi liber, Zagreb, 2009.
* Unutarnji prijevodi, (wanda Davor Beganović ya rubuta), Naklada Ljevak-Karver, Zagreb-Podgorica, 2011.
* Na razvalinama, Synopsis (Sarajevo, 2014).- (poezija) 

== manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]</text>
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'''Peggy Littleton (Propst)''' ƴar takara ce Ba'amurkiya  don Hukumar Ilimi ta Jihar Colorado, Gundumar Majalisa 8. Ana yi mata kallon fitacciyar mace a siyasar Colorado, musamman an santa da zamanta a matsayin kwamishiniyar gundumar [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] County. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga dabi'un mazan jiya kuma ta shiga cikin [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|jam'iyyar Republican]] a matakin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] da jihohi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Colorado Springs Convention &amp; Visitors Bureau |url=http://www.visitcos.com/fast-facts |website=Visit Colorado Springs |language=en |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2017-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126040147/http://www.visitcos.com/fast-facts |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

An zaɓi Propst (Littleton) zuwa Hukumar Ilimi ta Jiha a cikin Nuwamba 2004 don hidimar Gundumar Majalissar Colorado. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colorado's 5th Congressional District - CO-05 Representatives &amp; District Map |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/CO/5 |website=GovTrack.us |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe wa'adin shekaru shida da kashi 62 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada. Bayan karewar wa'adin Hukumar Ilimi ta Jiha a 2010, Propst (Littleton) ta yi nasarar zama kwamishinan gundumar kuma aka sake zabar ta a 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goodland |first=Marianne |date=2010-05-22 |title=Board of Education races upcoming in three districts |url=http://www.coloradostatesman.com/content/991837-board-education-races-upcoming-three-districts |website=Colorado Politics |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Propst ya zama dan takarar Majalisar Dattawan Amurka Janairu 20, 2016. Propst yana fatan zazzage Sanata Michael Bennet, Democrat-Colorado, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Mark K. |date=2016-01-19 |title=El Paso County's Peg Littleton joins U.S. Senate race |url=http://www.denverpost.com/election/ci_29407378/el-paso-countys-peg-littleton-joins-u-s |access-date=2016-01-20 |website=The Denver Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda kafofin watsa labaru na kasa suka gano a cikin mafi yawan 'yan Democrat masu rauni a cikin 2016.  

== Rayuwar farko da na sirri ==
An haifi Propst a Sidney, [[Nebraska]], kuma ya koma Fort Morgan, Colorado, lokacin tana 4. Propst ya girma a Longmont, Colorado, gundumar Boulder County da ke makwabtaka da kwalejin garin Boulder wanda aka sani da siyasa da al'adu masu ci gaba.  Mahaifinta memba ne na ƙungiyar kuma ma'aikacin kula da kayan aiki tare da AT&amp;T tsawon shekaru 30; mahaifiyarta malama. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare, Propst ya shafe shekara guda a ƙasashen waje a matsayin ɗalibin musayar Matasa na Rotary a [[Austriya|Austria]]. Ta zauna a Colorado Springs tun lokacin bazara na 1993.

== Kwarewar siyasa ==
An zaɓi Propst a Hukumar Ilimi ta Jihar Colorado a 2004, watanni tara bayan an zabe ta don cike gurbi. Ta lashe zaben ne da kuri'u 178,561, wanda shine kashi 62 cikin dari na kuri'un da aka kada a zaben da kashi 90 cikin 100 na wadanda suka yi rijista. Bayan ta kammala wa'adin shekaru shida, ta tsaya takarar Kwamitin Kwamishinonin gundumar El Paso.

An zabi Propst a matsayin kwamishinan gundumar El Paso County 5 a cikin 2010 kuma an rantsar da shi a ofishin Janairu 11, 2011.  An sake zabar Propst a cikin 2014 da kashi 64 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a fafatawa da dan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat Jariah Walker.  

== Rigimar Sheriff ==
Propst ita ce kwamishinan gundumar na farko da ya yi kira ga murabus din Sheriff County El Paso Terry Maketa,  wanda daga baya ya bar ofis a cikin zarge-zarge da kararrakin da suka yi iƙirarin cewa ya haifar da yanayin aiki mai ƙiyayya kuma yana da sha'ani da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsa. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙararrakin aikin yi da'awar cewa sheriff ya yi amfani da ma'aikatan mata a matsayin &quot;wasan kwaikwayo na jima'i&quot; waɗanda aka ba su kyauta da haɓaka don yin jima'i. 

== Mayar da iyakacin lokaci ==
Kafin zaben farko na Propst a matsayin kwamishinan gundumomi, takaddamar jama'a ta barke bayan da kwamishinonin gundumar El Paso suka sanya abin da aka yi suka a matsayin harshe na yaudara da gangan akan kuri'ar 2010. Matakin ya yi tambaya ko jami'an gundumomi ya kamata a iyakance su zuwa wa'adi uku. Bayan an zartar da matakin, wasu masu kada kuri’a sun yi ikirarin cewa an yaudare su.  An riga an iyakance kwamishinoni zuwa wa'adi biyu kuma masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin an rubuta ƙarin wa'adin don bayyana a matsayin raguwa. Bayan da ya zama ofis a cikin 2011, Propst ta yi yaƙi don sake sanya tambayar ga masu jefa ƙuri'a tare da ƙarancin rikice-rikice. Masu jefa ƙuri'a a cikin 2011 sun dawo da iyakancewar wa'adi biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Sana'a ==
Propst (Littleton) ya koyar a Cheyenne Mountain Charter Academy da Colorado Springs Kirista Makarantun .

An nada Propst (Littleton) darakta na kyautar Colorado GEAR UP,  wanda ofishin Gov. Bill Owens na Republican ke gudanarwa. Colorado GEAR UP shine shirin jihar don shirya ƙananan kuɗi da ɗaliban ƙarni na farko don kwaleji.

A matsayin mai ba da shawara kan ilimi, Propst (Littleton) ta gudanar da tarukan haɓaka ƙwararrun ma'aikata ga malamai a duk faɗin ƙasar. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara tare da Gibson Hasbrouck &amp; Associates. Abin da ta mayar da hankali a kai shi ne horar da malamai don hada bayanan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma bambance-bambancen koyarwa a cikin aji.

Propst (Littleton) Dillali ne mai lasisi.

== Nadin mukamai na gwamna ==

* Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Tsaron Gida da Dukan Hatsari &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-11-19 |title=Appointments to Homeland Security and All-Hazards Senior Advisory {{sic|Comm|itte|hide=y}} Announced |url=http://www.coemergency.com/2012/11/appointments-to-homeland-security-and.html |website=coemergency.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hukumar Horar da Ma'aikatan Lafiya da Ma'auni &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-08-24 |title=Gov. Hickenlooper announces Boards &amp; Commissions appointments {{!}} The Official Site of Governor Hickenlooper |url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/governor/news/gov-hickenlooper-announces-boards-commissions-appointments-14 |website=www.colorado.gov }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwamitoci, kwamitoci, da sabis na kwamitocin ==

* Shugaban Kwalejin Kwalejin Kasuwanci a Colorado Springs
* Mataimakin Shugaban Kwalejin Kwalejin (TCA)
* Karanta don Cimma
* Cibiyar Dyslexia
* PACE (Ƙungiyar Iyaye don Zaɓin Ilimi)
* Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Adalci da Tsaron Jama'a ta ƙasa
* Pikes Peak Peak Rural Transport Authority Board of Directors &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=District 5, Peggy Littleton |url=https://bocc.elpasoco.com/#district5 |access-date=2018-06-17 |website=El Paso County Board of County Commissioners |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hukumar ritaya ta El Paso County &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Hukumar Hukuma ta El Paso-Teller County 911 &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta gundumar El Paso &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Pikes Peak Library Board &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Haɗin kai zuwa ofisoshin Sheriff da magatakarda da na rikodi

== Kyaututtuka da wallafe-wallafe ==

* An Ba da Kyautar Abokin Yarjejeniya don Siyasa 
* Ƙudurin Hukumar Ilimi ta Jiha yana fahimtar gudunmawa ga yara Colorado da yaran ma'aikatan soja 
* Mai ba da gudummawa ga rahotannin da Hukumar Kula da Ilimi ta Kasa ta NASBE ta buga, wasu daga cikinsu sune &quot;E Pluribus Unum (ELL),&quot;  &quot;Littafin Matasa,&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; da &quot;Daga Tsare-tsare zuwa Ayyuka (ECE).&quot;

== Ilimi ==
Bayan dawowa daga Austria, Propst (Littleton) ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Jihar Colorado . Bayan shekarunta na karama, Propst (Littleton) ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Regents na Jami'ar Jihar New York ( Jami'ar Excelsior yanzu) a Albany, New York .

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya a Habasha</title>
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        <username>Naja'atu Bintoo Usman</username>
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Kwamitin Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Masana' Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a ƙasar Habasha ('''ICHREE''') an kafa ta ne ta Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta [[Duk Majalisar Jama'a|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a watan [[Disamba]] na shekarar  2021. Manufar hukumar ita ce ta bincika zarge-zargen ƙeta doka da cin zarafin dokar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa, Dokar jin kai da Dokar 'yan gudun hijira a ƙasar Habasha da dukkan ɓangarorin da ke cikin rikici suka aikata tun daga 3 ga Nuwambae shekarar  2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-27 |title=Q &amp; A: Renewal of the Mandate of the International Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia (ICHREE) |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/09/27/q-renewal-mandate-international-commission-human-rights-experts-ethiopia-ichree |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar ta ƙunshi masana kare haƙƙin ɗan adam guda uku kuma an naɗa ta ne don wa'adin shekara guda. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2022 a zama Na 51 na Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam, an tsawaita wa'adin Hukumar zuwa Disambae shekarar 2023. 

== Halitta, manufofi da ƙare ==
A ranar 3 ga [[Nuwamba|Nuwamban]] shekarar 2021, rahoton Binciken hadin gwiwa da Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Habasha suka gudanar ya nuna cewa dukkan ɓangarorin sun ci gaba da aikata manyan take haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankuna da yawa na ƙasar Habasha tun daga ƙarshen lokacin da ake bincike, watau bayan da gwamnatin Ƙasar Habasha ta ayyana tsagaita wuta a ranar 28 ga Yunin shekara ta 2021; saboda haka bukatar ci gaba da bincike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 Nov 2021 |title=Report of the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC)/Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Joint Investigation into Alleged Violations of International Human Rights, Humanitarian and Refugee Law Committed by all Parties - Ethiopia {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/report-ethiopian-human-rights-commission-ehrcoffice-united-nations-high-commissioner |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 17 ga Disambae shekarar 2021, Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta mayar da martani ga wannan rahoton ta hanyar karɓar ƙudurin S-33/1. Kudurin ya kafa Hukumar Kula da Kwararrun ƴancin Dan Adam ta Duniya a Habasha (ICHREE) tare da manufar haɓaka aikin ƙungiyar bincike ta hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;resolution&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council on 17 December 2021 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G21/383/88/PDF/G2138388.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=undocs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umurnin ICHREE ya haɗa da gudanar da bincike ba tare da nuna bambanci ba game da zarge-zargen keta doka da cin zarafin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, Dokar jin kai da Dokar 'yan gudun hijira a Ƙasar Habasha da duk ɓangarorin da ke cikin rikici suka aikata tun daga 3 ga Nuwamban shekarar 2020, samar da jagora game da adalci na wucin gadi, da kuma ba da shawarwari ga Gwamnatin Habasha yayin da suke hulɗa da duk masu ruwa da tsaki masu ruwa da suka dace.&lt;ref name=&quot;resolution&quot; /&gt;

Gwamnatin tarayya ta Ƙasar Habasha sau biyu ta gabatar da shawarwarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya don dakatar da kudade na ICHREE.

A watan [[Oktoba]] na shekara ta 2022, Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta sabunta umarnin ICHREE don ci gaba da saka idanu da yin rikodin laifuka a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-07 |title=Ethiopia: UNHRC decision underscores critical need to continue monitoring human rights abuses |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/10/ethiopia-unhrc-decision-underscores-critical-need/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcoming Renewal of the Mandate for the International Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia |url=https://www.state.gov/welcoming-renewal-of-the-mandate-for-the-international-commission-of-human-rights-experts-on-ethiopia/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=United States Department of State |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin zaman Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam a ƙarshen 2023, membobin ICHREE sun nemi HRC ta tsawaita wa'adin ICHREE, suna mai bayyana cewa Sojojin Tsaro na Eritrea sun ci gaba da yi wa mata fyade da bautar mata a Tigray, kuma ana ci gaba da kashe-kashen da tsare-tsare a Yankin Amhara. Dan kungiyar ICHREE Steven R. Ratner ya bayyana cewa, &quot;Akwai ainihin haɗari da ke gabatowa cewa halin da ake ciki zai kara tabarbarewa, kuma yana da al'umma ta duniya don tabbatar da cewa bincike ya ci gaba don haka za a iya magance take hakkin dan adam, kuma mafi munin bala'i ya kauce wa. &quot; Wani jami'in diflomasiyyar EU ya bayyana cewa EU ya amince da jagorantar wa'adin ya ƙare. Ya zuwa 4 ga  , ana sa ran wa'adin zai ƙare, saboda ba a yi wani shiri na tsawaita wa'adin ba a lokacin da ake buƙata.

== Membobin da tsari ==
ICHREE ta ƙunshi ƙwararru uku. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, mambobin sun kasance Mohamed Chande Othman (Shugaba), Steven R. Ratner da Radhika Coomaraswamy . Tsoffin mambobin sune [[Kaari Betty Murungi]] (Shugaba) da Fatou Bensouda . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} International Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/ichre-ethiopa/index |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Rahoton Satumba 2022 ===
A ranar 19 ga Satumba 2022, ICHREE ta gabatar da rahoto tare da binciken farko ga Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=ID: Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia - 18th Meeting, 51st Regular Session of Human Rights Council {{!}} UN Web TV |url=https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1b/k1bsmioeaz |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112134442/https://media.un.org/en/asset/k1b/k1bsmioeaz |archive-date=2023-11-12 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=media.un.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar rahoton, akwai dalilan da za a yi imani da cewa kisan kai, tashin hankali na jima'i da yunwa na fararen hula a matsayin hanyar yaƙi an aikata su a Habasha tun daga 3 ga Nuwamba 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 September 2022 |title=UN experts warn of potential for further atrocities amid resumption of conflict in Ethiopia |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/09/un-experts-warn-potential-further-atrocities-amid-resumption-conflict |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-22 |title=Oral Statement to the International Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/09/22/oral-statement-international-commission-human-rights-experts-ethiopia |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin danganta yiwuwar alhakin aikata laifuka ga bangarori daban-daban a cikin rikici, rahoton Satumba 2022 &quot;ya sami hujja mai ma'ana don gaskata cewa Gwamnatin Tarayya (ta Habasha) da abokanta sun aikata laifukan da suka shafi bil'adama&quot; kuma cewa gwamnatin Habasha da abokanta suka yi amfani da yunwa a matsayin makamin yaki. Rahoton ya danganta mummunar cin zarafin bil'adama ga sojojin Tigrayan, wasu daga cikinsu masu yiwuwa [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifukan yaki]] ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;ICHREE_finds_reasonable_grounds&quot; /&gt;

Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Habasha, Taye Atske Selassie, ya ce rahoton &quot;ba daidai ba ne kuma ba shi da kyau&quot; kuma an yi niyyar kara matsin siyasa a kan gwamnatinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2022 |title=UN Rights Experts Warn Atrocities Will Grow in Ethiopia's Tigray Without Peace |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/un-rights-experts-warn-atrocities-will-grow-in-ethiopia-s-tigray-without-peace-/6810274.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=VOA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sanarwar Maris 2023 ===
A taron na 52 na Maris ɗin shekarar 2023 na Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam, shugaban ICHREE ya ce ya yi maraba da Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Habasha da Tigray kuma yana fatan cewa takarda mai suna &quot;Zaɓuɓɓukan Manufofin Adalci na canji&quot; zai ba da gudummawa ga hanyoyin adalci na canji. Shugaban ya bayyana cewa ICHREE na ci gaba da binciken laifukan yaki da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da dukkan bangarorin suka yi, gami da sojojin Eritrea. Shugaban ya bayyana cewa ICHREE ya nemi damar yin amfani da ƙungiyar bincike zuwa yankin Habasha sau da yawa kuma an ƙi shi. Shugaban ya bayyana cewa ICHREE yana hulɗa da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Habasha da Ofishin Yankin Gabashin Afirka na Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don &quot;haɗin kai da raba bayanai&quot;.

=== Rahotanni na Satumba/Oktoba 2023 ===
ICHREE ta buga rahoto mai shafi 21 a watan Satumbar shekarar 2023  da kuma cikakken rahoto mai shafuka 84 a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2023. 

* Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Habasha
* Yunwa a Yaƙin Tigray
* Bincike:
** Binciken EHRC-OHCHR na Tigray
** Binciken ACHPR Tigray
* Rikicin jima'i a Yaƙin Tigray
* Laifukan yaki a cikin Yakin Tigray

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Dan adam]]
[[Rukuni:Mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Jerin wallafe-wallafen mata</title>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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== Littattafai ==

* [[Fayil:Jus_Suffragii_1911.jpg|thumb|''Yankin da aka yi amfani da shi'' a shekara ta 1911]]Tarihin Mata - littattafai shida da Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage da Ida Husted Harper suka samar daga shekarar alif 1881 zuwa shekarar alif  1922.
* Suffragette Sally - wani littafi na shekarar alif 1911 na Gertrude Colmore .

=== Kasashen Duniya ===

* Jus Suffragii - mujallar hukuma ta International Woman Suffrage Alliance, da aka buga kowane wata daga shekarar alif 1906 zuwa shekarar alif 1924. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jus Suffragii |url=https://digital.janeaddams.ramapo.edu/items/show/9961 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Jane Addams Digital Edition}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Belgium ===

* ''Kungiyar 'Yancin Mata ta Belgium'' daga shekarar alif zuwa shekarar alif  (1892-1914)

=== China ===

* [[Fayil:Kvinden_og_Samfundet_1885.png|thumb|Rufin fitowar farko ta ''Kvinden &amp;amp;amp; Samfundet'', Janairu 1885]]Women's Times (Chinese: 女子倍), wanda Lin Zongsu ya kafa a [[Shanghai]] don buga bayanai game da zaɓen da kuma Ƙungiyar Mata ta Suffrage Comrades Alliance (Chinese).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Lily Xiao Hong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOGdnCPJSOMC&amp;pg=PA347 |title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women |last2=Stefanowska |first2=A. D. |last3=Wiles |first3=Sue |last4=Ho |first4=Clara Wing-chung |date=1998 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-0798-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Denmark ===

* ''Kvinden &amp;amp;amp; Samfundet'' (Woman &amp; Society), wanda kungiyar mata ta Danish ta kafa a shekarar alif 1885.&lt;ref&gt;Warring, Anette (2005). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214830/http://rudar.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/1395/3/Projekt+til+biblo+20-12.pdf Dansk Kvindesamfund]&quot; ''[[Roskilde University]]'' (in Danish). Archived from [http://rudar.ruc.dk/bitstream/1800/1395/3/Projekt+til+biblo+20-12.pdf the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Faransa ===

* L'Union nationale des femmes (National Union for the Vote for Women), mujallar Faransa, wacce ta ba da shawara ga 'yancin mata na jefa kuri'a da daidaito (1927-1964) 

=== Rasha ===

* Kungiyar Mata (Union mata), wanda Union for Women's Equality ta buga, shekarar alif zuwa shekarar alif 1907-1909.

=== Sweden ===

* ''Dagny'', shekarar alif zuwa shekarar alif 1886-zuwa shekarar alif 1914 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Donovan |first=Stephen |date=2006 |title=Conrad in Swedish: The First Translation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20873581 |journal=The Conradian |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=114–135 |issn=0951-2314}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Hertha'', shekarar alif 1914-zuwa shekarar alif 1990s, mai suna bayan marubucin [[Sweden]] kuma mai rajin kare mata Fredrika Bremer littafin ''Hertha''

=== Ƙasar Ingila ===

* Suffrage Atelier - ƙungiyar bugawa a Ingila, an kafa ta a shekara ta alif 1909.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Heath |first=Alex |date=2018-04-04 |title=Clemence and Laurence Housman found the Suffrage Atelier |url=https://editions.covecollective.org/chronologies/clemence-and-laurence-housman-found-suffrage-atelier |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=COVE |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322165815/https://editions.covecollective.org/chronologies/clemence-and-laurence-housman-found-suffrage-atelier |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Common Cause - wallafe-wallafen mako-mako wanda ke tallafawa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa daga shekarar alif 1909 zuwa shekarar alif 1920. [[Margaret Ashton]] ce ta kafa shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simpkin |first=John |title=The Common Cause |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/Wcommoncause.htm#:~:text=The%20Common%20Cause-,The%20Common%20Cause,the%20women's%20movement%20for%20reform%22. |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Spartacus Educational}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Freewoman - mako-mako na mata wanda, a tsakanin sauran batutuwa, ya rufe motsi na sufuri; wanda aka buga tsakanin Nuwamba shekarar alif 1911 da Oktoba shekarar alif 1912 kuma Dora Marsden da Mary Gawthorpe ne suka shirya shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Freewoman |url=https://modjourn.org/journal/freewoman/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Modernist Journals Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Irish Citizen - littafin hukuma na Irish Women's Franchise League, wanda aka buga tsakanin shekarar alif 1912 da shekarar alif 1920. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 January 2014 |title=Suffrage Journals |url=http://womansuffragememorabilia.com/woman-suffrage-memorabilia/suffrage-journals/ |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=Woman Suffrage Memorabilia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Suffragette Sally - littafin sufragiste na shekarar alif 1911 na Gertrude Colmore . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Why read Suffragette Sally? |url=https://shepherd.com/book/suffragette-sally |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Shepherd |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Vote - bugawa na Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Mata ta Burtaniya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Albert |first=Tessa |date=2018-11-04 |title=Women's Freedom League and The Vote |url=https://editions.covecollective.org/chronologies/womens-freedom-league-and-vote |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=COVE |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322170838/https://editions.covecollective.org/chronologies/womens-freedom-league-and-vote |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Fayil:1910-Sophia-Suffragette-Duleep-Singh-fixed.jpg|thumb|Gimbiya Sophia Duleep-Singh tana sayar da kwafin The Suffragette''Mai cin zarafin'']]
* Votes for Women - jaridar shekarar alif 1907-zuwa shekarar alif 1918, takarda ta hukuma ta Kungiyar Jama'a da Siyasa ta Mata, Ƙasar Ingila . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The Suffragette ne ya maye gurbinsa a shekarar alif 1912, wanda Christabel Pankhurst ya shirya kuma Agnes Lake ta gudanar da shi.
* The Women's Dreadnought - wallafe-wallafen hukuma na East London Federation of Suffragettes, ya fara bugawa a shekarar alif 1914.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Women's Suffrage Journal - mujallar da aka buga shekarar alif 1871-zuwa shekarar alif 1890 a Ƙasar Ingila. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women's Suffrage Journal |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/59823 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Cornell University Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amurka ===

* Kwaskwarima ta goma sha tara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka - yana ba mata damar yin zabe a Amurka, an tabbatar da shi a shekarar alif 1920.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nineteenth Amendment |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nineteenth-Amendment |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sanarwar Jin ciki - babbar sanarwa ga haƙƙin mata, gami da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a, ta wuce kuma ta sanya hannu a Yarjejeniyar Seneca Falls a shekarar alif 1848; galibi Elizabeth Cady Stanton ce ta rubuta shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The First Women's Rights Convention - Women's Rights National Historical Park |url=https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/the-first-womens-rights-convention.htm |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=U.S. National Park Service |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Fayil:The_Woman_Citizen_January_19_1918_back_cover003.jpg|thumb|Bayanan baya na mujallar The Woman Citizen daga Janairu 19, 1918]]Tarihin Mata - littattafai shida da Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage da Ida Husted Harper suka samar daga shekarar alif 1881 zuwa shekarar alif 1922.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The History of Women's Suffrage |url=https://cptl.asu.edu/womens-suffrage |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Center for Political Thought and Leadership}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Forerunner - Jaridar Amurka da Charlotte Perkins Gilman ta kirkira, tana tallafawa mata da zaɓen mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
* The Liberator - jaridar mako-mako da William Lloyd Garrison ya buga wanda, kodayake da farko yana goyon bayan kawar da bautar, ya kuma ɗauki dalilin zaɓen daga 1838 har sai an rufe shi a 1865. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=William Lloyd Garrison |url=https://sites.uw.edu/twomn347/2022/12/12/william-lloyd-garrison/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=First Wave Feminisms |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mw7A&quot;&gt;Lily&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; - wanda aka buga tsakanin 1849 da 1856 kuma [[Amelia Bloomer]] ce ta shirya shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Lucifer, the Light-Bearer - bugawa a Amurka da ke tallafawa haƙƙin mata daga 1883 zuwa 1907. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Maryland]] Suffrage News - An kafa shi a 1912 don Just Government League of Maryland . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* The Revolution - jaridar Amurka ta mako-mako, 1868-1872; wallafe-wallafen hukuma na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* The Suffragist - jaridar 1913-1920 ta Kungiyar Majalisa don Zaɓin Mata . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Takardar ''Una'' - 1853 da aka sadaukar da ita ga 'yancin mata, mallakar Paulina Wright Davis ce kuma ta shirya ta, kuma an buga ta ne a Providence, Rhode Island.{{Sfn|Stanton|Anthony|Gage|1889}} ''Una'' ita ce takarda ta farko da ta mayar da hankali kan 'yancin mata, kuma ita ce jaridar farko da ta fi dacewa da' yancin mata.{{Sfn|Stanton|Anthony|Gage|1889}}
* Woman's Journal and Suffrage News - babbar jaridar mako-mako da Lucy Stone da Henry Blackwell suka kafa a 1870, daga ƙarshe ta shawo kan wasu wallafe-wallafen sufragie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* The Woman's Tribune - jaridar da Clara Bewick Colby ta buga daga 1883 zuwa 1909.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Mace mai jefa kuri'a - U.S. bugawa ta farko da aka buga a 1910 ta Jam'iyyar Mata ta Suffrage . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* ''Woodhull &amp;amp;amp; Claflin's Weekly'' - jaridar kare hakkin mata a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Zaɓen Mata|Hakkin mata na jefa kuri'a]]

* Jerin masu goyon bayan mata da mata
* Jerin kungiyoyin mata masu ba da izini
* Jerin lokaci na zaɓen mata

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}</text>
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    <title>Josef W. Meri</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-24T20:29:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummun Sultan</username>
        <id>23935</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>839808</origin>
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'''Josef (Yousef) Waleed Meri''' (Arabic) masanin tarihin Amurka ne na dangantakar addinai a Gabas ta Tsakiya da tarihin addini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Meri |first=Josef |date=2023-06-01 |title=Josef Meri |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1118873505.html?language=en |website=Josef Meri: Deutsche Biographie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Shi memba ne mai ziyara a Jami'ar Georgetown, Qatar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Meri |first=Josef |date=2023-05-19 |title=Georgetown University Biography |url=https://gufaculty360.georgetown.edu/s/contact/0031Q00002TS0bGQAT/josef-meri |website=Josef Meri: Georgetown University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, abokin tarayya ne na Cibiyar Yarima Alwaleed Bin Talal don Fahimtar Musulmi da Kirista a Jami'ar Georgetown .&lt;ref name=&quot;Experience&quot;&gt;[https://gufaculty360.georgetown.edu/s/contact/0031Q00002TS0bGQAT/josef-meri] Georgetown University, Qatar [[Georgetown University Qatar]]&lt;/ref&gt;  Meri ya kasance Babban Mataimakin Cibiyar Nazarin Dangantakar Yahudawa-Kirista-Musulmi, Kwalejin Merrimack wacce ta rufe a shekarar 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;Center for the Study of Jewish, Christian, Muslim Relations&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220704151723/https://www.merrimack.edu/academics/centers/jcmr/meet_faculty_staff/] Faculty and Staff, Center for the Study of Jewish, Christian, Muslim Relations, [[Merrimack College]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga shekarar 2018 zuwa 2023 ya kasance memba na malamai a Jami'ar Hamad Bin Khalifa, Doha, Qatar . Daga 2013 zuwa 2014 Meri ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa na takwas na Allianz mai ziyara na Nazarin Musulunci a Jami'ar Ludwig Maximilian ta Munich .  Ta kuma kasance Fellow na Kwalejin St. Edmund, Cambridge, Jami'ar Cambridge,  kuma abokin ziyara a Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci, Jami'an Cambridge. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goldziher Prize for Former Research Fellow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-22 |title=St Edmund's College - University of Cambridge |url=https://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/news/goldziher-prize-former-research-fellow |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922083836/https://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/news/goldziher-prize-former-research-fellow |archive-date=2021-09-22 |access-date=2023-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meri ita ce ta lashe kyautar Goldziher ta 2014 a cikin dangantakar Yahudawa da Musulmai wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Dangantakar Yahudawa da Kirista da Musulmai, Kwalejin Merrimack ta bayar.&lt;ref name=&quot;2014 Goldziher Prize&quot;&gt;[https://www.merrimack.edu/news/merrimack-presents-award-to-interfaith-historian-scholar/] Center for the Study of Jewish-Christian-Muslim Relations, Merrimack College&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan littattafai ==

=== Littattafai da kundin da aka gyara ===

* (ed. and contributor) ''[https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Revivals-Medieval-Islamic-Civilization-2006-An-Encyclopedia/Meri/p/book/9781138061002 Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia]'', 2 vols. (Abingdon, Oxon. and New York: Routledge, 2017 (Volume 1: {{ISBN|978-1138061002}}) (Volume 2: {{ISBN|978-1138061316}})
* (ed.) ''Jewish-Muslim Relations in Past and Present: A Kaleidoscopic View'' (Leiden: Brill, 2017)({{ISBN|9789004235809}})
* (ed. and contributor) ''The Routledge Handbook of Muslim-Jewish Relations'' (New York: Routledge, 2016)({{ISBN|978-0415-64516-4}}).
* ''The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002) ({{ISBN|0-19-925078-2}}).
* (ed. with Farhad Daftary) ''Culture and Memory in Medieval Islam'' (London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2003) ({{ISBN|1-86064-859-2}}).
* (ed. and trans.) ''A Lonely Wayfarer's Guide to Pilgrimage: Ali ibn Abi Bakr's Kitab al-Isharat ila Ma'rifat al-Ziyarat'' (Princeton: [[Darwin Press]], 2004) ({{ISBN|0-87850-169-X}}).
* (ed. and contributor) [https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC ''Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia''], 2 vols. (New York: Routledge, 2006) ({{ISBN|0-415-96690-6}}).
* (ed.) [http://www.rissc.jo/docs/04-bayan/120102-bayanalFarqweb.pdf] ''Bayān al-Farq bayn al-Ṣadr wal-Qalb wal-Fuʾād wal-Lubb'' (''بيان الفرق بين الصدر والقلب والفؤاد واللب''], Second revised edition (Amman: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre, 2012. First published 2009) ({{ISBN|978-9957-8533-5-8}}).

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* - Jami'ar Georgetown, Qatar{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Josef Waleed Meri |url=https://gufaculty360.georgetown.edu/s/contact/0031Q00002TS0bGQAT/josef-meri}}
* Josef W. Meria cikin ɗakunan karatu (WorldCatkatako) 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Josef (Yousef) Waleed Meri''' (Arabic) masanin tarihin Amurka ne na dangantakar addinai a Gabas ta Tsakiya da tarihin addini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Meri |first=Josef |date=2023-06-01 |title=Josef Meri |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1118873505.html?language=en |website=Josef Meri: Deutsche Biographie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Shi memba ne mai ziyara a Jami'ar Georgetown, Qatar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Meri |first=Josef |date=2023-05-19 |title=Georgetown University Biography |url=https://gufaculty360.georgetown.edu/s/contact/0031Q00002TS0bGQAT/josef-meri |website=Josef Meri: Georgetown University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, abokin tarayya ne na Cibiyar Yarima Alwaleed Bin Talal don Fahimtar Musulmi da Kirista a Jami'ar Georgetown .&lt;ref name=&quot;Experience&quot;&gt;[https://gufaculty360.georgetown.edu/s/contact/0031Q00002TS0bGQAT/josef-meri] Georgetown University, Qatar [[Georgetown University Qatar]]&lt;/ref&gt;  Meri ya kasance Babban Mataimakin Cibiyar Nazarin Dangantakar Yahudawa-Kirista-Musulmi, Kwalejin Merrimack wacce ta rufe a shekarar 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;Center for the Study of Jewish, Christian, Muslim Relations&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220704151723/https://www.merrimack.edu/academics/centers/jcmr/meet_faculty_staff/] Faculty and Staff, Center for the Study of Jewish, Christian, Muslim Relations, [[Merrimack College]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga shekarar 2018 zuwa 2023 ya kasance memba na malamai a Jami'ar Hamad Bin Khalifa, Doha, Qatar . Daga 2013 zuwa 2014 Meri ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa na takwas na Allianz mai ziyara na Nazarin Musulunci a Jami'ar Ludwig Maximilian ta Munich .  Ta kuma kasance Fellow na Kwalejin St. Edmund, Cambridge, Jami'ar Cambridge,  kuma abokin ziyara a Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci, Jami'an Cambridge. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goldziher Prize for Former Research Fellow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-09-22 |title=St Edmund's College - University of Cambridge |url=https://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/news/goldziher-prize-former-research-fellow |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922083836/https://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/news/goldziher-prize-former-research-fellow |archive-date=2021-09-22 |access-date=2023-05-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meri ita ce ta lashe ƙyautar Goldziher ta 2014 a cikin dangantakar Yahudawa da Musulmai wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Dangantakar Yahudawa da Kirista da Musulmai, Kwalejin Merrimack ta bayar.&lt;ref name=&quot;2014 Goldziher Prize&quot;&gt;[https://www.merrimack.edu/news/merrimack-presents-award-to-interfaith-historian-scholar/] Center for the Study of Jewish-Christian-Muslim Relations, Merrimack College&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan littattafai ==

=== Littattafai da kundin da aka gyara ===

* (ed. and contributor) ''[https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Revivals-Medieval-Islamic-Civilization-2006-An-Encyclopedia/Meri/p/book/9781138061002 Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia]'', 2 vols. (Abingdon, Oxon. and New York: Routledge, 2017 (Volume 1: {{ISBN|978-1138061002}}) (Volume 2: {{ISBN|978-1138061316}})
* (ed.) ''Jewish-Muslim Relations in Past and Present: A Kaleidoscopic View'' (Leiden: Brill, 2017)({{ISBN|9789004235809}})
* (ed. and contributor) ''The Routledge Handbook of Muslim-Jewish Relations'' (New York: Routledge, 2016)({{ISBN|978-0415-64516-4}}).
* ''The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002) ({{ISBN|0-19-925078-2}}).
* (ed. with Farhad Daftary) ''Culture and Memory in Medieval Islam'' (London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2003) ({{ISBN|1-86064-859-2}}).
* (ed. and trans.) ''A Lonely Wayfarer's Guide to Pilgrimage: Ali ibn Abi Bakr's Kitab al-Isharat ila Ma'rifat al-Ziyarat'' (Princeton: [[Darwin Press]], 2004) ({{ISBN|0-87850-169-X}}).
* (ed. and contributor) [https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC ''Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia''], 2 vols. (New York: Routledge, 2006) ({{ISBN|0-415-96690-6}}).
* (ed.) [http://www.rissc.jo/docs/04-bayan/120102-bayanalFarqweb.pdf] ''Bayān al-Farq bayn al-Ṣadr wal-Qalb wal-Fuʾād wal-Lubb'' (''بيان الفرق بين الصدر والقلب والفؤاد واللب''], Second revised edition (Amman: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre, 2012. First published 2009) ({{ISBN|978-9957-8533-5-8}}).

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* - Jami'ar Georgetown, Qatar{{Cite web |date=May 19, 2022 |title=Josef Waleed Meri |url=https://gufaculty360.georgetown.edu/s/contact/0031Q00002TS0bGQAT/josef-meri}}
* Josef W. Meria cikin ɗakunan karatu (WorldCatkatako) 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Everlyn Chemutai''' (an Haife shi 12 Oktoba 1976) ma'aikaciyar Akawu ce kuma 'yar majalisa. Ta kasance Mace Wakiliya a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda na gundumar Bukwo tun daga shekarar 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=33 |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=www.parliament.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da alaƙa da National Resistance Movement (NRM).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CHEMUTAI EVERLYN|url=https://nrm.co.ug/staff/chemutai-everlyn/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=NRM|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731045047/https://nrm.co.ug/staff/chemutai-everlyn/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.mpscanug.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020ParliamentScorecard-2018-2019-draft-FINAL.pdf-Sent-for-Print-2020-7-21.pdf|title=The Parliamentary Performance Scorecard 2018- 2019|publisher=[[Africa Leadership Institute]]|year=2018|isbn=978-947478-111-0|location=Kampala|pages=74, 79, 85, 109, 114, 332, 692|access-date=2025-03-20|archive-date=2022-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207063844/https://www.mpscanug.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020ParliamentScorecard-2018-2019-draft-FINAL.pdf-Sent-for-Print-2020-7-21.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CHEMUTAI EVERLYN |url=https://nrm.co.ug/staff/chemutai-everlyn/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731045047/https://nrm.co.ug/staff/chemutai-everlyn/ |archive-date=2021-07-31 |access-date=2021-04-02 |website=NRM |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi '''Everlyn Chemutai''' a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba 1976. Ta kammala Jarabawar Firamare a shekarar 1989 a Makarantar Firamare ta Chebinyiny.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CHEMUTAI EVERLYN|url=https://nrm.co.ug/staff/chemutai-everlyn/|access-date=2021-04-02|website=NRM|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731045047/https://nrm.co.ug/staff/chemutai-everlyn/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ta kammala shedar ilimi ta Uganda daga Gamatui Girls SS a shekarar 1993. Daga nan ta tafi Sebei College Tegere daga nan ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a Uganda a shekarar 1997. An ba ta takardar shaidar digiri a fannin kasuwanci daga Kwalejin Kasuwancin Uganda, Soroti a shekarar 2000. Ta ci gaba da karatunta kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin lissafi a [[jami'ar Makerere]] a shekarar 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ƙwarewa a fannin aiki ==
Everlyn Chemutai ta kasance Mataimakinyar Asusu na Kamfanonin Wilcon, Soroti daga shekarun 2001-2002. Ta zama Bursar a Makarantar Sakandare ta Moroto daga shekarun 2002 – 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; She is the vice chairperson for the Committee on HIV/AIDS and Related Matters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.uk-cpa.org/media/2457/uganda-report-final.pdf|title=UGANDA PROGRAMME FOR WOMEN COMMITTEE CHAIRS AND VICE-CHAIRS|publisher=[[Common Wealth Parliamentary Association UK]]|year=2018|location=|pages=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta zama Ma'aikaciyar Aiki na Cibiyar Shugabancin Afirka daga 2004 - 2011. Ita ce Mataimakiyar Asusu/Tallafi a Kungiyar Tallafawa Kanjamau (TASO) Uganda daga shekarun 2012 -2015. Ta zama 'yar majalisar dokokin Uganda daga shekarun 2016 zuwa yau.  Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar kwamitin kan cutar kanjamau da al'amura masu alaka.  Ita ma mamba ce a kwamitin noma, masana'antar dabbobi da kifaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Sauran gudunmawar ==
Ta Taimakawa Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa, Ƙungiyoyin Mata Masu Tallafawa, Ƙungiyoyin Ɗaliban Jami'o'i masu Tallafawa a cikin yankinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; She is the vice chairperson for the Committee on HIV/AIDS and Related Matters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.uk-cpa.org/media/2457/uganda-report-final.pdf|title=UGANDA PROGRAMME FOR WOMEN COMMITTEE CHAIRS AND VICE-CHAIRS|publisher=[[Common Wealth Parliamentary Association UK]]|year=2018|location=|pages=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Everlyn Chemutai ta halarci zaman majalisar inda 'yan majalisar za su kaɗa kuri'a kan ko za a soke harajin kuɗin wayar hannu ko a'a sai ta ce YES.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=4 October 2018|title=How MPs voted on whether to scrap Mobile Money tax or not|work=[[NEW VISION]]|url=https://archives.visiongroup.co.ug/vision/NewVisionaApi/v1/uploads/NV041018pg06.pdf|access-date=2021-04-02|archive-date=2022-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016223730/https://archives.visiongroup.co.ug/vision/NewVisionaApi/v1/uploads/NV041018pg06.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dorothy Nyakato</title>
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'''Dorothy Nyakato Nzibonera''' 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Uganda wacce 'yar majalisar wakilai ce mai wakiltar Kitagwenda a Uganda a majalisar dokoki ta goma sha ɗaya ta [[Uganda|Jamhuriyar Uganda.]] Tana da alaƙa da National Resistance Movement jam'iyyar siyasa mai mulki a Uganda bayan zaɓen watan Janairu, 2021. Ita ma akawu ce ta sana'a kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar lissafin kuɗi a cibiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Uganda.

A majalisa ta 11, tana aiki a kwamitin ilimi da wasanni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee on Education and Sports – Parliament Watch |url=https://parliamentwatch.ug/committees/committee-on-education-and-sports/ |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
Dorothy Nyakato ta fito daga gundumar Kitgwenda a Yammacin Uganda. Ita Kirista ce kuma 'yar Anglican ce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaziimba confirms 202 children at Makerere University |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/119841 |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dorothy ta auri Robert Kabandize tun daga watan Maris, 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=wedding of dorothy Nyakato |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201605250894.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Ita ce mace wakiliyar majalisar dokokin gundumar Kitagwenda majalisa ta goma sha ɗaya ta Uganda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=dorothy Nyakato Nzibonera, Aspiring Woman MP 2021-2026, Kitagwenda District |url=http://www.ugandadecides.com/aspirant.php?profile=678 |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.ugandadecides.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418014956/http://www.ugandadecides.com/aspirant.php?profile=678 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta doke Asiimwe Joan na Forum for Democratic Change, Ninsiima Grace wanda ya sha kaye a hannun Dorothy a zaɓen fidda gwani da Kenyonyonzi Efrance wanda ya tsaya takara a matsayin mai cin gashin kansa a zaɓen watan Janairu, 2021 don lashe zaɓen da mafi yawan kuri'un da aka kaɗa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nyakato Dorothy - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/jun-2018-butebo-district-chairperson-by-election/candidates/nyakato-dorothy-10429/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar asusu a Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam, Uganda matsayin da take riƙe da ita har zuwa yau.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki na goma sha daya na Uganda

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Urmila Balawant ta cancanta</title>
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'''Urmila Balavant Apte''' ita ce ƴar [[Indiya]] wacce ta kafa kungiyar BhartiyaStree Shakti a shekarar 1988 wacce aka sadaukar da ita ga karfafa mata. Ta sami Nari Shakti Puraskar daga Shugaba Ram Nath Kovind a cikin 2018 saboda aikinta.

== Rayuwa ==
Apte masanin lissafi ne wanda ya sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Mumbai a lissafi. A shekara ta 1969 ta yi amfani da cancantar koyarwa da digiri na biyu don koyar da lissafi a kwalejoji daban-daban a Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;bhar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Smt. Urmila Apte – Bharatiya Stree Shakti |url=http://www.bharatiyastreeshakti.org/smt-urmila-apte/ |access-date=2021-01-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111114143/http://www.bharatiyastreeshakti.org/smt-urmila-apte/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kafa, Bhartiya Stree Shakti (BSS), a cikin shekarun 1988. BSS kungiya ce don karfafa mata. Kungiyar tana neman kawo karshen nuna bambanci bisa ga jinsi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 March 2018 |title=Urmila Balwant Apte - Nari Shakti Awardee 2017 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9BR10hLGmg&amp;ab_channel=MinistryofWomen&amp;ChildDevelopmentGovtofIndia |access-date=2021-01-08 |website=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma karfafa mata. Yana aiki don amincewa da gudummawar mata ga al'umma da iyali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Meet Ms. Urmila Balawant Apte, #NariShakti Puraskar 2017 awardee. |url=https://twitter.com/PIB_India/status/971366484336263168/photo/2 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=Indian government press site}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Urmila_Balavant_Apte_getting_Nari_Shakti_Puraskar_from_President_Kovind.jpg|left|thumb|Urmila Balavant ta iya samun Nari Shakti Puraskar daga Shugaba Kovind]]
Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Bhartiya Stree Shakti har zuwa 1995. A wannan shekarar ta zama Sakatariyar Shirye-shiryen Indiya kuma wannan rawar ce da ta riƙe har zuwa 2014. A lokacin da ta yi tafiya a fadin gundumar ta don tallafawa wadanda ke da sha'awar kungiyar Bharatiya Stree Shakti. Jihohi goma a Indiya suna da aƙalla reshe ɗaya kuma jimillar akwai rassa 33. Daga shekara ta 2014 ta zauna a Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta BSS . &lt;ref name=&quot;bhar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Smt. Urmila Apte – Bharatiya Stree Shakti |url=http://www.bharatiyastreeshakti.org/smt-urmila-apte/ |access-date=2021-01-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111114143/http://www.bharatiyastreeshakti.org/smt-urmila-apte/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.bharatiyastreeshakti.org/smt-urmila-apte/ &quot;Smt. Urmila Apte – Bharatiya Stree Shakti&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111114143/http://www.bharatiyastreeshakti.org/smt-urmila-apte/ |date=2021-01-11 }}&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 January&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2018 taron kwana biyu na Bhartiya Stree Shakti don bikin shekaru talatin tun lokacin da aka kafa shi ya ja hankalin wakilai 1,000 daga ko'ina cikin Indiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 Jan 2018 |title=Bharatiya Stree Shakti discusses various issues {{!}} Nagpur News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/bharatiya-stree-shakti-discusses-various-issues/articleshow/62480049.cms |access-date=2021-01-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en |agency=TNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba ta lambar yabo ta Nari Shakti Puraskar a ranar Mata ta Duniya a shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nari Shakti Puraskar - Gallery |url=http://narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in/gallery |access-date=2021-01-08 |website=narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaba Kovind ne ya ba da kyautar a fadar shugaban kasa (Rastrapati Bhavan) a New Delhi tare da Firayim Minista na Indiya, [[Narendra Modi]] ma ya halarci. An girmama mutane talatin da tara ko kungiyoyi a wannan shekarar. Sun sami kyautar da kyautar $ R 100,000.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Manju Manikuttan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>97047</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="6938" sha1="tihs3fmsv824nxyt6no2ja01zfotqcr" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Manju Manikuttan''' (an haife shi a shekara ta ) masanin kyawawan abubuwa ne kuma ma'aikacin zamantakewa na Indiya. Ta ceci ma'aikatan kasashen waje da yawa, waɗanda suka fuskanci batutuwan shari'a, kiwon lafiya da aiki a [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]]. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Nari Shakti Puraskar, babbar lambar yabo ga mata a Indiya, a shekarar 2019.

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Manikuttan kuma ta girma a Gundumar Ernakulam &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;sg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohammed |first=Irfan |date=2019-03-20 |title=India president confers Manju with Nari Shakti Puraskar award |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/561605 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=Saudigazette |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Kerala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Women and Child Development |url=https://www.facebook.com/ministryWCD/photos/a.477612152383665/1915946988550167/?type=3 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=www.facebook.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ta auri Padmanabhan Manikuttan kuma tana da 'ya'ya biyu (Abhinav da Abhirami), ta koma birnin Khobar na Saudi Arabia a cikin 2011, tare da mijinta na waje, kuma ta fara aiki a cikin gidan kyakkyawa a matsayin mai kyau.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;notamaid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=This beautician gives Khaddamas a ray of hope in desert kingdom |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jan/04/this-beautician-gives-khaddamas-a-ray-of-hope-in-desert-kingdom-2084735.html |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An canza rayuwarta lokacin da ta sadu da Safiya Ajith, sanannen ma'aikacin zamantakewa kuma Mataimakin Shugaban kungiyar Indiya ta Navayugam Cultural Forum a Saudi Arabia. Ajith ta karfafa mata gwiwa ta shiga aikin zamantakewa kuma ta zama mataimakiyar Ajith, wajen warware matsalolin mata a cibiyar korar mutane. Bayan shekara guda, Ajith ya mutu saboda ciwon daji. Navayugam ya sanya Manikuttan ya ɗauki nauyin da Ajith ke kula da shi. Manikuttan ya ɗauki dukkan nauyin cibiyar korar mata kuma ya shiga cikin warware shari'ar fursunonin mata. Mijinta Padmanabhan Manikuttan yana taimaka mata a duk ayyukanta na zamantakewa. 

Manikuttan ta warware daruruwan shari'o'in mata, wadanda suka zo Saudi Arabia don yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan gida, ma'aikatan asibiti, masu kyawawan abubuwa, da sauransu kuma sun ƙare da batutuwa tare da masu tallafawa, kiwon lafiya, matsalolin shari'a da aiki, da biza. Ta taimaka wa daruruwan mata su koma Indiya, bayan kammala dukkan ayyukan shari'a. Ofishin Jakadancin Indiya ya amince da ita a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga jama'a kuma ya ba ta izinin tsoma baki a duk wani lamari da ya shafi ma'aikatan mata na Indiya. Hukumomin fitar da mata da jami'an Saudiyya suna da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da ita kuma sun taimaka mata a cikin matsaloli masu rikitarwa da yawa, waɗanda ke buƙatar taimakon su na musamman.

An ba ta lambar yabo ta Nari Shakti Puraskar saboda aikinta na zamantakewa a shekarar 2019. Shugaban Indiya Ram Nath Kovind ne ya ba da wannan a fadar shugaban kasa a New Delhi a [[Ranar mata ta duniya|Ranar Mata ta Duniya]] a shekarar 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Feb 25, 2019 |title=Malayali volunteer gets Nari Shakti Puraskar {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/malayali-volunteer-gets-nari-shakti-puraskar/articleshow/68142930.cms |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en |agency=TNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyautar ƙasa ce ta Indiya don nuna godiya ga aiki na musamman don karfafa mata&quot;.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;pic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nari Shakti Puraskar - Gallery |url=http://narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in/gallery |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=narishaktipuraskar.wcd.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sadu da Ministan Maneka Gandhi kuma daga baya ta sadu da Firayim Minista [[Narendra Modi]] . Ita ce kadai mace ta baƙo da ta sami kyautar a wannan shekarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;sg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohammed |first=Irfan |date=2019-03-20 |title=India president confers Manju with Nari Shakti Puraskar award |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/561605 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=Saudigazette |language=English}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMohammed2019&quot;&gt;Mohammed, Irfan (2019-03-20). [http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/561605 &quot;India president confers Manju with Nari Shakti Puraskar award&quot;]. ''Saudigazette''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-01-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2020 New Indian Express ta ba da rahoton misalin &quot;Chandrika&quot; wanda ya bar Indiya zuwa Saudi Arabia don aiki a matsayin mai lissafi a asibiti. Lokacin da ta isa ta gano cewa an yaudare ta kuma aikin da aka ba ta shine a matsayin ma'aikaciyar gida. Chandrika ta zauna a cikin aikin na tsawon watanni biyar amma a ƙarshe ma'aikatarta ta kai ta filin jirgin sama. Yanayinta ya haifar da fada kuma da an kama ta. Koyaya, an kira Manikuttan kuma ta dawo da ita gidanta inda ta zauna har sai an shirya sabon hanyar gida.

Ayyukanta a matsayin mai sa kai wani bangare ne na aikin kungiyar [[Navayugam Samskarika Vedi]] . A halin yanzu ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban kwamitin tsakiya na Navayugam . A cikin shekaru ta yi aiki ga daruruwan baƙi waɗanda galibi ma'aikatan gida ne da aka dauka daga [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] da [[Kerala]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;notamaid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=This beautician gives Khaddamas a ray of hope in desert kingdom |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jan/04/this-beautician-gives-khaddamas-a-ray-of-hope-in-desert-kingdom-2084735.html |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jan/04/this-beautician-gives-khaddamas-a-ray-of-hope-in-desert-kingdom-2084735.html &quot;This beautician gives Khaddamas a ray of hope in desert kingdom&quot;]. ''The New Indian Express''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-01-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ofishin Jakadancin Indiya a Riyadh, da hukumomin Saudiyya ciki har da Cibiyar Deportation a Dammam da Navayugam suna tallafa mata a cikin aikinta. Ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa daga kungiyoyi daban-daban, cibiyoyi da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu saboda aikinta na zamantakewa. Har yanzu tana ci gaba da aikinta na zamantakewa a Saudi Arabia.&lt;ref name=&quot;sg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohammed |first=Irfan |date=2019-03-20 |title=India president confers Manju with Nari Shakti Puraskar award |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/561605 |access-date=2021-01-09 |website=Saudigazette |language=English}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMohammed2019&quot;&gt;Mohammed, Irfan (2019-03-20). [http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/561605 &quot;India president confers Manju with Nari Shakti Puraskar award&quot;]. ''Saudigazette''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-01-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>'Yan asalin Australiya</title>
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{{Reflist}}
[[Fayil:Hut_Eastern_Arrernte_Basedow.jpg|thumb|Wani mutum na Arrernte na Gabas na Gundumar Arltunga, Yankin Arewa, a cikin shekarun 1923. Gidansa an rufe shi da ciyawa.]]
[[Fayil:186_Aboriginal_dwellings_w480.jpg|thumb|Gidajen da ke karɓar iyalai na Aboriginal a Ofishin Jakadancin Hermannsburg, Yankin Arewa, a shekarar 1923]]
Aboriginal Australians su ne 'Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da yawancin tsibirai, ban da mutanen da suka bambanta da kabilanci na Torres Strait Islands.

Mutane sun fara ƙaura zuwa [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]] shekaru 50,000 zuwa 65,000 da suka gabata, kuma a tsawon lokaci sun kafa ƙungiyoyin harshe 500. A baya, mutanen Aboriginal sun zauna a kan manyan sassan nahiyar. An ware su a yawancin ƙananan tsibirai da Tasmania lokacin da aka mamaye ƙasar a farkon lokacin Holocene inter-glacial, kimanin shekaru 11,700 da suka gabata. Duk da kuma wannan, mutanen Aboriginal sun ci gaba da cibiyoyin sadarwa masu yawa a cikin nahiyar kuma wasu kungiyoyi sun ci gaba leeral da dangantaka da Torres Strait Islanders da mutanen Makassar na zamanin da ƙasar [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]].

A cikin dubban shekaru, mutanen Aboriginal sun haɓaka hanyoyin cinikayya masu rikitarwa, alaƙar al'adu, doka ''da'' addinai,   waɗanda suka zama wasu daga cikin tsofaffi, kuma mai yiwuwa mafi tsufa, al'adun ci gaba a duniya.  A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Turai na Ostiraliya, mutanen Aboriginal sun kunshi al'ummomin al'adu masu rikitarwa tare da Harsuna sama da Dari biyu (250)  da kuma digiri daban-daban na fasaha da ƙauyuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Community, identity, wellbeing: The report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey |url=http://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/community-identity-wellbeing-report-second-national-indigenous-languages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424032821/http://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/community-identity-wellbeing-report-second-national-indigenous-languages |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015 |publisher=[[Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies|AIATSIS]] |ref={{harvid|AIATSIS|2014}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harsuna (ko yaruka) da ƙungiyoyin mutane masu alaƙa da harshe suna da alaƙa da yankunan da aka sani da &quot;Ƙasar&quot;, wanda suke da alaƙa mai zurfi ta ruhaniya.

Bangaskiyar Aboriginal ta zamani cakuda ce mai rikitarwa, ta bambanta da yanki da mutum a fadin nahiyar. An kuma tsara su ne ta hanyar imani na gargajiya, rushewar mulkin mallaka, addinai da Turawa suka kawo nahiyar, da kuma batutuwan zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Arlene |last2=Russell-Mundine |first2=Gabrielle |date=18 August 2019 |title=Decolonising the curriculum: using graduate qualities to embed Indigenous knowledges at the academic cultural interface |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 |journal=Teaching in Higher Education |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=789–808 |doi=10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 |issn=1356-2517 |s2cid=149824646}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fraser-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fraser |first=Jenny |date=25 January 2012 |title=The digital dreamtime: A shining light in the culture war |url=https://ojs.aut.ac.nz/te-kaharoa/index.php/tekaharoa/article/view/77 |journal=Te Kaharoa |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.24135/tekaharoa.v5i1.77 |issn=1178-6035 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da imani na al'adu na gargajiya kuma ana raba su ta hanyar rawa, labarun, waƙoƙi, da fasaha waɗanda gaba ɗaya ke haɗa ilimin rayuwar yau da kullun da kuma tsohuwar halitta da aka sani da Mafarki.

Nazarin kwayoyin halitta na ƙungiyoyin Aboriginal suna ci gaba, amma shaidar ta nuna cewa suna da gado na kwayoyin halitta daga tsohuwar Asiya amma ba mutane na zamani ba. Suna da wasu kamanceceniya da Papuans, amma an ware su daga Kudu maso gabashin Asiya na dogon lokaci. Suna da tarihin kwayoyin halitta mai rikitarwa, amma a cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata ne wasu suka bayyana su a matsayin, kuma suka fara nuna kansu a matsayin, rukuni ɗaya. Halin asalin asalin ya canza a tsawon lokaci da wuri, tare da zuriyar iyali, ganewar kai, da karɓar al'umma duk na muhimmancin daban-daban.

A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2021, mutanen Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander sun ƙunshi kashi 3.8% na yawan mutanen Ostiraliya. Yawancin mutanen Aboriginal a yau suna magana da [[Turanci]] kuma suna zaune a birane. Wasu na iya amfani da kalmomi da kalmomi na Aboriginal a cikin Turanci na Aboriginal na Australiya (wanda kuma yana da tasiri na Harsunan Aboriginal cikin [[Phonology|ilimin sauti]] da tsarin nahawu). Mutane da yawa amma ba duka ba suna magana da Harsunan gargajiya daban-daban na danginsu da mutanensu. Mutanen Aboriginal, tare da mutanen Torres Strait Islander, suna da mummunar kiwon lafiya da rashi na tattalin arziƙi idan aka kwatanta da al'ummar ƙasar Australiya.

== Asalin ==
 &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tmulti tright&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner multiimageinner&quot; style=&quot;width:239px;max-width:239px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:237px;max-width:237px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:1981_event_Australian_aboriginals.jpg|alt=|235x235px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Masu rawa na Aboriginal na Arnhem Land a cikin 1981&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:237px;max-width:237px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:Glen_Namundja.jpg|alt=|235x235px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Arnhem Land mai zane Glen Namundja a Injalak Arts[[Injalak Arts|Ayyukan Injalak]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:237px;max-width:237px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:Didgeridoo_(Imagicity_1070).jpg|alt=|235x235px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Dan wasan [[Didgeridoo]] Ŋalkan Munuŋgurr yana aiki tare da East Journey &lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGraves2017&quot;&gt;Graves, Randin (2 June 2017). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Shaidar archaeological ta nuna cewa kakannin Aboriginal Australians na yau sun fara ƙaura zuwa nahiyar shekaru 50,000 zuwa 65,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Martin A. J. |last2=Spooner |first2=Nigel A. |last3=McDonnell |first3=Kathryn |last4=O'Connell |first4=James F. |date=January 2021 |title=Identifying disturbance in archaeological sites in tropical northern Australia: Implications for previously proposed 65,000-year continental occupation date |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gea.21822 |url-status=live |journal=Geoarchaeology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=92–108 |bibcode=2021Gearc..36...92W |doi=10.1002/gea.21822 |issn=0883-6353 |s2cid=225321249 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004091731/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gea.21822 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ClarksonJacobs201722&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Clarkson |first=Chris |last2=Jacobs |first2=Zenobia |last3=Marwick |first3=Ben |last4=Fullagar |first4=Richard |last5=Wallis |first5=Lynley |last6=Smith |first6=Mike |last7=Roberts |first7=Richard G. |last8=Hayes |first8=Elspeth |last9=Lowe |first9=Kelsey |last10=Carah |first10=Xavier |last11=Florin |first11=S. Anna |last12=McNeil |first12=Jessica |last13=Cox |first13=Delyth |last14=Arnold |first14=Lee J. |last15=Hua |first15=Quan |year=2017 |title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/4803 |journal=Nature |volume=547 |issue=7663 |pages=306–310 |bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C |doi=10.1038/nature22968 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=28726833 |s2cid=205257212 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin genomic ya nuna cewa yawan mutanen Ostiraliya ya faru ne tsakanin shekaru 43,000 zuwa 60,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Jim |last2=O'connell |first2=James F. |date=2020 |title=A different paradigm for the initial colonisation of Sahul |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/arco.5207 |journal=Archaeology in Oceania |language=en |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1002/arco.5207 |issn=1834-4453 |quote=Y-chromosome data show parallel patterns, with deeply rooted Sahul-specific haplogroups C and K diverging from the most closely related non-Sahul lineages c.54 ka and dividing into Australia- and New Guinea-specific lineages c.48–53 ka (Bergstrom et al. 2016).” p5 ... While the chronology of Sahul colonisation remains important, we see no arguable cause-and-effect nexus between when Sahul colonisation ﬁrst occurred and AMH ability to achieve it (cf. Davidson &amp; Noble 1992). If we exclude the extreme age claimed for Madjedbebe (Clarkson et al. 2017) the increasing consensus of available evidence currently puts this event in the range 47–51 ka.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tobler |first=Ray |last2=Rohrlach |first2=Adam |last3=Soubrier |first3=Julien |last4=Bover |first4=Pere |last5=Llamas |first5=Bastien |last6=Tuke |first6=Jonathan |last7=Bean |first7=Nigel |last8=Abdullah-Highfold |first8=Ali |last9=Agius |first9=Shane |last10=O’Donoghue |first10=Amy |last11=O’Loughlin |first11=Isabel |last12=Sutton |first12=Peter |last13=Zilio |first13=Fran |last14=Walshe |first14=Keryn |last15=Williams |first15=Alan N. |date=8 April 2017 |title=Aboriginal mitogenomes reveal 50,000 years of regionalism in Australia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21416 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=544 |issue=7649 |pages=180–184 |bibcode=2017Natur.544..180T |doi=10.1038/nature21416 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=28273067 |quote=The timing of human arrival in Australia was estimated using the age of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for the different Australian-only haplogroups, calculated using a molecular clock with substitution rates calibrated with ancient European and Asian mitogenomes18. Although these TMRCA values are likely to be minimal estimates given the limited sampling, they group in a narrow window of time from approximately 43–47 ka (Fig. 1 and Extended Data Figs 2, 3), consistent with previous studies (Supplementary Information). ... The resulting independent estimate for  initial colonization of Sahul, 48.8 ±  1.3 ka, is a close match to the genetic age estimates (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 4).}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taufik |first=Leonard |last2=Teixeira |first2=João C. |last3=Llamas |first3=Bastien |last4=Sudoyo |first4=Herawati |last5=Tobler |first5=Raymond |last6=Purnomo |first6=Gludhug A. |date=16 December 2022 |title=Human Genetic Research in Wallacea and Sahul: Recent Findings and Future Prospects |journal=Genes |language=en |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=2373 |doi=10.3390/genes13122373 |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=9778601 |pmid=36553640 |quote=Genetic inferences suggest that the initial peopling of the region occurred around 50–60 kya, with the separation of Aboriginal Australian and New Guinea populations occurring around the same time [p 6]. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hublin |first=Jean-Jacques |date=9 March 2021 |title=How old are the oldest Homo sapiens in Far East Asia? |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=10 |pages=e2101173118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11801173H |doi=10.1073/pnas.2101173118 |pmc=7958237 |pmid=33602727 |quote=Dating the diversification of present-day lineages of mitochondrial DNA—a part of our genome maternally transmitted—supports a single and rapid dispersal of all ancestral non-African populations less than 55,000 y ago (9). |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Suna iya samun ɗayan tsofaffin al'adun ci gaba a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 September 2011 |title=DNA confirms Aboriginal culture one of Earth's oldest |url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2011/09/dna-confirms-aboriginal-culture-one-of-earths-oldest/ |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=[[Australian Geographic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Arnhem Land a Yankin Arewa, tarihin baki wanda ya ƙunshi labaran da suka haɗa da labaran da aka haɗa da Mutanen Yolngu ta hanyar daruruwan tsararraki. Fasahar dutse ta Aboriginal, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar fasahar zamani, ya nuna cewa al'adunsu sun ci gaba tun daga zamanin d ̄ a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Discover the oldest continuous living culture on Earth |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/plan-your-australian-holiday/northern-territory/oldest-continuous-living-culture/ |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masana tarihin d ̄ a sun yi imanin cewa zai kasance da wahala ga mutanen Aboriginal su samo asali ne kawai daga yankin Asiya, saboda ba su da isasshen mutane da za su yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya da tsibirai da ke kewaye da su don cika farkon girman yawan mutanen da aka gani a ƙarni na 19. Kakannin mutanen Aboriginal na Australiya na yanzu sun yi ƙaura daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya ta teku a lokacin zamanin Pleistocene, suna mai da su cikin na farko a duniya da suka kammala tafiye-tafiye na teku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Read-1982&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Read |first=Peter |last2=Broome |first2=Richard |date=1982 |title=Aboriginal Australians |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508560 |journal=Labour History |issue=43 |pages=125–126 |doi=10.2307/27508560 |issn=0023-6942 |jstor=27508560}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sun zauna a kan manyan sassan nahiyar Australiya lokacin da matakan teku suka ragu. A wannan lokacin, Australia, Tasmania da New Guinea sun kasance wani ɓangare na wannan ƙasar, wanda aka sani da Sahul . Yayin da matakan teku suka tashi, mutanen da ke kan Ƙasar Australiya da tsibirai da ke kusa da su sun ƙara warewa, wasu a Tasmania da wasu daga cikin ƙananan tsibirai na bakin teku lokacin da ƙasar ta cika da ruwa a farkon Holocene, Lokacin inter-glacial wanda ya fara kimanin shekaru 11,700 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Rebe Taylor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani binciken da masu bincike suka yi a shekarar 2021 a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwarewar Kwarewar Australiya don Biodiversity da Heritage sun tsara hanyoyin ƙaura na mutane yayin da suka ƙaura a fadin [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Nahiyar Australiya]] zuwa kudancinsa da abin da ke yanzu Tasmania, sannan wani ɓangare na ƙasar. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan bayanai daga masu binciken tarihi, masu ilimin ɗan adam, masu ilimin muhalli, masu ilimin kwayoyin halitta, masu ilimin yanayi, masu ilimin ƙasa, da masu ilimin ruwa.

An yi niyyar kwatanta wannan bayanan tare da Tarihin baki na mutanen Aboriginal, gami da labarun Mafarki, fasahar dutse ta Australiya, da siffofin harshe na harsuna da yawa na Aboriginal waɗanda ke nuna yadda mutanen suka bunkasa daban. Hanyoyin, waɗanda marubuta suka kira &quot;superhighways&quot;, suna kama da manyan hanyoyi na yanzu da hanyoyin stock a Ostiraliya.

=== Halitta ===
 &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tmulti tright&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner multiimageinner&quot; style=&quot;width:235px;max-width:235px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:233px;max-width:233px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:Phylogenetic_structure_of_Eastern_Eurasians.png|alt=|231x231px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Matsayi na asali na asalin Australiya tsakanin sauran [[East-Eurasian|Mutanen Gabashin Eurasia]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Nazarin kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa yawan jama'a da ke fitowa daga Filin Farisa a lokacin farkon lokacin Upper Paleolithic ya mamaye yankin Asiya-Pacific ta hanyar warwatsewar hanyar kudu. An ba da shawarar cewa wannan guguwar ta fadada zuwa yankin Kudancin da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma daga baya ta rabu da sauri zuwa cikin kakannin Tsohon Kudancin Indiya (AASI), Andamanese, Gabashin Asiya, da Australasians, gami da Aboriginal Australians da Papuans. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bennett |first=E. Andrew |last2=Liu |first2=Yichen |last3=Fu |first3=Qiaomei |date=3 December 2024 |title=Reconstructing the Human Population History of East Asia through Ancient Genomics |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/reconstructing-the-human-population-history-of-east-asia-through-ancient-genomics/0524D629660B5E43FC7094C043D54C6A |journal=Elements in Ancient East Asia |language=en |doi=10.1017/9781009246675 |isbn=978-1-009-24667-5 |quote=Australasian, one of three deeply branching East Asian lineages (with AASI and ESEA). AA includes modern-day Papuans and Aboriginal Australians.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aoki |first=Kenichi |last2=Takahata |first2=Naoyuki |last3=Oota |first3=Hiroki |last4=Wakano |first4=Joe Yuichiro |last5=Feldman |first5=Marcus W. |date=30 August 2023 |title=Infectious diseases may have arrested the southward advance of microblades in Upper Palaeolithic East Asia |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=290 |issue=2005 |pages=20231262 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2023.1262 |pmc=10465978 |pmid=37644833 |quote=A single major migration of modern humans into the continents of Asia and Sahul was strongly supported by earlier studies using mitochondrial DNA, the non-recombining portion of Y chromosomes, and autosomal SNP data [42–45]. Ancestral Ancient South Indians with no West Eurasian relatedness, East Asians, Onge (Andamanese hunter–gatherers) and Papuans all derive in a short evolutionary time from the eastward dispersal of an out-of-Africa population [46,47]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Melinda A. |date=6 January 2022 |title=A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia |url=https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/2/1/0001 |journal=Human Population Genetics and Genomics |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.47248/hpgg2202010001 |issn=2770-5005 |quote=Mallick et al. found that a well-fitting admixture graph (qpGraph, Box 1) grouped Papuans, Australians, and the Andamanese Onge with East Asians, with additional Denisovan admixture into Papuans and Australians [15]. ... Though present-day Asians and Australasians are more closely related to each other than to present-day Europeans, genetic comparisons highlight deep separations between mainland East and Southeast Asians, island Southeast Asians, and Australasians.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Wadannan al'ummomin an san su da Gabashin Eurasia. Aboriginal Australians suna da alaƙa da sauran [[Osheniya|Oceanians]], kamar su Papuans da [[Mutanen Melanesia|Melanesians]], waɗanda ake kira &quot;Australasians&quot; kuma wanda za'a iya bayyana su a matsayin &quot;dangi mai zurfi na Gabashin Asiya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |last2=Reich |first2=David |date=1 April 2017 |title=A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/34/4/889/2838774 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=889–902 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293 |issn=0737-4038 |pmc=5400393 |pmid=28074030}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vallini |first=Leonardo |last2=Zampieri |first2=Carlo |last3=Shoaee |first3=Mohamed Javad |last4=Bortolini |first4=Eugenio |last5=Marciani |first5=Giulia |last6=Aneli |first6=Serena |last7=Pievani |first7=Telmo |last8=Benazzi |first8=Stefano |last9=Barausse |first9=Alberto |last10=Mezzavilla |first10=Massimo |last11=Petraglia |first11=Michael D. |last12=Pagani |first12=Luca |date=25 March 2024 |title=The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1882 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.1882V |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=10963722 |pmid=38528002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da yake an sanya ranar da aka yarda da ita don bambancin mutane na zamani bayan ƙaura daga Afirka a shekaru 60-50,000 da suka gabata, akwai, duk da haka, shaidar cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Australiya na iya ɗaukar kakanninmu daga asalin ɗan adam na baya (xOoA) wanda ya samo asali 75,000 zuwa 62,000 da suka gabata. Wannan rukuni na baya an kiyasta cewa mai yiwuwa ya ba da gudummawa kusan kashi 2% ga 'yan asalin Australiya na zamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taufik |first=Leonard |last2=Teixeira |first2=João C. |last3=Llamas |first3=Bastien |last4=Sudoyo |first4=Herawati |last5=Tobler |first5=Raymond |last6=Purnomo |first6=Gludhug A. |date=16 December 2022 |title=Human Genetic Research in Wallacea and Sahul: Recent Findings and Future Prospects |journal=Genes |language=en |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=2373 |doi=10.3390/genes13122373 |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=9778601 |pmid=36553640 |quote=Genomic data have repeatedly demonstrated that all contemporary non-African AMH populations have diversified from an ancestral AMH group that left Africa between 60–50 kya [28]; however, the initial results from a single deeply sequenced Aboriginal Australian genome derived from a ~100-year-old hair sample proposed that Indigenous Australians also carry substantial AMH ancestry from an earlier African diaspora that originated 75–62 kya [29]. ... though notably a small contribution (~2%) from a deeper AMH source cannot be entirely ruled out [30]. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hublin |first=Jean-Jacques |date=9 March 2021 |title=How old are the oldest Homo sapiens in Far East Asia? |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=10 |pages=e2101173118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11801173H |doi=10.1073/pnas.2101173118 |pmc=7958237 |pmid=33602727 |quote=However, it has often been argued that pioneer groups could have been totally replaced by later demographically dominant waves and thereby, left no genetic trace in extant populations. ... and unless it documents a failed early colonization of Australia, its age is difficult to reconcile with the genetic evidence (9, 12). |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mallick et al. 2016 da Mark Lipson et al. 2017 sun sami rarrabuwa na gabashin Eurasians da Yammacin Eurasians sun kasance aƙalla shekaru 45,000 da suka gabata, tare da 'yan asalin Australiya da ke cikin gabashin Eurasian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mallick |first=Swapan |last2=Li |first2=Heng |last3=Lipson |first3=Mark |last4=Mathieson |first4=Iain |last5=Patterson |first5=Nick |last6=Reich |first6=David |date=13 October 2016 |title=The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations |journal=Nature |volume=538 |issue=7624 |pages=201–206 |bibcode=2016Natur.538..201M |doi=10.1038/nature18964 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=5161557 |pmid=27654912}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |last2=Reich |first2=David |date=1 April 2017 |title=A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/34/4/889/2838774 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=889–902 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293 |issn=0737-4038 |pmc=5400393 |pmid=28074030}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aboriginal Australians, tare da Papuans, na iya zama 'yar'uwa ce ga wata ƙungiya ta Asiya guda ɗaya da ta ƙunshi AASI, Andamanese da Gabashin Asiya, da kuma cirewa daga Yammacin Eurasia,  ko kuma a madadin haka suna cikin ƙungiyar Gabashin Eurasia ba tare da tsarin cladal mai ƙarfi na ciki game da asalin Asiya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mondal |first=Mayukh |last2=Bertranpetit |first2=Jaume |last3=Lao |first3=Oscar |date=16 January 2019 |title=Approximate Bayesian computation with deep learning supports a third archaic introgression in Asia and Oceania |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=246 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10..246M |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-08089-7 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6335398 |pmid=30651539 |quote=OOA origin of modern humans, with a Eurasian split between Europeans and the group comprising two subgroups, East Asians, Indian and Andamanese on one hand, and Papuans and Australians on the other.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:PCA_of_Orang_Asli_and_Andamanese_with_world_populations_in_HGDP.png|thumb|PCA na Orang Asli (Semang) da Andamanese, tare da yawan jama'a a duniya a cikin HGDP &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aghakhanian |first=Farhang |date=14 April 2015 |title=Unravelling the Genetic History of Negritos and Indigenous Populations of Southeast Asia |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/7/5/1206/604030 |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=1206–1215 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evv065 |pmc=4453060 |pmid=25877615 |access-date=8 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fayil:Noongar_traditional_dancers,_Perth,_Australia.jpg|thumb|310x310px|Masu rawa na gargajiya na Noongar a Perth]]
Bayanan kwayar halitta game da 'yan asalin [[Borneo]] da [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] sun nuna cewa suna da alaƙa da sauran kungiyoyin Asiya, fiye da idan aka kwatanta da kungiyoyin daga Papua New Guinea da Australia. Wannan yana nuna cewa yawan jama'a a Ostiraliya sun ware na dogon lokaci daga sauran kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Sun kasance ba su taɓa shi ba ta hanyar ƙaura da faɗaɗa yawan jama'a a cikin wannan yanki, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar Layin Wallace.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huoponen2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Huoponen |first=Kirsi |last2=Schurr |first2=Theodore G. |last3=Chen |first3=Yu-Sheng |last4=Wallace |first4=Douglas C. |display-authors=2 |date=1 September 2001 |title=Mitochondrial DNA variation in an Aboriginal Australian population: evidence for genetic isolation and regional differentiation |journal=Human Immunology |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=954–969 |doi=10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00294-4 |pmid=11543898}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Iyaye guda ɗaya ====
[[Haplogroup M-P256|M]]&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Haplogroup S-B254&quot;&gt;S=&quot;cx-link&quot; data-linkid=&quot;268&quot; href=&quot;./Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup&quot; id=&quot;mwAT4&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup&quot;&gt;Y-chromosome haplogroup na yau da kullun tsakanin Aboriginal Australians shine C1b2, sannan haplogrops S da M suka biyo baya; waɗannan haplogramps na ƙarshe ma suna da yawa a tsakanin Papuans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nagle |first=Nano |last2=Ballantyne |first2=Kaye N. |last3=van Oven |first3=Mannis |last4=Tyler-Smith |first4=Chris |last5=Xue |first5=Yali |last6=Taylor |first6=Duncan |last7=Wilcox |first7=Stephen |last8=Wilcox |first8=Leah |last9=Turkalov |first9=Rust |last10=van Oorschot |first10=Roland A. H. |last11=McAllister |first11=Peter |last12=Williams |first12=Lesley |last13=Kayser |first13=Manfred |last14=Mitchell |first14=Robert J. |last15=Genographic Consortium |date=30 March 2016 |title=Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26515539/#:~:text=Haplogroups%20C-M347,%20K-,long-term%20presence%20in%20Australia. |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=159 |issue=3 |pages=367–381 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22886 |issn=1096-8644 |pmid=26515539}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Sauran karatu ====
A cikin binciken shekarar 2001, an tattara samfurori na jini daga wasu Mutanen Warlpiri a Yankin Arewa don nazarin tsarin kwayar halitta (wanda ba wakilin dukkan mutanen Aboriginal a Ostiraliya ba). Binciken ya kammala cewa Warlpiri sun fito ne daga tsoffin Asiya waɗanda DNA ɗin su har yanzu yana cikin ƙungiyoyin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kodayake sun ragu sosai. DNA na Warlpiri ba shi da wasu bayanai da aka samu a cikin kwayoyin halitta na Asiya na zamani, kuma yana ɗauke da bayanan da ba a samu a wasu kwayoyin halitta ba. Wannan yana ƙarfafa ra'ayin keɓewar Aboriginal na dā.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huoponen2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Huoponen |first=Kirsi |last2=Schurr |first2=Theodore G. |last3=Chen |first3=Yu-Sheng |last4=Wallace |first4=Douglas C. |display-authors=2 |date=1 September 2001 |title=Mitochondrial DNA variation in an Aboriginal Australian population: evidence for genetic isolation and regional differentiation |journal=Human Immunology |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=954–969 |doi=10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00294-4 |pmid=11543898}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayanan kwayoyin halitta da aka fitar a cikin shekarar 2011 ta Morten Rasmussen et al., Wanda ya ɗauki samfurin DNA daga farkon ƙarni na 20 na kulle gashin ɗan Aboriginal, ya gano cewa kakannin Aboriginal tabbas sun yi hijira ta Kudancin Asiya da Maritime kudu maso gabashin Asiya, zuwa Australia, inda suka zauna. Sakamakon haka, a wajen Afirka, al'ummomin Aboriginal sun mamaye yanki ɗaya ci gaba fiye da sauran al'ummomin ɗan adam. Waɗannan binciken sun nuna cewa 'yan asalin Australiya na zamani sune zuriyar kai tsaye daga igiyar gabas, wa₦an₦a suka bar Afirka har zuwa shekaru 75,000 da suka wuce. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rasmussen |first=Morten |last2=Guo |first2=Xiaosen |last3=Wang |first3=Yong |last4=Lohmueller |first4=Kirk E. |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Albrechtsen |first6=Anders |last7=Skotte |first7=Line |last8=Lindgreen |first8=Stinus |last9=Metspalu |first9=Mait |last10=Jombart |first10=Thibaut |display-authors=2 |date=7 October 2011 |title=An Aboriginal Australia Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia |journal=Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=334 |issue=6052 |pages=94–98 |bibcode=2011Sci...334...94R |doi=10.1126/science.1211177 |pmc=3991479 |pmid=21940856}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Callaway |first=Ewen |year=2011 |title=First Aboriginal genome sequenced |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110922/full/news.2011.551.html |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/news.2011.551 |issn=1476-4687 |access-date=16 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan binciken ya yi daidai da binciken binciken kayan tarihi na baya-bayan nan da aka gano a kusa da tafkin Mungo wanda ya kai kimanin shekaru 40,000 da suka gabata.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2020}}Tunanin &quot;tsofaffin al'adun ci gaba&quot; ya dogara ne akan keɓantawar al'ummomin Aboriginal, &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)&quot;&gt;ba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; ɗan ƙaramin hulɗa da al'adun waje ba kafin tuntuɓar masunta [[Makassar|Makassan]] da masu binciken Dutch har zuwa shekaru 500 da suka wuce.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}}

Binciken Rasmussen ya kuma sami shaidar cewa mutanen Aboriginal suna ɗauke da wasu kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da Denisovans (nau'in ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa amma ya bambanta da Neanderthals) na Asiya; binciken ya nuna cewa akwai karuwa a cikin raba allle tsakanin Denisovan da Aboriginal Australian genomes, idan aka kwatanta da sauran Eurasians ko 'yan Afirka. Binciken DNA daga ƙashin yatsa da aka tono a Siberia, masu bincike sun kammala cewa Denisovans sun yi ƙaura daga Siberia zuwa sassan wurare masu zafi na Asiya kuma sun haɗu da mutane na zamani a kudu maso gabashin Asiya shekaru 44,000 BP, kafin Ostiraliya ta rabu da New Guinea kimanin shekaru 11,700 BP. Sun ba da gudummawar DNA ga 'yan asalin Australiya da kuma New Guineans na yanzu da kuma wata kabila ta asali a Philippines da aka sani da Mamanwa . Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da 'yan asalin Australiya a matsayin daya daga cikin tsofaffin mutanen da ke rayuwa a duniya. Wataƙila su ne tsofaffi a waje da Afirka, kuma suna iya samun al'adun da suka fi tsufa a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 September 2011 |title=DNA confirms Aboriginal culture is one of the Earth's oldest |url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2011/09/dna-confirms-aboriginal-culture-one-of-earths-oldest |publisher=Australian Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 a Jami'ar Cambridge ya nuna cewa kimanin shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata ne wadannan mutane suka isa Sahul (Babban nahiyar da ta kunshi Australia ta yanzu da tsibirai da New Guinea). Matsayin teku ya tashi kuma ya ware Australia kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, amma Aboriginal Australians da Papuans sun rabu da juna ta hanyar kwayar halitta a baya, kimanin shekaru 37,000 BP, watakila saboda ragowar gadar ƙasa ba za a iya wucewa ba. Wannan keɓewa ya sa mutanen Aboriginal su zama al'adun da suka fi tsufa a duniya. Binciken ya kuma sami shaidar wani rukuni na hominin da ba a sani ba, wanda ke da alaƙa da Denisovans, wanda kakannin Aboriginal da Papuan dole ne su haɗu da su, suna barin alamar kusan 4% a cikin yawancin Aboriginal Australians. Akwai, duk da haka, ƙaruwar bambancin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin 'yan asalin Australiya bisa ga rarraba ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;klein2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |date=23 September 2016 |title=DNA Study Finds Aboriginal Australians World's Oldest Civilization |url=https://www.history.com/news/dna-study-finds-aboriginal-australians-worlds-oldest-civilization |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=History |publisher=A&amp;E Television Networks |quote=Updated Aug 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Malaspinas |first=Anna-Sapfo |last2=Westaway |first2=Michael C. |last3=Muller |first3=Craig |last4=Sousa |first4=Vitor C. |last5=Lao |first5=Oscar |last6=Alves |first6=Isabel |last7=Bergström |first7=Anders |last8=Athanasiadis |first8=Georgios |last9=Cheng |first9=Jade Y. |last10=Crawford |first10=Jacob E. |last11=Heupink |first11=Tim H. |last12=Macholdt |first12=Enrico |last13=Peischl |first13=Stephan |last14=Rasmussen |first14=Simon |last15=Schiffels |first15=Stephan |display-authors=7 |date=13 October 2016 |title=A genomic history of Aboriginal Australia |journal=Nature |volume=538 |issue=7624 |pages=207–214 |bibcode=2016Natur.538..207M |doi=10.1038/nature18299 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=7617037 |pmid=27654914 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Migration_routes_and_their_contribution_to_the_East_Timor_mtDNA_pool.gif|thumb|An kiyasta mazaunin ɗan adam na farko na Oceania tsakanin shekaru 60,000 da 40,000 da suka gabata. Sakamakon archaeogenetic ya nuna mulkin mallaka na kudancin Sahul (Australia) kafin shekaru 37,000 da suka gabata da kuma lokacin shayarwa a arewacin Sahul, sannan ya biyo bayan fadada yamma a cikin Australia bayan kimanin shekaru 28,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gomes |first=Sibylle M. |last2=Bodner |first2=Martin |last3=Souto |first3=Luis |last4=Zimmermann |first4=Bettina |last5=Huber |first5=Gabriela |last6=Strobl |first6=Christina |last7=Röck |first7=Alexander W. |last8=Achilli |first8=Alessandro |last9=Olivieri |first9=Anna |last10=Torroni |first10=Antonio |last11=Côrte-Real |first11=Francisco |date=14 February 2015 |title=Human settlement history between Sunda and Sahul: a focus on East Timor (Timor-Leste) and the Pleistocenic mtDNA diversity |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=70 |doi=10.1186/s12864-014-1201-x |issn=1471-2164 |pmc=4342813 |pmid=25757516 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Carlhoff et al. 2021 sun bincika samfurin mai farauta da tarawa na Holocene (&quot;Leang Panninge&quot;) daga [[Sulawesi|Kudancin Sulawesi]], wanda ke da alaƙa da adadi mai yawa na kwayar halitta tare da Aboriginal Australians da Papuans. Wannan yana nuna cewa yawan jama'a sun rabu da kakannin Aboriginal Australians da Papuans. Hakanan samfurin ya nuna alaƙar kwayar halitta tare da mutanen Gabashin Asiya da mutanen Andaman na Kudancin Asiya. Marubutan sun lura cewa ana iya tsara wannan samfurin mai farauta-mai tarawa tare da ~50% na kakannin Australiya / Papua kuma ko dai tare da ~ 50% na Gabashin Asiya ko Andamanese Onge, yana nuna zurfin rabuwa tsakanin Leang Panninge da Aboriginal / Papuan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carlhoff |first=Selina |last2=Duli |first2=Akin |last3=Nägele |first3=Kathrin |last4=Nur |first4=Muhammad |last5=Skov |first5=Laurits |last6=Sumantri |first6=Iwan |last7=Oktaviana |first7=Adhi Agus |last8=Hakim |first8=Budianto |last9=Burhan |first9=Basran |last10=Syahdar |first10=Fardi Ali |last11=McGahan |first11=David P. |date=2021 |title=Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea |journal=Nature |volume=596 |issue=7873 |pages=543–547 |bibcode=2021Natur.596..543C |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8387238 |pmid=34433944}}&lt;/ref&gt; [Littafi na 1]

Nazarin kwayoyin halitta guda biyu da Larena et al. A shekarata 2021 suka yi sun gano cewa mutanen Negrito na [[Filipin|Philippines]] sun rabu da kakanninmu na Aboriginal Australians da Papuans kafin biyun suka rabu da juna, amma bayan kakanninsu na yau da kullun ya rabu da kakanninsu da Mutanen Gabashin Asiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Larena |first=M |date=March 2021 |title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=118 |issue=13 |pages=e2026132118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11826132L |doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |pmc=8020671 |pmid=33753512 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Larena M, McKenna J, Sanchez-Quinto F, Bernhardsson C, Ebeo C, Reyes R, Casel O, Huang JY, Hagada KP, Guilay D, Reyes J, Allian FP, Mori V, Azarcon LS, Manera A, Terando C, Jamero L, Sireg G, Manginsay-Tremedal R, Labos MS, Vilar RD, Latiph A, Saway RL, Marte E, Magbanua P, Morales A, Java I, Reveche R, Barrios B, Burton E, Salon JC, Kels MJ, Albano A, Cruz-Angeles RB, Molanida E, Granehäll L, Vicente M, Edlund H, Loo JH, Trejaut J, Ho SY, Reid L, Lambeck K, Malmström H, Schlebusch C, Endicott P, Jakobsson M |date=October 2021 |title=Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world |journal=Current Biology |volume=31 |issue=19 |pages=4219–4230.e10 |bibcode=2021CBio...31E4219L |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022 |pmc=8596304 |pmid=34388371}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lipson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |last2=Reich |first2=David |date=April 2017 |title=A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=889–902 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293 |pmc=5400393 |pmid=28074030}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Canje-canje game da shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata ===
dingo ya isa Ostiraliya kimanin shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata. Kusan wannan lokacin, akwai canje-canje a cikin harshe (tare da dangin harshen Pama-Nyungan da ke yadawa a mafi yawan ƙasar), da kuma fasahar kayan aikin dutse. An yi amfani da ƙananan kayan aiki. Ta haka ne aka ƙaddara hulɗar ɗan adam, kuma an ba da shawarar bayanan kwayar halitta na nau'o'i biyu don tallafawa kwararar kwayar halitta daga Indiya zuwa Ostiraliya: na farko, alamun abubuwan da ke cikin Kudancin Asiya a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar Aboriginal Australia, waɗanda aka ruwaito bisa ga bayanan SNP na ƙwayoyin halitta; kuma na biyu, kasancewar zuriyar Y chromosome (maza), wanda aka tsara haplogroup C, tare da kakanninmu na baya-bayan nan kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;bergstrom2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bergström |first=Anders |last2=Nagle |first2=Nano |last3=Chen |first3=Yuan |last4=McCarthy |first4=Shane |last5=Pollard |first5=Martin O. |last6=Ayub |first6=Qasim |last7=Wilcox |first7=Stephen |last8=Wilcox |first8=Leah |last9=van Oorschot |first9=Roland A. H. |last10=McAllister |first10=Peter |last11=Williams |first11=Lesley |last12=Xue |first12=Yali |last13=Mitchell |first13=R. John |last14=Tyler-Smith |first14=Chris |date=21 March 2016 |title=Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=809–813 |bibcode=2016CBio...26..809B |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.028 |pmc=4819516 |pmid=26923783 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nau'in shaidar farko ya fito ne daga binciken shekarar 2013 da Cibiyar Max Planck ta Cibiyar Nazarin Juyin Halitta ta yi amfani da manyan bayanai na genotyping daga tafkin Aboriginal Australians, New Guineans, tsibirin Southeast Asians, da Indians. Ya gano cewa kungiyoyin New Guinea da Mamanwa (yankin Philippines) sun rabu da Aboriginal kimanin shekaru 36,000 da suka gabata (akwai shaidar da ke tallafawa cewa waɗannan al'ummomin sun fito ne daga baƙi da suka fara &quot;hanyar kudu&quot; daga Afirka, kafin wasu ƙungiyoyi a yankin).  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}}Har ila yau, yawan Indiya da Australiya sun haɗu tun kafin hulɗar Turai, tare da wannan kwayar halitta da ke faruwa a lokacin Holocene ({{Circa}} shekaru 4,200 da suka gabata). &lt;ref name=&quot;maxplanck2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pugach |first=Irina |last2=Delfin |first2=Frederick |last3=Gunnarsdóttir |first3=Ellen |last4=Kayser |first4=Manfred |last5=Stoneking |first5=Mark |date=29 January 2013 |title=Genome-wide data substantiate Holocene gene flow from India to Australia |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=1803–1808 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110.1803P |doi=10.1073/pnas.1211927110 |pmc=3562786 |pmid=23319617 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu binciken suna da ra'ayoyi guda biyu game da wannan: ko dai wasu Indiyawa suna da hulɗa da mutane a Indonesia waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka canja waɗannan kwayoyin Indiya zuwa 'yan asalin Australiya, ko kuma ƙungiyar Indiyawa da suka yi ƙaura daga Indiya zuwa Ostiraliya kuma suka haɗu da mazauna yankin kai tsaye.

Marubutan binciken na shekarar 2016 sun kammala cewa, kodayake wannan ba ya ƙaryata kasancewar kowane yaduwar kwayar halitta ta Holocene ko tasirin da ba na kwayar halitta ba daga Kudancin Asiya a wannan lokacin, kuma bayyanar dingo tana ba da hujja mai ƙarfi ga lambobin sadarwa na waje, shaidar gabaɗaya ta dace da cikakkiyar rashin yaduwar kwayoyin halitta, kuma tana nuna asalin asali don canje-canje na fasaha da harshe. Sun danganta bambancin tsakanin sakamakon su da binciken da suka gabata ga ci gaba a fasaha; babu wani daga cikin sauran binciken da ya yi amfani da cikakken Y chromosome sequencing, wanda ke da mafi girman daidaito. Misali, an nuna amfani da hanyar Y STRs goma don rage yawan lokutan bambance-bambance. Gudun kwayoyin halitta a fadin tsibirin da ke da faɗin kilomita 150 (93  Torres Strait, yana da inganci kuma an nuna shi ta hanyar bayanai, kodayake a wannan lokacin ba za a iya tantance shi daga wannan binciken ba lokacin da a cikin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata ya iya faruwa - sabbin dabarun nazari suna da damar magance irin waɗannan tambayoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;bergstrom2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bergström |first=Anders |last2=Nagle |first2=Nano |last3=Chen |first3=Yuan |last4=McCarthy |first4=Shane |last5=Pollard |first5=Martin O. |last6=Ayub |first6=Qasim |last7=Wilcox |first7=Stephen |last8=Wilcox |first8=Leah |last9=van Oorschot |first9=Roland A. H. |last10=McAllister |first10=Peter |last11=Williams |first11=Lesley |last12=Xue |first12=Yali |last13=Mitchell |first13=R. John |last14=Tyler-Smith |first14=Chris |date=21 March 2016 |title=Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=809–813 |bibcode=2016CBio...26..809B |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.028 |pmc=4819516 |pmid=26923783 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rubutun digirin digirinsa na Bergstrom na shekara ta 2018 yana kallon yawan mutanen Sahul ya nuna cewa ban da cakuda kwanan nan, yawan mutanen yankin sun kasance masu zaman kansu daga sauran duniya tun lokacin da suka rabu kimanin shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata. Ya rubuta &quot;Babu wata shaida game da kwararar kwayar halitta ta Kudancin Asiya zuwa Ostiraliya .... Duk da cewa Sahul ya kasance ƙasa ɗaya da aka haɗa har zuwa [shekaru 8,000 da suka gabata], ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a duk faɗin Ostiraliya kusan suna da alaƙa da Papuans, kuma akasin haka, kuma biyun sun bayyana sun rabu ta hanyar kwayar halitta tun [kimanin shekaru 30,000 da suka gabata].&amp;nbsp;

=== Daidaitawar muhalli ===
[[Fayil:Alexander_Schramm_-_An_Aboriginal_encampment,_near_the_Adelaide_foothills_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|Wani sansanin Aboriginal kusa da tuddai na [[Adelaide]] a cikin zanen 1854 na Alexander Schramm]]
Aboriginal Australians suna da ƙwarewar da aka gada don daidaitawa da yanayin zafi na muhalli a hanyoyi daban-daban. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 1958 wanda ya kwatanta yanayin sanyi a cikin Mutanen Pitjantjatjara da ke zaune a hamada idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar mutanen Turai ya nuna cewa yanayin sanyaya na ƙungiyar Aboriginal ya bambanta da na fararen mutane, kuma sun sami damar yin barci sosai ta hanyar dare mai sanyi na hamada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Scholander |first=P. F. |last2=Hammel |first2=H. T. |last3=Hart |first3=J. S. |last4=LeMessurier |first4=D. H. |last5=Steen |first5=J. |display-authors=2 |date=1 September 1958 |title=Cold Adaptation in Australian Aborigines |journal=[[Journal of Applied Physiology]] |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=211–218 |doi=10.1152/jappl.1958.13.2.211 |pmid=13575330}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani binciken Jami'ar Cambridge na  shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa maye gurbi mai amfani a cikin kwayoyin halitta guda biyu waɗanda ke sarrafa thyroxine, hormone da ke da hannu wajen daidaita metabolism na jiki, yana taimakawa wajen dai-daita zafin jiki don amsawa ga zazzabi. Sakamakon wannan shi ne cewa mutanen hamada suna iya samun zafin jiki mafi girma ba tare da hanzarta aikin dukan jiki ba, wanda zai iya zama mai cutarwa musamman a cututtukan yara. Wannan yana taimakawa kare mutane don tsira daga tasirin kamuwa da cuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Caitlyn Gribbin |date=29 January 2014 |title=Genetic mutation helps Aboriginal people survive tough climate, research finds |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-29/genetic-modification-helps-aboriginal-people-survive-hot-climat/5225742 |website=ABC News |format=text and audio}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Qi |first=Xiaoqiang |last2=Chan |first2=Wee Lee |last3=Read |first3=Randy J. |last4=Zhou |first4=Aiwu |last5=Carrell |first5=Robin W. |date=22 March 2014 |title=Temperature-responsive release of thyroxine and its environmental adaptation in Australians |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=281 |issue=1779 |pages=20132747 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2747 |pmc=3924073 |pmid=24478298}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi da yawan jama'a ==
Mutanen Aboriginal sun rayu dubban shekaru a [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|nahiyar Ostiraliya]], ta hanyar sauye-sauye daban-daban a cikin ƙasa. Yankin da ke cikin iyakokin [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a yau ya haɗa da tsibirin Tasmania, K'gari (a baya Fraser Island) , Hinchinbrook Island, &lt;ref name=&quot;actoss&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2016 |title=Preferences in terminology when referring to Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples |url=https://www.actcoss.org.au/sites/default/files/public/publications/gulanga-good-practice-guide-preferences-terminology-referring-to-aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-peoples.pdf |access-date=16 December 2019 |series=Gulanga Good Practice Guides |publisher=ACT Council of Social Service Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsibirin Tiwi, Tsibirin Kangaroo da Groote Eylandt . 'Yan asalin tsibirin Torres Strait, duk da haka, ba Aboriginal ba ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00143 |access-date=12 December 2019 |website=Federal Register of Legislation |series=No. 191, 1976: Compilation No. 41 |publisher=Australian Government |quote=s 3:  Aboriginal means a person who is a member of the Aboriginal race of Australia....12AAA. Additional grant to Tiwi Land Trust...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Act 2005 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00083 |access-date=12 December 2019 |website=Federal Register of Legislation |series=No. 150, 1989: Compilation No. 54 |publisher=Australian Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rademaker |first=Laura |date=7 February 2018 |title=Tiwi Christianity: Aboriginal histories, Catholic mission and a surprising conversion |url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/tiwi-christianity-aboriginal-histories-catholic-mission-and-a-su/10095012 |access-date=12 December 2019 |website=ABC Religion and Ethics |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 86%; margin:2em;&quot;
|+Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da canjin ƙididdiga Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander mutane, 2006-2021 &lt;ref name=&quot;changes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=4 April 2023 |title=Understanding change in counts of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: Census |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/understanding-change-counts-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians-census/latest-release |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |Ƙididdigar jama'a
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |Yawan mutane
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Canjin tsakanin jama'a (lambar) 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Canjin tsakanin jama'a (kashi) 
|-
|2006
|455,028
|45,025
|11.0
|-
|2011
|548,368
|93,340
|20.5
|-
|2016
|649,171
|100,803
|18.4
|-
|2021
|812,728
|163,557
|25.2
|}
A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2021, mutanen da suka bayyana kansu a kan ƙididdigar ƙididdigal a matsayin asalin Aboriginal da / ko Torres Strait Islander sun kai 812,728 daga cikin jimlar 25,422,788 'yan Australia, daidai da kashi 3.2% na yawan mutanen Australia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |title=Australia: 2021 census all persons QuickStats |url=https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/AUS |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma karuwar mutane 163,557, ko 25.2%, tun ƙididdigun da suka gabata a cikin shekarar 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;changes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=4 April 2023 |title=Understanding change in counts of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: Census |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples/understanding-change-counts-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians-census/latest-release |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abubuwan alƙaluma - haihuwa, mutuwa da ƙaura {{Refn|Population change due to overseas migration continued to account for less than 2 per cent of the Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander population.}} - sun kai 43.5% na karuwa (mutane 71,086). &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This information is too vague. (January 2025)&quot;&gt;da&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;, 76.2% na wannan karuwar an danganta shi ga mutanen da ke da shekaru 0-19 a cikin shekarar 2021, sun lalace a matsayin 52.5% na masu shekaru 0-4 (haihuwa tun daga 2016) da 23.7% na masu shekaru 5-19.  

== Harsuna ==
 
Yawancin mutanen Aboriginal suna magana da Turanci, &lt;ref name=&quot;langstats&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2019 |title=2076.0: Characteristics of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2016: Main language spoken at home and English proficiency |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/656ea6473a7580bbca258236000c30f7!OpenDocument |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da kalmomin Aboriginal da aka kara don ƙirƙirar Turanci na Aboriginal na Australiya (wanda kuma yana da tasirin tasirin Harsunan Aboriginal a cikin [[Phonology|ilimin sauti]] da tsarin nahawu). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2019 |title=What is Aboriginal English like, and how would you recognise it? |url=https://ab-ed.nesa.nsw.edu.au/go/aboriginal-english/what-is-aboriginal-english-like |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=ABED}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu 'yan asalin ƙasar, musamman waɗanda ke zaune a yankuna masu nisa, suna da harsuna da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;langstats&quot; /&gt; Yawancin asalin harsunan Aboriginal 250-400 (fiye da harsuna 250 da kimanin nau'ikan yare 800 a nahiyar) suna cikin haɗari ko sun ƙare, &lt;ref name=&quot;aiatsis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2015 |title=Indigenous Australian Languages |url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/indigenous-australian-languages |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake ana yin wasu ƙoƙari a farfaɗo da harshe ga wasu. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, har yanzu yara ne ke samun harsuna 13 na gargajiya, kuma kimanin wasu 100 da tsofaffi ke magana kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Jane |date=20 January 2019 |title=The state of Australia's Indigenous languages – and how we can help people speak them more often |url=http://theconversation.com/the-state-of-australias-indigenous-languages-and-how-we-can-help-people-speak-them-more-often-109662 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aiatsis&quot; /&gt;

== Ƙungiyoyi da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ==
 
Da yake warwatse a fadin nahiyar Australiya a tsawon lokaci, mutanen zamanin d ̄ a sun fadada kuma sun bambanta zuwa kungiyoyi daban-daban, kowannensu yana da nasa yare da al'adu. Fiye da mutane 400 na asalin Australiya an gano su, an rarrabe su da sunayen da ke nuna yarensu na kakanninmu, yaruka, ko tsarin magana na musamman. A cewar sanannen masanin ilimin ɗan adam, masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi da masanin zamantakewa Harry Lourandos, a tarihi, waɗannan kungiyoyin sun zauna a cikin manyan yankuna uku na al'adu, yankunan Arewa, Kudancin da Tsakiya. Yankunan Arewa da Kudancin, suna da wadataccen albarkatun ruwa da na gandun daji, sun fi yawan jama'a fiye da yankin Tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lourandos&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Bathurst_Island_men.jpg|right|thumb|Maza daga Tsibirin Bathurst, 1939]]

=== Sunayen da suka danganci ƙasa ===
Akwai wasu sunaye daban-daban daga Harsunan Aboriginal na Australiya waɗanda aka saba amfani da su don gano kungiyoyi bisa ga [[Labarin kasa|Yanayin ƙasa]], waɗanda aka sani da aljanu, gami da:

* Anangu a arewacin Kudancin Australia, da yankunan da ke kusa da Yammacin Australia da Yankin Arewa
* Goorie (nau'in furcin da rubutun Koori) a Kudu maso Gabashin Queensland da wasu sassan arewacin New South Wales
* Koori (ko Koorie) a New South Wales da Victoria (Aboriginal Victorians) 
* Murri a Tsakiya da Arewacin Queensland, wani lokacin yana nufin duk Aboriginal Queenslanders
* Nunga a kudancin Kudancin Australia
* Noongar a kudancin Yammacin Australia
* Palawah (ko Pallawah) a Tasmania
* Tiwi a Tsibirin Tiwi daga Arnhem Land (NT) 

=== Wasu misalai na ƙananan rukuni ===
Sauran sunayen rukuni sun dogara ne akan ƙungiyar harshe ko takamaiman yaren da ake magana. Wadannan kuma sun dace da yankuna masu girma daban-daban. Wasu misalai sune:

* Anindilyakwa a kan Groote Eylandt (a kan Arnhem Land), NT
* Arrernte a tsakiyar Ostiraliya &lt;ref name=&quot;Read-1982&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Read |first=Peter |last2=Broome |first2=Richard |date=1982 |title=Aboriginal Australians |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508560 |journal=Labour History |issue=43 |pages=125–126 |doi=10.2307/27508560 |issn=0023-6942 |jstor=27508560}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bininj a Yammacin Arnhem Land (NT) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garde |first=Murray |title=bininj |url=https://www.njamed.com/#bininj |access-date=20 June 2019 |website=Bininj Kunwok Dictionary |publisher=Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gunggari a kudu maso yammacin Queensland &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=General Reference |url=http://gunggaripeople.weebly.com/general-reference.html |access-date=29 November 2016 |website=Life and Times of the Gunggari People, QLD (Pathfinder)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Muruwari a New South Wales
* Luritja (Kukatja), wani rukuni na Anangu wanda ya dogara da harshe
* Ngunnawal a cikin Babban Birnin Australiya da yankunan da ke kewaye da New South Wales
* Pitjantjatjara, wani rukuni na Anangu wanda ya dogara da harshe
* Wangai a cikin Yammacin Australiya Goldfields
* Warlpiri (Yapa) a yammacin tsakiyar yankin Arewa
* Yamatji a tsakiyar Yammacin Australia
* Yolngu a gabashin Arnhem Land (NT) 

=== Matsalolin da ke bayyana kungiyoyi ===
 
. Koyaya, waɗannan jerin ba cikakke ba ne ko kuma cikakke, kuma akwai haɗuwa. Masana da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba sun ɗauki hanyoyi daban-daban wajen ƙoƙarin fahimtar da bayyana al'adun Aboriginal da al'ummomi, wasu suna mai da hankali kan ƙananan matakan (ƙabilar, dangi, da dai sauransu), wasu kuma akan harsuna da al'adun al'adu da suka bazu a manyan yankuna da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli. [[Anthropologist|Masana ilimin ɗan adam]] sun gamu da matsaloli da yawa wajen ƙoƙarin bayyana abin da ke ƙunshe da mutanen Aboriginal / al'umma / rukuni / ƙabilar, ba tare da sunayensu ba. Ilimi game da al'adun Aboriginal na mulkin mallaka da ƙungiyoyin al'umma har yanzu sun dogara da fassarorin masu kallo, waɗanda aka tace ta hanyar hanyoyin mulkin mallaka na kallon al'ummomin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Tom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu 'yan asalin ƙasar sun bayyana kansu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ruwan gishiri, ruwa mai laushi, gandun daji ko mutanen hamada.

== Bayyanawa na asali ==
 

=== Kalmomin ===
Kalmar Aboriginal Australians ta haɗa da mutane da yawa daban-daban waɗanda suka ci gaba a duk faɗin Ostiraliya sama da shekaru 50,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;ClarksonJacobs2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Clarkson |first=Chris |last2=Jacobs |first2=Zenobia |last3=Marwick |first3=Ben |last4=Fullagar |first4=Richard |last5=Wallis |first5=Lynley |author-link5=Lynley Wallis |last6=Smith |first6=Mike |last7=Roberts |first7=Richard G. |last8=Hayes |first8=Elspeth |last9=Lowe |first9=Kelsey |last10=Carah |first10=Xavier |last11=Florin |first11=S. Anna |last12=McNeil |first12=Jessica |last13=Cox |first13=Delyth |last14=Arnold |first14=Lee J. |last15=Hua |first15=Quan |display-authors=2 |year=2017 |title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/4803 |journal=Nature |volume=547 |issue=7663 |pages=306–310 |bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C |doi=10.1038/nature22968 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=28726833 |s2cid=205257212 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan mutane suna da tarihin kwayoyin halitta, ko da yake yana da rikitarwa,  amma a cikin shekaru ɗari biyu da suka gabata ne kawai aka bayyana su kuma suka fara nuna kansu a matsayin rukuni ɗaya, a cikin zamantakewa da siyasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fesl&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fesl |first=Eve D. |author-link=Eve Fesl |year=1986 |title='Aborigine' and 'Aboriginal' |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AboriginalLawB/1986/39.html |journal=Aboriginal Law Bulletin}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Duk da yake wasu sun fi son kalmar ''Aboriginal'' zuwa Aboriginal a baya, kamar yadda aka ga ƙarshen yana da asalin nuna bambanci kai tsaye,  amfani da kalmar ''''Aborigine'''' ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kamar yadda mutane da yawa ke la'akari da kalmar a matsayin mummunan ra'ayi da wariyar launin fata daga zamanin mulkin mallaka na Australia.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Fesl&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Solonec |first=Tammy |date=9 August 2015 |title=Why saying 'Aborigine' isn't OK: 8 facts about Indigenous people in Australia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2015/08/why-saying-aborigine-isnt-ok-8-facts-about-indigenous-people-in-australia/ |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Amnesty.org |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2018 |title=Why do media organisations like News Corp, Reuters and The New York Times still use words like 'Aborigines'? |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/02/23/why-do-media-organisations-news-corp-reuters-and-new-york-times-still-use-words |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=NITV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'anar kalmar ''Aboriginal'' ta canza a tsawon lokaci da wuri, tare da muhimmancin zuriyar iyali, ganewar kai da karɓar al'umma duk suna da muhimmancin daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;AECG Inc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Aboriginality and Identity: Perspectives, Practices and Policies |url=http://www.sectorconnect.org.au/assets/pdf/resources/resourcepg/Aboriginal/Aboriginality_and_Identity_Report_(November_2011).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005024319/http://www.sectorconnect.org.au/assets/pdf/resources/resourcepg/Aboriginal/Aboriginality_and_Identity_Report_(November_2011).pdf |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=1 August 2016 |publisher=New South Wales AECG Inc}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Blandy |first=Sarah |last2=Sibley |first2=David |date=2010 |title=Law, boundaries and the production of space |journal=Social &amp; Legal Studies |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=275–284 |doi=10.1177/0964663910372178 |s2cid=145479418}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Malbon |first=Justin |date=2003 |title=The Extinguishment of Native Title{{mdash}}The Australian Aborigines as Slaves and Citizens |journal=Griffith Law Review |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=310–335 |doi=10.1080/10383441.2003.10854523 |s2cid=147150152}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalmar ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan asalin Australiya'' tana nufin' yan asalin ƙasar Australiya da mutanen tsibirin Torres Strait, kuma ana amfani da kalmar ne kawai lokacin da aka haɗa kungiyoyi biyu a cikin batun da ake magana, ko kuma ta hanyar nuna kansa ta mutum a matsayin' yan asalin.  (Mutanen tsibirin Torres Strait sun bambanta da ƙabilanci da al'adu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About the Torres Strait |url=http://www.torres.qld.gov.au/about-the-torres-strait1 |access-date=21 October 2019 |website=Torres Strait Shire Council}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da musayar al'adu mai yawa tare da wasu ƙungiyoyin Aboriginal, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2006 |title=Australia Now – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008120749/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/indg_overview.html |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=8 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tsibirin Torres na Strait galibi suna cikin Queensland amma suna da matsayi na gwamnati daban. ) Wasu ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan asalin ƙasar'' sun ki amincewa da lakafta su 'yan asalin, a matsayin kalmar wucin gadi da ƙin yarda, saboda wasu mutanen da ba 'yan asalin ba sun kira kansu' yan asalin ƙasar saboda an haife su a Ostiraliya.

=== Al'adu da imani ===
 
'Yan asalin Australiya suna da imani na musamman ga kowane taron jama'a ([[Ƙabila|kabilar]]) kuma suna da kyakkyawar alaƙa da ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Behind-the-dots-of-Aboriginal-Art&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Behind the dots of Aboriginal Art |url=https://www.aboriginal-art-australia.com/aboriginal-art-library/aboriginal-dot-art-behind-the-dots/ |access-date=25 November 2021 |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bangaskiyar 'yan asalin Australiya ta zamani cakuda ce mai rikitarwa, ta bambanta da yanki da mutum a fadin nahiyar. An tsara su ne ta hanyar imani na gargajiya, rushewar mulkin mallaka, addinai da Turawa suka kawo nahiyar, da kuma batutuwan zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvey-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Arlene |last2=Russell-Mundine |first2=Gabrielle |date=18 August 2019 |title=Decolonising the curriculum: using graduate qualities to embed Indigenous knowledges at the academic cultural interface |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 |journal=Teaching in Higher Education |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=789–808 |doi=10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131 |issn=1356-2517 |s2cid=149824646}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fraser-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fraser |first=Jenny |date=25 January 2012 |title=The digital dreamtime: A shining light in the culture war |url=https://ojs.aut.ac.nz/te-kaharoa/index.php/tekaharoa/article/view/77 |journal=Te Kaharoa |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.24135/tekaharoa.v5i1.77 |issn=1178-6035 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ba da imani na al'adu na gargajiya kuma ana raba su ta hanyar rawa, labarun, waƙoƙi da fasaha - musamman Papunya Tula (zane-zane) - gaba ɗaya suna ba da labarin halitta da aka sani da The Dreamtime . &lt;ref name=&quot;Behind-the-dots-of-Aboriginal-Art&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Jennifer |date=2012 |title=The Altyerre Story-'Suffering Badly by Translation': The Altyerre Story |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1757-6547.2012.00179.x |journal=The Australian Journal of Anthropology |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=158–178 |doi=10.1111/j.1757-6547.2012.00179.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, masu warkarwa na gargajiya sun kasance masu kula da muhimman labarun mafarki da kuma matsayinsu na likita (alal misali Ngangkari a cikin hamada ta Yamma).  Wasu mahimman tsari da jigogi ana raba su a duk faɗin nahiyar tare da cikakkun bayanai da ƙarin abubuwa daban-daban tsakanin harshe da ƙungiyoyin al'adu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cox-2016&quot; /&gt; Misali, a cikin The Dreamtime na yawancin yankuna, ruhu ya halicci duniya sannan ya gaya wa mutane su bi da dabbobi da ƙasa ta hanyar da ta girmama ƙasa. A Yankin Arewa ana yawan cewa wannan babban [[maciji]] ne ko maciji wanda ke tafiya a cikin ƙasa da sama yana yin duwatsu da teku. Amma a wasu wurare ruhohin da suka halicci duniya an san su da ruwan sama da ruhohin ruwa. Manyan ruhohin kakanninmu sun hada da Macijin Rainbow, Baiame, Dirawong da Bunjil. Hakazalika, mutanen Arrernte na tsakiyar Ostiraliya sun yi imanin cewa bil'adama sun samo asali ne daga manyan kakannin da suka kawo rana, iska da ruwan sama sakamakon fashewa a saman Duniya lokacin da suka farka daga barcin su.&lt;ref name=&quot;Read-1982&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Read |first=Peter |last2=Broome |first2=Richard |date=1982 |title=Aboriginal Australians |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508560 |journal=Labour History |issue=43 |pages=125–126 |doi=10.2307/27508560 |issn=0023-6942 |jstor=27508560}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin lafiya da tattalin arziki ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
Saboda rashin amfani da aka ambata a sama, al'ummomin Aboriginal na Australiya suna fuskantar yawan kashe kansa, idan aka kwatanta da al'ummomi marasa asali. Wadannan batutuwan sun samo asali ne daga dalilai daban-daban na musamman ga al'ummomin asali, kamar raunin tarihi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elliott-Farrelly |first=Terri |date=January 2004 |title=Australian Aboriginal suicide: The need for an Aboriginal suicidology? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jamh.3.3.138 |journal=Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=138–145 |doi=10.5172/jamh.3.3.138 |issn=1446-7984 |s2cid=71578621}}&lt;/ref&gt; rashin fa'ida na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da raguwar samun ilimi da kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marrone |first=Sonia |date=July 2007 |title=Understanding barriers to health care: a review of disparities in health care services among indigenous populations |journal=International Journal of Circumpolar Health |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=188–198 |doi=10.3402/ijch.v66i3.18254 |issn=2242-3982 |pmid=17655060 |s2cid=1720215 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, wannan matsala ta fi shafar matasa 'yan asalin ƙasar, kamar yadda matasa da yawa na 'yan asalin ƙasa na iya jin ba su da alaƙa da al'adunsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Isaacs |first=Anton |last2=Sutton |first2=Keith |date=16 June 2016 |title=An Aboriginal youth suicide prevention project in rural Victoria |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2016.1198232 |journal=Advances in Mental Health |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=118–125 |doi=10.1080/18387357.2016.1198232 |issn=1838-7357 |s2cid=77905930}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don yaki da karuwar kashe-kashen kai, masu bincike da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa hada wasu al'adu a cikin shirye-shiryen rigakafin kashe-kashin kai zai taimaka wajen yaki da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin al'umma. Bincike da ya gabata ya gano cewa shugabannin 'yan asalin ƙasar da membobin al'umma da yawa, a zahiri, suna son shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da suka fi sani da al'adu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ridani |first=Rebecca |last2=Shand |first2=Fiona L. |last3=Christensen |first3=Helen |last4=McKay |first4=Kathryn |last5=Tighe |first5=Joe |last6=Burns |first6=Jane |last7=Hunter |first7=Ernest |date=16 September 2014 |title=Suicide Prevention in Australian Aboriginal Communities: A Review of Past and Present Programs |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12121 |journal=Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=111–140 |doi=10.1111/sltb.12121 |issn=0363-0234 |pmid=25227155}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika, shirye-shiryen da suka shafi al'adu da suka shafi matasa 'yan asalin sun kalubalanci ra'ayin kashe kansa tsakanin matasa' yan asalin ƙasar, tare da shirye-shirye da yawa na zamantakewa da motsin rai ta amfani da bayanan al'adu don samar da hanyoyin magance da inganta lafiyar hankali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Skerrett |first=Delaney Michael |last2=Gibson |first2=Mandy |last3=Darwin |first3=Leilani |last4=Lewis |first4=Suzie |last5=Rallah |first5=Rahm |last6=De Leo |first6=Diego |date=30 March 2017 |title=Closing the Gap in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Youth Suicide: A Social-Emotional Wellbeing Service Innovation Project |journal=Australian Psychologist |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=13–22 |doi=10.1111/ap.12277 |issn=0005-0067 |s2cid=151609217 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Murrup-Stewart |first=Cammi |last2=Searle |first2=Amy K. |last3=Jobson |first3=Laura |last4=Adams |first4=Karen |date=16 November 2018 |title=Aboriginal perceptions of social and emotional wellbeing programs: A systematic review of literature assessing social and emotional wellbeing programs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians perspectives |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ap.12367 |journal=Australian Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=171–186 |doi=10.1111/ap.12367 |issn=0005-0067 |s2cid=150362243}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun al'ummomin da ke nesa ==
[[Fayil:Aboriginal_Australian_women_and_children,_Maloga,_N.S.W.jpg|thumb|Hoton tarihi na mata da yara na Aboriginal Australia, Maloga, New South Wales a kusa da 1900 (a cikin tufafin Turai) ]]
Motsi na tashar na shekarun 1970 da shekarar 1980, lokacin da mutanen Aboriginal suka koma kananan ƙauyuka masu nisa a ƙasar gargajiya, sun kawo fa'idodin kiwon lafiya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morice |first=Rodney D. |year=1976 |title=Woman Dancing Dreaming: Psychosocial Benefits of the Aboriginal Outstation Movement |journal=Medical Journal of Australia |publisher=AMPCo |volume=2 |issue=25–26 |pages=939–942 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.1976.tb115531.x |issn=0025-729X |pmid=1035404 |s2cid=28327004}}&lt;/ref&gt;  amma ba a ba da horo da damar yin aiki a lokuta da yawa ba, kuma tallafi daga gwamnatoci ya ragu a cikin shekarar 2000s, musamman a zamanin Gwamnatin Howard.&lt;ref name=&quot;expch1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Fred}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;expch10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Fred}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke Ostiraliya mai nisa galibi ƙananan ne, garuruwa masu zaman kansu tare da kayan aiki na asali, a kan [[Native title in Australia|ƙasar mallakar gargajiya]]. Wadannan al'ummomin suna da mazauna tsakanin 20 zuwa 300 kuma galibi ana rufe su ga baƙi saboda dalilai na al'adu. Masana da masu tsara manufofi sun tattauna game da yiwuwar al'ummomin Aboriginal a yankunan hamada. Wani rahoto na shekarar 2007 da [[CSIRO]] ta jaddada muhimmancin ɗaukar tsarin buƙata don ayyuka a cikin ƙauyukan hamada, kuma ta kammala cewa &quot;idan ana ci gaba da sanya mafita daga sama zuwa ƙasa ba tare da godiya ga mahimman direbobi na ƙauyuka a yankunan hamada ba, to waɗancan mafita za su ci gaba da kasancewa masu son kai, kuma ba su da tasiri a cikin dogon lokaci&quot;

== Dubi kuma ==

== Bayani ==

== Manazarta ==
 This article incorporates text by Anders Bergström et al. available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

* {{Cite web |date=24 December 2018 |title=Start exploring Australian Aboriginal culture |url=https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/ |website=Creative Spirits}}
* {{Cite web |title=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies |url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/ |website=AIATSIS}}
* {{Cite web |title=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies |url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/ |website=AIATSIS}}
* {{Cite web |title=Aboriginal Art of Australia: Understanding its History |url=https://artark.com.au/pages/aboriginal-art-of-australia-understanding-its-history |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=ARTARK}}

== Haɗin waje ==

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    <title>Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin Australia</title>
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[[Fayil:22042010_SA_Museum.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan karatu na Mortlock, wani ɓangare na Gidan karatu ya Kudancin ƙasar Australia, ya zama gefen yammacin farfajiyar a gaban Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin Australiya]]
[[Fayil:SouthAustralianMuseum.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin Australia]]
Gidan kayan gargajiya na Kudancin Australia gidan kayan gargajiya ne na tarihin halitta da cibiyar bincike a [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Ostiraliya, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1856 kuma mallakar Gwamnatin Kudancin ƙasar Australia. Yana da gine-gine masu rikitarwa a Arewacin Terrace a cikin yankin al'adu na Adelaide Parklands . Ana gudanar da shirye-shiryen motsa yawancin tarin Al'adun Aboriginal na ƙasar Australiya (mafi girma a [[duniya]]), a cikin sabon National Gallery for Aboriginal Art and CCultures.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/hausa/multimedia/2012/10/121002_gasar_zanengidaje_naduniya&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/hausa/multimedia/2012/10/121002_gasar_zanengidaje_naduniya&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Ƙarni na 19 ===
An yi ƙoƙari a baya don kafa Cibiyoyin injiniya a cikin mulkin mallaka, amma sun yi ƙoƙari su sami gine-ginen da za su iya riƙe tarin ɗakin karatu da samar da sarari don laccoci da nishaɗi. A shekara ta 1856, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi alkawarin tallafawa dukkan cibiyoyin, ta hanyar samar da gine-ginen al'adu na farko da gwamnati ta gina.&lt;ref name=&quot;isa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2021 |title=About Institutes of SA |url=https://institutessa.com/?page_id=1776 |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=Institutes of South Australia |format=Video}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;issbeg&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hancock |first=Joelie |date=Winter–Spring 2021 |title=Beginnings of Institutes in South Australia |url=https://institutessa.com/?p=3188 |journal=Useful Knowledge |publisher=Mechanics' Institute of Victoria |issue=55 |pages=20–21 |access-date=3 January 2022 |via=Institutes of South Australia |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103041443/https://institutessa.com/?p=3188 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar Kudancin Australia, wacce ta haɗa da ɗakin karatu na jama'a da gidan kayan gargajiya, an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar 1861  a cikin ɗakin haya na Cibiyar Nazarin Laburaren da Injiniya a King William Street yayin da take jiran gina ginin Cibiyar a kusurwar North Terrace da Kintore Avenue. 

A watan Yunin shekara ta 1856 Majalisar Dokokin Kudancin Australia ta zartar da Dokar No. 16 na shekara ta 1855-6, '''''Dokar '''Cibiyar Kudancin Australia'''''''' (Dokar da za a kafa da kuma haɗa Cibiyar da za a kira Cibiyar ƙungiyar Kudancin Ostiraliya), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SA Institute Act (No 16 of 19 Vic, 1855-6) |url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/num_act/sia16o19v18556244/ |access-date=4 July 2020 |website=Australasian Legal Information Institute (AustLII)}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haɗa da Cibiyar Kusancin ƙasar Australiya a ƙarƙashin ikon Kwamitin Gwamnoni,  wanda aka sauya duk kayan mallakar tsohuwar Laburaren da Cibiyar Injiniya nan da nan.&lt;ref name=&quot;SLSAboard&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of the State Library of South Australia: Board members &amp; legislation |url=https://guides.slsa.sa.gov.au/c.php?g=410288&amp;p=2794469 |access-date=31 July 2019 |website=State Library of South Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar ta samar da ɗakin karatu da gidan kayan gargajiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabuwar ƙungiyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;SLSAboard&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pothist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=A Potted History |url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/Upload/files-about/a-potted-history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425032131/http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/Upload/files-about/a-potted-history.pdf |archive-date=2019-04-25 |access-date=18 May 2019 |publisher=South Australian Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Frederick George Waterhouse ya ba da ayyukansa a matsayin mai kula da Gidan Tarihi na Cibiyar Kudancin Australia a watan Yunin shekarar 1859 a matsayin girmamawa. Lokacin da aka kammala ginin Cibiyar, Hukumar ta naɗa shi a matsayin mai kula na farko, matsayin da ya rike har sai da ya yi ritaya a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1882. Wilhelm Haacke ne ya gaje shi, wanda a watan Janairun 1883 ya ba da shawarar a sake sunan Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin ƙasar Australia (wanda bai faru ba a lokacin), kuma a canza matsayin Curator zuwa Darakta. An nada Haacke a matsayin Darakta na farko, &lt;ref name=&quot;pothist&quot;/&gt; amma kawai ya rike mukamin har sai da ya yi murabus a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1884 bayan jerin rikice-rikice tare da gudanarwar Gidan Tarihi 

=== Karni na 20 ===
''Dokar Gidan Tarihi (1939) '' ta ba Gidan Tarihin Kudancin ƙasar Australia ikon cin gashin kansa daga Gidan Tariha da Laburaren, kuma an sake sunan Gidan Tarih na Kudancin Australiya a hukumance Gidan Tarihimen Kudancin.&lt;ref name=&quot;pothist&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Gallery of South Australia (Record ID 36484115) |url=https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&amp;id=36484115 |access-date=30 July 2019 |website=Libraries Australia |series=Libraries Australia Authorities – Full view |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319181434/https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&amp;id=36484115 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dokar Gidan Tarihi ta Kudancin Australia (1976) ta maye gurbin wannan dokar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=South Australian Museum Act 1976, Version: 12.5.2011 |url=https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/SOUTH%20AUSTRALIAN%20MUSEUM%20ACT%201976/CURRENT/1976.21.AUTH.PDF |access-date=30 July 2019 |website=Government of South Australia |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091248/https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/SOUTH%20AUSTRALIAN%20MUSEUM%20ACT%201976/CURRENT/1976.21.AUTH.PDF |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum Act 1976 |url=https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/SOUTH%20AUSTRALIAN%20MUSEUM%20ACT%201976.aspx |access-date=31 July 2019 |website=legislation.sa |publisher=Government of South Australia. Attorney-General's Dept |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091246/https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/SOUTH%2520AUSTRALIAN%2520MUSEUM%2520ACT%25201976.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wani lokaci tsakanin 1996 da 2002, Gidan Tarihi ya zama wani ɓangare na Arts SA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annual Report of the South Australian Museum Board: 2002–2003 |url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/Upload/files-about/annual-report-2002-03.pdf |access-date=1 August 2019 |website=South Australian Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1997, Ministan Fasaha na jihar Diana Laidlaw ta goyi bayan, an ba da kuɗin Gidan Tarihi na SA don bunƙasa bene na ƙasa na Australian Aboriginal Cultures Gallery . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edblog |title=Artrave |url=https://www.artlink.com.au/articles/2544/artrave/ |access-date=3 August 2019 |website=Artlink}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karni na 21 ===
[[Fayil:14_Pieces.JPG|right|thumb|14 Fincike, bisa ga siffofin ichthyosaur vertebrae.]]
Shekaru goma masu zuwa, Mike Rann, Firayim Minista da Ministan Fasaha daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2011, ya ba da kuɗin sake gina Gidan Al'adu na Pacific da ci gaban Gidan Tarihin Biodiversity na Kudancin ƙasar Australia. 

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005, Firayim Minista ya bayyana wani zane-zane na jama'a wanda ya haɗa da ruwa, 14 Pieces, wanda ke gaban gidan kayan gargajiya. Masu zane-zane Angela da Hossein Valamanesh ne suka kirkireshi kuma Birnin Adelaide ne ya ba da umarni, ya maye gurbin maɓuɓɓugar Lavington Bonython wacce ta mamaye shafin daga 1965. Halinsa ya dogara ne akan kashin baya na wani dabba mai rarrafe na ruwa, ichthyosaur . &lt;ref name=&quot;14pieces&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elton |first=Jude |date=7 January 2014 |title=14 Pieces |url=https://adelaidia.history.sa.gov.au/things/14-pieces |access-date=9 February 2022 |website=Adelaidia }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa da shugabanci ==

=== wajibai na doka da kwamitin ===
Matsayin hukuma na gidan kayan gargajiya, kamar yadda rahoton shekara-shekara na 2017/8 ya nuna, shine:
{{Blockquote|...the conservation, study and appreciation of nature and culture for the benefit and enjoyment of current and future generations. The Museum's exhibitions, collections, programs and science research activities contribute to global understanding of human cultures and the natural world as well as supporting life-long learning in the community.&lt;ref name=SAMAR17-18&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/upload/files-about/Annual-Report-2017-18_FINAL.pdf|title=2017–18 Annual Report for the South Australian Museum Board |website=South Australian Museum |page=4|date=25 September 2018|access-date=24 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Ra'ayinta shine &quot;...amfani da tarin duniya don ƙirƙirar da raba sabon ilmi, yana mai da hankali kan al'adun Aboriginal da Pacific na Australiya, Duniya da Kimiyya ta Rayuwa&quot;.[its]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mission &amp; Vision |url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/about/mission-vision |access-date=24 April 2019 |website=South Australian Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayin kamfani na doka, ana gudanar da gidan kayan gargajiya a karkashin ''Dokar Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin ƙasar ustralia ta 1976'' da ka'idojin gwamnati da tarayya. Gidan kayan gargajiya ya kasance wani ɓangare ne na Arts South Australia (a baya Arts SA) a cikin Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Jiha har zuwa shekarar 2018.  Bayan zaɓen Gwamnatin Marshall a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, an cire Ma'aikatar Fasaha, an rushe Arts SA, kuma Ma'aikatu da Ma'aiko sun sauya ayyukanta zuwa kulawa kai tsaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 June 2019 |title=About arts and culture |url=https://dpc.sa.gov.au/responsibilities/arts-and-culture/about-arts-culture |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=South Australia. Dept of the Premier and Cabinet |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116000801/https://www.dpc.sa.gov.au/responsibilities/arts-and-culture/about-arts-culture |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin mutane takwas da Ministan ya nada yana kula da gudanar da Gidan Tarihi.&lt;ref name=&quot;people&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 March 2024 |title=Our People |url=https://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/the-museum/about/our-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501082225/https://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/the-museum/about/our-people |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=SA Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2011 Firayim Minista Mike Rann ya nada tsohon magajin garin Adelaide kuma Ministan Ilimi Jane Lomax-Smith a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gidan kayan gargajiya.

A watan Nuwamban shekarar2020 an naɗa Kim Cheater a matsayin shugaban kwamitin.

Bayan ajiye Shirye-shiryen sake fasalin 2024, Cheater ya yi murabus kuma Robert Saint ya zama shugaban jami'in.&lt;ref name=&quot;gilchrist2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gilchrist |first=Charlie |last2=Kelly |first2=Isabella |date=19 September 2024 |title=SA Museum restructure axed after Premier's Review |url=https://www.indaily.com.au/news/2024/09/19/sa-museum-restructure-axed-after-premiers-review |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=[[InDaily]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kungiyar gudanarwa ===
An nada Brian Oldman darektan gidan kayan gargajiya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2013 |title=South Australian Museum Board Announces New Director |url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/media/53865/53887 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424104513/http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/media/53865/53887 |archive-date=24 April 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019 |website=South Australian Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Maris na shekarar 2023, a naɗa David Gaimster darekta, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 March 2023 |title=South Australian Museum appoints its new Director |url=https://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/media/david-gaimster |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=SA Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da rawar da ake kira Shugaba {{As of|May 2024}}  . &lt;ref name=&quot;people&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024 an ba da sanarwar cewa Dokta Gaimster zai sauka a matsayin Shugaba, tare da sabon tsarin daukar ma'aikata don maye gurbin dindindin, kuma tsohon Shugaba na Birnin Adelaide Claire Mockler ya cika mukamin a cikin wucin gadi.

=== Tsarin sake fasalin (2024) ===
A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2024, Shugaba David Gaimster ya ba da sanarwar &quot;sake tunanin&quot; gidan kayan gargajiya, don sanya shi cikin ƙwarewar zamani mai dacewa ga baƙi. Koyaya sake fasalin zai haifar da soke matsayi 27 na bincike da tarin, maye gurbin su da sabbin ayyuka 22 na ƙananan rarrabuwa. Bayan kukan jama'a da kuma damuwa da ma'aikatan gidan kayan gargajiya suka nuna, gami da zanga-zangar a majalisar dokoki a Adelaide, Firayim Minista Peter Malinauskas ya shiga tsakani kuma a ƙarshen Afrilu ya ƙaddamar da kwamitin bita don bincika shirin. Ya ce duka gwamnatin da ta gabata da gwamnatinsa sun yanke kasafin kudin gidan kayan gargajiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Litjens |first=Daniel |date=25 April 2024 |title=South Australian Museum restructure on hold as state government launches review |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-04-26/sa-government-holds-review-museum-planned-restructure/103767994 |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 14 ga Afrilun shekarar 2024, masu sa kai, ma'aikata, da magoya bayan gidan kayan gargajiya sun nuna rashin amincewa da sake fasalin ma'aikatan da aka shirya wanda ya haifar da kawar da mukamai 27 a cikin sashen bincike da tarin bayanai da kuma maye gurbin su da matsayi 22 da aka biya. Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Jama'a  da manyan masu ba da gudummawa sun nuna damuwarsu game da sake fasalin da aka tsara, kuma tsohon masanin kimiyyar gidan kayan gargajiya ya ce ba ta tunanin cewa kwamitin bita ya fahimci gudummawar da masana kimiyya suka bayar ga gidan kayan gargajiya, gami da muhimmiyar bincike. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Litjens |date=14 April 2024 |title=Union lodges dispute in employment tribunal, as protesters rally against proposed SA Museum changes |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-04-14/dozens-protest-sa-museum-restructure-south-australia-museum/103704426 |access-date=14 April 2024 |website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Landau |first=Sophie |last2=Litjens |first2=Daniel |date=26 August 2024 |title=Parliamentary inquiry into SA Museum's controversial restructure hears claims science and research are undervalued |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-26/museum-restructure-parliamentary-inquiry/104271096 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan 2024, Mataimakin shugaban adawa John Gardner ya gabatar da takarda ga majalisar tare da masu sanya hannu sama da 10,000 tare da damuwa game da sake fasalin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gilchrist |first=Charlie |date=28 August 2024 |title=Thousands sign SA Museum petition |url=https://www.indaily.com.au/news/2024/08/28/thousands-sign-sa-museum-petition |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=InDaily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 19 ga Satumban shekarar 2024 Firayim Minista Peter Malinauskas ya ba da sanarwar cewa bisa ga shawarwarin sake dubawa na majalisa, ba za a ci gaba da sake fasalin da aka tsara ba, kuma za a samar da sabon shirin dabarun ta hanyar tsarin shawarwari na hadin gwiwa. Kim Cheater ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban, tare da Robert Saint ya zama shugaban jami'in.&lt;ref name=&quot;gilchrist2024&quot;/&gt; Za a sami &quot;babu canje-canje na aiki ko na tsari... ga binciken gidan kayan gargajiya da abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci da kuma tsarin kasuwanci&quot;. An kira gidan kayan gargajiya don yin aiki tare da jami'o'i na gida da na yanki don haɓaka samfuran bincike mai ɗorewa da tallafi don gidan kayan gargajiya, kuma gwamnatin jihar za ta samar da gidan kayan gargajiya da AU $ 4.1 miliyan a cikin shekaru biyu don haɓaka sabon shirin dabarun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Australian officials cancel plan to cut research at major natural history museum |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/australian-officials-cancel-plan-cut-research-major-natural-history-museum |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabon Cibiyar Al'adu ta Aboriginal ==
Ya zuwa 2019 gwamnatin Kudancin Australia ta himmatu ga raba gidan kayan gargajiya, riƙe gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin halitta a shafin da ke akwai kuma ƙirƙirar sabon tashar zane-zane da [[Australian Aboriginal culture|al'adu]] Aboriginal a shafin tsohon [[Royal Adelaide Hospital|Asibitin Royal Adelaide]], &lt;ref name=&quot;YA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jorgensen |first=Darren |date=16 April 2019 |title=Yurtu Ardla |url=https://www.artlink.com.au/articles/4752/yurtu-ardla/ |access-date=18 May 2019 |website=Artlink}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda yanzu ake kira Lot Fourteen. &lt;ref name=&quot;lot14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lot Fourteen |url=https://renewalsa.sa.gov.au/projects/lot-fourteen/#master_plan___innovation_framework |access-date=18 May 2019 |website=RenewalSA}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon shekara ta 2019 an fara tsarin shawarwari, wanda ya hada da gwamnatin jihar, Gidan Tarihi, Gidan Ayyuka na Kudancin Australia, [[State Library of South Australia|Laburaren Jiha]], Cibiyar Al'adu ta Aboriginal ta Tandanya, da al'ummomin Aboriginal na Kudanci Australia, musamman [[Kaurna]].

Firayim Minista Steven Marshall ya sanar da sabuntawa a kan tashar Lot goma sha huɗu a watan Fabrairun 2020, tare da ranar da aka shirya kammala ta 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richards |first=Stephanie |date=11 February 2020 |title=Marshall sets 2023 deadline for Aboriginal Cultural Centre |url=https://indaily.com.au/news/2020/02/11/marshall-sets-2023-deadline-for-aboriginal-cultural-centre/ |access-date=12 February 2020 |website=InDaily}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, an sake duba tsare-tsaren tun bayan canjin gwamnatin jihar a 2023, kuma an jinkirta yanke shawara game da cibiyar Aboriginal ta Tarrkarri har zuwa 2024, yayin da gwamnatin jihar a ƙarƙashin Peter Malinauskas ke neman kudade na agaji. Bayan kimantawar farashi na farko na $ 200m, kwamitin da gwamnati ta nada karkashin jagorancin Ken Wyatt kuma ya hada da Bob Carr da memba na kwamitin Bankin Tsaro na Australiya Carolyn Hewson, sun ba da shawarar a watan Afrilu na 2023 cewa tsakanin dala miliyan 400 zuwa dala miliyan 600 ya kamata a kashe su a kan aikin don sanya Tarrkarri cibiyar muhimmiyar kasa da kasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kelsall |first=Thomas |date=18 December 2023 |title=Decision on SA Aboriginal cultural centre kicked into next year |url=https://indaily.com.au/news/2023/12/18/decision-on-sa-aboriginal-cultural-centre-kicked-into-next-year/ |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=[[InDaily]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarin abubuwa ==
Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da abubuwa da samfurori sama da miliyan huɗu. Tashoshin dindindin sun haɗa da :&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Museum galleries |url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/explore/museum-galleries |access-date=24 April 2019 |website=South Australian Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Misira ta Dā
* Al'adun Aboriginal na Australiya
* Tarin Kudancin Australiya
* Abubuwan burbushin Ediacaran
* Megafauna
* Ma'adanai da Meteorites
* Fossils na Opal, gami da gembones
* Al'adun Pacific
* Kudancin Australiya Biodiversity
* Whales da Dolphins
* Dabbobi masu shayarwa na Duniya

=== Tarin kayan tarihi na asali ===
Gidan kayan gargajiya ya ƙunshi mafi mahimmancin tarin kayan Al'adun Aboriginal na Australiya a duniya, &lt;ref name=&quot;pothist&quot;/&gt; inda ke da kimanin abubuwa 30,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yurtu&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Jared |author-link=Jared Thomas |date=17 April 2019 |title=A celebration of Nukunu and Adnyamathanha wood carving: A shared vision |url=https://www.adelaidereview.com.au/opinion/yurtu-ardla-nukunu-adnyamathanha-wood-carving/ |journal=[[Adelaide Review]] |issue=470 |access-date=25 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan tarin, tare da wasu da yawa a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya, ana sarrafa su, tare da hotuna da yawa da bayanai da yawa game da kowane abu yanzu ana samun su don bincike kan layi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Digital Collections |url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/collections/digital-collections |access-date=24 April 2019 |website=South Australian Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2016, mai ba da gudummawa mai zAM kansa, Margaret Davy AM, ya ba da kuɗi don sabon matsayi ga mai kula da 'yan asalin ƙasar na tsawon shekaru biyar, wanda ta nemi a ba shi suna don girmama marigayi mijinta, William Geary. Wannan matsayi an san shi da William da Margaret Geary Curator na Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander Art da Al'adun Kayan Kayan Kimiyyar, tare da wanda aka nada na farko shine Glenn Iseger-Pilkington, mutumin Wadjarri, Nhanda da Nyoongar daga Yammacin Australia tare da asali a cikin zane-zane. Wannan shi ne karo na farko a tarihin gidan kayan gargajiya cewa an sanya rawar kulawa ga ɗan asalin ƙasar, kuma ana fatan cewa za a haɓaka tarin ta hanyar da muryoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar da ra'ayi na duniya suka sanar, kuma suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi, a cikin kalmomin Iseger-Pilkington, &quot;mafi dacewa da kuma sauƙin isa ga al'ummomin Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander&quot;.

Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da mafi girman tarin zane-zane na Arrernte artist da kuma mai fassara ilimin ɗan adam Erlikilyika, wanda aka fi sani da Jim Kite, wanda ke zaune a ƙaramin ƙauyen Turai mai nisa a Tashar telegraph ta Charlotte Waters.&lt;ref name=&quot;Megg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kelham |first=Megg |date=November 2010 |title=A Museum in Finke: An Aputula Heritage Project |url=http://www.territorystories.nt.gov.au/jspui/bitstream/10070/230199/1/Aputula_Heritage_Final_Report_Megg_Kelham.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510110909/http://www.territorystories.nt.gov.au/jspui/bitstream/10070/230199/1/Aputula_Heritage_Final_Report_Megg_Kelham.pdf |archive-date=2019-05-10 |access-date=11 May 2019 |website=Territory Stories |pages=1–97}} See [http://hdl.handle.net/10070/230199 Territory Stories] for details of document.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, yana da littafin zane-zane na zane-zane 24 na bishiyoyi na asali, wanda aka kirkira a lokacin balaguron Spencer da Gillen kuma Herbert Basedow ya saya kafin Gidan Tarihi ya saye shi, da kuma hotunan &quot;Jimmy Kite&quot; da sauran kayan da suka danganci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Series AA 108/01: Series of drawings of trees (with native names) by &quot;Jimmy&quot; a native of Alice Springs, C. A. |url=http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/aa108/AA%20108-01.htm#FJG-00029 |access-date=19 May 2019 |website=South Australian Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tarin dabbobi masu shayarwa ===
Ya zuwa 2016, tare da samfurori sama da 2200 da ke wakiltar nau'ikan 59, tarin dabbobi masu shayarwa na gidan kayan gargajiya shine mafi girma kuma mafi cikakke a Ostiraliya. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana da kayan aiki na musamman wanda yake na musamman a Ostiraliya, kusa da kayan aikin ruwa mai guba na SA a [[Bolivar, South Australia|Bolivar]], kuma ana amfani dashi don shirya manyan samfurori.

== Maido da gawar mutum ==
Sabuwar manufofin gidan kayan gargajiya ta himmatu ga dawo da ragowar kakanninmu na kimanin Tsofaffi 4600, a halin yanzu ana adana su a gidan kayan gargajiya, zuwa Kasar. Wasu daga cikin ragowar da ake dawo da su yanzu daga cibiyoyin kasashen waje an &quot;tattara&quot; su ne ta hanyar maza kamar tsohon Daraktan Gidan Tarihi Edward C. Stirling, Jami'ar Adelaide Farfesa Archibald Watson da likita da kuma mai binciken birni William Ramsay Smith (wanda kuma ya sayi ragowar sata daga wuraren binnewa a Tsibirin Hindmarsh). Koyaya waɗannan lambobin ƙananan ne idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ragowar, waɗanda aka dame su ta hanyar [[Gandun daji|share ƙasa]], ayyukan gini ko membobin jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marsh |first=Walter |date=27 April 2019 |title=Why returning 4600 Old People to Country is the duty of all of South Australia |url=https://www.adelaidereview.com.au/features/general/road-to-repatriation-south-australia/ |journal=[[Adelaide Review]] |access-date=6 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada wani manajan al'adun Aboriginal da kuma dawo da shi, Anna Russo, a cikin 2018 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin da ya fi dacewa don mayar da shi da kuma hukumar Aboriginal zama fifiko ga gidan kayan gargajiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR&quot;/&gt; Tsohon Kaurna Jeffrey Newchurch ya kasance yana yin lobbying a gidan kayan gargajiya na shekaru da yawa, kuma Shugaban SAM na Humanities John Carty ya ce Gidan kayan gargajiya na ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin al'adu na ƙarshe a Ostiraliya don dawo da mallaka da gudanar da ragowar kakanninmu ga mutanen Aboriginal.

A ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 2019, an kwantar da gawarwakin mutane 11 na Kaurna a wani bikin da Newchurch ya jagoranta a Kingston Park Coastal Reserve. Carty ya ce gidan kayan gargajiya yana da &quot;sha'awar&quot; game da aiki tare da mutanen Kaurna don dawo da kakanninsu, kuma zai taimaka wajen ilimantar da al'umma game da abin da yake nufi ga mutanen Aboriginal. Gidan kayan gargajiya ya ci gaba da karɓar ƙarin raguwa, kuma tare da al'umma za su buƙaci samun mafita mai kyau don karɓar raguwar Tsofaffi da yawa, kamar wurin shakatawa na tunawa.  .

== Shahararrun nune-nunen ==

* '''Nunin Kyautar Fasaha ta Waterhouse'''. Kyautar Fasaha ta Kimiyya ta Halitta ta Waterhouse ta shekara-shekara, kyautar da ta fi arziki don fasahar kimiyya ta halitta a Ostiraliya kuma mai suna bayan mai kula da gidan kayan gargajiya na farko, an ba da ita a mafi yawan shekaru tun daga shekara ta 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waterhouse natural science art prize 2016 |url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/explore/exhibitions/waterhouse |access-date=7 July 2017 |publisher=South Australian Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana gudanar da nune-nunen aikin da aka gabatar don kyaututtuka a Gidan Tarihi.&lt;ref name=&quot;exhib&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Exhibitions |url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/explore/exhibitions |access-date=26 April 2019 |website=South Australian Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Gudun Antarctica: Kwarewar Australiya''' (Disamba 2013 - Maris 2014). Abubuwan tarihi da nune-nunen da ke nuna alamun kimiyya, tarihi, da al'adu na hulɗar Ostiraliya da Antarctica.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Traversing Antarctica: the Australian Experience |url=https://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/explore/exhibitions/traversing-antarctica-the-australian-experience |access-date=26 April 2019 |website=South Australian Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Shimmer''' (Oktoba-Nuwamba 2015). Nunin hadin gwiwa tare da tsakanin JamFactory, Gidan Tarihi na Kudancin Australia da ''Tarnanthi'', wani taron kasa da aka gudanar a kowace shekara ta Art Gallery na Kudanfin Australia don nuna fasahar 'yan asalin ƙasar da al'adu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shimmer |url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/explore/exhibitions/shimmer-a-tarnanthi-exhibition |access-date=26 April 2019 |website=South Australian Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ngurra: Gida a cikin Ngaanyatjarra Lands (Oktoba 2017 - Janairu 2018) ''Ngurra'' kalma ce mai rikitarwa, ma'ana gida, ƙasa, sansani, wurin haihuwa da kuma kasancewa. Ya nuna kerawa da basira na mutanen Ngaanyatjarra na Yammacin Ostiraliya a duk fannoni na rayuwarsu da fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NGURRA: Home in the Ngaanyatjarra Lands |url=https://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/explore/exhibitions/ngurra-home-in-the-ngaanyatjarra-lands |access-date=26 April 2019 |website=South Australian museum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Glenn Iseger-Pilkington ne ya tsara shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Speakers: Glenn Iseger-Pilkington |url=http://www.museumsaotearoa.org.nz/museums-aotearoa-2017-conference/speakers |access-date=26 April 2019 |website=Museums Aotearoa 2017 Conference |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408054259/http://www.museumsaotearoa.org.nz/museums-aotearoa-2017-conference/speakers |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;'''''Yurtu Ardla'''''&quot; (Maris-Yuni 2019). ''Yurtu Ardla'' na nufin itace a cikin yarukan Nukunu da Adnyamathanha . Nunin, wanda Jared Thomas ya tsara, ci gaba ne na jerin bita na Ku Arts a cikin 2015, wanda ya kunshi sansanonin zane-zane ta Nukunu (na Kudancin Flinders Ranges) da Adnyamathanha (na Arewacin Flindres da Gammon Ranges) kuma wanda ya sake farfado da ayyukan zane-zane na Nukunu. Kafin wannan nune-nunen, akwai kasa da abubuwa 20 da aka sani da Nukunu da Gidan Tarihi ke gudanarwa, galibi mutumin Nukunu Paddy Thompson ne ya yi kuma masanin ilimin ɗan adam Norman Tindale ne ya samo su a cikin shekarun 1920.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yurtu&quot;/&gt; Piti (Coolamon), ''thiparra'' (garkuwa), ''wadna'' (boomerangs), ''yakadi'' (tsuntsaye masu tafiya) da ''wirri'' (clubs) sun kara da abubuwan tarihi don kwatanta ci gaba da al'adar. Roy Coulthard mai zane ne na ƙarni na uku a cikin iyalinsa, wanda ke ziyartar makarantu don raba iliminsa. Tare da wannan nune-nunen, SAM tana karɓar aikin sanya sunayen masu fasaha da kuma gano ayyukan su na zane-zane maimakon asalin kabilansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;YA&quot;/&gt;

== Mutanen da ke da alaƙa da Gidan Tarihi ==

=== Tarihi ===

* Edgar Ravenswood Waite, [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]], masanin kimiyyar halittu, masanin herpetologist, kuma masanin ilimin tsuntsaye, Darakta na Gidan Tarihi na SA 1914-1928.
* Amandus Heinrich Christian Zietz, masanin ilimin dabbobi, mataimakin darektan gidan kayan gargajiya na SA 1900-1910.
* Sir Douglas Mawson, Mai binciken Antarctic, masanin ilimin ƙasa kuma masanin kimiyya, Mai Kula da Ma'adanai a Gidan Tarihi na SA 1907-1958, da kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Gwamnonin Gidan Tarihin 1951-1958. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Australian Polar collection |url=https://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/collection/australian-polar |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=www.samuseum.sa.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zamani na zamani ===

* Philip Jones, babban malami, masanin tarihi kuma marubuci mai nasara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Philip Jones, Senior Curator, Anthropology |url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/about/staff/dr-philip-jones |access-date=17 April 2019 |website=South Australian Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jared Thomas, mutumin Nukunu kuma marubucin almara na yara wanda ya lashe lambar yabo, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mawaƙi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jared Thomas |url=http://www.adelaidefestival.com.au/2015/Jared_Thomas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405092114/http://www.adelaidefestival.com.au/2015/Jared_Thomas |archive-date=5 April 2015 |access-date=25 April 2019 |website=Writers Week 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; shine William da Margaret Geary Curator na Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander Art and Material Culture (daga Mayu 2018 kuma {{As of|April 2019}}  ). Shi ne kuma Jakadi na Gidauniyar Rubuce-rubuce ta 'Yan Asalin, memba na Majalisar Ostiraliya don Arts Aboriginal da Ƙungiyar Dabarun Tsibirin Torres Strait. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr Jared Thomas |url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/about/staff/dr-jared-thomas |access-date=25 April 2019 |website=South Australian Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwa da tallafin kamfanoni ==
Haɗin gwiwa da tallafawa suna taimakawa gidan kayan gargajiya don sauƙaƙe abubuwan da suka faru, gudanar da bincike da haɓaka nune-nunen.

Abokan hulɗar jama'a sun haɗa da Jami'ar Adelaide, Jami'ar Kudancin Australia, Jami'ar Flinders, Lambunan Botanic na Kudancin Ostiraliya, CSIRO da SARDI . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2014 |title=Annual report of the South Australian museum board 2013–2014 |url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/Upload/files-about/annual-report-2013-14.pdf |journal=Board of the South Australian Museum Annual Report |publisher=South Australian Museum |pages=6 |issn=0814-2262}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan kayan gargajiya kuma yana haɗin gwiwa tare da jami'o'in ƙasa da na duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government &amp; university relations |url=http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/support-us/government-university-relations |access-date=25 April 2019 |website=South Australian Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abokan haɗin gwiwar sun haɗa da bikin Adelaide, bikin Adelaide na ra'ayoyin, bikin fina-finai na Adelaide, Australian Geographic, BHP, Energy Beach, Newmont da Santos &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2010 |title=Palaentology Week at the SA Museum |url=http://www.santos.com/blog/archive/2010/03/17/39.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205080420/http://www.santos.com/blog/archive/2010/03/17/39.aspx |archive-date=5 February 2015 |access-date=5 February 2015 |website=Santos}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ==

=== Opal burbushin halittu a Kudancin Australiya Museum ===
 

== Duba kuma ==

* List of museums in South Australia

== Manazarta da bayanin kula ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Kara karantawa ==

* {{Cite web |last=Hancock |first=Joelie |year=2021 |title=South Australian Institute |url=https://institutessa.com/?page_id=1859 |website=Institutes of South Australia}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Official website}}

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|-34.920783|138.603017|type:landmark_region:AU-SA}}
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'''Florence Namayanja''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba 1960) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Uganda wacce ta kasance wakiliyar mata ta gundumar Bukoto Gabas, gundumar Masaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=314 |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=www.parliament.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance mai alaƙa da jam'iyyar siyasa ta Democratic Party kuma yanzu tana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Haɗin kai ta Ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HON. FLORENCE NAMAYANJA, Aspiring Woman MP 2021-2026, MASAKA CITY |url=http://www.ugandadecides.com/aspirant.php?profile=2639 |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=www.ugandadecides.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501080239/http://www.ugandadecides.com/aspirant.php?profile=2639 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-09 |title=How Bobi Wine's NUP has eaten into DP in Masaka |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2020/08/09/how-bobi-wines-nup-has-eaten-into-dp-in-masaka/ |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=Nile Post |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Masaka DP leaders suspend Mbidde as district chairperson |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/masaka-dp-leaders-suspend-mbidde-as-district-chairperson-1876856 |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A majalisa ta 11 ta tsaya takarar shugabar LC5 a birnin Masaka a ƙarƙashin kungiyar haɗin kan ƙasa  duk da cewa ta faɗi zaɓe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namayanja Florence - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/namayanja-florence-6391/ |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce ta lashe kujerar magajiyar garin Masaka bayan ta doke 'yan takara bakwai ciki har da hamshakin ɗan kasuwa, Emmanuel Lwasa da kuri'u 28,824. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MP Florence Namayanja elected Masaka City Mayor |url=https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/national/mp-florence-namayanja-elected-masaka-city-mayor-3264480 |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=NTV Uganda |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121110202/https://www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/national/mp-florence-namayanja-elected-masaka-city-mayor-3264480 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haifi Namayanja ga marigayi John Kisomose Mukasa da Pirajiya Namatove kuma ita ce ta biyar a gidan mai yara takwas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-21 |title=Florence Namayanja: Former MP takes on Masaka City as Mayor |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20210121/107741/florence-namayanja-former-mp-takes-on-masaka-city-as-mayor.html |access-date=2022-02-22 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1978, ta sami takardar shedar ilimi ta Uganda daga Masaka SSS sannan bayan ta shiga azuzuwan Makerere rana da Maraice na Manya don samun Advanced Certificate of Education Uganda kuma ta kammala a shekarar 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Tana da Takaddun shaida a Gudanar da Albarkatun Ɗan Adam a cikin Ƙananan Hukumomi (2004) da Takaddun shaida a Jagoranci da Gudanarwa (2005) daga [[Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin shekarar 2007, ta shiga [[Jami'ar Makerere]] don samun digiri na farko a Masana'antu da Psychology na ƙungiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin wannan shekarar (2007), an ba ta Takaddun shaida a Gina Ƙungiyoyin Halaye daga Cibiyar Horar da Hali, Oklahoma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ƙwarewa a fannin aiki ==
Ta kasance mai kula da ruwa  ta ƙasa. Kamfanin Corp (1981-1994). Daga baya an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin memba na Council a Mulago School of Nursing (2008-2009) da Kyambogo University Council (2006-2011). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A wannan shekarar (2006-2011), ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Hukumar a National Water &amp;amp;amp; Sewerage Corporation. Bugu da ƙari, ta kasance Kansila LC5 (2001-2006) da Mataimakiyar Magajiyar Garin Kampala (2006-2011). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kwarewa a siyasa ==
Daga shekarum 2011 zuwa 2016, ta kasance 'yar majalisar dokokin Uganda a majalisar dokokin Uganda a majalisa ta tara da ta goma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ta yi aiki a kan ƙarin matsayi a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda akan Kwamitin Albarkatun Ƙasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Namayanja Florence |url=https://www.mpscanug.com/profile/namayanjaflorenece/ |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=MPScan Uganda |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017092818/https://www.mpscanug.com/profile/namayanjaflorenece/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da Kwamitin Kwamitocin, Hukumomin Jihohi da Kamfanonin Jiha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Mijinta ya sake ta. Abubuwan sha'awarta sune bincika sabbin abubuwa, da samun sabbin abokai. Ita Rotarian ce kuma Shugabar Mata (Shugaban Kungiyar Mata ta DP). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Rigima ==
An kama Florence Namayanja da Dr Abed Bwanika, ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na Unity Platform-NUP yayin zanga-zangar da ta biyo bayan kama Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-21 |title=MP Namayanja, Abed Bwanika granted bail |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/mp-namayanja-abed-bwanika-granted-bail/ |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kama su ne tare da Evan Kanyike, ‘yar takarar majalisar dokokin Bukoto ta Gabas ta NUP da Juliet Kakande Nakabuye, ‘yar takarar majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mata, kuma an tuhume su da laifin tada tarzoma da kuma aikata wani abu da ka iya haifar da cututtuka, a ƙarƙashin sashe na 171 na dokar Penal Code. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Daga baya an bayar da belinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=GEORGE OKELLO {{!}} PML Daily Senior |date=2020-11-22 |title=NUP leaders Abed Bwanika, MP Namayanja released on bail |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2020/11/nup-leaders-abed-bwanika-mp-namayanja-released-on-bail.html |access-date=2021-04-04 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki na goma na Uganda
* Alituma Nsambu
* Gundumar Masaka
* Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokokin Uganda na tara
* Majalisar Uganda
* Dan majalisa
* Dandalin Hadin Kai na Kasa

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Elizabeth Frimpomah Arhin''' ta yi aiki a matsayin Daraktar Resource na Tigo, [[Ghana]] tsakanin watan Yuli 2014 da Yuli 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Daily Guide |date=2014-07-30 |title=Elizabeth Arhin Takes Charge At Tigo Marketing |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/elizabeth-arhin-takes-charge-at-tigo-marketing/ |access-date=2021-02-28 |website=News Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Myjoyonline.com |title=Ghana News - Tigo HR Managers across Africa gather to empower staff in Ghana |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/business/2014/december-4th/tigo-hr-managers-across-africa-gather-to-empower-staff-in-ghana.php |access-date=2016-06-20 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |archive-date=2016-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815062616/http://www.myjoyonline.com/business/2014/december-4th/tigo-hr-managers-across-africa-gather-to-empower-staff-in-ghana.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Elizabeth tana da digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Manpower daga Jami'ar Westminster da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] da kuma a Ministry daga Triniti Theological Seminary, Ghana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TIGO Ghana gets new Executive Officers |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/560250/tigo-ghana-gets-new-executive-officers.html |access-date=2016-06-20 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Arhin ita ce Shugabar Sashen Ma'aikata na Scancom Ghana iyaka daga watan Satumba 2003 zuwa Yuni 2005. Ta kuma riƙe muƙamin Manajan Haɓaka Albarkatun Ɗan Adam na Taba ta Amurka ta Biritaniya a Ghana tsawon shekara guda, daga lokacin da ta koma Guinness Ghana Breweries Limited a matsayin Manager Talent and Organization Effectiveness Manager. Ta ɗauki aikin Daraktar Ma'aikata na wannan kungiyar bayan shekara guda har zuwa Mayu watan 2012 sannan ta bar karatun digiri na biyu a Ministry a Trinity Theological Seminary. Ta riƙe muƙamin Daraktar albarkatun ɗan Adam na G4S Security Services daga shekarun 2012 zuwa 2013 kuma ta zama Darakta Resource na Tigo, Ghana. Elizabeth tana da ƙwarewar aiki sama da shekaru 20 daga ayyukan da aka gudanar a Burtaniya da Ghana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasapa |date=2015-10-14 |title=Leverage technology for employee engagement - Tigo boss |url=https://kasapafmonline.com/2015/10/leverage-technology-for-employee-engagement-tigo-boss/ |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Kasapa102.5FM |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121005815/https://kasapafmonline.com/2015/10/leverage-technology-for-employee-engagement-tigo-boss/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Graphic.com.gh |title=Tigo appoints new heads for Marketing and Human Resource {{!}} business-news {{!}} business |url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/tigo-appoints-new-heads-for-marketing-and-human-resource.html |access-date=2016-06-20 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Arhin tana da aure da ’ya’ya uku.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Francis Wale Oke</title>
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'''Francis Olubowale Aderibigbe Oke'''  (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1956) marubuci ne na ƙasar Najeriya, shugaban Kirista, kuma mai bishara. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Bishop na Sword of the Spirit Ministries. Tun daga shekarar  2021, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Fellowship na Pentecostal na Najeriya (PFN), ƙungiyar Kirista da ke wakiltar miliyoyin Pentecostals. Ya kuma kasance Shugaban Jami'ar Precious Cornerstone (PCU) a Ibadan tun daga shekara ta 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 December 2023 |title=Bishop Wale Oke reiterates zero-tolerance to promiscuity, violence at PCU |url=https://guardian.ng/news/bishop-wale-oke-reiterates-zero-tolerance-to-promiscuity-violence-at-pcu/ |access-date=24 April 2024 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Oke a ranar 8 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 1956 a ƙauyen Kasumu, yankin ƙaramar hukuma na [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], ƙasar Najeriya . Ya shafe shekarunsa na farko a Kasumu kafin ya koma Garin [[Ibadan]] yana da shekaru 11. A Ibadan, ya halarci Kwalejin Malamai ta Wesley kuma daga baya ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha, Ibadan|Ibadan Polytechnic]] . Daga baya ya sami shiga [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], inda ya yi karatun Land and Engineering Survey . &lt;ref name=&quot;bb3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wale Oke |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16171/wale-oke |access-date=25 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'aikatar da jagoranci ==
Oke ya fara hidimarsa a matsayin mai wa'azi a cikin gidansa, CAET, a Ibadan. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin jagoran Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki a ƙarƙashin Enoch Adeboye a Ma'aikatar Masu Ceto ta Kristi . Yayinda yake a Jami'ar Legas, Oke ya shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Kirista ta Legas, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Nazarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na shekara guda kuma daga baya a matsayin Shugaban ƙasa na shekaru biyu da rabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2021 |title=Bishop Francis Wale Oke: How he emerged PFN president, his pact with God |url=https://churchtimesnigeria.net/bishop-wale-oke-pfn-president/ |access-date=10 January 2025 |website=Church Times Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da yake jami'a, ya ji an kira shi zuwa hidima kuma ya zama mai alaƙa da mutane masu tasiri a Kristanci na Najeriya, ciki har da Enoch Adeboye, Kumuyi, [[Benson Idahosa]], da David Oyedepo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 September 2016 |title=Biography of Bishop Wale Oke |url=https://believersportal.com/biography-bishop-wale-oke/ |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=Believers Portal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oke ya amsa kiran sa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975 kuma ya kafa Sword of the Spirit Ministries a Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, bayan karatunsa na jami'a. Ya sauya zuwa hidimar cikakken lokaci a ranar 17 ga Mayun shekarar 1982.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 September 2019 |title=Bishop Francis Wale Oke clocks 63 |url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/bishop-francis-wale-oke-clocks-63/ |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan wani lokaci na hidima mai tafiya a fadin Najeriya, ya kafa Ikilisiyar Rayuwar Kristi a watan Fabrairun Shekarar 1989 - wani ɓangare na coci na Sword of the Spirit Ministries . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Christ Life Missions |url=https://sotsm.org/christ-life-missions/ |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426174032/https://sotsm.org/christ-life-missions/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara mai zuwa, ya kafa Kwalejin Ma'aikatar Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta Duniya (IBCOMS) a watan Mayun shekara ta 1990 don horar da mutane don hidima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bible College – Sword of the Spirit Ministries |url=https://sotsm.org/bible-college/ |access-date=25 April 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426192552/https://sotsm.org/bible-college/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya ɗauki baƙuncin &quot;Muryar Ubangiji&quot;, watsa shirye-shiryen yau da kullun da aka watsa a gidan rediyo da gidan talabijin na Najeriya FRCN da NTA, Ibadan. Har ila yau, yana jagorantar The Nigeria Turning Point, addu'a da shirin ceto a [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Babban Birnin Tarayya]] (FCT), [[Abuja]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bishop Francis Wale Oke {ndash} ICPMLW |url=https://www.icpmlw.org/bishop-wale-oke/ |access-date=24 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1999, an tsarkake shi a matsayin Bishop.&lt;ref name=&quot;bb1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=Nelson |date=2 April 2024 |title=Biography of Bishop Francis Olubowale Oke |url=https://www.thenewman.org.ng/2020/08/biography-of-bishop-francis-wale-oke.html?m=1 |access-date=24 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oke tana karɓar baƙuncin taron shekara-shekara na Ruhu Mai Tsarki. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, Sword of the Spirit Ministries ya faɗaɗa a cikin Najeriya da sauran ƙasashe kamar ƙasar Ingila, Rasha, da kuma ƙasar Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;bb2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Bishop Francis Wale Oke |url=https://wocome.org/waleoke |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426144007/https://wocome.org/waleoke |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 3 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2021, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na 7 kuma na yanzu na Fellowship na Pentecostal na Najeriya ta Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Ƙasa na tsawon shekaru huɗu, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 March 2021 |title=Bishop Francis Wale Oke Emerges President of PFN |url=https://wigradio.com/news/bishop-francis-wale-oke-emerges-president-of-pfn/#ip=1 |access-date=26 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 March 2021 |title=Wale Oke emerges PFN President |url=https://guardian.ng/news/wale-oke-emerges-pfn-president/ |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake zabarsa a watan Fabrairun Shekarar 2025 na wasu shekaru huɗu. Ya kuma kasance co-kafa Jami'ar Precious Cornerstone a Ibadan, Jihar Oyo,  inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba tun daga Ranar  11 ga Watan Nuwambar shekarar 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leadership and Organisation – Precious Cornerstone University |url=https://pcu.edu.ng/leadership-and-organization/#:~:text=Precious%20Cornerstone%20University%20was%20founded,by%20the%20University%20management%20team |access-date=13 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ojo |first=Funmilayo |date=13 November 2022 |title=Bishop Wale Oke resumes as Chancellor of Precious Cornerstone University |url=https://nationaltelescope.com/bishop-wale-oke-resume-as-chancellor-precious-cornerstone-university/ |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=National Telescope |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426144009/https://nationaltelescope.com/bishop-wale-oke-resume-as-chancellor-precious-cornerstone-university/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Francis Wale Oke ya auri Victoria Tokunbo Oke . Bayan sun yi mata tayin aure a ranar 19 ga Mayun shekarar 1982, ma'auratan sun yi aure a ranar 17 ga Disambae shekarar 1983. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2024 |title=In our marriage, we agreed to settle our disagreements by ourselves. It's a standing rule not to divulge any issue we had to outsiders – Bishop Wale Oke and wife (Rev. Victoria Tokunbo) |url=https://oyoreporters.com/in-our-marriage-we-agreed-to-settle-our-disagreements-by-ourselves-its-a-standing-rule-not-to-divulge-any-issue-we-had-to-outsiders-bishop-wale-oke-and-wife-rev-victoria-tokunbo/ |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=Oyo Reporters}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare, suna da ƴaƴa biyu. 'Yarsu, Dorcas, ta mutu a shekara ta 2001 saboda matsalolin da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi. A mayar da martani ga wannan asarar, sun kafa Dorcas Oke Hope Alive Initiative (DOHAL), ƙungiyar jin kai da aka sadaukar don magance matsalolin kiwon lafiya, jin kai, da talauci da ke shafar matasa da yara na Afirka, don tunawa da 'yarsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 December 2020 |title=19 years after Bishop Wale Oke lost his only daughter to fake drug, See his beautiful granddaughters |url=https://nobelie.com/19-years-after-bishop-wale-oke-lost-his-only-daughter-to-fake-drug-see-his-beautiful-granddaughters/ |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=Nobelie |archive-date=26 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426144007/https://nobelie.com/19-years-after-bishop-wale-oke-lost-his-only-daughter-to-fake-drug-see-his-beautiful-granddaughters/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 November 2015 |title=DOHAL: Life, hope from a bishop's daughter's death |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/dohal-life-hope-from-a-bishops-daughters-death/ |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=The Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da karɓuwa ==
Oke ya sami digirin digirin girmamawa daga All Nations for Christ Bible Institute a watan Nuwambar shekara ta 1991 saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga bisharar duniya, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jami'ar Oral Roberts. An kuma girmama shi da lambar yabo ta [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Kamfanin Rediyo na Tarayya na Najeriya]] (FRCN) don gudummawa ga jituwa ta addini da ci gaban ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;bb1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bb3&quot;/&gt; A shekara ta 2024, Isaac Idahosa ya gabatar da shi da lambar yabo ta Meritorious Award of Excellence don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga hidimar Kirista.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Faleye |first=Seunmanuel |date=14 August 2024 |title=PFN President Bishop Francis Wale Oke Honored with Merit Award at Bishop Isaac Idahosa's God First Ministry |url=https://applesbite.com/pfn-president-bishop-francis-wale-oke-honored-with-merit-award-at-bishop-isaac-idahosas-god-first-ministry/ |access-date=13 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Enoch Adeboye|Anuhu Adeboye]]
* Stephen Akinola

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin Haɗin waje ==

* [https://sotsm.org/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na SOTSM]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]</text>
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    <title>Erik Levine</title>
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'''Erik Levine''' [[Zane-zane na gani|ɗan wasan gani]] ne [[Amurkawa|na Amurka]] . Shi [[Farfesa|farfesa ne]] na [[Art|fasaha]] a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Liberal a Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston . &lt;ref name=&quot;yy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boston |first=UMass |title=Erik.Levine - UMass Boston |url=https://www.umb.edu/directory/eriklevine/ |website=www.umb.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Levine wanda akafi sani a bidiyo, sassaka, da zane-zane, tare da ayyukansa da aka nuna a cikin tarin jama'a na gidajen tarihi, irin su Whitney Museum of American Art, Walker Art Center, da Hirshhorn Museum da Sculpture Garden . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erik Levine |url=https://walkerart.org/collections/artists/http:://walkerart.org/collections/artists/erik-levine |website=walkerart.org |access-date=2025-05-01 |archive-date=2026-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106053227/https://walkerart.org/collections/artists/http:://walkerart.org/collections/artists/erik-levine |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da aiki ==
An haifi Levine a cikin shekarar 1960 kuma ya girma a [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] . Ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a Jami'ar Jihar California Northridge da Jami'ar California Los Angeles . Daga baya ya koma kwalejin kuma ya sami BA daga Thomas Edison State College . Ya kasance yana aiki a matsayin Farfesa na Art a Kwalejin Liberal Arts a Jami'ar Massachusetts Boston tun a shekara ta 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;yy&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ayyukan Levine sun haɗu da matsakaici daban-daban, sun haɗa da bidiyo, sassaka, da zane-zane kuma ana gudanar da su a cikin tarin jama'a, ciki har da Walker Art Center, Des Moines Art Center, Hirshhorn Museum da Sculpture Garden, Museum of Contemporary Art a Los Angeles, da kuma Whitney Museum of American Art, da sauransu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erik Levine &amp;#124; Pneumatic Concentrate |url=https://whitney.org/collection/works/10468 |website=whitney.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan nasa, waɗanda aka nuna a Diane Brown Gallery a cikin shekarar 1988, sun haɗu da tasirin Minimalist da Post-Minimalist, suna nuna nau'ikan geometries waɗanda aka ƙera daga itacen bakin ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;aw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Roberta |date=February 26, 1988 |title=An Array of Artists, Styles and Trends in Downtown Galleries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/26/arts/an-array-of-artists-styles-and-trends-in-downtown-galleries.html |via=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari kuma, ''kayan'' aikin sa na kayan aiki, wanda aka nuna a cikin wani nuni a Ruth Bloom Gallery a Los Angeles, California a cikin shekara ta 1998 ya haɗu da kayan aikin filastik na masana'antu tare da nau'in polyurethane na kwayoyin halitta, yana haifar da bambanci tsakanin rigidity da kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke nuna rashin dai-daituwa na asali a cikin dogara ga kayan da mutum ya yi. &lt;ref name=&quot;ee&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Curtis |first=Cathy |date=November 7, 1995 |title=ART REVIEWS : Going Through the Motions : Newport Harbor's 'Machine' Is Fun to Look at, but It Doesn't Work |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-11-07-ca-274-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukansa na bidiyo da aka nuna a cikin nunin shekarar 2017 ''Mutuwa da kyau - Mutuwar ƙarya'' ta ba da bincike game da yanayin mutuwa, shiga cikin jigogi na ban sha'awa, tsoro, da kuma canza ra'ayi na mace-mace. &lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dying well – False death |url=https://www.freiburg.de/pb/1051370.html |website=www.freiburg.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin ayyukan Levine na kwanan nan sun ƙunshi shigarwar bidiyo, waɗanda suka haɗa da ''Grip'' a cikin 2005, ''coyoteNorth'' a cikin shekarar 2013, ''Scenario'' a cikin 2018 da ''Barcin Laifin'' a 2022. Ayyukansa na 2016 mai suna ''Still Lifes'' ya binciko tasirin tsufa ta hanyar nuna rayuwar tsofaffi a cikin gidajen da suka yi ritaya da kuma taimaka wa wuraren rayuwa, ta yin amfani da abubuwan da suka faru don nuna alamar lokaci da tafiye-tafiye na rayuwa.  .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Videonale Archive &amp;#124; Still Lifes |url=https://archive.videonale.org/en/videos/still-lifes |website=archive.videonale.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin aikinsa, Levine ya kasance mai karɓar kyaututtuka da yawa, ciki har da Guggenheim Fellowship &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erik Levine |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/erik-levine/ |website=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation...}}&lt;/ref&gt; da lambar yabo ta Pollock-Krasner Foundation guda uku, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erik Levine &amp;#124; Works &amp;#124; Pollock Krasner Image Collection |url=https://www.pkf-imagecollection.org/artist/Erik_Levine/works/ |website=www.pkf-imagecollection.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma zama mazaunin Robert Rauschenberg. &lt;ref name=&quot;uu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ARTDISTRICTS Magazine » Reviews » Erik Levine |url=http://artdistricts.com/erik-levine/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sami tallafi da tallafi daga Gidauniyar Fasaha ta New York, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York akan Fasaha, Majalisar Al'adu ta Massachusetts, da Kyautar Fasaha ta Kasa.

== liyafar ==
Cathy Curtis, ya rubuta wa Los Angeles Times yayin da yake nazarin aikinsa ''na Apparatus'', a cikin wani nuni a Newport Harbor Art Museum ya ce &quot;Babban ''kayan aikin Erik Levine,'' kyauta ce mai ban sha'awa ga gidan kayan gargajiya, ya kafa wata tattaunawa mai tsauri tsakanin kullun filastik kumfa mai kusurwa da dama da siffofin polyurethane - kama da sliced gourds. &quot; Ta kuma yaba wa tsarin da ya bi, wanda ya haɗa da yin amfani da haɗe-haɗe na kayan da mutum ya ƙera, madaidaicin grid, da nau'ikan sifofi guda biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ee&quot;/&gt; A cikin wata hira da aka yi wa Shauna Snow na Los Angeles Times, ya ce &quot;Ina so in jaddada mathematics, nazari, ra'ayi, falsafar hanyar yin zane-zane; tsarin fasaha na fasaha, ina tsammanin, yana da mahimmanci. Ina matukar fahimtar shawarar da na yanke - ba kawai na rubuta shi ga wani gidan kayan gargajiya ko wani abu ba &quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Snow |first=Shauna |date=November 4, 1990 |title=Sculptor Erik Levine Emphasizes the Intellectual |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-11-04-ca-5354-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, Michael Kimmelman kuma ya sake nazarin aikinsa da aka nuna a Diane Brown Gallery. Ya yaba da yadda yin amfani da manne, putty, da ma'auni a cikin zane-zanen nasa yana ƙara ingantaccen rubutu na musamman ga guntuwar, wanda ya haifar da wani nau'in waƙar da ba a saba gani ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kimmelman |first=Michael |date=June 2, 1989 |title=Critics' Choices for an Arts-Filled Weekend; Galleries |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/02/arts/critics-choices-for-an-arts-filled-weekend-galleries.html |via=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin bitarsa na zanen plywood na Levine mai taken ''Hand Held'' (1997), Veron Ennis ya yaba da kokarinsa na kama ainihin mazakuta ta hanyar sigar geometric da albarkatun kasa. Bugu da ƙari, ya yaba da aikinsa na bidiyo saboda zurfin binciken sa na musamman a cikin duniyar maza. &lt;ref name=&quot;uu&quot;/&gt; Leila Farsakh yayin da take bitar faifan bidiyo na Levine a cikin makalarta mai taken &quot;Fuskar da Sauran: Mata da Namiji a cikin Ayyukan Erik Levine&quot; ta ce ''fasahar Levine tana magana da mata kamar yadda maza suke yi saboda tana magance yanayin ɗan adam a cikin rauninsa.'' ''Ta kuma yaba da kokarin da ya yi wajen gano yadda ake gina mazakuta tare da jaddada rauninsa, inda ta kwatanta irin warewa da rashin tausayi na tsufa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Facing the Other: Women and Masculinity in the Work of Erik Levine |url=http://www.eriklevine.com/images/Erik-Levine_As-a-Matter-of-Fact.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;''

== nune-nunen ==
Nunin nune-nunen na Levine ya ƙunshi jerin nune-nunen nune-nune na solo da aka gudanar a gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihi a Amurka da Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;SS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Someone Else. The foreignness of children |url=https://www.freiburg.de/pb/1818458.html |website=www.freiburg.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nunin nune-nunen sa na solo sun haɗa da Diane Brown Gallery, New York (1988);, &lt;ref name=&quot;aw&quot;/&gt; Gidan kayan gargajiya na Louisiana na Art Modern, Humlebæk, Denmark (1989), &lt;ref name=&quot;ee&quot;/&gt; Meyers/Bloom Gallery, Santa Monica, CA (1990); Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich, Jamus (1993); Galerie Bela Jarzyk, Cologne, Jamus (1995); Museum Pfalzgalerie Kaiserslautern, Jamus (1998), Galerie Bernd Klüser, Munich, Jamus (1995, 1993), Space Other, Boston, MA (2007); Gidan kayan tarihi na Fasaha na zamani, San Diego, CA (2010); Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wexner, Columbus, OH (2015) da Ludwig Forum Aachen, Jamus (2017).

Levine ya kuma shiga cikin nune-nunen rukuni da yawa ciki har da shekara ta 1989 Whitney Biennial Exhibition, Machine, Newport Harbor Art Museum, Newport Beach, CA (1995); &lt;ref name=&quot;ee&quot;/&gt; Vortexhibition Polyphonica, Henry Art Gallery, Seattle, WA, (2009); Sabunta Kwanan nan: Kyaututtuka na Fasaha, Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts, Boston, MA, (2006); &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Recent Acquisitions |url=https://www.mfa.org/exhibitions/recent-acquisitions |website=Museum of Fine Arts Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt; Videonale.16, Kunstmuseum, Bonn, Jamus, (2017); Mutuwa da kyau-Mutuwar ƙarya, Museum für Neue Kunst, Freiburg, Jamus (2017); &lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot;/&gt; da Wani, Museum für Neue Kunst, Freiburg, Jamus (2022).

== Tarin jama'a ==

* Mead Art Museum, Kwalejin Amherst, Amherst, MA
* Staatliche Graphische Sammlung, Munich, Jamus
* Pfalzgalerie Kaiserslautern, Jamus
* Cibiyar Fisher-Landau, Long Island City, NY
* Kwalejin Grinnell, Grinnell, IA
* Weatherspoon Art Gallery, Greensboro, NC
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Orange County, Orange County, CA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OCMA / Orange County Museum of Art |url=https://ocma.art/ |website=OCMA / Orange County Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* New School, New York, NY
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY
* Lenbachhaus, Munich, Jamus
* Madison Art Center, Madison, WI
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Art Contemporary, Los Angeles, CA
* Portland Art Museum, Portland, KO
* Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker, Minneapolis, MN
* Gidan kayan tarihi na Louisiana na Art Modern, Humlebæk, Denmark
* High Museum of Art, Atlanta, GA
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Art Contemporary Art, Geneva, Switzerland
* Chase Manhattan Bank, New York, NY
* Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY
* Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Recent Acquisitions: 1989–1991 |url=https://hirshhorn.si.edu/exhibitions/recent-acquisitions-1989-1991/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan kayan tarihi na Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI
* National Museum of Contemporary Art, Oslo, Norway
* Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY
* Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, MA
* Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge, MA
* Cibiyar Fasaha ta Des Moines, Des Moines, IA
* Miami Art Museum, Miami, FL
* Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA
* Henry Art Gallery, Seattle, WA
* Gidan kayan tarihi na fasahar zamani, San Diego, CA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erik Levine |url=https://www.moca.org/artist/erik-levine |website=www.moca.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, FL
* Tampa Museum of Art, Tampa, FL
* Gidan kayan gargajiya na Fine Arts Houston, Houston, TX
* Magasin III Museum &amp; Foundation for Contemporary Art, Stockholm, Sweden
* McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, TX &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gyre |url=https://collection.mcnayart.org/objects/21317/gyre |website=McNay Art Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Williams College Museum of Art a cikin Tarin Jama'a

== Kyaututtuka da karramawa ==

* 1992 - Guggenheim Fellowship, Guggenheim Foundation
* 2004 - Grant, Nancy Graves Foundation
* 2010 – Mazauni, Outpost Artists Resources
* 2019 – Rauschenberg Residency, Robert Rauschenberg Foundation &lt;ref name=&quot;uu&quot;/&gt;

== Littafi Mai Tsarki ==

=== Littattafai ===

* ''Erik Levine: A Matsayin Gaskiya'' (2017) &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9783903153479&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Fataucin mutane a Kenya</title>
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[[Kenya]] ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniya don hanawa da kuma azabtar da fataucin mutane, musamman mata da yara|Yarjejeniyar TIP ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2000]] a watan Janairun 2005. 

A shekara ta 2008 Gwamnatin Kenya ba ta cika cikakkun ka'idoji don kawar da fataucin mutane ba. A shekara ta 2008 an ruwaito cewa kokarin yaki da fataucin Kenya ya inganta sosai a lokacin bayar da rahoto, musamman ta hanyar manyan bincike kan wadanda ake zargi da fatauccin mutane.

A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kenya ta zartar da dokar yaki da fataucin mutane wanda ke aikata laifuka a fataucin mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Counter-Trafficking in Persons Act |url=http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/Counter-TraffickinginPersonsAct_No8of2010.pdf |access-date=21 March 2019 |website=Kenyalaw.org |archive-date=18 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218235019/http://kenyalaw.org/kl/fileadmin/pdfdownloads/Acts/Counter-TraffickinginPersonsAct_No8of2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, ba a aiwatar da aikin sosai ba kuma ba shi da tasiri sosai kan hana fataucin mutane.&lt;ref&gt;Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.regionalmms.org/fileadmin/content/rmms_publications/series_booklettwo.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924040742/http://www.regionalmms.org/fileadmin/content/rmms_publications/series_booklettwo.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2014 |access-date=2014-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka don Kulawa da Yaki da Cin Hanci da Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane ya sanya kasar a cikin &quot;Tier 2&quot; a cikin 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements |url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628043920/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm |archive-date=2017-06-28 |access-date=2017-12-01 |website=State.gov |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kokarinsu ya kasance ba a daidaita shi ba kuma ba shi da kulawa mai ƙarfi, yana haifar da yanayin da zai dace da fataucin mutane. Kasar ta kasance a Tier 2 a cikin 2023.7.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements |url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628043920/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm |archive-date=2017-06-28 |access-date=2017-12-01 |website=State.gov |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

A cikin 2023, Ƙididdigar Laifuka ta Ƙungiya ta lura cewa ƙasar ta kasance wani ɓangare na hanyar fataucin da aka yi amfani da ita sosai daga Horn of Africa zuwa yankin Larabawa; ya kuma lura da rashin tallafi da mafaka ga waɗanda abin ya shafa.

== Shari'a (2008) ==
Gwamnati ta kasa hukunta ayyukan fataucin mutane a lokacin bayar da rahoto, amma ta nuna karuwar ayyukan tilasta bin doka a duk lokacin bayar da rahoton. Kenya ba ta haramta duk wani nau'i na fataucin mutane ba, kodayake tana aikata laifuka ga [[Cinikin yara|fataucin yara]] da manya don [[Bautar Jima'i|cin zarafin jima'i]] ta hanyar Dokar Laifukan Jima'i, wanda aka kafa a watan Yulin 2006, wanda ya ba da hukunci wanda ya isa ya dace da waɗanda ke da fyade; duk da haka, masu gabatar da kara ba su yi amfani da doka sosai ba. Dokar Aiki ta 2007 ta haramta aikin tilas kuma ta ƙunshi ƙarin dokoki masu dacewa da fataucin ma'aikata. A watan Satumbar 2007, hukumomin gwamnati masu dacewa sun ba da tsokaci game da cikakken lissafin fataucin mutane ga ofishin Babban Lauyan, wanda ke ci gaba da aiki [[wiktionary:defilement|ƙetare]] da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don ci gaba da inganta lissafin. 'Yan sanda sun bude bincike kan wasu manyan shari'o'i a lokacin bayar da rahoto, gami da zargin fataucin yara da malaman makaranta biyu suka yi a Gundumar Kirinyaga. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007, 'yan sanda a Malindi sun kama wani dan kasar Italiya bisa zargin fataucin mutane, sauƙaƙe karuwancin yara, da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Bayan kammala binciken 'yan sanda daban, an tuhumi mata biyu da cin zarafin yara da karuwanci na yara bayan sun ja hankalin yarinya mai shekaru 14 zuwa gidansu kuma sun tilasta mata karuwanci. Jami'an Kenya sun ceci yara biyu da aka yi fataucin su zuwa [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] don aiki na tilas kuma sun sanya su a gidan yara; ana ci gaba da binciken yayin da 'yan sanda suka yi imanin cewa masu aikata laifin suna da ƙarin yara 40 da manya shida a cikin aikin tilas. An tuhumi mutane shida a Gundumar Bomet da Gundumar Nandi ta Lardin Rift Valley da sayar da yara da fataucin yara. Kwamishinan 'yan sanda ya yi aiki tare da [[Interpol]] don bincika zargin fataucin yarinya 'yar Kenya zuwa [[Holand|Netherlands]] da yara hudu zuwa Ireland. [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Kenya)|Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida]] ta fara, a karo na farko, tattara bayanai game da shari'o'in fataucin mutane daga 'yan sanda, kafofin watsa labarai, gwamnatocin kasashen waje, da UNODC. Cin hanci da rashawa tsakanin hukumomin tilasta bin doka da sauran jami'an gwamnati sun hana kokarin kawo masu fataucin mutane a gaban shari'a. Wasu masu gwagwarmayar yaki da fataucin mutane sun yi ikirarin cewa, a wasu yankuna, jami'an 'yan sanda sun shiga cikin ayyukan fataucin.

== Rigakafi (2008) ==
Gwamnatin Kenya ta sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci wajen nuna haɗarin fataucin mutane da kuma daukar matakai don yaki da shi a lokacin bayar da rahoto. A lokuta da yawa, manyan jami'an gwamnati, gami da mataimakin shugaban kasa, sun yi magana a fili game da fataucin mutane kuma sun halarci abubuwan da suka faru na wayar da kan jama'a, gami le Ranar Yaron Afirka a watan Yuni. Kafofin yada labarai na Kenya, musamman kamfanin watsa shirye-shiryen Kenya mallakar gwamnati, a kai a kai suna ba da rahoton shari'o'in da ake zargi da fataucin mutane. A watan Yulin 2007, gwamnati ta kafa Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kasa don Yaki da Cinikin Dan Adam a karkashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida. Kwamitin da aka nada don tsara shirin aiki na kasa ya sami horo na kwana biyu daga IOM, bayan haka ya shirya zaman rubuce-rubuce uku kuma ya gabatar da tsarin farko na shirin a watan Oktoba. Jami'ai daga Ma'aikatar Matasa da Ayyuka sun sami horo na yaki da fataucin mutane a tarurrukan IOM a watan Nuwamba da Disamba 2007. A watan Yulin 2007, Hukumar Gundumar Malindi ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci kwamitin matakin gundumar kan yawon shakatawa na jima'i na yara. A watan Yunin 2007, an kama wani dan kasar Jamus kuma an tuhume shi da cin zarafin yara biyu da aka yi wa fataucin su daga Nyanza a Gidan Yara na Likoni. Babu rahotanni game da kokarin da gwamnatin Kenya ta yi na samar da horo na yaki da fataucin mutane ga dakarunta kafin a tura su kan ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya na kasa da kasa. Kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba kamar su Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART) suna aiki don kawo karshen fataucin mutane a Kenya.
[[Rukuni:Fataucin Mutane a Afirka]]

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    <title>Yaduwar Bantu</title>
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[[Fayil:Bantu_Phillipson.png|thumb|655x655px|Chronological overview after Nurse and Philippson (2003):
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'''1''' = 4,000–3,500{{Spaces}}BP: origin
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'''2''' = 3,500{{Spaces}}BP: initial expansion  
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&quot;early split&quot;: '''2.a''' = Eastern, {{Spaces|2}} '''2.b''' = Western&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Patin |first=Etienne |last2=Lopez |first2=Marie |last3=Grollemund |first3=Rebecca |last4=Verdu |first4=Paul |last5=Harmant |first5=Christine |last6=Quach |first6=Hélène |last7=Laval |first7=Guillaume |last8=Perry |first8=George H. |last9=Barreiro |first9=Luis B. |last10=Froment |first10=Alain |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |last12=Massougbodji |first12=Achille |last13=Fortes-Lima |first13=Cesar |last14=Migot-Nabias |first14=Florence |last15=Bellis |first15=Gil |display-authors=1 |date=5 May 2017 |title=Dispersals and genetic adaptation of Bantu-speaking populations in Africa and North America |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02277558 |journal=Science |volume=356 |issue=6337 |pages=543–546 |bibcode=2017Sci...356..543P |doi=10.1126/science.aal1988 |pmid=28473590 |s2cid=3094410 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'''3''' = 2,000–1,500{{Spaces}}BP: Urewe nucleus of Eastern Bantu
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'''4'''–'''7''': southward advance
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'''9''' = 2,500{{Spaces}}BP: Congo nucleus
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'''10''' = 2,000–1,000{{Spaces}}BP: last phase]]
[[Fayil:East_and_southern_africa_early_iron_age.png|thumb|347x347px|Taswirar da ke nuna yaduwar farkon zamanin ƙarfe a duk faɗin Afirka; duk lambobin kwanakin AD ne sai dai kwanan wata &quot;250 BC&quot;.]]
'''Yaduwar Bantu'''  &lt;ref name=&quot;legacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fortes-Lima |first=Cesar A. |last2=Burgarella |first2=Concetta |last3=Hammarén |first3=Rickard |last4=Eriksson |first4=Anders |last5=Vicente |first5=Mário |last6=Jolly |first6=Cecile |last7=Semo |first7=Armando |last8=Gunnink |first8=Hilde |last9=Pacchiarotti |first9=Sara |last10=Mundeke |first10=Leon |last11=Matonda |first11=Igor |last12=Muluwa |first12=Joseph Koni |last13=Coutros |first13=Peter |last14=Nyambe |first14=Terry S. |last15=Cikomola |first15=Cirhuza |display-authors=1 |date=5 April 2023 |title=The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa |journal=Nature |volume=625 |issue=7995 |pages=540–547 |bibcode=2024Natur.625..540F |biorxiv=10.1101/2023.04.03.535432 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06770-6 |pmc=10794141 |pmid=38030719 |s2cid=258009425}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya kasance babban jerin ƙaura na asalin [[Mutanen Bantu|rukuni]] Proto-Bantu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grollemund |first=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |date=27 October 2015 |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |pmc=4629331 |pmid=26371302 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya bazu daga asalin asalin Afirka ta [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yamma]] a fadin [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]], [[Gabashin Afirka]], da [[Kudancin Afirka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bostoen |first1=Koen |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-191 |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |date=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |chapter=The Bantu Expansion |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.191}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=legacy /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Grollemund |first1=Rebecca |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Bostoen |first3=Koen |last4=Meade |first4=Andrew |last5=Venditti |first5=Chris |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |title=Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=27 October 2015 |volume=112 |issue=43 |pages=13296–13301 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503793112 |doi-access=free |pmid=26371302 |pmc=4629331 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11213296G }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Clark&gt;{{Cite book| last1 = Clark  | first1 = John Desmond |author-link=J. Desmond Clark | last2 = Brandt  | first2 = Steven A.  | title = From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa | publisher = [[University of California Press]]  | year = 1984  | page = 33  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dftPHu1o2s8C&amp;pg=PA33  | isbn =978-0-520-04574-3
}}&lt;/ref&gt; cikin tsari, mazauna masu magana da Proto-Bantu sun ƙaura, sun maye gurbin, ko kuma sun shawo kan ƙungiyoyin mafarauta da makiyaya da suka haɗu da su.

Akwai shaidar harshe game da wannan fadada - yawancin harsunan da ake magana a duk faɗin Afirka ta kusa da Equatorial suna da kama da juna, suna ba da shawarar asalin al'adun gargajiya na asali na masu magana da su. Babban harshe na harsunan Bantu, wanda ya zama reshe na dangin yaren Atlantic-Congo, yana cikin yankunan kudancin [[Kamaru]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Berniell-Lee |first=Gemma |last2=Calafell |first2=Francesc |last3=Bosch |first3=Elena |last4=Heyer |first4=Evelyne |last5=Sica |first5=Lucas |last6=Mouguiama-Daouda |first6=Patrick |last7=van der Veen |first7=Lolke |last8=Hombert |first8=Jean-Marie |last9=Quintana-Murci |first9=Lluis |last10=Comas |first10=David |display-authors=3 |date=2006 |title=Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=1581–9 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msp069 |pmid=19369595 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shaidar kwayar halitta ta kuma nuna cewa akwai babban ƙaura na ɗan adam daga tsakiyar Afirka, tare da matakai daban-daban na haɗuwa da yawan jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;legacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fortes-Lima |first=Cesar A. |last2=Burgarella |first2=Concetta |last3=Hammarén |first3=Rickard |last4=Eriksson |first4=Anders |last5=Vicente |first5=Mário |last6=Jolly |first6=Cecile |last7=Semo |first7=Armando |last8=Gunnink |first8=Hilde |last9=Pacchiarotti |first9=Sara |last10=Mundeke |first10=Leon |last11=Matonda |first11=Igor |last12=Muluwa |first12=Joseph Koni |last13=Coutros |first13=Peter |last14=Nyambe |first14=Terry S. |last15=Cikomola |first15=Cirhuza |display-authors=1 |date=5 April 2023 |title=The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa |journal=Nature |volume=625 |issue=7995 |pages=540–547 |bibcode=2024Natur.625..540F |biorxiv=10.1101/2023.04.03.535432 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06770-6 |pmc=10794141 |pmid=38030719 |s2cid=258009425}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFortes-LimaBurgarellaHammarénEriksson2023&quot;&gt;Fortes-Lima, Cesar A.; et&amp;nbsp;al. (5 April 2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10794141 &quot;The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa&quot;]. ''Nature''. '''625''' (7995): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;540–&lt;/span&gt;547. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Natur.625..540F 2024Natur.625..540F]. [[BioRxiv (identifier)|bioRxiv]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535432|10.1101/2023.04.03.535432]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06770-6|10.1038/s41586-023-06770-6]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-01GYSSJZXPWXA5Z7DVSNTP0DQA|1854/LU-01GYSSJZXPWXA5Z7DVSNTP0DQA]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10794141 10794141]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38030719 38030719]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258009425 258009425].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dense&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bird |first=Nancy |last2=Ormond |first2=Louise |last3=Awah |first3=Paschal |last4=Caldwell |first4=Elizabeth F. |last5=Connell |first5=Bruce |last6=Elamin |first6=Mohamed |last7=Fadlelmola |first7=Faisal M. |last8=Matthew Fomine |first8=Forka Leypey |last9=López |first9=Saioa |last10=MacEachern |first10=Scott |last11=Moñino |first11=Yves |last12=Morris |first12=Sam |last13=Näsänen-Gilmore |first13=Pieta |last14=Nketsia V |first14=Nana Kobina |last15=Veeramah |first15=Krishna |display-authors=1 |date=2023 |title=Dense sampling of ethnic groups within African countries reveals fine-scale genetic structure and extensive historical admixture |journal=Science Advances |volume=9 |issue=13 |pages=eabq2616 |bibcode=2023SciA....9.2616B |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abq2616 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=10058250 |pmid=36989356}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin fadadawar ta faru ne a kalla a cikin raƙuman ruwa guda biyu, tsakanin kimanin shekaru 4,000 da 2,000 da suka gabata (kimanin 2,000 KZ zuwa 1 AZ). Binciken harshe ya nuna cewa fadada ta ci gaba a hanyoyi biyu: na farko ya ratsa ko tare da iyakar Arewacin yankin gandun daji na Kongo (zuwa Gabashin Afirka),  kuma na biyu - kuma mai yiwuwa wasu - sun tafi kudu tare da gabar tekun Atlantika na Afirka zuwa abin da ke yanzu [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]], [[Gabon]], [[Kamaru]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], da [[Angola]], ko kuma cikin gida tare da koguna da yawa da ke gudana daga kudu zuwa arewacin [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]]. Yaduwar ta kai Afirka ta Kudu, mai yiwuwa tun farkon 300 AZ  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vansina |first=J. |year=1995 |title=New Linguistic Evidence and 'The Bantu Expansion' |journal=Journal of African History |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=173–195 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700034101 |jstor=182309 |s2cid=162117464}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tishkoff |first=S. A. |last2=Reed |first2=F. A. |last3=Friedlaender |first3=F. R. |last4=Ehret |first4=C. |last5=Ranciaro |first5=A. |last6=Froment |first6=A. |last7=Hirbo |first7=J. B. |last8=Awomoyi |first8=A. A. |last9=Bodo |first9=J.-M. |display-authors=3 |year=2009 |title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5930 |pages=1035–44 |bibcode=2009Sci...324.1035T |doi=10.1126/science.1172257 |pmc=2947357 |pmid=19407144}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Plaza |first=S |last2=Salas |first2=A |last3=Calafell |first3=F |last4=Corte-Real |first4=F |last5=Bertranpetit |first5=J |last6=Carracedo |first6=A |last7=Comas |first7=D |year=2004 |title=Insights into the western Bantu dispersal: MtDNA lineage analysis in Angola |journal=Human Genetics |volume=115 |issue=5 |pages=439–47 |doi=10.1007/s00439-004-1164-0 |pmid=15340834 |s2cid=13213447}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Coelho |first=M |last2=Sequeira |first2=F |last3=Luiselli |first3=D |last4=Beleza |first4=S |last5=Rocha |first5=J |year=2009 |title=On the edge of Bantu expansions: MtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=80 |bibcode=2009BMCEE...9...80C |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-80 |pmc=2682489 |pmid=19383166 |s2cid=7760419 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=De Filippo |first=C |last2=Barbieri |first2=C |last3=Whitten |first3=M |last4=Mpoloka |first4=SW |last5=Gunnarsdóttir |first5=ED |last6=Bostoen |first6=K |last7=Nyambe |first7=T |last8=Beyer |first8=K |last9=Schreiber |first9=H |last10=De Knijff |first10=P. |last11=Luiselli |first11=D. |last12=Stoneking |first12=M. |last13=Pakendorf |first13=B. |display-authors=3 |year=2011 |title=Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of Niger–Congo groups |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=1255–69 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq312 |pmc=3561512 |pmid=21109585}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alves |first=I |last2=Coelho |first2=M |last3=Gignoux |first3=C |last4=Damasceno |first4=A |last5=Prista |first5=A |last6=Rocha |first6=J |display-authors=3 |year=2011 |title=Genetic homogeneity across Bantu-speaking groups from Mozambique and Angola challenges early split scenarios between East and West Bantu populations |journal=Human Biology |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=13–38 |doi=10.3378/027.083.0102 |pmid=21453002 |s2cid=20841059}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Castrì |first=L |last2=Tofanelli |first2=S |last3=Garagnani |first3=P |last4=Bini |first4=C |last5=Fosella |first5=X |last6=Pelotti |first6=S |last7=Paoli |first7=G |last8=Pettener |first8=D |last9=Luiselli |first9=D |display-authors=3 |year=2009 |title=MtDNA variability in two Bantu-speaking populations (Shona and Hutu) from Eastern Africa: Implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=140 |issue=2 |pages=302–11 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.21070 |pmid=19425093}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ka'idoji game da fadada ==
Bantuists sun yi imanin cewa fadada Bantu mai yiwuwa ya fara ne a tsaunuka tsakanin [[Kamaru]] da [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Koile |first=Ezequiel |last2=Greenhill |first2=Simon J. |last3=Blasi |first3=Damián E. |last4=Bouckaert |first4=Remco |last5=Gray |first5=Russell D. |date=2022-08-09 |title=Phylogeographic analysis of the Bantu language expansion supports a rainforest route |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=119 |issue=32 |pages=e2112853119 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11912853K |doi=10.1073/pnas.2112853119 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=9372543 |pmid=35914165 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin [[Tudun Mambilla|Mambilla]] mai girman kilomita 60,000 da ke kan iyaka a nan an gano shi yana dauke da ragowar &quot;Bantu da suka zauna a gida&quot; yayin da yawancin masu magana da Bantu suka ƙaura daga yankin. Shaidar archaeological daga ayyukan daban-daban na Jean Hurault (1979, 1986 da 1988) da Rigobert Tueché (2000) a yankin ya nuna ci gaba da al'adu daga 3000 KZ har zuwa yau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zeitlyn |first=David |last2=Connell |first2=Bruce |date=2003 |title=Ethnogenesis and Fractal History on an African Frontier: Mambila-Njerep-Mandulu |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c536bd12-0c24-4444-bfc5-d2471fbbfdb2 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=117–138 |doi=10.1017/S002185370200823X |jstor=4100385}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin kungiyoyin tsaunuka na Bamenda (wanda aka mamaye shekaru 2000 har zuwa yau), dan kadan a kudu kuma yana kusa da yankin Mambilla, suna da tsohuwar tarihin zuriya daga arewa zuwa yankin Mambella.

Da farko, masu binciken tarihi sun yi imanin cewa za su iya samun kamanceceniyar archaeological a cikin al'adun tsohuwar yankin da aka ɗauka cewa masu magana da Bantu sun ratsa. Masana ilimin harsuna, suna rarraba harsuna da ƙirƙirar teburin asali na dangantaka, sun yi imanin cewa za su iya sake gina abubuwan al'adu. Sun yi imanin cewa fadada ta samo asali ne daga ci gaban noma, yin yumbu, da kuma amfani da baƙin ƙarfe, wanda ya ba da izinin amfani da sabbin yankuna na muhalli. A cikin 1966, Roland Oliver ya buga wata kasida da ke gabatar da waɗannan alaƙa a matsayin ra'ayi mai ma'ana.
Yaduwar Bantu da aka yi la'akari da ita ta fitar da ita ko kuma ta karɓi mafarauci-mai cin abinci proto-[[Khoisan]], wanda a baya ya zauna a Kudancin Afirka. A [[Gabashin Afirka|Gabas]] da [[Kudancin Afirka]], masu magana da Bantu na iya karɓar kiwon dabbobi daga wasu mutanen da ba su da alaƙa da Cushitic-da [[Harshen Nilotic|Nilotic]] da suka haɗu. Ayyukan kiwo sun kai kudu da yawa ƙarni da yawa kafin baƙi masu magana da Bantu suka yi. Shaidar Archaeological, harshe, [[Genetics|kwayar halitta]], da muhalli duk suna goyon bayan ƙaddamar da cewa fadada Bantu ya kasance ƙaura mai mahimmanci na ɗan adam. Gabaɗaya, ƙungiyoyin mutanen da ke magana da yaren Bantu daga yankin iyakar Kamaru / Najeriya a ko'ina cikin yawancin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara sun sake fasalin tsarin kwayar halitta na nahiyar kuma sun haifar da haɗuwa mai yawa tsakanin baƙi da mutanen yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;dense&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bird |first=Nancy |last2=Ormond |first2=Louise |last3=Awah |first3=Paschal |last4=Caldwell |first4=Elizabeth F. |last5=Connell |first5=Bruce |last6=Elamin |first6=Mohamed |last7=Fadlelmola |first7=Faisal M. |last8=Matthew Fomine |first8=Forka Leypey |last9=López |first9=Saioa |last10=MacEachern |first10=Scott |last11=Moñino |first11=Yves |last12=Morris |first12=Sam |last13=Näsänen-Gilmore |first13=Pieta |last14=Nketsia V |first14=Nana Kobina |last15=Veeramah |first15=Krishna |display-authors=1 |date=2023 |title=Dense sampling of ethnic groups within African countries reveals fine-scale genetic structure and extensive historical admixture |journal=Science Advances |volume=9 |issue=13 |pages=eabq2616 |bibcode=2023SciA....9.2616B |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abq2616 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=10058250 |pmid=36989356}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBirdOrmondAwahCaldwell2023&quot;&gt;Bird, Nancy; et&amp;nbsp;al. (2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10058250 &quot;Dense sampling of ethnic groups within African countries reveals fine-scale genetic structure and extensive historical admixture&quot;]. ''Science Advances''. '''9''' (13): eabq2616. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023SciA....9.2616B 2023SciA....9.2616B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq2616|10.1126/sciadv.abq2616]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548 2375-2548]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10058250 10058250]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36989356 36989356].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken kwayar halitta na 2023 na masu magana da Bantu 1,487 da aka samo daga mutane 143 a fadin kasashe 14 na Afirka ya nuna cewa fadada ta faru ~ shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata a Yammacin Afirka. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa masu magana da Bantu sun sami ƙwayoyin halitta masu mahimmanci daga kungiyoyin gida a yankunan da suka fadada.&lt;ref name=&quot;legacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fortes-Lima |first=Cesar A. |last2=Burgarella |first2=Concetta |last3=Hammarén |first3=Rickard |last4=Eriksson |first4=Anders |last5=Vicente |first5=Mário |last6=Jolly |first6=Cecile |last7=Semo |first7=Armando |last8=Gunnink |first8=Hilde |last9=Pacchiarotti |first9=Sara |last10=Mundeke |first10=Leon |last11=Matonda |first11=Igor |last12=Muluwa |first12=Joseph Koni |last13=Coutros |first13=Peter |last14=Nyambe |first14=Terry S. |last15=Cikomola |first15=Cirhuza |display-authors=1 |date=5 April 2023 |title=The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa |journal=Nature |volume=625 |issue=7995 |pages=540–547 |bibcode=2024Natur.625..540F |biorxiv=10.1101/2023.04.03.535432 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06770-6 |pmc=10794141 |pmid=38030719 |s2cid=258009425}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFortes-LimaBurgarellaHammarénEriksson2023&quot;&gt;Fortes-Lima, Cesar A.; et&amp;nbsp;al. (5 April 2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10794141 &quot;The genetic legacy of the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples in Africa&quot;]. ''Nature''. '''625''' (7995): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;540–&lt;/span&gt;547. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Natur.625..540F 2024Natur.625..540F]. [[BioRxiv (identifier)|bioRxiv]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1101/2023.04.03.535432|10.1101/2023.04.03.535432]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06770-6|10.1038/s41586-023-06770-6]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:1854/LU-01GYSSJZXPWXA5Z7DVSNTP0DQA|1854/LU-01GYSSJZXPWXA5Z7DVSNTP0DQA]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10794141 10794141]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38030719 38030719]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258009425 258009425].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da shaidar hakora, Irish (2016) ya kammala cewa kakanninmu na Afirka ta Yamma da mutanen Proto-Bantu na iya samo asali ne a yankin yammacin [[Sahara]], a tsakiyar lokacin Kiffian a Gobero, kuma suna iya ƙaura zuwa kudu, daga Sahara zuwa sassa daban-daban na Afirka ta Kudu (misali, [[Benin]], [[Kamaru]], [[Ghana]], [[Najeriya]], [[Togo]]), sakamakon hamada na Green Sahara a cikin 7000 KZ. Daga Najeriya da Kamaru, mutanen Proto-Bantu na [[noma]] sun fara ƙaura, kuma a cikin ƙaura, sun rabu zuwa mutanen Bantu na Gabas (misali, [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]) da mutanen Bantu na Yamma (misali., Kongo, [[Gabon]]) tsakanin 2500 KZ da 1200 KZ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Irish&quot; /&gt; Ya ba da shawarar cewa [[Inyamurai|Mutanen Igbo]] da [[Yarbawa|Mutanen Yoruba]] na iya samun cakuda daga mutanen Bantu da suka yi ƙaura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Irish&quot; /&gt;

== Yawan jama'a kafin fadadawa ==
Kafin faɗaɗa manoman Bantu, da alama masu kiwon Pygmies Kongo sun kasance suna zaune a Tsakiyar Tsakiya, Kudu da Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka, [[ harsunan Khoisan - masu farautar masu farauta, harsunan Nilo-Saharan - makiyaya masu magana, da kuma makiyayan Cushitic.

===Tsakiyar Afrika===
Ana tunanin cewa Pygmies na Afirka ta Tsakiya da Bantus sun samo asali ne daga yawan kakanni guda shekaru 70,000 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Elias |last=Awad |title=Common Origins of Pygmies and Bantus |url=http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/1164.htm |work=CNRS International Magazine |publisher=Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique |access-date=27 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyoyin mutanen Batwa da yawa suna magana da harsunan Bantu;  duk da haka, babban ɓangaren ƙamus ɗinsu ba asalin Bantu bane.  Mafi yawan wannan ƙamus na botanical ne, yana magana ne game da tattara zuma, ko kuma an ƙware shi don gandun daji kuma ana rabawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Batwa na yamma. An ba da shawarar cewa wannan shi ne ragowar harshen Batwa na yamma mai zaman kansa (harshen Mbenga ko &quot;Baaka&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Serge |last=Bahuchet |date=1993 |chapter=History of the Inhabitants of the Central African Rain Forest: Perspectives from Comparative Linguistics |pages=37–54 |editor-first=C.M. |editor-last=Hladik |title=Tropical Forests, People, and Food: Biocultural Interactions and Applications to Development |location=Paris |publisher=Unesco/Parthenon |isbn=978-9-2310-2879-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kudu Maso Gabashin Afrika===
Kafin zuwan Bantus a kudu maso gabashin Afirka, al'ummomin [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] -masu magana sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankin daga [[Habashida Highlands]] da sauran yankunan arewa.  Taguwar ruwa ta farko ta ƙunshi masu magana da harshen Kushitic na Kudu, waɗanda suka zauna a kusa da [Lake Turkana] da wasu sassan [[Tanzaniya]] tun kimanin shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata.  Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, kusan 1000 CE, wasu masu magana da harshen Kushitic na Gabas suma sun zauna a arewa da bakin teku [[Kenya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Early migrations into East Africa &amp;#124; Enzi |url=http://www.enzimuseum.org/after-the-stone-age/early-migrations-into-east-africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Harshen Khoisan - masu magana da mafarauta suma sun zauna a Afirka ta Kudu maso Gabas kafin fadada Bantu..&lt;ref name=&quot;AmbroseSG&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ambrose |first1=Stanley H. |date=1986 |title=Hunter-gatherer adaptations to non-marginal environments: an ecological and archaeological assessment of the Dorobo model |journal=Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=11–42}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Nilo-Saharan]]-masu magana yawan makiyayan sun ƙunshi rukuni na uku na mazauna yankin kafin Bantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;EhretHRSC&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Ehret |first=Christopher |title=The Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic Phonology and Vocabulary |date=1980 |publisher=Reimer |volume=5 of Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik |location=Berlin |page=407}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EhretCHS&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Ehret |first=Christopher |title=Culture History in the Southern Sudan |date=1983 |publisher=British Institute in Eastern Africa |isbn=978-1-872566-04-7 |editor-last1=Mack |editor-first1=John |location=Nairobi, Kenya |pages=19–48 |editor-last2=Robertshaw |editor-first2=Peter}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AmbroseALR&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Ambrose |first=Stanley H. |title=The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History |date=1982 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-4593-4 |editor-last1=Ehert |editor-first1=Christopher |pages=104–157 |chapter=Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstructions of History in East Africa |editor-last2=Posnansky |editor-first2=Merrick |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJMFMpoHuVgC&amp;pg=PA104}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Afirka ta Kudu===
Kafin fadada Bantu, [[Harshen Khoisan]] al'ummomi sun zauna a Kudancin Afirka.  Zuriyarsu sun yi cuɗanya da wasu al’ummai kuma sun ɗauki wasu harsuna.  Wasu kaɗan har yanzu suna rayuwa ta hanyar kiwo, galibi ana samun su ta hanyar yin aiki ga maƙwabtan manoma a yankunan da ke kusa da hamada [[Kalahari]], yayin da yawancin [[[Nama | Nama]] ke ci gaba da rayuwa ta al'ada ta hanyar kiwon dabbobi a Namibiya da kusa da Afirka ta Kudu.
==Tarihi da Ci gaba==

=== Masu Magana da Proto-Bantu ===
Tukwane mafi tsoho da aka samo a wani yanki da mutanen da ke magana da Bantu ke zaune (Shum Laka a arewacin Kamaru) yana da tarihin kimanin shekara ta 5000 KZ. Masu magana da Proto-Bantu sun zauna a ƙauyuka inda suke noma man kwakwa, gyada, hatsi da kuma watakila doya. Suna amfani da kayan aikin dutse, suna kiwon awaki da fararen kaza, kuma suna gina jiragen ruwa don kamun kifi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=24}}

=== Yaɗuwa ===
Duk da bincike mai zurfi, ba a daidaita ba game da musabbabin yaɗuwar mutanen Bantu da kuma hanyoyin da suka bi,{{Efn|Tsohon ra'ayi da ke cewa matsin lamba na yawan jama'a bayan fara noma ya janyo yaɗuwar yanzu an soke shi.}} hakan ya sa wasu masana suka yi imanin cewa yaɗuwar ta faru ne da bazata. Duk da haka, akwai ra'ayin gama gari cewa akwai lokuta da dama da aka tashi zuwa wurare daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Juwayeyi |first=Yusuf M. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/archaeology-and-oral-tradition-in-malawi/7588016649895DA4A10FC2CCC6B5E336 |title=Archaeology and Oral Tradition in Malawi: Origins and Early History of the Chewa |date=2020 |publisher=Boydell &amp; Brewer |isbn=978-1-84701-253-1 |chapter=The Bantu origins of the Chewa}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|page=23}}

==== Kimanin 5000 KZ zuwa kimanin 500 AZ ====
Ana ganin cewa yaɗuwar mutanen da ke magana da harshen Bantu daga asalin yankinsu a Yammacin Afirka ya fara kusan shekara ta 4000–3500 KZ. Ba a san ko farkon wannan yaɗuwar ya kasance hijira ɗaya ce ko ƙanana masu yawa da suka faru a lokuta daban-daban ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=23}} Ko da yake wasu tsofaffin ra'ayoyi sun bayyana cewa mutanen farko masu amfani da Bantu suna da fasahar ƙarfe da noma, ba a samu shaidar kayan tarihi da ke nuna amfani da ƙarfe ba sai kusan shekara ta 400 KZ, duk da cewa suna noma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Jan |last=Vansina |title=Paths in the Rainforest: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |location=Madison |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-2991-2573-8 }}{{page needed|date=November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke magana da Bantu sun kasu zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu masu faɗaɗa a hanyoyi daban-daban, wato &quot;Gabar Yamma&quot; da &quot;Gabar Gabas&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|pages=23-24}}

===== Gabar Yamma =====
Gidajen tarihi da ke kudu da Shum Laka (a kudu na Kamaru da Gabon) sun nuna cewa Gabar Yamma ta fara ne tsakanin 5000 da 3000 KZ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=24}} Farkon yaɗuwar ta kasance da jinkiri, inda aka kai tsakiyar Kamaru ne kusan 1500 KZ. Wannan jinkiri ya biyo bayan rashin kayan aikin ƙarfe da zai taimaka wajen sare dazuka cikin sauƙi. Gabar Yamma mai yiyuwa ta bi gabar teku da manyan koguna na tsarin Kongo zuwa kudu. Watakila sun yi amfani da teku don kai ƙarshen dajin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=25}} Ana ganin cewa raguwar dajin Afrika ta Tsakiya sakamakon sauyin yanayi tsakanin 2000 KZ da 500 KZ ya taimaka wajen yaɗuwar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sun kai tsakiyar Angola zuwa shekara ta 500 KZ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |jstor=3097285 |pages=5–41 |last1=Ehret |first1=C. |title=Bantu Expansions: Re-Envisioning a Central Problem of Early African History |volume=34 |issue=1 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |year=2001 |doi=10.2307/3097285 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Gabar Gabas =====
Gabar Gabas, wanda ake ganin ta fara bayan Gabar Yamma, ta bazu zuwa gabas, watakila ta gefen arewa na dajin ko ta kogin Ubangi. Tukwanen Urewe ya nuna cewa sun isa yammacin tafkin Victoria zuwa shekara ta 500 KZ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|pages=25-26}} Wannan yanki na daga cikin tsoffin cibiyoyin narke ƙarfe a Afrika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Clist |first1=Bernard-Olivier |title=A critical reappraisal of the chronological framework of the Early Iron Age Urewe Industry |journal=MUNTU |date=1987 |volume=6 |pages=35–62 |hdl=1854/LU-3118804 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lane |first1=Paul |last2=Ashley |first2=Ceri |last3=Oteyo |first3=Gilbert |title=New Dates for Kansyore and Urewe Wares from Northern Nyanza, Kenya |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |date=January 2006 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=123–138 |doi=10.1080/00672700609480438 |s2cid=162233816 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa ƙarni na farko KZ, al'ummomin da ke magana da Bantu a yankin Manyan Tafkuna sun haɓaka dabarar sarrafa ƙarfe har zuwa samar da ƙarfen carbon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=Peter |last2=Avery |first2=Donald H. |title=Complex Iron Smelting and Prehistoric Culture in Tanzania: Recent discoveries show complex technological achievement in African iron production. |journal=Science |date=22 September 1978 |volume=201 |issue=4361 |pages=1085–1089 |doi=10.1126/science.201.4361.1085 |pmid=17830304 |s2cid=37926350 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yaɗuwa daga yankin Manyan Tafkuna ya faru ne cikin ƙarin rukuni biyu. Daya ya tafi yamma ya haɗu da Gabar Yamma a Kongo da Angola, ɗayan kuma ya tafi kudu ya bazu a Gabashin da Kudancin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=26}} Kayan tarihi sun nuna cewa daga shekara ta 100 KZ zuwa 300 AZ, al’ummomin Bantu sun kasance a gabar ruwa na Misasa a Tanzaniya da Kwale a Kenya. Waɗannan al’umma sun haɗu kuma sun yi aure da al’ummomin da suka riga suke zaune a yankin. Daga shekara ta 300 AZ, ta hanyar shiga harkar ciniki ta teku da ta daɗe tana gudana, sun kafa alaƙa da ’yan kasuwa na Larabawa da Indiya, wanda hakan ya haifar da ci gaban al’adar Swahili.&lt;ref name=Kusimba&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Pouwels |first1=Randall L. |last2=Kusimba |first2=Chapurukha M. |title=The Rise and Fall of Swahili States |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |date=2000 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=437 |doi=10.2307/220701 |jstor=220701 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma sun isa yankin KwaZulu-Natal a Afirka ta Kudu zuwa shekara ta 300 AZ ta hanyar gabar teku, da kuma yankin Limpopo zuwa shekara ta 500 AZ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Ehret |title=An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 BC to AD 400 |publisher=James Currey |location=London |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1i-IBmCeNhUC|isbn=978-0-8139-2057-3 }}{{page needed|date=September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=James L. |last=Newman |title=The Peopling of Africa: A Geographic Interpretation |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Connecticut |date=1995 |isbn=978-0-300-07280-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/peoplingofafrica00newmrich|url-access=registration }}{{page needed|date=September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Kevin |last=Shillington |title=History of Africa |edition=3rd |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |date=2005}}{{page needed|date=September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Mu’amala Tsakanin Masu Bantu da Masunta da Masu Taruwa =====
[[File:Rock painting of men with sheilds.jpg|thumb|Zanen dutse na San yana nuna jarumin da ke ɗauke da garkuwa. Duk da kasancewar mu’amala mai rikitarwa inda harsuna, al’adu, fasaha da halittun jiki suka haɗu,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; al’adun baka sun nuna cewa korafi da rikici sukan janyo korar wasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=32}}]] A lokacin yaɗuwa, mutanen Bantu sun mu’amala da rukunin Pygmy daban-daban da masu magana da harsunan Khoisan (rukunin masunta da masu taruwa), da kuma masu harsunan Nilo-Saharan, Afro-Asiatic, da sauran na Niger-Congo (rukunin masu noma).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ra’ayoyi na ƙarni na 20 sun ɗauka cewa alaƙar farko tsakanin masu Bantu da masunta masu taruwa ta kasance da tashin hankali, amma yanzu wannan ra’ayi ba a yarda da shi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pakendorf |first=Brigitte |last2=Gunnink |first2=Hilde |last3=Sands |first3=Bonny |last4=Bostoen |first4=Koen |date=2017-01-01 |title=Prehistoric Bantu-Khoisan language contact: A cross-disciplinary approach |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ldc/7/1/article-p1_1.xml |journal=Language Dynamics and Change |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–46 |doi=10.1163/22105832-00701002 |issn=2210-5832|hdl=1854/LU-8519242 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya nuna akwai cikakken haɗin kai tsakanin al’adun Bantu da na masunta masu taruwa, inda aure tsakanin juna ya zama ruwan dare. Alaƙar ta kasance da rikitarwa yayin da harsuna, fasahohi, al’adu da kwayoyin halitta suka haɗu.

==Suka==

Manfred K. H. Eggert ya bayyana cewa &quot;bayanan aikin haƙar ƙasa na yanzu a dajin damina na Afirka ta Tsakiya suna da rauni ƙwarai, kuma saboda haka ba su da ƙarfi da za su zama hujja ta shigowar masu magana da harsunan Bantu a hankali cikin dajin, balle a ce wani babban motsi ne.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Eggert&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Eggert |first1=Manfred K. H. |title=Genetizing Bantu: Historical Insight or Historical Trilemma? |journal=Medieval Worlds |date=2016 |issue=4 |pages=79–90 |doi=10.1553/medievalworlds_no4_2016s79 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seidensticker (2024) ya nuna cewa ra'ayin da ya fi karbuwa game da faɗaɗar Bantu yana da alaƙa ta dole tsakanin tukwane na Afirka ta Tsakiya da harsunan Afirka ta Tsakiya, inda ake ɗaukar wuraren da ake magana da harsunan Bantu daidai da inda aka samo ragowar tukwane; shahararren tsarin haɗa sabunta harshen da bayanan aikin haƙar ƙasa ya haifar da yaɗuwar kuskuren ra'ayi da kuma zagaye a tunani, inda ake ɗaukar ƙirƙirar tukwane mafi tsawo a wani yanki a matsayin shaida ta farkon zuwan masu magana da harsunan Bantu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Seidensticker&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Seidensticker |first1=Dirk |title=Pikunda-Munda and Batalimo-Maluba Archaeological Investigations of the Iron Age Settlement History of the Western and Northern Congo Basin |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=28 March 2024 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=5–6 |doi=10.1007/s10437-024-09576-7 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-024-09576-7 |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=10194943180 |s2cid=268802330}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin muhawarar da ke tsakanin masana harshe kan kalmar &quot;Bantu&quot;, Seidensticker (2024) ya nuna cewa an samu &quot;babban sauyi na fahimta inda wani kalma na fasaha kawai ba tare da wani alaƙa da al'adu ba, ya rikide zuwa wani suna da ke nufin harshe, al'ada, al'umma, da jinsi ba tare da bambanci ba.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Seidensticker&quot; /&gt;
== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anita Gupta</title>
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'''Anita Gupta''' yar kasuwa ce ta zamantakewa ta Indiya, manomi kuma mai fafutukar kabilanci. Ta shirya horar da mata fiye da 50,000 na karkara.

== Rayuwa ==
Gupta ta fito daga gidan talakawa kuma ta shaida kakanta yana dukan wata yarinya da ya kai ta haifa masa ‘ya’yansa. Daga baya ta ce tana tunanin da ace yarinyar tana da ilimi to da an ba ta ikon yin tsayin daka kan cin zarafinsa&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Childhood experiences often shape your destiny. Empowering other women is the outcome for her&quot;. ''BookOfAchievers''. Retrieved 2022-03-09.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ta zo daga Bhojpur a Bihar inda ta shirya horar da mata fiye da 50,000 na karkara&lt;ref&gt;&quot;President Kovind presented Nari Shakti Puraskar to Anita Gupta .&quot; ''Twitter''. Retrieved 2022-03-09&lt;/ref&gt; a kan sana'o'in hannu, tsummoki da kayan ado.&lt;ref&gt;Rumi, Faryal (March 9, 2022). &quot;anita: Bhojpur Entrepreneur Among 29 Feted&quot;. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 2022-03-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita da dan uwanta sun kirkiro kungiyar Bhojpur Mahila Kala Kendra lokacin tana da shekaru goma a cikin shekarun 1993 kuma&lt;ref&gt;Childhood experiences often shape your destiny. Empowering other women is the outcome for her&quot;. ''BookOfAchievers''. Retrieved 2022-03-09.&lt;/ref&gt; Gupta daga baya ya zama shugabanta.&lt;ref&gt;Bhojpur Mahila Kala Kendra | NGO | DoAram&quot;. ''DoAram.com''. Retrieved 2022-03-09.&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar za ta karfafa gwiwar mata da su shiga tare da shaida musu cewa idan sun samu kudi to za su iya tura ‘ya’yansu makaranta.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Childhood experiences often shape your destiny. Empowering other women is the outcome for her&quot;. ''BookOfAchievers''. Retrieved 2022-03-09.&lt;/ref&gt; An canza kungiyar ne lokacin da ta yi rajista a matsayin al'umma ta yadda za ta sami kudi daga gwamnati. Kungiyar tana garin Arrah kuma ta ce ta samar wa mata 10,000 aikin yi.&lt;ref&gt;Rumi, Faryal (March 9, 2022). &quot;anita: Bhojpur Entrepreneur Among 29 Feted&quot;. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 2022-03-09.&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyarta ta sami Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) da DC Handicrafts a matsayin abokan tarayya.&lt;ref&gt;Childhood experiences often shape your destiny. Empowering other women is the outcome for her&quot;. ''BookOfAchievers''. Retrieved 2022-03-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017 NITI Aayog, cibiyar nazarin manufofin jama'a, ta ba ta lambar yabo ta &quot;Mata Canjin Indiya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Nari Shakti Puraskars honour Specially Abled Kathak Dancer, First Woman Snake Rescuer and Social Entrepreneur from Maharashtra&quot;. ''pib.gov.in''. Retrieved 2022-03-10.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 8 ga Maris 2022, an gayyace ta zuwa Fadar Shugaban Kasa (Rashtrapati Bhawan) a New Delhi don karɓar lambar yabo mafi girma ga mata a Indiya, Nari Shakti Puraskar.&lt;ref&gt;Rumi, Faryal (March 9, 2022). &quot;anita: Bhojpur Entrepreneur Among 29 Feted&quot;. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 2022-03-09.&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda cutar ta COVID-19 a Indiya, ba a sami lambar yabo ba a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. A can ga gwamnati ta gayyaci wadanda suka karrama a shekarar da ta gabata da kuma na bana. Shugaba Ram Nath Kovind ya ba Gupta da wasu mata 28 lambar yabo.&lt;ref&gt;Rumi, Faryal (March 9, 2022). &quot;anita: Bhojpur Entrepreneur Among 29 Feted&quot;. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 2022-03-09.&lt;/ref&gt; A daren da ya gabata kafin kyautar. sun gana da Firayim Minista Narendra Modi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;PM Modi interacts with winners of Nari Shakti Puraskar&quot;. ''The Pioneer''. Retrieved 2022-03-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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'''Gasar muhawara ta Jami'o'in Pan-Afrika''' (PAUDC) ita ce babbar gasar muhawara tsakanin jami'o'i a Afirka, wacce [[Jami'ar Botswana]] Debate Masters Association ta kafa a cikin 2008. Ana gudanar da PAUDC a tsarin mahawara ta Majalisar Biritaniya (wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi huɗu na mutane biyu a kowace muhawara). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Ghana Debate Society to Participate in the 11th Pan African Universities Debate Championship {{!}} UG Sports Directorate |url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/sports/content/university-ghana-debate-society-participate-11th-pan-african-universities-debate |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=www.ug.edu.gh }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KNUST Looks For Second Straight Win When They Host PAUDC 2019 {{!}} Campus Informer |url=http://www.campusinformer.org/items.php?iid=1470&amp;title=KNUST%20Looks%20For%20Second%20Straight%20Win%20When%20They%20Host%20PAUDC%202019 |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=www.campusinformer.org }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KNUST wins Pan-African Universities Debate Championship for second time |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2019/December-17th/knust-wins-pan-african-universities-debate-championship-for-second-time.php |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=www.myjoyonline.com }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Buga na 2021 na PAUDC shine bugu na 2 da za a gudanar kusan sakamakon hana tafiye-tafiye da sauran batutuwan da cutar ta [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] ta haifar. Jami'ar Botswana Debate Masters Association a [[Botswana|Botswana ce]] ta dauki nauyin gasar a karkashin taken &quot;Channeling Tushen Muhawarar Afirka.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-20 |title=PAUDC2020 Live: KNUST aims at winning a 3rd consecutive championship as they become the only Ghanaian university to qualify for grande finale |url=https://focusnewsroom.com/2020/12/20/paudc2020-live-knust-aims-at-winning-a-3rd-consecutive-championship-as-they-become-the-only-ghanaian-university-to-qualify-for-grande-finale/ |access-date=2020-12-20 |website=Focus Fm KNUST |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-19 |title=UCC qualifies for the next stage of the ongoing PAUDC-2020 |url=https://hypercitigh.com/campus-news/ucc-campus-news/ucc-debate-society-progresses-to-the-next-stage-of-the-ongoing-pan-african-debate-championship/ |access-date=2020-12-20 |website=Hypercitigh.com |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-04-03 |title=Botswana to host 2020 PAUDC |url=https://focusnewsroom.com/2020/04/03/botswana-to-host-2020-paudc/ |access-date=2020-04-03 |website=Focus Fm |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zakaran PAUDC na yanzu sune Menzimuhle Ncube da Providence Nhongo na [[Jami'ar Cape Town|Jami'ar Cape Town.]]

Buga na 2025 da bugu na 17 na wannan gasa, za a shirya shi a [[Johannesburg]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]]  kuma an tsara shi don 1st - 8th na Disamba 2025.

== Tarihi ==
Ofishin Yanki na Afirka na OSI da Shirin Matasa sun ha]a hannu da kwamitin shirya gasar Muhawara ta Jami'o'in Pan-African (PAUDC) da [[Jami'ar Botswana]] don shirya gasar muhawara ta jami'o'in Pan Afrika karo na farko a 2008 don baiwa ɗalibai daga jami'o'in Afirka daban-daban damar yin tambayoyi game da batutuwan da suka shafi Afirka da ma duniya baki ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Inaugural Pan-African Universities Debating Championship |url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/events/inaugural-pan-african-universities-debating-championship |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=www.opensocietyfoundations.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Osei |first=Jennifer |date=2020-01-01 |title=History of Pan African Universities Debate Championship |url=https://www.internewsnetwork.com/history-of-pan-african-universities-debate-championship/ |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=Inter News Network |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin ==
Ana gudanar da gasar ne a cikin kwanaki takwas. Yawanci yana faruwa a cikin makonni biyu na farkon watan Disamba kuma ana gudanar da shi a wata ƙasa daban kowace shekara

Tsarin PAUDC shine Majalisar Dokokin Biritaniya (BP), wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi huɗu na biyu, tare da ƙungiyoyi biyu masu goyan bayan motsi, ƙungiyoyi biyu suna adawa. Ƙungiyoyin muhawara masu zaman kansu ne kuma suna gasa da juna.

Gasar dai ta kunshi zagayen share fage guda tara, wadanda za su zama “mai karfin iko” yayin da gasar ke ci gaba da yin daidai da kungiyoyi masu karfi da juna. Tsarin zira kwallaye da kuma haɗa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ana kiran su &quot;tabbing&quot;. Alkalai ne ke yin zira kwallaye a kungiyoyin, wadanda akasarinsu dalibai ne ko kuma tsoffin daliban makarantun da suka fafata, sannan su mayar da “katin zabe” da makinsu ga kungiyar masu yanke hukunci, karkashin jagorancin Babban Alkali wanda daya ko fiye da haka ya taimaka.

A karshen muhawarar, an sanya kungiyoyi daga na 1 zuwa na 4.

Sunayen tawagar sune kamar haka. Bude Gwamnati (OG), wanda ya kunshi Firayim Minista da Mataimakin Firayim Minista; Masu Budaddiyar Adawa (OO), wanda ya kunshi Shugaban 'yan adawa da Mataimakin Shugaban 'yan adawa; Gwamnatin Rufewa (CG), wanda ya ƙunshi memba na gwamnati da mai kare gwamnati; da Rufe Hamayya (CO), wanda ya kunshi dan adawa da kuma bulala na adawa .

Umurnin na magana shi ne Firayim Minista, Shugaban 'yan adawa, Mataimakin Firayim Minista, Mataimakin Shugaban 'yan adawa, da dai sauransu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KNUST becomes first in West Africa to win 'Pan African Universities Debate' contest |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2018/December-13th/knust-becomes-first-in-west-africa-to-win-pan-african-universities-debate-contest.php |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |archive-date=2020-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202114707/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2018/December-13th/knust-becomes-first-in-west-africa-to-win-pan-african-universities-debate-contest.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jerin gasa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Host City
!Hosting Institution
!Winning Institution
!Final Motion
!Best Speaker
!Winning team
|-
|8-14 December 2008
|[[Botswana]], [[Gaborone]]
|[[Jami'ar Botswana|University of Botswana]]
|Won by the [[Jami'ar Free State|University of the Free State]], South Africa
|
|-
|12-18 December 2009
|[[Botswana]], [[Gaborone]]
|[[Jami'ar Botswana|University of Botswana]]
|Won by [[Jami'ar Rhodes|Rhodes University]], [[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=editor |first=Online |date=10 January 2010 |title=Rhodes University wins 2009 PAUDC debate champions {{!}} Sunday Standard |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/rhodes-university-wins-2009-paudc-debate-champions/ |access-date=2020-01-19 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|GF: THW abolish all limits on immigration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-02-13 |title=EUDC 2009 Newcastle motions {{!}} Debate topics Headquarters |url=https://www.debate-motions.info/eudc-motions/eudc-2009-newcastle-motions/ |access-date=2020-05-04 |website=Debate Motions Headquarters |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128225352/https://debate-motions.info/eudc-motions/eudc-2009-newcastle-motions/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|4-11 December 2010
|[[Namibiya|Namibia]], [[Windhoek]]
|University of Namibia
|Won by [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand|University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg]]
|
|-
|4-11 December 2011
|[[Zimbabwe]], Bulawayo
|Falcon College
|Won by the [[Jami'ar Pretoria|University of Pretoria]], South Africa
|THW have the African Union take over all peacekeeping duties in Africa
|-
|9-15 December 2012
|[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]], Pretoria
|[[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tshwane|Tshwane University of Technology]]
|Won by the [[Jami'ar Cape Town|University of Cape Town]], South Africa
|
|Mighti Jamie &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Latest Breaking News news, breaking stories and comment |url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/917457/wits-crowned-debating-champions/ }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|November 29- December 8, 2013
|[[Najeriya|Nigeria]], Calabar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tabroom.com |url=https://www.tabroom.com/index/tourn/index.mhtml?webpage_id=207&amp;tourn_id=2029 |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=www.tabroom.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Jami'ar Calabar|University of Calabar]]
|Won by the [[Jami'ar Cape Town|University of Cape Town]], South Africa
|
|-
|4-12 December 2014
|[[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]], Polokwane
|[[Jami'ar Limpopo|University of Limpopo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=uldebatingsociety |date=2014-03-31 |title=PAUDC 2014 aka Kgorong 2.0 (Hosted by The University of Limpopo) |url=https://uldebatingsociety.wordpress.com/2014/03/31/paudc-2014-aka-kgorong-2-0-hosted-by-the-university-of-limpopo/ |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=uldebatesociety |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Snider |first=Alfred Charles |date=2015-01-11 |title=Debate Motion Central: Pan African Universities Debating Championship 2014 |url=http://debatemotioncentral.blogspot.com/2015/01/pan-african-universities-debating.html |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=Debate Motion Central}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Won by the [[Jami'ar Botswana|University of Botswana]], Botswana
|INFO SLIDE&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-01-04 |title=Pan Africans Debating Championship 2014 motions |url=https://focusnewsroom.com/2015/01/04/pan-africans-debating-championship-2014-motions/ |access-date=2020-05-04 |website=Focus Fm |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
THR Kim Kardashian's recent photoshoot.
|-
|8-17 December 2015
|[[Ghana]], Accra
|[[Jami'ar Ghana|University of Ghana]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UG Hosts 8th Pan-African Universities Debate Championship {{!}} University of Ghana |url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/ug-hosts-8th-pan-african-universities-debate-championship |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=www.ug.edu.gh }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Ghana to host the 8th Pan-African Universities Debate Championship - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2015/December-7th/university-of-ghana-to-host-the-8th-pan-african-universities-debate-championship.php |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=www.myjoyonline.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LEGON 2015: Plans so far |url=https://apps.ug.edu.gh/sports/ug-news/293-legon-2015-plans-and-preparations |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=apps.ug.edu.gh }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Won by [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand|University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg]]
|
|Mighti Jamie &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Latest Breaking News news, breaking stories and comment |url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/917457/wits-crowned-debating-champions/ }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|9-17 December 2016
|[[Zimbabwe]], Gweru
|Midlands State University
|Won by [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand|University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg]]
|
|
|-
|7-15 December 2017
|[[Kamaru|Cameroon]], Buea
|[[Jami'ar Buea|University of Buea]]
|Won by Midlands State University, Zimbabwe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-12-15 |title=Breaking News: MSU Crowned 2017 Pan-African Universities Debate Championship (PAUDC) Champions |url=https://ww5.msu.ac.zw/blog/2017/12/15/breaking-news-msu-crowned-2017-pan-african-universities-debate-championship-paudc-champions/ |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=Midlands State University |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413130724/https://ww5.msu.ac.zw/blog/2017/12/15/breaking-news-msu-crowned-2017-pan-african-universities-debate-championship-paudc-champions/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|Minenhle Nzana 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pan African Universities Debating Championship - Wikipedia |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_African_Universities_Debating_Championship#cite_ref-20/}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=March 2021}}
|-
|8-16 December 2018
|[[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], Dars es Salaam
|[[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam|University of Dars es Salaam]]
|Won by [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] (KNUST)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KNUST becomes first in West Africa to win 'Pan African Universities Debate' contest |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2018/December-13th/knust-becomes-first-in-west-africa-to-win-pan-african-universities-debate-contest.php |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |archive-date=2020-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202114707/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2018/December-13th/knust-becomes-first-in-west-africa-to-win-pan-african-universities-debate-contest.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
|8-16 December 2019
|[[Ghana]]. [[Kumasi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=says |first=Hans Junior |title=KNUST launches 2019 Pan-African Universities Debate Championship – Radio Univers 105.7FM |url=https://www.universnewsroom.com/ |access-date=2020-01-19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]]
|Won by [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] (KNUST)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KNUST Wins Pan African Universities Debate Championship 2nd time |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/973801/knust-wins-pan-african-universities-debate-champio.html |access-date=2020-01-19 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-03-02 |title=KNUST Debate Team presents Pan African Universities Debate Championship award to the VC, Prof. Kwasi Obiri Danso |url=https://hypercitigh.com/knust-updates/knust-debate-team-presents-pan-african-universities-debate-championship-award-to-the-vc-prof-kwasi-obiri-danso/ |access-date=2020-02-02 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|Adekunbi Ademola &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PAUDC 2019 &amp;#124; Speaker Tab |url=https://akofena-2019.herokuapp.com/PAUDC2019/tab/speaker/ }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Micheal Ampah and Erasmus Mawuli Segbefia
|-
|14-20 December 2020
|Virtual
|[[Jami'ar Makerere|Makerere University]] and Royal Rhetorics
|Won by [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] (KNUST)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-20 |title=KNUST Wins 2020 Pan-African Universities Debate Championship |url=https://hypercitigh.com/campus-news/knust-updates/2020-paudc/ |access-date=2020-12-21 |website=Hypercitigh.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122053301/https://hypercitigh.com/campus-news/knust-updates/2020-paudc/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|This House Believes That judicial systems should more harshly punish people found guilty of committing crimes against members of social groups who experience disproportionately high rates of violence regardless of that offender’s intent (i.e. women, ethnic minorities)
|lindokuhle Mabaso and Dan Lee
|Kojo Opoku Acheampong and Abena Achiaa Otuo
|-
|09-12 December 2021
|Virtual
|University of Botswana
|Won by Rhodes University (South Africa)
|THW, as the African Union, Grant members of the 6th Region economic and Political Rights
|Sodiq Farhan
|Franciscus Crouse and Oyisa Katshaza
|-
|08-15 December 2022
|Nairobi
|Strathmore University
|Won by Veritas University (Nigeria)
|THBT that the AU should recognise the statehood of Somaliland
|Elisha Owusu Akyaw
|Ayafa Tonye, Edwin Ochiedo
|-
|03-11 December 2023
|Lome
|Universite de Lome
|Won by [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST)]]
|Champagne socialism refers to a form of socialism where a group of rich/upper class individuals advocate for a fair society where everyone has equal rights and the rich people help the poor.
THW promote champagne socialism in  Africa
|Prosper-Michael Ametu and Umuhairu Teni Alhassan
|Prosper-Michael Ametu and Umuhairu Teni Alhassan
|-
|15-22 December 2024
|Kampala
|[[Jami'ar Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]
|Winners, Debate: [[Jami'ar Cape Town|University of Cape Town]], Public Speech: [[Jami'ar Kyambogo|Kyambogo University]]
|THR the decline of Ubuntu in African Communities.
|Debate: Michelle Adika &amp; Alec Becky, PS: Onyait Churchill.
|Menzimuhle Ncube &amp; Providence Nhongo.
|-
|1-8 December 2025
|Johannesburg
|[[Jami'ar Witwatersrand|University of Witwatersrand]]
|To be determined
|To be determined.
|To be determined.
|To be determined.
|-
|December 2026
|Abuja
|[[Jami'ar Veritas|Veritas University]]
|To be determined
|To be determined.
|To be determined.
|To be determined.
|}

== Nassoshi ==
{{reflist|2}}</text>
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    <title>Gatumba</title>
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Garin '''Gatumba''' yana gefen yammacin [[Burundi]], kusa da iyakar [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . An san wurin da kisan kiyashi da ya faru a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Gatumba da ke da alaƙa da ƙauyen.

== Kisan kiyashi ==
A ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2004, sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Gatumba ya kasance wurin daya daga cikin manyan kisan gillar farar hula da aka yi a Burundi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. 

Sojojin mayakan da ke dauke da makamai, da yawa daga cikinsu mambobi ne na Forces for National Liberation (FNL), sun kashe akalla fararen hula 166 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Tenth Annual Gatumba Massacre Memorial Gathering |url=http://www.gatumbasurvivors.org/memorial/gatumba-massacre-memorial-2014-washington-dc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012002544/http://www.gatumbasurvivors.org/memorial/gatumba-massacre-memorial-2014-washington-dc/ |archive-date=2020-10-12 |access-date=2014-08-19 |website=Gatumba Refugees Survivors Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|'Yan Kongo]] kuma sun ji wa wasu rauni 106. FNL ƙungiya ce ta 'yan tawaye na [[Hutu]] da aka fi sani da ƙiyayya da [[Tutsi]] kuma waɗanda abin ya shafa galibi Banyamulenge ne, ƙungiyar da ake rarraba su da [[Tutsi]]. An yi imanin cewa FNL ta kasance a bayan jerin wasu hare-hare, gami da Kisan kiyashi na Titanic Express a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2000.

Brigadier-General Germain Niyoyankana, shugaban sojojin Burundi, ya zargi sojojin Kongo da hannu a cikin kisan.

Bayan amincewar FNL da alhakin kisan kiyashi na Gatumba, gwamnatin Burundi ta ba da takardar shaidar kama shugaban kungiyar, Agathon Rwasa, kuma ta bayyana niyyar tura lamarin zuwa [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya]]. [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ba da ƙuduri da ke Allah wadai da harin, kuma [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta ayyana FNL a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci. Har yanzu ba a kama kowa ba.

== Sanarwar FNL ==
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005, FNL ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ta yi Allah wadai da kisan kiyashi na Gatumba, inda ta zargi Agathon Rwasa da jagorantar &quot;saukowa cikin jahannama&quot;, kuma ta sanar da cewa an maye gurbinsa. An ruwaito cewa Rwasa ya gudu zuwa Tanzania.

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3564358.stm Rahoton BBC game da Gatumba]
* [http://hrw.org/backgrounder/africa/burundi/2004/0904/ Rahoton Human Rights Watch game da Gatumba]
* [https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sc8258.doc.htm Ƙaddamarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1577, ta yi Allah wadai da kisan kiyashi na Gatumba]
* [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/RMOI-6CX5FS?OpenDocument Ƙaddamarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1602, tana maimaita hukunta kisan kiyashi na Gatumba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185046/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/RMOI-6CX5FS?OpenDocument |date=2007-09-27 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050826085834/http://www.iansa.org/about/pastor_jaques/index.htm IANSA - Ta'aziyya ga Fasto Jacques Rutongo, wanda ya mutu a kisan kiyashi tare da 'ya'yansa shida]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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'''Rhind Mathematical Papyrus''' ('''RMP'''; Wanda aka fi sani da papyrus British Museum 10057, pBM 10058, da Brooklyn Museum 37.1784Ea-b) yana daya daga cikin sanannun misalai na Lissafin Masar na dā. 

Yana daya daga cikin sanannun takardun lissafi guda biyu, tare da Moscow Mathematical Papyrus . Rhind Papyrus shine mafi girma, amma ƙarami, daga cikin biyun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spalinger&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spalinger |first=Anthony |year=1990 |title=The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus as a Historical Document |journal=Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur |publisher=Helmut Buske Verlag |volume=17 |pages=295–337 |jstor=25150159}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin sakin layi na farko na papyrus Ahmes ya gabatar da papyrus kamar yadda yake ba da &quot;Dubbin lissafi na gaskiya don yin bincike a cikin abubuwa, da kuma ilimin dukkan abubuwa, asiri ... duk asirin&quot;. &amp;nbsp;Ya ci gaba da cewa:&lt;blockquote&gt;An kwafe wannan littafin a cikin shekara ta 33, watan 4 na Akhet, a ƙarƙashin ubangijin Sarkin Upper da Lower [[Egypt]], Awserre, wanda aka ba da rai, daga tsohuwar kwafin da aka yi a lokacin Sarkin Uppar da Lower Egypt Nimaatre. Marubucin Ahmose ya rubuta wannan kwafin.&lt;/blockquote&gt;An buga littattafai da labarai da yawa game da Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, kuma kaɗan daga cikin waɗannan sun fito fili.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spalinger&quot;/&gt; An buga ''Rhind Papyrus'' a cikin 1923 ta masanin kimiyyar Masar na Ingilishi T. Eric Peet kuma ya ƙunshi tattaunawa game da rubutun da ya biyo bayan littafin Francis Llewellyn Griffith na I, II da III.&lt;ref name=&quot;peet&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=T. Eric Peet}} For the location where the papyrus was found see [[iarchive:Peet_1923/page/n5|page 2]].&lt;/ref&gt; Chace ya wallafa wani tarin a cikin 1927-29 wanda ya haɗa da hotuna na rubutun. An buga wani bayyani na baya-bayan nan na Rhind Papyrus a cikin 1987 ta Robins da Shute.

== Tarihi ==
Rhind Mathematical Papyrus ya kasance a cikin Lokaci na Biyu na Masar. Marubucin Ahmes ne ya kwafe shi (watau, Ahmose; ''Ahmes'' tsohuwar rubutun da masana tarihi na lissafi suka fi so) daga rubutun da ya ɓace yanzu daga mulkin [[Fir'auna|sarki]] na 12 Amenemhat III.

Ya kasance a kusa da 1550 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA10057 |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=The British Museum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kasance a Shekara ta 33 na Sarkin Hyksos Apophis kuma ta ƙunshi wani baya tarihi na baya-bayan nan a kan bayanta mai yiwuwa daga &quot;Shekara 11&quot; na magajinsa, Khamudi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schneider&quot;&gt;cf. {{Cite book|edition=Rolf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alexander Henry Rhind, masanin tarihi na Scotland, ya sayi sassa biyu na papyrus a 1858 a Luxor, Misira; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egyptian mathematics |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Egyptian_mathematics/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Maths History |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; an bayyana cewa an samo shi a &quot;ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan gine-gine kusa da Ramesseum&quot;, kusa da Luxor. &lt;ref name=&quot;peet&quot;/&gt;

Gidan kayan gargajiya na Burtaniya, inda aka adana mafi yawan papyrus yanzu, ya samo shi a 1865 tare da Rubutun Leather na Masar, wanda Henry Rhind ya mallaka.

An sayi wasu sassan rubutun da kansu a Luxor ta hanyar masanin kimiyyar Masar na Amurka Edwin Smith a tsakiyar shekarun 1860, 'yarsa ta ba da gudummawa a 1906 ga New York Historical Society, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guggenbühl |first=Laura |author-link=Laura Guggenbühl |date=October 1964 |editor-last=Eves |editor-first=Howard |title=The New York fragments of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus |department=Historically Speaking |journal=The Mathematics Teacher |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=406–410 |doi=10.5951/mt.57.6.0406 |jstor=27957095}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma yanzu Gidan Tarihi na Brooklyn ne ke gudanar da su. &lt;ref name=&quot;Spalinger&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Collections: Egyptian, Classical, Ancient Near Eastern Art: Fragments of Rhind Mathematical Papyrus |url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/118304/Fragments_of_Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus |access-date=November 1, 2012 |publisher=Brooklyn Museum |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185414/http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/118304/Fragments_of_Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani sashi na tsakiya na {{Convert|18|cm|in}}  in) ya ɓace.

An fara fassara papyrus kuma an fassara shi da lissafi a ƙarshen karni na 19. Al'amarin fassarar lissafi ya kasance ba cikakke ba a fannoni da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schneider&quot;/&gt;

== Littattafai ==

=== Littafin I - Arithmetic da Algebra ===
Sashe na farko na Rhind papyrus ya ƙunshi teburin bincike da tarin 21 arithmetic da 20 [[Algebra|algebraic]] matsaloli. Matsalolin suna farawa ne tare da maganganu masu sauƙi, sannan kuma matsalolin kammalawa (''sekem'') da kuma ƙarin ƙididdigar layi (matsalaraha). &lt;ref name=&quot;Spalinger&quot;/&gt;

Sashe na farko na papyrus an ɗauke shi da teburin 2 / n. Kashi 2 / ''n'' do''n'' n mai ban mamaki daga 3 zuwa 101 ana bayyana su azaman jimlar sassan raka'a. Misali, 


2
15 


&lt;nowiki/&gt;=


1
10 


+ 


1
30 


{\displaystyle {\frac {2}{15}}={\frac {1}{10}}+{\frach {1} {30}}} 

. Rarrabawar 2 / ''n'' cikin kashi na raka'a ba ta wuce kalmomi 4 ba kamar misali:

: &lt;math&gt;\frac{2}{101} = \frac{1}{101} + \frac{1}{202} + \frac{1}{303} + \frac{1}{606}&lt;/math&gt;

Wannan teburin yana biye da ƙarami, ƙaramin tebur na maganganu masu raguwa don lambobi 1 zuwa 9 da aka raba da 10. Misali an rubuta rabuwa da 7 da 10 kamar haka:

: 7 raba da 10 yana samar da 2/3 + 1/30

Bayan wadannan teburin biyu, papyrus ya rubuta matsaloli 91 gaba ɗaya, waɗanda zamani suka sanya su a matsayin matsaloli (ko lambobi) 1-87, gami da wasu abubuwa huɗu waɗanda aka sanya su a cikin matsalolin 7B, 59B, 61B da 82B. Matsalolin 1-7, 7B da 8-40 sun damu da lissafi da algebra na farko.

Matsalolin 1-6 suna lissafin rarraba wasu gurasar gurasa ta maza 10 kuma suna yin rikodin sakamakon a cikin sassan raka'a. Matsalolin 7-20 suna nuna yadda za a ninka maganganun 1 + 1/2 + 1/4 = 7/4, da kuma 1 + 2/3 + 1/3 = 2 ta bangarori daban-daban.Matsalolin 21-23 matsaloli ne a kammala, wanda a cikin ƙididdigar zamani kawai matsalolin cirewa ne. Matsalolin 24-34 sune matsalolin &quot;aha&quot;; waɗannan ma'auni ne na layi. Matsalar 32 misali ta dace (a cikin bayanin zamani) don warware x + 1/3 x + 1/4 x = 2 don x. Matsalar 35-38 ta haɗa da rarrabuwa na heqat, wanda shine tsohuwar ƙungiyar Masar ta girma. Farawa a wannan lokacin, nau'ikan ma'auni iri-iri sun zama mafi mahimmanci a duk sauran papyrus, kuma hakika babban la'akari a duk sauran Papyrus shine nazarin girma. Matsalolin 39 da 40 suna lissafin rarraba gurasa kuma suna amfani da ci gaban lissafi.

=== Littafin II - Geometry ===
[[Fayil:Egyptian_A'h-mosè_or_Rhind_Papyrus_(1065x1330).png|right|thumb|Wani bangare na Rhind Papyrus]]
Sashe na biyu na Rhind papyrus, kasancewar matsalolin 41-59, 59B da 60, ya ƙunshi matsalolin lissafi. Peet ya kira wadannan matsalolin a matsayin &quot;matsalar ma'auni&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spalinger&quot;/&gt;

Matsalolin 41-46 suna nuna yadda za a sami ƙarar ɗakunan ajiya na cylindrical da rectangular. A cikin matsala 41 Ahmes ya lissafa girman hatsi na cylindrical. Idan aka ba da diamita d da tsawo h, an ba da ƙarar V ta hanyar:

: &lt;math&gt; V = \left[\right(1-1/9\left) d\right]^2 h&lt;/math&gt;

A cikin lissafin lissafi na zamani (kuma ta amfani da d = 2r) wannan yana ba da 


V = (8 

/ 

9 

)  

2 


d 

2 


h = (256 

/ 

81
) 

r 

2 


h 


{\displaystyle V= (8/9) ^{2}d^{2}h= (256/81) r^{2}. 

. Kalmar raguwa 256/81 tana kusa da darajar π kamar yadda yake 3.1605..., kuskuren kasa da kashi daya cikin dari.

Matsalar 47 tebur ne tare da daidaito na raguwa wanda ke wakiltar yanayi goma inda yawan jiki na &quot;100 na hudu&quot; ya kasu kashi ɗaya daga cikin ninki goma, daga goma zuwa ɗari. Ana bayyana ƙididdigar ta hanyar ɓangarorin Ido na Horus, wani lokacin kuma ta amfani da ƙaramin ɗayan ƙarar da aka sani da &quot;rashin sau huɗu&quot;. Heqat sau huɗu da ro sau huɗu sune raka'a na ƙarar da aka samo daga heqat da ro mai sauƙi, don waɗannan raka'a huɗu na ƙarar su gamsar da alaƙa masu zuwa: 1 heqat sau huɗar = 4 heqat = 1280 ro = 320 ro sau huɗara. Don haka,

: 100/10 sau huɗu heqat = 10 sau huɗu
: 100/20 heqat sau huɗu = 5 heqat sau hudu
: 100/30 heqat sau huɗu = (3 + 1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64) heqat sau hudu + (1 + 2/3) matsayi sau huɗu
: 100/40 heqat sau huɗu = (2 + 1/2) heqat sau hudu
: 100/50 heqat sau huɗu = 2 heqat sau hudu
: 100/60 sau huɗu heqat = (1 + 1/2 + 1/8 + 1/32) sau huɗu Heqat + (3 + 1/3) sau huɗu
: 100/70 heqat sau huɗu = (1 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/32 + 1/64) heqat sau hudu + (2 + 1/14 + 1/21 + 1/42) ro sau huɗu
: 100/80 sau huɗu heqat = (1 + 1/4) sau huɗu
: 100/90 sau huɗu heqat = (1 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64) sau huɗu Heqat + (1/2 + 1/18) sau huɗu
: 100/100 heqat sau huɗu = 1 heqat sau hudu 

==== Yankuna ====
Matsalolin 48-55 suna nuna yadda za a lissafa yankuna iri-iri. Matsalar 48 sananne ce saboda taƙaice tana ƙididdige Yankin da'irar ta hanyar kimanta [[Pi|π]]. Musamman, matsala ta 48 a bayyane ta karfafa yarjejeniyar (wanda aka yi amfani da shi a ko'ina cikin sashin lissafi) cewa &quot;yanki na da'irar yana tsaye da na murabba'in murabba'insa a cikin rabo 64/81.&quot; Daidai, papyrus ya kusan π kamar 256/81, kamar yadda aka riga aka lura a sama a cikin bayanin matsalar 41.

Sauran matsaloli suna nuna yadda za a sami yankin rectangles, triangles da trapezoids.

==== Pyramids ====
Matsalolin karshe guda shida suna da alaƙa da gangaren pyramids. An bayar da rahoton matsala kamar haka: 

: Idan dala tana da tsayi 250 kuma gefen tushe 360 yana da tsayi, menene ya sa?&quot;

An ba da mafita ga matsalar a matsayin rabo na rabin gefen tushe na dala zuwa tsayinsa, ko kuma rabo na gudu zuwa tashi na fuskarsa. A wasu kalmomi, adadin da aka samo don seked shine cotangent na kusurwa zuwa tushe na dala da fuskarsa.

=== Littafin III - Miscellany ===
Sashe na uku na Rhind papyrus ya ƙunshi sauran matsalolin 91, kasancewar 61, 61B, 62-82, 82B, 83-84, da &quot;lambobi&quot; 85-87, waɗanda abubuwa ne waɗanda ba na lissafi ba ne a yanayi. Wannan sashi na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi teburin bayanai masu rikitarwa (wanda sau da yawa ya haɗa da ɓangarorin ido na Horus), matsaloli da yawa na pefsu waɗanda ke da matsalolin algebraic na asali game da shirye-shiryen abinci, har ma da matsala mai ban sha'awa (79) wanda ke nuna ci gaban lissafi, jerin lissafi, da wasu matsalolin da suka biyo baya da ma'anar tarihi. Matsalar 79 ta bayyana a bayyane, &quot;gidaje bakwai, cats 49, beraye 343, kunnuwa 2401 na spelt, hekats 16807. &quot; A cikin matsala 79 ya shafi yanayin da gidaje 7 kowannensu yana dauke da beraye bakwai, wanda duk suna cinye beraye bakwai na hatsi, kowannensu zai samar da matakai bakwai na hatimi. Sashe na uku na Rhind papyrus sabili da haka wani nau'i ne na miscellany, gina a kan abin da aka riga aka gabatar.Matsalar 61 ta shafi ninkawar raguwa. Matsalar 61B, a halin yanzu, tana ba da cikakkiyar magana don lissafin 2/3 na 1/n, inda n ba daidai ba ne. A cikin bayanin zamani tsarin da aka bayar shine

: &lt;math&gt; \frac{2}{3n} = \frac{1}{2n} + \frac{1}{6n} &lt;/math&gt;

Hanyar da aka bayar a cikin 61B tana da alaƙa da samo teburin 2 / n.

Matsalolin 62-68 sune matsalolin algebraic. Matsalolin 69-78 duk matsalolin ''pefsu'' ne a wani nau'i ko wani. Sun haɗa da lissafi game da ƙarfin burodi da giya, dangane da wasu albarkatun da aka yi amfani da su wajen samar da su.

Matsalar 79 ta tara kalmomi biyar a cikin Ci gaban lissafi. Harshensa yana da karfi yana nuna ma'anar zamani da kuma yarinya &quot;Yayin da nake zuwa St Ives&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spalinger&quot;/&gt;Matsalolin 80 da 81 suna lissafin ɓangarorin Ido na Horus na hinu (ko nlats). Abubuwa huɗu na lissafi na ƙarshe, matsalolin 82, 82B da 83-84, suna lissafin adadin abinci da ake buƙata ga dabbobi daban-daban, kamar tsuntsaye da shanu. Koyaya, waɗannan matsalolin, musamman 84, suna fama da rashin tabbas, rikice-rikice, da rashin daidaito mai sauƙi.

Abubuwa uku na ƙarshe a kan Rhind papyrus an sanya su a matsayin &quot;lambobi&quot; 85-87, sabanin &quot;matsala&quot;, kuma an warwatsa su ko'ina a gefen baya na papyrus, ko verso. Su ne, bi da bi, karamin magana wanda ke kawo karshen takardar (kuma yana da 'yan damar fassara, wanda aka bayar a ƙasa), wani takarda da ba shi da alaƙa da jikin takardar, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don riƙe shi tare (duk da haka yana dauke da kalmomi da ɓangarorin Masar waɗanda yanzu sun saba da mai karatu na takardar), da kuma karamin bayanin tarihi wanda ake zaton an rubuta shi wani lokaci bayan kammala jikin rubutun papyrus. Ana tunanin wannan bayanin don bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin &quot;mulkin Hyksos&quot;, lokacin katsewa na waje a cikin al'ummar Masar ta dā wanda ke da alaƙa da lokacin tsakiya na biyu. Tare da waɗannan ba-mathematical ba duk da haka a tarihi da kuma ilimin harshe mai ban sha'awa, rubutun papyrus ya zo ƙarshe.

== Haɗin haɗin kai ==
Yawancin kayan Rhind Papyrus sun damu da ma'aunin Masar na dā kuma musamman nazarin girman da aka yi amfani da shi don canzawa tsakanin su. An ba da daidaituwa na ma'auni da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin papyrus a cikin hoton.
[[Fayil:Rhind_Papyrus_Unit_Concordance.png|center|thumb|Rukunin ma'auni da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Rhind Papyrus .]]

== Abun ciki ==
Wannan teburin ya taƙaita abubuwan da ke cikin Rhind Papyrus ta hanyar taƙaitaccen fassarar zamani. Ya dogara ne akan bayyanar kundi biyu na papyrus wanda Arnold Buffum Chace ya buga a 1927, kuma a 1929. [1] Gabaɗaya, papyrus ya ƙunshi sashe huɗu: shafi na taken, teburin 2 / n, ƙaramin tebur &quot;1-9/10&quot;, da matsaloli 91, ko &quot;lambar&quot;. An ƙidaya waɗannan daga 1 zuwa 87 kuma sun haɗa da abubuwa huɗu na lissafi waɗanda zamani suka sanya su a matsayin matsalolin 7B, 59B, 61B, da 82B. Lamba 85-87, a halin yanzu, ba abubuwa ne na lissafi waɗanda suka zama wani ɓangare na jikin takardar ba, amma a maimakon haka bi da bi: ƙaramin magana ce da ke ƙare takardar, wani yanki na &quot;takardar&quot; da aka yi amfani da shi don riƙe takardar tare (wanda ya riga ya ƙunshi rubuce-rubucen da ba su da alaƙa), da bayanin tarihi wanda ake zaton ya bayyana wani lokaci jim kadan bayan kammala jikin papyrus. Wadannan abubuwa uku na ƙarshe an rubuta su a wurare daban-daban na baya papyrus (gefen baya), nesa da abubuwan lissafi. Sabili da haka Chace ya bambanta su ta hanyar tsara su a matsayin lambobi ba tare da Matsalolin ba, kamar sauran abubuwa 88 da aka ƙidaya.

==Bibiyar Tarihi==

* {{cite book |last1=Chace |first1=Arnold Buffum |author-link=Arnold Buffum Chace |display-authors=etal |title=The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus |volume=1 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |url=https://archive.org/details/TheRhindPapyrusVolume1 |publisher=[[Mathematical Association of America]] |location=[[Oberlin, Ohio]] |date=1927 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Chace |first1=Arnold Buffum |display-authors=etal |title=The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus |volume=2 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |url=https://archive.org/details/arnoldbuffumchaceludlowbullhenryparkermanningtherhindmathematicalpapyrus.volumei |publisher=Mathematical Association of America |location=Oberlin, Ohio |date=1929 }}
* {{cite book |last=Gillings |first=Richard J. |title=Mathematics in the Time of the Pharaohs |year=1972 |publisher=MIT Press |edition=Dover reprint |isbn=0-486-24315-X |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicsintim0000gill }}
* {{cite book |last1=Robins |first1=Gay |authorlink1=Gay Robins |last2=Shute |first2=Charles |authorlink2=Charles Shute (academic) |year=1987 |title=The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus: an Ancient Egyptian Text |location=London |publisher=British Museum Publications Limited |isbn=0-7141-0944-4 }}

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
==Mahaɗa==
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*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA10057 British Museum webpage on the first section of the Papyrus]
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA10058 British Museum webpage on the second section of the Papyrus]
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629192919if_/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aes/r/rhind_mathematical_papyrus.aspx |date=June 29, 2015 |title=British Museum webpage on the Papyrus }}.
*{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/Egyptian_papyri.html|title=Mathematics in Egyptian Papyri|work=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]}}
*{{MathWorld| title = Rhind Papyrus | urlname = RhindPapyrus}}
*Williams, Scott W. [http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/index.html ''Mathematicians of the African Diaspora''], containing a page on [http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/Ancient-Africa/mad_ancient_egyptpapyrus.html ''Egyptian Mathematics Papyri''].

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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An gudanar da zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawan [[Najeriya]] na shekarar 2003 a jihar Bauchi ranar 12 ga [[Afrilu]], 2003, domin zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawan [[Najeriya]] da za su wakilci jihar [[Bauchi]]. Baba Tela mai wakiltar Bauchi ta Arewa da Bala Adamu mai wakiltar Bauchi ta tsakiya da Abubakar Maikafi mai wakiltar Bauchi ta Kudu duk sun lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar PDP..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NIGERIA: parliamentary elections House of Representatives, 2003 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2363_03.htm |access-date=2021-08-22 |website=archive.ipu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elections in Nigeria |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html |access-date=2021-08-22 |website=africanelections.tripod.com |archive-date=2021-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021194836/https://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africa Update |url=https://web.ccsu.edu/afstudy/upd11-4.html |access-date=2021-08-22 |website=web.ccsu.edu |archive-date=2022-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930075411/https://web.ccsu.edu/afstudy/upd11-4.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:bottom;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Kasancewa
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jam'iyyar
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Jimillar
|-
| style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}}&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria)}}&quot; |
|-
![[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]
![[Alliance for Democracy (Nijeriya)|AD]]
|-
!Kafin Zabe
|
|
!3
|-
!Bayan Zabe
|3
|0
!3
|-
|}

== Takaitaccen Bayani ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;line-height:14px;&quot;
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Gundumar
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Mai mulki
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jam'iyyar
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Sanata da aka zaba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jam'iyyar
|-
|Bauchi ta Arewa
|
|
|
|Baba Tela
| style=&quot;background:{{party color|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}};&quot; |
|[[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]
|-
|Bauchi ta Tsakiya
|
|
|
|Bala Adamu
| style=&quot;background:{{party color|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}};&quot; |
|[[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]
|-
|Bauchi ta Kudu
|
|
|
|Abubakar Maikafi
| style=&quot;background:{{party color|Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)}};&quot; |
|[[Peoples Democratic Party|PDP]]
|}

== Sakamakon ==

=== Bauchi ta Arewa ===
Bala Adamu na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-02 |title=Senators From 1999 Till Date - |url=https://rainbownigeria.com/2020/12/02/senators-from-1999-till-date/ |access-date=2021-08-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820060841/https://rainbownigeria.com/2020/12/02/senators-from-1999-till-date/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2004-06-01 |title=Nigeria's 2003 Elections |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2004/06/01/nigerias-2003-elections/unacknowledged-violence |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria in Political Transition Updated September 15, 2003 |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20030915_IB98046_0e2a0c955bad3c4d6f0ae56dd742573279866953.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018014253/https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20030915_IB98046_0e2a0c955bad3c4d6f0ae56dd742573279866953.pdf |archive-date=October 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Reflist}}

=== Bauchi ta Tsakiya ===
Abubakar Maikafi na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SENATORS |url=https://dawodu.com/senator.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030815203121/http://dawodu.com:80/senator.htm |archive-date=August 15, 2003 |access-date=2021-08-22 |website=dawodu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bauchi ta Kudu ===
Baba Tela na jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ne ya lashe zaben.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Republican Institute 2003 Nigeria Election Observation Report |url=https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/Nigeria%27s%202003%20Presidential%20and%20National%20Assembly%20Elections.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319042738/http://www.iri.org:80/sites/default/files/Nigeria's%202003%20Presidential%20and%20National%20Assembly%20Elections.pdf |archive-date=March 19, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IFES Election Guide {{!}} Elections: Nigeria Parliamentary Apr 12 2003 |url=https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/308/ |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=www.electionguide.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS, 12 APRIL 2003 |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/212733/Nigeria-general-elections_12-&amp;-19-April-03-May-20016_EU-EOM-report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429171206/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/212733/Nigeria-general-elections_12-&amp;-19-April-03-May-20016_EU-EOM-report.pdf |archive-date=April 29, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The National Assembly and Presidential Elections in Nigeria 12 and 19 April 2003 |url=https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/NG/nigeria-final-report-national-assembly-and |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613010802/https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/NG/nigeria-final-report-national-assembly-and |archive-date=June 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dinosay</title>
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        <username>Shawwww</username>
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'''Dinosay''' wata manhaja ce ta layin umarni wadda ke nuna hotunan [[ASCII art]] na dinosauroi tare da saƙonni da mutum ya rubuta. Ana bayyana saƙon a cikin kumfa kamar magana ko tunani, kuma mutum zai iya zaɓar nau'in dinosauroi ta hanyar fayil ɗin &lt;code&gt;.dino&lt;/code&gt;.

An rubuta shirin da [[Python (yaren kwamfuta)|Python]] kuma yana aiki akan tsarin aiki na Unix da Windows.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=10 Tools to Have Fun With ASCII Art in Linux Terminal|url=https://itsfoss.com/ascii-art-linux-terminal/|access-date=2025-07-05|website=It's FOSS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya daidaita idanu da harshe na dinosauroi ta amfani da zaɓuɓɓukan umarni. Dinosay yana zuwa da nau'o'in dinosaurs da dama kamar &lt;code&gt;trex&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;bronto&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;raptor&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;stego&lt;/code&gt; da sauransu.

== Misali ==
Fitarwa daga Dinosay:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ echo &quot;Roar yana nufin ina ƙaunarka cikin yaren dino.&quot; | dinosay
 ________________________________________
/ Roar yana nufin ina ƙaunarka cikin yaren dino. \
 ----------------------------------------
        \   __
         \ / _)
     .-^^^-/ /
  __/       /
 &lt;__.|_|-|_|
    (oo)   U
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Amfani da nau’in dinosaur daban:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ echo &quot;Halaka na ɗan lokaci ne, tatsuniya na har abada.&quot; | dinosay -f bronto -t
 ___________________________________________
( Halaka na ɗan lokaci ne, tatsuniya na har abada. )
 -------------------------------------------
         \
          \               .-=-==--==--.
           \            ..-==&quot;  ,'o`)      `.
            \       ,'         `&quot;'         \
             \     :  (                     `.__...._
              \    \  `._  ___              |       `-.
                   \    ||._-._/___________|__________\
                    \   || || ||___________|
                     \  || || ||
                      `-' `-' `-'
                         (..)   U
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Amfani da raptor:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ echo &quot;Linux yana gudana a cikin jinina.&quot; | dinosay -f raptor
 _______________________________________
/ Linux yana gudana a cikin jinina.     \
 ---------------------------------------
   \
    \
        .--.
       |oo |
       |:_/ |
      //   \ \
     (|     | )
    /'\_   _/`\
    \___)=(___/
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Jeran fayilolin dinosauroi:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;shell-session&quot;&gt;
$ dinosay -l
Fayilolin dino a /usr/share/dinosay/ascii:
trex bronto raptor stego triceratops ptero alienrex ghostdino
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Zaɓuɓɓuka ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Zaɓi
! Aiki
|-
| &lt;code&gt;-n&lt;/code&gt;
| Kashe warware layi (line wrap)
|-
| &lt;code&gt;-W&lt;/code&gt;
| Faɗin balloon (tsoho: 40)
|-
| &lt;code&gt;-t&lt;/code&gt;
| Nuna kumfar tunani maimakon ta magana
|-
| &lt;code&gt;-f&lt;/code&gt;
| Zaɓi template na dino
|-
| &lt;code&gt;-l&lt;/code&gt;
| Jerin dukkan dino
|-
| &lt;code&gt;-e&lt;/code&gt;
| Daidaita idanu (misali: &lt;code&gt;^^&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;OO&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| &lt;code&gt;-T&lt;/code&gt;
| Daidaita harshe (misali: &lt;code&gt;U&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| &lt;code&gt;-b&lt;/code&gt;
| Yanayin Borg – idanu &lt;code&gt;==&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;-d&lt;/code&gt;
| Yanayin Mutuwa – idanu &lt;code&gt;XX&lt;/code&gt;, harshe &lt;code&gt;U&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;-g&lt;/code&gt;
| Yanayin Hanci – idanu &lt;code&gt;$$&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;-p&lt;/code&gt;
| Yanayin Tsoro – idanu &lt;code&gt;@@&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;-s&lt;/code&gt;
| Yanayin Maye – idanu &lt;code&gt;**&lt;/code&gt;, harshe &lt;code&gt;U&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;-w&lt;/code&gt;
| Yanayin Tashin hankali – idanu &lt;code&gt;OO&lt;/code&gt;
|-
| &lt;code&gt;-y&lt;/code&gt;
| Yanayin Yaro – idanu &lt;code&gt;..&lt;/code&gt;
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hakanan duba ==
* Sandra Henry-Stocker (15 Disamba 2020). [https://www.networkworld.com/article/3601114/creating-your-own-cowsay-messenger.html &quot;Ƙirƙirar cowsay naka&quot;]. ''Network World''.
* Sreenath (5 Yuli 2023). [https://itsfoss.com/cowsay/ &quot;ASCII Cows a Terminal&quot;]. ''It's FOSS''.
* CLI Dino Fun Weekly (2025). &quot;Faruwar dinosay a cikin terminal&quot;. Vol. 1, Lamba 3.
* ASCII Enthusiast Journal (2025). &quot;Kayan ASCII a Python&quot;. Lamba 42.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabarin sarauta Akhenaten</title>
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'''Kabarin Sarauta na Akhenaten''' wani kabari ne mai tarin yawa a cikin Royal Wadi gabas da Amarna, [[Misra|Masar]], inda aka binne membobin gidan sarauta na zamanin Amarna.&lt;ref&gt;Kemp 2014, p. 37&lt;/ref&gt; Akhenaten Fir'auna ne na Daular Goma sha Takwas wanda ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru sha bakwai (1355-1338 BC) daga babban birninsa Akhetaten, wanda aka fi sani da Amarna a yau.&lt;ref&gt;Kemp 2014, pp. 14–17&lt;/ref&gt; An sake gano kabarin sarauta a cikin shekara ta 1880s; duk da haka, ainihin shekarar da wanda ya gano ta ya kasance don yin muhawara. An fara aikin tonawa da bincike kan kabarin a shekara ta 1891 kuma ana ci gaba da yin haka har zuwa yau. Wurin da ƙabarin sarauta yake, da ƙabarin da kansa, da kayayyakin tarihi da ke cikin kabarin, da kuma lalata wasu sassa na ƙabarin sarauta bayan mutuwar Akhenaten, suna ba masu bincike bayanai masu mahimmanci game da mulkin Akhenaten, ciki har da yanayin siyasa, da lokacin Amarna.&lt;ref&gt;Martin 1974, p. 4&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kuma iya gano ɗakin binne Akhenaton cikin sauƙi a cikin kabarinsa na sarauta a Amarna tunda shi kaɗai ne aka gama [[gamawa]]; sauran kabarin ya ƙunshi dakunan kabari da ba a ƙare ba da kuma ɗakuna waɗanda wataƙila ana nufin su shiga cikin sauran membobin gidan sarauta irin su sarauniya Nefertiti. Koyaya, aikin kabarin ya tsaya a lokacin da dangin Masarautar Masar daga baya suka ƙaura zuwa Thebes suka yi watsi da Amarna a ƙarƙashin ɗan Akhenaten Tutankhamun kimanin shekaru 3 bayan mutuwar Akhenaton.

== Tarihi ==

=== Binnewa da lalata ===
Akhenaton yayi mulki a matsayin fir'auna c.1355-1338 BC a lokacin daular Goma sha Takwas na Sabuwar Mulki.[8] Ya gaji mahaifinsa Amenhotep III a matsayin Amenhotep IV.&lt;ref&gt;Dodson &amp; Hilton 2010, p. 142&lt;/ref&gt; Babbar Matarsa ta sarauta ita ce Nefertiti, wadda yake da 'ya'ya mata shida da aka sani: Meritaten, Meketaten, Ankhesenpaaten, Neferneferuaten Tasherit, Neferneferure, da Setepenre. Allahn hasken rana Aten, wanda ke wakiltar faifan rana, wanda ya yi fice a ƙarƙashin Thutmose IV da Amenhotep III, an ɗaukaka shi zuwa babban allahntaka a zamanin Amenhotep IV. A farkon mulkinsa, ya gina haikali da yawa ga Aten a Karnak, kuma ya kafa stele wanda a kai ya ayyana Aten shi kaɗai, ya kuma fara sabon addini da aka sani da Atenism inda sarki da danginsa suka yi aiki a matsayin masu shiga tsakani tsakanin allah da jama'a. An rufe haikalin wasu alloli, wasu gumaka, musamman Amun, sun shafe sunansu da siffarsu.&lt;ref&gt;Dodson 2018, pp. 2, 6.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekara ta biyar ta mulkinsa, ya canza sunansa zuwa Akhenaten (ma'ana &quot;mai amfani ga Aten&quot;) kuma ya kafa sabon babban birni, Akhetaten (ma'ana &quot;The Horizon of the Sun's Disc&quot;), wurin da aka fi sani da Amarna a yau.

Akhenaton ya watsar da wurin binne na gargajiya na kwarin Sarakuna (inda zai iya fara kabari, WV25 ko WV23) kuma ya fara sabon makabartar sarauta a cikin Royal Wadi a Akhetaten.&lt;ref&gt;Dodson &amp; Hilton 2010, p. 142&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bayyana aniyarsa na binne shi a can kan Boundary Stelae, sanarwar da aka bayar a cikin shekaru 5 da 6 na mulkinsa kuma an sassaka shi cikin duwatsun da ke gabas da yammacin birnin.[17] Rubutun ya ce:

Bari a yi mini kabari a gabashin dutsen Akhetaten. Bari a binne ni a cikinta a cikin miliyoyin jubili waɗanda mahaifina, Aten, ya ƙaddara mini. Bari a yi jana'izar Matar Babban Sarki Nefertiti a cikinta, a cikin miliyoyin shekaru da mahaifina, Aten, ya ƙaddara mata. Bari a yi jana'izar ýar Sarki Meryetaten a cikinsa, a cikin miliyoyin shekaru.

Kamar WV22, kabarin Amenhotep III, kabarin Akhenaton ya haɗa da ƙarin ɗakunan dakuna da wataƙila an yi niyyar binne babbar matarsa da babbar 'yarsa.[19] Babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa an taɓa shiga Neferiti ko Meritaten a cikin Kabarin Sarauta kamar yadda aka shimfida a kan iyakokin iyaka. Ba a gama karewa kabarin ba, maimakon haka an daidaita shi don karbar jana'izar wasu 'yan gidan sarauta da dama. Lokacin da Akhenaton ya rasu a shekara ta 17 ta mulkinsa, ya raba babban ɗakin binne shi da mahaifiyarsa Tiye, wadda wataƙila ta mutu a tsakiyar mulkinsa. Ana tsammanin 'yarsa ta biyu Meketaten ta mutu ba a wuce shekara ta 14 na mulkin mahaifinta ba, kuma an shiga cikin gamma, ɗaya daga cikin ƙaramin ɗakin kwana na ɗakuna uku;  alpha na [[ɗaki]] ɗaya da alama yana ɗauke da binnewa da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;Dodson 2018, p. 18&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da fadar sarauta ta yi watsi da Amarna a zamanin Tutankhamun wanda ya gaji Akhenaton, an kai kabari daga kabarin sarauta zuwa kwarin Sarakuna. An sake binne gawar Tiye da wani mutum da ba a bayyana sunansa ba (wanda aka gano ta hanyar gwajin DNA a matsayin mahaifin Tutankhamun kuma ana zaton Akhenaten ne) a cikin kabarin KV55; Daga baya an mayar da Tiye zuwa ma'ajiyar mummy a KV35.&lt;ref&gt;Reeves &amp; Wilkinson 2002, pp. 20–21&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fatou Sanyang Kinteh</title>
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'''Fatou Sanyang Kinteh''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Fatou Kinteh''' 'yar siyasa ce ta Gambiya kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin ministan Gambiya na harkokin mata, yara, da jin dadin jama'a. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kasa na Gambiya don Rikicin Jima'i da Yankewar Mata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-09 |title=Minister Kinteh calls for unity among women {{!}} |url=https://www.voicegambia.com/2021/03/09/minister-kinteh-calls-for-unity-among-women/ |access-date=2021-03-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Fatou ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gambiya a [[Banjul]] kuma ta yi karatun ilimin zamantakewa. Ta yi karatun tarihi a Kwalejin Fourah Bay, Freetown, [[Saliyo]], ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko. A shekara ta 1999, ta sami digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Cardiff .

Bayan ta koma Gambiya, ta yi aiki a Gambiya Family Planning Association (GFPA) sama da shekaru bakwai. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamin jinsi a Jami'ar Gambiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta da kuma darakta na ofishin mata na Gambiya.

Ta yi aiki tare da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na shekaru da yawa musamman tana da alaƙa da Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkinobho (UNPFA) a matsayin mai kula da kasa na Gambiya a cikin yaki da yankan mata. A lokacin da ta kasance a matsayin babban darakta na Ofishin Mata, ta fara ci gaba da aiwatar da bangare na farko na jinsi na Shirin Kasar UNPFA a Gambiya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-03-04 |title=UNFPA The Gambia's Fatou Kinteh Appointed as Minister for Women's Affairs, Children and Social Welfare of The Gambia |url=https://gambia.unfpa.org/en/news/unfpa-gambias-fatou-kinteh-appointed-minister-womens-affairs-children-and-social-welfare-gambia |access-date=2021-03-27 |website=UNFPA Gambia |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, Shugaba [[Adama Barrow]] na Gambiya ya nada ta a matsayin ministan harkokin mata, yara da jin dadin jama'a na Gambi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-26 |title=Barrow appoints Fatou Sanyang-Kinteh as minister of Women Affairs |url=https://gambiana.com/barrow-appoints-fatou-sanyang-kinteh-as-minister-of-women-affairs/ |access-date=2021-03-27 |website=Gambiana |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatar harkokin mata, yara da jin dadin jama'a sabuwar ce Gwamnatin Gambiya ta kirkira a shekarar 2019 kuma an nada Fatou Kinteh a matsayin ministan farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njie |first=Lamin |date=26 February 2019 |title=Barrow Taps Anti-FGM Champion For New Ministry – The Fatu Network |url=https://fatunetwork.net/barrow-taps-anti-fgm-champion-for-new-ministry/ |access-date=2021-03-27 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ta zama ministan majalisa, Kinteh ta yi alkawarin zartar da Dokar Asusun Kasuwancin Mata ta 2020 don tallafawa 'yan kasuwa mata a Gambiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minister Kinteh underscores role of women in national development - The Point |url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/headlines/minister-kinteh-underscores-role-of-women-in-national-development |access-date=2021-03-27 |website=thepoint.gm |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma tsara manufofi kuma ta yi niyyar kaddamar da kamfen ɗin NO MORE na kasa don kare mata da yara daga tashin hankali na gida da cin zarafin da ya karu a lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Gambiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Abdul Rashid |date=2020-12-15 |title=Gambia announces plans to launch national campaign against domestic violence |url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/gambia-announces-plans-to-launch-national-campaign-against-domestic-violence/ |access-date=2021-03-27 |website=SIERRA LEONE TELEGRAPH |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women Ministry prioritises protecting women, children against covid-19 - The Point |url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/national-news/women-ministry-prioritises-protecting-women-children-against-covid-19 |access-date=2021-03-27 |website=thepoint.gm |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kaddamar da Kungiyar Aiki don Ginin Zaman Lafiya don Yammacin Afirka (WGPBWA) Gambiya a watan Yunin 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baldeh |first=Njie |date=2019-06-03 |title=Gambia: Women Minister Launches WGPBWA Gambia Chapter |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201906030722.html |access-date=2021-03-27 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agustan 2020, an gwada ta da cutar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manneh |first=Nelson |date=2020-08-06 |title=Gambia: Minister Kinteh Tested Positive for Covid-19 |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202008060721.html |access-date=2021-03-27 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta warke daga cutar a watan Satumbar 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-11 |title=Gambia: Women Affairs Minister, Fatou Kinteh Fully Recovered, Discharged |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202009110339.html |access-date=2021-03-27 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Masu farauta da tarawa na Yammacin Afirka</title>
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Masu farauta da tattarawa na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], {{Sfn|MacDonald|2003}} masu cin abinci na Yamma,  ko kuma '''pygmies na Yammacin Afirka''' [2] sun zauna a yammacin [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]] kafin 32,000 BP {{Sfn|MacDonald|1997}} kuma sun zauna a Yammacin Afrika tsakanin shekarun 16,000 BP da 12,000 BP &lt;ref name=&quot;Scerri&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Scerri |first=Eleanor M. L. |year=2021 |title=Continuity of the Middle Stone Age into the Holocene |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=70 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-79418-4 |oclc=8878081728 |pmc=7801626 |pmid=33431997 |s2cid=231583475}}&lt;/ref&gt; har zuwa ƙarshen 1000 BP &lt;ref name=&quot;Lipson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |display-authors=etal |year=2020 |title=Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history |journal=Nature |volume=577 |issue=7792 |pages=665–669 |bibcode=2020Natur.577..665L |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1 |issn=0028-0836 |oclc=8545173694 |pmc=8386425 |pmid=31969706 |s2cid=210862788}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko wani lokaci bayan 1500 AZ.  Masu farauta da tattarawa na Yammacin Afirka suna da alaƙa da ilimin kimiyyar archaeological tare da West African Microlithic Technocomplex . {{Sfn|MacDonald|1997}} Duk da muhimmancinsa a cikin tarihin Afirka ta Yamma, yawan mutanen sassa daban-daban na Yammacin Afirka daga yankunan Sub-Sahara na Yammaci Afirka da [[Gidajen da ke bakin teku na Cross-Sanaga-Bioko|gandun daji]] na yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya galibi ana watsi da su.{{Sfn|MacDonald|2003}}
[[Fayil:Two_steatopyous_figures_said_to_represent_Dahomey_pygmies,_Wellcome_M0012407.jpg|thumb|342x342px|Wakilan mafarauta da tarawa na Yammacin Afirka daga yankin Dahomey na [[Benin]]]]
Kafin mafarauta da masu tarawa na Yammacin Afirka, akwai yiwuwar akwai mutane daban-daban (misali, [[Iwo Eleru|Mutanen Iwo Eleru]], mai yiwuwa Aterians) waɗanda suka ci gaba da mamaye Yammacin Afríku a tsakiyar Zamanin Stone . &lt;ref name=&quot;Niang&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Niang |first=Khady |display-authors=etal |year=2020 |title=The Middle Stone Age occupations of Tiémassas, coastal West Africa, between 62 and 25 thousand years ago |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352409X20304491 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume=34 |page=102658 |bibcode=2020JArSR..34j2658N |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102658 |issn=2352-409X |oclc=8709222767 |s2cid=228826414 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke amfani da Macrolith na ƙarshen Zamanin Stone (misali, yiwuwar Mutum na archaic da aka haɗa  ko kuma burbushin ɗan adam na zamani na farko &lt;ref name=&quot;Schlebusch&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schlebusch |first=Carina M. |last2=Jakobsson |first2=Mattias |year=2018 |title=Tales of Human Migration,Admixture, and Selection in Africa |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759 |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |volume=19 |page=407 |doi=10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759 |issn=1527-8204 |oclc=7824108813 |pmid=29727585 |s2cid=19155657 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iwo Eleru na ƙarshen Zamanun Stone), waɗanda suka zauna a Afirka ta Tsakiya, yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiyar, da Yammacin Afirka, an kawar da su ta hanyar microlith-ta amfani da 'yan Afirka na Late Stone Age (misali., burbushin Shum Laka na Late Stone wanda ba na zamani da aka tsara tsakanin su 7000 da BP) yayin da suka yi ƙaura daga Afirka ta Tsakanin, zuwa Yammacin Gabasashen Afirka ta Tsako, zuwa Yankin Afirka ta Tsakkya&lt;ref name=&quot;Bergström&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bergström |first=Anders |display-authors=etal |year=2021 |title=Origins of modern human ancestry |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03244-5 |journal=Nature |volume=590 |issue=7845 |page=232 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..229B |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5 |issn=0028-0836 |oclc=8911705938 |pmid=33568824 |s2cid=231883210 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun da farko fiye da 32,000 BP, ko kuma ta 30,000 BP, {{Sfn|MacDonald|1997}}  Late Stone Age Yammacin Afirka mafarauta masu tarawa suna zaune a cikin [[Gidajen da ke bakin teku na Cross-Sanaga-Bioko|gandun daji]] na yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya &lt;ref name=&quot;Scerri&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Scerri |first=Eleanor M. L. |year=2021 |title=Continuity of the Middle Stone Age into the Holocene |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=70 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-79418-4 |oclc=8878081728 |pmc=7801626 |pmid=33431997 |s2cid=231583475}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFScerri2021&quot;&gt;Scerri, Eleanor M. L. (2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7801626 &quot;Continuity of the Middle Stone Age into the Holocene&quot;]. ''Scientific Reports''. '''11''' (1): 70. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79418-4|10.1038/s41598-020-79418-4]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8878081728 8878081728]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7801626 7801626]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33431997 33431997]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231583475 231583475].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; (misali, kafin 32,000 BP a de Maret a Shum Laka, &lt;ref name=&quot;Scerri&quot; /&gt; 12,000 BP a Mbi Crater). {{Sfn|MacDonald|2003}} Tsakanin 16,000 BP da 12,000 BP, Late Stone Age Yammacin Afirka sun fara zama a yankunan gandun daji na gabas da na tsakiya (misali, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Najeriya;  tsakanin 18,000 BP da 13,000 BP a Temet West da Asokrochona a yankin kudancin Ghana, 13,050 ± 230 BP a Bingerville a yankin kudanci na Ivory Coast.  200 BP a Iwo Eleru a Najeriya)  na Yammacin Africa.{{Sfn|MacDonald|1997}}{{Sfn|MacDonald|2003}} Masu farauta da tattarawa na Yammacin Afirka sun zauna a shafukan Najeriya na Iwo Eleru da [[Rop dutse mafaka|Rop]], a shafin Ivory Coast na Bingerville, a shafin Kamaru na Shum Laka, a shafin Mali na Ounjougou, da kuma shafukan Senegalese na Fatandi da Toumboura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huysecom&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Huysecom |first=Eric |display-authors=etal |year=2004 |title=Ounjougou (Mali): A history of Holocene settlement at the southern edge of the Sahara |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/ounjougou-mali-a-history-of-holocene-settlement-at-the-southern-edge-of-the-sahara/0ECC5C2773EE1155A3BE37D3AB33EEC1 |journal=Antiquity |volume=78 |issue=301 |pages=589–591 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00113237 |issn=0003-598X |oclc=8271919279 |s2cid=129493039}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chevrier&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chevrier |first=Benoît |display-authors=etal |year=2020 |title=New data on settlement and environment at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary in Sudano-Sahelian West Africa: Interdisciplinary investigation at Fatandi V, Eastern Senegal |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=e0243129 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1543129C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0243129 |issn=1932-6203 |oclc=9530421458 |pmc=7725507 |pmid=33296412 |s2cid=228088701 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin zamanin Holocene, hulɗa tsakanin 'yan Afirka ta Yamma da ke ƙaura daga [[Sahara]] da masu farauta da masu tarawa na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] na yankunan Savanna da gandun daji sun iyakance, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da ci gaba da al'adun masu farauta na Yamma.{{Sfn|MacDonald|2003}} Masu farauta da tattarawa na Yammacin Afirka mai yiwuwa su ne kawai mazaunan yankin Savanna da gandun daji na Yammaci Afirka.{{Sfn|MacDonald|2003}} Ba kamar masu farauta da tarawa na [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]] ba, waɗanda ke zaune a yankuna masu zaman kansu a cikin gandun daji na Afirka ta tsakiya, masu farauta na Afirka ta Yamma mai yiwuwa sun zauna a yankunan da suka fi budewa na Afirka Yamma.{{Sfn|MacDonald|2003}} Gudun hijira na mutanen Sahara a kudancin yankin Sahelian ya haifar da hulɗar yanayi da sannu a hankali na mafarauta-masu tarawa na Afirka ta Yamma, waɗanda suka fi zama a cikin savannah da gandun daji na Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|MacDonald|2003}} Bayan sun ci gaba har zuwa 1000 BP, {{Sfn|MacDonald|2003}} ko kuma wani lokaci bayan 1500 AZ,  ragowar mafarauta-masu tarawa na Yammacin Afirka, da yawa daga cikinsu sun zauna a yankin gandun daji-savanna, daga ƙarshe sun haɗu da manyan kungiyoyi na masu aikin gona na Yammaci na Afirka, kamar masu ƙaura da ke magana da manoma da kuma [[Yaduwar Bantu|gamuwa]] da masu farauta-masunansu na Afirka ta Tsakiya.{{Sfn|MacDonald|2003}}

== Tarihi na farko ==

=== Pleistocene ===
Tsakiyar Stone Age Yammacin Afirka na iya zama a Ounjougou, Mali (71,000 BP - 59,000 BP, 59,000BP - 28,000 BP), Faleme Valley, Senegal (Late MIS 5), Tiemassas, Senegal (62,000 BP - 25,000 BP),&lt;ref name=&quot;Niang&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Niang |first=Khady |display-authors=etal |year=2020 |title=The Middle Stone Age occupations of Tiémassas, coastal West Africa, between 62 and 25 thousand years ago |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352409X20304491 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume=34 |page=102658 |bibcode=2020JArSR..34j2658N |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102658 |issn=2352-409X |oclc=8709222767 |s2cid=228826414 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNiang2020&quot;&gt;Niang, Khady; et&amp;nbsp;al. (2020). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352409X20304491 &quot;The Middle Stone Age occupations of Tiémassas, coastal West Africa, between 62 and 25 thousand years ago&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports''. '''34''': 102658. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JArSR..34j2658N 2020JArSR..34j2658N]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102658|10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102658]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-409X 2352-409X]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8709222767 8709222767]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228826414 228826414].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scerri&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Scerri |first=Eleanor M. L. |year=2021 |title=Continuity of the Middle Stone Age into the Holocene |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=70 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-79418-4 |oclc=8878081728 |pmc=7801626 |pmid=33431997 |s2cid=231583475}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFScerri2021&quot;&gt;Scerri, Eleanor M. L. (2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7801626 &quot;Continuity of the Middle Stone Age into the Holocene&quot;]. ''Scientific Reports''. '''11''' (1): 70. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41598-020-79418-4|10.1038/s41598-020-79418-4]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8878081728 8878081728]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7801626 7801626]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33431997 33431997]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231583475 231583475].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Birimi, Ghana (50,000 BP - 20,000 BP),&lt;ref name=&quot;Scerri&quot; /&gt; Missira (MIS 4), Toumboura, Senegal (33,000 BP), Laminia, Gambia (24,000 BP - 21,000 BP), Ndiayène Pendao, Senegal (11,600 BP), da Saxonomé, Mali, (11,000 BP), Falémunya Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan shaidu na mazaunin Middle Stone Age a Ounjougou, Mali tsakanin 191,000 BP - 130,000 BP.&lt;ref name=&quot;Niang&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Niang&quot; /&gt;
[[Fayil:Journal.pone.0024024.g001-1.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Shafin Iwo Eleru da kwanyar Iwo Eleruu[[Iwo Eleru|Gashin kai na Iwo Eleru]]]]
Baya ga ƙananan shaidu, 'yan Afirka na Yammacin Zamanin Tsakiya na iya ci gaba da zama a Yammacin Afirka tsakanin MIS 4 da MIS 2, kuma mai yiwuwa ba su kasance a Yammafin Afirka ba kafin MIS 5. &lt;ref name=&quot;Niang&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Niang |first=Khady |display-authors=etal |year=2020 |title=The Middle Stone Age occupations of Tiémassas, coastal West Africa, between 62 and 25 thousand years ago |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352409X20304491 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume=34 |page=102658 |bibcode=2020JArSR..34j2658N |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102658 |issn=2352-409X |oclc=8709222767 |s2cid=228826414 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNiang2020&quot;&gt;Niang, Khady; et&amp;nbsp;al. (2020). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352409X20304491 &quot;The Middle Stone Age occupations of Tiémassas, coastal West Africa, between 62 and 25 thousand years ago&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports''. '''34''': 102658. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JArSR..34j2658N 2020JArSR..34j2658N]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102658|10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102658]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-409X 2352-409X]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8709222767 8709222767]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228826414 228826414].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin MIS 5, Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsohon Afirka na Yamma na iya yin ƙaura a fadin savanna na Yammacin Sudan kuma ya ci gaba da zama a yankin (misali, savanna na West Sudan, [[Sahel]] na Yamma ta Afirka). &lt;ref name=&quot;Niang&quot; /&gt; A cikin Late Pleistocene, 'yan Afirka na Yammacin Afirka na Tsakiya sun fara zama a wasu sassan gandun daji da yankin bakin teku na Yamma ta Afirka (misali, Tiemassas, Senegal). &lt;ref name=&quot;Niang&quot; /&gt; Fiye da haka, ta hanyar akalla 61,000 BP, 'yan Afirka ta Yammacin Zamanin Tsakiya na iya fara ƙaura a kudancin savanna na Yammacin Sudan, kuma, ta akalla 25,000 BP, na iya fara zama kusa da gabar tekun Afirka ta Yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Niang&quot; /&gt; Tsakanin bushewa a cikin MIS 5 da canjin yanayi na yanki a cikin M IS 4, a cikin [[Sahara]] da Sahel, Aterians na iya yin ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Yammacin Afirka (misali, Baie du Levrier, Mauritania; Tiemassas, Senegal; Lower Senegal River Valley). &lt;ref name=&quot;Niang&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Dangane da litattafan Turai na farko na karni na 16 AZ, pygmies na Yammacin Afirka sun zauna a ko'ina cikin Yammacin Afrika (misali, Kamaru, Saliyo, Laberiya). &lt;ref name=&quot;Gates&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gates |first=R. Ruggles |year=1958 |title=The African Pygmies |journal=Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=159–218 |doi=10.1017/s1120962300019466 |oclc=81552767 |pmid=13532425 |s2cid=8199516 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1500 AZ, lokacin da mutanen Dogon suka shiga Dutsen Bandiagara, sun haɗu da pygmies na Yammacin Afirka da aka sani da Tellem . 

== Hadisai na Magana game da Masu Rubuta-rubuce na Yammacin Afirka ==
Mutanen [[Mutanen Mandé|Mande]] (misali, [[Mutanen Soninke|Soninke]], [[Yaren Maninka|Malinke]]) da [[Mutanen Dogon]] suna da al'adun baki na pygmies na Yammacin Afirka (misali), {{Sfn|MacDonald|1997}} Ga Dogon, har ma kafin Tellem, akwai kungiyoyi (misali, Yeban, Andoumboulou) wadanda suka fi tsufa.{{Sfn|MacDonald|1997}} Mutanen da ke da tushen tattalin arziki (misali, kamun kifi) (misali، [[Mutanen Bozo|Bozo]], [[Sarkanci|Sorkawa]]), waɗanda ake zaton suna ɗaya daga cikin mazauna farko na Kogin Neja, sun fahimci cewa akwai ma mutanen da suka zauna a baya - &quot;mazauna ja&quot;.{{Sfn|MacDonald|1997}}

Tarihin baki tsakanin yawancin 'yan Afirka ta Yamma na zamani shine cewa kakanninsu sun kasance pygmies na Yammacin Afirka. Daga cikin Sousou, a Guinea, an san pygmies na Yammacin Afirka da Doki . &lt;ref name=&quot;Van Der Kraaij&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin Wolof, an san pygmies na Yammacin Afirka da suna Kondrong, &lt;ref name=&quot;Van Der Kraaij&quot; /&gt; wanda ke zaune a yankin gandun daji.  Daga cikin Malinke, an san pygmies na Yammacin Afirka da Komo Koudoumi . &lt;ref name=&quot;Van Der Kraaij&quot; /&gt; Daga cikin mutanen da ke Laberiya, an san pygmies na Yammacin Afirka da suna Jinna . &lt;ref name=&quot;Van Der Kraaij&quot; /&gt;

Daga cikin 'yan Afirka ta Yamma ta zamani (misali, Mende na Saliyo, Guere na Ivory Coast), akwai tarihin baki na kakanninsu da suka gamu da pygmies na Yammacin Afirka. Idan aka ba da bambancin tsawo tsakanin 'yan Afirka ta Yamma na zamani waɗanda ke zaune a cikin yankin gandun daji, wannan na iya nuna cewa haɗuwa ta faru tsakanin pygmies na Yammacin Afirka da kakannin ƙaura na kudancin Afirka ta Yankin da ke shigowa daga yankin Savanna.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fanthorpe&quot; /&gt;

== Harsuna ==
Masu farauta da tattarawa na Yammacin Afirka na iya magana da wasu harsunan Yammacin Sahara na Yamma.{{Sfn|MacDonald|1997}} A [[Arewa ta Gabas (Najeriya)|yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya]], [[Yaren Jala|Jalaa]], wani harshe da aka ware, na iya zama yaren zuriya daga asalin harsunan da Yammacin Afirka ke magana.{{Sfn|MacDonald|2003}}

== DNA na Dā ==

=== Kamaru ===
An sami DNA na dā daga masu neman Shum Laka guda biyu daga farkon zamanin Stone zuwa Metal Age, a cikin 8000 BP, da masu neman Shuma Laka guda ɗaya daga ƙarshen zamanin Stone zuwa Metal Age, a 3000 BP.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lipson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |display-authors=etal |year=2020 |title=Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history |journal=Nature |volume=577 |issue=7792 |pages=665–669 |bibcode=2020Natur.577..665L |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1 |issn=0028-0836 |oclc=8545173694 |pmc=8386425 |pmid=31969706 |s2cid=210862788}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLipson2020&quot;&gt;Lipson, Mark; et&amp;nbsp;al. (2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8386425 &quot;Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history&quot;]. ''Nature''. '''577''' (7792): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;665–&lt;/span&gt;669. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.577..665L 2020Natur.577..665L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1|10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836 0028-0836]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8545173694 8545173694]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8386425 8386425]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31969706 31969706]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210862788 210862788].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

DNA na mitochondrial da Y-Chromosome haplogrps da aka samo a cikin tsoffin Shum Laka foragers sune haplogroup na Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lipson2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |display-authors=etal |year=2020 |title=Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history |journal=Nature |volume=577 |issue=7792 |pages=665–669 |bibcode=2020Natur.577..665L |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1 |issn=0028-0836 |oclc=8545173694 |pmc=8386425 |pmid=31969706 |s2cid=210862788}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biyu Shum Laka foragers da suka gabata sun kasance na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0a2a1]] - an rarraba su a ko'ina cikin al'ummomin Afirka na zamani - kuma biyu daga baya Shum Laki foragers sun kasance na [[Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)#L1c|haplogroup L1c2a1b]] - an rarrabawa tsakanin masu aikin gona na Yamma da na Tsakiya na Afirka da masu farauta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lipson2&quot; /&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin Shum Laka forager na baya ya kasance na haplogroup B kuma daga baya Shum Laki forager haplogrup B2b, wanda, tare, a matsayin [[Haplogroup B (Y-DNA)|macrohaplogroup B]], ana rarraba shi tsakanin masu farauta na Afirka ta Tsakiya na zamani (misali, [[Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)|Baka]], [[Bakola]], [[Aka people|Biaka]], [[Bedzan people|Bedzan]]). &lt;ref name=&quot;Lipson&quot; /&gt;

Haɗuwa ta autosomal na tsoffin yara huɗu na Shum Laka masu cin abinci sun kasance ~ 35% mai farauta da tarawa na [[Tarihin kwayoyin halitta na Afirka|Yammacin Afirka]] ta Tsakiya da ~ 65% [[Basal Yammacin Afirka]] - ko, cakuda wanda ya ƙunshi ɓangaren mafarauta da tara na Yamma na Afirka ta Tsakiyar zamani, ɓangaren Yammacin Afrika na zamani, wanda ya kasance a cikin gida kafin 8000 BP, da ɓangaren [[Tarihin kwayoyin halitta na Afirka|Gabashin Afirka]] ta Tsaya mai yiwuwa daga arewacin [[Sahel]] da [[Sahara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lipson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lipson |first=Mark |display-authors=etal |year=2020 |title=Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history |journal=Nature |volume=577 |issue=7792 |pages=665–669 |bibcode=2020Natur.577..665L |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1 |issn=0028-0836 |oclc=8545173694 |pmc=8386425 |pmid=31969706 |s2cid=210862788}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLipson2020&quot;&gt;Lipson, Mark; et&amp;nbsp;al. (2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8386425 &quot;Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history&quot;]. ''Nature''. '''577''' (7792): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;665–&lt;/span&gt;669. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.577..665L 2020Natur.577..665L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1|10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836 0028-0836]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8545173694 8545173694]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8386425 8386425]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31969706 31969706]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210862788 210862788].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Tyre Extinguishers''' kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa da ke aiki kai tsaye wanda ke kashe tayoyin a kan Motocin motsa jiki (SUVs). Kungiyar ta bayyana tuki na SUV a matsayin &quot;daga cikin mafi munin ayyukan da mutum zai iya ɗauka dangane da tasirin yanayi da mummunan tasirinsa akan lafiyar jama'a&quot;,  tare da SUVs da ke da tasiri mai yawa a kan rikicin yanayi dangane da wasu motoci, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cozzi |first=Laura |last2=Petropoulos |first2=Apostolos |date=15 January 2021 |title=Carbon emissions fell across all sectors in 2020 except for one – SUVs |url=https://www.iea.org/commentaries/carbon-emissions-fell-across-all-sectors-in-2020-except-for-one-suvs |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=IEA}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke kara gurɓata iska kuma yana iya kashe masu tafiya fiye da ƙananan Motocin sedan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why Are You Doing This? |url=https://tyreextinguishers.com/why-are-you-doing-this |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta yi kira ga haramta SUVs a cikin birane, kuma ta ce &quot;suna sa ba zai yiwu a mallaki babbar gurbataccen 4x4 a cikin biranen duniya ba&quot;.

Kungiyar ta ba da shawarar saka wani yanki na dutse, lentil ko wani karamin abu don rage pin a kan bawul na taya ta SUV, don taya ta ragu a hankali a tsawon lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How To Deflate An SUV Tyre |url=https://tyreextinguishers.com/how-to-deflate-an-suv-tyre |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=Tyre Extinguishers}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu fafutuka suna barin takardu a ƙarƙashin masu goge gilashin iska na motocin &quot;don mai shi ya san cewa motar ba za a iya amfani da ita ba kuma ya sami bayani game da dalilin da ya sa aka yi wannan. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Douglas |date=2022-05-22 |title=Who Are the Tyre Extinguishers? The Climate Activists Sabotaging SUVs |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/who-are-the-tyre-extinguishers/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Vice.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How To Deflate An SUV Tyre |url=https://tyreextinguishers.com/how-to-deflate-an-suv-tyre |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Tsakanin 7 Maris 2022 da Yuli 2022, kungiyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta kashe fiye da tayoyin SUV 5000 a duk duniya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-20 |title=Meet the climate activists deflating tyres to stop SUV ownership |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/meet-the-climate-activists-deflating-tyres-to-stop-suv-ownership |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Channel 4 News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; gami da yankunan London, Cambridge, Brighton da Hove, Bristol, Edinburgh, Liverpool da Sheffield, birnin Zurich na Switzerland, biranen Jamus na Essen da Dortmund, birnin Gothenburg, a cikin biranen New Zealand na Auckland, Christchurch da Wellington, da kuma Los Angeles. {{Refn|{{efn|{{cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=Climate activists deflate SUV tyres in wealthy London neighbourhoods |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/mar/04/climate-activists-deflate-suv-tyres-in-wealthy-london-neighbourhoods |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=The Guardian}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Barney |date=8 March 2022 |title=Eco-warriors deflate SUV tyres in Chelsea, Primrose Hill and Dulwich |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/the-tyre-extinguishers-suv-chelsea-primrose-hill-kensington-climate-protestors-b986677.html |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=www.standard.co.uk}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=Climate activists have deflated hundreds of SUV tyres in affluent areas across the UK |url=https://www.bigissue.com/news/environment/climate-activists-have-deflated-hundreds-of-suv-tyres-in-affluent-areas-across-the-uk/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=The Big Issue}}}}{{efn|{{cite news |date=8 March 2022 |title=Tyre Extinguishers: Scores of SUVs have tyres deflated by activists |newspaper=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-60660711 |access-date=2022-03-18}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |title=Climate activists deflating car tyres in carbon emissions protest |url=https://www.theargus.co.uk/news/19977286.climate-activists-deflate-tyres-brighton-cars-protest/ |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=The Argus}}}}{{efn|{{Cite news |title=Climate activists let down SUV tyres across Britain in 'gas guzzler' protest |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/transport/article/climate-protesters-let-down-suv-tyres-across-britain-0x736tt0t}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |last1=Streeting |first1=Louisa |date=8 March 2022 |title=Climate activists deflate hundreds of SUV tyres in the night |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/tyre-extinguishers-target-bristol-suvs-6769297 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Bristol Post}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |last1=Shepherd |first1=Jordan |date=10 March 2022 |title=Tyre-deflating eco-warriors say driving a gas-guzzling SUV is 'racist' |url=https://www.scottishdailyexpress.co.uk/news/uk-news/tyre-deflating-eco-warriors-edinburgh-26429680 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=scottishdailyexpress}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |title=New group of activists are targeting 'well to-do' areas of Yorkshire - by letting down tyres |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/people/new-group-of-activists-are-targeting-well-to-do-areas-of-yorkshire-3603000 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=www.yorkshirepost.co.uk}}}}{{efn|{{cite web |last1=Flood |first1=Rebecca |date=9 March 2022 |title=Eco-warriors targeting SUVs by deflating tires claim to have struck in L.A. |url=https://www.newsweek.com/deflate-tire-suv-car-eco-warrior-target-l-viral-1686405 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Newsweek}}}}{{efn|name=:1|{{cite web |title=Identity appeal after car tyres deflated in Brighton and Hove |url=https://www.sussex.police.uk/news/sussex/news/witness-appeals/identity-appeal-after-car-tyres-deflated-in-brighton-and-hove/ |publisher=Sussex Police |access-date=15 April 2022}}}}{{efn|{{cite web|access-date=2022-04-12|title=Tyre Extinguishers go global as activists vow to make owning SUVs 'impossible'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/tyre-extinguishers-suv-global-b2043124.html|date=24 March 2022|website=The Independent}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |title=Zurich - Climate activists deflate SUV tires - 20 minutes - 247newsbulletin |url=https://247newsbulletin.news/politics/269344.html |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=247newsbulletin.news |archive-date=2022-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412181024/https://247newsbulletin.news/politics/269344.html |url-status=dead }}}}{{efn|name=&quot;bbc-april&quot;|{{cite news|access-date=2022-04-12|title=Activists deflate tyres on SUVs in Edinburgh|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-61067183|newspaper=BBC News|date=11 April 2022}}}}{{efn|{{cite web|access-date=2022-04-12|title='Tyre Extinguishers' climate activists deflate the tyres of SUVs in Edinburgh|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/tyre-extinguishers-climate-activists-deflate-the-tyres-of-su-vs-in-edinburgh-163256151.html|website=uk.news.yahoo.com}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |last=Keane |first=Daniel |date=2022-04-22 |title=London climate activists deflate tyres on 120 SUVs |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/tyre-extinguishers-deflate-suvs-london-kensington-paddington-hampstead-primrose-hill-b995835.html |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Evening Standard}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |last=Sigodo |first=Melissa |date=2022-04-22 |title=Climate activists boast their 'biggest night' as they deflate tyres on 120 cars |url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/uk-world-news/climate-activists-boast-biggest-night-23759154 |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=MyLondon}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |title=Tyre Extinguishers in New Zealand spread as Christchurch SUVs hit |url=http://www.voxy.co.nz/national/5/402344 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.voxy.co.nz |language=en}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |last=Strang |first=Ben |date=2022-06-02 |title=Police tracking climate activists after tampering with car, causing near miss |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/wellington/128838319/police-tracking-climate-activists-after-tampering-with-car-causing-near-miss |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Stuff |language=en}}}}{{efn|{{cite web|access-date=2022-05-09 |title=Climate action group claims responsibility for deflated Auckland tyres |website=[[1News]] |date=2022-05-06 |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/05/06/climate-action-group-claims-responsibility-for-deflated-auckland-tyres/ }}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |title=Klimataktivister i stort däcksabotage i Göteborg |url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/klimat/klimataktivister-i-stort-dacksabotage-i-goteborg/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.expressen.se |language=sv}}}}{{efn|{{Cite web |title=Tyre Extinguishers' actions 'amount to harassment' says councillor as same vehicles targeted again |url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/crime/edinburgh-tyre-extinguishers-deflate-tyres-of-20-vehicles-in-bruntsfield-in-latest-spree-3713237 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com |language=en}}}}}}

An kafa kungiyoyi masu yawa na Tyre Extinguishers a cikin biranen Scotland ciki har da Dundee (The Dundeeflators) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keith |first=Jake |title=Eco vandals strike again in Dundee as tyres on 20 cars deflated overnight |url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/dundee/3339369/tyre-extinguishers-dundee-suvs-craigiebank/ |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=The Courier |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; da [[Glasgow]] (The Deflationists), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Craig |date=2022-06-01 |title=Glasgow wealthy areas targeted as climate activists let down 70 SUV tyres |url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/glasgow-wealthy-areas-targeted-climate-24118328 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=GlasgowLive |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-01 |title=Rival climate groups deflate SUV tyres in Glasgow and Edinburgh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jun/01/deflationists-tyre-extinguishers-climate-groups-deflate-suv-tyres-glasgow-edinburgh |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-27 |title='Reckless' eco vandals deflate car tyres in crusade against SUVs |url=https://news.stv.tv/north/eco-vandals-tyre-extinguishers-claim-responsibility-for-deflation-of-suv-tyres-in-dundee |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=STV News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 2022, ayyukan kungiyar a Amurka sun faru ne a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-01 |title=Climate activists deflate tires on 40 SUVs in NYC, cops seeking suspects |url=https://nypost.com/2022/07/01/climate-activists-deflate-tires-on-40-suvs-in-nyc/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=New York Post |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chicago, Scranton, Pennsylvania &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=20-suvs-deflated-in-chicago-in-first-american-midwest-action |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da San Francisco Bay Area. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cano |first=Ricardo |date=2022-07-07 |title='Your gas guzzler kills': Bay Area drivers' SUV tires deflated by apparent climate activists |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Your-gas-guzzler-kills-Bay-Area-woman-s-17291033.php |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=San Francisco Chronicle |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta yi ikirarin ayyukanta na farko a Kanada (Waterloo, Ontario) da Faransa ([[Faris|Paris]]) a wannan watan.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Your gas guzzler kills': Environmental group says it deflated tires on Kitchener SUVs {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8997655/environmental-group-deflates-tires-suvs-kitchener/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=first-action-in-france-and-more-action-in-wellington-new-zealand-and-gothenburg-sweden |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wata dare a watan Satumbar 2022, kungiyar ta kashe tayoyi a kan SUV sama da 600 a Burtaniya, Faransa, Jamus, Switzerland, Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, Jamhuriyar Czech da Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Tyre Extinguishers claim more than 600 SUVs 'disarmed' in one night |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/sep/07/tyre-extinguishers-claim-more-than-600-suvs-disarmed-in-one-night |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan su ne ayyukanta na farko a Denmark, Norway da Jamhuriyar Czech.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=600-suvs-deflated-in-nine-countries-in-worldwide-night-of-action-against-climate-wrecking-vehicles |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, kungiyar ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta kai ga burinta na farko na SUV 10,000 da aka kashe tun watan Maris na shekara ta 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=tyre-extinguishers-hit-target-of-10000-suvs-disarmed-worldwide |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NacióSantCugat |title=Els ecologistes &quot;Tyre Extinguishers&quot; reivindiquen haver actuat a Sant Cugat |url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/santcugat/noticia/8717/ecologistes-tyre-extinguishers-sant-cugat |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=www.naciodigital.cat |language=ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta bayyana Ostiraliya a matsayin &quot;babban burinta na gaba&quot; a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023.

A watan Agustan 2023 Tyre Extinguishers sun yi ikirarin alhakin &quot;kwayar halitta mai zaman kanta&quot; na ƙungiyarsu wacce ta yi amfani da motsa jiki na wutar lantarki don fashe taya na fiye da 60 SUVs a wani dillalin mota a Exeter, Ingila. Kungiyar ta bayyana aikin a matsayin &quot;ƙaruwar da ake bukata&quot;, da kuma ramuwar gayya ga wani abin da ya faru a watan da ya gabata inda Land Rover ya karya shinge kuma ya kashe yara biyu.

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023, kungiyar ta sanar da aikinta na farko a [[Riga]], Latvia, tana mai da'awar cewa wannan ita ce kasa ta 20 tare da kungiyoyin Tyre Extinguisher masu aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Environment activists' deflate car tires in Rīga |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/crime/19.10.2023-environment-activists-deflate-car-tires-in-riga.a528356/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=eng.lsm.lv |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.tyreextinguishers.com/news?slug=200-suvs-deflated-in-four-countries-as-suvs-halt-emissions-decline |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Tyre Extinguishers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shirye-shiryen ==
Sunan &quot;Tyre Extinguishers&quot; ya fara bayyana a cikin 2021, amma ayyukan kungiyar ba su fara ba har zuwa Maris 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rogers |first=Douglas |date=2022-05-22 |title=Who Are the Tyre Extinguishers? The Climate Activists Sabotaging SUVs |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/who-are-the-tyre-extinguishers/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Vice.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekara ta 2007, wata kungiya ta Sweden da ake kira &quot;The Indians of the Asphalt Jungle&quot; ta rungumi wannan dabarar, ta kashe SUV sama da 1,500 (bisa ga lambobinta) kuma, kamar yadda Mataimakin ya ruwaito, &quot;taimaka don aika da ci gaban yawanci na tallace-tallace na SUV na cikin gida zuwa wani abu mai ban mamaki&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Masana kimiyya na Jami'ar Aston Oscar Berglund da Graeme Hayes sun bayyana kungiyar a matsayin &quot;motsi na yanayi,&quot; saboda girmamawar kungiyar kan mutane ko kananan kungiyoyi da ke daukar mataki a duk inda suke amfani da kayan a shafin yanar gizon Tyre Extinguishers, maimakon tsarin da ya fi dacewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hayes |first=Graeme |last2=Berglund |first2=Oscar |title=Tyre Extinguishers: activists are deflating SUV tyres in the latest pop-up climate movement |url=http://theconversation.com/tyre-extinguishers-activists-are-deflating-suv-tyres-in-the-latest-pop-up-climate-movement-178911 |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=The Conversation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farfesa na Jami'ar Lund Andreas Malm (wanda littafinsa How to Blow Up a Pipeline ya yi jayayya da goyon bayan sabotage na kayan aikin man fetur na burbushin halittu a matsayin wani nau'i na gwagwarmayar muhalli, kuma wanda Tyre Extinguishers suka ambata a matsayin wahayi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Childs |first=Simon |last2=selimbulut |date=2022-08-11 |title=Tyre Extinguishers: direct action group deflating climate change |url=https://www.rollingstone.co.uk/politics/features/tyre-extinguishers-suv-4x4-climate-action-campaign-21323/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=Rolling Stone UK |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;) ya kira ayyukan kungiyar wani nau'in &quot;mai zaman lafiya da tawali'u sabotage ba zai iya lalata SUV ba: kusan tsarin yara ba, babu kudade, babu kayan aiki mai sauƙi ba tare da ake amfani da ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-19 |title=Andreas Malm introduces Verso's new free ebook, Property Will Cost Us the Earth |url=https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/5322-andreas-malm-introduces-verso-s-new-free-ebook-property-will-cost-us-the-earth |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Versobooks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sun fara amfani da irin wannan dabarun, kamar ƙungiyar da ake kira Reclaim Our Communities a [[Bristol]], Burtaniya, wanda ya kashe tayoyi a kan fiye da 100 SUVs da 4x4s a cikin birni a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cork |first=Tristan |date=2023-10-20 |title=Tyres deflated on more than 100 SUVs and 4x4s in Bristol overnight |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/tyres-deflated-more-100-suvs-8845965 |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Bristol Live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
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  <page>
    <title>Rubina Feroze Bhatti</title>
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'''Rubina Feroze Bhatti''' ([[Urdu]]: رو بینہ فیروز بھٹی; an haife shi a shekara ta 1969) yar fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama ce ta Pakistan, mai fafutukar neman zaman lafiya kuma mai ba da shawara kan shugabanci. Tsohuwar memba ce a hukumar kare hakkin yara ta kasar inda ta wakilci lardin Punjab.&lt;ref&gt;Shah, Waseem Ahmad (2020-03-02). &quot;View from the courtroom: Hopes attached to newly-notified child rights commission&quot;. DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2020-12-05.&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu tana hidima a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Cibiyar Duniya ta Pakistan&lt;ref&gt;Faculty Staff – PGI&quot;. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 2024-02-15.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma abokiyar ziyara a Jami'ar Stanford.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Rubina Bhatti, daya daga cikin yara hudu, an haife ta kuma ta tashi a Sargodha, inda ta kammala Matric da Intermediate. Ta yi digirinta na farko a fannin Kimiyya a shekarar 1990 a Jami’ar Punjab, sannan ta samu digiri na biyu a fannin Chemistry a Jami’ar Bahauddin Zakariya (BZU) a shekarar 1993. Daga baya, ta yi digirin digirgir a fannin raya ci gaba a Jami’ar Maynooth, Ireland a shekarar 2008 inda aka karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Student of the Year. A ƙarshe, ta sami digiri na uku a cikin Nazarin Jagoranci a Jami'ar San Diego, [[California]], Amurka a cikin 2015.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;SOLES Recent News - Department of Leadership Studies Ph.D. Candidate Rubina Feroze Bhatti Receives N-Peace Award - University of San Diego&quot;. www.sandiego.edu. Retrieved 2020-12-04&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Bhatti ta fara aiki a matsayin malami na Chemistry a Kwalejin Gwamnati na Mata, Sargodha inda ta koyar daga Fabrairu 1996 zuwa Disamba 2004. A cikin 1998, ita da ƙungiyar ɗalibanta sun kafa ƙungiya ta yau da kullun da ake kira Taangh Wasaib (kalmomin Urdu' ma'ana &quot; marmarin cikar ɗan adam&quot;).[6] Bayan ta koyar a fannin ilimin jama'a, ta kuma kammala digiri na biyu a fannin raya ci gaba, ta shiga fannin raya al'umma, kuma a hukumance ta shiga kungiyar Taangh Wasaib wadda ke aiki don inganta daidaiton jama'a, daidaiton jinsi, da mutunta hakkin dan Adam. Ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban ciki har da Babban Sakatare kuma a matsayin babban darektan har zuwa Maris 2020. Ta yi amfani da Sufanci a matsayin kayan aiki don samar da zaman lafiya tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban a Pakistan, kuma ta yada sakon Sufanci bisa manufofin 'yan uwantaka da juna. Ta samar da Lambun Aminci, wurin da ke hidima ga tunani da shagali, natsuwa da shagali, wakoki da kade-kade. Ta shiga cikin samar da ayyukanta don horar da shugabannin al'umma, masu fafutuka, da 'yan jarida kan ci gaban jagoranci, gina zaman lafiya, da bayar da shawarwarin kare hakkin bil'adama. Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na hukumar gudanarwa a Cibiyar Adalci na zamantakewa  da Hukumar Jama'a don 'Yan tsiraru.&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, The Newspaper's Staff (2018-11-30). &quot;Commission formed for protection of minorities rights&quot;. DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2020-12-05&lt;/ref&gt;

Bhatti ta yi aiki a matsayin malamin ziyara a Jami'ar Mennonite ta Gabas a 2011, kuma a matsayin Jagoran Jagora, Tattaunawar Jagorancin Mata don Canji a Jami'ar San Diego, 2013-2014. hakkin dan Adam. Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawarwari don Al'amuran tsiraru zuwa Babban Ministan Punjab a lokacin 2015 da 2018.

An zaɓi Bhatti don yin aiki a matsayin memba na Punjab a Hukumar Kula da Haƙƙin Yara na Ƙasa,  wata ƙungiya ce ta doka da aka kafa a cikin Afrilu 2020 ta Gwamnatin Pakistan a ƙarƙashin Dokar NCRC, 2017 kuma an umarce ta da ta bincika da sake nazarin dokokin data kasance da shawarwari, manufofi, aiwatarwa da shawarwari cikin mafi kyawun amfanin yara, da aiwatar da shari'ar ta haƙƙin yara. A matsayinta na memba na NCRC, ta tsunduma cikin tattaunawa game da manufofi da kuma sa ido kan yanayin don karewa bisa doka, da aiwatar da haƙƙin yara yadda ya kamata daidai da kayan aikin ƙasa da na ƙasa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haɓakawa da kare haƙƙin yara.

== Labarai ==
Menene Jagoranci

Hangen Zaman Lafiya

Sa kai mai fa'ida

Hakkin Mata

Ilimin Hakkokin Dan Adam

== Kyaututtuka da karramawa ==
Kyautar Mace Mai Jajircewa 2011, daga Ƙungiyar Siyasa ta Mata ta Ƙasa

2015 N-Peace Awards ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] Shirin Ci Gaba (UNDP)

Mace mai zaman lafiya a Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya da Adalci ta Joan B. Kroc a cikin 2009.

Kyautar Samar da Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya a cikin 2010

Kyautar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Ma'aikatar 'Yancin Dan Adam &amp; Al'amuran tsiraru, Gwamnatin Punjab a lokacin gwamnatocin PML-N da PTI

Daga cikin mata 1,000 da aka zaba[32] don lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta 2005.

An zaba a cikin mata 100 da suka fi dacewa a Pakistan

An sanya suna cikin manyan mata na shekara ta 2015 a cikin jerin Jaridun Duniya na 2015's Movers and Shakers a Pakistan.

Daya daga cikin Mata 200 na Ci gaban Duniya wanda Tarayyar Turai ta zaba a cikin 2016[a buƙatu]

Shirin Jagorancin Baƙi na Duniya (IVLP) don nazarin al'adun sabis na al'umma da aikin sa kai a Amurka. An karrama ta a matsayin memba na wata a gidan yanar gizon Tsoffin dalibai na kasa da kasa a watan Yuni 2015.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
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    <title>Garin Northport, New York</title>
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      <text bytes="23206" sha1="8o7rz0100j17wf0y47iqo29glhm10ga" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
Northport ƙauyen ne a cikin garin Huntington a cikin kasa Suffolk , a Arewacin Tekun Long Island, New York, Amurka . Yawan jama'a ya kai 7,347 a lokacin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2020.

Da farko an sanya shi Great Cow Harbour ta masu mulkin mallaka na Ingila na ƙarni na 17, an sake sunan yankin a hukumance Northport a 1837. A shekara ta 1894, a kokarin samar da mulki, an kafa al'umma a matsayin ƙauye.

An san '''Ƙauyen da aka kafa na Northport''' da cibiyar ƙauyen Victorian, har yanzu tana ɗauke da rails na trolley daga layin titin da aka dakatar da shi wanda ke jigilar mazaunan ƙauyen zuwa tashar Long Island Rail Road a Gabashin Northport. Babban titin ƙauyen yana gudana daga ƙauyen Green tare da tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa tsohon ƙauyen Vernon Valley, wanda tun daga lokacin al'ummar makwabta ta Gabashin Northport ta haɗa shi.

== Tarihi ==

=== Zamanin Turai ===
Mutanen asali na yankin da yanzu ake kira Northport sune Matinecocks, ɗaya daga cikin kabilun 'Yan asalin Amurka 13 na Long Island. Matinecocks sun kira wannan ƙasar ''Opcathontyche'', wanda ke nufin &quot;kogi na ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Newsday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bleyer |first=Bill |title=Northport: A Harbor of Transformations |url=http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-historytown-hist005c,0,6458687.story?coll=ny-lihistory-navigation |access-date=February 8, 2007 |website=Long Island, Our History |publisher=Newsday}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan sha'awar Dutch 'yan shekaru da suka gabata, Cif Asharoken, shugaban Matinecocks, ya sayar da ƙasar ga' yan Ingila uku a shekara ta 1656.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Northport |url=http://www.northportny.com/about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509163337/http://www.northportny.com/about.php |archive-date=May 9, 2008 |access-date=February 8, 2007 |publisher=Northport Chamber of Commerce}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da ƙasar da ta dace da noma, mazauna farko sun kiwo shanu a makiyaya a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa. Ba da daɗewa ba yankin ya zama sananne da Great Cow Harbour . &lt;ref name=&quot;names&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Little |first=Bob |title=The Many Names of Northport |url=http://www.theliconnection.com/editorials/760 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717010205/http://www.theliconnection.com/editorials/760 |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |access-date=February 8, 2007 |website=Northport History |publisher=Northport Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;  (An san ƙauyen da ke kusa da Centerport da Little Cow Harbour.) Gidan da ya fi tsufa har yanzu yana tsaye a Northport, Gidan Skidmore a kan Main Street, an gina shi a cikin 1761. A shekara ta 2009 an sayar da gidan, wanda ya haifar da ƙauyen don zartar da dokar adana tarihi.

=== Girma, canji, da ginin jirgi ===
[[File:Woodbine_Avenue_Northport.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Woodbine Avenue da Northport Harbor, kusan 1900]]
A farkon karni na 19, Great Cow Harbor har yanzu al'umma ce ta karkara. A cikin shekarun 1830, ƙauyen yana dauke da gidaje takwas kawai. Amma sabon masana'antar gine-ginen jiragen ruwa ya kawo canji da sauri da ci gaba. Ƙauyen ya ƙaura daga tushen aikin gona yayin da ginin jirgi ya zama masana'antar farko ta al'umma. A shekara ta 1837, ana kiran ƙauyen da Northport .&lt;ref name=&quot;Newsday&quot;/&gt;

Ƙididdigar 1860 ta lissafa yawan mutanen Northport a 1,016. A shekara ta 1874, ya zama ƙauyen da ya fi bunƙasa a Arewacin Long Island, tare da tashoshin jirgi guda uku, saiti biyar na jiragen ruwa, otal-otal guda biyu, da akalla manyan shagunan shida.

Ci gaban gine-ginen jiragen ruwa na Northport ya dauki shekaru hamsin, amma ya ragu a ƙarshen karni yayin da jiragen ruwa masu ƙarfe suka fara maye gurbin jiragen katako da aka samar a ƙauyen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Newsday&quot;/&gt;

=== Jirgin ƙasa da trolleys ===
[[Fayil:Northport_1909.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Main Street, wani lokaci tsakanin 1902 da 1909]]
A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1868, Long Island Rail Road ta buɗe tashar a cikin ƙauyen Northport . &lt;ref name=&quot;LIRR 1868&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2004 |title=PRR Chronology, 1868 |url=http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR1868%20June%2004.wd.pdf |access-date=February 8, 2007 |publisher=The Pennsylvania Railroad Technical &amp; Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan muhimmin hanyar sufuri ne ga ƙauyen, musamman ga yawan jama'a masu zuwa. Koyaya, bayan 'yan shekaru kawai LIRR ta yanke shawarar matsa tashar Northport zuwa sabon wuri a Larkfield don sauƙaƙe ƙarin faɗaɗa hanyar jirgin ƙasa zuwa Port Jefferson. An buɗe sabon tashar jirgin ƙasa da ke kan titin Larkfield a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 1873,  kuma ya riƙe sunan tashar Northport.&lt;ref name=&quot;LIRR 1873&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2005 |title=PRR Chronology, 1873 |url=http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR1873%20Feb%2004.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701100308/http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR1873%20Feb%2004.pdf |archive-date=July 1, 2014 |access-date=February 8, 2007 |publisher=The Pennsylvania Railroad Technical &amp; Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don kauce wa rikicewa tare da tsohuwar tashar da ke ƙauyen Northport, masu gudanar da jirgin ƙasa za su  tashar da take Larkfield a matsayin &quot;Gabas ta Northport&quot; saboda tashar tana gabashin tashar jirgin kasa ta Northport wacce ke jagorantar jiragen ƙasa zuwa arewa zuwa tashar da kele cikin ƙauyen. Duk da gaskiyar cewa Larkfield ya kasance da farko a kudancin Northport, yankin ya zama sananne daga baya da East Northport . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=East Northport: East Was Added When The Trains Came |url=http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-historytown-hist0056,0,3509522.story |access-date=February 12, 2007 |website=Long Island, Our History |publisher=Newsday}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyar jirgin kasa ta asali zuwa Northport daga baya an san ta da reshen Northport . Bayan tsohuwar tashar ƙauyen ta rufe a shekara ta 1899, Northport ta yanke shawarar gina layin trolley mai nisan kilomita 4.5 don ɗaukar masu tafiya tsakanin Main Street da sabon tashar Northport da ke Larkfield. Sabuwar [[mota]] ta buɗe a tsakiyar watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1902. Ƙarin amfani da mota ya jagoranci trolley don yin tafiyarta ta ƙarshe a ranar 19 ga Agusta, 1924.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=East Northport Town History |url=http://www.eastnorthport.com/townhistory.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205075857/http://www.eastnorthport.com/townhistory.htm &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |access-date=February 8, 2007 |publisher=East Northport Chamber of Commerce}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗuwa da haɗuwa ===
Kodayake an san shi da sunan Northport tun aƙalla 1837, ƙauyen Northport ba a kafa shi ba har zuwa 1894, &lt;ref name=&quot;names&quot;/&gt; ya zama ƙauyen farko a garin Huntington don yin hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Newsday&quot;/&gt; A cikin shekaru Northport ya fadada daga iyakokinta na asali, yana haɗa wasu al'ummomin da aka kafa.

A kusa da Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin, tarin iyalai 31 sun fara zama mil 1.5 (2.4  gabashin Northport, a kusa da inda Main Street da Route 25A yanzu suka haɗu da 40°53′58′′N 73°19′47′′W / 40.8995°N 73.3296°W / 40.9995; -73.3296. Wannan ƙauyen an san shi da Red Hook &lt;ref name=&quot;Newsday&quot;/&gt; kuma ya canza sunaye zuwa Vernon Valley a cikin 1820. &lt;ref name=&quot;names&quot;/&gt; A shekara ta 1874 Vernon Valley yana da yawan jama'a kusan 150. Vernon Valley ya zama wani ɓangare na Northport a tsakiyar karni na 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;Suffolk&quot; /&gt;

Northport kuma ta haɗa da tsohuwar mazaunin mai zaman kanta na Crab Meadow 40°55′15′′N 73°19′13′′W / 40.9207°N 73.3202°W / 40. 9207; -73.3207  (wanda aka fi sani da Great Neck ), da kuma sassan yammacin al'ummar Freshpond 40°55'umma 40°17′47′′W / 70.9224°N 73.265°W / 70.924; -73.2965.

=== Arewacin zamani ===
[[Fayil:Northport_Park.jpg|left|thumb|Gidan tunawa da Northport a gefen Northport Harbor]]
A cikin shekarun 1920, bayan kusan ƙarni na amfani da kasuwanci mai nauyi, bakin teku wanda ya goyi bayan al'umma na tsararraki ya lalace. Garin ya yanke shawarar sayen ƙasar da ke gefen tashar jiragen ruwa kuma ya kirkiro Northport Memorial Park a 1932, wanda shine fasalin Northport a yau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Newsday&quot;/&gt;

A shekara ta 1967, Kamfanin Haske na Long Island (LILCO) ya buɗe tashar wutar lantarki ta Northport, a halin yanzu babbar tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da man fetur a Gabashin Gabas. Manyan tarin guda huɗu sanannen alama ce da za a iya gani daga nesa kamar [[Connecticut]] a fadin Long Island Sound. Kowane tarin yana da tsayi {{Convert|600|ft}} .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2006 |title=Gas- and Oil-Fired Plants in New York |url=http://www.industcards.com/st-other-usa-ny.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090718122828/http://www.industcards.com/st%2Dother%2Dusa%2Dny.htm |archive-date=July 18, 2009 |access-date=December 4, 2007 |publisher=Power Plants Around The World}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Northport Trolley, wanda ya daina aiki a 1924, ya ji daɗin farfadowa a cikin 1970s da 1980s, yana jigilar masu yawon bude ido na karshen mako tare da Main Street. Ba kamar trolleys na lantarki na asali ba, wannan kwatankwacin nostalgic an motsa shi da doki. Har ila yau, ya gudana a kan tayoyin mota na roba maimakon amfani da rails na asali wanda har yanzu ya kasance wani abu ne mai ganuwa na Main Street har zuwa yau.

A watan Yulin 1984, Northport ya sami hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na kasa da kasa saboda kasancewa wurin kisan gillar Gary Lauwers mai shekaru 17 da abokinsa, wanda ya bar makarantar sakandare kuma ake zargi da bautar shaidan Ricky Kasso. Abubuwan da suka faru sun zama manyan labarai na kasa kuma tun daga lokacin an ba da labarin su a cikin littattafai  da fina-finai,  wanda ya sa ƙauyen ya sha wahala mara kyau ga shahararren shaidanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;satan in the suburbs&quot; /&gt;

Kowace Satumba, ƙauyen Northport yana tunawa da tarihinsa mai arziki tare da bikin Ranar Cow Harbor, wanda ke biyo bayan tseren shekara-shekara na Great Cow Harbor 10K.

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Northport-ny-map.gif|left|thumb|Taswirar ƙididdigar Amurka ta Northport]]
A cewar Ofishin Ƙididdigar Amurka, ƙauyen yana da jimlar yanki na murabba'in mil .5 (6.5 ), wanda murabba'i mil .3 (6.0 ) ƙasa ne kuma murabba'insa mil 0. (0.52 km2), ko 9.02%, ruwa ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;GR1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2011 |title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990 |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html |access-date=April 23, 2011 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Northport village, New York |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US3653396 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212190131/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US3653396 |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |access-date=December 20, 2012 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin ƙauyen sun ƙunshi ƙananan tuddai masu tsawo na Harbour Hill Moraine. A yamma shine Northport Harbor mai kariya sosai, a arewa shine Long Island Sound, kuma a gabas akwai dazuzzuka da marshland.

Babban fasalin Northport shine Steer's Pit (wanda aka sani kawai da &quot;Rimi&quot; ga mazauna gida[1]), babban ɓacin rai wanda aka zana shi a cikin tsaunin da ke kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Arewa da kuma kudu da fitattun wuraren hayaki na tashar wutar lantarki ta Arewaport.  Wannan yanayin da ba a saba gani ba shine sakamakon ayyukan hakar yashi na Kamfanin Steers da Steers.  An fara hakar ma'adinai a cikin 1923 kuma ya ƙare a cikin 1950s. An yi jigilar yashin da aka haƙa ta jirgin ruwa zuwa birnin New York, inda aka haɗe shi da siminti na Portland da tarin dutsen, ya zama titin New York.   [ana ruwa hujja] [ana bukatar] yankin tun daga lokacin ana amfani da shi don gida da kuma amfanin gida, kuma wani yanki na Pit wani wurin shakatawa ne da ’yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na gida da na wasan ƙwallon baseball ke amfani da su.  Ma'aikatar kashe gobara ta Arewaport tana kula da wurin horo a cikin rami wanda shine wurin baje kolin masu kashe gobara na shekara-shekara a lokacin rani.

=== Babban Yankin Northport ===
Northport ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka 2 da ƙauyuka 7 da ba a haɗa su ba:

* Arewacin tashar jiragen ruwa
* Gabashin Arewa
* Asharoken
* Cibiyar Wasanni
* Bari mu ci wuyan hannu
* Greenlawn
* Kwarin Vernon
* Wincoma
* Fort Salonga

== Yawan jama'a ==
{{US Census population|1870=1060|1880=1381|1900=1794|1910=2096|1920=1977|1930=2523|1940=3093|1950=3859|1960=5972|1970=7494|1980=7651|1990=7572|2000=7606|2010=7401|2020=7347}}
Ya zuwa Ƙididdigar Amurka ta 2020, ƙauyen yana da mutane 7,347, gidaje 2,906, da iyalai 1,926 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2020 |title=U.S. 2020 QuickFacts Northport village, New York |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/northportvillagenewyork/PST045221 |access-date=August 22, 2022 |website=Census.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa , akwai mutane 7,401, gidaje 2,955, da iyalai 2,074 da ke zaune a ƙauyen.&lt;ref name=&quot;GR2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=U.S. Census website |url=https://www.census.gov |access-date=January 31, 2008 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawan jama'a ya kasance mazauna 3,290.0 a kowace murabba'in mil (1,270.3/km2). Akwai gidaje 3,052 a matsakaicin matsakaicin 1,320.0 a kowace murabba'in mil (509.7/km2). Tsarin launin fata na ƙauyen ya kasance 92.04% fari, 2.59% Ba'amurke Ba'amurkiya, 0.05% 'Yan asalin Amurka, 1.25% Asiya, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.30% daga wasu kabilu, da 0.75% daga kabilu biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowane kabila sun kasance 5.09% na yawan jama'a.

Akwai gidaje 2,955, daga cikinsu kashi 33.2% suna da yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 da ke zaune tare da su, kashi 59.8% [[Aure|ma'aurata]] ne da ke zaune mmogo, kashi 8.5% suna da mace mai gida ba tare da miji ba, kuma kashi 29.9% ba iyalai ba ne. Kashi 25.9% na dukkan gidaje sun kunshi mutane, kuma kashi 8.0% suna da wani da ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ke da shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman iyali ya kasance 2.55 kuma matsakaicin girman iyalin ya kasance 3.07.

A cikin ƙauyen, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da kashi 23.8% a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18, 5.8% daga 18 zuwa 24, 30.1% daga 25 zuwa 44, 28.8% daga 45 zuwa 64, da kuma 12.1% waɗanda suka kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 40. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 94.6. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 da sama, akwai maza 91.6.

Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na iyali a ƙauyen ya kai $ 90,250, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin haya na iyali ya kai $ 104,488. Maza suna da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na $ 78,715 tare da $ 50,119 ga mata. Kudin shiga na kowane mutum a ƙauyen ya kai $ 43,694. Kimanin kashi 1.6% na iyalai da kashi 2.8% na yawan jama'a sun kasance a ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da kashi 3.7% na waɗanda ba su kai shekara 18 ba da kuma kashi 2.8% daga waɗanda ke da shekaru 65 ko sama da haka.

== Gwamnati ==
Garin Northport ƙauye ne da aka kafa wanda Kwamitin Amintattun ke jagoranta, wanda ya kunshi zababben Magajin gari, Mataimakin Magajin gari، da Masu Amintattun Garin uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elected Officials – The Official Website for the Village of Northport |url=https://northportny.gov/person-category/elected-officials/ |access-date=March 18, 2020 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'aikatar kashe gobara ta Northport da kuma sashen 'yan sanda na kanta suna kula da ƙauyen. Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta ƙauyen Northport, wacce aka kafa a 1929, tana daukar ma'aikata 17 na cikakken lokaci kuma tana gudanar da duk aikin sintiri da kamawa da mafi yawan bincike da horo a cikin gida (Ma'aikatun' yan sanda na Suffolk County tana taimakawa a cikin shari'o'i na musamman). Har ila yau, sashen 'yan sanda yana da ƙungiyar ruwa wacce ke sintiri a hanyoyin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Northport Police Department |url=https://www.northportvillagepolice.com/ |access-date=March 18, 2020 |website=website |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Gundumar Makarantar Free School ta Northport-East Northport Union ce ke ba da sabis ga ƙauyen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Long Island Zoning Atlas |url=http://www.longislandindexmaps.org/ |website=Long Island Index Maps |publisher=Long Island Index}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:452&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Composite School District Boundaries Shapefiles |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/edge/Geographic/DistrictBoundaries |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=NCES}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, yara da ke zaune a cikin ƙauyen kuma suna halartar makarantun gwamnati suna zuwa makarantun Northport-East Northport.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:452&quot; /&gt;

== Fasaha da al'adu ==
[[Fayil:Northport_Dock.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Northport Village Dock a Northport Harbor]]
Bikin Ranar Harbor Cow na shekara-shekara na Northport yana murnar tarihin ƙauyen, wanda a baya aka sani da Great Cow Harbor.  Ana gudanar da shi kowace shekara a ranar Lahadi na cikakken karshen mako na uku a cikin Satumba, kuma tun daga 1977 bayan Babban Harbour 10K da aka gudanar ranar da ta gabata.  [an buƙata] Ranar Harbour Cow tana jawo dubban baƙi zuwa Northport kowace Satumba.  Abubuwan da suka faru suna farawa tare da faretin saukar da Babban Titin, wanda ke nuna tafiye-tafiye, ƙungiyar tafiya ta makarantar sakandare ta Northport, motocin gargajiya da tashin trolley na ɗan lokaci wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a wannan hanyar a farkon shekarun 1900.  Tufafin da ke da alaƙa da naman alade da na iyo kuma jigo ne na gama gari.[]  Ana gudanar da bukukuwa a Park Memorial Park a gefen tashar.[]  kiɗan kai tsaye, tseren jirgin ruwa, da sauran abubuwan jan hankali.  A cikin shekaru goma sha uku da suka gabata, Rundunar Tsaron Tekun Amurka da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Ft.  Salonga, NY Flotilla.  Kowace shekara ana yin bayyanar ta Regimental Band na Kwalejin Kasuwancin Marine Marine na Amurka a Kings Point.  Regimental Band of the

== Shahararrun mutane ==

=== Masu zane-zane ===

* Jules Olitski mai zane, mai zane

=== Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo ===

* John Dias, Mai ba da rahoto, CBS New York
* Robert Burke, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo (Law &amp; Order) 
* Edie Falco, Broadway, fim, da kuma 'yar wasan talabijin da aka fi sani da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Carmela Soprano a cikin ''Sopranos''
* Alison Fanelli, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo wacce aka fi sani da rawar da ta taka a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin The Adventures of Pete &amp; Pete &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alison Fanelli |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0266725/ |access-date=January 21, 2010 |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Elizabeth Hendrickson, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta talabijin da aka fi sani da rawar da ta taka a matsayin tagwayen Frankie da Maggie Stone a kan All My Children &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Hendrickson |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1058513/ |access-date=January 21, 2010 |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Patti LuPone, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Broadway da talabijin da ta lashe Kyautar Tony, wacce aka fi sani da rawar da ta taka a matsayin [[Eva Perón|Eva Peron]] a Evita &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patti Lupone |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0526985/ |access-date=January 21, 2010 |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chris Messina ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin, wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Ted Fairwell a cikin Six Feet Under   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rozie Bacchi Publicity Stills &amp; Production Photos |url=http://roziebacchi.tripod.com/rozie_photos_prod.html |access-date=November 12, 2007 |publisher=Rozie Bacchi |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717103442/http://roziebacchi.tripod.com/rozie_photos_prod.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography for Joe Roseto |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0742886/bio |access-date=November 12, 2007 |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chris Messina |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0582149/ |access-date=November 12, 2007 |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dan Milano, marubucin talabijin kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo na murya wanda aka fi sani da mahaliccin wasan kwaikwayon ''Greg the Bunny'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dan Milano |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0586850/ |access-date=January 21, 2010 |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |year=1990 |title=Open Seas 1990 (Northport High School Yearbook) |publisher=Walsworth Publishing Company |volume=11 |page=169}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gretchen Rau, mai shirya fim din da ya lashe Kyautar Kwalejin
* John Scurti, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Kenny Shea a Rescue Me &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=John Scurti |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0780336/ |access-date=January 21, 2010 |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Craig Ricci Shaynak, Mai wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Craig Ricci Shaynak |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1575801/ |access-date=January 21, 2010 |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Marcia Marcia Martia, Drag Queen da aka fi sani da RuPaul's Drag Race (lokaci 15) RuPaul's Drag Race (lokaci na 15) 
* Jordan Firstman, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda aka fi sani da rawar da ya taka a cikin Malami na Turanci (jerin talabijin) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nordstrom |first=Leigh |date=2020-07-16 |title=Jordan Firstman Turns Lockdown Into Lemonade |url=https://wwd.com/eye/people/jordan-firstman-instagram-impressions-tv-writing-1203679107/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=WWD |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Masu kiɗa ====

* Wendy Andreiev (Wendy Wild), jagorar mawaƙa a cikin shekarun 1980s don ƙungiyoyi da yawa na New York
* Ian Matthias Bavitz (Aesop Rock), hip-hop, mai zane-zane
* Brendan B. Brown, jagorar mawaƙa na ƙungiyar WheatusKarnuka
* Peter Calandra, Broadway, fim, da kuma dan wasan piano / mawaki na talabijin &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peter Calandra / Composer |url=http://www.pecamusic.com/bio/bio.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820072101/http://www.pecamusic.com/bio/bio.htm |archive-date=August 20, 2007 |access-date=November 11, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peter Calandra |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0129321/ |access-date=November 11, 2007 |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Frank Funaro, mai bugawa na CrackerMai fashewa
* Steve Nardelli mawaƙi kuma marubucin waƙa tare da The Syn
* Bassam Saba, mawaƙi kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar New York Arabic Orchestra
* Wheatus, ƙungiyar

* Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, ya rubuta Le Petit Prince (The Little Prince) a lokacin rani na 1942 a cikin The Bevin Mansion a Asharoken . 
* Edwin G. Burrows, ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer ta 1999 don Tarihi don littafin Gotham: Tarihin Birnin New York zuwa 1898 [2]''Gotham: Tarihin Birnin New York zuwa 1898''
* Greg Fox, mai zane-zane / marubuci mai ban dariya a cikin ƙasa (''Kyle's Bed &amp;amp;amp; Breakfast'' ya faru a Northport) 
* Jack Kerouac, marubuci Beat kuma marubuci wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga motsi na al'adu na shekarun 1960 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Asher |first=Levi |date=September 19, 2001 |title=Jack Kerouac |url=http://www.litkicks.com/BeatPages/page.jsp?what=JackKerouac |access-date=November 2, 2007 |website=Literary Kicks}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Garvita Gulhati''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1999/2000) &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Garvita Gulhati: The changemaker on a mission to save water |url=https://www.globalindian.com/youth/story/global-indian/garvita-gulhati-the-changemaker-on-a-mission-to-save-water/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Global Indian Youth |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar kasuwa ce ta Indiya, injiniya, kuma ta kafa kungiyar Why Waste?. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mai sharhi na saka hannun jari a WestBridge Capital . Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia 2021 ta amince da Gulhati saboda aikinta na kiyaye ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Garvita Gulhati |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/garvita-gulhati/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Forbes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gulhati an san ta da &quot;yarinyar ruwa ta Indiya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Explorer Home |url=https://explorers.nationalgeographic.org/directory/garvita-gulhati |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=explorers.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan jin kai ==
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 15, Gulhati ya koyi cewa kusan lita miliyan 14 na ruwa ana lalata shi, musamman a gidajen cin abinci. A lokaci guda akwai miliyoyin gidaje da ba su da ruwa. Gulhati ta fara shirin ta, Me ya sa aka zubar da shi? , don magance wannan matsala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Inspiring Changemaker: Garvita Gulhati - The Mulvaney Center for Community, Awareness and Social Action - University of San Diego |url=https://www.sandiego.edu/mccasa/changemaking-center/inspiring-changemaker.php |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.sandiego.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Me ya sa aka zubar da shara? an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2015, kuma an kirkiro aikin farko #GlassHalfFull . Gulhati da sauran masu sa kai sun raba labarun wadanda ba su da damar samun ruwa. Sun ziyarci gidajen cin abinci kuma sun yi magana game da muhimmancin kiyaye ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=PMI Future 50: Rising leaders changing our world |url=https://www.pmi.org/future-50/2022-honorees/garvita-gulhati |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.pmi.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirin ya sami tallafi daga Ƙungiyar Gidan Gida ta Indiya a cikin 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Me ya sa aka zubar da shara? yanzu kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa da ke karkashin jagorancin matasa. A cewar Gulhati a cikin 2021, aikinta ya shafi mutane sama da miliyan 10 da gidajen cin abinci sama da 500,000 kuma ya haifar da kiyaye kusan lita miliyan 6 na ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Me ya sa aka zubar da shara? ya gina haɗin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyi da yawa, gami da Facebook, Google, da Gidauniyar Ikea. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 2021, Gulhati ta ƙaddamar da Me ya Sauka? aikace-aikace don taimakawa masu amfani sarrafa amfani da ruwa da sawun su.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da CNN, aikace-aikacen yana ƙirƙirar motsi don motsa mutane su dauki mataki ta hanyar kamfen ɗin, &quot;Mission Paani&quot; (Mission Water). &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

Gulhati, tare da tawagarta, sun buga littafin Sustainability Stories don karfafa matasa su dauki mataki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; An buga Labaran dorewa tare da hadin gwiwar babbar mai wallafawa ba tare da riba ba a Indiya, Pratham, kuma tare da hadirarin UNICEF.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet India’s Water girl Garvita Gulhati, a young changemaker working towards saving water |url=https://www.sociostory.org/impact-stories/meet-indias-water-girl-garvita-gulhati-a-young-changemaker-working-towards-saving-water |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.sociostory.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gulhati ta kuma shiga cikin We the Change, kamfen ɗin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Indiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

Gulhati ya kuma yi aiki a kan kafa kungiyar Lead Young a Schools, wanda ya shafi makarantu sama da 800 da kuma karfafa dalibai sama da miliyan 2.5 a Indiya don daukar mataki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Garvita {{!}} Ashoka |url=https://www.ashoka.org/en-us/changemaker/garvita |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.ashoka.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Gulhati ta kammala karatu a shekarar 2021 tare da digiri a fannin Injiniya da Sadarwa daga Jami'ar PES da ke Bengaluru . Ita 'yar Wharton Moelis Fellow ce .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Iyengar |first=Vidya |date=2020-07-08 |title=Saving water, half glass at a time |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/Jul/08/saving-water-half-glass-at-a-time-2166747.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Garvita Gulhati - WestBridge Capital • Westbridge Capital |url=https://westbridgeadvisors.com/garvita-gulhati |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=westbridgeadvisors.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204173831/https://westbridgeadvisors.com/garvita-gulhati |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan shekaru biyu na gogewa a FinTech, Gulhati ya shiga Westbridge Capital a [[Bengaluru]] a matsayin Mai Binciken Zuba Jari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Gulhati tana jin daɗin zanen da kuma buga badminton a lokacinta. An horar da ita a cikin [[kathak]], wani nau'in rawa na Indiya na gargajiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Garvita Gulhati - WestBridge Capital • Westbridge Capital |url=https://westbridgeadvisors.com/garvita-gulhati |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=westbridgeadvisors.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204173831/https://westbridgeadvisors.com/garvita-gulhati |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da karbuwa ==
Gulhati ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta da Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia 2021 ta amince da ita saboda aikinta tare da Me ya sa aka ɓata?. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Diana saboda aikinta na jin kai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Cibiyar Gudanar da Ayyuka ta amince da Gulhati a matsayin wani ɓangare na Future 50, ƙungiyar shugabannin da ke kirkiro don nan gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; An girmama ta a matsayin Global Ashoka Young Changemaker ta Ashoka Innovators . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Gulhati ita ce kadai Indiya da aka ba da kyautar Kyautar Musamman ta Gidauniyar Shawn Mendes . &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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'''Edgar Donroy Bear Runner''' (28 ga Mayu 1951 - 4 ga Yuli 2021) ya kasance dan gwagwarmayar 'Yan asalin Amurka. Wataƙila an fi saninsa da yunkurin tattaunawa cikin lumana game da abin da ya faru a gidan Ranch na Jumping Bull a 1975 ta hanyar tattaunawa da masu gwagwarmayar Indian Movement na Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Testimony of FBI Special Agent Gary Adams in the Leonard Peltier Trial (17-18 March 1977) |url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/peltier/adamstestimony.html |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=University of Missouri-Kansas City |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626113152/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/peltier/adamstestimony.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Edgar Bear Runner a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1951 a [[Porcupine, South Dakota|Porcupine]], [[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]], ga mahaifiyar Winnifred &quot;Winni&quot; Alice Janis &lt;ref name=&quot;Obits for Life2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winnifred &quot;Winni&quot; Alice Janis Obituary |url=http://www.obitsforlife.com/obituary/521041/Janis-Winnifred.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703230104/http://www.obitsforlife.com/obituary/521041/Janis-Winnifred.php |archive-date=3 July 2015 |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=Obits for Life}}&lt;/ref&gt; da mahaifinsa Oscar Bear Runner . &lt;ref name=&quot;Sioux Funeral Home2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Obituary for Winnifred Janis |url=http://www.siouxfuneralhome.com/book-of-memories/1235341/Janis-Winnifred/obituary.php |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=Sioux Funeral Home }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Proposition 12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=LEONARD PELTIER FREEDOM MONTH - NOVEMBER 1999 |url=http://prop1.org/protest/1999/991027.peltier.month.lafsq.sunrise.111299.htm |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Proposition 1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edgar Bear Runner dalibi ne a [[University of Utah|Jami'ar Utah]].

== Pine Ridge Sarautar Ta'addanci ==
Pine Ridge Reign of Terror lakabi ne da aka saba sanyawa a lokacin a ƙarshen karni na ashirin bayan abin da ya faru na Wounded Knee, wanda aka yi tashin hankali a kan mabiyan [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|AIM]] da 'Yan asalin Amurka gabaɗaya a yankin Pine Ridge Indian Reservation . &lt;ref name=&quot;NPR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Ray |first=Charles |date=18 August 2012 |title=Pine Ridge Reservation Deaths To Be Reinvestigated |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/08/18/159058219/near-wounded-knee-years-of-alleged-injustice |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] ta gudanar da sa ido mai zurfi a cikin gida, maimaita kamawa, cin zarafi da kuma mummunar shari'a a kan shugabannin AIM da magoya baya. A lokacin wannan &quot;Mulkin Ta'addanci,&quot; an tsananta wa 'yan asalin Amurka ɗari uku, an yi musu duka, an yi masa cin zarafi kuma an kashe akalla' yan asalin Amurka sittin da hudu (kusan dukansu suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da ko kuma abokan AIM ne daga Lakota Nation). &lt;ref name=&quot;Commission on Human Rights&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Statement of Bobby Castillo - Leonard Peltier Defense Committee |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/WG/LPDC.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830005125/https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/WG/LPDC.doc |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=Commission on Human Rights}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bear Runner ya kasance a farkon shekarunsa na 20 a lokacin Wounded Knee da mulkin ta'addanci, wanda ya ce, &quot; dattawanmu, iyayensu da kakanninmu a cikin al'ummarmu sun yi kira ga wannan iyali, wanda aka sani da mu a matsayin Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka. Ƙungiyar Indiya ta Amurka ta gayyace ta al'ummar gargajiya daga Pine Ridge Indian Reservation don samar da taimako, don samar da ma'anar tsaro ga mutanen da suka ji cewa doka ta watsar da su. Mutane sun ji wani farin ciki na tsaro lokacin da Ƙungiyar Indiyawararrun su.&lt;ref name=&quot;RevCom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Debbie |date=23 January 2000 |title=Reign of Terror After 1973 Wounded Knee Resistance Stories of the Lakota People |url=http://revcom.us/a/v21/1030-039/1039/wknee2.htm |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=RevCom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsalle-tsalle na Bull Ranch Shootout ===
[[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] ta gudanar da &quot;bincike&quot; na abin da [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|AIM]] ke buƙata ta hanyar sa Bear Runner ya tattauna waɗannan batutuwa cikin zurfi tare da su. Ya shiga cikin fili tare da hannayensa da aka ɗaga don ya hana wani mai harbi na FBI ya harbe shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndyBay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Janis |date=9 January 2005 |title=Bob's Troubled Dream |url=https://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2005/01/09/17136211.php |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=IndyBay}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da Bear Runner ya koma Highway 18 kimanin minti talatin bayan haka, ya sanar da mai kula da BIA Kendall Cummings cewa jami'an biyu sun mutu, kuma dukiyar Jumping Bull da alama an bar ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndyBay&quot; /&gt; An &quot;ba da izinin&quot; Bear Runner da Cummings su koma ciki, tare da duka hannayensu da aka ɗaga sama da kawunansu, don tabbatar da cewa jami'an ba su da rai.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndyBay&quot; /&gt;

Dangane da harbi na 26 Yuni 1975, Edgar Bear Runner an jera shi a matsayin daya daga cikin arba'in da takwas daga cikin wadanda ake zargi na asali.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shovel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Driscoll |first=Patrick |date= |title=Annie Mae Pictou Aquash - Time Line An Investigation by News From Indian Country |url=http://www.dickshovel.com/time.html |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=DickShovel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin mako na 10 ga Nuwamba 1975, shekaru biyu bayan mamayewar Wounded Knee, Bear Runner ya zama wanda aka yi ƙoƙari a kashe shi. Edgar Bear Runner ya kai hari a cikin Sioux Nation Supermarket da Manny Wilson (ɗan mai cin hanci da rashawa Oglala Lakota Sioux tribal shugaban Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Richard Wilson) da wasu GOON guda biyu waɗanda suka tsere daga wurin lokacin da manajan ya kira 'yan sanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Damage |first=Brian |date=14 January 2010 |title=The Reign of Terror in South Dakota |url=http://hosts.blogtalkradio.com/damage_plan/blog/2010/01/14/the-reign-of-terror-in-south-dakota |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=University of Missouri-Kansas City }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WordPress&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2007 |title=Chronology of Oppression at Pine Ridge |url=https://ourfreedom.wordpress.com/2007/05/22/chronology-of-oppression-at-pine-ridge/ |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=WordPress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yunkurin fafutuka ==
An kira Bear Runner a matsayin wanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'o'in kotu na [[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]] da Edgar Bear Runner da Ted Means da kuma wanda ake tuhumar a Nebraska da Edgar Bear runner da Leon Adams, Maris 1976. &lt;ref name=&quot;Minnesota Historical Society&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2007 |title=WOUNDED KNEE LEGAL DEFENSE/OFFENSE COMMITTEE: An Inventory of Its Records at the Minnesota Historical Society |url=http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00229.xml |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=Minnesota Historical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kama Bear Runner, tare da wasu masu kallo da yawa, saboda &quot;rashin hankali don hana adalci&quot;,  bayan da ya shiga cikin Custer, Dakota ta Kudu, zanga-zangar a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 1973 game da kisan Wesley Bad Heart Bull .&lt;ref name=&quot;Plain Site&quot; /&gt; A cikin shirin PBS, We Shall Remain, an nakalto Bear Runner yana cewa game da abin da ya faru na Custer House, &quot;Na kasance daidai a kan matakai, ka sani, kuma abubuwa suna faruwa. Mun zubar da jini ga mutumin; mun ɗauki kwalkwali. Sa'an nan kuma na gudu don taimakawa samun gas a cikin tashar cikawa. Muna cikawa da yin Molotov cocktails da kuma fashe kwalabe a kan ginin, kuma wuta ta fara a bangon da komai.  Daga baya za a wanke Bear Runner da juri.&lt;ref name=&quot;We Shall Remain&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=We Shall Remain |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/?url=files/transcripts/WeShallRemain_5_transcript.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704163612/http://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/weshallremain/files/transcripts/WeShallRemain_5_transcript.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2015 |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Plain Site}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Plain Site&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNITED STATES of America, ex rel. Ted MEANS, Petitioner, v. Hon. Herman SOLEM, Warden, South Dakota State Penitentiary, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Respondent. |url=http://www.plainsite.org/dockets/1zrc4y399/south-dakota-district-court/united-states-ex-rel-means-v-solem/ |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Plain Site}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har ila yau, Bear Runner na daya daga cikin masu shigar da kara da dama da suka shigar da kara a kokarinsu na maido da diyya sakamakon turawa da kuma amfani da jami'an soji da na sama domin tabbatar da doka da oda bisa wani makirci da masu daukaka kara suka yi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Find A Case&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=10/16/78 Agnes Lamont, Gladys v. Alexander Haig - UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT - October 16, 1978 BLAKLEY, APPELLANTS v. ALEXANDER HAIG, LIEUTENANT GENERAL, UNITED STATES ARMY, ET AL. |url=http://il.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19781016_0000177.CDC.htm/qx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704084305/http://il.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19781016_0000177.CDC.htm/qx |archive-date=4 July 2015 |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Plain Site}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Case No. 84-2617, Gladys BISSONETTE, Ellen Moves Camp, Eugene White Hawk, Marvin Ghost Bear, Edgar Bear Runner, Oscar Bear Runner, Severt Young Bear, Rachel White Dress, Helen Red Feather, Eddie White Dress, Vicki Little Moon, Madonna, Madonna da Gilberti, Madonna, da Madonna Masu gabatar da kara, v. Alexander HAIG, Richard G. Kleindienst, Joseph T. Sneed, Charles D. Ablard, Joseph H. Trimbach, Ralph E. Erickson, Harlington Wood, Jr., Kenneth Belieu, Rolland Gleszer, Edmund Edwards, John Hay, da Volney F. Warner, Kotun Kotu, &lt;ref name=&quot;Plain Site #2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gladys Bissonette, Ellen Moves Camp, Eugene White Hawk, Marvin Ghost Bear, Edgar Bear Runner, Oscar Bear Runner, Severt Young Bear, Rachel White Dress, Helen Red Feather, Eddie White Dress, Vicki Little Moon, Madonna Gilbert, Lorelei Means, and Carla Blakey v. Alexander Haig, Richard G. Kleindienst, Joseph T. Sneed, Charles D. Ablard, Joseph H. Trimbach, Ralph E. Erickson, Harlington Wood, Jr., Kenneth Belieu, Rolland Gleszer, Edmund Edwards, John Hay, and Volney F. Warner |url=http://www.plainsite.org/dockets/by1shyad/court-of-appeals-for-the-eighth-circuit/gladys-bissonette-ellen-moves-camp-eugene-white-hawk-marvin-ghost-bear-edgar-bear-runner-oscar-bear-runner-severt-young-bear-rachel-white-dress-helen-red-feather-eddie-white-dress-vicki-little-moon-madonna-gilbert-lorelei-means-and-carla-blakey-v-alexander-haig-richard-g-kleindienst-joseph-t-sneed-charles-d-ablard-joseph-h-trimbach-ralph-e-erickson-harlington-wood-jr-kenneth-belieu-rolland-gleszer-edmund-edwards-john-hay-and-volney-f-warner/ |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Plain Site}}&lt;/ref&gt; United States of Appellees, [16, 2] Amurka Kotun Koli ta takwas ta yi watsi da karar da masu shigar da kara suka gabatar a kan wata kariyar da ta cancanta . &lt;ref name=&quot;OpenJurist&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |title=United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit. |url=http://openjurist.org/800/f2d/812 |journal=Open Jurist |volume=F2d |issue=800 |page=812 |access-date=3 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Law Resource&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=800 F.2d 812 - 55 USLW 2204 |url=https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F2/800/800.F2d.812.84-2617.html |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Law Resource}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Leagle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=LAMONT v. HAIG - No. 75-2006. |url=http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781714590F2d1124_11500.xml/LAMONT%20v.%20HAIG |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Leagle}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bear Runner ya shirya abubuwan tunawa da kuma gina manyan duwatsu ga [[Anna Mae Aquash|Anna Mae Pictou Aquash]] &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC News2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Summers |first=Chris |date=2 February 2014 |title=Murder mystery on the reservation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3436833.stm |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Leagle}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Joseph &quot;Killsright&quot; Bedell Stuntz, &lt;ref name=&quot;RoundTree72&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 August 2011 |title=Joe Killsright Stuntz – &quot;Today You Can Be Warriors&quot; |url=http://www.roundtree7.com/2011/08/joe-killsright-stuntz-today-you-can-be-warriors/ |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Leagle |archive-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703225430/http://www.roundtree7.com/2011/08/joe-killsright-stuntz-today-you-can-be-warriors/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; don girmama gudummawarsu da kuma kiyaye sadaukarwar da suka yi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shovel #22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joe Stuntz and Anna Mae - Honored Memorial held at Aquash and Stuntz gravesites by Jean Roach Indian Country Today Volume 16 Issue 10 Week of September 2 through 9, 1996 |url=http://www.dickshovel.com/hdstn.html |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=DickShovel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Game da hukuncin [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] wanda ya bayyana yadda gwamnati ta keta yarjejeniyarta ta 1868 tare da Sioux lokacin da kasar ta mallaki Black Hills da kuma sasantawar kudi da ba a yarda da ita ba a yau, Bear Runner, a matsayin jami'in adana tarihin kabilanci, ya bayyana matsayinsa: &quot;Ba za mu taba karɓar kuɗin ba. Mu kasance mafi talauci daga cikin kabilun. Amma ba za mu taba son karɓar wannan kuɗin ba. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moscou |first=Jim |date=24 May 2007 |title=TV: Did HBO Mangle 'Wounded Knee'? |url=http://www.newsweek.com/tv-did-hbo-mangle-wounded-knee-101179 |access-date=2 July 2015 |website=NewsWeek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bear Runner ya kasance mai goyon bayan rashin laifi na Leonard Peltier. A cikin 1999, Bear Runner ya fitar da wata sanarwa a wani taro a madadin mutanen Pine Ridge don 'yantar da Peltier, &quot;Saboda sanannen goyon baya da goyon baya ga haƙƙin ɗan adam na Leonard, ikon mallakar 'yan asalin ƙasar, adalci da juriya ga cikakken mulkin mallaka na Amurka tabbas an hukunta shi kuma ya ci gaba da sha wahala a yau a hannun zalunci na Amurka. Yulin 1976 da aka yi wa 'yan Adam Rlander ya yi magana da kansa. Duk wani abu da ke aiki don haƙƙin mallaka na haƙƙin mallaki su zai iya fuskantar kansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slide Player&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Native Americans (Sioux) by US Army cannon fire at a camp at Wounded Knee Creek in South. |url=http://slideplayer.com/slide/3593840/ |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Slide Player}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fremont Tribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=8 July 1999 |title=President visits Pine Ridge |url=http://fremonttribune.com/president-visits-pine-ridge/article_8a03085e-851a-5e18-8424-e70df4f27143.html |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Fremont Tribune ([[Associated Press|AP]])}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bear Runner ya kuma ba da shaida a Leonard Peltier's 1976 Extradition Hearing a [[British Columbia]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE WRONGFUL EXTRADITION OF LEONARD PELTIER FROM CANADA BRIEF IN SUPPORT OF THE GRANT OF EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY THE INNOCENCE PROJECT, OSGOODE HALL LAW SCHOOL, YORK UNIVERSITY |url=http://apps.osgoode.yorku.ca/Quickplace/innocenceproject/Main.nsf/h_Toc/5B3218576C7B06F685256AF4006AD07E/?OpenDocument |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Innocence Project }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bear Runner kuma ya gabatar da abubuwan da suka faru waɗanda aka tsara don samun jinƙai ga Peltier.&lt;ref name=&quot;Who Is Leonard Peltier?&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 May 2015 |title=Pine Ridge, SD: Leonard Peltier Day: 39 Years of Suffering. 26-27 June 2015 |url=http://www.whoisleonardpeltier.info/events/leonard-peltier-day2015-39-yearsof-suffering-26-27-june/ |access-date=3 July 2015 |website=Who Is Leonard Peltier?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:lightsteelblue;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Fim din
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
!Bayani
|-
|1994
|''Mace Lakota: Siege a Raunin Knee''
|''Mutumin da ya dace''
|
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightsteelblue;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Talabijin
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
|-
|-
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tsakiyar Andean puna</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
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'''Tsakiyar Andean puna''' yanki ne na tsaunuka da wuraren daji a cikin [[Andes]] na kudancin [[Peru]], [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]], da arewacin [[Chile]] da [[Argentina]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Central Andean Puna |url=https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/central-andean-puna/ |website=Terrestrial Ecoregions. One Earth}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saitawa ==
Yanayin da ke cikin wannan yankin ya ƙunshi [[Plateau|tsaunuka]] masu tsawo tare da dusar ƙanƙara da kankara na dindindin, makiyaya, tabkuna, [[Meadow|Filaye]], da kwari. Yana sauyawa zuwa [[Central Andean wet puna|Tsakiyar Andean wet puna]] zuwa arewa da [[Tsakiyar Andean bushe puna]] zuwa kudu. Hawan ya kasance daga mita 3,200 zuwa 6,600 (10,500 zuwa 21,700. 

== Yanayi ==
Yanayin yanayi shine rarraba yanayin yanayi na Köppen sanyi. Ruwan sama ya kasance daga 250 zuwa 500 millimeters (9.8 zuwa 19.7 in) a kowace shekara.

== Tsire-tsire ==
Flora ta ƙunshi yawanci buɗaɗɗen makiyaya tare da duwatsu, bunchgrass, ganye, gansakuka, da lichen . Ciyawa suna wakiltar nau'in ''Calamagrostis'', ''Agrostis'', da ''Festuca'' . ''Parastrephia lepidophylla'' da ''Margyricarpus'' ƙananan nau'in daji ne da ake samu a nan. Ana raba ''Azorella compacta'' da ''Puya raimondi'' tare da rigar puna. ''Polylepis'', ''Buddleja'', da ''Escallonia'' bishiyoyi ne da ake samu a ƙananan tuddai. 

== Dabbobi ==
Darwin's rhea (''Pterocnemia pennata'') da puna mouse (''Punomys lemminus'') sune nau'in tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka samu a nan. Vicuña (''Vicugna vicugna''), guanaco (''Lama guanicoe''), chinchilla (''Chinchilla brevicaudata''), da viscacha (''Lagidium'') suma suna nan. Nau'in tsuntsaye da ke cikin barazana sun haɗa da cinlodes na sarauta (''Cinclodes aricomae''), tamarugo conebill (''Conirostrum tamarugense''), James's flamingo (''Phoenicopterus jamesi''), da giant coot (''Fulica gigantea''). 

== Yankunan da aka kare ==
18.68% na yankin yana cikin wuraren da aka kiyaye. Wadannan sun hada da: 

* Tariquía Flora da Fauna National Reserve
* Cordillera de Sama Biological Reserve
* Yankin da aka tanada na Aymara Lupaca
* Salinas da Aguada Blanca National Reservation
* Cotahuasi Subbasin Landscape Reserve

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fasahar yashi da wasa</title>
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      <id>839892</id>
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      <text bytes="11795" sha1="8nzl9b3moltpizfa4z11hnpol0y92ld" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Større_sandslot.jpg|thumb|Yin sandcastle]]
[[Fayil:Sandcastle,_Dover_Castle_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Sandcastle na Dover CastleGidan sarauta na Dover]]
[[Fayil:Sand_Sculpture_at_Weston_super_Mare_of_Noah's_Ark_by_Kuba_Zimacek_4.jpg|thumb|Hoton yashi na Jirgin Nuhu]]
'''Fasahar [[yashi]]''' ita ce aikin yin samfurin yashi a cikin wani nau'i na fasaha, kamar goge yashi, zane-zane na yashi, ko ƙirƙirar kwalabe na yashi. '''sandcastle''' wani nau'in yashi ne wanda yayi kama da ƙaramin gini, sau da yawa Gidan sarauta. Bambancin gidan sarauta yana amfani da yashi mai laushi wanda aka yi amfani da shi don samar da siffofi na kwayoyin kafin yashi ya bushe.

Yawancin wasan [[yashi]] yana fa[[ruwa]] ne a kan [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]], inda kayan gini guda biyu, yashi da ruwa, suna samuwa da yawa. Wasu wasan yashi suna faruwa a cikin busassun yashi da sandboxes, kodayake galibi yara ne kuma da wuya ga siffofin fasaha. Yankin rairayin bakin teku yawanci suna da yashi wanda ke iyakance tsawo da tsari saboda siffar hatsi na yashi. Yankin zane-zane mai kyau yana da ɗan datti, yana da laka da yumɓu wanda ke taimakawa wajen kulle ƙwayoyin yashi masu siffar da ba daidai ba tare da juna.
[[Fayil:2016_Songkran-temple-sand_IMG_4320.jpg|thumb|Gidan yashi da aka gina a Wat Phu Khao Thong a Ko Samui a lokacin Songkran]]
Yarinya yawanci yara ne ke yin su don nishaɗi, amma kuma akwai gasa ta yashi-sculpture ga manya waɗanda suka haɗa da manyan gine-gine masu sarƙaƙƙiya. Yashi mafi girma da aka yi a gasar shine tsayin ƙafa 18; Maigidan, Ronald Malcnujio, mutum mai tsayi ƙafa biyar, dole ne ya yi amfani da tsani da yawa, kowane tsayin gidan yashi. Hotonsa ya ƙunshi ton ɗaya na yashi da lita 10 na ruwa don sassaƙa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Gidajen yashi da siffofi ==
Yankin yashi koyaushe zai tsaya tare sai dai idan yashi ya yi kyau sosai. Duk da yake yashi mai bushewa ba shi da kyau, yashi mai laushi yana mannewa idan an haɗa yashi da ruwa masu kyau. Dalilin wannan shi ne cewa ruwa yana samar da ƙananan &quot; gadoji&quot; tsakanin ƙwayoyin yashi lokacin da yake da danshi saboda ƙarfin tashin hankali.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOS-1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barry |first=Patrick |date=6 January 2001 |title=The Science of Sandcastles |url=http://www.firstscience.com/home/articles/earth/the-science-of-sandcastles_1262.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503191356/http://www.firstscience.com/home/articles/earth/the-science-of-sandcastles_1262.html |archive-date=3 May 2009 |access-date=2 August 2009 |publisher=FirstScience.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da yashi ya bushe ko ya yi rigar, siffar tsari na iya canzawa, kuma &quot;ƙasa&quot; ya zama ruwan dare. Haɗuwa da kyawawan abubuwa (yawanci mai kaifi) da ƙwayoyin yashi masu laushi suna da mahimmanci don cimma kyakkyawan sakamako na &quot;ƙasa&quot;. Kyakkyawan ƙwayoyin da aka kewaye su ta hanyar tasirin yanayi na [[Teku|Tekuna]], [[Kogin|koguna]] ko [[Kogin|koguna]], bi da bi suna da mummunar tasiri ga haɗin tsakanin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin yayin da suke sauƙin wucewa da juna.
[[Fayil:Sand_art_of_Ratha_Yatra_by_Sudarsan_Pattnaik.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton yashi na Ratha Yatra na Sudarsan Pattnaik]]
Shovels da guga sune manyan kayan aikin gini da aka yi amfani da su wajen kirkirar gidajen yashi da siffofi yashi, kodayake wasu mutane suna amfani da hannayensu kawai. Za'a iya yin gidan yashi mai sauƙi ta hanyar cika guga da yashi mai laushi, sanya shi a kan rairayin bakin teku, da kuma cire guga. Don manyan gine-gine, ana iya kawo ruwa daga teku don haɗuwa da yashi zuwa wurin ginin tare da guga ko wani akwati. Wani lokaci ana gina siffofin wasu kayan, kamar itace ko filastik don riƙe tarin yashi a wuri kuma a takamaiman siffofi.

Ramin da ya isa ya shiga yana da haɗari sosai; yara da manya suna mutuwa a kowace shekara lokacin da irin waɗannan ɗakunan karkashin kasa suka rushe a ƙarƙashin nauyi da rashin daidaituwa na yashi, ko kuma saboda hawan ruwa da ke zuwa ko tsarin da raƙuman ruwa ke bugawa. Wani lokaci, ana iya gina [[madatsar ruwa]] don riƙe ruwa, manyan gine-gine, waɗanda suke da manyan sandcastles tare da bango mai kauri don kare kiyayewa daga teku, ana iya ginawa, ko kuma ana iya haƙa magudanan ruwa don ɗaukar ruwa.

Wani bambanci ga wani mutum-mutumi da aka kafa shi ne '''Gidan drip''', wanda aka yi ta hanyar dribbling yashi mai laushi sosai.

Yankin yashi a matsayin nau'in fasaha ya zama sananne a yankunan bakin teku. Ana gudanar da daruruwan gasa na shekara-shekara a duk faɗin duniya. Hanyoyi na iya zama masu ƙwarewa sosai, kuma an lura da nasarorin da aka samu a cikin Guinness World Records. Wani lokaci, ana shirya gasa a matsayin talla ko abubuwan gabatarwa. Yawancin masu zane-zane na yashi sun fito ne daga wasu fannoni amma wasu suna samun rayuwarsu ne kawai daga ayyukan da suka shafi yashi.

Shahararrun masu zane-zane na yashi sun haɗa da Sudarsan Pattnaik da M N Gowri waɗanda suka kirkiro Gidan Tarihi na Yashi na Mysore .

=== Bukukuwan da gasa ===
 
[[Fayil:Sand_Sculpture_Festival_2011_Taiwan.jpg|left|thumb|Bikin zane-zane na yashi na 2011 Taiwan]]
Daga shekara ta 1989 har zuwa shekarar 2009, an gudanar da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Sand Sculpture a Harrison Hot Springs a Harrison, British Columbia, Kanada, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Harrisand&quot;. Gasar tana da rukuni na solo, sau biyu da ƙungiya. An gudanar da gasar zakarun duniya a Fort Myers, [[Florida]], da sauran wuraren na ɗan lokaci. Sauran ƙasashe suna gudanar da nasu nau'ikan gasar zakarun duniya saboda ba zai yiwu a sami duk mutanen da za su iya cancanta a wuri ɗaya a lokaci guda ba saboda tsada da kayan aiki.

Team Sandtastic ne ya gina gidan yashi mafi tsayi a duniya akan Myrtle Beach, [[South Carolina]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin Sun Fun na shekarar 2007. Tsarin ya kasance ƙafa 49.55 (15.1&amp;nbsp;m) high. An dauki kwanaki 10 ana yin gini tare da amfani da manyan motoci 300 na yashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Volk |first=Willy |date=2007-06-11 |title=Retrieved on 19 June 2007 |url=http://www.gadling.com/2007/06/11/the-worlds-tallest-sandcastle-and-other-sandsculpture-marvels/ |access-date=2014-03-01 |publisher=Gadling.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An karya wannan rikodin a cikin shekara ta 2019 lokacin da aka buɗe wani katafaren gidan yashi mai tsayi ƙafa 58 a Rügen a Jamus. gungun masu fasaha na kasa da kasa ne suka gina gidan yashi mafi tsayi kuma an gina shi da yashi ton 11,000. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
[[Fayil:Sandcastle1.jpg|thumb|Ginin yashi mai sauƙi wanda aka kafa daga guga mai siffar]]
Tun daga shekara ta 2003, rairayin bakin teku na Bettystown a County Meath, Ireland ta kasance gida ga gasar shekara-shekara ta Irish National Sandcastle da Sand Sculpturing . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Sandcastle and Sand Sculpturing |url=http://nationalsandcastles.ie/ |access-date=4 May 2020 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904034124/http://nationalsandcastles.ie/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Lappeenranta, [[Finland]], akwai kallon yawon bude ido na shekara-shekara da ake kira Sandcastle (''Hiekkalinna''), inda ake kirkirar aikin fasaha da aka yi da yashi bisa ga batun canzawa a kowace shekara.

An kafa rikodin yawan sandcastles da aka gina a cikin awa daya a Scarborough, Ingila, a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2012. Mutane ɗari huɗu sun gina gidaje masu daraja 683, kowannensu yana da faɗin ƙafa biyu kuma yana da tsawo, tare da turrets huɗu.

=== Sand pagodas ===
A kudu maso gabashin Asiya an halicci pagodas na yashi don gina cancantar Buddha  Al'adar ta ci gaba tun daga shekarun 1500s. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-03-07 |title=Tabaung, the month of Sand Pagoda Festival |url=https://www.globalnewlightofmyanmar.com/tabaung-the-month-of-sand-pagoda-festival/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515004037/https://www.globalnewlightofmyanmar.com/tabaung-the-month-of-sand-pagoda-festival/ |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=Global New Light Of Myanmar |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasanni ==
[[File:Sandfun.jpg|thumb|binne wani har zuwa wuyansu]]
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan jan hankali na rairayin bakin teku, musamman ga yara, yana wasa da yashi; yana ba da damar da yawa fiye da sandbox na yau da kullun. Mutum na iya yin dutse, rami (gamuwa da [[Clay|yumɓu]] ko [[Water table|teburin ruwa]]), canals, tunnels, gadoji, wani mutum-mutumi (wanda ke wakiltar mutum, dabba, da dai sauransu, kamar mutum-mutuma, ko samfurin ma'auni na gini), da sauransu da yawa.

binne wani har zuwa wuyansa a cikin yashi ko binne kanka a irin wannan hanyar wani shahararren aikin rairayin bakin teku ne.

* '''Mala'iku na yashi'''

[[Fayil:Girl_Making_a_Sand_Angel_(12660998534).jpg|thumb|Yin mala'ika mai yashi]]
Mala'iku na yashi an yi su kamar yadda mala'iku na dusar ƙanƙara suke yi; mutum yana kwance a bayansu a cikin yashi, yana miƙa hannayensu da ƙafafunsu kuma yana jujjuya su baya da gaba.

* '''Yaki da hawan ruwa'''

Wani shahararren wasan shine gina tarin yashi, kamar yadda zai yiwu, don tsayayya da ruwa mai zuwa.&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;200&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Opkomend_tij_in_Cadzand_(1).JPG|A sandcastle with a moat, at low tide
Fayil:Opkomend_tij_in_Cadzand_(2).JPG|The sea moving in to surround the castle
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Fasahar yashi ==
[[Fayil:Rake_Art_Ecrehous_0136.jpg|thumb|Hoton Rake a kan yashi]]

=== Yankin yashi da murals na rairayin bakin teku ===
Ana yin raking a kan rairayin bakin teku inda mai zane ya raking busassun yashi, yana fallasa rigar da ke ƙasa don ƙirƙirar bambance-bambance masu haske da duhu. Yawancin lokaci zane-zane suna da girma sosai kuma suna kama da ƙirar amfanin gona na mutum. Zane-zane na ɗan lokaci ne, kuma an wanke su tare da ruwa na gaba. Wasu sanannun masu zane-zane da ke aiki a cikin wannan matsakaici sun haɗa da Andres Amador, Sean Corcoran da Marc Treanor .
[[Fayil:Moving_Art_Sand_(02).png|thumb|Ayyukan Yashi Masu Motsawa]]

=== Ayyukan yashi masu motsi ===
Motsa Sand Art ko Sand Frame nuni ne wanda akwai launuka masu yawa na yashi a cikin ruwa tsakanin takalma biyu na gilashi. Ba kamar zane-zanen yashi ba, ana nufin a juya gilashin yashi; yashi, a al'ada a baki da launi mai haske, yana motsawa cikin sababbin siffofi tare da kowane juyawa. Ba kamar zane-zanen yashi ba, waɗanda sana'a ce ta gargajiya, ana samun waɗannan a duniya a launuka da girma da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Art |first=Moving Sand |title=The Science behind Moving Sand Art |url=https://movingsandart.com/pages/the-science-of-sandpictures |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Moving Sand Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-05-17 |title=Meet ‘The Sandman’: Artist Klaus Bösch discusses his sandy kinetic art |url=https://us.blastingnews.com/lifestyle/2017/05/meet-the-sandman-artist-klaus-bosch-discusses-his-sandy-kinetic-art-001705043.html |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Blasting News |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124235709/https://us.blastingnews.com/lifestyle/2017/05/meet-the-sandman-artist-klaus-bosch-discusses-his-sandy-kinetic-art-001705043.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sauran ===

* Sandpainting shine fasahar zuba yashi mai launi da sauran launi a kan farfajiya don yin zane.

* Ana kirkirar kwalabe na yashi ta hanyar zuba yashi mai launi a cikin kwalba don yin yanayi.

* Zane-zane na yashi shine ƙirƙirar zane ta hanyar cire shi a cikin yashi mai laushi.

* Sand animation shine yin motsa jiki ta hanyar sarrafa yashi don gina adadi, rubutu da motsi, firam da firam.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Fashewar Ignimbrite na Campanian</title>
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'''Fashewar Campanian Ignimbrite''' (CI, kuma CI eruption) wani babban dutse ne mai aman wuta a [[Bahar Rum|tekun Bahar Rum]] a lokacin ƙarshen Quaternary, wanda aka rarraba shi.&amp;nbsp;7 akan Fihirisar fashewar Volcanic (VEI). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Silleni |first=Aurora |last2=Giordano |first2=Guido |last3=Isaia |first3=Roberto |last4=Ort |first4=Michael H. |year=2020 |title=The magnitude of the 39.8&amp;nbsp;ka Campanian Ignimbrite eruption, Italy: Method, uncertainties, and errors |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |language=English |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/feart.2020.543399 |issn=2296-6463 |s2cid=224274557 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mastrolorenzo |first=Giuseppe |last2=Palladino |first2=Danilo M. |last3=Pappalardo |first3=Lucia |last4=Rossano |first4=Sergio |date=5 March 2016 |title=Probabilistic-Numerical assessment of pyroclastic current hazard at Campi Flegrei and Naples city: Multi-VEI scenarios as a tool for full-scale risk management – VEI&amp;nbsp;7 Campanian Ignimbrite extreme event |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=e0185756 |arxiv=1603.01747 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1285756M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0185756 |pmc=5636126 |pmid=29020018 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dangana taron ga dutsen mai aman wuta na Archiflegreo, {{Convert|12x15|km|mi|-wide}} caldera na filayen Phlegraean, wanda yake {{Convert|20|km|mi}} yammacin Dutsen Vesuvius a ƙarƙashin yammacin yammacin birnin [[Napoli|Naples]] da Gulf of Pozzuoli, Italiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Campi Flegrei (Phlegrean Fields) volcano |url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/campi-flegrei.html |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=Volcano Discovery}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne mafi girman fashewar fashewar tashin wuta a Turai a cikin shekaru 200,000 da suka gabata, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fitzsimmons |first=Kathryn E. |last2=Hambach |first2=Ulrich |last3=Veres |first3=Daniel |last4=Iovita |first4=Radu |date=2013 |title=The Campanian Ignimbrite eruption: new data on volcanic ash dispersal and its potential impact on human evolution |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=e65839 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...865839F |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0065839 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3684589 |pmid=23799050 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma mafi girma fashewar Campi Fleigrei caldera . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kimanin kwanan wata da girman fashewar (s), da kuma adadin kayan da aka fitar sun bambanta sosai a cikin ƙarni da yawa an yi nazarin shafin. Wannan ya shafi manyan abubuwan da suka faru na dutsen wuta waɗanda suka samo asali ne a cikin filin Campanian, saboda yana ɗaya daga cikin tsarin dutsen wuta mafi rikitarwa a duniya. Koyaya, ci gaba da bincike, ci gaba na hanyoyin, da tarawa na bayanan volcanological, geochronological, da geochemical sun inganta daidaito na kwanakin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=de&amp;nbsp;Vivo |first=B. |year=2001 |title=New constraints on the pyroclastic eruptive history of the Campanian volcanic plain (Italy) |journal=Mineralogy and Petrology |volume=73 |issue=1–3 |pages=47–65 |bibcode=2001MinPe..73...47D |doi=10.1007/s007100170010 |s2cid=129762185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakamakon kwanan nan ta hanyar radiocarbon da argon-argon dating sune, bi da bi, 39,220 zuwa 39,705 kalanda shekara BP &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Muscheler |first=Raimund |last2=Adolphi |first2=Florian |last3=Heaton |first3=Timothy J |last4=Bronk Ramsey |first4=Christopher |last5=Svensson |first5=Anders |last6=van der Plicht |first6=Johannes |last7=Reimer |first7=Paula J |date=2020-08-01 |title=Testing and Improving the IntCal20 Calibration Curve with Independent Records |journal=Radiocarbon |language=en |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=1079–1094 |bibcode=2020Radcb..62.1079M |doi=10.1017/RDC.2020.54 |issn=0033-8222 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da {{Val|39850|140}} shekara BP. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Giaccio |first=Biagio |last2=Hajdas |first2=Irka |last3=Isaia |first3=Roberto |last4=Deino |first4=Alan |last5=Nomade |first5=Sebastien |date=2017-04-06 |title=High-precision 14C and 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Campanian Ignimbrite (Y-5) reconciles the time-scales of climatic-cultural processes at 40 ka |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=45940 |bibcode=2017NatSR...745940G |doi=10.1038/srep45940 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5382912 |pmid=28383570}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdigar ƙarar fashewa a cikin madaidaicin dutsen-rock (DRE) yana cikin kewayon {{Convert|181-265|km3|mi3}}  , &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; kuma tephra ya watse a kan yanki kusan {{Convert|3000000|km2|sqmi}}  , wanda aka fi sani da ash horizon Y-5. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pyle |first=David M. |last2=Ricketts |first2=Graham D. |last3=Margari |first3=Vasiliki |last4=van Andel |first4=Tjeerd H. |last5=Sinitsyn |first5=Andrei A. |last6=Praslov |first6=Nicolai D. |last7=Lisitsyn |first7=Sergei |date=2006-11-01 |title=Wide dispersal and deposition of distal tephra during the Pleistocene 'Campanian Ignimbrite/Y5' eruption, Italy |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379106001934 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=25 |issue=21 |pages=2713–2728 |bibcode=2006QSRv...25.2713P |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.06.008 |issn=0277-3791 |s2cid=59136858 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marti |first=Alejandro |last2=Folch |first2=Arnau |last3=Costa |first3=Antonio |last4=Engwell |first4=Samantha |date=17 February 2016 |title=Reconstructing the plinian and co-ignimbrite sources of large volcanic eruptions: A novel approach for the Campanian Ignimbrite |url=http://insidehpc.com/2016/02/simulation-reconstructs-in-detail-the-volcanic-super-eruption-which-slowed-the-advance-of-modern-human-in-europe/ |journal=Scientific Reports |publisher=Springer Nature |volume=6 |issue= |pages=21220 |bibcode=2016NatSR...621220M |doi=10.1038/srep21220 |pmc=4756320 |pmid=26883449 |access-date=20 September 2016 |archive-date=9 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609130036/https://insidehpc.com/2016/02/simulation-reconstructs-in-detail-the-volcanic-super-eruption-which-slowed-the-advance-of-modern-human-in-europe/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daidaiton waɗannan lambobi yana da mahimmanci ga masana ilimin kimiyyar ruwa, masu binciken yanayi, masu binciken burbushin halittu, masu nazarin halittu-anthropologists da masu bincike na fannoni masu alaƙa kamar yadda taron ya zo daidai da al'amuran duniya da na gida, irin su rikice-rikice masu yawa a cikin gyare-gyaren gyare-gyaren halittu na archaeological, yanayin yanayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Campanian Ignimbrite volcanism, climate, and the final decline of the Neanderthals |url=http://seismo.berkeley.edu/~manga/blacketal2015.pdf |access-date=September 20, 2016 |publisher=University of California – Berkeley}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magana ==
Kalmar Campanian tana nufin bakan dutsen wuta na Campanian wanda ke cikin [[Yankunan Italiya|yankin]] Campania a kudancin Italiya wanda ya shimfiɗa a kan Yankin subduction wanda ya haifar da haɗuwa da faranti na Afirka da Eurasia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Plate tectonic setting |url=http://geology.com/volcanoes/vesuvius/ |access-date=5 September 2016 |website=Geology |series=Mount Vesuvius}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bai kamata a rikita shi da ƙarshen Cretaceous na Campanian ba.

Kalmar ignimbrite ta samo asali ne daga masanin ilimin ƙasa na New Zealand Patrick Marshall daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] ignis (''wuta'') da ''imber'' (shower)) da -ite. Yana nufin ajiyar da ke samuwa sakamakon fashewar pyroclastic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 30, 2012 |title=Marshall, Patrick |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3m44/marshall-patrick |access-date=September 23, 2016 |website=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |series=New Zealand biography |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Filin Phlegraean (Italiyanci: Campi Flegrei &quot;Caldera filin ƙonewa wani tsari ne da aka gina shi da diamita na kusan kilomita 12 zuwa 15 (7.5 mi × 9.3 mi). Ya ƙunshi tsohuwar Campanian Ignimbrite caldera, ƙaramin Neapolitan Yellow Tuff caldera kuma mafi tarwatsewa daga ƙasƙanci na baya-bayan nan. Filayen suna zaune a kan Pliocene - Quaternary Extensional domain tare da kurakurai, wanda ke gudana daga Arewa maso Gabas zuwa Kudu-maso-Yamma da Arewa maso Yamma zuwa Kudu-maso-Gabas daga gefen bel na Apennine.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kerry Kennedy</title>
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      <text bytes="20269" sha1="5xsfl5lhv5t04dufx10h7xmbyqccw65" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Kerry Kennedy, Dolores Huerta and Analise Ortiz at a press conference for the Latinos for Harris-Walz and Arizona for Harris-Walz at President campaign event at Teamsters Union Local 104 in Phoenix, Arizona on 28 August 2024 - 4.jpg|thumb]]
 

'''Mary Kerry Kennedy''' (an Haifeta a Satumba 8, 1959) lauya ce Ba’amurkiya,  marubuci ya kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam. Kennedy diyar tsohon dan majalisar dattawan Amurka Robert F. Kennedy da Ethel Kennedy, kuma yar autan tsohon shugaban kasar Amurka John F. Kennedy da tsohon dan majalisar dattawan Amurka Ted Kennedy. Ita ce shugabar Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, wata ƙungiya mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam mai zaman kanta.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
[[Fayil:Caroline_Kennedy_and_Kerry_Kennedy_inside_the_Resolute_Desk_in_the_White_House_Oval_Office_on_22_June_1963_(cropped).jpg|thumb|280x280px|Caroline da Kerry Kennedy a cikin Resolute Desk, Yuni 1963]]
An haifi Mary Kerry Kennedy a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1959, a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], ga iyayen Robert F. Kennedy da Ethel Skakel . Kwanaki uku bayan haihuwarta, mahaifinta ya yi murabus a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara na Kwamitin Rackets na Majalisar Dattijai don gudanar da yakin neman zaben dan uwansa na shugabancin. Kennedy ta yi yarinta tsakanin gidajen iyali a McLean, Virginia da Hyannis Port, [[Massachusetts]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eidell |first=Lynsey |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s 10 Siblings: All About His Brothers and Sisters |url=https://people.com/all-about-robert-f-kennedy-jr-siblings-8601220 |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta bayyana tana da shekaru 3 a cikin shirin Robert Drew na 1963 Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment yana gaisuwa ga jami'in Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka Nicholas Katzenbach ta wayar tarho daga ofishin mahaifinta, wanda shi ne Babban Lauyan Amurka a lokacin.  An kashe mahaifinta a shekarar 1968. Ta kammala karatu a Makarantar Putney a [[Vermont]]  da Jami'ar Brown .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Notable Alumni |url=https://www.putneyschool.org/notable-alumni/ |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=The Putney School}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ta sami Juris Doctor daga [[Boston]] College Law School . 

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyukan kare hakkin dan adam ===
[[Fayil:L-15-11-13-A.005_(22801814690).jpg|thumb|280x280px|Kennedy a cikin 2015 a taron Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Compass Conference]]
Rayuwar Kennedy ta sadaukar da ita ga daidaito na adalci, ga ingantawa da kare haƙƙoƙi na asali, da kuma kiyaye mulkin doka.&lt;ref name=&quot;rfkcenter.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=http://rfkcenter.org/kerry-kennedy-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208114913/http://rfkcenter.org/kerry-kennedy-2 |archive-date=December 8, 2013 |access-date=January 24, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kennedy shi ne shugaban kungiyar Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights . &lt;ref name=&quot;rfkcenter.org&quot; /&gt; Ta fara aiki a fagen kare hakkin dan adam a shekarar 1981 a matsayin mai horar da [[Amnesty International]], inda ta binciki cin zarafin da jami'an shige da fice na Amurka suka yi wa 'yan gudun hijira daga yakin basasar [[Salvador|El Salvador]] a El Salvador.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College Welcomed Social Justice Activist Kerry Kennedy to Speak on &quot;Truth and Power&quot; |url=http://www.fcas.nova.edu/arts/distinguished_speakers_series/kerry_kennedy/index.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204011948/http://www.fcas.nova.edu/arts/distinguished_speakers_series/kerry_kennedy/index.cfm |archive-date=February 4, 2014 |access-date=January 24, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sama da shekaru talatin, ta yi aiki a kan batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam daban-daban kamar haƙƙoƙin yara, bautar da yara, bacewar ƙasa, yancin ƙasa na asali, yancin kai na shari'a, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, tashin hankalin kabilanci, rashin hukunci, da muhalli. Ta mayar da hankali musamman kan yancin mata, musamman kisan gilla, bautar jima'i, tashin hankalin gida, wariya a wurin aiki, da cin zarafi. Ta yi aiki a kasashe sama da 60 kuma ta jagoranci daruruwan tawagogin kare hakkin dan Adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;rfkcenter.org&quot;/&gt;

Kennedy ya kafa RFK Centre Partners for Human Rights a 1986 don tabbatar da kare haƙƙoƙin da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yancin ɗan adam. Ƙungiyoyin RFK suna ba da tallafi ga masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya. Cibiyar ta bankado yadda ake cin zarafin bil'adama kamar azabtarwa, danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da aikin yara; ya bukaci Majalisa da gwamnatin Amurka da su nuna haƙƙin ɗan adam a manufofin ketare; da kuma baiwa masu fafutuka kayan aikin da suke bukata don ciyar da aikinsu gaba. Kennedy kuma ya kafa RFK Compass, wanda ke aiki akan saka hannun jari mai dorewa tare da shugabanni a cikin al'ummar kuɗi. Ta fara Cibiyar Koyarwa ta RFK a Florence, Italiya, wacce ke ba da darussan karatu ga manyan masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk faɗin duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;rfkcenter.org&quot;/&gt;

Kennedy shi ne Shugaban Majalisar Shugabancin Amurka ta Amnesty International. Shugaba [[George W. Bush]] ne ya nada ta kuma Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta tabbatar da ita, tana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kerry Kennedy&amp;nbsp;— Member of the Board of Directors |url=http://www.usip.org/experts/kerry-kennedy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106204052/http://www.usip.org/experts/kerry-kennedy |archive-date=November 6, 2010 |access-date=October 16, 2012 |publisher=United States Institute of Peace}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma Hakkokin Dan Adam na Farko, da Sashen Jaridu na Inter Press a Rome, Italiya. Ita ce majiɓinci na Bloody Sunday Trust (Arewacin Ireland) kuma tana aiki a Kwamitin Masu Ba da Shawarwari na Edita na Bitar Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Buffalo. Tana cikin kwamitin ba da shawara kan yakin neman zaben Tibet na kasa da kasa, da kwamitin kula da shari'a na Ireland ta Arewa, da kungiyar ayyukan matasa ta duniya, Nazarin ba tare da iyakoki da sauran kungiyoyi da dama ba. Ta yi aiki a majalisar jagoranci na Kungiyar Amnesty International Campaign don Dakatar da Cin Hanci da Mata da kuma Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Cibiyar Albert Schweitzer da Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Kasa ta Cibiyar 'Yanci ta Kasa ta Railroad Freedom.&lt;ref name=&quot;rfkcenter.org&quot;/&gt;

Lawyers for Ecuadorean plaintiffs in the long-running lawsuit against [[Chevron|Chevron Corporation]] for environmental and human health damages at the Lago Agrio oil field hired Kennedy to conduct public relations for their cause. She traveled to [[Ecuador]] in 2009, after which she blasted Chevron in an article for the ''Huffington Post''. Neither her ''Huffington Post'' piece nor the news coverage of her advocacy disclosed that she was being paid by the plaintiffs, a fact not made public until 2012. The plaintiffs' lead American lawyer reportedly paid Kennedy $50,000 in February 2010, and the plaintiffs' law firm budgeted $10,000 per month for her services, plus $40,000 in expenses in June 2010. Kennedy was also reportedly given a 0.25 percent share of any money collected from Chevron, worth $40 million if the full amount were to be collected. Kennedy responded that she was &quot;paid a modest fee for the time I spent on the case,&quot; but denied that she had any financial interest in the outcome.

=== Gyaran Ba'a ===
Kennedy ya soki yadda ake bi da matashiyar New York Kalief Browder a lokacin da yake tsare kafin a yi shari'a a tsibirin Rikers .  Wannan ya haɗa da rikodin bidiyo na masu gadi suna doke Browder, hana abinci, da ƙin magani. A cikin 2016, Kennedy ya yi kamfen don karɓar S 5998-A / A 8296-A, wanda ake kira &quot;Dokar Kalief,&quot; a cikin [Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York], wanda zai tabbatar da shari'o'i masu sauri ga waɗanda ake tuhuma da aka tsare su kafin a yi musu shari'a. A ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2016, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York ta zartar da Dokar Kalief da kashi 138-2 .  Majalisar Dattijai ta Jihar New York ba ta kada kuri'ar dokar ba a cikin 2016, kuma Sanata Daniel L. Squadron na Jihar ya sake gabatar da ita a lokacin zaman majalisa na 2017-2018 a matsayin S 1998-A.

Kennedy ya kasance babbar murya a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na sake fasalin gwaji a New York, yana rubuta a cikin editan Daily News na New York na 2017 cewa &quot;muna yin izgili daga alƙawarin&quot; na gwaji mai sauri. Kennedy ya kuma yi aiki kafada-da-kafada tare da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, Daidaito da Adalci ta Katal don yin kamfen na zartar da sake fasalin shari'a cikin sauri da kuma sake fasalin shari'ar laifuka a gaban Majalisar New York. 

A ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2017, Kennedy, ta hanyar kungiyarta, Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, ta ba da belin dala 100,000 ga Pedro Hernandez, mai shekaru 17, wanda ya shafe sama da shekara guda a tsare a kurkuku a Rikers Island dangane da binciken harbi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2017 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights to post $100,000 bail for Pedro Hernandez |url=https://rfkhumanrights.org/news/robert-f-kennedy-human-rights-to-post-100-000-bail-for-pedro-hernandez-1 |access-date=October 23, 2018 |website=Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hernandez ya zama fuskar sake fasalin belin bayan wani rahoto mai zurfi game da tsare shi da mawallafin Daily News Shaun King ya bayar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=King |first=Shaun |date=August 21, 2017 |title=Soul Snatchers: How the NYPD's 42nd Precinct, the Bronx DA's Office, and the City of New York… |url=https://medium.com/blacklivesmatter/soul-snatchers-how-the-nypds-42nd-precinct-the-bronx-da-s-office-and-the-city-of-new-york-7454a5a43924 |access-date=October 23, 2018 |website=Medium}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An fara saita belin Hernandez a sama da $ 250,000, amma an rage wannan adadin zuwa $ 100,000 bayan Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights ya yi jayayya cewa irin wannan babban adadin bai dace ba. Kasa da mako guda bayan an sake shi daga Rikers Island, Lauyan Gundumar Bronx Darcel D. Clark ya sanar da cewa ba za ta sake bin karar Hernandez ba. A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2018, duk sauran zarge-zargen da aka yi wa Hernandez an sauke su ne a kan yanayin da ya halarci kwaleji.

=== Kashe Gurasa, Ba Iyalai ba ===
A ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2018, don mayar da martani ga shawarar da Shugaba Donald Trump ya yanke na kafa manufar 'rashin haƙuri' na rabuwar iyali kan baƙi da ke shiga Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba, Kennedy ya shiga kungiyoyi ciki har da Dolores Huerta Foundation, [[Texas]] Civil Rights Project da La Union Del Pueblo Entero don kaddamar da 'Break Bread Not Families Immigration Fast and Prayer Chat. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2018 |title=Kerry Kennedy To Kick-Off Immigration Fast and Prayer Chain |url=https://rfkhumanrights.org/news/kerry-kennedy-to-kick-off-immigration-fast-and-prayer-chain |access-date=October 19, 2018 |website=Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaƙin neman zaɓe, wanda ya tara kuɗi don tallafawa haɗin kan iyalai na baƙi, ya ce manufar gwamnatin Trump &quot;ba kawai lalata ba ce, har ma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin dokokin Amurka da na duniya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Break Bread Not Families |url=https://www.breakbreadnotfamilies.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011715/https://www.breakbreadnotfamilies.org/ |archive-date=October 20, 2018 |access-date=October 19, 2018 |website=Break Bread Not Families |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 23 ga Yuni, 2018, kamfen ɗin Break Bread Not Families ya gudanar da bikin addu'a a garin McAllen da ke kan iyakar Amurka, Texas.  Wannan fage dai ya zama farkon kamfen din wanda ya karfafa gwiwar masu fafutuka da jiga-jigan siyasa da fitattun jarumai da su yi azumin sa'o'i 24 kafin a mika wa wani babban jigo. Mahalarta taron sun hada da tsohon Sakataren Gidaje da Raya Birane na Amurka Julian Castro, Sanata Ed Markey na Amurka, 'Yan Majalisa Rosa DeLauro, Barbara Lee da Annie McLane Kuster, Dan Majalisa Joseph P. Kennedy III, da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo irin su Aisha Tyler, [1] Alfre Woodard, Julia Roberts, [2] Lena Dunham, da Evan Rachel Wood.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2018 |title=Celebs, Rights Groups Join 24-Day Hunger Strike Against Trump Border Policy |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/24-day-hunger-strike-against-trump-border-policies/ |access-date=October 19, 2018 |website=Global Citizen |archive-date=October 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011957/https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/24-day-hunger-strike-against-trump-border-policies/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fasters |url=https://www.breakbreadnotfamilies.org/protestors/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020094937/https://www.breakbreadnotfamilies.org/protestors/ |archive-date=October 20, 2018 |access-date=October 19, 2018 |website=Break Bread Not Families}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kennedy joined protestors outside the Ursula Detention Center, where they temporarily blocked a bus of immigrant children from departing. Kennedy was threatened with arrest by U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents after repeatedly attempting to speak with officials inside Ursula about the use of chain-link cages to house children separated from their families.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2019}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Washegari, Kennedy da Dolores Huerta sun jagoranci wani maci tare da yin gangami a wajen sansanin shige da fice na tarayya da ke Tornillo, Texas don nuna haɗin kai tare da baƙi 2,400 na lokacin ƙaura a wurare irin na Tornillo.

=== ''Kasancewa Katolika Yanzu'' ===
[[Fayil:Kerry_Kennedy_(by_Eric_Silva).jpg|thumb|220x220px|Kennedy a cikin 2008 a Harvard Book StoreShagon Littafin Harvard]]
A cikin 2008, Kennedy shine editan Kasancewar Katolika Yanzu, Manyan Amurkawa suna magana game da Canji a cikin Coci da Neman Ma'ana. Littafin ya ƙunshi kasidu daga fitattun Katolika, ciki har da Nancy Pelosi, Cokie Roberts, tsohon Cardinal McCarrick, Sister Joan Chittister, Tom Monaghan, Bill O'Reilly, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Doug Brinkley, da sauransu.

=== ''Robert F. Kennedy: Rashin Bege'' ===
A cikin 2018, Kennedy ya buga Robert F. Kennedy: Ripples of Hope: Kerry Kennedy a cikin Tattaunawa tare da Shugabannin Kasashe, Shugabannin Kasuwanci, Masu Tasiri, da Masu fafutuka game da Tasirin Mahaifinta akan Rayuwarsu. Littafin ya ƙunshi hirarraki daga fitattun mutane waɗanda gadon Robert F. Kennedy ya rinjayi rayuwarsu da ayyukansu, ya kuma bincika yadda gadon Kennedy ya taɓa fagagen nishaɗi, siyasa, bangaskiya, da fafitika. Wadanda aka yi hira da su sun hada da Tony Bennett, Harry Belafonte, Bono, [[Barack Obama]], John Lewis da masu fafutuka da suka hada da Gloria Steinem da Marian Wright Edelman.

== Daraja ==
Kennedy tana da digirin digirin digirgir na girmamawa na shari'a daga Kwalejin Le Moyne da Jami'ar San Francisco Law School, da kuma Human Letters daga Kwaleji ta Bay Path da Kwalejin Pharmacy ta Albany . &lt;ref name=&quot;rfkcenter.org&quot;/&gt; Har ila yau, memba ce ta ƙungiyoyin lauyoyin Massachusetts da Gundumar Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kerry Kennedy |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/kerry-kennedy |access-date=November 16, 2017 |website=Huffington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba Kennedy suna Woman of the Year 2001 ta hanyar Save the Children, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-04-12 |title=Kerry Kennedy to Speak at Scarsdale League of Women Voters Spring Luncheon |url=https://patch.com/new-york/scarsdale/kerry-kennedy-speak-scarsdale-league-women-voters-spring-luncheon-0 |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Scarsdale, NY Patch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kyautar Humanitarian of the Year daga Gidauniyar Kyautar Media ta Kudancin Asiya, da Kyautar Prima Donna daga Montalcino Vineyards . A shekara ta 2008, ta sami lambar yabo ta Eleanor Roosevelt da lambar yabo ta Thomas More daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Kwalejin Boston . World Vision da International AIDS Trust sun ba ta lambar yabo ta 'yancin dan adam ta 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;rfkcenter.org&quot;/&gt;

Ta sami lambobin yabo daga Babban Taron Jagorancin Kirista na Kudancin (don jagoranci wajen kawar da hukuncin kisa), Majalisar Yahudawan Amurka ta Yankin Birni, da Cibiyar Nazarin Ba'amurke ta Italiyanci ta sami lambar yabo ta uku don ƙwazo da nasarorin da aka samu na haƙƙin ɗan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;rfkcenter.org&quot;/&gt;

Kennedy ya sami lambar yabo ta Gold Mercury International Award 2006 saboda kokarinta na jin kai a wani biki a gidan tarihi na Victoria da Albert a [[Landan]]. 

A cikin 2017, Kennedy ya sami Medal for Social Activism daga taron koli na Duniya na Nobel Peace Laureates a Bogota, Colombia saboda &quot;kokarin da ta yi mai tasiri ga al'ummomi a ko'ina cikin duniya sakamakon sadaukar da kai na tsawon rayuwarta don neman daidaiton adalci&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kerry Kennedy Received The Medal for Social Activism from Nobel Peace Laureates |url=http://www.nobelpeacesummit.com/kerry-kennedy-received-the-medal-for-social-activism-from-nobel-peace-laureates/ |access-date=October 15, 2018 |website=www.nobelpeacesummit.com |archive-date=October 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015195420/http://www.nobelpeacesummit.com/kerry-kennedy-received-the-medal-for-social-activism-from-nobel-peace-laureates/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
{{Quote box|float right}}
[[Fayil:President Bill Clinton at a movie screening outside the Family Theatre of the White House in 2000 (09).jpg|thumb|280x280px|[[Bill Clinton]] tare da Kerry Kennedy da Andrew Cuomo a Fadar White House, Yuni 2000]]
A ranar 9 ga Yuni, 1990, ta auri Andrew Cuomo tana da shekaru 30 a cikin Cathedral na St. Matthew the Apostle a Washington, D.C.[1] Suna da 'ya'ya mata uku: tagwaye Cara Ethel Kennedy-Cuomo da Mariah Matilda Kennedy-Cuomo (b. 1995), da Michaela Andrea Kennedy-Cuomo (b. 1997). A lokacin aurenta na shekaru 15 da Cuomo, daga 1990 zuwa 2005, an san ta da Kerry Kennedy-Cuomo. Kennedy da Cuomo sun rabu a cikin 2003, kuma sun sake aure a 2005.

A watan Yulin 2012, Kennedy ya yi zargin ya yi amfani da tirela a kan Interstate 684 a Westchester County. A safiyar ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2012, an sami Kennedy a cikin fararen Lexus. Wani rahoto na 'yan sanda ya ce Kennedy tana da matsala wajen magana, tana motsawa kuma ta gaya wa wani jami'in cewa tana iya shan kwayar bacci a farkon wannan rana. A cikin bayyanar kotu a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2012, Kennedy ta ce gwajin asibiti na gida bai sami alamun kwayoyi ba kuma likitanta ya yi imanin cewa ta sha wahala. Kennedy ya ce ba shi da laifi don tuki yayin da yake da rauni. 'Yan sanda na jihar sun zargi Kennedy da barin wurin da hatsari ya faru. Wani rahoto na toxicology da aka gabatar a ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2012, ya ce an samo Zolpidem a cikin samfurin jinin da aka dauka lokacin da aka kama Kennedy,  a wannan lokacin Kennedy ta fitar da wata sanarwa tana cewa a wani bangare, &quot;Sakamakon da muka samu a yau daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na Westchester County ya nuna alamun taimakon barci a cikin tsarin na farko, don haka yanzu ya bayyana cewa na farko ya yi nadama sosai ga duk waɗanda na yi barazana a wannan rana, kuma tana godiya sosai ga goyon bayan da na samu a cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata ta shiga wani jami'in motsa jiki don shiga cikin babbar hanyar motsa jiki. &quot; Kennedy ta shiga cikin motar motsa jiki. A ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Alkalin Robert Neary ya yanke hukuncin cewa shari'ar tuki da aka yi wa Kennedy za ta ci gaba. A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2014, an fara zabar juriya don shari'arta. Kennedy bai kasance ba, kuma a maimakon haka yana cikin Brussels da [[Yammacin Sahara]] yana gudanar da fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam. An yi hira da mutane sittin da biyu don kwamitin mutum shida. Kennedy ya yarda cewa ya kasance a cikin motar mota watanni 18 kafin lamarin, da kuma fama da rauni a kai wanda ke buƙatar magani. An wanke Kennedy daga tuhumar a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2014.

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]
&lt;references /&gt;

== Haɗin waje ==

* Kerry KennedyaIMDb
* Kerry Kennedy ta yi magana da Tavis Smiley na NPR game da gadon mahaifinta a ranar cika shekaru 35 da mutuwarsa
* Roƙo don sanya ta a matsayin mai ba da kyauta
* Appearancesa kanC-SPAN</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gidan Bellevue</title>
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'''Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Bellevue''' shine gidan Firayim Minista na farko na [[Kanada]] Sir John A. Macdonald daga 1848 zuwa 1849. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-05-01 |title=Bellevue House National Historic Site of Canada |url=http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=1284&amp;pid=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003090756/http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=1284&amp;pid=0 |archive-date=October 3, 2013 |access-date=September 26, 2013 |website=[[Canadian Register of Historic Places]] |publisher=[[Parks Canada]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan yana cikin Kingston, Ontario .

Bellevue House an gina shi a kusa da 1840 don Charles Hales, wani [[ɗan kasuwa]] mai arziki na Kingston wanda ya sami riba sosai daga shekaru goma masu wadata na 1830s. Gidan, wanda yake a 35 Center St. tsakanin Union da King tituna, yana ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na gine-ginen [[Italian Villa|Villa na Italiya]] a Kanada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bellevue House National Historic Site of Canada |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=388 |access-date=2018-01-17 |website=Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sir John A. Macdonald ya koma cikin gidan tare da matarsa [[Isabella Macdonald|Isabella Clark]] da ɗansu John Alexander a cikin 1848.

== Gine-gine da shimfidawa ==
Gidan Bellevue sananne ne ga salon Villa Villa na Italiya wanda ba a daidaita shi ba. Siffofin gine-ginen Italiyanci a Bellevue House sun haɗa da shimfidar L-dimbin yawa tare da fuka-fuki biyu da ke fitowa daga hasumiya ta tsakiya; iri daban-daban da siffofi na windows da rufin rufi; da ƙananan baranda masu yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Architecture |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/on/bellevue/decouvrir-discover/natcul3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929035443/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/on/bellevue/decouvrir-discover/natcul3 |archive-date=29 September 2019 |access-date=13 March 2015 |website=Bellevue House National Historic Site of Canada |publisher=[[Parks Canada]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gidan yana da manyan benaye guda uku, amma an ƙara raba shi da matakai bakwai. Bene na farko sananne ne ga babban ɗakin zana, yana ɗauke da piano na parlour da aka ƙera a London, Ingila a cikin kusan 1820 da zane-zanen mai guda biyu waɗanda ba a san su ba. Har ila yau, bene na farko na gidan ya ƙunshi ɗakin cin abinci na yau da kullun da ɗakin da a halin yanzu ake fassara shi azaman ɗakin kwana na Isabella (ko da yake wannan zai kasance [[Ɗakin Zane|ɗakin safiya]] ga sauran iyalai da ke zaune a Bellevue a cikin karni na 19). &lt;ref name=&quot;floor plans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bellevue House Floor Plans |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/on/bellevue/decouvrir-discover/natcul3/natcul3e |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104000233/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/on/bellevue/decouvrir-discover/natcul3/natcul3e |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=13 March 2015 |website=Bellevue House National Historic Site of Canada |publisher=[[Parks Canada]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani kicin yana cikin rumbun ajiya. Gidan ƙasa ya ƙunshi duka wurin ajiya (an yi amfani da shi don ajiyar 'ya'yan itace, kayan lambu, da abubuwan adanawa) da ɗakin wanki. A saman bene na gidan, ana fassara ɗakuna da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ɗakin baƙo, ɗakin kwana na baiwa, gandun daji, karatu, ɗakin sutura da babban ɗakin kwana. Gidan kallo na hasumiya ta tsakiya yana kallon tafkin Ontario . &lt;ref name=&quot;floor plans&quot;/&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Mazaunin John A. Macdonald, 1848–49 ===
Yawancin abin da aka sani game da zaman Sir John A. Macdonald da iyalinsa a Bellevue an samo su ne daga ilimin tarihin tarihi na karni na 19 a Kingston da kuma daga haruffa biyar da Macdonald da kansa ya rubuta yayin da yake zaune a Bellevue. Macdonalds sun yi hayar Bellevue daga Charles Hales a cikin bege cewa iska mai kyau na abin da ke a lokacin wajen bayan Kingston zai taimaka wajen farfadowar Isabella. Gwajin ya gaza, kuma Isabella ba ta murmure daga ciwon da take fama da shi ba. Ban da wannan nauyi, bala’i ya ƙara addabar dangin sa’ad da ɗansu na fari, John Alexander Jr., ya mutu a gidan wata ɗaya bayan haihuwarsa ta farko.

A matsayin lauya kuma memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Lardin Kanada, Macdonald sau da yawa ba ya nan a gidan Bellevue, yana ziyartar ofishin shari'a na biyu a Toronto ko kuma halartar zaman majalisa a Montreal. Lafiyar Isabella ta ci gaba da canzawa a wannan lokacin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Sir John A. Macdonald: The man |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/on/bellevue/decouvrir-discover/natcul1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212040640/http://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/on/bellevue/decouvrir-discover/natcul1 |archive-date=2017-12-12 |access-date=2018-01-17 |website=Bellevue House National Historic Site |publisher=[[Parks Canada]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da rashin lafiyarta, duk da haka, Macdonald ya ba da rahoto a cikin wasiƙunsa cewa ta sa ido a kan bayin da al'amuran yau da kullum na gidan.

Yayin da ake tsammanin nishadi daga fitattun lauyoyi da ’yan siyasa irin su Macdonald a karni na 19, raunin Isabella ya hana ta cika wannan bangare na alhakinta a matsayin matar dan siyasa. Don haka, da alama ba za a yi amfani da ɗakin zane da ɗakin bayan gida ba yayin da dangin Macdonald suka zauna a Gidan Bellevue. Baƙon da aka sani kawai ya zauna a Bellevue House tsakanin 1848 zuwa 1849 yayin da Macdonalds ke zaune a villa shine Lt. Col. John Clark, wani jami'in sojan Birtaniya wanda ɗan'uwan Isabella ne kuma amintaccen memba na iyali.

Idan aka ba da kuɗin da ke da alaƙa da hayar Bellevue da gaskiyar cewa Isabella ta ci gaba da fama da rashin lafiya, dangin Macdonald sun ƙaura daga Bellevue House a 1849 zuwa wani gida a Kingston. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/on/bellevue/natcul/natcul1.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107153344/http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/on/bellevue/natcul/natcul1.aspx |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=13 March 2015 |website=Bellevue House National Historic Site of Canada |publisher=[[Parks Canada]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin motsi, Isabella tana da ciki tare da ɗansu na biyu, Hugh John Macdonald. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

=== Gidan iyali da maidowa, 1849–1967 ===
[[Fayil:Bellevue_circa_1891.jpg|thumb|Bellevue kusan 1891]]
Bellevue House ya ci gaba da zama da dangin Kingston masu matsakaicin matsayi har sai da [[Gidajen shakatawa na Kanada|Parks Canada]] suka saya a 1964 da niyyar tunawa da Sir John A. Macdonald. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Janet |date=22 March 2010 |title=Bellevue House |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bellevue-house/ |access-date=13 March 2015 |website=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=Historica Canada |archive-date=28 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128162433/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bellevue-house/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi gyare-gyare mai mahimmanci a cikin karni na tsaka-tsakin, ciki har da ƙarin wutar lantarki, famfo na cikin gida, da dumama na tsakiya, da kuma canje-canje ga tsarin bene. Parks Canada masana tarihi da archaeologists sun yi gagarumin bincike don sanin yadda gida zai bayyana a ƙarshen 1840s, kuma an mayar da shi a ciki da waje zuwa ga asali launuka da fuskar bangon waya. An siyi kayan kayan daga 1820-1840s daga dillalan gargajiya a Kingston da kewaye don ba da rancen sahihanci gwargwadon yiwuwa ga rukunin yanar gizon. Shafin ya kuma sami ƴan abubuwa waɗanda da na Macdonald ne a ƙarshen 1840s, gami da wani yanki na ɗakin karatu. Bellevue House ya buɗe a matsayin &quot;parkin tarihi na ƙasa&quot; a cikin 1967, don ya zo daidai da shekara ɗari na Ƙungiyar Kanada . 

==== Jerin sanannun mazaunan Bellevue House ====

# 1839-1841: Charles Hales
# 1841–42: Dan haya
# 1842-1845: Charles Hales
# 1845-1848: 'yan haya iri-iri, gami da Col James Harvey da William Ermatinger
# 1848-49: John A. da Isabella Macdonald
# 1849-1851: ba kowa
# 1853–1869: Mr. &amp; Mrs. Ferguson
# 1869-1879: James Davis
# 1870-1877: Thomas Baker
# 1877–1887: Lt. Col. PW Worsley
# 1887-1905: James Wilson
# 1905–06: Herbert Howard
# 1906-07: ba kowa
# 1907-1923: John Nathan Gilbert
# 1923-1927: ba kowa
# 1927-1959: FW Attack
# 1959–1964: Dr. JMR Beveridge, farfesa a Jami'ar Sarauniya. 

== Amfani na yanzu ==
Gidan Bellevue Gidan Tarihi ne na Kasa mallakar [[Gidajen shakatawa na Kanada|Parks Canada]] kuma yana sarrafa shi. Ita ce kawai rukunin tsarin shakatawa na kasa da ke tunawa da Macdonald a matsayin Firayim Minista na farko, kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan jan hankali a Kingston. Shiga yana bawa baƙi damar bincika wani nuni akan Muryoyin Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin da yawa, duba nunin juyawa a cikin Cibiyar Baƙi, bincika kayan tarihi da ƙwarewar fasahohin fassarar da ake nufi don kawo raye-rayen yadda rayuwa ta kasance ga Macdonalds a matsayin dangi na tsakiya a Kingston a cikin 1840s.

Cibiyar baƙo, wadda ke kan wurin da tsohon kocin gidan ke kusa da Bellevue, yana maraba da baƙi tare da wurin nuni da ke cike da kayan tarihi da suka shafi Sir John, da kantin kyauta. Ana maraba da baƙi don duba ko'ina, ɗaukar hotuna, sannan a ci gaba da zuwa gidan tarihi inda ake samun tafiye-tafiye masu shiryarwa da kai-da-kai daga masu fassara sanye da ƴan mata da mata daga 1840s.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Inés Camilloni</title>
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      <text bytes="9695" sha1="tjfx2o2oqgecfvswmqkax8363i3pjsn" xml:space="preserve">'''Inés Angela Camilloni''' (Maris 2, 1964) masanin ilimin yanayi ne na [[Argentina]], ƙwararre a canjin yanayi a [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CONICET {{!}} Buscador de Institutos y Recursos Humanos |url=https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?id=20060&amp;datos_academicos=yes |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=www.conicet.gov.ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita farfesa ce a Jami'ar [[Buenos Aires]] kuma mai bincike mai zaman kanta a Cibiyar Bincike kan Tekun da Yanayi . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-02-06 |title=Inés Camilloni. Una voz argentina ante el mundo {{!}} RED/ACCIÓN |url=https://www.redaccion.com.ar/mujer-1-deborah-pardo/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |language=es |archive-date=2023-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520091353/https://www.redaccion.com.ar/mujer-1-deborah-pardo/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce kuma sakatariyar ilimi ta Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences na UBA . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Inés Camilloni - Revista Anfibia |url=http://revistaanfibia.com/autor/ines-camilloni/ |access-date=2020-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Camilloni mazaunin ne a cikin Shirin Binciken Injiniyan Rana na [[Jami'ar Harvard]]  kuma darektan Jagora a [[Kimiyyar muhalli|Kimiyya ta muhalli]] a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Gaskiya da Halitta ta UBA . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ines Camilloni |url=https://geoengineering.environment.harvard.edu/people/ines-camilloni |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=geoengineering.environment.harvard.edu |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417094518/https://geoengineering.environment.harvard.edu/people/ines-camilloni |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos |date= |title=INES CAMILLONI |url=http://www-atmo.at.fcen.uba.ar/cv/Camilloni_cv.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=29 December 2020 |website=Universidad de Buenos Aires |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita ce mai sadarwa ta kimiyya game da [[tasirin canjin yanayi]]. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukanta na fadakarwa, tana shiga cikin tattaunawa da tambayoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esteban |first=Pablo |date=27 December 2017 |title=El calentamiento y sus responsables {{!}} Inés Camilloni, especialista en climatología |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/85240-el-calentamiento-y-sus-responsables |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=PAGINA12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breves y urgentes observaciones sobre el cambio climático – Revista N&amp;T .www.revistanyt.com.ar |url=http://revistanyt.com.ar/online/breves-y-urgentes-observaciones-sobre-el-cambio-climatico/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2019 |title=¿Cómo afecta el cambio climático en Argentina? - Análisis de Inés Camilloni, del CONICET - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsjoKhZ8hgY |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-17 |title=Inés Camilloni: la Patagonia es una de las regiones del país más afectadas |url=https://www.rionegro.com.ar/ines-camilloni-la-patagonia-es-una-de-las-regiones-del-pais-mas-afectadas-1229413/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Diario Río Negro |language=es-ES}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Camilloni ya sami BA a fannin meteorology daga Jami'ar Buenos Aires a shekarar 1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A shekara ta 1996 ta kammala digirin digirin digirinta a wannan jami'a, ta kware a fannin kimiyyar yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ayyukan Camilloni suna magance canjin yanayi a Argentina da kuma matakin yanki, kimanta samfuran yanayi da haɓaka [[Yanayin canjin yanayi|Yanayin yanayi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos |date= |title=INES CAMILLONI |url=http://www-atmo.at.fcen.uba.ar/cv/Camilloni_cv.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=29 December 2020 |website=Universidad de Buenos Aires |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2008 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya da ke aiki da rahoton kimiyya da fasaha game da gurɓatawar da aka samar da ita ta hanyar ma'adinai na kogin [[Uruguay]], inda Camilloni ya ba da gudummawa ga babi na ingancin iska.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CONICET {{!}} Buscador de Institutos y Recursos Humanos |url=https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=&amp;id=20060&amp;inf_tecnico=yes&amp;detalles=yes&amp;inf_tecnico_id=2219608 |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=www.conicet.gov.ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2012 ta shiga cikin kirkirar wani rahoto na fasaha wanda ya mayar da hankali kan canjin yanayi a birnin Buenos Aires, bisa ga bayanan da aka lura da yanayin yanayi da kuma kwaikwayon tsarin sauyin yanayi na duniya.

Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan bincikenta yana nazarin tasirin ruwa na gudanar da radiation na rana a cikin tafkin La Plata . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Argentina – SRMGI |url=https://www.srmgi.org/decimals-fund/the-projects/argentina/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-21 |title=Introducción a la Modificación de la Radiación Solar: Análisis de los posibles beneficios y riesgos en el contexto de América Latina y el Caribe |url=http://ledslac.org/es/2020/07/introduccion-a-la-modificacion-de-la-radiacion-solar-analisis-de-los-posibles-beneficios-y-riesgos-en-el-contexto-de-america-latina-y-el-caribe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116003245/https://ledslac.org/es/2020/07/introduccion-a-la-modificacion-de-la-radiacion-solar-analisis-de-los-posibles-beneficios-y-riesgos-en-el-contexto-de-america-latina-y-el-caribe/ |archive-date=2021-01-16 |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Ledslac |language=es-ES}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2016, tare da Vicente Barros, ta wallafa wani littafi mai taken La Argentina y el cambio climático . De la física a la política [''Argentina da canjin yanayi. '' ''Daga kimiyyar lissafi zuwa siyasa''] wanda gidan wallafe-wallafen EUDEBA ya shirya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Editorial Eudeba {{!}} La Argentina y el cambio climático por Camilloni, Inés - 9789502330976 |url=https://www.eudeba.com.ar/E-book/9789502330976/La+Argentina+y+el+cambio+climático |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Editorial Eudeba |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Investigadores del CONICET y de la UBA presentaron el libro &quot;La Argentina y el cambio climático, de la física a la política&quot; |url=https://www.conicet.gov.ar/?post_type=post&amp;p=55279 |access-date=2020-12-29 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Camilloni tana ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Rahoton [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|IPCC]] na musamman game da dumamar duniya na digiri 1.5 (2018), inda ita ce kawai masanin kimiyya na Argentina da aka gayyata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=de 2020 |first=Por María Mansilla y Ezequiel Fernández Bravo*14 de Julio |date=14 July 2020 |title=Un nuevo mapa global: la única salida de esta crisis |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/medio-ambiente/2020/07/14/un-nuevo-mapa-global-la-unica-salida-de-esta-crisis/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta shiga cikin rahotanni na huɗu, na biyar da na shida na IPCC.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IPCC Authors (beta) |url=https://apps.ipcc.ch/report/authors/report.authors.php?q=35&amp;p= |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=apps.ipcc.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Camilloni ta kuma shiga cikin jawabai da ke magance ra'ayoyin jinsi a kimiyya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Continúa el Ciclo de Conferencias &quot;Mujeres en Ciencias Ambientales&quot;.- {{!}} Noticias UNLu |url=http://www.prensa.unlu.edu.ar/?q=node/6609 |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=www.prensa.unlu.edu.ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta ba da tambayoyi game da rawar mata a cikin aikin kimiyya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Littattafai ==

* 2016. Barros, Vicente; Camilloni, Inés. Argentina da canjin yanayi. Daga kimiyyar lissafi zuwa siyasa. Eudeba Editorial . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;
* 2010. Barros, Vicente; Nuñez, Mario; Camilloni, Inés; Solman, Silvina. Yanayin yanayi na lardin San Luis. Jami'ar La Punta Editorial . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CONICET {{!}} Buscador de Institutos y Recursos Humanos |url=https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=&amp;id=20060&amp;libros=yes&amp;detalles=yes&amp;lib_id=878958 |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=www.conicet.gov.ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2006. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Iska da ruwa a duniyarmu. Eudeba Editorial . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Editorial Eudeba {{!}} El aire y el agua en nuestro planeta (Nº19) por Camilloni, Inés - 9789502314679 |url=https://www.eudeba.com.ar/Papel/9789502314679/El+aire+y+el+agua+en+nuestro+planeta+%28N%C2%BA19%29 |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Editorial Eudeba |language=es |archive-date=2020-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115083749/https://www.eudeba.com.ar/Papel/9789502314679/El+aire+y+el+agua+en+nuestro+planeta+(N%c2%ba19) |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==

* Inés Camilloni y Vicente Barros: Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Kogin Paraná da kuma tilasta musu yanayi. A cikin: Jaridar Hydrology . Band 278, Nr. 1-4, 2003, S. 94-106, doi:10.1016/S0022-1694 (03) 00133-1.
* Inés Camilloni y Mariana Barrucand: Canjin yanayi na Buenos Aires, Argentina, tsibirin zafi na birni. A cikin: Theoretical da Applied Climatology . Band 107, Nr. 1-2, 2012, S. 47-58, doi:10.1007/s00704-011-0459-z.
* Carla Gulizia e Inés Camilloni: Binciken kwatankwacin ikon saitin CMIP3 da CMIP5 na duniya don wakiltar hazo a Kudancin Amurka. A cikin: Jaridar Duniya ta Climatology . Band 35, Nr. 4, 2015, S. 583-595, doi:10.1002/joc.4005.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]
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  <page>
    <title>Eberechi Eze</title>
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{{Infobox football biography
| suna               = Eberechi Eze
| cikakken_suna      = Eberechi Oluchi Eze
| ranar_haihuwa      = {{Birth date and age|1998|6|29}}
| wurin_haihuwa      = Greenwich, Ingila
| tsayi              = 1.78 m
| matsayi            = Dan wasan tsakiya (Attacking midfielder)
| kulob_din_yanzu    = Crystal Palace
| lambar_riga        = 10
| matasa_shekaru1    = 2008–2016
| matasa_kulob1      = Queens Park Rangers
| shekaru1           = 2016–2020
| kulob1             = Queens Park Rangers
| wasanni1           = 104
| kwallaye1          = 20
| shekaru2           = 2020–
| kulob2             = Crystal Palace
| wasanni2           = 100+
| kwallaye2          = 15+
| tawagar_kasa1      = Ingila U20
| tawagar_kasa2      = Ingila U21
| tawagar_kasa3      = Ingila
| shekarun_kasa3     = 2023–
| wasannin_kasa3     = 5+
| kwallayen_kasa3    = 1+
}}

'''Eberechi Oluchi Eze''' (an haife shi ranar 29 ga Yuni 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari a kulob din [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Ingila. An san shi da ƙwarewa wajen sarrafa ƙwallo, iya wuce abokan hamayya da kuma ƙirƙirar damar cin ƙwallaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cpfc.co.uk/players/eberechi-eze/|title=Eberechi Eze Profile|publisher=Crystal Palace FC}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar Farko ==
An haifi Eze a Greenwich, Landan, ga iyaye ‘yan asalin Najeriya. Ya taso a Landan inda ya fara taka leda tun yana ƙarami. Ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]] bayan ya gwada dama a wasu manyan kulob-kulob amma ba a ɗauke shi ba a farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/|title=Eze early career story|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin Kulob ==
=== Queens Park Rangers ===
Eze ya fara bugawa babbar tawagar Queens Park Rangers wasa a shekarar 2016. A kakar 2019–20 ya yi fice sosai inda ya zura ƙwallaye 14 a gasar Championship, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasa a gasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/|title=QPR Player Statistics|publisher=Queens Park Rangers FC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Crystal Palace ===
A watan Agustan 2020, Eze ya koma [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]] kan kwantiragin dogon lokaci. Ya fara taka rawar gani a gasar Premier League, inda ya zura muhimmiyar ƙwallaye tare da taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar dama ga abokan wasansa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/|title=Premier League Profile: Eberechi Eze|publisher=Premier League}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin Tawagar Ƙasa ==
Eze ya buga wa tawagar Ingila ta matasa (U20 da U21) kafin daga bisani ya fara wakiltar babbar tawagar ƙasa a shekarar 2023. Duk da kasancewarsa ɗan asalin Najeriya, ya zaɓi ya wakilci Ingila a matakin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.englandfootball.com/|title=England Squad Profile|publisher=The Football Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon Wasa ==
An san Eze da salon wasa mai cike da fasaha, iya jan ƙwallo, da kuma ƙirƙirar dama daga tsakiyar fili. Yakan taka rawa a matsayin lamba 10 ko kuma a gefen fili, yana taimakawa wajen kai hare-hare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.skysports.com/|title=Analysis of Eze's playing style|publisher=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ellern</title>
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[[Fayil:Ellern01.jpg|thumb|''Soonwaldhalle'']]
[[Fayil:Ellern02.jpg|thumb|Garin da aka gani daga Soonwald]]
[[Fayil:Ellern07.jpg|thumb|Dutse na tunawa a cikin Soonwald kusa da Ellern]]
'''Ellern''' wata ƙaramar hukuma ce ta Verbandsgemeinde, a cikin Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (gundumar) a Rhineland-Palatinate, [[Jamus]] . Tana cikin ''Verbandsgemeinde'' Simmern-Rheinböllen&quot; wanda wurin zama yake a Simmern.

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Wurin da yake ===
Garin yana tsakiyar Hunsrück a ƙarƙashin Soonwald (kurmi). Ellern yana da nisan kilomita 10 daga wurin zama na gundumar Simmern. A cikin saurin isa shine kwarin Rhine tare da Bacharach, Loreley, Oberwesel da Boppard.&amp;nbsp;

Yankin da ke cikin iyakokin birni ya ƙunshi 10 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Yankin dama a kan iyakokin birni na Ellern (amma a cikin Argenthal) shine &quot;Kloppwiesen&quot; Yanayin Kare Yanayi.&amp;nbsp;

=== Yanayi ===
[[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] na shekara-shekara a Ellern ya kai 788 mm, yana fadawa cikin tsakiyar kashi na uku na ginshiƙi na sama ga dukan Jamus. A kashi 60% na Tashoshin yanayi na German Weather Service, an rubuta ƙananan adadi. Watan da ya fi bushewa shine Satumba. Mafi yawan ruwan sama yana zuwa a watan Yuni. A cikin wannan watan, ruwan sama ya ninka sau biyu fiye da yadda yake a watan Satumba. Ruwan sama ya bambanta kaɗan. A kashi 15% kawai na tashoshin yanayi sune ƙananan sauye-sauyen yanayi da aka rubuta.&amp;nbsp;

== Tarihi ==
A cikin shekara ta 1347, Ellern ya sami ambaton rubuce-rubuce na farko. A lokacin da aka tsarkake cocin a Mörschbach a cikin shekarar 1006, wurin Ellern na yanzu shine ''''Wüste'' Elira'' (Wüste a zahiri yana nufin &quot;jeji&quot; a cikin [[Jamusanci]]). Saboda haka an san cewa kafuwar Ellern ta faɗi a wani lokaci tsakanin shekarar 1006 da 1347. Bayan lokacin gyare-gyare, Ellern ya zama mafi yawan Bishara. Da farko a shekara ta 1794, Ellern ya kasance a ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa. A cikin shekara ta 1814 an sanya shi ga Masarautar Prussia a Majalisa ta Vienna . Tun daga shekara ta 1946, ya kasance wani ɓangare na sabuwar jihar da aka kafa a lokacin ta Rhineland-Palatinate.

=== Ci gaban yawan jama'a ===
Abin da ke biyowa shine tebur na yawan jama'ar ƙaramar hukumar na shekarun da aka zaɓa tun farkon karni na 19 (kowane lokaci a 31 ga Disamba):
{{Historical populations|1815|452|1835|497|1871|453|1905|475|1939|466|1950|578|1961|623|1965|603|1970|604|1975|627|1980|654|1985|702|1987|756|1990|786|1995|810|2000|851|2005|874|2006|858}}

== Siyasa ==

=== Majalisar birni ===
Majalisar ta ƙunshi mambobi 12 na majalisa, waɗanda aka zaɓa ta hanyar wakilci a zaɓen birni da aka gudanar a ranar 7 ga Yunin shekarar 2009, da kuma magajin gari mai daraja a matsayin shugaban.

Zaɓen birni da aka gudanar a ranar 7 ga Yunin shekarar 2009 ya samar da sakamakon da ya biyo baya: 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! 
!SPD
!CDU
!WG
!Jimillar
|-
|2009
|4
|3
|5
|Kujeru 12
|-
|2004
|4
|3
|5
|Kujeru 12
|}

=== Mai girma ===
Magajin garin Ellern shine Friedhelm Dämgen . 

=== Alamar makamai ===
Ana iya bayyana [[Coat of arms|makamai]] na gari kamar haka: Argent a tushe wani tudun da ke da ciyawa wanda itace iri ɗaya, rataye ta hanyar igiya iri ɗaya daga reshe a cikin sinister an inescutcheon kwata-kwata, sable na farko zaki mai tsayi Ko, na biyu lozengy argent da azure, na uku bendy lozengay na wannan kuma na huɗu gules wani tudu da aka ɗaure tare da gicciye na huɗu.

Misali da aka nuna a nan yana da fararen bango, wanda ya sa gefen garkuwar ba zai yiwu a gani ba, amma akwai garkuwar a can. Ana iya ganin ƙarin misali na makamai na Ellern a Heraldry of the World .  Wannan yana da alama yana da ainihin cajin iri ɗaya, amma ba dai-dai ba ne, tare da tudun ciyawa da itace da aka nuna &quot;daidai&quot; (wato, a cikin launuka na halitta, tare da kututturen itacen da aka nuna a launin ruwan ƙasa da ciyawa da ganye a cikin kore).

=== Haɗin gwiwar gari ===
Ellern yana haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tare da wurare masu zuwa:

* Sünna, [[Unterbreizbach]], [[Wartburgkreis]], [[Thuringia]] {{Flagicon|Germany}}

== Al'adu da yawon shakatawa ==
[[Fayil:Ellern08.jpg|thumb|Simmerner Straße 2: Tsohon Gidan Gida]]
[[Fayil:Ellern10.jpg|thumb|Simmerner Straße 7: Ikilisiyar Bishara]]

=== Gine-gine ===
Waɗannan sune gine-gine ko shafuka da aka jera a cikin Rhineland-Palatinate's Directory of Cultural Monuments: 

* Ikilisiyar Bishara, Simmerner Straße 7 - Ikilisiyar Classicist, 1827-1829, masanin gine-gine Ferdinand Nebel, [[Koblenz]]
* Bahnhofstraße 50/52, 55 - ba. 50/52: villa, wani ɓangare slated, game da 1910/1920, wurin shakatawa tare da gidan mai kula; ba. 55: reshen kasuwanci na katako, alama 1936, ginin gudanarwa tare da rufin rufi, wani ɓangare na katako; duk gine-gine masu rikitarwa
* Im Haferacker 4 - katako-frame ''Quereinhaus'' (haɗin gida da na kasuwanci da aka raba don waɗannan dalilai biyu a tsakiya, a tsaye zuwa titi), wani ɓangare mai ƙarfi, alama 1736
* Rheinböllener Straße, Alter Friedhof (&quot;Tsohon Kabari&quot;) - tunawa da mayaƙa, kaburbura, kabarin firist, game da 1881, stele; kabarin Höltz, stele
* Rheinböllener Straße 4 - tsohon masauki &quot;Zur Post&quot;; babban katako-frame ''Quereinhaus'', Rufin mansarda, game da 1800, bariki / bariki na karni na 19
* Simmerner Straße 2 - Altes Rathaus (&quot;Tsohon Gidan Gida&quot;); gini tare da rufin mansard mai laushi, katako mai laushi ko slated, karni na 18
* Simmerner Straße 6 - gidan burodi; gini mai hawa ɗaya, ƙarni na 19

=== Wasanni da nishaɗi ===
Ellern wani bangare ne na ''Naturpark Soonwald-Nahe'' kuma yana ba da hanyoyi masu yawa da hanyoyin keke.

=== Abubuwan da ke faruwa a kai a kai ===
Idan aka ba da dukiyar da aka samu daga gandun daji (duba ƙasa), 'yan shekaru da suka gabata karamar hukumar ta ƙaddamar da ''Holzkerb'', ko &quot;Wood Fair&quot;, yana ba Ellern damar nuna itace da kayan katako daban-daban a cikin salon da aka tsara. ''Soonwaldfee'' (&quot;Soonwald Fairy&quot;), wanda aka zaba a lokacin ''Holzkerb'', yana nunawa kuma yana jaddada yadda kusa da gari yake da dazuzzuka da amfani da su. Ana gudanar da ''Holzkerb'' a kowace shekara a karshen mako na huɗu a watan Agusta.

== Tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa ==

=== Sufuri ===
Yanayin Ellern yana da kyau don isa Autobahn A 61&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mw0w&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, kuma akwai kyakkyawar hanyar haɗi zuwa Filin jirgin saman Frankfurt-Hahn akan Bundesstraße 50.

Samun ƙaramar hukumar samun kuɗin shiga mai yawa daga gandun daji da ke kusa da ita ce masana'antar itace ta gida. Shekaru 100, an yi amfani da itace, wanda ke ba da ayyuka da yawa. 

=== Makamashi ===
Ellern gida ne ga kayan aikin turbine na iska na 46.5MW wanda aka fi sani da Windpark Ellern . Duk da yake wurin shakatawa na iska ya kasance mai kawo rigima, yana samar da tanadin CO ^ 2 wanda ya isa ya fitar da motoci 18,000 daga hanyoyin Jamus, don haka tabbas yana biyan kuɗin gini.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.ellern.de/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na gari] (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [http://www.rheinboellen.de/ ''Verbandsgemeinde'' na Rheinböllen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923023340/https://www.rheinboellen.de/ |date=2020-09-23 }} (a cikin Jamusanci) 
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Gaylon Alcaraz</title>
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'''Gaylon Alcaraz''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba, 1966) ƴar Amurka ce mai shirya al'umma kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam a [[Chicago|Birnin Chicago, Illinois]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Dawn |date=19 August 2015 |title=Making the battleground the black woman's body |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/ct-ben-carson-abortion-turner-met-20150819-column.html |access-date=21 November 2016 |publisher=Chicago Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce tsohuwar darakta ta Asusun zubar da ciki na Chicago . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alcaraz |first=Gaylon |title=Executive Director Report |url=http://www.chicagoabortionfund.com/ed_report.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403004123/http://chicagoabortionfund.com/ed_report.php |archive-date=3 April 2012 |access-date=31 May 2012 |publisher=Chicago Abortion Fund}}&lt;/ref&gt; Blackgurl Press ce ta buga tarihin rayuwarta, Tales of a Woojiehead, a shekara ta 2002 . &lt;ref name=&quot;chitribune_082515&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Dawn M. |date=25 August 2015 |title=The job of an abortion doula |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/ct-abortion-doula-turner-met-20150824-column.html |access-date=21 November 2016 |publisher=Chicago Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chitribune_100716&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=Heidi |date=7 October 2016 |title=From 320 pounds to the Chicago Marathon, activist 'will stop at nothing' |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/stevens/ct-gaylon-alcaraz-chicago-marathon-balancing-1009-20161007-column.html |access-date=21 November 2016 |publisher=Chicago Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Balde |first=Lisa |date=29 March 2011 |title=Anti-Abortion Billboards Arrive in Chicago |url=http://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/Anti-Abortion-Billboards-Headed-for-South-Side-118790299.html |access-date=21 November 2016 |publisher=NBC Chicago}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Alcaraz ta sami digiri na farko da digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar DePaul . Ta kammala shekara guda na karatun a Jami'ar Roosevelt zuwa Doctorate of Education . A halin yanzu tana halartar Jami'ar Louis ta Kasa don samun Ph.D. a cikin ilimin halayyar al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;chitribune_100716&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-23 |title=Woman Made Gallery names Alcaraz as new executive director - Windy City Times News |url=https://www.windycitytimes.com/lgbt/Woman-Made-Gallery-names-Alcaraz-as-new-executive-director/67836.html |access-date=2021-07-02 |website=Windy City Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 1997, Alcaraz ya zama memba na kwamitin kafa Affinity Community Services, ƙungiyar da aka keɓe don haɓaka ƙwarewar jagoranci ga mata masu baƙar fata da mata masu jima'i.&lt;ref name=&quot;clbthof20242&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaylon B. Alcaraz |url=https://chicagolgbthalloffame.org/alcaraz-gaylon/ |access-date=27 December 2024 |website=Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame |archive-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227234205/https://chicagolgbthalloffame.org/alcaraz-gaylon/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2011, ta shiga kwamitin daraktocin Illinois Caucus for Adolescent Health da Midwest Access Project . Alcaraz ya kasance Babban Darakta na [[Chicago Abortion Fund|Asusun zubar da ciki na Chicago]]  daga 2005 - 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;wct20102&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leventhal |first=Micki |date=March 17, 2010 |title=Gaylon Alcaraz: The Personal Becomes the Political |url=https://windycitytimes.com/2010/03/17/gaylon-alcaraz-the-personal-became-the-political/ |access-date=27 December 2024 |website=Windy City Times |publisher=Windy City Media Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==

* Jaridar Chicago Reader - The People Issue - &quot;The Activist&quot; - Disamba 2014
* SisterSong Mata na Launi Rubuce-rubuce Adalci Kungiyar - Mata Warrior - Nuwamba 2014
* Birnin Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame - An shigar da shi - 2013
* Cibiyar Bincike ta NYU Wagner don Jagora a Ayyuka - IGNITE Fellowship - Mata masu launi a cikin Sashin Jama'a - 2013
* Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa - Mata Wadanda suka Ƙarfafa - 2012
* Gidauniyar Chicago don Mata - Kyautar Tasiri - 2010 &lt;ref name=&quot;wct2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leventhal |first=Micki |date=March 17, 2010 |title=Gaylon Alcaraz: The Personal Becomes the Political |url=https://windycitytimes.com/2010/03/17/gaylon-alcaraz-the-personal-became-the-political/ |access-date=27 December 2024 |website=Windy City Times |publisher=Windy City Media Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Zaɓin Amurka - Kyautar Zamani - 2009
* Ƙungiyar Mata ta Kasa (Chicago Suburban Chapter) - Kyautar Fay Clayton - 2008

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gaali Band Ghar</title>
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Kamfen ɗin '''Gaali Band Ghar''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaali band ghar abhiyan to be launched in 20 Rohtak villages |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/gaali-band-ghar-abhiyan-to-be-launched-in-20-rohtak-villages/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (transl. Abuse-Free Homes) wani shiri ne da Sunil Jaglan, wanda ya kafa Selfie With Daughter Foundation, ya ƙaddamar a shekarar 2014, daga ƙauyen Bibipur a Jind, Haryana, Indiya. Kamfen ɗin yana da niyyar magancewa da rage amfani da harshe mai cin zarafin jinsi a cikin tattaunawar yau da kullun, inganta sadarwa mai ladabi a cikin gidaje da al'ummomi. Ya sami kulawa ta kasa bayan an nuna shi a cikin shirin rediyo na ''Mann Ki Baat'' na Firayim Minista [[Narendra Modi]] .

== Tarihi ==
Jaglan ya lura cewa maza a ƙauyensa Bibipur, sau da yawa suna amfani da harshe mai zagi, musamman ga mata, yayin tarurrukan panchayat. Ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don fara kamfen ɗin ya zo ne bayan 'yarsa ta dawo gida tana tambayarsa game da ma'anar la'anar da ta ji a filin wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dsouza |first=Krystelle |date=2024-09-20 |title=His Daughter's Birth Turned Him Into a Feminist: Sunil Jaglan's Fight Against Female Foeticide |url=https://thebetterindia.com/366915/sunil-jaglan-selfie-with-daughter-bibipur-village-haryana-daughters-day-women-empowerment-female-foeticide/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilin da ya sa aka yi ==
Kamfen ɗin yana da niyyar kafa al'ummomi, gidaje, ko tituna waɗanda suka himmatu ga ƙin yin amfani da laifuka. Shugabannin ƙauyuka a hukumance suna sanya waɗannan yankuna a matsayin &quot;Gaali-Bandh&quot; ko &quot;No-Swearing&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-07 |title=Gaali Bandh Ghar: A Fight Against The Misogyny Of Cuss Words |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/gaali-bandh-ghar-a-fight-against-the-misogyny-of-cuss-words-news-121447 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swearing Off Misogyny |url=https://www.readersdigest.in/true-stories/story-swearing-off-misogyny-127503 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=www.readersdigest.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-02-21 |title=Of language and sexism: We are what we speak |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/language-and-sexism-we-are-what-we-speak-3549481 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken 2025 ==
A cikin 2025, binciken da Sunil Jaglan ya gudanar a karkashin kamfen din Gaali Bandh Ghar ya tattara bayanai daga mutane 70,000 a duk faɗin Indiya, tare da samfurin da aka mayar da hankali ga mazauna 7,400 a Haryana. Binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 62% na masu amsa Haryana (kimanin mutane 4,600 daga gundumomin Jind, Hisar, Gurugram, da Nuh) suna amfani da harshe mai cin zarafin jinsi a gida. A cikin ƙasa, binciken ya gano bambancin yaduwa a fadin jihohi:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Study points to widespread use of gender-based cuss words |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/study-points-to-widespread-use-of-gender-based-cuss-words/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ഇന്ത്യയിൽ ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതൽ ആളുകൾ അശ്ലീല പദങ്ങൾ ഉപയോ ഗിക്കുന്നത് ഈ ന ഗരത്തിലോ? സർവേ കണ്ടെത്തിയത് ഞെട്ടിക്കുന്ന വിവരങ്ങൾ |url=https://www.suprabhaatham.com/details/431797 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=suprabhaatham |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Delhi 'Most Abusive' In India, Gen-Z Blame OTT, Video Games {{!}} How 'Gaalibaaz' Is Your State? |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/delhi-most-abusive-state-in-india-gen-z-blame-ott-video-games-full-ranking-list-ws-l-aa-aa-aa-aa-9458423.html |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-23 |title=Prof. Jagan Survey Reveals Delhi Leads India in Swearing; Gali Band Ghar Campaign Seeks Change {{!}} ગાળ બોલવામાં દિલ્હી દેશમાં પહેલા ક્રમાંકે, પંજાબ અને ઉત્તર પ્રદેશ બીજા અને ત્રીજા નંબરે |url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/news/national-news/article/delhi-tops-nation-in-swearing-kashmir-least-11-year-survey-by-prof-sunil-jaglan-248428 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=www.gujaratimidday.com |language=gu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=James |date=2025-07-17 |title=Delhi Ranks Number One In States Using The Most 'Maa-Behen Ki Gaali'; Internet Jibes 'Maja Nahi Aata Gaali Ke Bina' |url=https://in.mashable.com/culture/97245/delhi-ranks-number-one-in-states-using-the-most-maa-behen-ki-gaali-internet-jibes-maja-nahi-aata-gaa |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=People In This City Are The Most Abusive — Is Your State On The List? |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/people-in-this-city-are-the-most-abusive-is-your-state-on-the-list |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

• [[Delhi]]: 80% (mafi girman yaduwa) 

• Punjab: 78%

• [[Uttar Pradesh]]: kashi 74%

• [[Rajasthan]]: 68%

• [[Maharashtra]]: 58%

• [[Gujarat]]: 55%

• [[Madhya Pradesh]]: 48%

• [[Uttarakhand]]: 45%

• Kasashe 'yan uwa bakwai ([[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Tripura]]): 20% (a matsakaici) 

• [[Kashmir]]: 15% (mafi ƙarancin yaduwa) 

Binciken ya kara nuna cewa kashi 30% na mata da 'yan mata ko dai sun yi amfani da ko kuma sun yarda da irin wannan harshe. Bugu da ƙari, kashi 20% na masu amsa matasa sun danganta amfani da harshe mai zamba ga tasirin wasannin kan layi, kafofin sada zumunta, da dandamali na kafofin watsa labarai na [[Over-the-top media service|sama da sama]] (OTT). Kimanin kashi 30% na masu amsa sun ba da rahoton cewa suna buƙatar abubuwan zamba don jin daɗin ban dariya.

== Tasirin ==
Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya sami goyon baya daga mata waɗanda suka yi takaici da laifukan jima'i. Yawancin mahalarta sun ba da rahoton cewa shirin ya taimaka musu su fahimci cewa ba sa buƙatar amfani da harshe mai zagi, wanda ke haifar da raguwa a cikin amfani da irin wannan harshe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=वाह! मेरठ से शुरू हुआ 'गाली बंद घर' अभियान, घर-घर लगाए जा रहे पोस्टर; जानें कैसे सुधरेंगे लोग |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/uttar-pradesh/meerut-gaali-bandh-ghar-campaign-started-in-up-meerut-by-sunil-jaglan-4523419.html#:~:text=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A0%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE,%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%20%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88. |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi |archive-date=2022-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901073530/https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/uttar-pradesh/meerut-gaali-bandh-ghar-campaign-started-in-up-meerut-by-sunil-jaglan-4523419.html#:~:text=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A0%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE,%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%20%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88. |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Bayan wani abin da ya faru inda Shugaba [[Joe Biden]] na Amurka ya yi amfani da zagi ga wani ɗan jarida, Cosmopolitan (mujallar)  ta lura cewa Sunil Jaglan, wani ƙauyen ƙauye a Indiya, yana gudanar da kamfen don yaki da laifukan jima'i. Mujallar ta nuna bambancin da ke tsakanin kokarin Jaglan na magance maganganun zagi ga mata da kuma yadda shugaban ya yi amfani da laifuka a [[White House|Fadar White House]]. Wannan sharhin ya ja hankalin duniya sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-30 |title=महिला संबंधी गालियों से मुक्ति दिलाएगा सुनील जागलान का &quot;गाली बंद घर &quot; अभियान - mobile |url=https://m.haryana.punjabkesari.in/haryana/news/sunil-jaglan-s-gali-bandh-ghar-campaign-will-get-rid-of-women-related-abuses-1537102 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=punjabkesari}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=संस्कारवान बनाएगी 'गाली बंद घर' मुहिम, विदेश तक पहुंचा हरियाणा के सुनील जागलान का अभियान - Gali Band Ghar campaign will make cultured Jagran Special |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/panchkula-gali-band-ghar-campaign-will-make-cultured-jagran-special-22466291.html |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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{{Databox}}

'''Filin wasa na Moshood Abiola''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''National Stadium, Abuja''' ) filin wasa ne na wasanni na kasa da yawa da ke [[Abuja]], a cikin [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|babban birnin tarayyar]] [[Najeriya]] . Filin wasan ya kasance gida ne ga [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]], da kuma cibiyar gudanar da al'amuran zamantakewa da [[Najeriya|al'adu]] da [[Addinin Afirka na gargajiya a Najeriya|na addini]] daban-daban. [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya]] ta amince da kwangilar gina katafaren filin wasa na kasa da kuma kauyen Wasanni a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2000. An gina filin wasan ne domin karbar bakuncin gasar wasannin Afrika karo na 8 da aka yi a watan Oktoban 2003. A ranar Laraba 12 ga watan Yuni 2019 ne [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban kasa]] [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya sanar da sauya sunan filin wasa na kasa Abuja zuwa Moshood Abiola na kasa bayan tsohon shugaban 'yan sandan Najeriya [[Moshood Abiola|M.KO.]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 June 2019 |title=Breaking: Buhari Renames Abuja National Stadium After MKO Abiola |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/06/breaking-buhari-renames-abuja-national-stadium-after-mko-abiola/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaba Buhari ya bayyana haka ne a lokacin da yake jawabi a wajen bikin [[Ranar Dimokradiyya (Nijeriya)|ranar dimokuradiyya]] a [[Eagle Square, Abuja|dandalin Eagle Square, Abuja]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 June 2019 |title=Buhari names Abuja National Stadium after MKO Abiola |url=https://punchng.com/just-in-buhari-names-abuja-national-stadium-after-mko-abiola/ |access-date=2019-06-12 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gine-gine da Gine-gine ==
[[Fayil:Abuja_Stadium_3.jpg|thumb|190x190px|Hoton kujerun filin wasa]]
[[Fayil:Moshood_Abiola_Stadium,_Abuja.jpg|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Moshood_Abiola_National_Stadium,_Abuja.jpg|thumb]]
Filin wasa na Moshood Abiola yana daya daga cikin filayen wasa 50 mafi tsada &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top 50 Most Expensive Stadiums in the World (adjusted for inflation) |url=http://www.thesportmarket.biz/charts/stadiumstats/top50stadiums/ranktop.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730194811/http://www.thesportmarket.biz/charts/stadiumstats/top50stadiums/ranktop.html |archive-date=30 July 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 |website=The Sport Market}}&lt;/ref&gt; da aka gina a duniya.

== Tsarinsa ==
An tsara filin wasan don ɗaukar ƴan kallo 60,491 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Stadium Complex, Abuja/Nigeria |url=http://www.gus-ai.de/pdf/B177_AST-Stadion.pdf |website=GUS - Gesellschaft für Umweltplanung Stuttgart |language=de |access-date=2025-09-24 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030551/http://www.gus-ai.de/pdf/B177_AST-Stadion.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda wani gini mai nauyi ya rufe shi. Babban halayen su ne nau'ikan kallon kallo guda biyu; na kasa mai dauke da kujeru 32,000 da babba matakin kujeru 28,000. Babban matakin kuma ya ƙunshi rukunin kamfanoni 56 tare da filayen kallo da falon shugaban ƙasa ɗaya don baƙi 50. Dukkanin wuraren aiki da na sakandare suna masauki a cikin ginin ƙofar da ke ba da babban filin bene na kusan 25,000 m &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; . An tsara wannan ginin ƙasa da matakin taro wanda ke matsayin matakin rarraba ƴan kallo kuma yana samar da kiosks da yawa, bankuna, tashoshin bayar da agajin gaggawa da bandakuna. Tsarin filin wasan shine haɗuwa da a cikin wurin da abubuwan da aka riga aka gyara. Akwai hasumiyai 36 masu goyan bayan bene na sama da tsarin rufin. An kafa waɗannan hasumiya a kan tudu masu gundura 140 tare da diamita na 1.30 m da 1.50 m a cikin zurfin 8.00 m zuwa 30.00 m. Abubuwan siminti da aka riga aka tsara waɗanda suka bambanta tsakanin mita 13 zuwa 15 tsayi ana sanya su a tsakanin hasumiyai, suna samar da masu kallo. An samar da jimillar abubuwa 6,300 da aka siffata a farfajiyar samar da kamfanin mai nisan kilomita 15. An haɗe hasumiya a saman da tsayin mita 2.50 da faɗin ramin zoben zobe mai faɗin 2.00 m tare da kaurin bango na 0.35 m. An kafa tsarin rufin a kan manyan maki 36 zuwa ga katako na zobe. A karo na farko a duniya, an yi amfani da zobe don irin wannan tsarin rufin da siminti. Tsarin rufin da kansa ginin kebul ne mai nauyin tan 800 yana ɗauke da membrane 28.000 m &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; .

== Gidajen ==
[[Fayil:Abuja_Stadium_6.jpg|thumb|190x190px|Ra'ayi na waje]]
[[Fayil:The_Abuja_Velodrome_07.jpg|thumb|Filin wasa na Abuja]]
Dukkanin wuraren da ke cikin filin wasan an tsara su kuma an tsara su ne bisa ka'idojin kungiyoyin wasanni na kasa da kasa, musamman Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) da International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF).

Tsarin ya hada da:

* 60,491 iyawar da aka rufe babban kwano
* Filin motsa jiki &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olusola |first=Jide |date=13 April 2019 |title=How The Abuja Velodrome Is Being Used |url=https://dailytrust.com/how-the-abuja-velodrome-is-being-used |access-date=17 September 2020 |website=Daily Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gidan shugaban kasa da kuma wurin kallo
* Kasuwanci 56
* Ofisoshin gidan waya
* Bankuna
* Cibiyoyin watsa labarai
* Allon biyu da fitilu
* Kasuwanci da wuraren sayar da kayan lambu
* Helipad
* Gidan wasanni na cikin gida na 3000
* Gidan motsa jiki na 2000
* Ruwa mai iyawa na 2000
* Filin wasan tennis
* Filin wasan hockey na 3000
* Kwallon Baseball da softball

Filin wasa na Moshood Abiola ya cika bukatun ka'idojin tsaro na kasa da kasa; an sanye shi da raka'a na sabis na gaggawa, kyamarorin tsaro na kewayon rufewa da kuma shinge na ƙarfe na sarrafa jama'a. Har ila yau, akwai kayan aikin kashe gobara da masu gano ƙarfe waɗanda aka sanya su don kauce wa duk wani bala'i.

== Tarihin filin wasa ==
Kodayake [[Najeriya]] tana da filayen wasa da yawa da suka warwatse a duk faɗin ƙasar, akwai rashin filayen wasa waɗanda suka cika ƙa'idodin duniya. An zaɓi babban birnin Najeriya, [[Abuja]], don karɓar bakuncin wasannin Afirka na 8 a cikin 2000 (wani taron wasanni da yawa na yanki da ake gudanarwa kowane shekaru huɗu, wanda [[Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa|Kungiyar Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Afirka]] ta shirya) duk da cewa ba shi da kayan aiki don irin wannan babban taron wasanni. [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya]] ta fara aikin miliyoyin daloli don gina filin wasa na zamani da ƙauyen wasanni da za a kammala a kan lokaci don karɓar bakuncin Wasannin Afirka. An ba da kwangilar ne a ranar 18 ga Yulin 2000 daga jerin zaɓaɓɓen kusan masu siyarwa 80 daban-daban. An fara gina ginin.

&lt;nowiki&gt;''Yan wasa da'&lt;/nowiki&gt; yan wasa suna da shakku game da ko kammala filin wasa zai yiwu kafin wasannin. Koyaya, ginin ya tafi cikin sauƙi kuma ya ƙare a gaban jadawalin. A zahiri, an shirya filin wasan don zama cibiyar karɓar bakuncin Miss World Beauty Pageant [[Landan]] ya faru daga baya a shekara ta 2002. Abin takaici, ba a kammala filin wasan ba a lokacin da kuma tashin hankali tsakanin 'yan ƙasa musamman a arewacin birnin [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka ya tilasta wa wasan ya koma London, [[Ingila]]. Ginin babban kofin ya ci gaba daga farkonsa a watan Satumbar 2000 zuwa kammalawa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, a daidai lokacin wasannin. Ginin ƙauyen wasannin ya ci gaba daga Satumba 2000 zuwa Agusta 2003.

An fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2003. Bayan kaddamar da shi shine matakin karshe na shirye-shiryen wasannin. Wasannin da aka yi a wannan shekarar sune mafi girma a tarihin Wasannin Afirka;  'yan wasa 6,000 daga kasashe 53 sun fafata a wasanni 22, jami'ai 1,200 ne ke kallo. Fiye da [[Ɗan jarida|'yan jarida]] 1,500 sun bayar da rahoto ga kafofin watsa labarai na duniya. Wasannin sun faru ne daga 4th zuwa 18 Oktoba 2003 kuma mutane da yawa sun yi la'akari da nasara. Kasar da ta karbi bakuncin, Najeriya, ta tara lambobin yabo 226, ta fito a matsayin jagorar wasannin a wannan shekarar.

Baya ga Wasannin Afirka, filin wasan ya dauki bakuncin muhimman wasannin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]], kamar su gasar cin kofin duniya tsakanin Najeriya da sauran ƙasashe. Wasan farko da aka buga a filin wasa ya kasance wasan kwallon kafa (ƙwallon ƙafa) tsakanin kungiyoyi biyu na gida; Shooting Stars of [[Ibadan]] da Sunshine Stars of [[Akure]] a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2003  Goal na farko da aka zira a cikin hadaddun ya fito ne daga dan wasan Shooting Stars Shakiru Lawal wanda ya zira kwallaye guda daya na wasan bayan minti biyar kawai.

Wannan hadaddun ya ba kasar amincewa don neman dama ga abubuwan da suka faru a kasa da kasa. Ƙungiyar Volleyball ta Duniya (FIVB) ta ba da Ƙungiyar Vollesyball ta Najeriya (NVBF) haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin na wucin gadi na Gasar Matasa ta Duniya ta 2007 saboda kayan aikin da filin wasan ke da su.
[[Fayil:Abuja_Stadium_1.jpg|thumb|Filin wasa yayin wasa]]

== Sauran amfani ==
Baya ga aikinta a matsayin cibiyar wasanni, filin wasa na Moshood Abiola National yana aiki a matsayin gida ga al'adu da abubuwan addini. Ikonsa yana jan hankalin abubuwa daban-daban kamar kide-kide, da tarurruka na addini, abubuwan da wani lokacin suna da fifiko fiye da wasanni. Najeriya ƙasa ce mai addini sosai tare da yawan jama'a da aka raba kusan daidai tsakanin [[Kiristanci]] da Islama. Saboda wannan gaskiyar, abubuwan addini da yawa suna faruwa a kowace shekara wanda ke jan hankalin 'yan ƙasa da yawa kuma suna buƙatar babban filin wasa. Misali, a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2006, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ta kasance ba tare da taimako ba game da fifiko na shugabancin na wani taron addini a cikin babban kofin filin wasa na Moshood Abiola zuwa wasan kwallon kafa na kasa da kasa da Rwanda.

Wasu 'yan kasar duk da haka sun damu da amfani da filin wasan don irin wannan manyan abubuwan. Irin wadannan abubuwan da aka gudanar a filin wasa na Legas sun yi sanadiyyar mutuwarsa. Hukumar kula da filin wasan, duk da haka, sun yi niyya don ci gaba da waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru. Kudin kulawa al'amari ne kuma ba da hayar wurin don al'amura daban-daban dabara ce da aka yi amfani da ita don biyan waɗannan farashi. Babu wani shiri da tsohon shugaban mulkin soja marigayi Janar [[Sani Abacha]] ya yi na gina filin wasa na kasa a Abuja kamar yadda wasu ke tunani.  .
[[Fayil:00014IMG_00014_BURST20190526145432.jpg|thumb|Ruwa a filin wasa]]

== Kulawa ==
Batutuwa da yawa sun tashi game da kula da filin wasanni. An gina Filin wasa na kasa a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], birni mafi yawan jama'a da masana'antu a kasar, don Wasannin Afirka na 1973. Kodayake da farko an dauke shi a matsayin mai inganci, a yau ana ɗaukarsa a ƙasa da kowane ma'auni mai hikima da muhalli. Kocin wasanni na Najeriya [[Amos Adamu]] ya shawarci gwamnati da ta mallaki filin wasa na Abuja nan da nan bayan wasannin Afirka na 2003 don hana lalata gine-ginen jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 March 2003 |title=COJA Boss Wants Abuja Stadium Sold. |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-22608356_ITM |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=This Day (Nigeria)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya, wacce ke da 100% na dukiya a halin yanzu, ta fuskanci rikice-rikice da yawa a cikin gida da na duniya. Matsakaicin kimantawa don kulawa ta shekara-shekara tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi ya kasance kusan dala miliyan 7, adadi da aka dauka a matsayin mai girma ta hanyar ka'idoji da yawa. Saboda tsadar kulawa, gwamnatin tarayya tana neman zaɓuɓɓuka don mallakar kayan aikin. Ta hanyar Ofishin Kasuwancin Jama'a (BPE), Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya ta yi niyyar ba da izini ga mai ba da izinin shiga cikin sadaukarwar saka hannun jari, kuma a zahiri tana gudanar da filin wasa tare da babban burin samar da kudaden shiga daga abubuwan da suka faru na wasanni, kide-kide, ayyukan addini, tallafin kamfanoni da sauran ayyukan gabatarwa.

Mai ba da izini yana da zaɓi na ɗaukar matsayin Manajan Gidauniyar don dukiyar da ke cikin filin wasa na ƙasa da Cibiyar Wasanni ta Cikin Gida, ko kuma yin amfani da kamfani don yin aikin. BPE za ta yi aiki a matsayin mai saka idanu a cikin tsari, kuma mai ba da izini zai ba da rahoto ga gwamnatin tarayya ta hanyar BPE. An ba da shawarar mafi ƙarancin shekaru 20, wanda za a sake dubawa kowane shekaru biyar. Kula da filin wasa da yankunan waje zai zama alhakin Concessionaire.

== Canjin Sunan ==
A ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 2019, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya sake ba da sunan filin wasa na kasa a Abuja bayan wanda ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 1993, [[Moshood Abiola]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yusuf |first=Omotayo |date=2019-06-12 |title=President Buhari renames Abuja Stadium as MKO Abiola Stadium |url=https://www.legit.ng/1243037-breaking-president-buhari-renames-abuja-sadium.html |access-date=2019-06-12 |website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi imanin cewa Mista Abiola ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa na Yuni 1993 bisa ga sakamakon da ake samu, amma gwamnatin soja ta [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ta soke zaben.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-06-12 |title=BREAKING: Buhari Names National Stadium Abuja After MKO Abiola |url=https://saharareporters.com/2019/06/12/breaking-buhari-names-national-stadium-abuja-after-mko-abiola |access-date=2019-06-12 |website=Sahara Reporters}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaba Buhari a cikin 2018 ya amince da umarnin Mista Abiola ta hanyar ba shi babbar daraja ta kasa ta Babban Kwamandan Jamhuriyar Tarayya, wanda aka tanada kawai ga shugabanni. Yayinda Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ke gabatar da jawabinsa a canjin sunan taron, wanda kuma ya nuna shekara ta 20 ta dimokuradiyya ba tare da katsewa ba a Najeriya, Shugaba Buhari ya ce &quot;Daga nan gaba za a kira shi filin wasa na Moshood Abiola National&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-06-12 |title=Buhari renames Abuja stadium after Abiola - Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/334710-buhari-renames-abuja-stadium-after-abiola.html |access-date=2019-06-12 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran shugabannin kasashen waje sun halarci taron a filin Eagles, ciki har da shugaban [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Paul Kagame]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-06-12 |title=Buhari renames Abuja stadium after Abiola - Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/334710-buhari-renames-abuja-stadium-after-abiola.html |access-date=2019-06-12 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasanni na ƙwallon ƙafa ==

=== 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;
!Ranar
!Kungiyar 1
!Sakamakon
!Kungiyar 2
!Masu halarta
!Zagaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |24 ga Oktoba 2009
|{{Fbu|17|HON|1949}}
|0–1
|{{Fbu|17|ARG}}
|19,560
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Rukunin A
|-
|{{Fbu|17|NGA}}
|3–3
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fbu|17|GER}}
|21,300
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |27 ga Oktoba 2009
|{{Fbu|17|ARG}}
|2–1
|14,400
|-
|{{Fbu|17|NGA}}
|1–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{Fbu|17|HON|1949}}
|42,900
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |30 ga Oktoba 2009
|{{Fbu|17|GER}}
|3–1
|3,090
|-
|{{Fbu|17|SUI}}
|1–0
|{{Fbu|17|BRA}}
|4,250
|Rukunin B
|-
|5 ga Nuwamba 2009
|{{Fbu|17|NGA}}
|5–0
|{{Fbu|17|NZL}}
|35,200
|Zagaye na 16
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |15 ga Nuwamba 2009
|{{Fbu|17|COL}}
|0–1
|{{Fbu|17|ESP}}
|40,000
|Wasan matsayi na uku
|-
|{{Fbu|17|SUI}}
|1–0
|{{Fbu|17|NGA}}
|60,000
|Ƙarshe
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gidan ajiyar daji na Asubima</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Dajin Asubima''' [[Yankin kariya|yanki ne mai girman]] {{Convert|7870|ha|acre}} kusa da Akumadan, [[Ghana]] kuma an kafa shi a cikin 1945. FORM Ghana, kamfanin bunkasa shuka, yana kula da {{Convert|1729.9|ha|acres}} na kudancin yankin dajin, don haka an tanadi gonakin daji sosai., da noma ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wurin ajiyar yana a gefen arewa na yankin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka masu rarrafe, wanda ke da sauye-sauyen yanayin bushewa da bushewa a cikin yanayin damina mai zafi .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asubima Forest Reserve |url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/Asubima_Forest_Reserve |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=World Database on Protected Areas}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;analysis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Westerlaan |first=P. |last2=Wanders |first2=T. |date=21 December 2011 |title=High Conservation Value Forest Analysis: Asubima Forest Reserve |url=http://www.formghana.com/login/upload/High_Conservation_Value_Forests_in_Asubima_FR.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808042413/http://www.formghana.com/login/upload/High_Conservation_Value_Forests_in_Asubima_FR.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=FORM Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hodoli |first=Collins Gameli |date=May 2011 |title=A survey of snakes in Asubima Forest Reserve |url=http://www.formghana.com/login/upload/A_survey_of_snakes_in_Asubima_Forest_Reserve_2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808042510/http://www.formghana.com/login/upload/A_survey_of_snakes_in_Asubima_Forest_Reserve_2011.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=3 August 2014 |publisher=FORM Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guuroh |first=Reginald T. |date=30 December 2021 |title=Reforestation of degraded Forest Reserves in Ghana |url=https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/145/138 |journal=Reforesta |volume=12 |pages=35-55 |access-date=17 October 2025 |archive-date=13 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713070420/https://journal.reforestationchallenges.org/index.php/REFOR/article/view/145/138 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Da yake kilomita 9 a gabashin Akumadan a Ghana, a yankin Ashanti, Asubima Forest Reserve yanki ne na gandun daji da nufin adana nau'in bishiyoyin Ghana. Ajiyar ta haɗa da shirye-shirye irin su wuraren kula da yara masu inganci, shuke-shuke masu salo da shirye-shuke na shiga tsakani waɗanda ke aiki game da sare daji, sare daji, gobarar itace da aikin gona ba bisa ka'ida ba. Manoma na cikin gida suna shiga cikin shirye-shiryen, suna aiki a gonaki a matsayin ma'aikata, masu gadi ko membobin ƙungiyar kashe gobara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tindo |first=Tomahawk |date=7 December 2015 |title=The Top 10 National Parks In Ghana |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/the-top-10-national-parks-in-ghana/ |access-date=2020-08-31 |website=Culture Trip |archive-date=2020-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920162643/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/ghana/articles/the-top-10-national-parks-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gaurav Singh Chouhan</title>
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'''Gaurav Singh Chouhan''' sananne ne a [[Indiya]], marubuci kuma mai ƙarfafa gwiwa. An haife shi a [[Delhi]], asalinsa kuma daga Mainpuri a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Ya taɓa yin aiki a fim da talabijin.&lt;ref&gt;https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/gaurav-singh-chouhan-diary-to-success-indian-actor-public-figure-9540308.html{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na mutum sananne, yana rubuce-rubuce kan batutuwan zamantakewa da fitattun mutane, tare da ƙarfafa matasa da ƙwararru ta hanyar jawabai masu ƙarfafa gwiwa. Hakanan shi ne marubucin littafin A Journey Through Broken Dreams (2025).&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=maVkEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Gaurav+Singh+Chouhan%22&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon rayuwa da ilimi ==
An haifi Gaurav Singh Chouhan a Delhi, Indiya, a cikin iyali na matsakaicin matsayi wanda ke daraja ilimi da al’adun gargajiya. Ya kammala karatunsa na farko a [[Delhi]], inda ya fara nuna sha’awa a fannin adabi, rubuce-rubuce, da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo.

Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami’ar Chaudhary Charan Singh]], Meerut, domin yin karatun B.A. LL.B. (digiri a fannin shari’a). Hada karatun shari’a da sha’awarsa ta rubuce-rubuce da jawabai masu ƙarfafa gwiwa ya taimaka wajen gina aikinsa mai fannoni da dama.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AOFTEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Gaurav+Singh+Chouhan%22&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;

== Falsafar Rayuwa ==
Chouhan yana jaddada muhimmancin juriya, gaskiya, da iya daidaitawa da yanayi. Yana ɗaukar cewa ƙimomi (values) su ne ya kamata su zama hanyar jagora ga mutum a cikin rayuwa da aiki.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jagororin Abinci ga Amurkawa</title>
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'''Jagororin Abinci ga [[Amurkawa]]''' ('''DGA''') Suna ba da shawara game da abinci mai gina jiki ga Amurkawa waɗanda ke da lafiya ko waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani amma a halin yanzu ba su da cuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Purpose of the Dietary Guidelines &amp;#124; Dietary Guidelines for Americans |url=https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/about-dietary-guidelines/purpose-dietary-guidelines }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana buga jagororin a kowace shekara biyar ta Cibiyar USDA don Manufofin Abinci da Ingantawa, tare da Ofishin HHS na Rigakafin Cututtuka da Inganta Lafiya. Musamman, fitowar ta tara ta baya-bayan nan ta 2020-25 ta haɗa da jagororin abinci ga yara daga haihuwa zuwa watanni 23.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Daniel T. |date=23 March 2021 |title=Big steps for advising the smallest bites: Dietary Guidelines for Americans address feeding infants and toddlers |journal=Journal of Perinatology |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=926–927 |doi=10.1038/s41372-021-01027-4 |pmid=33758397 |s2cid=232315152}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga Jagororin Abinci da kansu, akwai ƙarin kayan aiki don kimanta abinci mai gina jiki da abinci mai gina gina jiki, gami da Kayan Cin abinci mai kyau (HEI), wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don kimanta ingancin zaɓin abinci da aka ba shi a cikin mahallin Jagororin Abincin. Har ila yau an bayar da ƙarin bayani game da keɓancewa na Jagororin ga abubuwan da mutum ya fi so,  aikace-aikacen Jagororin yayin daukar ciki da jarirai,  USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review, &lt;ref name=&quot;dietaryguidelines.gov&quot; /&gt; bayani game da Cibiyar Sadarwar Abinci da shirin MyPlate, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pregnancy and Birth to 24 Months &amp;#124; Food and Nutrition Service |url=https://www.fns.usda.gov/resource/pregnancy-and-birth-24-months |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206163504/https://www.fns.usda.gov/resource/pregnancy-and-birth-24-months |archive-date=February 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; bayani daga Kwalejin Kasa game da sake tsara tsarin da aka kirkirar Jagororin Abinci ga Amurkawa, [4] da bayani game da jagororin abinci daga wasu ƙasashe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home &amp;#124; Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review |url=https://nesr.usda.gov/ |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=nesr.usda.gov |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329011531/http://nesr.usda.gov/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Professionals &amp;#124; MyPlate |url=https://www.myplate.gov/professionals |access-date=2025-10-29 |archive-date=2025-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228001212/https://www.myplate.gov/professionals |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Food-based dietary guidelines |url=https://www.fao.org/nutrition/education/food-dietary-guidelines/home/en/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manufar jagororin [[Diet (nutrition)|abinci]] ga Amurkawa shine don taimakawa masu sana'a da masu tsara manufofi don ba da shawara ga Amurkawa game da zaɓuɓɓuka masu kyau don abincin su. A cikin tsara Jagororin Abinci na 2020-2025, Gwamnatin Tarayyar Amurka ta ki amincewa da shawarar kwamitin kimiyya na kwararru don saita ƙananan manufofi don amfani da sukari da abin sha.

Dokar Tarayya da ka'idoji suna buƙatar cewa wallafe-wallafen gwamnatin Tarayya su ba da jagorar abinci daidai da Jagororin Abinci ga Amurkawa. Ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA) jagororin suna ba da hujja ta kimiyya don Shirin Abincin Makaranta na Kasa da Shirin Abin Cin Kofi na Makaranta, ciyar da yara miliyan 30 kowace rana ta makaranta, da Shirin Ƙarin Abinci na Musamman ga Mata, Jarirai da Yara, wanda ke da masu cin gajiyar miliyan 8. Ga Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Gudanar da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka kan Tsuga, jagororin suna ba da hujja ga shirye-shiryen Ayyukan Kula da Abinci na Tsofaffin Amurkawa waɗanda suka haɗa da masu ba da sabis na abinci mai gina jiki sama da 5,000 (misali, Abinci a kan Wheels), suna ba da abinci sama da 900,000 a rana a duk faɗin Amurka. Ma'aikatar Tsaro tana amfani da jagororin a matsayin hujja don abincin abinci ga ma'aikatan soja kuma Ma'abiyar Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji tana amfani da Jagororin don sanar da ilimin abinci mai gina jiki ga tsoffin sojojin da ke fama da marasa lafiya na Tsarin Asibitin VA. Baya ga waɗannan masu sauraron gwamnati, gwamnatocin jihohi da na gida, makarantu, kamfanonin kasuwanci, kungiyoyin al'umma, kafofin watsa labarai, da masana'antar abinci suna amfani da jagororin abinci don sanar da manufofi da ci gaban shirye-shiryen da aka nufa don yiwa jama'a hidima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Dietary Guidelines for Americans: What It Is, What It Is Not - 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines - health.gov |url=https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/introduction/dietary-guidelines-for-americans/ |website=health.gov |access-date=2025-10-29 |archive-date=2023-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117171836/https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/introduction/dietary-guidelines-for-americans/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>El Chaval de la Bachata</title>
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'''Linar Espinal''' ( Juncalito, Jánico, Disamba 4, 1978), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quiñones |first=Alfonso |date=2023-05-21 |title=El Chaval de la Bachata continúa su imparable popularidad |url=https://www.elcaribe.com.do/gente/a-y-e/el-chaval-de-la-bachata-continua-su-imparable-popularidad/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Diario El Caribe |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-03-12 |title=El chaval de Juncalito que lleva la bachata a un escenario de lujo en Santo Domingo |url=https://listindiario.com/entretenimiento/2023/03/12/766680/el-chaval-de-juncalito-que-lleva-la-bachata-a-un-escenario-de-lujo-en-santo-domingo.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Listín Diario |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda aka fi sani da '''El Chaval de la Bachata''', mawaƙin [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Dominican]] ne, mawaƙa, mawaƙi kuma furodusa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Biografía de El Chaval de la Bachata |url=https://bachatarepublic.com/biografia-de-el-chaval-de-la-bachata/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Bachata Republic |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya fara aikinsa a cikin 1994 tare da taimakon ɗan kasuwa Nepo Núñez tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa Los Infantiles del Amargue, yana ƙaddamar da shi azaman mawaƙin solo ƙarƙashin lakabin Nepo Nuñez Records tare da fitowar sa na farko mai suna ''Sentimiento Único'' (1997), wanda ya haɗa da buga &quot;Cuando el Amor se va&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-04 |title=El Chaval se mantiene como el bachatero de mayor pegada |url=https://elnacional.com.do/el-chaval-se-mantiene-como-el-bachatero-de-mayor-pegada/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=El Nacional |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shi mawaƙi ne kuma mai yin waƙoƙi masu mahimmanci a cikin nau'in bachata kamar &quot;Donde Están Esos Amigos&quot;, &quot;Estoy Perdido&quot;, &quot;No Soy tu Marido&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-30 |title=El Chaval logra buena acogida con tema “No soy tu hombre |url=https://elnacional.com.do/el-chaval-logra-buena-acogida-con-tema-no-soy-tu-hombre/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=El Nacional |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; da &quot;Canalla&quot; tare da [[Anthony Santos|Romeo Santos]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-02 |title=El Chaval entra a la lista Billboard |url=https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/musica/el-chaval-entra-a-la-lista-billboard-DC12676005 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Diario Libre |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; da sauransu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-05-09 |title=Tema de El Chaval entra a Billboard |url=https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/tema-de-el-chaval-entra-a-billboard-LWDL15519 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Diario Libre |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin aikinsa ya sami lambar yabo da kuma gabatarwa a abubuwan da suka faru kamar [[Soberano Awards]] da [[Billboard Latin Music Awards]], kuma ya yi rikodin tare da masu fasaha kamar Romeo Santos, [[Luis Vargas (musician)|Luis Vargas]], Gerardo Morán, Luis Gonzaga Segura, Leonardo Paniagua da Luis Miguel del Amargue, da sauransu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marocchi |first=Candela |date=2023-10-17 |title=El Chaval de la Bachata lanzará la producción más importante de toda su carrera musical |url=https://minayapr.com/el-chaval-de-la-bachata-lanzara-la-produccion-mas-importante-de-toda-su-carrera-musical/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=MinayaPR |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haifi Linar Espinal a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1978 a gundumar Juncalito, a cikin gundumar Jánico, [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominican]] . Ɗan Jesús Espinal da María Nuñez, shi ne ƙarami a cikin 'yan'uwa huɗu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marocchi |first=Candela |date=2023-10-17 |title=El Chaval de la Bachata lanzará la producción más importante de toda su carrera musical |url=https://minayapr.com/el-chaval-de-la-bachata-lanzara-la-produccion-mas-importante-de-toda-su-carrera-musical/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=MinayaPR |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubansa ya yi [[wahayi]] zuwa gare shi, ɗaya daga cikin kayan kida na farko da ya yanke shawarar yin wasa shine [[accordion]], wanda ya canza don guitar lokacin yana ɗan shekara bakwai kawai. A lokacin, matashin mawakin ya yi hijira zuwa birnin [[Santiago de los Caballeros|Santiago]], inda bachatas na [[Blas Durán]] suka rinjaye shi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bourdierd |first=Juan Pablo |date=2023-10-27 |title=El Chaval: el doble sentido de Blas Durán y Luis Vargas lo engancharon a la bachata |url=https://www.sabanetasr.com/el-chaval-el-doble-sentido-de-blas-duran-y-luis-vargas-lo-engancharon-a-la-bachata/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Sabaneta SR |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==

=== Shekaru goma na farko: Nepo Nuñez Records (1993-2003) ===
Lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha uku ya sadu da Juan Tavárez a cikin 1993, wanda ke da ƙungiyar bachata tare da ɗansa Joel Tavarez mai shekaru takwas, tare da wanda suka kafa kungiyar ''Los Infantiles del Amargue'', wanda ya shiga a matsayin mawallafi da guitar na biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-02-06 |title=Guitarra, sentimiento y voz: El Chaval de la Bachata |url=https://www.quisqueyapeach.com/guitarra-sentimiento-y-voz-el-chaval-de-la-bachata/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Quisqueya Peach |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2007 ya rubuta aikin ''Ya me cansé'', wanda ya haɗa da &quot;Donde Están Esos Amigos&quot;, da sauransu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-05-09 |title=Tema de El Chaval entra a Billboard |url=https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/tema-de-el-chaval-entra-a-billboard-LWDL15519 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Diario Libre |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kundin ya yi alamar shigarwa ta farko na mai zane akan ginshiƙi ''na Billboard'', yana yin muhawara a matsayi na goma akan jerin [[Tropical Albums|Albums na wurare masu zafi]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-05-25 |title=El Chaval asciende en Billboard |url=https://hoy.com.do/el-chaval-asciende-en-billboard/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Hoy Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2009 an zabe shi a cikin nau'i uku na [[Soberano Awards|Kyautar Casandra]] : Bachatero na shekara, Mawaƙin shekara da Bachata na shekara. shekara, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-02-02 |title=Nominados a los premios Casandra 2009 |url=https://listindiario.com/entretenimiento/2009/02/02/89716/nominados-a-los-premios-casandra-2009.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Listín Diario |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya lashe wannan rukuni na ƙarshe tare da waƙar, &quot;Donde Están Esos Amigos&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aquino |first=Marisol |date=2009-03-25 |title=Ganadores de los Premios Casandra |url=https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/ganadores-de-los-premios-casandra-KADL193382 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Diario Libre |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda kuma aka zaba don lambar yabo ta [[Billboard Latin Music Awards]] na [[2009 Latin Billboard Music Awards|wannan shekarar]] a matsayin Tropical Airplay Song. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-02-18 |title=Ocho dominicanos van por los premios Billboard 2009 |url=https://elnacional.com.do/ocho-dominicanos-van-por-los-premios-billboard-2009/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=El Nacional |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau a cikin 2009 ya fitar da kundi mai suna ''Lo que me Pidas'' . An sake zabar wannan samarwa don Kyautar Casandra na 2010 a cikin nau'ikan Bachata na shekara da Bachatero na shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-03-17 |title=Lista de Ganadores en Premios Casandra 2010 |url=https://www.diariodigital.com.do/2010/03/17/lista-de-ganadores-en-premios-casandra-2010.html/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Diario Digital RD |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan fitowar sa na farko, ya buga kundi na kida kusan ba tare da katsewa ba: ''Enfermo de amor'' (1998), ''Para toda la vida'' (wanda ya sami kyautar Globo da Aces Awards a 1999), &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marocchi |first=Candela |date=2023-10-17 |title=El Chaval de la Bachata lanzará la producción más importante de toda su carrera musical |url=https://minayapr.com/el-chaval-de-la-bachata-lanzara-la-produccion-mas-importante-de-toda-su-carrera-musical/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=MinayaPR |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Para siempre'' (2001), ''Volveré'' (2002) da ''Ayer y Hoy'' (2003). Duk waɗannan sakewar an yi su a ƙarƙashin alamar Nepo Nuñez Records. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-12-21 |title=El chaval &quot;De niño pasé mucha hambre&quot; |url=https://hoy.com.do/el-chaval%c2%93de-nino-pase-mucha-hambre%c2%94/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Hoy Digital |language=es |archive-date=2024-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213195258/https://hoy.com.do/el-chaval%C2%93de-nino-pase-mucha-hambre%C2%94/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2004 ya saki kundin ''Devuélveme todo'' a ƙarƙashin lakabin Ramada Music, wanda ya haɗa da [[haraji]] ga Luis Segura, &quot;Devuélveme todo&quot; da &quot;Estoy Perdido&quot;. Wannan waƙa ta ƙarshe ita ce nasara ta ƙasa da ƙasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2005-12-06 |title=El 2005 repartió el pastel entre varios bachateros |url=https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/el-2005-reparti-el-pastel-entre-varios-bachateros-BTDL81627 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Diario Libre |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta sami zaɓi don Bachata na shekara a cikin bugu na 2006 na kyaututtukan Casandra. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-01-31 |title=Aventura logra siete nominaciones al Casandra |url=https://hoy.com.do/aventura-logra-siete-nominaciones-al-casandra-2/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Hoy Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2007 ya rubuta aikin ''Ya me cansé'', wanda ya haɗa da &quot;Donde Están Esos Amigos&quot;, da sauransu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-05-09 |title=Tema de El Chaval entra a Billboard |url=https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/tema-de-el-chaval-entra-a-billboard-LWDL15519 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Diario Libre |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kundin ya yi alamar shigarwa ta farko na mai zane akan ginshiƙi ''na Billboard'', yana yin muhawara a matsayi na goma akan jerin [[Tropical Albums|Albums na wurare masu zafi]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-05-25 |title=El Chaval asciende en Billboard |url=https://hoy.com.do/el-chaval-asciende-en-billboard/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Hoy Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2009 an zabe shi a cikin nau'i uku na [[Soberano Awards|Kyautar Casandra]] : Bachatero na shekara, Mawaƙin shekara da Bachata na shekara. shekara, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-02-02 |title=Nominados a los premios Casandra 2009 |url=https://listindiario.com/entretenimiento/2009/02/02/89716/nominados-a-los-premios-casandra-2009.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Listín Diario |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya lashe wannan rukuni na ƙarshe tare da waƙar, &quot;Donde Están Esos Amigos&quot;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aquino |first=Marisol |date=2009-03-25 |title=Ganadores de los Premios Casandra |url=https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/ganadores-de-los-premios-casandra-KADL193382 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Diario Libre |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda kuma aka zaba don lambar yabo ta [[Billboard Latin Music Awards]] na [[2009 Latin Billboard Music Awards|wannan shekarar]] a matsayin Tropical Airplay Song. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-02-18 |title=Ocho dominicanos van por los premios Billboard 2009 |url=https://elnacional.com.do/ocho-dominicanos-van-por-los-premios-billboard-2009/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=El Nacional |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau a cikin 2009 ya fitar da kundi mai suna ''Lo que me Pidas'' . An sake zabar wannan samarwa don Kyautar Casandra na 2010 a cikin nau'ikan Bachata na shekara da Bachatero na shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-03-17 |title=Lista de Ganadores en Premios Casandra 2010 |url=https://www.diariodigital.com.do/2010/03/17/lista-de-ganadores-en-premios-casandra-2010.html/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Diario Digital RD |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shekaru masu zuwa (2010-2021) ===
A cikin 2012 ya fitar da kundi na ''Por el maldito dinero'', kuma a cikin 2014 ya yi rikodin waƙar &quot; Tres Semanas &quot;, wanda Marco Antonio Solís ya rubuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; A wannan shekarar ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da kamfanin 829Music Mundial, karkashin jagorancin Vladmir García; a halin yanzu yana ci gaba da haɗa shi da kamfanin rikodin.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-26 |title=El Chaval firma contrato de distribución con la compañía 829Music Mundial |url=https://elnuevodiario.com.do/el-chaval-firma-contrato-de-distribucion-con-la-compania-829music-mundial/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=El Nuevo Diario |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2016 ya fitar da kundi na ''Sincrodestino'' tare da guda ɗaya &quot;Babu Soy Tu Marido&quot;. An zabi waƙar don Bachata na shekara a 2017 Soberano Awards. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Bayan haɗin gwiwarsa tare da Romeo Santos akan waƙar &quot; Canalla &quot; daga kundin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwqA&quot;&gt;Utopía&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, El Chaval ya buga wani sabon kayan kida mai suna ''Mil Historias'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-10-16 |title=Mil historias, la nueva producción musical de El Chaval de la bachata |url=https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/musica/video-mil-historias-la-nueva-produccion-musical-de-el-chaval-de-la-bachata-AE14762534 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Diario Libre |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ya gayyato haziƙai daban-daban masu tasowa daga Jamhuriyar Dominican. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-10-17 |title=El Chaval de la Bachata &quot;Me quieren crucificar&quot; |url=https://elnacional.com.do/el-chaval-de-la-bachata-me-quieren-crucificar/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=El Nacional |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Me sacaste del llavero&quot; shine kayan da aka saki a matsayin guda ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-10-27 |title=VIDEO: &quot;Me sacaste el llavero&quot;, lo nuevo de El Chaval de la Bachata |url=https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/musica/video-me-sacaste-el-llavero-lo-nuevo-de-el-chaval-de-la-bachata-EK14967650 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Diario Libre |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan, &quot;Bipolar&quot; guda ɗaya an sanya shi akan Monitor Latino a matsayin waƙar da aka fi nema a Jamhuriyar Dominican. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-17 |title=El Chaval mantiene pegada musical |url=https://hoy.com.do/el-chaval-mantiene-pegada-musical/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Hoy Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019 ya yi wasa tare da Romeo Santos a filin wasa na MetLife a birnin New York a gaban masu sauraro fiye da 80,000, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yawon shakatawa na ɗan wasan Amurka ''na Utopia'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-22 |title=Video: Romeo Santos triunfa en su concierto &quot;Utopía&quot; en el Metlife Stadium de New Jersey |url=https://hoy.com.do/video-romeo-santos-triunfa-en-su-concierto-utopia-en-el-metlife-stadium-de-new-jersey/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Hoy Digital |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shekaru 25 na gwaninta da abubuwan da suka faru na yanzu (2022-2024) ===
A cikin bikin cika shekaru ashirin da shida a matsayin mai [[Fasahar noma|fasaha]], ya buga albam mai suna ''Alayah #15'' a cikin 2023, tare da wakoki sama da ashirin, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-26 |title=El Chaval estrena nuevo álbum “Alayah #15” con más de 20 canciones |url=https://eldia.com.do/el-chaval-estrena-nuevo-album-alayah-15-con-mas-de-20-canciones/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=El Día |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin su &quot;La Plata&quot;, inda ya ba da lambar yabo ta vallenato rhythm ga mawaƙin Colombian Diomedes Díaz . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title=El Chaval de la Bachata lanza homenaje en Vallenato a Diomedes Díaz |url=https://robertocavada.com/entretenimiento/2023/11/01/el-chaval-de-la-bachata-lanza-homenaje-en-vallenato-a-diomedes-diaz/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Roberto Cavada |language=es |archive-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127005841/https://robertocavada.com/entretenimiento/2023/11/01/el-chaval-de-la-bachata-lanza-homenaje-en-vallenato-a-diomedes-diaz/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kundin ya kuma haɗa da waƙar &quot;Contrato de amantes&quot;, wanda [[Anthony Santos|Romeo Santos]] ya rubuta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-27 |title=El Chaval de la Bachata lanza nuevo álbum &quot;Alayah #15&quot; |url=https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/musica/2023/10/27/el-chaval-de-la-bachata-estrena-contrato-de-amantes/2505792 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Diario Libre |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan shekarar ne ofishin jakadancin Jamhuriyar [[Dominic Adiyiah|Dominican]] a Spain ya amince da shi saboda yawan aikinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=El Chaval de la Bachata recibe reconocimiento |url=https://elnacional.com.do/el-chaval-de-la-bachata-recibe-reconocimiento/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=El Nacional |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>EDay</title>
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      <text bytes="6834" sha1="5o9d5x4d90dr9y7he6chlzj2an8jhl2" xml:space="preserve">[[File:EDay_logo.jpg|right|thumb|Alamar eDay]]
eDay wani yunƙuri ne na New Zealand don gudanar da ranar tattara ewaste na shekara-shekara, wanda aka fara a matsayin Computer Access New Zealand (CANZ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About the eDay New Zealand Trust |url=https://www.eday.org.nz/about-eday/about-the-eday-new-zealand-trust.html |access-date=2021-04-11 |publisher=eday.org.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=COMPUTER ACCESS NZ TRUST |url=http://www.canz.org.nz/ |access-date=2021-04-11 |publisher=www.canz.org.nz |archive-date=2021-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412012132/http://canz.org.nz/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; eDay wani yun dang ne na New Zealand don ware da ranar tattara ewaste na shekara-shekara, wanda aka fara a cikin Computer Access New Zealand (CANZ)

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:EDay_Dunedin_2008_2911215656_babb075ccd_o.jpg|right|thumb|eDay a Dunedin, 2008]]
An fara gudanar da eDay a Wellington a shekara ta 2006, a matsayin matukin jirgi wanda Dell ya dauki nauyinsa, taron da aka saya a cikin tan 54 (119,000 lb) na tsoffin kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu da sauran kayan lantarki da ba za a iya lalata su ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-09-17 |title=Bin your old PC on eDay |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&amp;objectid=10464621 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=New Zealand Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2007 an tsawaita shirin don rufe wurare 12, wanda ya haifar da zama yunƙurin ƙasa, tan 946 (2,086,000 lb) an tattara.&lt;ref name=&quot;mfe-survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=e-Waste Survey for eDay 2007 |url=http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/e-waste-survey-eday2007-nov07/index.html |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=Ministry for the Environment |archive-date=2008-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016042620/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/e-waste-survey-eday2007-nov07/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;whatis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is eDay? |url=http://www.eday.org.nz/about-eday.html |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=eDay}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gudanar da eDay 2008 a ranar 4 ga Oktoba kuma an faɗaɗa shi zuwa cibiyoyin 32. &lt;ref name=&quot;stuff-todaystheday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-10-04 |title=Today's the day to recycle computers |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/4715644a6479.html |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=The Dominion Post, Fairfax New Zealand }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2009 an tattara kimanin tan 966 (2,130,000  a wurare 38 a duk faɗin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-09-12 |title=Kiwis recycle 966 tonnes of e-waste at eDay |url=http://www.eday.org.nz/news-and-resources/media/82-kiwis-recycle-966-tonnes-of-e-waste-at-eday.html |access-date=2009-09-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufar ==
An fara shirin ne don rage yawan sharar lantarki da ake zubar a cikin shara, bisa ga shaidar daga rahotanni cewa akwai kimanin na'urorin lantarki miliyan 16 da ake amfani da su a New Zealand kuma ana gabatar da sabbin na'urori miliyan 1 a kowace shekara, rahoton ya gano cewa ana zubar da mafi yawan waɗannan na'urbura a cikin shara maimakon sake amfani da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;whatisewaste&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is e-waste |url=http://www.eday.org.nz/what-is-e-waste.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601025219/http://www.eday.org.nz/what-is-e-waste.asp |archive-date=2008-06-01 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=eDay}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani rahoto daban ya gano cewa rabin makarantun New Zealand ba su sake amfani da kayan aiki ba kuma sun maye gurbin kayan aiki, sun zaɓi a maimakon haka su ajiye shi a cikin shara.&lt;ref name=&quot;whatisewaste&quot; /&gt; Lokacin da aka zubar da su a cikin shara akwai yiwuwar sunadarai masu cutarwa a cikin kayan aikin lantarki, kamar su mercury, gubar da cadmium, gurɓata ruwan ƙasa da shiga cikin hulɗa da mutane ko dabbobi, guba a cikin sunadarai suna iya haifar da matsaloli masu tsanani na kiwon lafiya, kamar tsarin juyayi da lalacewar kwakwalwa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;stuff-todaystheday&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dr R E Horne |last2=J Gertsakis |title=A Literature Review on the Environmental and Health Impacts of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment |url=http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/weee-literature-review-jun06/weee-literature-review-jun06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015040334/http://mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/weee-literature-review-jun06/weee-literature-review-jun06.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-15 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=Ministry for the Environment}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da aka sake amfani da su, ana zubar da sunadarai cikin aminci kuma ana iya sake amfani da sassan da za su iya amfani da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;whatisewaste&quot; /&gt;

== Ƙaddamarwa ==
[[Fayil:EDay,_Christchurch,_2009.jpg|right|thumb|A Christchurch, an gudanar da taron 2009 a filin shakatawa na Canterbury.]]
A ranar, ana kafa wuraren tattara abubuwan tuƙi kuma masu sa kai suna gudanar da kowace cibiya. Ana ƙarfafa kamfanoni, makarantu da jama'a da su zubar da tsofaffin kayan aikin kwamfuta, wayoyin hannu da kwalayen bugawa. Kazalika da tattara kayan, an kuma tsara shirin don ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin sharar lantarki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-10-04 |title=E-Day is time to ditch that old PC |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/536641/2174494 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=TVNZ |archive-date=2011-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519090822/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/536641/2174494 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How can I get involved? |url=http://www.eday.org.nz/how-can-i-get-involved.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604064610/http://www.eday.org.nz/how-can-i-get-involved.asp |archive-date=2008-06-04 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=eDay}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== abo ==
An ba CANZ lambar yabo ta Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta New Zealand ta 2008 Green Ribbon Award don aikin al'umma da shiga tsakani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 2008 Green Ribbon Awards winners |url=https://www.mfe.govt.nz/withyou/awards/green-ribbon-winners-2008.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208150242/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/withyou/awards/green-ribbon-winners-2008.html |archive-date=2013-02-08 |access-date=2008-10-05 |publisher=Ministry for the Environment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2009 CANZ ta lashe Kyautar Masana'antu ta Musamman a cikin Kyautar PricewaterhouseCoopers Hi-Tech . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-05-05 |title=Prestigious Hi-Tech Awards applaud eDay for diverting toxic waste from our landfills |url=http://www.eday.org.nz/news-and-resources/media/53-prestigious-hi-tech-awards-applaud-eday-for-diverting-toxic-waste-from-our-landfills.html |access-date=2009-09-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Sake amfani da kwamfuta
* Sharar lantarki a New Zealand
* Jirgin keke na E

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

== Haɗin waje ==</text>
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    <title>Rashid Yussuff</title>
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'''Rashid Olatokunbo Oladobe Alao Yussuff''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta alif 1989) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda yake taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na Chatham Town . 

==Farkon rayuwa da Ayyuka==
Yussuff dan asalin Najeriya ne amma an haife shi a Poplar,London a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba shekara ta alif 1989.Sau da yawa ana kiransa ''Toks'' a matsayin taƙaitaccen sunansa na tsakiya Olatokunbo .  Yussuff ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai horo a Kwalejin Athletic ta Charlton a watan Yulin shekara ta 2006 yana da shekaru 17.Ya zira kwallaye takwas a gasar zakarun kasa da shekaru 18 a gasar Premier Academy ta 2007-08, tare da zira kwallayen biyu a gasar cin Kofin Matasa na FA .  Duk da haka, ya kasa shiga cikin tawagar farko kuma a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba 2008 an ba da dan wasan tsakiya mai shekaru 19 ga kungiyar Conference Northwich Victoria a yarjejeniyar farko ta wata daya. Yussuff ya fara buga wa Northwich Victoria wasa a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008 a wasan da aka yi da Burton Albion 1-0.  Yaci gaba da yin karin wasanni shida ga &quot;The Vics&quot; tare da wasan karshe da yaci Altrincham 1-0 a ranar 26 ga Disamba 2008, bayan haka ya koma kulob din iyayensa. Dan wasan tsakiya zai bayyana ne kawai ga &quot;The Addicks&quot; a matsayin mai maye gurbin Lloyd Sam a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA ta 2008-09 inda Charlton Athletic ta doke Norwich City 1-0 a Carrow Road a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2009,a gaban Taron mutane 13,997.  A ranar 26 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2009, an ba da rancen Yussuff ga kungiyar Ebbsfleet United don sauran kakar 2008-09. Ya fara bugawa Ebbsfleet United wasa a ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2009 a cikin nasara 1-0 a kan Altrincham. Yussuff ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar zakarun Ebbsfleet United a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2009 acikin nasarar 2-1 a kan Lewes. Yussuff ya buga wasanni 8 a gasar &quot;The Fleet&quot; gabaɗaya, na ƙarshe ya kasance 2-2 draw a kan Salisbury City a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2009 kafin ya koma kulob din iyayensa. Daga baya Charlton Athletic ta saki Yussuff a ƙarshen kakar shekarun 2008-09.

=== Gillingham ===
Yussuff ya shiga kungiyar Gillingham ta League One a gwaji a watan Yulin shekara ta 2009,inda ya burge kocin Mark Stimson don a ba shi kwangilar shekara guda don kakar 2009-10.  Yussuff ya fara buga wasan kwallon kafa a ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2009 a matsayin mai maye gurbin Jack Payne a minti na 87 a nasarar 5-0 a kan Swindon Town. Yussuff kuma yazo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Jack Payne a rabi na biyu a cikin shan kashi 1-0 ga Norwich City a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta 2009-10 a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 2009.  Yussuff zai ci gaba da yin karin wasanni 7 ga Gillingham a kakar 2009-10,na karshe shine 1-1 draw a kan Hartlepool United a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010.  Gillingham sun koma League Two a ƙarshen kakar 2009-10 bayan da Wycombe Wanderers suka ci 3-0 a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2010. Wannan ya haifar da korar Mark Stimson a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2010.  Yussuff daga baya kulob din ya sake shi a ranar 11 ga watan Mayu bayan sabon kocin &quot;Gills&quot; Andy Hessenthaler ya yanke shawarar kada ya sabunta kwangilarsa.

=== AFC Wimbledon ===
A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2010,Yussuff ya sanya hannu a kungiyar AFC Wimbledon. Ya fara bugawa &quot;The Dons&quot; a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2010 a matsayin mai maye gurbin Sammy Moore a minti na 83 a nasarar 2-0 a kan Histon. Yussuff ta fara fitowa na farko don &quot;The Dons&quot; ya zo ne a cikin shan kashi 1-0 ga Rushden &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;amp; Diamonds a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2010.  Ya zira kwallaye na farko ga AFC Wimbledon a nasarar 2-1 a kan Wrexham a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2010.  Yussuff ya kasance babban memba na tawagar &quot;The Dons&quot; a lokacin da suke turawa don ci gaba,inda ya zira kwallaye 6 a wasanni 40 a kakar 2010-11. Babban girmamawa na dan wasan tsakiya har zuwa yau don &quot;The Dons&quot; yazo ne lokacin da kocin Terry Brown ya zaba shi don farawa a wasan karshe na 2011 da aka yi da Luton Town a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2011 a filin wasa na City of Manchester a gaban taron mutane 18,195.Wasan ya sauka zuwa harbi bayan wasan ya ƙare 0-0 a cikin karin lokaci tare da AFC Wimbledon daga ƙarshe yaci 4-3, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba zuwa gasar kwallon kafa. Za a kuma tuna da Yussuff a matsayin wani ɓangare na farawa goma sha ɗaya a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko na AFC Wimbledon da [[Bristol]] Rovers a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta 2011,wanda ya ƙare a cikin shan kashi 3-2. Yussuff ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar kwallon kafa a nasarar 2-0 a kan Dagenham &amp; Redbridge a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2011.  A cikin duka Yussuff ya zira kwallaye 5 a wasanni 40 a lokacin kakar 2011-12. Yussuff ya buga wasan sa na 100 a AFC Wimbledon a cikin nasara 1-0 a kan Aldershot Town a ranar 16 ga Maris 2013.  A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014,AFC Wimbledon ta saki Yussuff bayan ya buga wasanni 150 a kulob din.

=== Akraness ===
A ranar 31 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2017 ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da ÍA Akranes . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2017 |title=Rashid Yussuff w ÍA Akranes |url=http://www.90minut.pl/news/276/news2762430-Rashid-Yussuff-w-IA-Akranes.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |publisher=90minut |language=Polish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin shekara ta 2023 Yussuff ya sanya hannu a kan Chatham Town . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-04 |title=CHATHAM TOWN SIGN RASHID YUSSUFF |url=http://www.chathamtownfc.com/chatham-town-sign-rashid-yussuff/ |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Chatham Town FC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
Rashid Yussuff ya buga wa Ingila 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 kawai a ranar 27 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a cikin nasara 4-1 a kan [[Holand|Netherlands]] 'yan kasa le shekaru 18,yana zuwa a matsayin mai maye gurbin Daniel Sturridge na minti 87. 

== Daraja ==
'''AFC Wimbledon'''

* Conference National play-off winner: 2010–11{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2024}}

'''Arka Gdynia'''

* I liga: 2015-16 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I liga 2015/2016 |url=http://www.90minut.pl/liga/0/liga8070.html |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Rashid Yussuffa filin wasan kwallon kafa
* Rashid Yussuffa90minut.pl  (a cikin yaren Polish) 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]]</text>
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    <title>Faithless (jerin talabijin)</title>
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Faithless jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na asali na Showmax na 2023 wanda Auka Gecheo ya samar, [1] kuma Abdi Shuria, da Sarki Muriuki ne suka ba da umarni, [2] tare da Rosemary Waweru, Afrilu Nyambura, Beatrice Mwai, da Fatma Mohammed. [3]

== Makirci ==
Faithless jerin wasan kwaikwayo ne na aikata laifuka da aka kafa bayan fashi da ya ɓace. Labarin ya ta'allaka ne a kan mata huɗu na coci, waɗanda aka jawo su cikin rayuwar aikata laifuka da tashin hankali lokacin da jam'iyyarsu ta juya zuwa aikin karkatar da kuɗi ta hanyar mai aikata laifukan masu haɗari. Labarin ya ta'allaka ne game da Esther, wata mai ba da abinci mai gwagwarmaya, wacce ta yi tuntuɓe a kan ganimar da aka sace kuma ta gano cewa ɗan'uwanta, Benja, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu sa ido a bayan fashi. Kamar yadda Kayinu, mai aikata laifuka wanda ya sha wahala sosai a cikin fashi, ba tare da jinkiri ba yana neman fansa, Esther da abokan cocinsa, Ruth, Hope, da Deborah, sun sami kansu suna fuskantar matsala ta ɗabi'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nairobi News&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ngigi |first=Elizabeth |date=29 June 2023 |title=PHOTOS: Showmax series ‘Faithless’ premieres in star-studded event |url=https://nairobinews.nation.africa/photos-showmax-series-faithless-premieres-in-star-studded-event/ |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=Nairobi News }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masu ba da labari ==

=== Hannun hannu ===

* Rosemary Waweru a matsayin '''Esther'''
* [[Avril (mawaƙiya)|Afrilu]] a matsayin '''Deborah'''
* Beatrice Mwai a matsayin '''Ruut'''
* '''Fata''' Mohammed a matsayin Bege

=== Taimako ===
 

== Fitarwa ==

=== Kasuwanci ===
A ranar 6 ga Yuni 2023, an ba da rahoton simintin lokacin da aka saki motar, tare da jerin [[Avril (mawaƙiya)|Afrilu]], Mark Masai, Rosemary Waweru, Fatma Mohammed, Beatrice Mwai, Aleks Kamau, Morris Mwangi, Peter Kamau, Arabron Nyyneque, Abubakar Mwenda, Brian Ngaira, Antony Kyule Njuguna, Ashley Kareez, Steve Matias, Kennedy Luyali, da Zawadi Kayyoh . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robi |first=Amos |date=6 June 2023 |title=Avril, Mark Masai to feature in new drama series 'Faithless' [Trailer] |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/movies/avril-mark-masai-to-feature-in-new-showmax-drama-series-faithless-trailer/wf900hj |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=Pulselive Kenya |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robi |first=Amos |date=29 June 2023 |title=Film director Shuria speaks on what to expect in crime drama series 'Faithless' |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/movies/what-to-expect-in-showmax-crime-drama-series-faithless/bnk1j61 |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=Pulselive Kenya |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farko da saki ==
A ranar Laraba 26 ga Yuni 2023, Showmax ta gudanar da nunawa ta sirri da dare a Westgate Cinemas . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nairobi News&quot;/&gt;

A ranar 6 ga Yulin 2023, Faithless ya fara ne a kan Showmax kuma ana sake shi kowane mako a ranar Alhamis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Showmax Stories&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faithless |url=https://stories.showmax.com/za/originals/faithless |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=Showmax Stories |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kisan Nancy Gan</title>
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A ranar 19 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, a bungalow dinta a Bukit Timah, '''Nancy Gan Wan Geok''' mai shekaru 69 da sabuwar baiwarta, wata 'yar [[Indonesiya|Indonesian]] mai shekaru 18 mai suna '''Dewi Sukowati''' ta kashe ta, wacce ta buge Gan a kan bango kafin ta jefa jikinta cikin tafkin iyo na gidan Gan, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar Gan daga rauni na kwakwalwa da nutsewa. Gan, wata mace mai zaman kanta, an yi zargin ta da cin zarafin Dewi kuma hakan ya haifar da cewa Dewi ta kashe ta a matsayin fansa. An kama Dewi kuma an tuhume ta da kisan kai, amma bayan an tantance ta da ke fama da raguwar alhakin a lokacin laifin, an rage zargin kisan Dewi zuwa kisan kai kafin a fara shari'arta. Dewi ya yi ikirarin aikata laifin rage tuhumar kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 18 a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2016. 

== Kisan kai ==
A ranar 19 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, a cikin bungalow dinta a Victoria Park, Bukit Timah, an sami wata tsohuwar mace ta mutu a cikin tafkinta kuma tana da raunin kai. A wannan rana kanta, an kama sabuwar baiwar matar da aka hayar, dan kasar Indonesia mai shekaru 23, bisa zargin kashe ma'aikatarta. An bayar da rahoton hayar baiwar kasa da mako guda kafin kisan Gan.

Daga baya aka gano [[Landan]] aka azabtar a matsayin mai shekaru 69 mai suna Nancy Gan Wan Geok, 'yar [[Singafora|Singapore]] da aka haifa a [[Hong Kong]] wacce ta kasance tsohuwar matar wani dan siyasa na Hong Kong. Gan kanta ta kasance mai zane-zane da kuma pianist wanda aka sani da aikinta a cikin ayyukan agaji da kuma ba da gudummawa ga ayyukanta na sadaka. A lokacin mutuwarta, Gan ta bar 'yan'uwa mata biyar,' yan'uwa maza biyu da yara biyu (sun kai shekaru 30) daga ɗayan auren Gan na baya. 'Yar Gan Sharon Lim tana zaune a London, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin likita, yayin da dan Gan Victor Lim ya zauna tare da ita a Singapore. Dan Gan yana kan tafiya ta kasuwanci a [[Seoul]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] a lokacin kisan mahaifiyarsa, kuma ya gaggauta komawa Singapore bayan ya sami labarin mutuwar mahaifiyarsa.

Masanin ilimin likitanci Dokta Wee Keng Poh daga baya ya gudanar da binciken gawawwakin wanda aka azabtar. Ya gano cewa Gan ya sami karyewar kwanyar da ta haifar da raunin kai wanda ya isa a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun don haifar da mutuwa. Dokta Wee ya kuma bayyana cewa nutsar da kanta ta ba da gudummawa ga mutuwarta, kuma saboda haka ya kammala cewa dalilin mutuwar ya zama nutsar kuma mummunan raunin da Gan ya samu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2016 |title=Public Prosecutor v Dewi Sukowati [2016] SGHC 152 |url=https://www.elitigation.sg/gdviewer/s/2016_SGHC_152 |website=Supreme Court Judgements}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake wurin aikata laifuka da kansa yana da tsabta, masana kimiyya sun sami damar amfani da fasahar bincike don bayyana jinin da baiwar ta wanke, gami da hanyar jini da ta fara daga ɗakin kwana na wanda aka azabtar zuwa tafkin, yana nuna cewa an ja Gan zuwa tafkin bayan an kashe ta a cikin ɗakin dakinta.

Kwanaki uku bayan haka, an gudanar da jana'izar a gidan jana'izar Mount Vernon Sanctuary a ranar 22 ga Maris 2014, tare da abokan Gan da dangin da suka halarci jana'izar kanta kafin a ƙone ta kwana daya bayan haka. An ruwaito cewa dangin Gan har yanzu suna cikin firgici game da abin da ya faru, kuma 'yar'uwar Gan ta biyu Helen Gan ta tuna da wanda aka azabtar a matsayin &quot;mutum mai karimci, mai ba da gudummawa sosai, mai ƙauna sosai&quot;. Babu wani daga cikin 'yan siyasa ko manyan mutane daga ƙungiyar Gan da aka gayyace su don kiyaye farkawa sirri. Tsohon mijin Gan na biyu Hilton Cheong-Leen, tsohon dan siyasa na Hong Kong, shi ma ya halarci jana'izar. 'Yar Gan mai suna Flora Cheong-Leen ta gaya wa jarida cewa kodayake ba ta kusa da mahaifiyarta ba, ta yi baƙin ciki da sanin kisan Gan. Duk da haka, dangin Gan sun bayyana cewa ba su taɓa saduwa da uwargidanta ba, wanda aka tuhume shi da kisan ta kwana biyu kafin jana'izar.

Kisan Nancy Gan shi ne lamari na biyu na wata baiwa da ta kashe ma'aikatarta ko dangin ma'aikacin a wannan watan kanta. A farkon wannan watan, an kama wata uwargidan [[Myanmar]] mai shekaru 24 Than Win saboda kisan surukarta mai shekaru 87 Yong Wan Lan. Daga baya aka same Than da laifin kisan kai kuma aka daure shi na tsawon shekaru 13 a watan Yulin 2015. 

== Bincike ==
A ranar 20 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, kwana daya bayan an kashe Nancy Gan, sabuwar uwargidanta, wacce aka gano a matsayin Dewi Sukowati mai shekaru 23, an tuhume ta da kisan kai a kotunan Singapore. A karkashin doka, masu laifi da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisan kai na iya fuskantar hukuncin kisa. Mohamed Muzammil bin Mohamed, tsohon lauya wanda a baya ya wakilci ma'aikatan da ake tuhuma da kisan kai (ciki har da Sundarti Supriyanto wanda ya kashe ma'aikatarta mai cin zarafin), ofishin jakadancin Indonesia ya yi mata aiki don kare Dewi a lokacin shari'ar kisan kai mai zuwa. An kuma umarci Dewi da ta yi asibiti a gidan yarin mata na Changi na makonni uku. An kuma kira iyayenta don ba da taimako a cikin bincike.

A lokacin binciken duk da haka, an gano cewa Dewi ba ta da shekaru 23 a lokacin kisan, kuma lauyanta ya nemi kotu ta gyara shekarunta. Kafofin yada labarai na Indonesiya sun fara bayar da rahoton cewa ranar haihuwar Dewi a fasfo dinta, wanda shine 5 ga watan Agusta 1990, mai yiwuwa karya ne, kuma saboda wannan fitowar, an kira mahaifin Dewi zuwa Singapore don taimakawa wajen bincike game da wannan al'amari kuma hukumomin Indonesiya sun gudanar da bincike kan mutanen da suka shiga cikin karya shekarun Dewi. A ƙarshe, hukumomi sun tabbatar da cewa ainihin shekarun Dewi yana da shekaru 18 da watanni bakwai a lokacin laifin kuma ainihin ranar haihuwarta ita ce 5 ga Agusta 1995. Idan aka ba da shekarunta na gaskiya 18 a lokacin kisan, za a iya yanke wa Dewi hukuncin kisa idan aka same ta da laifin kisan kai, saboda dokokin Singapore sun ba da damar kotuna su yanke hukuncin kisa ga masu laifi masu shekaru 18 da sama a lokacin laifin, idan an sami irin waɗannan masu laifi da laifin duk wani laifi da ya ba da hukuncin kisa. A gefe guda, masu aikata laifuka da ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 a lokacin laifin za a kare su daga gungume kuma a maimakon haka za a yanke musu hukuncin [[Life imprisonment in Singapore|ɗaurin rai da rai]] idan an same su da laifin kisan kai.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Sundarti Supriyanto
* Shari'ar Purwanti Parji
* Kisan Esther Ang
* Kisan Seow Kim Choo
* Shari'ar Zin Mar Nwe
* Jerin manyan laifuka a Singapore

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category: Kashe-kashe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ernesto Alfredo Piñón de la Cruz</title>
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'''Ernesto Alfredo Piñón de la Cruz''', wanda aka fi sani da El '''Neto''', (an haife shi ne a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu na shekarar alif ɗari tara tamanin da tara 1989 - 5 ga Janairu 2023) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last= |first= |date=5 January 2023|title=Fugitive gang leader, 'El Neto,' killed in confrontation with law enforcement|trans-title= |url=https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/fugitive-gang-leader-el-neto-killed-by-police/|language= |work=Mexican News Daily|location= |access-date=9 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya kasance mai aikata laifuka a [[Mexico]] wanda aka sani da jagorancinsa a kan Los Mexicles, ƙungiyar titin da ke zaune a Ciudad Juárez kuma tana da alaƙa da Sinaloa Cartel .

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi El Neto a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1989 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Ortiz|first=Juan|date=3 January 2023|title=Sacan del penal de Ciudad Juárez a 200 integrantes de &quot;Los Mexicles&quot;|trans-title= |url=https://lasillarota.com/estados/2023/1/3/sacan-del-penal-de-ciudad-juarez-200-integrantes-de-los-mexicles-408205.html|language=es|work=La Silla Rota|location= |access-date=9 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya fara aikinsa na aikata laifuka kafin ya kai ga balaga. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=García|first=Samuel|date=5 January 2023|title=PERFIL: 'El Neto', el joven que tuvo en jaque a Ciudad Juárez|trans-title= |url=https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/2023/01/05/perfil-el-neto-el-joven-que-tuvo-en-jaque-a-ciudad-juarez/|language=es|work=[[El Financiero]]|location= |access-date=9 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2009, hukumomi a jihar Chihuahua ta Mexico sun kama shi dangane da satar mutane 30, ciki har da alƙali. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Cano|first=Luis Carlos|date=4 October 2009|title=Capturan a &quot;El Neto&quot;, autor de 30 secuestros|trans-title= |url=https://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/171673.html|language=es|work=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|location= |access-date=9 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 14 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 224 a kurkuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Coria Rivas|first=Carlos|date=14 December 2010|title=Sentencian a 224 años de prisión a secuestrador en Chihuahua|trans-title=|url=https://www.excelsior.com.mx/node/696615|language=es|work=[[Excélsior]]|location=|access-date=9 January 2023|archive-date=4 January 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230104224102/https://www.excelsior.com.mx/node/696615|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2020, El Neto ya maye gurbin Jesús Eduardo &quot;El Lalo&quot; Soto Rodríguez a matsayin shugaban Los Mexicles . &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=3 January 2023|title=El origen de &quot;Los Mexicles&quot; y &quot;El Neto&quot;, y lo que se esconde detrás de ellos|trans-title= |url=https://nortedigital.mx/el-origen-de-los-mexicles-y-el-neto-y-lo-que-se-esconde-detras-de-ellos/|language=es|work=Nortedigital|location= |access-date=9 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 1 ga Janairun 2023, ya tsere a lokacin harin kurkukun Ciudad Juárez na 2023 tare da wasu kusan 20. Koyaya, an kashe memba na biyu mafi girma na ƙungiyar, César &quot;El Chilín&quot; Vega Muñoz, yayin harin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=|first=|date=2 January 2023|title=Así fue como un comando ingresó al Cereso de Ciudad Juárez y sacó a líder criminal|trans-title=|url=https://www.sinembargo.mx/02-01-2023/4306494|language=es|work=SinEmbargo|location=|access-date=9 January 2023|archive-date=3 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103073011/https://www.sinembargo.mx/02-01-2023/4306494|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Holguin|first=Richard|date=3 January 2023|title=Durante motín en Cereso 3 falleció &quot;El Chilín&quot;; era mano derecha de &quot;El Neto&quot;|trans-title= |url=https://www.elheraldodechihuahua.com.mx/local/chihuahua/durante-motin-en-cereso-3-fallecio-el-chilin-era-mano-derecha-de-el-neto-9413557.html|language=es|work=El Heraldo de Chihuahua|location= |access-date=9 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last= |first= |date=5 January 2023|title=Mexique : après l'arrestation du fils d'El Chapo, des scènes de chaos dans la ville de Culiacan|trans-title= |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/international/article/mexique-apres-l-arrestation-du-fils-d-el-chapo-des-scenes-de-chaos-dans-la-ville-de-culiacan_212370.html|language=fr|work=[[HuffPost]]|location= |access-date=9 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kashe El Neto a wani harbi da 'yan sanda a Ciudad Juárez a ranar 5 ga Janairun 2023 yana da shekaru 33, kwana hudu bayan ya tsere daga kurkuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Resendiz|first=Julian|date=5 January 2023|title=Fugitive 'Mexicles' gang leader killed in shootout with police|trans-title= |url=https://fox2now.com/news/national/fugitive-mexicles-gang-leader-killed-in-shootout-with-police/|work=[[KTVI|Fox2 Now]]|location=El Paso|access-date=9 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kashewa mai daraja a Pakistan</title>
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Ana kiran kisan gillar girmamawa a Pakistan[1] a cikin gida da karo-kari ([[Urdu]]: کاروکاری).[2] A cewar Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Pakistan, an bayar da rahoton kisan gillar girmamawa sama da 470 a Pakistan a shekarar 2021. Amma masu kare hakkin dan adam sun kiyasta cewa ana kashe mata kusan 1,000 da sunan girmamawa kowace shekara.[3][4] Kisan girmamawa shine kisan wani memba na wata kungiyar zamantakewa da wasu membobi suka yi, saboda imanin cewa wanda aka kashe ya jawo rashin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ga iyali ko al'umma.[5] Ana kallon mutuwar wanda aka kashe a matsayin wata hanya ta dawo da suna da mutuncin iyali.[6]￼

Wataƙila kisan girmamawa ya kasance al'ada a Pakistan na shekaru da yawa,  kuma, duk da sauye-sauyen shari'a na baya-bayan nan, ya kasance al-ada ce a Pakistan a yau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ijaz |first=Saroop |date=2017-09-25 |title='Honor' Killings Continue in Pakistan Despite New Law |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/25/honor-killings-continue-pakistan-despite-new-law |access-date=2018-03-01 |website=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukkanin masu gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa da Pakistan da kungiyoyin masu gwagwa suna turawa don kawo karshen aikin, kodayake wasu suna cewa canji ba zai faru da gaske ba sai dai idan jama'a suka zaɓi yin Allah wadai da aikin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Siddiqi |first=Muhammad Khursheed |title=The Punjab Protection of Women against Violence Act 2016: A Legislative Review |url=https://sahsol.lums.edu.pk/sites/default/files/adjudicating_family_law_in_muslim_courts.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=LUMS Law Journal |volume=3 |pages=100–118 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426085521/https://sahsol.lums.edu.pk/sites/default/files/adjudicating_family_law_in_muslim_courts.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-26 |access-date=2018-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kisan girmamawa wani aiki ne na kisan kai, inda aka kashe mutum saboda halin da ya yi. Irin wannan &quot;halayyar lalata&quot; na iya ɗaukar nau'in rashin aminci na aure, ƙin miƙa wuya ga auren da aka shirya, neman saki, nuna halin kwarkwasa da kuma fyade.&lt;ref name=&quot;Khan_A_1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Ayesha |date=November 1999 |title=Mobility of women and access to health and family planning services in Pakistan |journal=[[Reproductive Health Matters]] |volume=7 |issue=14 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(99)90005-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 44 Tsoro da zarge-zarge kawai sun isa sau da yawa don lalata darajar iyali sabili da haka ya isa ya ba da izinin kashe matar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Khan_A_1999&quot; /&gt;

A cikin al'adun ubanni kamar Pakistan, ana tsara rayuwar mata ta hanyar kiyaye ƙa'&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwRA&quot;&gt;izat&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; girmamawa. Don adana tsabtar mata, dole ne mata su bi al'adun al'adu na zamantakewa da suka shafi matsayin mata da izzat na iyali, ko girmamawa, kamar aikin ''purdah'', rarrabe jinsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Khan_A_1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Ayesha |date=November 1999 |title=Mobility of women and access to health and family planning services in Pakistan |journal=[[Reproductive Health Matters]] |volume=7 |issue=14 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(99)90005-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 41 Kashe-kashen girmamawa sau da yawa sun fi rikitarwa fiye da uzuri da aka bayyana na masu aikata laifin. Sau da yawa, kisan yana da alaƙa da matsalolin gado, warware rikici, ko kuma kawar da matar, misali don sake yin aure. Hukumomin kare hakkin dan adam a Pakistan sun jaddada akai-akai cewa wadanda abin ya shafa galibi mata ne da ke son yin aure da yardarsu. A irin waɗannan lokuta, wadanda abin ya shafa suna da kadarorin da maza na iyalansu ba sa so su rasa idan mace ta zaɓi yin aure a waje da iyali.

Wani rahoto na [[Amnesty International]] na 1999 ya ja hankalin musamman ga &quot;rashin nasarar da hukumomi suka samu na hana wadannan kisan kai ta hanyar bincike da kuma azabtar da masu aikata laifin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amnesty International&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: Honour killings of women and girls |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA33/018/1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123134208/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA33/018/1999 |archive-date=2015-01-23 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar masu ba da shawara kan [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|'Yancin mata]], ra'ayoyin mata a matsayin dukiya da girmamawa suna da zurfi a cikin zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki na Pakistan cewa gwamnati, a mafi yawancin, ta yi watsi da abubuwan da ke faruwa yau da kullun na mata da iyalansu ke kashewa da kuma nakasa. Gaskiyar cewa yawancin yankunan kabilun Pakistan suna da ɗan cin gashin kansu kuma shugabannin masu tsatstsauran ra'ayi ne ke mulkin su yana sa tilasta tilasta tarayya ya zama da wahala lokacin da aka yi ƙoƙari. A lokuta na kisan kai, ana ba wa dangin wanda aka azabtar damar gafarta wa masu aikata laifin, ko kuma cimma matsaya ta kudi. Wadanda suka aikata laifin suna da 'yanci daga gurfanar da su da kuma yanke musu hukunci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhanbhro |first=Sadiq |date=2022-03-03 |title=Pakistan again faces questions over 'honour' killings as brother acquitted of social media star's murder |url=http://theconversation.com/pakistan-again-faces-questions-over-honour-killings-as-brother-acquitted-of-social-media-stars-murder-177174 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kalmomin da suka shafi kisan girmamawa ===
Dukansu Appiah da Jafri sun bayyana muhimmancin tarihi na ''karo-kari'' (Urdu: کاروکاری) a cikin Pakistan. Karo za a iya fassara shi kai tsaye a matsayin &quot;baƙar fata [ko 'baƙar fata' maza&quot; da kari a matsayin &quot;mace baƙar fata [ ko 'baƙar kasa]  kuma yana nufin jima'i a waje da alaƙar aure.  Kalmar ''karo-kari'' ana amfani da ita azaman ma'anar girmama kisan kai, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; musamman a yankin Sindh na Pakistan. 

Asalin, karo da kari sun kasance kalmomi ne na kwatanci don zina da zina, amma an yi amfani da shi game da nau'o'i da yawa na halayyar lalata. Da zarar an lakafta mace a matsayin kari, 'yan uwa suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin waɗanda aka ba su izinin kashe ta da karo da ake zargi don dawo da girmamawar iyali. A mafi yawan lokuta, wanda aka kai wa hari mace ce tare da masu kai mata hari maza ne na iyalinta ko al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Khan_A_1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Ayesha |date=November 1999 |title=Mobility of women and access to health and family planning services in Pakistan |journal=[[Reproductive Health Matters]] |volume=7 |issue=14 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(99)90005-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matsi na al'adu don kisan kai a Pakistan ===
Pakistan ƙungiya ce ta rukuni, ta ubanni, sabili da haka iyakokin zamantakewa da kulawar al'umma sun dogara ne akan girmamawa; a cikin wannan halin, girmamawa ta dogara ne akan halayyar dangi ko membobin wani rukuni. Wani karin magana na mutanen Pakistan ya bayyana muhimmancin al'adu na girmamawa: &quot;Daulat khonay pur kuch naheen khota,__wol____wol____wol__ khonay pur ch kho jaata hai, &quot;Lokacin da dukiya ta ɓace babu wani abu da ya ɓace; lokacin da lafiya ya ɓace wani abu ya ɓace, lokacin da girmamawa ya ɓace komai ya ɓace&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A Pakistan, girmamawa ta fi mayar da hankali kan fahimtar al'umma da ainihin shaidar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Daraja tana da mahimmanci ga mata da maza su riƙe; mata suna kare girmamawa ta hanyar tawali'u da maza ta hanyar namiji.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Halin al'adu a bayan girmamawa shine cewa idan mace ta yi wani abu da al'umma ta ɗauka a matsayin mara ladabi to maza a cikin iyalinta dole ne su tabbatar da namiji kuma su sake samun girmamawar iyali ta hanyar kashe mace.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Idan ba a kammala wannan aikin ba kunya da rashin mutunci na iya wucewa fiye da dangin da ke kusa da dukan zuriya, ko ma ga dukan al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akwai wasu halaye na al'adu da yawa waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga girmamawa ciki har da ƙyamar mutuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Saboda haka, wanda ya aikata kisan gilla yana da daraja sosai a cikin al'umma saboda ƙarfin hali da kuma saboda abin da suka jimre ta hanyar kisan wani ya fi muni fiye da mutuwa kanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mata da yawa suna shan wahala daga danginsu saboda rashin amincewarsu da tsammanin iyali game da soyayya da aure. Wannan yunkuri na tashin hankali ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar halin da ake ciki zuwa ga ra'ayin mazan jiya. Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan daga Gidauniyar Aurat ta yankin sun nuna karuwar kashi 70 cikin 100 a cikin kisan gilla tsakanin 2016 - 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ijaz |first=Saroop |date=2017-09-25 |title='Honor' Killings Continue in Pakistan Despite New Law |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/25/honor-killings-continue-pakistan-despite-new-law |access-date=2018-03-01 |website=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaduwar ==
Kamar yadda yake a wasu ƙasashe, ba a san ainihin adadin kisan gilla ba. Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Pakistan ta lissafa shari'o'i 460 na kashe-kashen girmamawa a cikin 2017, tare da maza 194 da mata 376 a matsayin wadanda abin ya shafa.[1] Daga cikin wadannan kisan kai, 253 sun haifar da rashin amincewa da dangantakar haramtacciya da 73 ta hanyar rashin amincewa ga zaɓin aure.[1] Bugu da ƙari, daga cikin sanannun dangantakar da ake zargi da wadanda abin ya shafa, sama da kashi 93% dangantakar iyali ce.[1] Kodayake waɗannan wataƙila kawai samfurin ainihin kisan gilla ne na girmamawa wanda aka kammala a cikin 2017, har yanzu yana ba da haske game da halaye na kisan gella a Pakistan. Tushen ba su yarda da ainihin adadin ta shekara ba, amma a cewar [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]], kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu / kungiyoyi masu ba da agaji a yankin sun kiyasta cewa ana aiwatar da kusan kashe-kashen girmamawa 1,000 a kowace shekara a Pakistan.[2]￼

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>John da Lorena Bobbitt</title>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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'''John Wayne Bobbitt''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1967) da '''Lorena Bobbitt''' &quot;tsohon '''Lorena Gallo'''; an haife shi ne a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1969) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The moment John Bobbitt realized his wife had cut off his penis: 'It was a nightmare' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/moment-john-bobbitt-realized-wife-cut-off-penis/story?id=59962578 |website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-14 |title=Lorena Bobbitt and John Bobbitt: The True Story Behind The Case That Played Out Like a Soap Opera |url=https://www.insideedition.com/lorena-bobbitt-and-john-bobbitt-true-story-behind-case-played-out-soap-opera-50706 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Inside Edition |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma'aurata ne, sun yi aure a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1989,  wanda dangantakarsu ta sami tallafin manema labarai na duniya a 1993 lokacin da Lorena ya yanke azzakari na John da wuka yayin da yake barci a gado; an sake haɗa azzakari.

Lorena, baƙo na [[Ecuador]], ta yi zargin cewa mijinta John, mai ba da izini kuma tsohon sojan ruwa na Amurka,  ya yi mata fyade kuma ya yi mata [[Tashin hankali na gida|cin zarafi]] shekaru da yawa. An tuhumi John da fyade daga baya a wannan shekarar amma an wanke shi kuma daga baya ya fito a fina-finai biyu na batsa. A shekara ta gaba, an wanke Lorena daga [[saki]] saboda rashin hankali kuma ya ci gaba da fara tushe ga wadanda ke fama da cin zarafin gida da yaransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Effron |first=Lauren |last2=Dooley |first2=Sean |title=John Bobbitt speaks out 25 years after wife infamously cut off his penis: 'I want people to understand… the whole story' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/john-bobbitt-speaks-25-years-wife-infamously-cut/story?id=60023049 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=ABC News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'auratan sun sake aure a shekarar 1995.

== Harin ==
Lorena ta yanke azzakari na mijinta John a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1993 a gidansu a Manassas, Virginia. Lorena ta bayyana a cikin sauraron kotu cewa, bayan ta dawo gida a wannan maraice, mijinta ya yi mata fyade. Bayan ya tafi barci, sai ta fito daga gado ta tafi kicin don shan ruwa. Daga nan sai ta kama wuka mai zane-zane na inci takwas (20  Ginsu a kan teburin kicin, ta koma ɗakin su, ta janye takalman gado, kuma ta yanke azzakarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;crimelibrary2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Rachael |date=5 October 2007 |title=Crimes below the belt: Penile removal and castration (chapter&amp;nbsp;2) |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/sexual_assault/severed_penis/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005234305/http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/sexual_assault/severed_penis/index.html |archive-date=5 October 2007 |access-date=14 October 2007 |website=[[TruTV]] Crime Library (crimelibrary.com)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The moment John Bobbitt realized his wife had cut off his penis: 'It was a nightmare' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/moment-john-bobbitt-realized-wife-cut-off-penis/story?id=59962578 |website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan wannan, Lorena ta bar gidan tare da kayan da aka yanke kuma ta tafi cikin motarta. Bayan tsawon lokaci tuki da gwagwarmaya don jagorantar da hannu ɗaya saboda riƙe azzakari, sai ta jefa azzakari daga taga zuwa filin gefen hanya a kan Maplewood Drive .  Daga bisani ta tsaya kuma ta kira 9-1-1, tana gaya musu abin da ta yi da kuma inda za a iya samun azzakari.

An gano azzakari na John bayan cikakken bincike, kuma bayan an wanke shi da maganin antiseptic kuma an cika shi da kankara mai gishiri, an sake haɗa shi a asibiti inda aka kula da shi. Aikin ya ɗauki sa'o'i tara da rabi. John ya ci gaba da fitowa a fina-finai biyu na batsa a cikin shekarun 1990,  kuma ya bayyana a cikin 2018 cewa azzakarsa ta &quot;koma zuwa al'ada&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Tousignant |first1=Marylou |last2=Miller |first2=Bill |date=1994-01-13 |title=LORENA BOBBITT DETAILS DEMISE OF MARRIAGE |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/01/13/lorena-bobbitt-details-demise-of-marriage/1b1487f0-769f-4d13-a85e-4670b722f1b0/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |newspaper=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The moment John Bobbitt realized his wife had cut off his penis: 'It was a nightmare' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/moment-john-bobbitt-realized-wife-cut-off-penis/story?id=59962578 |website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kamawa da shari'a ==
Lokacin da aka kama Lorena a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1993, ta gaya wa 'yan sanda, &quot;Ko da yaushe yana da orgasm, kuma ba ya jira ni ya taɓa samun orgasm. Yana da son kai. &quot;  Wannan tattaunawar da Detective Peter Weintz an yi rikodin, kuma Mary Grace O'Brien, Mataimakin Lauyan Commonwealth na Yarima William County wanda ke gurfanar da Lorena. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The moment John Bobbitt realized his wife had cut off his penis: 'It was a nightmare' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/moment-john-bobbitt-realized-wife-cut-off-penis/story?id=59962578 |website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin shari'ar, Bobbitts sun bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da dangantakarsu da abubuwan da suka haifar da harin. Lorena ta bayyana cewa John ya yi mata fyade a lokacin da suke aure, yana mai cewa ya nuna rashin aminci kuma ya tilasta mata [[zubar da ciki]]. Lauyoyin kare ta, wadanda suka hada da lauyan kare Blair D. Howard, sun ci gaba da cewa cin zarafin John ya sa Lorena ta &quot;snap&quot; saboda tana fama da baƙin ciki na asibiti da yiwuwar rikicewar damuwa (PTSD) saboda cin zarafin.&lt;ref name=&quot;crimelibrary2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Rachael |date=5 October 2007 |title=Crimes below the belt: Penile removal and castration (chapter&amp;nbsp;2) |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/sexual_assault/severed_penis/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005234305/http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/sexual_assault/severed_penis/index.html |archive-date=5 October 2007 |access-date=14 October 2007 |website=[[TruTV]] Crime Library (crimelibrary.com)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBell2007&quot;&gt;Bell, Rachael (5 October 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071005234305/http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/sexual_assault/severed_penis/index.html &quot;Crimes below the belt: Penile removal and castration (chapter&amp;nbsp;2)&quot;]. ''[[TruTV]] Crime Library (crimelibrary.com)''. Archived from [http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/sexual_assault/severed_penis/index.html the original] on 5 October 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;14 October&lt;/span&gt; 2007&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; John ya musanta zargin cin zarafin; duk da haka, lokacin da Howard ya yi masa tambayoyi, maganganunsa galibi sun saba da sanannun gaskiyar, suna raunana shari'ar mai gabatar da kara.&lt;ref name=&quot;crimelibrary2&quot; /&gt;

Lorena ta shaida cewa John ya yi mata fyade kuma ya yi mata duka a zahiri a lokuta da yawa kafin maraice na lamarin, cewa ba su da kwanciyar hankali na kudi, kuma ya sace kudaden da ta samu kuma ya kashe kudaden da aka samu. Masu gabatar da kara sun yarda cewa John ya nuna tarihin cin zarafin matarsa kuma wannan cin zarafin ya haifar da mahallin harin. Shaidu masu ƙwarewa ga bangarorin biyu sun ba da shaida cewa &quot;ya yi mata duka a hankali da jiki; cewa cin zarafin yana rabuwa; kuma cewa, a shekara ta 1993, ta rayu cikin tsoronsa koyaushe&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The moment John Bobbitt realized his wife had cut off his penis: 'It was a nightmare' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/moment-john-bobbitt-realized-wife-cut-off-penis/story?id=59962578 |website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dabarun tsaro sun jaddada aikin Lorena a matsayin haɗuwa da kare kansa da Hauka na ɗan lokaci wanda ya zama &quot;motsawa&quot; saboda tarihin da tsarin cin zarafi da fyade. Wani gwani mai shaida ya shaida cewa, &quot;Lorena ya yi imani kuma barazanar John ta hana shi, 'Zan same ka, ko mun sake aure ko kuma an raba mu. Kuma duk inda na same ka, zan yi jima'i da kai a duk lokacin da nake so.'&quot;[15]

Daga baya aka wanke John daga cin zarafin aure ta hanyar juriya ta mata tara da maza uku. Ya ba da nau'o'i da yawa game da abin da ya faru a wannan maraice, yana magana a lokuta daban-daban ga 'yan sanda da kotun cewa &quot;ba su yi jima'i ba; cewa Lorena ta yi ƙoƙari ta fara jima'i, amma ya gaji sosai; cewa sun yi jima'a, amma ya yi barci ta hanyarsa; kuma cewa jima'i ya kasance da yardar rai&quot;.[17]

Bayan sa'o'i bakwai na tattaunawa, juri ta gano Lorena ba ta da laifi saboda rashin hankali da ya haifar da mummunan raunin jima'i na John. A sakamakon haka, ba za a iya ɗaukar alhakin ayyukanta ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The moment John Bobbitt realized his wife had cut off his penis: 'It was a nightmare' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/moment-john-bobbitt-realized-wife-cut-off-penis/story?id=59962578 |website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karkashin dokar jihar, alƙalin ya umarci Lorena da ta yi gwajin kwanaki 45 a asibitin jihar ta tsakiya a Petersburg, bayan haka za a sake ta. A shekara ta 1995, bayan shekaru shida na aure, John da Lorena sun kammala saki.

== Sakamakon haka ==

=== Yahaya ===
After the incident, John attempted to generate money from his renown by forming a band, The Severed Parts, to pay his mounting medical and legal bills, although the band was unsuccessful and failed to generate enough money.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2020}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; In September&amp;nbsp;1994, he appeared in the adult film ''John Wayne Bobbitt Uncut'' in another attempt to make money. In 1996, he appeared in another adult film, ''Frankenpenis'' (also known as ''John Wayne Bobbitt's Frankenpenis'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The moment John Bobbitt realized his wife had cut off his penis: 'It was a nightmare' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/moment-john-bobbitt-realized-wife-cut-off-penis/story?id=59962578 |website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan harin da kuma wankewa, an bayyana cewa John shine mahaifin ɗa, Andrew Williams, wanda aka haifa a 1992 ga Beatrice Williams na Niagara Falls, New York. Ta kasance cikin dangantaka ta soyayya da John wanda ya ƙare a watan Mayu 1992.[1] A shekara ta 1994, an tuhumi John da buga Kristina Elliott, tsohuwar mai rawa mai shekaru 21 da ya sadu da ita yayin da yake Las Vegas, [[Nevada]] a kan rangadin talla. A lokacin, Elliot ta yi alkawarin aure ga John, amma bayan taron ta yanke alkawarin. A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 1994, an same shi da laifin batir kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kwana goma sha biyar a kurkuku (an dakatar da kashi 75 cikin 100 na hukuncin kwana 60 na asali). &quot;Na yi imani da cewa kuna da matsala, &quot;Mai Shari'a na Zaman Lafiya William Jansen ya gaya wa John. &quot;Matsalar halinka ta samo asali ne daga shan giya&quot;.[2]  ￼

A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, 1998, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The moment John Bobbitt realized his wife had cut off his penis: 'It was a nightmare' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/moment-john-bobbitt-realized-wife-cut-off-penis/story?id=59962578 |website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; John ya bayyana a shirin talabijin na Litinin Night Raw is War na World Wrestling Federation (yanzu WWE), inda aka nuna shi tare da Val Venis. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The moment John Bobbitt realized his wife had cut off his penis: 'It was a nightmare' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/moment-john-bobbitt-realized-wife-cut-off-penis/story?id=59962578 |website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba da daɗewa ba, ya koma Las Vegas kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai shayarwa, direban limo, mai motsawa, diroban isar da pizza, da kuma mai sarrafa motar. Ya kuma yi aiki a ɗakin sujada na bikin aure a matsayin Minista na Ikilisiyar Rayuwa ta Duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;crimelibrary2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Rachael |date=5 October 2007 |title=Crimes below the belt: Penile removal and castration (chapter&amp;nbsp;2) |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/sexual_assault/severed_penis/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005234305/http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/sexual_assault/severed_penis/index.html |archive-date=5 October 2007 |access-date=14 October 2007 |website=[[TruTV]] Crime Library (crimelibrary.com)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBell2007&quot;&gt;Bell, Rachael (5 October 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071005234305/http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/sexual_assault/severed_penis/index.html &quot;Crimes below the belt: Penile removal and castration (chapter&amp;nbsp;2)&quot;]. ''[[TruTV]] Crime Library (crimelibrary.com)''. Archived from [http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/sexual_assault/severed_penis/index.html the original] on 5 October 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;14 October&lt;/span&gt; 2007&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1999, John ya sami gwaji saboda rawar da ya taka a sata a wani shago a Nevada. A shekara ta 2003, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku saboda keta hukuncin da aka yi masa na sata a shekara ta 1999, bayan an kama shi kan zargin batir da ya shafi matarsa ta lokacin, Joanna Ferrell . An sake kama shi sau biyu a kan tuhumar batir a kan Ferrell a shekara ta 2004, kuma a wannan shekarar, ya shigar da karar saki a karkashin sunan John W. Ferrell, wanda yake amfani da shi yayin aurensa da Joanna. &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

A shekara ta 2014, an kwantar da John a asibiti a wani sashin kulawa mai tsanani sakamakon hadarin mota a Buffalo, New York. Ba a dauki Bobbitt da alhakin ba bayan wani bincike ya tabbatar da cewa wani direban mota ne ya haifar da hadarin wanda ya kasa sauraron jan haske.

A cikin 2024, John ya ce an yanke yatsunsa ne sakamakon cutar Polyneuropathy mai guba, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa sakamakon bayyanarsa ne ga ruwa mai guba a Camp Lejeune lokacin da ya yi aiki a can a cikin shekarun 1980. Ya ce yankewa tare da ciwon osteomyelitis ya bar shi ba zai iya aiki ba.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dumne</title>
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'''Dumne''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]]. [[Yola]], babban birnin Jihar Adamawa, yana da nisan kusan kilomita 64 (mil 40) daga Dumne. Haka kuma, nisan Dumne zuwa [[Abuja]], babban birnin Nijeriya, kusan kilomita 547 (mil 340) ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dumne, Nigeria - Facts and information on Dumne - Nigeria.Places-in-the-world.com |url=https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/2344353-place-dumne.html |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=nigeria.places-in-the-world.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|9|47|12|N|12|24|00|E|type:city_region:NG}}


[[Rukuni:Jihar Adamawa]]</text>
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  <page>
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{{databox}}'''Emelego''' gari ne da ke cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar [[Abua–Odual|Abua/Odua]] a [[Jihar Rivers]], [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;places&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emelego, Nigeria - Facts and information on Emelego - Nigeria.Places-in-the-world.com |url=https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/2343358-place-emelego.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=nigeria.places-in-the-world.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da iyaka da ƙauyuka biyu, wato Okolo-Ade da Adada.&lt;ref name=&quot;tageo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=EMELEGO Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com |url=https://www.tageo.com/index-e-ni-v-00-d-m2792717.htm |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=www.tageo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban sarkin al’ummar Emelego shi ne Mai Martaba (Sarki) Temple McDonald Jama II, Oola-ema na XIX na Masarautar Odual. Shugaban kwamitin ci gaban al’umma na Emelego (CDC) na yanzu shi ne Injiniya Itotenaan Arugu.&lt;ref name=&quot;tide&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-01-24 |title=Grasses Have Taken Over This Hospital Community: We Are At Health Risk Resident Director |url=https://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2010/01/24/grasses-have-taken-over-this-hospital-community-we-are-at-health-risk-resident-director/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=The Tide News Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}


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  <page>
    <title>Gidan Tunawa da Yara Masu Aiki</title>
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Gidan tunawa da 'ya'ya maza na Laboring wani wurin tunawa ne a Frederick, Maryland wanda ke tsakanin titin 5 da 6 a Chapel Alley . Kamfanin Laboring Sons Beneficial Society ne ya kafa makabartar a 1851 a matsayin makabartar baƙi kyauta a cikin birni. A shekara ta 1949 za a ba da makabartar ga Birnin Frederick wanda ya lalata filin kuma ya kirkiro wurin shakatawa na fararen fata kawai. A cikin 1999 an sake gano asalin yanayin filin. A shekara ta 2000, Birnin Frederick ya yi alkawarin yin gyare-gyare ga abin da ya faru da filin. A shekara ta 2001 an keɓe shafin a matsayin Laboring Sons Memorial Grounds . An kammala ginin a kan sabon wurin tunawa a shekara ta 2003.

== Bayani na jiki ==
Yankin tunawa yana da kadada 1.17 (0.47  a girman kuma yana tsakanin titin 5th da 6th a kan Chapel Alley; suna ɗaukar mafi yawan toshe. Gidan shakatawa yana kewaye da tituna a bangarori 3. Ƙofar, da ke gefen da ke kan iyaka da titin 6, tana da hanyar ƙarfe. Hanyoyin tituna sun raba tituna kuma suna kaiwa ga tudu a tsakiya inda akwai abin tunawa ga waɗanda aka binne a filin. Jerin abubuwan tunawa sunayen wadanda aka gano wadanda suka mutu da aka binne a filin, tare da taƙaitaccen tarihin filin, da bayanin tunawa da Kwamitin Tunawa da 'ya'yan Ma'aikata da Birnin Frederick don aikinsu na dawo da filin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Laboring Sons Cemetery |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/030400/030454/pdf/msa_se5_30454.pdf |access-date=14 May 2016 |publisher=Maryland Historical Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Kafawa da raguwa ===
An kafa kungiyar Laboring Sons Beneficial Society a cikin 1837 &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Frederick, Past Injustices Vex the Present |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/2000-02/07/064r-020700-idx.html |access-date=2016-05-14 |website=www.washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;don manufar sauƙaƙe ko sauƙaƙe duka a ruhaniya da na ɗan lokaci duk wani memba na mu wanda zai iya zama cikin damuwa da kuma ganin cewa an binne gawar sa da mutunci. &quot;  Ba zai ga haɗin hukuma ba har sai 1867, lokacin da Babban Taron Maryland ya zartar da wani aiki da ya haɗa shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Reclaiming The Hallowed Ground Of The Laboring Sons – Last Rites {{!}} WYPR |url=http://programs.wypr.org/news/reclaiming-hallowed-ground-laboring-sons-last-rites |access-date=2016-05-14 |website=programs.wypr.org |archive-date=2016-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531162900/http://programs.wypr.org/news/reclaiming-hallowed-ground-laboring-sons-last-rites |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt; Membobinta sun kunshi baƙi masu 'yanci da bautar da aka yi daga Frederick; baƙi masu' yanci a lokacin sun ƙidaya kusan 790 ko kusan 16% na yawan jama'ar birnin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;  Sun kafa makabartar, suna sayen kadada 1.17 na ƙasa don $ 265, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; wanda ke tsakanin titin 5th da 6th a kan Chapel Alley, a cikin Gundumar Tarihi ta Frederick, a cikin 1851. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=JTHG |title=Laboring Sons Memorial Ground – Frederick Monument &amp; Memorials – The Journey Through Hallowed Ground |url=https://www.hallowedground.org/Explore-the-Journey/Historic-Towns-Villages/Frederick-MD/Laboring-Sons-Memorial-Ground |access-date=2016-05-14 |website=www.hallowedground.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin akwai ƙananan makabarta inda za a iya binne baƙi a cikin birni, har ma a cikin waɗanda adadin sararin da ke akwai yana da iyaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 1852, an raba kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na makabartar a cikin ƙafa 12 da ƙafa 16 tare da fararen marmara. Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba an sayar da sauran filayen a matsayin wuraren binnewa don tallafawa ayyukan al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

A cikin 1862 rabin kungiyar Laboring Sons Beneficial Society ta rabu cikin kungiyar Workingmen's Society saboda rashin jituwa a cikin kungiyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt;

A shekara ta 1949 makabartar tana da kimanin gawawwakin 1,500 da aka binne a ciki, amma babu wanda ya rage don kula da filin, kuma sun lalace.[1][2][3] Hoton da ke cikin jaridar 1948 ya nuna makabarta da aka rufe da ciyawa da bishiyoyi.[4] Garland Makel Jr., jikan daya daga cikin jami'an kungiyar na karshe, ya ce, &quot;Babu wanda ya rage ya kula da shi, duk wanda ke da alaƙa da wurin ya mutu ko ya ƙaura. &quot; [1] Bayan wani taro na musamman na masu riƙe da kuri'a a Laboring Sons wanda ya faru a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1948, [2] sun ba da filin ga Birnin Frederick, wanda shi ma, ya yi alkawarin mayar da filin zuwa yanayin su na asali.[5] Yarjejeniyar da aka gabatar wa birnin, wanda birni ya yarda, ita ce: cewa birni zai kula da ƙasar a matsayin wurin shakatawa na jama'a da filin wasa tare da sunan Laboring Sons Memorial Park, cewa ba za a ba da izinin binne wani jarumi baƙar fata, masanin kimiyya, mai zane, ko ɗan wasa a binne shi ba, cewa za a gina abin tunawa, cewa wurin shakatawa zai buɗe ga mazauna masu launi na birni, duk abubuwan tunawa da duwatsu a halin yanzu a cikin makabartar za a bar su ba tare da damuwa ba, kuma birnin ba da la'akari da ita ba, kuma za a yi amfani da ita ba da ita ba tare da launi ba, kuma ta ba da laushi ba, kuma cewa za a yi la'akari ba da ita a yi amfani, kuma za ta ba da ita don yin nazari game da la'ad da la'a ba da Laifin matasa ba da ita.[5] Ba a taɓa gina allon tunawa da birnin ya yi alkawarin gina ba.[1]￼

Maimakon maido da filin, a cikin 1949 birnin ya cire ragowar duwatsun kabarin da manyan duwatsu daga makabarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Jaridu a lokacin sun ba da rahoton cewa wasu daga cikin ragowar da ke cikin makabartar sun damu. Ma'aikatan sun binnewa wasu daga cikin manyan duwatsu don samar da shimfiɗa mai santsi don sanya baki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Birnin ya rufe filin a cikin baƙar fata, ya kara kayan nishaɗi (kamar juyawa da Filin wasan kwando) kuma ya canza filin zuwa wurin shakatawa na fararen fata kawai wanda suka kira Chapel Park . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A lokacin ginin, an fara tattara jerin sunayen waɗanda aka binne a shafin, amma an dakatar da su bayan sun kai sunaye 161 kawai.

Ma'aikatan birni waɗanda suka taimaka wajen motsa duwatsun kabarin a ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun ce sun yi kamar yadda aka gaya musu kuma ba a motsa gawawwakin ba. Makel ya kuma ce ba a cire gawawwakin daga shafin ba, amma wani jami'in daga Kabari na Fairview ya ce an tura wasu gawawwakinsu zuwa Kabari na fairview.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Lord Nickens, mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama a Frederick, ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa an cire wasu daga cikin gawawwakin kuma an tura su zuwa Kabari na Fairview. Birnin ba shi da wani rikodin rashin amincewa a lokacin ga abin da aka yi wa makabartar. William O. Lee Jr. ya yi hasashen cewa yawancin mutanen da ke da zuriyar da ke raye tabbas an tura gawarwakinsu zuwa Kabari na Fairview kuma waɗanda suka rage ba su da wanda zai ƙi su. An manta da amfani da asalin filin na ɗan lokaci bayan wannan.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin makabarta a Maryland</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabari na Doulab</title>
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Kabarin Doulab wani kabari ne na tarihi wanda ke gabashin [[Tehran]], [[Iran]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;officialsite&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Catholic Cemetery in Doulab, Tehran, Iran |url=http://doulabcemetery.com/en/aboutus.asp |access-date=8 January 2013 |website=About Doulab |publisher=Doulab Cemetery}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman makabarta na Kirista, ya ƙunshi sashe biyar: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 April 2012 |title=(persian) Cemetery Doulab www.safarnevis.com |url=http://www.safarnevis.com/?p=3286}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Manzanni na Armeniya
* Orthodox na Gabas (Russians, Georgians da Helenawa) 
* Roman Katolika
* Katolika na Armeniya
* Assuriya (Cocin Assuriya na Gabas, Katolika da Furotesta) 

== Tarihin Kabari na Roman Katolika ==
Asalin Kabarin Katolika na Doulab ya koma tsakiyar karni na 19. A shekara ta 1855, matashi Dr. Louis André Ernest Cloquet, likitan sirri na Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, ya mutu kuma an binne shi a wani filin da ke cikin gundumar Tehran ta Doulab, kusa da makabartar Armeniya. Wannan yanki na ƙasar zai zama wurin binne dukkan Katolika na Tehran, baƙi da mazauna yankin. Har yanzu ana iya ganin kabarin Dr. Cloquet, wanda ke dauke da ƙaramin tubali.

Tun daga lokacin da suka isa Tehran a 1862, Lazarists, kasancewar su ne kawai firistocin Katolika a cikin birni, sun dauki nauyin makabartar. A lokacin Katolika 87 ne ke zaune a Tehran, dukansu baƙi ne ko Katolika na Kaldiyawa. A shekara ta 1886, Joseph Désiré Tholozan, jami'in Faransa na Légion d'honneur kuma likita ne na aikin Faransa, ya sayi filin don makabartar. Tun daga wannan lokacin, makabarta ta kasance a hidimar al'ummar Katolika ta Tehran, wanda ya zama mafi yawa da na duniya.

A cikin 1942 kimanin sojoji da fararen hula 120,000 na Poland sun isa bakin tekun Iran a Bandar Anzali . An sake su daga bauta wa Soviet kuma za su kafa Sojojin Poland na Gabas a karkashin Janar Władysław Anders . Mutane da yawa ba su tsira daga wahalar tafiyar ba kuma sun mutu lokacin da suka isa Iran ko jim kadan bayan haka. Saboda haka, Ofishin Jakadancin Poland ya sayi rabin filin makabartar kuma ya shirya kaburbura na waɗanda suka mutu a Tehran.￼

A shekara ta 1943 al'ummar Katolika na Armeniya ta gina nasu makabartar kusa da &quot;Latin&quot;, Katolika na Kaldiyawa sun yi haka a shekara ta 1963, kuma a yau ginin ya kunshi sassa biyar wanda ya kai kimanin 76,000 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. A shekara ta 2000 an jera shafin a matsayin kayan al'adu na kasa (No. 2688) ta Kungiyar Al'adun Al'adu ta Iran (ICHTO).

A cikin rabin rabin karni na 20 makabartar ta ci gaba da bauta wa al'ummar Katolika. A matsakaita ana gudanar da jana'iza biyar a kowace shekara. Koyaya, a cikin shekarun 1990s gwamnatin birni ta soke izinin amfani da ƙasa a matsayin wurin binnewa. A ƙarshe, tunanin su ya tafi, bayan shekaru arba'in sun wuce, ana iya rushe kaburbura kuma ana amfani da shafin don dalilai na gini. An gano sabon wuri don makabartar Katolika, kuma Doulab ya zama kamar an manta da shi.

Al'ummomin ƙasa da aka wakilta a Kabarin Katolika sun haɗa da: Jamus, Amurka, Ingila, Argentina, Armenia, Assuriyawa (Iran), [[Austriya|Austria]], Belgium, [[Ispaniya|Spain]], Estonia, Faransa, Girka, Netherlands, Hungary, Iraki, Ireland, Italiya, [[Japan]], Yugoslavia, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malaysia, New, Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Portugal, Rasha, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Czechoslovakia, Turkiyya.

== Abubuwan da aka sani da binnewa ==
[[Fayil:آرامگاه_شاهزاده_گرجی_3.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum na Minadora Khoshtaria]]
[[Fayil:Doulab_Cemetery_9650.jpg|thumb|Kabarin wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Iraqi]]

* Kiristanci a Iran
* Kabari na Poland a Tehran
* Kabarin Yakin Tehran
* Jerin makabarta na yaki na Poland
* Kabari na Norastan
* Sabon Kabari na Armeniya na Julfa
* Golestan Shohada na Isfahan
* Golzar Shohada na Qom

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ellen Hagan</title>
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'''Ellen Hagan''' 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar [[Yan Ghana|ƙasar Ghana]], kuma ƙwararriyar mai kula da albarkatun ɗan adam kuma Shugabar Kamfanin L'aine Services Limited. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WomanRising |title=Dr. Mrs Ellen Hagan – Founder &amp; CEO, L'AINE Services Ltd – WomanRising |url=https://womanrising.org/2018/08/12/2723/ |access-date=2019-04-30 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Laine' Services ranked 34th in Ghana club 100 ranking - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2013/November-1st/laine-services-ranked-34th-in-ghana-club-100-ranking.php |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=www.myjoyonline.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2019 |title=HR firm L'AINE Services launches 25th anniversary |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/HR-firm-L-AINE-Services-launches-25th-anniversary-737424 |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine |url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce wacce ta kafa Kwalejin 'Yan Mata ta Legacy.

== Ilimi ==
Ta yi karatu a [[Wesley Girls' Senior High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Wesley]] da ke Cape Coast a [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|Yankin Tsakiyar]] Ghana, kafin ta kammala karatunta a [[Jami'ar Ghana]] . Tana da digirin MBA daga Makarantar Digiri na biyu ta Jami'ar Leicester . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WomanRising |title=Dr. Mrs Ellen Hagan – Founder &amp; CEO, L'AINE Services Ltd – WomanRising |url=https://womanrising.org/2018/08/12/2723/ |access-date=2019-04-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423141540/https://womanrising.org/2018/08/12/2723/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kasuwanci ==
Hagan ya kafa L'aine Services Limited &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WomanRising |title=Dr. Mrs Ellen Hagan – Founder &amp; CEO, L'AINE Services Ltd – WomanRising |url=https://womanrising.org/2018/08/12/2723/ |access-date=2019-04-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423141540/https://womanrising.org/2018/08/12/2723/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya haɗu da kafa Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Legacy Leadership a Akuse . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Laine' Services ranked 34th in Ghana club 100 ranking - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2013/November-1st/laine-services-ranked-34th-in-ghana-club-100-ranking.php |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=www.myjoyonline.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2019 |title=HR firm L'AINE Services launches 25th anniversary |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/HR-firm-L-AINE-Services-launches-25th-anniversary-737424 |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana haɗin gwiwa da sashen ba da shawara na Jami'ar Ghana, [[Central University (Ghana)|Jami'ar Tsakiya]] da [[Jami'ar Ashesi]] don gabatar da gabatarwa kan duniyar kamfanoni, shirye-shiryen horon aiki da kuma yadda ake gudanar da su yadda ya kamata.

Hagan tana aiki a kan allunan gudanarwa da dama, ciki har da hukumar [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Ghana]] da kuma hukumar Sounding ta Denmark. Ta kasance wakiliya a taron ILO a lokuta da dama da ke wakiltar Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Ghana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WomanRising |title=Dr. Mrs Ellen Hagan – Founder &amp; CEO, L'AINE Services Ltd – WomanRising |url=https://womanrising.org/2018/08/12/2723/ |access-date=2019-04-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423141540/https://womanrising.org/2018/08/12/2723/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Ƙungiyar Bible Society of Ghana a shekarar 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WomanRising |title=Dr. Mrs Ellen Hagan – Founder &amp; CEO, L'AINE Services Ltd – WomanRising |url=https://womanrising.org/2018/08/12/2723/ |access-date=2019-04-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423141540/https://womanrising.org/2018/08/12/2723/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Tana da aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya huɗu da jikoki shida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WomanRising |title=Dr. Mrs Ellen Hagan – Founder &amp; CEO, L'AINE Services Ltd – WomanRising |url=https://womanrising.org/2018/08/12/2723/ |access-date=2019-04-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423141540/https://womanrising.org/2018/08/12/2723/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==

* CIMG Mace Ta Fi Kowacce Tauraruwa a Shekarar 2011 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WomanRising |title=Dr. Mrs Ellen Hagan – Founder &amp; CEO, L'AINE Services Ltd – WomanRising |url=https://womanrising.org/2018/08/12/2723/ |access-date=2019-04-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423141540/https://womanrising.org/2018/08/12/2723/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyaututtukan Jagoranci na Dabaru na 2011 na Babban Taron HRD na Duniya a Indiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Laine' Services ranked 34th in Ghana club 100 ranking - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2013/November-1st/laine-services-ranked-34th-in-ghana-club-100-ranking.php |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |archive-date=2019-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430233347/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2013/November-1st/laine-services-ranked-34th-in-ghana-club-100-ranking.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mace Mafi Tasiri a Afirka a Kasuwanci a 2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2019 |title=HR firm L'AINE Services launches 25th anniversary |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/HR-firm-L-AINE-Services-launches-25th-anniversary-737424 |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mace Mafi Kyau Ta Shekara A Gasar Emy Awards Ta 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine |url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mata Masu Tasowa a Matsayin 'Yan Kasuwa na Shekarar 2017 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WomanRising |title=Dr. Mrs Ellen Hagan – Founder &amp; CEO, L'AINE Services Ltd – WomanRising |url=https://womanrising.org/2018/08/12/2723/ |access-date=2019-04-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423141540/https://womanrising.org/2018/08/12/2723/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar VLISCO Be Your Dream Award ta 2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WomanRising |title=Dr. Mrs Ellen Hagan – Founder &amp; CEO, L'AINE Services Ltd – WomanRising |url=https://womanrising.org/2018/08/12/2723/ |access-date=2019-04-30 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Fitacciyar 'yar kasuwa mace a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan mata na Ghana na 2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Laine' Services ranked 34th in Ghana club 100 ranking - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2013/November-1st/laine-services-ranked-34th-in-ghana-club-100-ranking.php |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=www.myjoyonline.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mafi Kyawun Ɗan Kasuwa a Kasuwancin Kamfanoni 2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 April 2019 |title=HR firm L'AINE Services launches 25th anniversary |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/HR-firm-L-AINE-Services-launches-25th-anniversary-737424 |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==

* ''Ƙwarewa Mai Taushi; Abin da ke Ba wa Mai Neman Aiki Fa'ida Fiye da Wani''
* ''Duk Game da Hira da Aiki''
* ''Me yasa kake nan''
* ''Muryar Jagoranci da Gado''

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Cinikin bayi na Barbari</title>
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[[Fayil:Barbary_coast3.jpg|thumb| Kogin Barba]]
Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya haɗa da kamawa da sayar da bayi na Turai a kasuwannin bayi a cikin jihohin Barbary na Ottoman ( Arewacin Afirka ). Ƴan fashin Barbary sun kama bayin Turawa a farmakin da bayi suka kai kan jiragen ruwa daga Barbary corsairs da kuma farmakin da aka kai a garuruwan bakin teku daga Italiya zuwa Ireland, gabar tekun [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da Portugal, har zuwa arewacin Iceland da kuma zuwa Gabashin Bahar Rum .

Gabashin Ottoman na Gabashin Mediterrenean ya kasance wurin da ake yawan fashin teku. [1] A ƙarshen karni na 18, fashin teku ya ci gaba da zama &quot;barazana mai dorewa ga zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa a cikin Aegean &quot;. [2]

Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya zo karshe a farkon karni na 19, bayan da Amurka da kawayen Turai na yammacin Turai suka yi nasara a yakin Barbary na daya da na biyu a kan 'yan fashin teku kuma Faransa ta mamaye yankin, wanda ya kawo karshen cinikin a shekarun 1830. [1] [2] [3]

Yawancin mutanen da aka kama, ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne da ma’aikatan jirgin da aka tafi da su da jiragen ruwansu, amma akwai masunta da kuma mazauna bakin teku da yawa da aka kama. Galibin waɗannan fursunonin mutane ne daga kasashen da ke kusa da tekun Bahar Rum, musamman daga Italiya. [1] [2]

== Yawan ==
[[Fayil:Turk_en_geestelijke_met_christenslaven,_Jan_Luyken,_1684.jpg|left|thumb| Turkawa da limami tare da bayi Kirista. Janairu, 1684.]]
Hukumomin Ottoman da na zamanin Ottoman ba su adana bayanan da suka dace ba, amma masu lura da al'amura sun kiyasta cewa an gudanar da bayin Turai kusan 35,000 a cikin karni na 17 a gabar tekun Barbary, a fadin Tripoli da Tunis, amma galibi a Algiers . [1] [2] [3] [4] Yawancin ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne (musamman waɗanda suke Ingilishi), waɗanda aka ɗauke su da jiragensu, amma wasu masunta ne da ƙauyen bakin teku. Duk da haka, yawancin waɗannan fursunonin mutane ne daga ƙasashen da ke kusa da Arewacin Afirka, musamman Italiya . [5]

Robert Davis, marubucin Bawan Kirista, Malaman Islama, ya kiyasta cewa masu cinikin bayi daga Tunis, Algiers, da Tripoli sun kai miliyan 1 zuwa 1.25. Turawa miliyan sun bautar da Arewacin Afirka, daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa tsakiyar karni na 18. [1] [2] Don fitar da lambobinsa, Davis ya ɗauka cewa adadin bayin Turawa da 'yan fashin teku Barbary suka kama sun kasance a koyaushe har tsawon shekaru 250. [3]

Wasu masana tarihi sun ƙalubalanci lambobin Davis. &lt;ref name=&quot;Earle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=11 Mar 2004 |title=New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/mar/11/highereducation.books |access-date=26 Sep 2023 |website=the Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Christelijke_gevangenen_worden_op_een_plein_te_Algiers_als_slaaf_verkocht,_Jan_Luyken,_1684.jpg|thumb| Ana sayar da fursunonin Kirista a matsayin bayi a wani fili a Algiers. Janairu, 1684.]]
John Wright yayi gargadin cewa kiyasi na zamani sun dogara ne akan ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan daga kallon ɗan adam. [1] Littafi na biyu na Davis, Yaƙin Mai Tsarki da Bautar ɗan adam: Tatsuniyoyi na Bautar Kirista-Musulmi a cikin Rum na Farko na Zamani, ya faɗaɗa mayar da hankali ga bautar da ke da alaƙa. [2]

Daga sansanonin da ke gabar tekun Barbary da ke arewacin Afirka, ' yan fashin tekun Barbary sun kai farmaki kan jiragen ruwa da ke bi ta tekun Mediterrenean da kuma yankunan arewaci da yammacin Afirka, inda suke kwashe kayansu tare da bautar da mutanen da suka kama. Daga akalla 1500, 'yan fashin sun kuma kai farmaki kan garuruwa da kauyukan Italiya da Spain da Girka da Ireland da kuma Iceland inda suka kama maza da mata da yara. A cikin 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa ya kama tsibirin Ischia, yana ɗaukar fursunoni 4,000, kuma ya bautar da wasu 2,000-7,000 mazauna Lipari . [1] [2] A cikin 1551, Ottoman corsair Dragut ya bautar da dukan mutanen tsibirin Maltese na Gozo, tsakanin 5,000 zuwa 6,000, ya aika da su zuwa Tripolitania Ottoman . A cikin 1554 jami'an tsaro karkashin Dragut sun kori Vieste, suka fille kawunan 5,000 na mazaunanta, kuma suka sace wasu 6,000. [3] An mamaye tsibirin Balearic a shekara ta 1558, kuma an kai mutane 4,000 bauta. [4] A shekara ta 1618 'yan fashin teku na Aljeriya sun kai hari a tsibirin Canary inda suka yi garkuwa da 1,000 don sayar da su a matsayin bayi. [5] A wasu lokatai, an yi watsi da ƙauyuka irin su Baltimore a Ireland bayan wani hari, amma an sake tsugunar da su bayan shekaru da yawa. Tsakanin 1609 zuwa 1616, Ingila ita kadai ta yi asarar jiragen ruwa 466 na fatauci ga barayin Barbary. [6]

A wasu lokuta, ƙauyuka irin su Baltimore, Ireland an yi watsi da su bayan hare-haren 'yan fashin teku na Barbary, kawai an sake tsugunar da su bayan shekaru da yawa. Tsakanin 1609 zuwa 1616, Ingila ita kadai ta yi asarar jiragen ruwa 466 na fatauci ga barayin Barbary. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Rees |date=1 July 2003 |title=British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg|thumb| Misali na 1816 na bayi Kirista a Algiers]]
Yayin da Barbary corsaers ke wawashe kayan jiragen da suka kama, babban burinsu shi ne su kama mutanen da ba musulmi ba don sayarwa a matsayin bayi ko kuma don neman fansa. Wadanda suke da dangi ko abokai da za su iya fansar su an tsare su; Mafi shahara daga cikinsu shi ne marubuci Miguel de Cervantes, wanda aka gudanar kusan shekaru biyar - daga 1575 zuwa 1580. An sayar da wasu zuwa nau'ikan bauta iri-iri. An ‘yantar da fursunoni da suka musulunta gaba daya, tunda an hana bautar da musulmi; amma wannan yana nufin ba za su taɓa komawa ƙasashensu na asali ba. [1] [2] [ bukatar magana don tabbatarwa ]

Kididdigar kwastam daga karni na 16 da 17 sun nuna cewa karin bayin da [[Istanbul]] ta shigo da su daga cinikin bayi na Bahar Black Sea ya kai kusan 2.5. miliyan daga 1450 zuwa 1700. [1] Kasuwanni sun ragu bayan Sweden da Amurka sun ci Barbary States a Barbary Wars (1800-1815). Wani balaguron sojan ruwan Amurka karkashin Commodore Edward Preble ya yi amfani da jiragen ruwa da kagara a Tripoli a shekara ta 1804.

Wata tawagar diflomasiyyar Burtaniya a Algiers ta kai ga Dey don amincewa da sakin wasu bayin Sardina. Duk da haka, lokacin da Birtaniyya ta fita, Dey ya ba da umarnin kashe Sardinawan. Irin wadannan jiragen ruwa na Birtaniya da wasu jiragen yakin kasar Holland suka hade, suka dawo suka kai harin bam na tsawon sa'o'i tara a Algiers a shekara ta 1816, wanda ya kai ga Dey ya amince da sabuwar yarjejeniya wadda a cikinta ya yi alkawarin kawo karshen ayyukan bautar da yake yi. Duk da haka, cinikin ya ci gaba, yana ƙarewa kawai bayan da Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya (1830-1847). Masarautar Morocco ta riga ta murkushe masu fashin teku a lokacin.

== Asalin ==
 
Satar fasaha na Arewacin Afirka ya samo asali ne sosai. Ya sami mahimmancin siyasa a cikin karni na 16, musamman ta hanyar Barbarossa (Khayr al-Dīn), wanda ya hada Aljeriya da Tunisia a matsayin jihohin soja a karkashin mulkin Ottoman kuma ya ci gaba da samun kudaden shiga ta hanyar fashi. Tare da zuwan ƙungiyoyin Moorish masu ƙarfi a Rabat da Tétouan (1609), Maroko ta zama sabuwar cibiyar 'yan fashin teku da kuma ga sarakunan 'Alawī, waɗanda cikin sauri suka sami iko da jamhuriyar biyu kuma suka ƙarfafa satar fasaha a matsayin tushen samun kuɗi mai mahimmanci. A cikin karni na 17, 'yan fashin teku na Aljeriya da Tunusiya sun hada karfi da karfe, kuma a shekara ta 1650 sama da 30,000 na wadanda suka yi garkuwa da su aka daure a Algiers kadai. [1] [2]

An rubuta garuruwan da ke bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka a zamanin Romawa don kasuwannin bayi, kuma wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa zamanin da . Yankin Barbary ya karu da tasiri a karni na 15, lokacin da Daular Usmaniyya ta karbi ragamar mulkin yankin. Haɗe da wannan shi ne kwararowar Yahudawa Sephardi [1] da 'yan gudun hijirar Moorish, waɗanda aka kora daga Spain bayan Reconquista .

Tare da kariyar Ottoman da ɗimbin baƙi marasa galihu, ba da daɗewa ba bakin teku ya zama sananne ga fashin teku . Ma'aikatan jirgin da aka kama sun kasance bayi ne ko kuma an yi musu fansa . Tsakanin 1580 zuwa 1680, akwai a Barbary kusan 15,000 masu tuba, Kiristoci na Turai waɗanda suka musulunta. Rabin kyaftin din corsair a hakika sun koma ne. Wasu daga cikinsu bayi ne da suka musulunta, amma yawancinsu ba su taba zama bayi ba kuma sun zo Arewacin Afirka suna neman dama. [1]

== Tashi na 'yan fashin Barbary ==
[[Fayil:Bombardement_d'Alger.1682.jpg|thumb| Bam na [[Aljir|Algiers]] a cikin 1682, ta Abraham Duquesne]]
Bayan wani tawaye a tsakiyar karni na 17 ya rage mulkin Ottoman Pashas zuwa kadan fiye da adadi a yankin, garuruwan Tripoli, Algiers, Tunis, da sauransu sun zama masu zaman kansu ba tare da suna ba. Ba tare da babbar hukuma ta tsakiya da dokokinta ba, 'yan fashin da kansu sun fara samun tasiri sosai.

Hare-haren da 'yan fashin teku suka kai domin sayen bayi ya faru a garuruwa da kauyuka a kan tekun Atlantic na Afirka, da kuma a Turai. Daga kusan 1500, 'yan fashin sun kuma kai farmaki kan garuruwan da ke bakin teku da kauyukan Italiya, Spain, Girka, Ireland, da kuma Iceland, inda suka kama maza da mata da yara, kuma wadannan hare-haren sun kai karshen karni na 19. Robert Davis ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin 1 zuwa 1.25 'Yan fashin sun kama turawa miliyan miliyan tare da sayar da su a matsayin bayi a Tunis, Algiers da Tripoli a cikin wannan lokacin. Ba a cikin wannan kiyasin cinikin bayi a Turawa a wasu sassan tekun Bahar Rum. Duk da haka, wasu ’yan tarihi irin su David Earle sun yi tambaya game da kiyasin Robert Davis: “Alkalumansa ba su da daɗi kuma ina tsammanin yana iya yin karin gishiri.” [1]

Shahararrun bayanan hare-haren bayi na Barbary sun hada da ambaton a cikin littafin diary na Samuel Pepys da wani hari da aka kai a kauyen Baltimore da ke gabar teku a Ireland, inda 'yan fashin suka bar tare da daukacin mazauna wurin. An kai harin ne karkashin jagorancin wani kaftin dan kasar Holland, Jan Janszoon van Haarlem, wanda aka fi sani da Murad Reis the Younger. Janszoon kuma ya jagoranci farmakin 1627 akan Iceland . Kimanin mutane 50 aka kashe kuma an kama kusan 400 aka sayar da su a matsayin bayi. [1] Irin wadannan hare-hare a cikin Bahar Rum sun kasance akai-akai kuma suna da barna har bakin tekun tsakanin Venice da Malaga [2] ya sha fama da raguwar yawan jama'a, kuma an hana yin sulhu a can. Hasali ma, an ce “ba wanda ya rage ya kama”. [3]

A cikin 1627, ƙungiyar da aka sani da Salé Rovers, daga Jamhuriyar Salé (yanzu Salé a Maroko ) sun mamaye Lundy har tsawon shekaru biyar. Waɗannan ƴan fashin teku na Barbary, ƙarƙashin umarnin Janszoon, sun ɗaga tutar Ottoman akan tsibirin. Barbary Pirates ne suka kai hare-hare daga Lundy, kuma an kama Turawan da aka kama a Lundy kafin a tura su Algiers don sayar da su a matsayin bayi. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Ƙarfi da tasirin waɗannan ƴan fashin a wannan lokacin ya kasance kamar yadda ƙasashe ciki har da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] suka ba da yabo don dakile hare-haren su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About this Collection – Thomas Jefferson Papers, 1606–1827 |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjprece.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani ɗan ƙasar Ingila mai suna Thomas Pellow, wanda ya tsere daga ƙasar Maroko bayan shekaru 21 na bautar, ya buga wani asusun daga baya na cinikin a cikin 1740. 

== Bauta kafofin ta al'umma ==
Tsakanin karni na 16 zuwa farkon karni na 19, cinikin bayi na Barbary a kudu da yammacin Turai na daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin bayi na Turawa zuwa Daular Usmaniyya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, dayan kuma shine cinikin bayi na Crimea na zamani a Gabashin Turai.

Sojojin Barbary sun kai hari a kasashe daban-daban a Kudancin da Yammacin Turai, da kuma Amurka. Wasu daga cikin al'ummomin dai an kai musu hari ne ta hanyar ruwa, yayin da wasu kuma aka kai hare-haren bayi a kasa. Ko wace kasa na da manufofinta domin tinkarar lamarin, sannan gwamnatocin kasashen Turai daban-daban sun ci gaba da tattaunawa da jihohin Barbary domin biyan kudin fansa ga wadanda ake tsare da su, da hana kai hare-hare kan jiragen ruwa ko kuma kai farmaki a gabar tekun nasu. [1] An fara kai hare-hare da makami ne a karni na sha shida, lokacin da kasashen Ottoman da suke a yau, Aljeriya, Tunisia da Libya suka zama jahohin 'yan damfara masu cin gashin kansu wadanda suka rayu a bara, kuma sun ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na sha tara, lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya ta zamani. [2] Tun daga karni na 16 zuwa karshen karni na 18, 'yan fashin tekun da suka kaddamar da hare-hare daga gabar tekun Arewacin Afirka sun kai farmaki kan yankunan gabar tekun Italiya (musamman a kudu maso yamma). Don kare kansu, mutanen da ke yankunan bakin teku sun ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa zuwa wurare masu tsaunuka da tuddai. Tasirin dogon lokaci na waɗannan hare-haren 'yan fashin teku ya ci gaba har sama da ƙarni zuwa 20th.

=== Biritaniya da Ireland ===
'Yan fashin Barbary Corsairs ne suka kai wa Biritaniya da Ireland hari a cikin teku amma kuma ta hanyar kai hare-hare a kan kasa. Tekun Irish ya yi kaurin suna saboda 'yan fashin Barbary suna yawan zuwa, duk da cewa yawancin wadanda aka kama daga tsibirin Birtaniyya ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa ne da ma'aikatan jiragen ruwa a kusa da Bahar Rum.

A cikin 1620-1621, gwamnatin [[James VI da kuma I|James VI da ni]] mun ci gaba da tattaunawa mai tsawo don hana hare-hare, amma ba mu yi nasara ba. 

A cikin shekarun 1620 da 1640, yankunan Cornwall da Devon a Ingila, da kuma Kudancin Ireland, sun fuskanci hare-hare daga Barbary corsairs, wadanda suka kai farmaki a bakin tekun bayan sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwa a wajen gabar tekun.

Wataƙila wanda ya fi shahara a tarihi na hare-haren bayi na Burtaniya da Irish shine buhun Baltimore da corsairs daga Alger suka yi zuwa ƙauyen Baltimore na gabar teku a Yammacin Cork a Ireland a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1631, wanda shi ne hari mafi girma na bayi da 'yan kasuwa Barbary suka kai Ireland. [1] [2] Shekaru biyu bayan buhun Baltimore na 1631, wani harin bawan da ya kai kauyen Dungarvan na Irish ma ya yi sanadin kama mutane kusan hamsin. [3]

Ingila ta ba da wakilai zuwa Arewacin Afirka don sayen 'yan Ingila, wadanda ake tsare da su a matsayin bayi. A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 1640, lamarin ya yi tsanani sosai har aka kafa kwamitin gwamnati, Kwamitin Algiers, don dawo da bayin Ingila daga Aljeriya. [1] A shekara ta 1643, an kai matuƙan jirgin ruwa da yawa daga Biritaniya a matsayin bayi zuwa Aljeriya har gwamnatin Ingila ta yi kira da a tara kuɗin fansa na ƙasa daga dukan majami’un da ke cikin Mulkin don a sami damar siyan su kyauta. [2] Sayen bayi mata ya fi tsada fiye da sayan bayi maza. [2]

Daga cikin mutanen Burtaniya da aka kashe a cinikin bayi na Barbary akwai Helen Gloag, Lalla Balqis, Elizabeth Marsh da Thomas Pellow, wadanda aka kama su daga jiragen ruwa. 

=== Denmark - Norway ===
Masarautar Denmark-Norway ta fuskanci hare-haren Barbary a kan teku da kuma hare-haren bayi.

Tsibirin Faroe, wanda ke cikin Denmark, ya fuskanci hare-haren bayi daga Barbary corsairs a cikin ƙarni na 16 da 18. A shekara ta 1607, 'yan fashi na Barbary sun kai hari kan tsibirin Faroe wadanda suka sace mutane da yawa zuwa bautar.

Mafi shahararren hari na bayi a tsibirin Faroe shine hari na bayi na Suðuroy a lokacin rani na 1629, inda aka sace mutane talatin zuwa bautar, daga inda ba su sake dawowa ba.

Yaƙin Danish-Algeria daga 1769 zuwa 1772 tsakanin Denmark-Norway da Deliki na Algiers ya faru ne a wani bangare saboda fashi na Barbary a kan jiragen ruwa na Danish-Norwegian, waɗanda aka sayar da ma'aikatan su cikin bautar.

Daga cikin mutanen Danish da aka azabtar da cinikin bayi na Barbary shine Hark Olufs . 

=== Faransa ===
Haɗin gwiwar Franco-Ottoman, wanda ya kasance tsakanin 1536 da 1798, ya sanya Faransa a matsayi daban da sauran ƙasashen Turai a cikin mahallin. Kungiyar Franco-Ottoman ta kare Faransa fiye da sauran kasashe daga hare-haren 'yan fashi, wadanda a hukumance su ne talakawan Ottoman. Ya bambanta da sauran ƙasashen Turai Faransa na iya yin korafi game da 'yan fashi ga sultan Ottoman, wanda za a tilasta masa ya dauki mataki saboda haɗin gwiwar Franco-Ottoman. Sultan Ottoman bai goyi bayan hare-haren Ottoman a kan jiragen ruwa na Faransa ko hare-hares na gabar tekun Faransa ba, kuma ya bambanta da hare-harun da aka kai wa wasu kasashe da yawa, hare-harele a kan jiragen Faransa da gabar tekuna an dauke su ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma daga Ottomans.[1]

A aikace duk da haka jihohin corsair na Arewacin Afirka sun kasance Ottoman ne kawai kuma ba lallai ba ne su girmama wajibai na sultan Ottoman, wanda ke da rauni a kan larduna, kuma Faransa ta fuskanci hare-haren su duk da kawancen Franco-Ottoman.

A cikin shekarun 1550, lardunan Faransa na Provence da Languedoc sun lalace ta hanyar bayi da 'yan fashi suka yi, wanda ya haifar da korafin Faransa ga sultan Ottoman, kuma birnin Marseilles ya roki Regent Catherine de 'Medici tare da daukar matakai daban-daban don 'yantar da' yan asalin bayi da kare tasoshin kasuwancin su, kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa sun rasa galleons goma sha biyu ban da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan jiragen ruwa.[1]

A aikace duk da haka jihohin corsair na Arewacin Afirka sun kasance Ottoman ne kawai kuma ba lallai ba ne su girmama wajibai na sultan Ottoman, wanda ke da rauni a kan larduna, kuma Faransa ta fuskanci hare-haren su duk da kawancen Franco-Ottoman.

Daga cikin mutanen Faransa da ke fama da cinikin bayi na Barbary shine Antoine Quartier . 

=== Iceland ===
Iceland ta fuskanci hare-haren bayi da yawa daga 'yan fashi. A shekara ta 1607, 'yan fashi sun kai hari kan Iceland wadanda suka sace mutane da yawa zuwa bautar.

Mafi shahararren hari na bayi a Iceland shine sace-sacen Turkiyya wanda ya faru a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1627. [1] Kimanin mutane 400 ne aka kama su kuma aka sayar da su cikin bautar, [1] daga cikinsu mutane 50 ne kawai suka dawo daga bautar ta hanyar fansa, shekaru 9 zuwa 18 bayan haka. [2] [1]

Daga cikin mutanen Iceland da ke fama da cinikin bayi na Barbary akwai Ólafur Egilsson . 

=== Italiya ===
Italiya ta kasance, tare da Spain, ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da suka fi shafa a cikin mahallin hare-haren bayi na Barbary corsair. Baya ga hare-hare kan jiragen ruwa na Italiya, 'yan fashi sun kai hare-haren bayi da yawa zuwa gabar tekun Italiya a cikin ƙarni na 16 da 17.

Italiya, wacce bayan shekarun 1550 ta kasance tana da alaƙa da babban abokin gaba na Ottoman Habsburgs, tana da matukar damuwa ga hare-haren bayi, saboda ta rabu da siyasa, bakin tekun ba su da garu, kuma dakarun tsaron yankinta sun raunana kuma sun warwatse, kuma bautar da ke kai hari a bakin tekun Italiya ta ci gaba zuwa cikakken masana'antu.[1] Kamar yadda yake a Spain, hare-haren bayi sun haifar da watsi da bakin teku da tsibirai, kuma an bayyana su a matsayin &quot;yan rairayin bakin teku marasa kyau, tsibirai da aka watsar, masunta da ke tashi, da [jirage masu bautar].... da ke yawo a kan teku&quot;.[1]

Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun hare-haren bayi a kan Italiya shine harin da rundunar Hayreddin Barbarossa ta kai a garuruwa da yawa a Kudancin Italiya tsakanin Yuli da Agusta 1534, wanda ya haifar da lalacewa, asarar tattalin arziki da dubban mutane da aka kashe da kuma bautar.[1] Marubucin zamani Gregorio Rosso ya bayyana mummunar hari kan Kudancin Italiya a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1534:

: &quot;A ƙarshen watan Yulin ya [Barbarossa] ya wuce hasken wuta na Messina, inda ya ƙone wasu jiragen ruwa, kuma masu [[Mai buga baya|tsaron baya]] sun yi yaƙi da wasu jiragen ruwa na Antonio d'Ora, wanda ke cikin wannan wurin. Sa'an nan suka kori Santo Lucito a [[Calabria]], ba tare da barin rai ba. Bayan haka, kusa da Citraro, Land of the Benedictine Monks of Montecassino, kuma yayin da Citizens suka gudu, sai ya ƙone cewa tare da bakwai su kammala da ita, rabin wannan dare don Gonzalia ta bar kanta ta zo ta Pondiya.

Sakamakon hare-haren bayi ya bayyana &quot;dubu biyu da suka mutu kuma aka kama su a cikin fashi&quot; da kuma yadda zai zama dole tare da cire haraji ga mutanen da suka tsira ga Fondi da Sperlonga a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1534; yadda aka yi niyya musamman ga mata don bautar a Sperlonga, an lalata gidaje 162; an karya gidaje 1,213 a Fondi kuma an sace kayan masarufi na ducats 26,000 a wannan garin kadai, kuma an kashe maza, mata da yara 73, kuma 150 sun bautar Fondi.[1]

A shekara ta 1544, Hayreddin Barbarossa ya kama Ischia, ya dauki fursunoni 4,000 a cikin tsari, kuma ya fitar da wasu mazauna 9,000 na Lipari, kusan dukkanin jama'a.[1] A shekara ta 1551, Dragut ya bautar da dukan mutanen tsibirin Gozo na Malta, tsakanin 5,000 da 6,000, ya tura su zuwa Libya. Lokacin da 'yan fashi suka kori Vieste a kudancin Italiya a shekara ta 1554 sun dauki kimanin bayi 7,000. A shekara ta 1555, Turgut Reis ya tashi zuwa Corsica kuma ya kwace Bastia, inda ya kama fursunoni 6,000. A shekara ta 1558 'yan fashi na Barbary sun kama garin Ciutadella, sun lalata shi, sun kashe mazauna, kuma sun kwashe mutane 3,000 da suka tsira zuwa Istanbul a matsayin bayi. A shekara ta 1563 Turgut Reis ya sauka a bakin tekun lardin Granada, Spain, kuma ya kama ƙauyukan bakin teku a yankin kamar Almuñécar, tare da fursunoni 4,000. Masu satar teku na Barbary akai-akai sun kai hari kan Tsibirin Balearic, wanda ya haifar da gine-ginen tsaro da yawa na bakin teku da kuma majami'u masu garu. Barazanar ta kasance mai tsanani har Formentera ta zama ba tare da mazauna ba.[2]

An ci gaba da kai hare-haren bayi a cikin karni na 17. A shekara ta 1638, hare-haren bayi na 'yan fashi sun lalata ƙasashen bakin teku na Calabria.[1] A ƙarshen shekara ta 1798, 'Yan Tunisia sun kai hari kan tsibirin da ke kusa da Sardinia kuma an kwashe mazauna sama da 900 a matsayin bayi.

Iyalan Italiyanci masu arziki galibi suna ƙoƙari su sayi danginsu da aka kama, kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Jamhuriyar Venice sau da yawa tana ƙoƙari su saye masu daraja da aka kama. A lokacin irin wannan tattaunawar, ana amfani da 'yan kasuwa na Italiya ko na Yahudawa a matsayin matsakaici.[1]

Hare-haren bayi a Spain da Italiya sun lalata yawan jama'a kuma sakamakon haka tattalin arziki a duk Bahar Rum.

Daga cikin wadanda Italiyanci suka sha wahala daga cinikin bayi na Barbary sun kasance Marthe Franceschini da [[Felice Caronni]] . 

=== Malta ===
Malta ta fuskanci hare-haren bayi daga Barbary corsairs. A shekara ta 1551, Turgut Reis da Sinan Pasha sun mamaye tsibirin Malta da Gozo, [1] kuma an sace dukan mutanen Gozo kuma an sayar da su don bautar a Libya. [2]

=== Netherlands ===
Ba a kai hari kan bayi a bakin tekun Netherlands ba. Duk da haka, jiragen ruwa na Dutch sun kasance abin da ake amfani da shi akai-akai ga masu satar teku. Gwamnatin Holland a kai a kai ta sanya wakilai don sayen 'yan ƙasar Holland da aka kama kuma suka bautar da su a Arewacin Afirka. An ruwaito cewa bayi na Dutch suna cikin farashi mafi girma, kuma 'yan fashi sun bukaci farashi mafi yawa daga gare su fiye da sauran Turawa da yawa.[1]

=== Portugal ===
Yankunan Portugal sun fuskanci hare-haren bakin teku daga 'yan fashin teku na Barbary.

A shekara ta 1617, Barbary Corsairs daga Aljeriya sun jagoranci kwace Madeira, inda suka kai hari kan tsibirin Portugal suka kuma sace mazaunanta 1,200 a matsayin bayi. [1] [2] [3] Harin ya faru ne a lokacin da bauta ta yi tsanani a gabar tekun Barbary . A lokacin Madeira wani bangare ne na Tarayyar Iberian wanda Masarautar Spain ke jagoranta.

=== Spain ===
Spain na ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi fama da cutar a duk Turai ga hare-haren da 'yan fashi suka kai. Dukkanin jiragen ruwa na Mutanen Espanya da bakin teku sun fuskanci hare-hare daga farkon karni na 16 zuwa gaba.

Manyan biranen Tunis sun fi kai hari kan teku da gabar tekun Italiya da Girka, yayin da Corsairs na Algiers da Morocco ke yawan zuwa ruwa da gabar tekun Spain da Yammacin Turai. 

Hare-haren bayi a Spain sun fara ne a farkon karni na 16 zuwa gaba. Kashewar Cullera a Spain a kan Bahar Rum, ya faru ne a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1550, lokacin da Janar Dragut na [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] ya sauka a Cullera, [[Valencia]] kuma ya kori birnin yana dauke da mazauna da yawa a cikin [[Bauta|Bautar]]. Dragut ya kai hari kan Cullera da dare tare da mutane 300. Dragut ya kori birnin, ya kwace kayayyaki daga mutane kuma ya dauki kusan dukkanin mazaunan garin a matsayin bayi. Ya ajiye fursunoni a cikin kogo kafin ya kai su kasuwar bayi a Algiers.

Hare-haren bayi sun yi tsanani musamman a ƙarni na 17, lokacin da ma'aikatan agaji suka sace dukkan ƙauyukan da ke gabar tekun Bahar Rum na Spain, lamarin da ya sa manyan yankunan bakin teku suka rasa mutane.  Misali, a shekara ta 1637, an kama mata da yara 315 daga garin Calpe. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; Lokacin da ƙauyukan bakin teku suka ragu, an tilasta wa masarautar Spain ta ƙara harajin kifi, nama, shanu da siliki don ba da kuɗin gina katanga don kare gabar tekun da kuma hana mutane barin yankunan don samun mafaka mafi aminci a cikin ƙasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;

Jiragen ruwa na Mutanen Espanya sun kuma shafi. A shekara ta 1667, an sace ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da yawa daga lardunan Basque cewa waɗannan larduna ba za su iya cika adadin ma'aikatan ruwa ga sojojin ruwa na Spain ba.

Hare-haren bayi a Spain da Italiya sun lalata yawan jama'a kuma sakamakon haka tattalin arziki a duk Bahar Rum.

=== Sweden da Finland ===
Ba a taɓa kai hari kan bayi ta hanyar jiragen ruwa na corsair zuwa gabar tekun Sweden da Finland ba (wanda wani ɓangare ne na Sweden). Duk da haka, jiragen ruwa na Sweden da Finland sun kai hari ta hanyar corsairs a cikin teku a wajen Yammacin Turai da kuma a cikin Bahar Rum.

A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1662, Babban Ma'ajin Kuɗi na Sweden, Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, ya karɓi wasiƙar roƙo daga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Sweden guda takwas waɗanda ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Sweden suka sace a teku kuma aka tsare su a cikin bauta a Algiers. 

Ɗan ƙasar Sweden Johan Gabriel Sparfwenfeldt, wanda ya ziyarci Algiers da Tunis a shekara ta 1691, ya bayyana cikin tausayawa yadda ya haɗu da kuma yin magana da bayin Sweden da yawa waɗanda suka roƙe shi taimako don a saye su kyauta ya koma &quot;gidajensu, ga 'ya'yansu, ga iyayensu da kuma ƙasar gidansu&quot;,  kuma ya lissafa sunayen 'yan ƙasar Sweden 23 da aka riƙe a matsayin bayi a lokacin. 

Sweden ta yi ƙoƙari ta kare jiragensu ta hanyar amfani da inshora game da bautar, jigilar kaya, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa, da kuma ci gaba da hulɗa da 'yan fashi. Iyalan su ma sun sayi fursunoni kyauta. Wannan ba wai kawai ya shafi bayi daga iyalai masu arziki ba: an san matalauta da yawa da tara kuɗi don sayen mazajensu da 'ya'yansu maza kyauta. Lokacin da matashin jirgin ruwa Erik Persson Ångerman ya zama bawa a Algiers bayan ya kama shi daga jirgin ''Wibus'' daga Stockholm a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1725, ya aika da wasika ga matarsa Maria Olssdotter ta hanyar abokin aikinsa Petter Wallberg (wanda aka saya kyauta kuma yana komawa Sweden) kuma ya gaya mata cewa ya &quot;ta kasance cikin bautar wuya&quot; a Algièrs. Maria Olssdotter ba ta da kudade don sayen 'yancinsa, amma ta yi kira ga sarki ta hanyar gwamnan Gävle don a tattara kudi a cikin majami'u don sayen mijinta bautar, kuma an amince da aikace-aikacen ta; wannan ba sabon abu ba ne, kamar yadda aka san matalauta da yawa sun yi haka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sverige p. 60-61&quot; /&gt;

Kusan dukkan 'yan Sweden da Finns da aka kama a teku matuƙan jiragen ruwa ne. Tsakanin kimanin 'yan ƙasar Sweden 500 zuwa 1000 ne aka bautar da su a hannun 'yan tawayen tsakanin 1650 da 1763. 

Daga cikin mutanen Danish da aka azabtar da cinikin bayi na Barbary shine Hark Olufs . 

=== Birtaniya Arewacin Amurka da Amurka ===
Babu wani hari na ƙasa da aka kai wa Barbary a Arewacin Amurka ta Birtaniya da kuma daga baya Amurka. Duk da haka, 'yan fashin teku na Barbary sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwan Amurka, sun kama mutanen Amurka suka sayar da su a matsayin bayi. Tuni a cikin 1661, wani masanin tarihi ya rubuta &quot;tun da daɗewa kasuwancin Massachusetts ya fusata da Barbary corsairs kuma da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwanta an tsare su a cikin bauta.&quot; 

A lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, 'yan fashin teku sun kai hari kan jiragen ruwan Amurka. A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1777, sarkin Morocco Mohammed III ya sanar da cewa jiragen ruwan kasuwanci na sabuwar ƙasar Amurka za su kasance ƙarƙashin kariyar sarkin, don haka za su iya jin daɗin shiga cikin Bahar Rum da kuma bakin teku. Yarjejeniyar Abota tsakanin Maroko da Amurka ta kasance yarjejeniyar abota mafi tsufa da ba ta karye ba tsakanin Amurka da wata ƙasa ta waje.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ginio |first=Eyal |date=2001 |title=Piracy and Redemption in the Aegean Sea during the First Half of the Eighteenth Century. |url=https://www.academia.edu/3084432 |journal=Turcica |language=en |volume=33 |pages=135–147 |doi=10.2143/TURC.33.0.484 |quote=consistent threat to maritime traffic in the Aegean}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1787, Morocco ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko da suka amince da Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ellis |first=Chris |title=Research Guides: Battle Studies, Country Studies, &amp; Staff Rides: Barbary Wars &amp; the Battle of Tripoli |url=https://grc-usmcu.libguides.com/battle-studies/barbary-wars |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=grc-usmcu.libguides.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekarun 1780, bayan da suka fahimci cewa jiragen ruwan Amurka ba sa ƙarƙashin kariyar sojojin ruwan Birtaniya, 'yan fashin teku na Barbary sun fara kwace jiragen ruwan Amurka a Bahar Rum. Yayin da Amurka ta wargaza Rundunar Sojin Ruwanta ta Nahiyar kuma ba ta da rundunar soji da ke tafiya a teku, gwamnatinta ta amince a shekarar 1786 don girmama hare-haren. {{Sfn|Fremont-Barnes|2006}} A ranar 20 ga Maris, 1794, bisa ga buƙatar Shugaba [[George Washington]], Majalisar Dokoki ta kaɗa ƙuri'a don ba da izinin gina manyan jiragen ruwa guda shida da kuma kafa Rundunar Sojan Ruwan Amurka, domin dakatar da waɗannan hare-hare da buƙatun ƙarin kuɗi. {{Sfn|Fremont-Barnes|2006}}

Amurka ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi tare da dukkan jihohin Barbary bayan an amince da 'yancin kai tsakanin 1786 da 1794 don biyan haraji don musayar barin' yan kasuwa na Amurka kadai, kuma a shekara ta 1797, Amurka ta biya dala miliyan 1.25 ko kashi biyar na kasafin kudin shekara-shekara na gwamnati a matsayin haraji.{{Sfn|Fremont-Barnes|2006}}

Hare-haren Barbary a kan jiragen ruwa na Amurka sun kasance wani dalili ne na Amurkawa da ke shiga cikin Barbary Wars.

== Yaƙe-yaƙen Barbary ==
Jiragen kasuwanci daga Amurka sun kasance ƙarƙashin hare-haren fashi. A shekara ta 1783, Amurka ta yi sulhu da, kuma ta sami karbuwa daga, mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1784, '[[Fashi a Teku|ɗan fashi]] sun kwace jirgin Amurka na [[Moroko|Maroko]] daga Morocco. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1793, an kama jiragen ruwa na Amurka da yawa, an kwace kayayyaki, kuma duk fasinjoji da ma'aikatan sun zama bayi. A mayar da martani, Amurka ta kirkiro Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a watan Maris na shekara ta 1794. 

Wannan sabon kasancewar sojoji ya taimaka wajen ƙarfafa ƙudurin Amurka na kin amincewa da ci gaba da biyan haraji, wanda ya haifar da Yaƙin Barbary guda biyu a gabar tekun [[Arewacin Afirka]] : Yaƙin Barbary na Farko daga 1801 zuwa 1805 da Yaƙin Barbary na Biyu a 1815.  Biyan fansa da haraji ga jihohin Barbary kashi 20% ne na kuɗaɗen shiga na shekara-shekara na gwamnatin Amurka a 1800. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai a 1815 ne nasarorin jiragen ruwa suka kawo ƙarshen biyan haraji daga Amurka. Wasu ƙasashen [[Turai]] suka ci gaba da biyan kuɗi na shekara-shekara har zuwa shekarun 1830.  Kasuwancin bayi na fararen fata da kasuwannin bayi a Bahar Rum sun ragu a hankali kuma daga ƙarshe suka ɓace bayan mamayar Turai. 

== Ragewa ==
[[Fayil:NH_65536-KN.jpg|thumb|Wani jirgin ruwa na Amurka a karkashin Commodore Edward Preble yana shiga jiragen ruwa da garu a Tripoli, 1804]]
A cikin shekarun farko na karni na 19, Amurka, wacce ke kawance da kasashen Turai, ta yi yaki kuma ta yi nasara a Yakin Barbary na Farko da na Biyu a kan 'yan fashin teku. Yaƙe-yaƙen martani ne kai tsaye daga ƙasashen Amurka, [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Birtaniya]], Faransa da Holland ga hare-haren da 'yan fashin teku na Barbary suka kai musu, wanda ya ƙare a shekarun 1830, lokacin da [[Cin nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya|Faransa ta mamaye]] yankin. Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary da kasuwannin bayi a Bahar Rum sun ragu kuma daga ƙarshe suka ɓace bayan mamayar Turai. 

Bayan wani [[Fashewar Algiers (1816)|harin bam da aka kai wa Anglo-Holland a shekarar 1816]] a kan [[Aljir|Algiers]] a ranar 27 ga Agusta, karkashin jagorancin Admiral Edward Pellew, Viscount Exmouth na 1, ya lalata yawancin rundunar 'yan fashin teku, an tilasta wa Dey of Algiers amincewa da sharuɗɗan da suka haɗa da sakin bayi 1,200 da suka tsira (galibi daga Sardinia ) da kuma dakatar da ayyukansu na bautar da Turawa. Bayan an kayar da su a wannan lokacin yaƙin da aka yi da ƙasashen Turai da Amurka, [[Barbary Coast|ƙasashen Barbary]] sun koma baya. 

'Yan fashin teku na Barbary sun ƙi dakatar da ayyukansu na bauta, wanda ya haifar da wani harin bam da rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy ta kai wa Algiers a shekarar 1824. Faransa ta mamaye Algiers a shekarar 1830, inda ta sanya ta ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka. Faransa ma ta mamaye Tunis a shekarar 1881. [[Tripoli]] ta dawo da ikon Ottoman a shekarar 1835, kafin ta faɗa hannun Italiya a [[Italiya ta mamaye Libya|Yaƙin Italiya da Turkiyya]] na 1911. Saboda haka, masu cinikin bayi yanzu sun gano cewa dole ne su yi aiki bisa ga dokokin gwamnoninsu, kuma ba za su iya sake neman ikon kansu ba. Cinikin bayi ya tsaya a Tekun Barbary a ƙarni na 19 da 20 ko lokacin da gwamnatocin Turai suka zartar da dokoki da ke ba wa bayi 'yanci. 

== Labarun bayi ==
Idan aka kwatanta da labaran bayi na Arewacin Amurka da Caribbean, bayi fararen fata 'yan [[Arewacin Afirka|Birtaniya]] da Amurka ne suka rubuta labaran [[Bautar da fararen fata|bayi]] a Turanci (a teku ko kuma [[Barbary pirates|'yan fashin teku na Barbary]] ) kuma aka bautar da su a Arewacin Afirka a ƙarni na 18 da farkon ƙarni na 19. Sun bambanta domin suna nuna ɓangaren da ba na Kirista ba ne na [[Tarihin bautar da bayi a duniyar Musulmi|'yan kasuwar bayi na Musulmi]] .

Labarun da suka mayar da hankali kan manyan jigogi na 'yanci da 'yanci sun sami kwarin gwiwa daga Juyin Juya Halin Amurka. Tunda labaran da suka tsira sun haɗa da maimaita wasu jigogi da ambaton juna, wasu masana suna ganin cewa labaran sun samo asali ne daga labaran da suka gabata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Misalan sun haɗa da:

* ''Tsoron bauta: ko, Tarin Amurkawa a Tripoli'', na Ray William, 1808 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 
* ''Labarin Gaskiya da Gaskiya Game da Addini da Ɗabi'un Mahomet'' na Joseph Pitts (1663–1735) An kama Pitts yana yaro yana da shekaru 14 a hannun 'yan fashin teku na Barbary a gabar tekun Spain. An bayyana cinikinsa a matsayin bawa da rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin ubanni uku daban-daban a Arewacin Afirka, da kuma tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Makka.
* 'Yan fashin Barbary sun sace ''Tyrkja-Gudda'', Símonardóttir daga gidanta a Iceland a shekara ta 1627.
* Thomas Pellow, ''Tarihin Tsawon Zamanin Kama Kaso da Kasadar Thomas Pellow, A Kudancin Barbary'', 1740
* ''Mujallar Ɗaurin Kaso da Wahalar John Foss; Shekaru Da Dama a Fursuna a Algiers'', 1798 
* ''Tarihin Kamawa da Wahalhalun da Misis Maria Martin ta sha a lokacin bauta shekaru shida a Algiers'' a shekarar 1812 
* [[James Riley|Kyaftin James Riley]], ''[[Wahala a Afirka]]'', 1815
* ''Labarin Robert Adams, Wani Matukin Jirgin Ruwa Ba’amurke wanda ya nutse a Gabar Yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 1810 kuma Larabawan babban hamada suka tsare shi na tsawon shekaru uku a cikin bauta'', 1817
* James Leander Cathcart, ''The Captives, Goma sha ɗaya a Fursuna a Algiers'', an buga shi a shekarar 1899, shekaru bayan an tsare shi a Ottoman Algeria

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Barbary pirates|Barbary corsairs]]
* [[Yaƙe-yaƙe na Barbary|Yaƙe-yaƙen Barbary]]
* Jan Janszoon
* [[Labarin Bayi|Labarun bayi na Arewacin Afirka]]
* Jamhuriyar Salé
* [[Sklavenkasse]]
* [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|Bauta a Daular Ottoman]]
* Sace-sacen Turkawa

== Manazarta ==
{{Pirates}}

== Littattafan tarihi ==

*  

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125639/http://solaleworks.com/islam/America_and_the_Barbary_Pirates.pdf The Thomas Jefferson Papers – America and the Barbary Pirates – American Memory from t]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125639/http://solaleworks.com/islam/America_and_the_Barbary_Pirates.pdf he Library of Congress]
*  

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
 

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm Lokacin da Turawa Bauta ne: Bincike Ya Nuna Cewa Bauta Farar Fata Ta Fi Yawa Fiye da Yadda Aka Yi Tunani A Da]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml Bayin Birtaniya a Tekun Barbary]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,869148,00.html Alamar zinariyar teku ga fararen bayi]
* [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/jefferson_papers/mtjprece.html Amurka da 'Yan fashin teku na Barbary: Yaƙi na Ƙasa da Ƙasa da Yaƙi da Maƙiyi Mara Al'ada]
* Archived [http://www.clements.umich.edu/exhibits/online/barbary/barbary-captivity.php adana Labaran Kama Barbary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903103205/http://www.clements.umich.edu/exhibits/online/barbary/barbary-captivity.php |date=2019-09-03 }}  
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170523145324/http://www.visitkythera.gr/en/culture/history.html Tarihin Kythera]
* [https://www.academia.edu/6133447/Islands_Pirates_Privateers_and_the_Ottoman_Empire_in_the_Early_Modern_Mediterranean%7CIslands, 'Yan fashin teku, Masu zaman kansu da Daular Ottoman a farkon Bahar Rum na Zamani]
* [https://www.kythera.gr/en/about_kythera/history.php Tarihin Kythira]
*  

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'''Gidan Tarihin Motoci na Jihohi Huɗu''' (wanda a da ake kira '''Tex-Ark Antique Auto Museum''' ) gidan tarihi ne na motoci a Texarkana, Arkansas . &lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Brief History and Overview of Texarkana and the Four-States Area |url=http://www.fourstatesautomuseum.org/history.html |access-date=February 4, 2017 |publisher=Four States Auto Museum }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Arkansas.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Four States Auto Museum |url=http://www.arkansas.com/attractions/detail/four-states-auto-museum/91719 |access-date=February 4, 2017 |website=Arkansas.com |publisher=[[Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism]] |archive-date=January 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113115323/http://www.arkansas.com/attractions/detail/four-states-auto-museum/91719 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;   An kafa shi a shekara ta 2004 kuma an yi masa rijista a matsayin ƙungiya ta 501(c)(3) a [[Arkansas (jiha)|Jihar Arkansas]] . Gidan tarihin yana kan wani wuri da ake amfani da shi a da don gina jikin motoci da kekunan hawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot; /&gt;

Manufar Gidan Tarihi na Motoci na Jihohi Huɗu ita ce &quot;kiyaye, tattarawa, baje kolinsu, aiki, da fassara tarin tsoffin motoci&quot; da takardun tarihi masu alaƙa. &lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;TravelTexas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Four States Auto Museum |url=https://www.traveltexas.com/attractions/four-states-auto-museum |access-date=February 4, 2017 |website=TravelTexas |publisher=Office of the Governor, Economic Development and Tourism }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Kat |date=March 1, 2016 |title=A Visit to the Four States Auto Museum in Texarkana |url=http://www.tiedyetravels.com/2016/03/four-states-auto-museum.html |access-date=February 4, 2017 |website=Tie Dye Travels with Kat Robinson}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarin motocinsa ya ɗauki shekaru 100 na tarihin motoci kuma ya haɗa da motoci sama da 20 waɗanda ake nunawa a jere, gabaɗaya na tsawon watanni uku zuwa shida. &lt;ref name=&quot;Arkansas.com&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Texarkana USA&quot; /&gt;  A kowane lokaci, gidan tarihi yana da kimanin motoci 15 da ake nunawa, da kuma wasu [[Mashin|babura]] da nau'ikan motoci daban-daban. Daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi jan hankali a cikin tarin akwai motar ɗaukar dawaki ta Yaƙin Basasa, motar [[Ford Model T]] da Model A, motar Nash Metropolitan, motar ɗaukar dawaki ta Studebaker, da kuma motar Chevrolet Corvette ta 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;Robinson&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gardner&quot; /&gt; Gidan tarihin yana kuma da tarin littattafai masu alaƙa da motoci, wasiƙun labarai, da jaridu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Arkansas.com&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Texarkana USA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Art &amp; Culture |url=http://visittexarkanausa.org/content/art-culture |access-date=February 4, 2017 |website=Texarkana USA |publisher=Texarkana USA Chamber of Commerce |archive-date=March 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304025201/http://visittexarkanausa.org/content/art-culture |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gidan Tarihin Motoci na Jihohi Huɗu yana shirya [[Auto show|bikin baje kolin motoci]] na shekara-shekara tare da [[Railfest|bikin RailFest]] na Texarkana,  &lt;ref name=&quot;LAZSO Creative Studio2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Four-States Auto Museum |url=http://www.lazsostudio.com/fourstates-auto-museum/ |access-date=February 4, 2017 |publisher=LAZSO Creative Studio }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma taron shekara-shekara na Baje Kolin Motoci da Sauya Mota, waɗanda dukkansu suna aiki a matsayin tara kuɗi don hakan.  Gidan tarihin yana kuma ɗaukar nauyin tarurrukan ilimi daban-daban, bukukuwa, rangadin makaranta, da bukukuwan aure. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gardner2&quot; /&gt;

== Hotunan Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Four_States_Auto_Museum_April_2016_30_(1954_Chevrolet_Bel_Air).jpg|alt=1954 Chevrolet Bel Air| Chevrolet Bel Air na 1954
Fayil:Four_States_Auto_Museum_April_2016_21_(1957_Studebaker_Silver_Hawk_57G-C3).jpg| 1957 Studebaker Silver Hawk 57G-C3
Fayil:Four_States_Auto_Museum_April_2016_11_(1960_Nash_Metropolitan).jpg|alt=1960 Nash Metropolitan| Nash Metropolitan ta 1960
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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'''Jos Boys''' mai horar da gine-gine ce, mai fafutuka, malami, mai zane da marubuci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=UCL |date=2018-10-31 |title=Dr Jos Boys |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/real-estate/people/academic-staff/dr-jos-boys |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808092644/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/real-estate/people/academic-staff/dr-jos-boys |archive-date=2020-08-08 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The Bartlett Real Estate Institute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boys |first=Jos |date=2014 |title=Doing Disability Differently |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/doing-disability-differently/8668802.article |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Architectural Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance memba mai kafa Matrix Feminist Design Co-operative kuma co- marubucin littafin su na 1984 Making Space: Women and the Man-Made Environment (Pluto Press 1984/Verso 2022). Tun daga shekara ta 2008 ta kasance co-direkta na The DisOrdinary Architecture Project  tare da mai zane-zane mai nakasa Zoe Partington,  wani dandamali mai jagorancin nakasassu wanda ke aiki tare da masu zane-zane don bincika sabbin hanyoyin yin tunani game da nakasassu a cikin maganganun gine-gine da zane da aiki.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zoe Partington |url=https://www.zoepartington.co.uk/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2018 |title=Jos Boys |url=https://thefunambulist.net/contributors/jos-boys |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The Funambulist Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202202717/https://thefunambulist.net/contributors/jos-boys |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jos Boys, Author at The DisOrdinary Architecture Project |url=http://disordinaryarchitecture.com/wp/author/josboys/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The DisOrdinary Architecture Project |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202202717/http://disordinaryarchitecture.com/wp/author/josboys/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-06-11 |title=Disability and ability: towards a new understanding |url=https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/news-opinion/disability-and-ability-towards-new-understanding |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001014421/https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/news-opinion/disability-and-ability-towards-new-understanding |archive-date=2020-10-01 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Design Council |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boys |first=Jos |date=13 July 2014 |title=Doing disability differently |url=https://www.ribaj.com/intelligence/doing-disability-differently |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=ribaj.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Littattafanta Doing Disability Differently: wani Alternative Handbook on Architecture, Dis / iyawa da Designing for Everyday Life (Routledge 2014) da Disability, Space, Architecture: A Reader (Routled 2017) [4] sun zama mahimman matani a wannan fagen, tare da ƙarshen da ake kira a

{{Blockquote|brilliant gathering of texts, both synthetic and surprising [that] should be taught in every architecture and design program, and may well become the new standard text for interdisciplinary disability studies courses generally.}}

Boys kuma co-editor ne tare da Anthony Clarke da John Gardner na Neurodivergence da Architecture . 

Ta ba da jawabai masu yawa na kasa da kasa, ciki har da Bartlett UCL (2021), Jihar Arizona (2021), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boys |first=Jos |date=2014 |title=Doing Disability Differently |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/doing-disability-differently/8668802.article |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Architectural Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goldsmiths (2020), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Imrie |first=Rob |date=2015-03-16 |title=Doing disability differently: an alternative handbook on architecture, dis/ability and designing for everyday life |journal=Disability &amp; Society |language=en |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=486–488 |doi=10.1080/09687599.2014.995512 |issn=0968-7599 |s2cid=144209727}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidan Tarihi na Zane na London (2019), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makarantar Zane ta Jami'ar [[Melbourne]] (2019), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boys |first=Jos |date=2014 |title=Doing Disability Differently |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/doing-disability-differently/8668802.article |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Architectural Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Innsbruck (2019), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Imrie |first=Rob |date=2015-03-16 |title=Doing disability differently: an alternative handbook on architecture, dis/ability and designing for everyday life |journal=Disability &amp; Society |language=en |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=486–488 |doi=10.1080/09687599.2014.995512 |issn=0968-7599 |s2cid=144209727}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makarantar Gine-gine ta Jami'a ta Yale (2018), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Victoria da Albert Museum (2018), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zoe Partington |url=https://www.zoepartington.co.uk/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Aarhus Copenhagen (2017), Architectural Association London (2016), [4] Jami'a na Fasaha, da Cibiyar Taylor, Jami'ar Calgary (2016).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 2016 |title=AA XX 100 Jos Boys - Doing Dis/ability and Architecture Differently? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9STKEmiMe0 |website=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Boys ya kasance farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'o'in Ulster da London Metropolitan . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jos Boys - London Metropolitan University |url=https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/profiles/staff/jos-boys/ |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=londonmet.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance ƙwararren ƙwararren muhalli (BEE) kuma Fellow na Royal Society of Arts; Farfesa ne mai baƙo a Royal Danish Academy a Copenhagen kuma farfesa mai daraja a Lab na Ilimi, Cibiyar Ilimi, UCL. Jos Boys na ɗaya daga cikin Mata na Shekarar BBC na 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boys |first=Jos |date=2014 |title=Doing Disability Differently |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/doing-disability-differently/8668802.article |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Architectural Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Jos Boys a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin codirectora na The DisOrdinary Architecture Project, wanda aka ba da gudummawa ta hanyar tallafi daga The Supporting Act Foundation na 2024-2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boys |first=Jos |date=2014 |title=Doing Disability Differently |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/doing-disability-differently/8668802.article |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Architectural Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Imrie |first=Rob |date=2015-03-16 |title=Doing disability differently: an alternative handbook on architecture, dis/ability and designing for everyday life |journal=Disability &amp; Society |language=en |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=486–488 |doi=10.1080/09687599.2014.995512 |issn=0968-7599 |s2cid=144209727}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya ta yi aiki a Kwalejin Bartlett na Muhalli, Kwalejin Jami'ar London inda ta kasance Daraktan Darasi na MSc a cikin Yanayin Ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Kafin wannan, ta yi aiki sama da shekaru 10 a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan muhalli na ilmantarwa mai zaman kanta da mai bincike; kuma ta rubuta da yawa game da rikitarwa kuma sau da yawa tana takaddamar alaƙar tsakanin koyarwa, ci gaban ilimi, manufofin ma'aikata da dabarun, tsarin kayan aiki da gudanarwa, da ƙirar gini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-11 |title=In conversation with ... Jos Boys |url=https://archiparlour.org/in-conversation-with-jos-boys/ |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=Parlour |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami   a cikin gine-gine da kuma fannoni masu alaƙa a cikin cibiyoyi da yawa a Burtaniya da duniya, kuma a matsayin mai haɓaka ilimi da mai tsara koyarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Tushen wannan, da kuma duk aikinta na ƙirar al'umma,  yana da sha'awa ta musamman game da yadda za a inganta fahimtarmu game da ayyukan zamantakewa na yau da kullun, kayan aiki da sararin samaniya, don tallafawa mafi yawan marasa galihu a cikin al'umma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Dukkanin aikinta yana bincika yadda za mu iya yin aiki a cikin ra'ayoyi daban-daban da jadawalin don tattaunawa tare da inganta yanayin da aka gina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boys |first=Jos |date=2014 |title=Doing Disability Differently |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/doing-disability-differently/8668802.article |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Architectural Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jos Boys ta sami BSc a Makarantar Bartlett UCL (wanda ake kira Makarantar Nazarin Muhalli) kuma tana da digiri na biyu a Nazarin Gine-gine na Ci gaba (UCL 1981) da Hotuna (Jami'ar De Montfort 2003). Ta sami digirinta na PhD daga Faculty of Urban and Regional Studies, Jami'ar Karatu tare da rubutun da ake kira Concrete Visions? ''Binciken alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙirar gidaje, ayyukan kayan aiki da rayuwar yau da kullun a Ingila 1830 - 1980'' a cikin 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Da farko horo a matsayin 'yar jarida ta gine-gine don mujallar Building Design,  ta kuma gudanar da ayyuka a Babban Majalisar London (GLC)  rubuce-rubuce game da Mata da Shirye-shiryen; da kuma a Sabis ɗin Zane na Mata &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; inda ta kasance ma'aikaciyar ci gaba, tare da masu haɗin gwiwa Vron Ware, Sue Cavanagh da Wendy Davis .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boys |first=Jos |date=2014 |title=Doing Disability Differently |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/doing-disability-differently/8668802.article |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Architectural Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A duk rayuwarta Jos Boys ta kasance tana da hannu tare da yawancin mata da cibiyoyin sadarwa masu alaƙa, gami da Cutting Edge,  ƙungiyar bincike ta mata da ke bincika sabbin fasahohin ƙira, wanda ke zaune a Jami'ar Westminster (1995-2001), da kuma ƙungiyar ayyukan sararin samaniya na mata Taking Place (2000-).     &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; [5] [6] [5] [5] [6] [5]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boys |first=Jos |date=2014 |title=Doing Disability Differently |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/doing-disability-differently/8668802.article |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Architectural Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Imrie |first=Rob |date=2015-03-16 |title=Doing disability differently: an alternative handbook on architecture, dis/ability and designing for everyday life |journal=Disability &amp; Society |language=en |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=486–488 |doi=10.1080/09687599.2014.995512 |issn=0968-7599 |s2cid=144209727}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zoe Partington |url=https://www.zoepartington.co.uk/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2018 |title=Jos Boys |url=https://thefunambulist.net/contributors/jos-boys |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The Funambulist Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202202717/https://thefunambulist.net/contributors/jos-boys |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da mai tsarawa Jon Astbury, ta kirkiro wani nune-nunen game da Matrix a Barbican mai taken How We Live Now: reimagining sarari tare da Matrix feminist design collective (Mayu - Disamba 2021),  da kuma jagorantar ci gaba da ci gaba da budewa da kuma samun damar Matrix online archive. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jos Boys, Author at The DisOrdinary Architecture Project |url=http://disordinaryarchitecture.com/wp/author/josboys/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The DisOrdinary Architecture Project |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202202717/http://disordinaryarchitecture.com/wp/author/josboys/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-06-11 |title=Disability and ability: towards a new understanding |url=https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/news-opinion/disability-and-ability-towards-new-understanding |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001014421/https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/news-opinion/disability-and-ability-towards-new-understanding |archive-date=2020-10-01 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Design Council |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sami damar yin amfani da shi kuma an nuna shi a cikin nune-nunen ƙasa da na duniya ciki har da Found Cities Lost Objects (nunawar yawon shakatawa na Arts Council Ingila, tare da Lubaina Himid,) [undefined] a cikin Chronos: kiwon lafiya, samun dama da nune-nun kusanci a Tensta Konsthalle Stockholm, Museum für Gestaltung Zürich, Jami'ar Melbourne, [[Oslo]] Architectural Biennale,  ETHL Zurich, MAXXI da Jami'ar Newcastle UK.

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==

* ''Sassa Da Yawa Fiye da M! Sake tunanin nakasa, samun dama da haɗakarwa fiye da bin ƙa'ida (2024)'' wani samfuri na wasu ra'ayoyi, labarai, aikin fasaha da cikakkun bayanai na gine-gine waɗanda za su iya ba da labari mai ban mamaki game da tunani da aiki na ƙira &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boys |first=Jos |date=2014 |title=Doing Disability Differently |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/doing-disability-differently/8668802.article |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Architectural Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Imrie |first=Rob |date=2015-03-16 |title=Doing disability differently: an alternative handbook on architecture, dis/ability and designing for everyday life |journal=Disability &amp; Society |language=en |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=486–488 |doi=10.1080/09687599.2014.995512 |issn=0968-7599 |s2cid=144209727}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Kujeru a Teburin'' shiga tsakani na sararin samaniya na jama'a don bikin gine-gine na London (2023) - wani aiki mai nasara a gasa tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar tattalin arziki mai zagaye ReFabricate don shigarwa na ɗan lokaci, da kuma wani shiri mai alaƙa a wani wurin shakatawa na London &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Bikin Fadakarwa na Fadakarwa na Masu Nakasa na Wasan Kwaikwayo'' (2022 da 2023) - an tsara shirye-shiryen birane na wucin gadi tare a Braunschweig ( ''The Clearing'' 2022) da Hannover ( ''Making Waves'' 2023), duka sun dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin DeafSpace, tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zane-zanen Deaf Richard Docherty, mai ba da shawara kan gine-gine na Deaf Christina Laing da kuma darakta mai hulɗa da DisOrdinary Zoe Partington; tare da masu fasaha na Jamusawa masu kurame da nakasassu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boys |first=Jos |date=2014 |title=Doing Disability Differently |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/doing-disability-differently/8668802.article |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Architectural Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Matrix Open Feminist Architecture Archive'' (MOFAA) (2020–): wata hanyar ilmantarwa ta yanar gizo wacce ta tattaro albarkatun adana bayanai daga shekarun 1980s a [[Landan]], an yi hasashen za ta binciki alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'ikan jiki, sarari da gine-gine daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Imrie |first=Rob |date=2015-03-16 |title=Doing disability differently: an alternative handbook on architecture, dis/ability and designing for everyday life |journal=Disability &amp; Society |language=en |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=486–488 |doi=10.1080/09687599.2014.995512 |issn=0968-7599 |s2cid=144209727}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Gine-gine Bayan Ganewa'' (ABS): haɗin gwiwa wajen tsara, haɓakawa da aiwatar da kwas ɗin nazarin ginshiƙin gine-gine ga makafi da masu fama da matsalar gani (haɗin gwiwa tsakanin The DisOrdinary Architecture Project da The Bartlett UCL) (2018 -)   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2018 |title=Jos Boys |url=https://thefunambulist.net/contributors/jos-boys |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The Funambulist Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202202717/https://thefunambulist.net/contributors/jos-boys |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jos Boys, Author at The DisOrdinary Architecture Project |url=http://disordinaryarchitecture.com/wp/author/josboys/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=The DisOrdinary Architecture Project |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202202717/http://disordinaryarchitecture.com/wp/author/josboys/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-06-11 |title=Disability and ability: towards a new understanding |url=https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/news-opinion/disability-and-ability-towards-new-understanding |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001014421/https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/news-opinion/disability-and-ability-towards-new-understanding |archive-date=2020-10-01 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Design Council |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Masu Fasaha na Nakasassu Suna Gina Wurare Masu Ban Dariya'' (DAMD/OS): jerin haɗin gwiwa masu ƙirƙira da tayar da hankali tsakanin masu fasaha na nakasassu da masu koyar da muhalli a cikin darussa 10 na gine-gine, ciki da muhalli da aka gina a faɗin Ingila. (2017–19). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boys |first=Jos |date=13 July 2014 |title=Doing disability differently |url=https://www.ribaj.com/intelligence/doing-disability-differently |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=ribaj.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Yin Sararin Tattaunawa'' : haɗin gwiwar yin samfuri tare da masu fasaha na nakasassu da kurame tare da ɗaliban ƙirar ciki a Makarantar Gine-gine da Zane, Jami'ar Brighton (2008). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boys |first=Jos |date=2014 |title=Doing Disability Differently |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/doing-disability-differently/8668802.article |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Architectural Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Jin Wuri'' : haɓaka bayanin sauti na gine-gine da abubuwa ga makafi da masu fama da rashin gani a matsayin wani ɓangare na Makon Gine-gine na RIBA da Bikin Gine-gine na London (2007); tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Brighton da VocalEyes. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boys |first=Jos |date=2014 |title=Doing Disability Differently |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/doing-disability-differently/8668802.article |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=Architectural Review |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan littattafai ==
Bincike, rubuce-rubuce da koyarwar Jos Boys sun damu da fahimtar tsarin zamantakewa na &quot;al'ada&quot; gine-gine da zane-zane da ayyuka; da kuma game da haɓaka wasu nau'o'in samar da sararin samaniya waɗanda a maimakon haka suka fara daga bambanci, daga fahimta da abubuwan da suka faru na kungiyoyin da aka ware, ko a cikin ilimi ko wasu sarari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Har yanzu akwai rashin fahimtar ka'idoji game da yadda sararin samaniya ke aiki, ko alakarsa mai rikitarwa ga ayyuka daban-daban, ko don rayuwa, aiki ko koyo.   Kayan da aka tsara na yara maza duk suna da niyyar buɗe ra'ayoyi da muryoyi da yawa, don raba hanyoyin da halayen; don yin tunani sosai game da zato daban-daban; da kuma yin aiki tare don gina kyawawan samfuran gine-gine a matsayin horo wanda ya dogara da zamantakewa, sarari da adalci na kayan aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Naƙasasshiyar da gine-gine ===

* &quot;Ka yi la'akari da aikin gine-gine mai aiki&quot; Schaad, Gabrielle, da Torsten Lange, takardu 7, Cibiyar Tarihi da Ka'idar Gine-gine (ETH Zurich 2023) 
* Clarke, Anthony &amp; yara maza, Jos &amp; Gardner, John. ''Neurodivergence da Gine-gine''.  (A cikin littafin nan, an yi amfani da ita a cikin littafin nan.) 
* Zane don Bambanci Molonglo Online Series (2021) 
* The DisOrdinary Architecture Project: Jagoran Handy don Yin Naƙasasshi daban-daban a cikin Gine-gine da Tsarin Birni a cikin The Funambulist 19 The Space of Ableism (Satumba-Oktoba 2018) 
* ''Naƙasasshiyar, sarari, gine-gine: Mai karatu'' (ed) (Routledge 2017) 
* &quot;Cripping Spaces? A kan Dis / ba da damar Phenomeno''LOG'' a cikin Gine-gine&quot; a cikin Bryan E. Norwood (Ed) Batun Musamman: Phenomenology game da gine-ginen LOG 42 (2017) 
* &quot;Invisibility Work? Ta yaya farawa daga rashin / iyawa ya kalubalanci al'amuran zamantakewa, sarari da kayan aiki. &quot; A cikin Frichot, H., Gabreilsson, c., da Runting, H. (eds). ''Gine-gine da Mata (''/AHRA 2017) 
* &quot;Shirye, wuri da 'kiyayi' tsarawa don rayuwar yau da kullun&quot; a cikin Bates, C., Imrie, R., da Kulman, K. (Eds) Zane kamar kulawa a cikin duniyar birni (Wiley-Blackwell 2016) 
* &quot;Wuraren da ba na yau da kullun na nakasa da jinsi&quot; a cikin Soldatic, K., da Johnson, K. (Eds) ''Naƙasasshiyar da Rurality: Gaskiya, Jima'i da Kasancewa ('' 2016) 
* ''Yin Naƙasasshi Bambanci: wani littafi mai mahimmanci game da gine-gine, rashin / iyawa, da tsarawa don rayuwar yau da kullun'' (Routledge 2014) 

=== Yanayin ilmantarwa ===

* ''Daidaita Tsarin Makaranta don ilmantarwa da jin daɗi a lokacin da kuma bayan annobar.'' Tare da Anna Mavrogianni da Anna Jeffery (UCL 2022) 
* Ilimi da Birni: Makarantu a matsayin Infrastructure na Jama'a tare da Anna Jeffery / Architecture Initiative (UCL 2020) &quot;Binciken sarari tsakanin; ilmantarwa a matsayin aikin zamantakewa da kayan aiki&quot; a cikin Carvalho, L., Goodyear P., da De Laat, M. (eds) Wurin da ke da tushe don Nazarin Cibiyar sadarwa (Routledge, 2015) 
* Gina Mafi kyawun Jami'o'i: Shirye-shiryen, Sarari, Fasaha (Routledge 2014) 
* ''Ci gaba da Hanyoyin Bincike don Binciken Yankin Ilimi wanda zai iya Bayar da Ayyukan Cibiyoyin Ilimi da Shiga.'' Kyautar Perry Chapman don Bincike a cikin Yankin Ilimi (Society of College and University Planners 2013). An rubuta shi tare da Clare Melhuish da Angelina Wilson .  
* ''Gidajen tarihi da Ilimi mafi girma suna aiki tare: Kalubale da Dama'' (Ashgate 2013) An shirya su tare da Anne Boddington da Catherine Speight .
* Sabunta Ilimi: mai karatu mai mahimmanci. Makomar wuraren ilmantarwa a cikin ilimin da ya dace (Sense Publishers 2011). An shirya shi tare da Anne Boddington .
* Zuwa ga Yankin Koyon Kwarewa: Sake tunani game da Gine-gine na Ilimi na Ƙarshe (Hanyar 2010) 
* &quot;Bambance-bambance na Halitta: rushe wuraren ilmantarwa na Ilimi mafi Girma da Gidajen Tarihi&quot; a cikin Cook et al. (eds) Gidajen tarihi da Ilimi na Zane: Neman Koyi, Koyi don Gona, (Ashgate, 2009) 
* Juyin Juya Halin e-Revolution da Ilimi na Ƙari; Yin amfani da samfuran e-kasuwanci don isar da ilimi mai inganci (Routledge 2008) An tsara shi tare da Peter Ford (2008) 

=== Mata da gine-gine ===

* &quot;Ayyukan Bayyanawa. Tambayar kayan tarihi don (sake) duba tarihin aikin gine-ginen mata. &quot; A cikin ''Gine-gine da Al'adu Jarida ta Musamman: Gine-gine'' kuma Mata (Taylor da Francis 2017) An rubuta shi tare da Julia Dwyer.
* &quot;Windows a Duniya? (ko kuma me ya sa za mu iya amfani da tsarin da ba daidai ba): Gine-gine, ainihi da sabbin fasahohi&quot; a cikin Cutting Edge (eds.) Digital Desires (I.B.Tauris Press, 2000) 
* &quot;Matsayi a cikin wuri mai faɗi? Jima'i, kayan aiki da sararin samaniya&quot; a cikin Cutting Edge (eds.) Desire by Design? ''Jiki, yanki da sabbin fasahohi'' (I.B Tauris Press, 1999) 
* &quot;Beyond Metaphors and Maps; sake tunani game da gine-gine da jinsi&quot; a cikin Rosa Ainley (ed.) New Frontiers Space, Bodies and Gender (Routledge, 1998) 
* &quot; (Mis) Wakilin Al'umma; matsaloli wajen yin ma'anar zamantakewa ta hanyar gine-gine&quot; a cikin Mo Dodson da Jerry Palmer (eds.) Design and Aesthetics (Routledge 1996) 
* &quot;Neutral Gazes and Knowable Objects&quot; a cikin Duncan McCorquodale et al. (eds.) Desiring Practices (Black Dog Press 1996) 
* &quot;Mata da Muhalli da aka tsara; ma'amala da bambanci&quot; a cikin Sophie Bowbly (ed.) Ginin Muhalli Vol16, No 4 1990 pp249 -256 (1990) 
* &quot;Daga Alcatraz zuwa OK Corral; Postwar British Housing Design&quot; A Attfield da Kirkham (Eds) ''Ra'ayi daga Cikin Gida: Mata, mata da zane'' (Women's Press 1989) 
* &quot;Shin akwai nazarin mata game da gine-gine?&quot; a cikin Sophie Bowbly (ed.) Built Environment Vol. 10 no1 Nuwamba pp25-34 (1986) 
* Yin sarari: Mata da Muhalli na Mutum (Pluto Press 1984). An rubuta shi tare da Matrix Feminist Architecture Collective .

== Kasancewar membobin kwararru ==

* Kungiyar Kayan Kayan Kungiyar Kungiyar Kudancin Kudancin
* 2022 - memba, Daidaitawa, Bambanci da Haɗuwa Mai ba da shawara Cibiyar Jami'ar Westminster Makarantar Gine-gine da Birane
* 2021-2022 - Masanin Delphi da memba na Cibiyar sadarwa A4LE binciken binciken The Future of Learning Design, jagorancin Association for Learning Environments Turai da Jami'ar Melbourne
* 2017-2020 - Ziyarar Farfesa a cikin Bambanci da Creativity, Shirin Gidauniyar, CASS, Jami'ar London Metropolitan
* 2016-2019 - Ziyarar Farfesa, Koyon Yanayi, Jami'ar Ulster, Belfast, Arewacin Ireland
* 2016-2018 - memba, Cibiyar Taylor, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Duniya kan Yankin Ilimi, Jami'ar Calgary, Kanada.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Dorothy Bradshaigh</title>
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'''Dorothy Bradshaigh''' (baftisma 1705, d. 1785), marubucin wasika na Burtaniya kuma mai tara littattafan dafa abinci. Bayan aurenta ta zauna a Haigh Hall kusa da Wigan . Wasiƙunta da shawarwari zuwa ga Samuel Richardson sun rinjayi littafinsa The History of Sir Charles Grandison .

== Rayuwa ==
An yi wa Bradshaigh baftisma a ranar 21 ga Maris 1705 a Rufford, Lancashire . An haife ta da sunan karshe na Bellingham - iyayenta sune Elizabeth, (an haife ta Spencer) da kuma wani lokaci lauya William Bellingham . Ita da 'yar'uwarta Elizabeth sun kasance magada na mahaifinta kuma sun raba gidan yarinta tare da Elizabeth Hesketh wacce 'yar mahaifiyarsu ce daga aurenta na farko. Gidan mahaifinta ya kasance Levens Hall a Westmoreland har sai an sayar da wannan a cikin 1688 sakamakon yawan kuɗin da kawunta, Alan ya kashe. Kudin mahaifinta ya canza lokacin da ya auri mahaifiyarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;dorb&quot; /&gt;

Ta tuntubi Samuel Richardson ba tare da an san sunanta ba lokacin da aka buga littafinsa ''Clarissa'' a cikin shekara ta 1748. Wasiƙunta biyu na farko sun nemi ƙarshen farin ciki don aikin da aka tsara kuma Samuel ya amsa mata ta hanyar sanya talla a cikin Whitehall Evening Post. Ta yi amfani da sunan Belfour yayin da ta aiko masa da wasu wasiku da yawa. Ba ta bayyana cewa ita ce wakilin sa ba har zuwa Fabrairu 1750 kuma ta sadu da shi a cikin wata mai zuwa.

Ita da Samuel Richardson sun musayar wasu wasiƙu kuma ya raba rubutun littafinsa na gaba, Tarihin Sir Charles Grandison, tare da ita. Za ta yi tsokaci a gefen rubuce-rubucensa sannan zai yi gyare-gyare. Richardson ya rubuta cewa littafinsa &quot;na gare ku ... fiye da kowane mutum ban da haka&quot;. Richardson ya yaba da ra'ayinta kuma ya shirya sake buga litattafansa na farko Pamela da Clarissa bisa ga maganganunta. Dorothy da 'yar'uwarta sun gano ta da halin Charlotte a cikin Tarihin Sir Charles Grandison . [1] Edward Haytley ya zana hoton ita da mijinta wanda ya hada da Haigh Hall a bango. Richardson ya nemi kwafin zanen don kansa, don musayar kwafin zanensa. A cikin zanen Hayter tana riƙe da littafi kuma mijinta yana da na'urar daukar hoto don nuna sha'awar su.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ta auri Sir Roger Bradshaigh, Baronet kuma ba su da yara.

== Mutuwa da gado ==
Mijinta ya mutu a shekara ta 1770 kuma ta mutu a shekara de 1785 a Haigh Hall . Ta kirkiro littafin dafa abinci wanda yake.

A cikin 1804 an zana hotonta kuma an buga shi. Wannan yanzu yana cikin National Portrait Gallery . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sir Roger and Lady Bradshaigh {{!}} Art UK |url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/sir-roger-and-lady-bradshaigh-162588 |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=artuk.org |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806204828/https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/sir-roger-and-lady-bradshaigh-162588 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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Florence Stacpoole (1850 - 2 ga Disamba 1942) marubuciya ce kuma malamar Irish da ke zaune a Ingila. Ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali kan kiwon lafiya da shawarwari kan kasafin kuɗi ga mata.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Florence Stacpoole a Dublin, 'yar Rev. William Church Stacpoole da Charlotte Augusta Mountjoy. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;DIB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hourican |first=Bridget |date=2009 |title=Stacpoole, Florence |url=https://dib.cambridge.org/viewReadPage.do?articleId=a8235&amp;searchClicked=clicked&amp;quickadvsearch=yes |website=Dictionary of Irish Biography, Cambridge University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinta shugaban Kingstown ne kuma likitan addini a Kwalejin Trinity Dublin . 'Yan'uwanta biyu marubuta ne; [[William Henry Stacpoole]] ya rubuta littattafan yara kuma Henry de Vere Stacpoole ya rubuta littattafai ciki har da ''The Blue Lagoon'' (1908). &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;DIB&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;  Surukinta [[Henry Bremridge Briggs]] shi ma marubuci ne.  'Yar'uwarta [[Lillie Stacpoole Haycraft]] mai zane-zane ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Haycraft, Lillie Stacpoole, 1852–1916 |url=https://artuk.org/discover/artists/haycraft-lillie-stacpoole-18521916 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Art UK |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122170049/https://artuk.org/discover/artists/haycraft-lillie-stacpoole-18521916 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu rassan iyali suna amfani da rubutun &quot;Stackpole&quot;. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Stacpoole ta ƙaura zuwa Gosport da ke Hampshire. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;DIB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hourican |first=Bridget |date=2009 |title=Stacpoole, Florence |url=https://dib.cambridge.org/viewReadPage.do?articleId=a8235&amp;searchClicked=clicked&amp;quickadvsearch=yes |website=Dictionary of Irish Biography, Cambridge University Press}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHourican2009&quot;&gt;Hourican, Bridget (2009). [https://dib.cambridge.org/viewReadPage.do?articleId=a8235&amp;searchClicked=clicked&amp;quickadvsearch=yes &quot;Stacpoole, Florence&quot;]. ''Dictionary of Irish Biography, Cambridge University Press''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rubutu kuma ta yi lacca sosai kan lafiyar mata, kula da yara, da kuma kula da gidaje. Stacpoole kuma ƙwararriya ce a fannin zaɓe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Ƙasa ce ta buga ta inda ta kasance malamar makaranta. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;DIB&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;  Stacpoole memba ce a Ƙungiyar Kula da Mata ta Landan kuma ta yi aiki a Majalisar Ilimin Fasaha a matsayin malamar makaranta. Stacpoole memba ce a Ƙungiyar Kula da Taurari ta Burtaniya ; ita ma tana da addini kuma ɓangare ne na Ƙungiyar Mabiya Cocin Zamani . &lt;ref name=&quot;DIB&quot; /&gt;

Stacpoole ya mutu a ranar 2 ga Disamba 1942, yana da shekaru 92, a Gosport, Hampshire. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;DIB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hourican |first=Bridget |date=2009 |title=Stacpoole, Florence |url=https://dib.cambridge.org/viewReadPage.do?articleId=a8235&amp;searchClicked=clicked&amp;quickadvsearch=yes |website=Dictionary of Irish Biography, Cambridge University Press}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHourican2009&quot;&gt;Hourican, Bridget (2009). [https://dib.cambridge.org/viewReadPage.do?articleId=a8235&amp;searchClicked=clicked&amp;quickadvsearch=yes &quot;Stacpoole, Florence&quot;]. ''Dictionary of Irish Biography, Cambridge University Press''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stacpoole |first=Florence |date=1901 |title=Private Nursing Homes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20267365 |journal=The British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=2093 |pages=370–371 |issn=0007-1447 |jstor=20267365}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ayyuka ==
Baya ga littattafanta da ƙasidunta na Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Ƙasa, Stacpoole ta kuma buga labarai a cikin mujallu da mujallu, ciki har da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwXA&quot;&gt;Mujallar Lafiya ta Burtaniya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stacpoole |first=Florence |date=1901 |title=Private Nursing Homes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20267365 |journal=The British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=2093 |pages=370–371 |issn=0007-1447 |jstor=20267365}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStacpoole1901&quot;&gt;Stacpoole, Florence (1901). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20267365 &quot;Private Nursing Homes&quot;]. ''The British Medical Journal''. '''1''' (2093): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;370–&lt;/span&gt;371. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1447 0007-1447]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20267365 20267365].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rubuta wani labari na kasada, ''The King's Diamond'', wanda aka tsara a cikin jaridu tsakanin 1902 da 1905.  An buga littattafai biyu na Stacpoole, ''The Mystery of the Manor House'' da ''The Unvited Guest'', a matsayin jerin shirye-shirye.  

* ''Tattaunawa da Iyaye Mata Matasa'' (1890) 
* ''Marasa Lafiyarmu da Yadda Za a Kula da Su'' (1892)
* ''Rashin narkewar abinci'' (1892) 
* ''Shawara ga mata kan kula da lafiyarsu kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan an ɗaure su'' (1894) 
* ''Kula da jarirai da ƙananan yara da kuma ciyar da marasa lafiya'' (1895)
* ''Littafin Jagora na Kula da Gidaje don Ƙananan Kuɗi'' (1898) 
* ''Shawarwari Masu Kyau ga Masu Ziyarar Gundumar'' (kimanin 1897) 
* ''Kula da Gidaje Masu Kyau'' (1898) 
* ''Girki a Gida'' (1898, 1906) &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Haycraft, Lillie Stacpoole, 1852–1916 |url=https://artuk.org/discover/artists/haycraft-lillie-stacpoole-18521916 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Art UK |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122170049/https://artuk.org/discover/artists/haycraft-lillie-stacpoole-18521916 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Gidajen Jinya Masu Zaman Kansu&quot; (1901) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stacpoole |first=Florence |date=1901 |title=Private Nursing Homes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20267365 |journal=The British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=2093 |pages=370–371 |issn=0007-1447 |jstor=20267365}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStacpoole1901&quot;&gt;Stacpoole, Florence (1901). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20267365 &quot;Private Nursing Homes&quot;]. ''The British Medical Journal''. '''1''' (2093): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;370–&lt;/span&gt;371. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1447 0007-1447]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20267365 20267365].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Lu'u-lu'u na Sarki'' (1902, labari) 
* ''Cututtukan mata da 'yan mata'' (1904) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Gida Mai Lafiya da Yadda Ake Kiyaye Shi'' (1905)
* ''Lafiyar mata da yadda ake kula da ita'' (1906)
* ''Littafin Uwa Kan Kula da Yara Masu Lafiya'' (1912) 
* ''Jariranmu da Yadda Za Mu Kula da Su''
* ''Likitan Gida''
* ''Ra'ayin Lafiya game da [[Motsi na tsauraran ra'ayi|Juriya]]'' 

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Fausto Veranzio</title>
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'''Fausto Veranzio'''&lt;ref name=&quot;treccani enciclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eleonora Zuliani |title=Veranzio, Fausto |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fausto-veranzio_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/#:~:text=VERANZIO%2C%20Fausto.,morto%20a%20Venezia%20nel%201617.&amp;text=Scrisse%20anche%20una%20storia%20d,dove%20desider%C3%B2%20di%20essere%20trasportato. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210305112847/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fausto-veranzio_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/#:~:text=VERANZIO%2C%20Fausto.,morto%20a%20Venezia%20nel%201617.&amp;text=Scrisse%20anche%20una%20storia%20d,dove%20desider%C3%B2%20di%20essere%20trasportato. |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=5 March 2021 |publisher=[[Enciclopedia Italiana]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Latin: Faustus Verantius; Croatian: Faust Vrančić; Hungarian and Vernacular Latin: ''Verancsics Faustus''; {{Abbr|c.|circa}} 1551 – 20 January 1617) was a Croatian polymath, diplomat and bishop from Šibenik, then part of the Republic of Venice. He is a scientist recognised for his genius as both a Croatian and as a Croatian-Hungarian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1797. október 22. Az első ejtőernyős ugrás |url=https://old.rubicon.hu/magyar/oldalak/1797_oktober_22_az_elso_ejtoernyos_ugras |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=old.rubicon.hu |archive-date=2024-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620133852/https://old.rubicon.hu/magyar/oldalak/1797_oktober_22_az_elso_ejtoernyos_ugras |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungaricum |first=Forum |title=Megidézik Verancsics Faustus alakját is |url=http://forumhungaricum.hu/kulturkincs/megidezik-verancsics-faustus-alakjat-is/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Forum Hungaricum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adél |first=Gál |date=2014-01-28 |title=Magyar feltalálók: Verancsics János és a repülés |url=https://karpatalja.ma/sorozatok/magyar-feltalalok/magyar-feltalalok-verancsics-janos-es-a-repules/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Kárpátalja.ma |language=hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=M. Zemplén |first=Jolán |date=1967 |title=A technikai fejlődés magyar-dalmát úttörője, Verancsics Faustus |journal=Élet és Tudomány |issue=22 |pages=1894}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=VERANCSICS FAUSTUS |url=https://tudosnaptar.kfki.hu/v/e/verancsics/verancsicspant.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=tudosnaptar.kfki.hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lelépő |date=2023-01-19 |title=A várkapitányból lett &quot;veszprémi da Vinci&quot;, aki feltalálta az ejtőernyőt |url=https://lelepo.hu/verancsics-faustus/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Lelépő |language=hu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==

=== Tarihin iyali ===
[[Fayil:Antun_Vrancic_by_Martin_Rota.jpg|right|thumb|183x183px|Kakan Fausto, Antonio, wanda Martin Rota ya zana.]]
An haifi Fausto a [[Šibenik|Sebenico]] (Šibenik), Venetian Dalmatia a cikin dangin Croatian na Count Michele / Mihovil Vrančić (Veranzio) da Katarina [[Berislavić family of Trogir|Berislavić]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Soric2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sorić |first=Diana |date=2014 |title=Obiteljski korespondenti Antuna Vrančića (1504.-1573.): Biografski podaci i lokacija rukopisne građe |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/193830 |journal=Povijesni prilozi |volume=33 |issue=47 |pages=41–42, 44–45}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa mawaki ne na Latin, yayin da kawunsa [[Antun Vrančić]], &lt;ref name=&quot;Soric2&quot; /&gt;  [[Archbishop of Esztergom|babban bishop na Esztergom]] (1504-1573), jami'in [[Mai wanzar da zaman lafiya|diflomasiyya]] kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati, wanda ke hulɗa da [[Erasmus]] (1465-1536), [[Philip Melanchthon]] (1497-1560), da [[Nikola IV Zrinski]] (1508-1566), wanda ya kula da ilimin Fausto kuma daga baya ya yi tafiya tare da shi yayin wasu tafiye-tafiye na Antun ta [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Hungary]] da [[Republic of Venice|Jamhuriyar Venice]].  Faust yana da ɗan'uwa Kazimir (1557-1637). &lt;ref name=&quot;Soric2&quot; /&gt;

=== Ilimi da ayyukan siyasa ===
Yayinda yake matashi, a karkashin kulawar Antun, &lt;ref name=&quot;Soric&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sorić |first=Diana |date=2014 |title=Obiteljski korespondenti Antuna Vrančića (1504.-1573.): Biografski podaci i lokacija rukopisne građe |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/193830 |journal=Povijesni prilozi |volume=33 |issue=47 |pages=41–42, 44–45}}&lt;/ref&gt; Veranzio yana da sha'awar kimiyya. Yayinda yake yaro, ya koma [[Venezia|Venice]], inda ya halarci makaranta, sannan zuwa Padua don shiga Jami'ar, inda ya mai da hankali kan [[doka]], kimiyyar lissafi, [[Injinia.|injiniya]] da injiniya.

A kotun Sarki Rudolf II, a gidan sarauta na Hradčany a [[Prag|Prague]], Veranzio ya kasance shugaban Hungary da Transylvania, sau da yawa yana hulɗa da [[Johannes Kepler]] da [[Tycho Brahe]]. Bayan mutuwar matarsa,  Veranzio ya tafi Hungary. A shekara ta 1598, ya sami taken [[Cenad|Csanád]]&quot; id=&quot;mwnw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Diocese of Csanád&quot;&gt;bishop na Csanád (''Episcŏpus Csanadiensis'') ''a cikin partibus'' (ko da yake bai taɓa sa ƙafa a Csanád ba). A shekara ta 1609, ya dawo Venice, ya shiga ƙungiyar Paul na Tarsus (barnabites) kuma ya ba da kansa ga nazarin kimiyya. Veranzio ya mutu a shekara ta 1617 a Venice kuma an binne shi a Dalmatia, kusa da gidan danginsa a tsibirin Prvić .

== Polymath da mai kirkiro ==
Ayyukan Veranzio, ''Machinae Novae'' (Venice 1615 ko 1616),  ya ƙunshi manyan hotuna 49 da ke nuna injuna daban-daban 56, wasu na'urori, da ra'ayoyi fasaha.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Eline Van der Velden</title>
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'''Eline van der Velden''' ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan barkwanci ce 'yar ƙasar Holland, marubuciya, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma furodusa da ke zaune a Landan, Ingila. An fi saninta da aikinta na ƙirƙirar Tilly Norwood, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da aka samar daga [[Kirkirar Basira|fasahar AI]] .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Van der Velden a tsibirin [[Curacao|Curaçao]] na ƙasar Holland, Antilles ta Netherlands  ga ɗan kasuwan ƙasar Holland Steven van der Velden da kuma mai ilimin motsa jiki Quirine van der Velden. Ta koma Birtaniya tana da shekaru 14 don yin karatun wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a Makarantar Tring Park don Fasahar Wasanni . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;times&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Ellie |date=15 October 2019 |title=Inspirational Woman: Eline Van der Velden |url=https://wearethecity.com/inspirational-woman-eline-van-der-velden-actress-writer-director-founder-particle-6-productions/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=WeAreTheCity}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;blastingnews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carratt |first=Lynsey |date=19 July 2019 |title=Particle 6 CEO Eline Van der Velden chats about starting her own production company |url=https://uk.blastingnews.com/business/2019/07/particle-6-ceo-eline-van-der-velden-chats-about-starting-her-own-production-company-002945371.html |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=Blasting News |archive-date=11 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011170644/https://uk.blastingnews.com/business/2019/07/particle-6-ceo-eline-van-der-velden-chats-about-starting-her-own-production-company-002945371.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga Kwalejin Imperial ta Landan a shekarar 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McNamara |first=Alexander |date=6 August 2019 |title=Eline van der Velden: &quot;Romantic science comedies are the dream&quot; |url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/eline-van-der-velden-romantic-science-comedies-are-the-dream |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=[[BBC Science Focus]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Commissariat |first=Tushna |date=25 July 2018 |title=Once a physicist: Eline van der Velden |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/once-a-physicist-eline-van-der-velden/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=[[Physics World]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Dan |last2=Rowater |first2=Jenn |date=26 November 2018 |title=Alumni gather at the House of Lords |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/189190/alumni-gather-house-lords/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=[[Imperial College London]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dijital ta Duniya ta zaɓe ta a matsayin wacce za ta lashe kyautar Lovie Awards kuma ta lashe kyautar barkwanci mafi kyau a yanar gizo a 2013 saboda guda biyu daga cikin shirye-shiryenta da ta gabatar. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;lovieawards&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2013 Winners {{!}} Internet Video {{!}} Comedy |url=https://winners.lovieawards.eu/#!y=2013&amp;v=162 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204061755/http://winners.lovieawards.eu/ |archive-date=4 December 2013 |website=Lovie Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta ƙirƙiri shirye-shirye da dama a yanar gizo kamar ''Sketch My Life'' with London Hughes da Emily Hartridge &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Ellie |date=15 October 2019 |title=Inspirational Woman: Eline Van der Velden |url=https://wearethecity.com/inspirational-woman-eline-van-der-velden-actress-writer-director-founder-particle-6-productions/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=WeAreTheCity}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ''Match.com Parody'' .  Ta zama manajan darakta na Makers Channel (makerschannel.co.uk), dandamalin bidiyo na farko da aka tsara a Turai a shekarar 2015.  Kamfanin watsa labarai na Belgium De Persgroep ya sayi Makers Channel kwanan nan, saboda nasarar da ya samu a Netherlands. 

A shekarar 2016, ta bayyana a cikin tallace-tallace na kamfanin shamfu na kasar Holland mai suna Andrelon. 

Miss Holland, wata jarumar barkwanci da Van der Velden ya ƙirƙira, ta yi fice a kanun labarai a shekarar 2016 yayin da ta nemi jama'ar Birtaniya su koya mata waƙar ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Ellie |date=15 October 2019 |title=Inspirational Woman: Eline Van der Velden |url=https://wearethecity.com/inspirational-woman-eline-van-der-velden-actress-writer-director-founder-particle-6-productions/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=WeAreTheCity}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinta na 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, ta fito a cikin shirin talabijin na Dutch De Troon, Beatrix da kuma shirin Overspel wanda ya lashe kyautar Golden Calf . A Belgium, ta fito a gaban Jamie Dornan a cikin shirin Flying Home .

Van der Velden ta fito a cikin shirin BBC Three mai suna ''Putting It Out There'', inda ta ƙalubalanci fahimtar zamantakewa game da gashin jiki, diddige, tofa, sararin samaniya, da kuma manyan mutane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Ellie |date=15 October 2019 |title=Inspirational Woman: Eline Van der Velden |url=https://wearethecity.com/inspirational-woman-eline-van-der-velden-actress-writer-director-founder-particle-6-productions/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=WeAreTheCity}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, ta fito a cikin shirin barkwanci na BBC One ''mai suna Soft Border Patrol'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Ellie |date=15 October 2019 |title=Inspirational Woman: Eline Van der Velden |url=https://wearethecity.com/inspirational-woman-eline-van-der-velden-actress-writer-director-founder-particle-6-productions/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=WeAreTheCity}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McNamara |first=Alexander |date=6 August 2019 |title=Eline van der Velden: &quot;Romantic science comedies are the dream&quot; |url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/eline-van-der-velden-romantic-science-comedies-are-the-dream |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=[[BBC Science Focus]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma shirin barkwanci na BBC Three ''mai suna Miss Holland'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;blastingnews&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 2025, ƙungiyar Particle6 Group, wadda Van der Velden ya kafa a shekarar 2016, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Ellie |date=15 October 2019 |title=Inspirational Woman: Eline Van der Velden |url=https://wearethecity.com/inspirational-woman-eline-van-der-velden-actress-writer-director-founder-particle-6-productions/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=WeAreTheCity}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta gabatar da Tilly Norwood, wata &quot;yar wasan kwaikwayo&quot; da [[Kirkirar Basira|AI]] ta samar a bikin fina-finai na Zurich . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McNamara |first=Alexander |date=6 August 2019 |title=Eline van der Velden: &quot;Romantic science comedies are the dream&quot; |url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/eline-van-der-velden-romantic-science-comedies-are-the-dream |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=[[BBC Science Focus]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanarwar ta fuskanci fushi da suka daga ƙungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka SAG-AFTRA .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Dan |last2=Rowater |first2=Jenn |date=26 November 2018 |title=Alumni gather at the House of Lords |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/189190/alumni-gather-house-lords/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=[[Imperial College London]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Ellie |date=15 October 2019 |title=Inspirational Woman: Eline Van der Velden |url=https://wearethecity.com/inspirational-woman-eline-van-der-velden-actress-writer-director-founder-particle-6-productions/ |access-date=9 November 2025 |website=WeAreTheCity}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da karramawa ==
''Miss Holland'' ta lashe kyautar mafi kyawun barkwanci ta yanar gizo a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Lovie na 2013, wanda [[Stephen Fry]] ya yi hukunci a kansa. &lt;ref name=&quot;lovieawards&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2013 Winners {{!}} Internet Video {{!}} Comedy |url=https://winners.lovieawards.eu/#!y=2013&amp;v=162 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204061755/http://winners.lovieawards.eu/ |archive-date=4 December 2013 |website=Lovie Awards}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131204061755/http://winners.lovieawards.eu/ &quot;2013 Winners | Internet Video | Comedy&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bidiyon ''barkwanci na Match.com'' ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun barkwanci ta yanar gizo, kuri'un jama'a. ''Miss Holland'' da ''Match.com Barkwanci Date 1'' suma an nuna su a cikin Google Lovie Letters na 2013. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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    <title>Dong Xi (marubuci)</title>
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'''Dong Xi''' (simplified Chinese: 东西; gargajiya Sinanci: 東西; pinyin: ''Dōng Xī''; an haife shi a shekara ta 1966) shine sunan alkalami na '''Tian Dailin''' (simplifified Sinanci; gargajiya Sunanci: 田代琳; pinyin)  An haife shi a cikin Tian'e County a Guangxi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=作家东西 |url=http://www.gxnews.com.cn/channel/shushi/dx/index.htm |access-date=2017-11-19 |website=www.gxnews.com.cn |archive-date=2014-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103062519/http://www.gxnews.com.cn/channel/shushi/dx/index.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dong Xi marubuci ne na litattafai, gajerun labaru, da allo. An daidaita shida daga cikin ayyukansa don fim da talabijin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=东西：作家触电可以救文学 |url=http://tj.eastday.com/eastday/wxhg/zjft/userobject1ai1531083.html |access-date=2017-11-19 |website=tj.eastday.com |archive-date=2006-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220150908/http://tj.eastday.com/eastday/wxhg/zjft/userobject1ai1531083.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi memba ne na Ƙungiyar Marubutan China da Ƙungiyar Matasan China kuma mataimakin shugaban Ƙungiyar Guangxi ta Littattafai da Fasaha. Ya raba lokacinsa tsakanin mukamin a Jami'ar Guangxi don Kasashe da [[Beijing]].

== Rayuwa ta farko da wallafe-wallafen farko ==
An haifi Dong Xi a [[Guli, Guangxi|Guli]] a arewa maso yammacin Guangxi . Iyalinsa sun sha wahala a lokacin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]] saboda matsayinsu na farko. Bayan farkon sake fasalin da buɗewa, Dong Xi ya sami damar shiga sashen Sinanci na Kwalejin Kwalejin Hechi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=作家东西 |url=http://www.gxnews.com.cn/channel/shushi/dx/index.htm |access-date=2017-11-19 |website=www.gxnews.com.cn }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; (wanda yanzu ake kira [[Hechi University|Jami'ar Hechi]]), ƙaramin kwaleji a arewa maso yammacin Guangxi a kudancin ƙarshen Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau . A makaranta ne Dong Xi ya fara gabatar da aiki ga mujallu da mujallu na wallafe-wallafen, gami da Tibet Literature, West China Literature, da Guangxi Literature. A cikin fall of 1992, Dong Xi ya shiga cikin manyan mujallu na wallafe-wallafen, ya buga gajeren fiction da litattafai biyu a cikin Harvest, Flower City da Chinese Writer .

== Nasara a matsayin marubuci da daidaita aikin don allo ==
Sau da yawa ana haɗa gajerun fiction da litattafan Dong Xi tare da wasu ayyukan daga marubutan da suka fito a biranen China a cikin shekarun 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=作家东西 |url=http://www.gxnews.com.cn/channel/shushi/dx/index.htm |access-date=2017-11-19 |website=www.gxnews.com.cn |archive-date=2014-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103062519/http://www.gxnews.com.cn/channel/shushi/dx/index.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga bisani ya koma Beijing kuma ya fara aiki tare da marubutan allo, da kuma daidaita aikinsa don talabijin da fim. Mafi shahararren gyare-gyaren fim dinsa shine fim din 2002, Sky Lovers, wanda ya samo asali ne daga littafinsa, Life Without Language (an daidaita wannan labari don jerin shirye-shiryen TV 20 na Guangxi Mandile Film and Culture Co. Ltd.). Daidaitawar ta lashe Kyautar Kyauta mafi Kyawu  a bikin Fim na Duniya na 15 na Tokyo . My Sister's Dictionary (2005) an daidaita shi daga Dong Xi's A Resounding Slap in the Face (1998).

== Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa ==

* ''Rayuwa Ba tare da Harshe ba'' (Nanjing: Jiangsu Literature and Art Publishing House, 1995). An daidaita shi don fim din 2002, Sky Lovers . Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lu Xun Literary Prize a shekarar 1995. An fassara shi a matsayin &quot;Life Without Language&quot; ta Dylan Levi King a cikin wallafe-wallafen Sinanci A yau (Volume 7, 2018).
* A Resounding Slap in the Face (Changchun: Changchun Publishing House, 1998). A halin yanzu ba a fassara shi ba. An daidaita shi don TV a matsayin Slap! kuma don fim kamar My Sister's Dictionary (2005).
* Rubuce-rubucen nadama (Beijing: Gidan wallafe-wallafen Jama'a, 2005). An fassara shi a matsayin Record of Regret ta Dylan Levi King don Jami'ar Oklahoma Press (2018).
* Fate Rewritten (Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House, 2015). An fassara shi a matsayin Fate Rewritten by John Balcom for Sinoist Books (2024).
* Ripples a cikin Tafkin (Beijing: Gidan wallafe-wallafen Jama'a, 2021). Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Mao Dun Literature a shekarar 2023. An fassara shi a matsayin Ripples a cikin Tafkin ta James Trapp don Littattafan Sinoist (2026).

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gadar Tabiat</title>
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'''Gadar Tabi'at''' ita ce babbar hanyar wucewa ta masu tafiya a ƙasa a [[Tehran]], [[Iran]] . Tsawonta ya kai {{Convert|270|m|ft}} gada ta haɗa wuraren shakatawa guda biyu na jama'a &amp;#x2014; Taleghani Park da Abo-Atash Park &amp;#x2014; ta hanyar wucewa Modarres Expressway, ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin mota a arewacin Tehran. &lt;ref name=&quot;ArchDaily&quot; /&gt; Kalmar ''tabiat'' wacce aka shigo da ita daga [[Larabci]] zuwa [[Farisawa|Farisanci]], tana nufin &quot;yanayi&quot; a cikin Farisanci, amma tana da wasu ma'anoni da yawa a cikin Larabci.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=طبیعت - معنی در دیکشنری آبادیس |url=https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA/ |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=abadis.ir |archive-date=2024-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615181420/https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin Diba Tensile Architecture ( [[Leila Araghian]] da Alireza Behzadi) ne suka tsara gadar.  Ta lashe kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da Popular Choice Prize for Highways &amp; Bridges daga Architizer A+ Awards, gasar gine-gine ta duniya da ke New York.   Gadar ta kuma lashe [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture|kyautar Aga Khan Award for Architecture]]  ta 2016 saboda tsarinta na misali na aikin ababen more rayuwa, &quot;iska mai daɗi&quot; a cewar alkalan bayar da kyaututtuka. 

== Tarihi ==
An tsara gadar Tabiat ta Leila Aragian, wadda ta fito a matsayin wadda ta lashe gasar zane ta gida da nufin haɗa wuraren shakatawa guda biyu a arewacin Tehran waɗanda aka raba ta da babbar hanya.  A cikin tsara gadar, wani tsari wanda ya ɗauki jimillar shekaru 4, Aragian yana son ta &quot;zama wurin da mutane za su zauna su yi tunani, ba kawai su wuce ba.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot; /&gt; Domin cimma wannan, gadar ba ta da madaidaiciya kuma tana ɗauke da benci da kujeru. 

An fara gina gadar a shekarar 2010, inda aka yi amfani da jimillar tan 2000 na [[Karfe|ƙarfe]] da kuma mita 10000 na siminti kafin a kammala ta a watan Oktoban 2014.  An bayyana gina gadar a kan babbar babbar hanya a matsayin babban ƙalubale, tare da gina dandamali da ramuka na wucin gadi don tabbatar da cewa babu abin da ya faɗa kan hanyar da ke ƙasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;alj&quot; /&gt;

== Gine-gine ==
[[Fayil:Pont_Tabiat,_Téhéran_(1).jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|Gadar Tabiat a shekarar 2024.]]
Ginshiƙai uku masu siffar bishiya suna tallafawa matakan bene guda biyu masu ci gaba, wanda hakan ke sa matakin ƙasa ya rufe kuma ya dace da amfani a duk yanayi.  Mataki na uku yana wurin da ginshiƙin ya haɗu da rassan ginshiƙai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsarin ƙarfe mai rikitarwa yana da ginshiƙin girma uku mai ƙarfi &lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; kuma saman yana lanƙwasa tare da faɗin da ya bambanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Abubuwan gini na gadar suna amfani da tsari mai ɓoye na geometric wanda aka juya kuma aka maimaita a cikin dukkan girma uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Collections {{!}} {{!}} 13th Cycle: 2013-2016 {{!}} Tabiat Pedestrian Bridge |url=https://archnet.org/collections/1215/sites/15126 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802032947/https://archnet.org/collections/1215/ |archive-date=2019-08-02 |access-date=2019-10-12 |website=Archnet}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gidajen cin abinci suna yi wa abokan ciniki hidima a kowane ƙarshen gadar tare da wuraren zama &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muiruri |first=Peter |title='Green' buildings top awards |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000218630/green-buildings-top-awards |access-date=2019-12-26 |website=The Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kiosks a tsakaninsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Wasu sassan gadar a buɗe suke don ba da damar bishiyoyi su girma &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; kuma gadar da kanta tana da wuraren kore don ƙarfafa baƙi su daɗe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Gadar tana ba da wuraren kallo don kyawawan wurare ba tare da ta toshe ra'ayoyin tsaunukan Alborz ba kuma tana da ƙaramin sawun ƙafa wanda ya dace da muhallinta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kowanne daga cikin wuraren shakatawa guda biyu da gadar ta haɗu yana da hanyoyi da yawa da ke jagorantar baƙi zuwa gadar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Wurin Taro ==
Gadar ba wai kawai ta haɗa wuraren shakatawa guda biyu ba, har ma ta shahara a tsakanin al'umma a wuraren zama  da gidajen cin abinci, tana aiki a matsayin wurin da mutane za su zauna ba wai kawai su wuce ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tabiat Pedestrian Bridge {{!}} Aga Khan Development Network |url=https://www.akdn.org/architecture/project/tabiat-pedestrian-bridge |access-date=2019-10-12 |website=www.akdn.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu sun bayyana tafiya a kan gadar a matsayin jin kamar tafiya a cikin daji da kuma wurin da ke da kuzari mai kyau inda za su iya sake samun kuzari idan sun ji kasala. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Mutane miliyan huɗu sun ziyarci gadar a shekarar farko da aka buɗe ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Geordie Walker</title>
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'''Kevin Walker''' (18 ga Disamba 1958 - 26 ga Nuwamba 2023), wanda aka fi sani da '''Geordie Walker''', mawaki ne na rock na Ingila, marubuci kuma furodusa. An fi saninsa da guitar na ƙungiyar post-punk Killing Joke . Ya shiga ƙungiyar a watan Maris 1979; an fitar da rikodinsa na farko a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar. Kundin studio na farko mai suna iri ɗaya ya fito a watan Oktoba 1980. Walker ya yi rikodin kundin studio guda 15 tare da Killing Joke kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukan gefe daban-daban. Salonsa na buga guitar na lantarki mara kyau ya sami karbuwa sosai.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara goma, Walker ya sami yabo sosai daga sautin guitar a cikin waƙar &quot; Sabre Dance &quot; ta Love Sculpture . &quot;Na kan yi hauka idan aka ji ta a rediyo.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Kay&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Max |date=June 1984 |title=Max Kay Interviews Geordie |journal=Music U.K. (Monthly Magazine)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara goma sha huɗu, iyalin Walker sun ƙaura daga Chester le Street zuwa Bletchley a Buckinghamshire kuma ya halarci Makarantar Leon ; a wannan lokacin ne ya sami laƙabinsa saboda lafazin &quot; Geordie &quot; na arewa maso gabashin ƙasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;uncut&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Watts |first=Peter |date=16 November 2018 |title=Killing Joke: &quot;We went into the most savage jam… the universe opened&quot; |url=https://www.uncut.co.uk/features/killing-joke-went-savage-jam-universe-opened-108275/2/ |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Uncut}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yanke shawarar koyon buga guitar: &quot;Na kan gudu daga makaranta ina gida da misalin ƙarfe huɗu, na kulle kaina a ɗakin kwana, na kunna amp ɗin gaba ɗaya, sannan na yi ta bugawa har sai da [mahaifinsa] ya shigo. Al'ada ce ta yau da kullun.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Kay&quot; /&gt; Ya koyi cewa layukan waƙa suna da mahimmanci, sabanin waƙoƙin solo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kay&quot; /&gt; An sayi guitar ɗinsa na farko a Northampton a Kirsimeti 1973; lokacin da mahaifiyarsa ta ga Gibson Les Paul a shagon, ta ba shi shawarar ya gwada ta don tunawa da wani wasan kwaikwayo da ta halarta tare da Jimi Hendrix a kan lissafin kuɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kay&quot; /&gt; Bayan Walker ya buga waƙoƙin chords guda biyu, hukuncin mahaifiyarsa shine: &quot;Za mu yarda.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Kay&quot; /&gt; Ya yi aiki a lokacin, &quot;ayyuka biyu na gaske&quot; waɗanda suka ba shi damar adana kuɗi. Daga nan ya sayi wani guitar, Gibson SG Junior . &lt;ref name=&quot;metalassault&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bansal |first=Andrew |date=4 July 2013 |title=Interview With Killing Joke Guitarist Geordie Walker |url=http://metalassault.com/Interviews/2013/07/04/interview-with-killing-joke-guitarist-geordie-walker/ |access-date=8 August 2014 |publisher=Metalassault.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakiyar shekarun 1990, Walker ya zauna a Royal Oak, Michigan, wani yanki na Detroit, tare da matarsa Ginny Kiraly da ɗansa Atticus (an haife shi a 1992).  A lokacin da ake rikodin ''Hosannas daga Basements of Hell'' a 2006, ya samar da 'yar wasan punk rock ta Burtaniya Mary–Jane a Faust Studios da ke [[Prag|Prague]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary–Jane |url=http://www.chocolatefireguard.co.uk/artists_maryjane2.php |access-date=2 June 2020 |publisher=Chocolatefireguard.co.uk |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117205350/http://www.chocolatefireguard.co.uk/artists_maryjane2.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya zauna a Prague, &lt;ref name=&quot;metalassault&quot;/&gt; inda ya yi aiki tare da Studio Faust Records yana rikodin waƙoƙin wasu mawaka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geordie Walker – Studio Faust Records |url=http://www.faust.cz/index.php?page=geordie-walker&amp;hl=en_US |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230103070923/http://www.faust.cz/index.php?page=geordie-walker&amp;hl=en_US |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=2 January 2023 |publisher=Faust.cz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sake aure a 2012. Ya ci gaba da zama a [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]] tare da abokin aikinsa Alexandra Kocourkova, da 'yarsu Isabella (an haife ta a 2018). &lt;ref name=&quot;nyt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Alex |date=3 December 2023 |title=Geordie Walker, Guitarist for Killing Joke, Dies at 64 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/03/arts/music/geordie-walker-dead.html |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
Walker ya ambaci ƙungiyar Love Sculpture wacce ke ɗauke da Dave Edmunds da sautinsu a cikin murfin littafinsu na &quot;Sabre Dance&quot; saboda &quot;ta yi amfani da guitar a matsayin kayan kida don isar da yanayi, ba kamar yadda mutane ke jin dole ne su yi guitar ba, wasu waƙoƙi, wasu waƙoƙin solo, wasu ma'auni&quot;. [1] Walker ya kuma ambaci kundin Siouxsie da Banshees na farko na studio The Scream (1978) a matsayin wani tasiri saboda ainihin ɗan guitar ɗinsu John McKay &quot;ya fito da waɗannan tsarin waƙoƙin da na samu suna da daɗi sosai&quot;.

== Mutuwa ==
Walker ya mutu a Prague a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 2023, kwana biyu bayan ya sha fama da bugun jini. Yana da shekaru 64. &lt;ref name=&quot;nme&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aubrey |first=Elizabeth |date=26 November 2023 |title=Killing Joke guitarist Geordie Walker has died, aged 64 |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/killing-joke-guitarist-geordie-walker-has-died-aged-64-3549275 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=NME}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;blab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 November 2023 |title=KILLING JOKE Guitarist KEVIN 'GEORDIE' WALKER Dead At 64 |url=https://blabbermouth.net/news/killing-joke-guitarist-kevin-geordie-walker-dead-at-64 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Blabbermouth}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]]
===MANAZARTA===</text>
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    <title>Filin wasa na Samia Suluhu Hassan</title>
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'''Filin wasa na Samia Suluhu Hassan''' filin wasa ne da ake ginawa, a birnin [[Arusha]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . An yi niyyar amfani da shi a lokacin gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2027 . Filin wasa yana daya daga cikin filayen da Tanzania ke shirin amfani da su a lokacin gasar, wanda Tanzania, [[Uganda]] da [[Kenya]] za su shirya tare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Majuto Omary |date=6 April 2024 |title=Tanzania heightens preparations for Afcon as construction of Sh286 billion stadium starts |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/sports/tanzania-heightens-preparations-for-afcon-as-construction-of-sh286-billion-stadium-starts-4581110 |website=The Citizen |access-date=6 January 2026 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428122218/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/sports/tanzania-heightens-preparations-for-afcon-as-construction-of-sh286-billion-stadium-starts-4581110 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]], shugaban kasar Tanzania na yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Majuto Omary |date=6 April 2024 |title=Tanzania heightens preparations for Afcon as construction of Sh286 billion stadium starts |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/sports/tanzania-heightens-preparations-for-afcon-as-construction-of-sh286-billion-stadium-starts-4581110 |website=The Citizen }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Filin wasan yana cikin unguwar da aka sani da &quot;Yankin Olomoti&quot;.

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
Filin wasa na Samia Suluhu Hassan, tare da shirin daukar 30,000 an yi niyya ne don wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa da wasannin rugby da abubuwan da suka faru kamar su wasanni. Babban manufar wannan filin wasa shine ya zama wani ɓangare na filayen da Tanzania za ta yi amfani da su don karɓar bakuncin gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2027 a gasar cin kofi ta kasashe uku da za a gudanar a kasashen Gabashin Afirka na Kenya, Tanzania da Uganda. Sauran filayen wasa na Tanzaniya sune Filin wasa na Benjamin Mkapa mai kujeru 60,000 a [[Dar es Salaam]] da kuma [[Dodoma]]_Stadium&quot; id=&quot;mwNg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Dodoma Stadium&quot;&gt;Filin wasa na Dodoma mai kujeru 32,000 da aka tsara a Dodoma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Majuto Omary |date=6 April 2024 |title=Tanzania heightens preparations for Afcon as construction of Sh286 billion stadium starts |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/sports/tanzania-heightens-preparations-for-afcon-as-construction-of-sh286-billion-stadium-starts-4581110 |website=The Citizen }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Majuto Omary |date=6 April 2024 |title=Tanzania heightens preparations for Afcon as construction of Sh286 billion stadium starts |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/sports/tanzania-heightens-preparations-for-afcon-as-construction-of-sh286-billion-stadium-starts-4581110 |website=The Citizen |access-date=6 January 2026 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428122218/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/sports/tanzania-heightens-preparations-for-afcon-as-construction-of-sh286-billion-stadium-starts-4581110 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumbar 2023, Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Afirka (CAF), ta sanar da tayin Pamoja na Gabashin Afirka ta Kenya, Uganda da Tanzania a matsayin masu cin nasara don karbar bakuncin gasar AFCON ta 2027. Wannan tayin ya doke wasu kudaden da wasu kasashe suka yi ciki har da Masar, Senegal, Botswana da Aljeriya.[1] A matakin neman izini, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Tanzania ta zabi filayen wasa uku na kasa na Nairobi da Filin wasa na Kipchoge Keino mai kujeru 10,000 a Eldoret.[2]

== Gine-gine ==
An ba da kwangilar gini ga China Railway Construction Engineering Group (CRCEG), wani reshe na China Railway Group Limited (CREC), wani kasar Sin, mafi yawan mallakar jihar, cinikin jama'a, injiniya da gine-gine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Majuto Omary |date=6 April 2024 |title=Tanzania heightens preparations for Afcon as construction of Sh286 billion stadium starts |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/sports/tanzania-heightens-preparations-for-afcon-as-construction-of-sh286-billion-stadium-starts-4581110 |website=The Citizen |access-date=6 January 2026 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428122218/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/sports/tanzania-heightens-preparations-for-afcon-as-construction-of-sh286-billion-stadium-starts-4581110 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cal Wilson</title>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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      <text bytes="14954" sha1="9ygp5guwkasdvgj8s0u60rpb3t4a553" xml:space="preserve">'''Cal Wilson''' (5 ga Oktoba 1970 - 11 ga Oktoba 2023) ta kasance mai barkwanci, marubuci, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin a New Zealand wanda ke zaune a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]. Wilson ta rubuta shirin barkwanci na New Zealand ''Willy Nilly'' daga 2001 har zuwa 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Screen |first=NZ On |title=Cal Wilson {{!}} NZ On Screen |url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/profile/cal-wilson/screenography |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=nzonscreen.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ta fito a shirye-shiryen barkwanci da talabijin da dama, ciki har da kasancewarta mai masaukin baki na ''Sleuth 101 ,'' mai masaukin baki na ''The Great Australian Bake Off ,'' kuma ta yi wa Petal da Thorn waƙa a cikin shirin talabijin na yara ''Kitty Is Not a Cat'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Token Profile page |url=https://token.com.au/artist/cal-wilson/ |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=Excellence Through Guesswork}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wilson kuma ya jagoranci shirye-shiryen rediyo da dama tare.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Wilson a New Zealand a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1970. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Kerrie |date=11 October 2023 |title=Comedian Cal Wilson dies, aged 53 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/comedy/comedian-cal-wilson-dies-aged-53-20231011-p5ebdy.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a Christchurch, ta kammala digirin farko a fannin fasaha a Jami'ar Canterbury . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin barkwanci ==
Wilson ta haɗu ta kafa ƙungiyar Court Jesters improv a shekarar 1990; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana cikin ƙungiyar New Zealand da ta lashe gasar World Theatresports a [[Los Angeles]] a shekarar 1994. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2016 |title=It's Cal Wilson's Line – Arts, News, Theatre |url=https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=NZEDGE |language=en-US |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012111020/https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga nan Wilson ta koma yin barkwanci a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto na cikakken lokaci, kuma a shekarar 1997 ta zama wacce ta lashe kyautar farko (tare da Ewen Gilmour ) ta kyautar barkwanci mafi daraja ta New Zealand, Billy T, saboda shirinta na ''Dirty Bitch'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;acl-95-97&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Comedy Festival 1995 - 1997 |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/ephemera/id/2295/rec/8 |access-date=10 July 2025 |publisher=Auckland Council Libraries}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma fito a shirye-shiryen TV3 na ''Pulp Comedy'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 2003, ta fara zama a [[Melbourne]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2016 |title=It's Cal Wilson's Line – Arts, News, Theatre |url=https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=NZEDGE |language=en-US |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012111020/https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wilson ta yi wasan kwaikwayo na ''TeleBimbo'' a shekarar 1998 a [[Auckland]], Wellington, da Christchurch. &lt;ref name=&quot;asb-bank-98&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=TeleBimbo by Cal Wilson, ASB Bank Laugh Festival, 1998 |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/ephemera/id/10864/rec/2 |access-date=10 July 2025 |publisher=Auckland Council Libraries}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1999 ta gabatar da ''Cal Wilson Is The AuntiChrist'' a NZICF. &lt;ref name=&quot;acl-1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Comedy Festival 1999 |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/ephemera/id/4968/rec/3 |publisher=Auckland Council Libraries}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;wilson-token&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cal Wilson |url=https://token.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/CAL-Biography-9.pdf |access-date=10 July 2025 |publisher=Token}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2001, Wilson ta lashe kyautar &quot;Mafi Kyawun Sabon Zuwa&quot; a bikin barkwanci na kasa da kasa na Melbourne (MICF). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta bayyana a matsayin wacce aka yaba mata a bikin Edinburgh Festival Fringe a shekara ta 2004. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasan kwaikwayonta na 2006, ''Up There, Cal Wilson'', ya ƙare a MICF. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Talabijin ==
A lokacin farkon aikinta, Wilson marubuciya ce ga shirin barkwanci na New Zealand ''Willy Nilly'' daga 2001 har zuwa 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2007, ta kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na shirin talabijin mai suna ''The Wedge'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McManus |first=Bridget |date=11 February 2010 |title=Comedian has 101 moments of sleuth |url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/comedian-has-101-moments-of-sleuth-20100211-ge893x.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926205619/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/comedian-has-101-moments-of-sleuth-20100211-ge893x.html |archive-date=26 September 2018 |access-date=26 September 2018 |website=The Age |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ma marubuciya ce a shirin. A shekarar 2008, Wilson ta fito a cikin jerin shirye-shirye na takwas na ''Dancing with the Stars'' na Australiya. An haɗa ta da wanda ya lashe gasar series 7 Craig Monley. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2010, Wilson ta zama mai masaukin baki na shirin ''Sleuth 101'' &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; kuma ta halarci Babban Muhawara a Bikin Barkwanci na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Melbourne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin Wilson ta fara fitowa a shirin barkwanci na talabijin na New Zealand ''mai suna 7 Days'' . Ta fito a shirye-shirye da dama na shirin har zuwa 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wilson ya bayyana a matsayin bako a shirin wasan barkwanci ''na QI'' na Burtaniya a shekarar 2012 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya zama kyaftin na &quot;Team Cal&quot; a shirin talabijin na nishaɗin haske na Australiya ''mai suna Slide Show .'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2018, Wilson ya bayyana Petal da Thorn a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na yara Kitty Is Not a Cat . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2019 ta yi rikodin Netflix Original Comedy Special mai taken Comedians of the World wanda ke wakiltar New Zealand . Ta yi tafiya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, Gifted Underachiever, a cikin 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Token Profile page |url=https://token.com.au/artist/cal-wilson/ |access-date=26 July 2019 |website=Excellence Through Guesswork}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2022, Wilson ya shiga cikin kakar wasa ta takwas na Australiya na I'm a Celebrity... ''[[I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)|Ka fitar da ni daga nan!]]'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2016 |title=It's Cal Wilson's Line – Arts, News, Theatre |url=https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=NZEDGE |language=en-US |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012111020/https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, an bayyana cewa Wilson zai dauki bakuncin kakar wasa ta bakwai ta The Great Australian Bake Off tare da [[Natalie Tran]] da sabbin alƙalai Darren Purchese da Rachel Khoo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara mai zuwa a tsakiyar 2023, Wilson ya fito a cikin [[SBS (Australian TV channel)|SBS]]'s Who the Bloody Hell Are You?

A lokacin aikinta na talabijin Wilson ta kuma fito a wasu ''Shirin''-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na Australiya ciki har da ''SkitHOUSE'', Rove Live, Godiya ga Allah Kuna nan, Good News Week, ''Spicks da Specks'', The Project, Celebrity Name Game, Show Me the Movie!&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; , ''Shin zan yi maka ƙarya? '' Australia, ''SlideShow'', Shin kun kasance mai kula? da kuma Hughesy, Muna da matsala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2016 |title=It's Cal Wilson's Line – Arts, News, Theatre |url=https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=NZEDGE |language=en-US |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012111020/https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;


A shekara ta 2009, Wilson ya dauki bakuncin Mornings a kan Nova 100 (Melbourne) tare da Dylan Lewis . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi murabus daga Nova 100 a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2016 |title=It's Cal Wilson's Line – Arts, News, Theatre |url=https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=NZEDGE |language=en-US |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012111020/https://www.nzedge.com/news/its-cal-wilsons-line/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar mutum da mutuwa ==
Wilson ya auri Chris Woods a shekarar 2008. Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗa kuma suna zaune a Sunshine, wani yanki na [[Melbourne]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page Title – Canterbury College – Armson Collins Architectural Drawings Collection – University of Canterbury – New Zealand |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/exhibition/canterburycollege/open_doors/roll.shtml |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=canterbury.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wilson ta mutu a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2023, a Asibitin Royal Prince Alfred da ke Camperdown, [[Sydney]], sakamakon wani nau'in cutar kansa mai saurin yaduwa, kwana shida bayan cikarta shekaru 53. Ta shafe makonni biyu a asibiti kafin rasuwarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;  
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Aeronáutica na Argentina</title>
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gidan kayan gargajiya na kasa &quot;'''Brigadier Edmundo Civati Bernasconi'''&quot; (Spanish) gidan kayan gargajiya ne na Argentina wanda ke cikin birnin Morón, Buenos Aires . An kafa shi a cikin 1960, gidan kayan gargajiya an sadaukar da shi ga tarihin jirgin sama, musamman Sojojin Sama na Argentina.

Tarinsa ya haɗa da wasu jirgin sama na musamman, kamar Pulqui I da Pulqui II jet prototypes, Urubú flying wing glider, I.Ae. 22 mai horar da DL, da kuma Latécoère XXV wanda Antoine de Saint-Exupéry ya tashi.

== Tarihi ==
An kirkiro gidan kayan gargajiya a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 1960, ta hanyar doka ta 264/60 ta [[Shugaban Ƙasar Argentina|Shugaban Jamhuriyar]], darakta na farko kuma babban mai goyon bayansa shine Brigadier Edmundo Civatti Bernasconi .

Da farko an samo shi ne a Aeroparque Jorge Newbery, inda aka nuna jirgin sama a filin ba tare da kariya daga yanayi ba. A cikin shekarun 1980 an ba da shawarar sake komawa gidan kayan gargajiya don samar da kariya ga jirgin sama, an ba da sabon wurin kusa da Filin jirgin saman Ezeiza.

A shekara ta 2001 an sake komawa gidan kayan gargajiya zuwa Filin jirgin saman Morón da Air Base, shafin filin jirgin sama na farko na kasa da kasa na Argentina, inda ake samun hangars don kare mafi yawan tarin.
[[Fayil:Austral_WFN.jpg|thumb|McDonnell Douglas MD-81 ''LV-WFN'' a cikin 2009; an ba da gudummawa ga gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin 2013]]
A watan Fabrairun 2013, an ba da gudummawar McDonnell Douglas MD-81 (tsohon Austral, LV-WFN) ga gidan kayan gargajiya, don gyarawa da nune-nunen. Wannan jirgin sama sananne ne saboda yana da mafi yawan sa'o'in jirgin sama a duk duniya don nau'in sa (sa'o'i 70,444 a cikin zagaye 60,350) har zuwa Maris 2012, lokacin da aka yi ritaya.[1]

== Gidajen ==
Gidan kayan gargajiya ya kasu kashi daban-daban, an sadaukar da shi ga takamaiman jigogi: 

* ''Motori'': nuna injunan jirgin sama.
* Malvinas: wanda ya haɗa da Grumman HU-16 Albatross amphibian da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin 1970s don kafa layin hanya tsakanin [[Yanayin Comodoro Rivadavia|Comodoro Rivadavia]] da Malvinas (''Falklands'' Islands).
* Antartida: don kayan da aka yi amfani da su a ''Antarctica''.
* Pioneros: sadaukar da kai ga ''Majagaba'' na jirgin sama.
* Torre de control: cikakkun bayanai game da ciki na ''hasumiyar sarrafawa''.
* ''Pegasus'': don karɓar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru.
* ''Icaro'': Shagon kofi.

Bugu da ƙari akwai ƙaramin kantin sayar da kyauta.

== Tarin abubuwa ==
[[Fayil:Mna_aircraft_exhibited.jpg|thumb|Wani ɓangare na tarin a cikin ɗayan ɗakunan]]

=== Jirgin sama ===
Jirgin sama da aka nuna sun hada da:
[[Fayil:Latecoere_25_LV-EAB_Aeroparque_12.04.75_edited-2.jpg|thumb|Latecoere 25, filin jirgin sama Jorge Newbery, 1975]]
[[Fayil:Percival_P.40_Prentice_E-390_FAA_AEP_23.04.72_edited-2.jpg|thumb|Percival Prentice, filin jirgin sama Jorge Newbery, 1972]]
[[Fayil:Gloster_Meteor_F.4_C-041_FAA_AEP_12.04.75_edited-2.jpg|thumb|Gloster Meteor, a wurin da ya gabata na MNA, Aeroparque Jorge Newbery, 1975]]
[[Fayil:I.A.35_Huanquero_A-316_AEP_12.04.75.jpg|thumb|IA 35 Huanquero, filin jirgin sama Jorge Newbery, 1975]]

; Fuka-fuki mai tsawo

* Avro Lincoln B.2 ''B-004'', on display as ''B-010''
* Beechcraft AT-11 Kansan&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Blériot XI&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=27 February 2013 |title=Una nueva aeronave para el MNA |trans-title=A new aircraft for the MNA |url=http://www.aeroespacio.com.ar/index.php/otras-noticias/121-una-nueva-aeronave-para-el-museo-nacional-de-aeronáutica.html |url-status=dead |journal=Aeroespacio |language=es |location=Argentina |publisher=Fuerza Aerea Argentina (Argentine Air Force) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524041415/http://www.aeroespacio.com.ar/index.php/otras-noticias/121-una-nueva-aeronave-para-el-museo-nacional-de-aeron%C3%A1utica.html |archive-date=24 May 2014 |access-date=2014-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Boeing 737 LV-WTK, donated by Aerolíneas Argentinas{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}}
* Bristol Freighter 1A&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Dassault Mirage III versions C,&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt; DA (''I-002'') and EA (''I-011'')
* de Havilland Beaver&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* de Havilland Dove&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* DINFIA IA 35b Huanquero ''A-305''&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Douglas A-4 Skyhawk, versions A-4P (''C-207'') and A-4C (C-322)&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Douglas C-47A-85-DL ''TA-05'', modified as antarctic transport&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Douglas C-54 (cabin)
* English Electric Canberra B Mk.62 ''B-109'', the last one to complete a mission in the Falklands War&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Fairchild 82D ''LV-FHZ'' (ex-''T-152'', msn 66)&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Fairchild Swearingen Metro II (currently  under restoration){{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}}
* Farman HF.7&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Fiat G.46, post-war military trainer&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RumbosAer18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=FERNANDEZ VIVAS |first=Leandro |title=Un millón de personas visitaron el Argentina Air Fest 2010 |url=http://www.eam.iua.edu.ar/rumbos/Revista-18/RevistaRumbos18-Nota8.htm |access-date=2014-05-31 |website=Rumbos Aeronauticos (Issue 18, Year 9) |publisher=Fuerza Aerea Argentina |language=es |archive-date=2016-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817023838/http://www.eam.iua.edu.ar/rumbos/Revista-18/RevistaRumbos18-Nota8.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hercules C-130B
* FMA IA 22 DL (c/n 728), trainer built by the Fabrica Militar de Aviones&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Homewood |first=Steve |title=FMA I.Ae.22DL, EA-701 / 728, Museo Nacional de Aeronautica (Argentina) |url=https://abpic.co.uk/pictures/view/1038923/no_pictures.php |access-date=24 March 2019 |website=abpic.co.uk |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029001037/https://abpic.co.uk/pictures/view/1038923/no_pictures.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* FMA IA 27 Pulqui I prototype, the first jet designed and built in Latin America&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* FMA IA 33 Pulqui II prototype 5, first swept-wing jet fighter designed and built in Latin America&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* FMA IA 41 Urubú, flying wing glider designed by Reimar Horten&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* FMA IA 50 Guaraní II ''F-31'' and ''LQ-JXY''&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* FMA IA 53 Mamboretá&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* FMA IA 58 Pucará&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* FMA IA 63 Pampa ''EX-03'' mock-up&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Focke Wulf FW-44J, biplane trainer&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Fokker F.27-600 ''T-42''&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Gloster Meteor F.4 ''I-041'', ex-''EE586''&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Grumman HU-16B Albatross&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Hiller UH-12E&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Hughes 369HE&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Israeli Aircraft Industries Dagger{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2022}}
* Junkers Ju 52/3m (WNr.4043)&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brea |first=Esteban |date=13 March 2012 |title=Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica: Más de medio siglo de preservación |trans-title=National Aeronautics Museum: More than half a century of preservation |url=http://www.gacetaeronautica.com/gaceta/wp-101/?p=1009 |access-date=29 August 2015 |website=Gaceta Aeronautica |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Latécoère XXV&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt; flown by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry for Aeroposta Argentina{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2019}}
* Max-Holste 1521 Broussard&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Morane-Saulnier&amp;amp;nbsp;MS.502&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* North American F-86F Sabre&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Percival Prentice T.1&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Rockwell Aero Commander 500U&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;
* Vickers Viking 1B ''T-9''&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Vickers Viking 1B, s/n T-9 ARA, c/n 163, c/r LV-XET |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=43581 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425160331/http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=43581 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |access-date=6 June 2017 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wright Flyer replica&lt;ref name=&quot;IPMSMag052013&quot; /&gt;

== Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ==

=== Jirgin sama da aka nuna ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:AvroLinconB2VI.jpg|Avro Lincoln B.2
Fayil:E-110_Beech_18_Argentine_Airforce_(7310442434).jpg|Beechcraft AT-11 Kansan ''E-110''
Fayil:H-15_Bell_205_UH-1_(8164165838).jpg|Bell 205 (UH-1) ''H-15'' 
Fayil:LV-WTX_Boeing_737_Aerolineas_Argentinas_(7310854168).jpg|Boeing 737 ''LV-WTX''
Fayil:TC-330_Bristol_B170_Freighter_Fuerza_Aerea_Argentina_(7310839554).jpg|Bristol B170 Freighter
Fayil:Canberra_B-109_Museo_Moron.JPG|English Electric Canberra
Fayil:E.a.-701_Dinfia_I.Ae.22DL_(7307046706).jpg|Dinfia I.Ae.22DL
Fayil:F-12_DH104_Dove_Argentine_Airforce_(8164169390).jpg|de Havilland Dove
Fayil:P-05_DHC-2_Beaver_Fuerza_Aerea_Argentina_(8164164610).jpg|DHC-2 Beaver
Fayil:C-207_Douglas_A-4P_Skyhawk_(7310427820).jpg|Douglas A-4P Skyhawk ''C-207''
Fayil:C-322_Douglas_A-4C_Skyhawk_(7310434418).jpg|Douglas A-4C Skyhawk ''C-322''
Fayil:TA-05_Douglas_DC-3_Fuerza_Aerea_Argentina_(7310804244).jpg|Douglas DC-3 ''TA-05''
Fayil:LV-FHZ_Fairchild_82D_(7310492834).jpg|Fairchild 82D ''LV-FHZ''
Fayil:LQ-MLV_Swearingen_SA226TC_Metro_(8164120613).jpg|Swearingen Metro ''LQ-MLV''
Fayil:Farman_III_(1).jpg|Farman replica
Fayil:E.a-441_Fiat_G-46-5B_(8164148796).jpg|Fiat G-46-5B
Fayil:FMA_IAe27.jpg|FMA I.Ae. 27 Pulqui I prototype
Fayil:Pulqui_II_Argentine_Museum.jpg|FMA IAe 33 Pulqui II prototype 5
Fayil:FMA_IA-35.jpg|FMA IA 35 Huanquero
Fayil:FMA-IA-50.jpg|FMA IA 50 Guaraní II
Fayil:FMA-IA-53.jpg|FMA IA 53 Mamboretá
Fayil:AX-01_IA58_Pucara_Fuerza_Aerea_Argentina_(7307048254).jpg|FMA IA 58 Pucará prototype ''AX-01''
Fayil:EX-03_IA63_Pampa_Argentine_Airforce_(7307045530).jpg|FMA IA63 Pampa prototype ''EX-03'' 
Fayil:E.e-122_Focke-Wulf_Fw.44J_Stieglitz_(8164152332).jpg|Focke Wulf FW-44J ''Stieglitz''
Fayil:T-42_Fokker_Fk.27_Fuerza_Aerea_Argentina_(7310479070).jpg|Fokker F.27 T-42
Fayil:C-041_Gloster_Meteor_F.4_(8164115201).jpg|Gloster Meteor F.4
Fayil:BS-02_Grumman_G-64_Albatross_Fuerza_Aerea_Argentina_(8164126911).jpg|Grumman Albatross
Fayil:Iriarte_Ladrillo.jpg|Iriarte ''Ladrillo'' (experimental)
Fayil:Late01.jpg|Latécoère 25
Fayil:TC-60_Lockheed_100_Hercules_C-130B_(8164172104).jpg|Lockheed Hercules C-130B TC-60
Fayil:LV-LGR_MBB_Bo.105C_(8164142622).jpg|MBB Bo.105C
Fayil:MirageIIICC-721.jpg|Mirage IIIC
Fayil:PG-336_Max_Holste_1521_Broussard_(8164168086).jpg|Max Holste 1521 Broussard
Fayil:LV-ZIV_Morane-Saulnier_MS.502_Criquet_(8164166412).jpg|Morane-Saulnier MS.502 Criquet
Fayil:E-207_Ms760_Paris_Argentine_Airforce_(8164149358).jpg|Morane-Saulnier Ms.760 Paris 
Fayil:C-122_NA_F-86_Sabre_Argentine_Airforce_(7307046176).jpg|NA F-86 Sabre
Fayil:E-390_Percival_P.40_Prentice_T1_(8164151272).jpg|Percival Prentice T.1
Fayil:T-137_Aero_Commander_500_Fuerza_Aerea_Argentina_(7310800982).jpg|Rockwell Aero Commander 500
Fayil:FAA_H-04.jpg|Sikorsky S-55 H-04
Fayil:H-02_Sikorsky_S-61_Fuerza_Aerea_Argentina_(8164125835).jpg|Sikorsky S-61 H-02
Fayil:T-9_Vickers_Viking_Fuerza_Aerea_Argentina_(7313012018).jpg|Vickers Viking
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gidan Tarihin Yerevan</title>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Gidan Tarihin [[Yerevan]]''' ([[Armenia]]_language&quot; id=&quot;mwCg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Armenian language&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;Armenian) shi ne gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihi na Yerevan, babban birnin Armenia . An kafa gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin 1931 a matsayin '''Gidan Tarihi na Jama'a'''. A halin yanzu, gidan kayan gargajiya yana cikin wani gini da ke haɗe da Yerevan City Hall. Mai tsara ginin shine [[Jim Torosyan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;panarmenian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 27, 2004 |title=ՔԱՂԱՔԱՊԵՏԱՐԱՆԻ ՆՈՐ ՇԵՆՔԸ ԵՐԵՎԱՆՈՒՄ. ՔԱՂԱՔԻ ՊԱՏՄՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԹԱՆԳԱՐԱՆԸ ՎԵՐՋԱՊԵՍ ԳՏԱՎ ԻՐ ՀԱՆԳՐՎԱԱՆԸ |trans-title=Yerevan New City Hall Building: City History Museum at Last Sheltered |url=http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/11761/ |website=www.panarmenian.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Da farko a 1931, gidan kayan gargajiya yana cikin ɗakuna biyu a bene na biyu na ginin Yerevan Fire Department, kuma a 1936, ya koma Masallacin Blue (Gyoy-Djami). [1] Daga 1994 zuwa 1997, gidan kayan gargajiya ya kasance a cikin tsohon Hripsime Female Gymnasium. Daga 1997 zuwa 2005, gidan kayan gargajiya ya yi aiki a daya daga cikin gine-ginen makarantar N1 mai suna Stepan Shahoumian. A shekara ta 2005, an kafa gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin sabon gini; ya samar da gine-gine tare da Yerevan City Hall.[2]

== Tarin ==
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, akwai abubuwa sama da 94,000 da aka gudanar a Gidan Tarihin Yerevan wanda ke wakiltar al'adun yankin daga zamanin d ̄ a har zuwa yau.&lt;ref name=&quot;official&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yerevan History Museum |url=http://yhm.am/?lang=en |access-date=January 21, 2017 |website=Yhm.am |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110053908/http://yhm.am/?lang=en |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin gidajen tarihi a Armenia
* [[Gidan Tarihi na Armenia]]
* Ginin Erebuni
* Gidan baje kolin ƙasa na Armenia
* Jerin wuraren tunawa da kisan kiyashi na Armeniya
* [[Gidan Tarihi na Charents]]
* [[Gidan Tarihi na Aram Khachaturian]]
* Matenadaran

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Enosi Pontion Pierias</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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A matsayin wani ɓangare na tsananta wa yawan mutanen [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] a [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] (tsakanin 1914 da 1923), yawancin mutanen da ke zaune a can sun bar gidajensu suka koma kasashen waje ko zuwa Girka. Wannan ya shafi musamman Helenawa daga Asia Minor da Pontos Helenawa da ke zaune a yankin Black Sea. Yawancin 'yan gudun hijira sun sami sabon gida a Makidoniya, kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun isa Pieria. A can suna wakiltar babban ɓangare na yawan jama'a a zamanin yau. Wani lokaci sukan sayi filaye kuma sun kafa ƙauyukan Pontic kawai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1922: THE ASIA MINOR CATASTROPHE |url=http://www.orthodoxchristianbooks.com/articles/701/1922-asia-minor-catastrophe/ }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don kula da al'adun al'adu na Helenawa na Pontus, a cikin 1928 an kafa Enosi Pontion Pierias (Girkanci Ποντιών Πιερίας, Ƙungiyar Pontian Pierias), wanda aka yi rajista a 1932 a hukumance a matsayin kulob. Saboda haka ita ce kulob din Pierias mafi tsufa. Tun daga watan Yunin 1998 ta kasance memba na Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Al'adu da Fasaha, CIOFF . [1]

== Wurin da yake ==
Kujerar kungiyar ita ce Mitropoliti Trapesountos Chrisanthou 13, 60100 Katerini, Pieria, Girka.

== Tarihi ==
 
Ruwa na farko na sulhu na Pontic Helenawa a Pieria ya faru ne tsakanin 1920 da 1922. Wadannan 'yan gudun hijira sun zo kai tsaye daga [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]]. Bayan 1939, wani shige da fice daga tsohuwar [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ya faru. Shekaru da yawa bayan isowar 'yan gudun hijira na farko, an kafa kungiyar. Manufar mambobin da suka kafa ita ce adanawa da kiyayewa

* Al'adun Pontic
* Harshen Pontic da
* tarihin wadanda suka rasa muhallinsu

A cikin shekaru na farko bayan an kafa shi, ƙungiyar ta kasance tushen matsalolin kowane irin. Ba da daɗewa ba membobin suka shiga cikin fagen wasan kwaikwayo, rawa da kiɗa na gargajiya. Tun daga farko, don haka a cikin sabon yanayi ba a buƙata ba, an kiyaye harshen pontic a cikin kulob din.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=1922: THE ASIA MINOR CATASTROPHE |url=http://www.orthodoxchristianbooks.com/articles/701/1922-asia-minor-catastrophe/ }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar tana da mambobi 740 (a watan Agusta 2018) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Edith Varian Cockcroft</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>839807</id>
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'''Edith Varian Cockcroft''' (Fabrairu 6, 1881 - Oktoba 19, 1962) ta kasance mai zane, mai zane, mai ƙirƙira da kuma mai yin yumbu, wadda aka haifa a Brooklyn, wadda ta yi baje kolin a wurare da suka haɗa da [[Faris|Paris]] Salon, Kwalejin Zane da Fasaha ta Ƙasa ta Chicago . An san ta da hotunan tsirara da aka yi wa ado da zane mai haske da kuma zane-zanen shimfidar wuri, waɗanda galibi ke nuna gabar tekun Turai. Ta yi rijista kuma ta nuna siliki da karammiski, ta samar da kayan cin abinci na yumbu da kuma tsara kayan sawa da kayan wasan kwaikwayo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kahn |first=Eve |date=November 2018 |title=Traveling to see what is around the corner |url=http://www.themagazineantiques.com/article/traveling-to-see-what-is-around-the-corner/ |journal=The Magazine Antiques |pages=72–77}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yaba wa ayyukanta na zane-zane saboda &quot;ƙarfin hali na zane mai kyau da kuma amfani da launi ba tare da tsoro ba&quot;  da kuma &quot;halayensu da ƙarfinsu.&quot;  Daga cikin abokan cinikin tufafinta akwai masu wasan kwaikwayo Irene Castle  da Jeanette MacDonald  Edith yawanci suna sanya hannu kan zane-zane da yumbu &quot;E. Varian Cockcroft&quot; ko &quot;Cockcroft,&quot; kuma an ruwaito a cikin 1920 cewa ayyukanta &quot;suna da ƙarfin hali na namiji wanda galibi ana tsammanin ta zama namiji.&quot;  Ta kasance memba na Société Nationale des Beaux Arts  da kuma Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Mata Masu Zane da Zane,  kuma ta kasance memba ta kafa Ƙungiyar Mata Masu Zane ta New York. 

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
[[Fayil:Edith_Varian_Cockcroft_in_patented_blouse.png|thumb|Edith Varian Cockcroft sanye da ɗaya daga cikin rigunan ta na siliki masu lasisi, wanda aka buga a cikin ''Jaridar The Woman's Journal'', 1921]]
Iyayenta Robert Cockcroft (1847-1924) da Agnes E. Cockcroft (née Chase) (1846-1941), waɗanda ke zaune a titin 202 Rodney a Brooklyn, sun kasance ɓangare na iyali mai wadata waɗanda suka fito daga farkon mazaunan Dutch da Huguenot a New York.  Edith ta yi horo na ɗan lokaci tare da William Merritt Chase  kuma ta fara baje kolin tun tana da shekaru 21.  A farkon aikinta, wani lokacin tana kiran kanta Edyth ko Edythe. A farkon shekarun 1900, iyayenta sun ƙaura zuwa gidan ƙauye na shekarun 1890 a 703 Franklin Turnpike a Allendale, [[New Jersey]]  Zuwa 1910, Edith ta yi tafiye-tafiye da zane a Faransa da Ingila tare da masu fasaha, ciki har da Andrew Dasburg, Florence Lucius (matar mai sassaka Jo [[Al-Uzza|Davidson]] nan gaba) da W. Elmer Schofield da Murielle Schofield. Ba da daɗewa ba Edith ta nuna zane-zanenta da ke nuna Paris (Jardin du Luxembourg, cocin Saint-Sulpice), Brittany (Concarneau, Pont-Aven) da Cornwall (St. Ives, Newquay). A halin yanzu tana da gidaje a Manhattan (adireshinta na tsawon shekaru sun haɗa da 507 Madison Avenue, 21 MacDougal Alley da 2231 Broadway—tare da makarantar fasaha da aka kafa ta Chase wanda Frank Alvah Parsons daga baya ke gudanarwa). Ta yi aure a kusan 1914 da Charles Weyand (1867-1937), dillalin jinginar gida a Allendale.

Tun daga shekarar 1917, ma'auratan sun gudanar da Cockcroft Studios, wani taron bita na tufafi da kayan haɗi a Manhattan da ke lamba 17 East 39th Street wanda ke samar da kusan dala 50,000 a kowace shekara a matsayin kuɗin sarauta. Ta kafa shi ne saboda buƙatar kuɗi; Kasuwancin gini na Charles ya gaza a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. [1] Wanda aka fi sani da Cockcroft Studio da Cockcroft Silk Co., yana ba da kayayyaki na musamman da ake kira &quot;rigar mutum&quot; da kuma riguna, riguna, riguna na dare, jakunkuna, huluna da labule, a cikin &quot;yadi masu haske&quot;, musamman tare da batik a kan siliki da velvet. [2] Kamfanin fina-finan Prizma ya yi wani ɗan gajeren fim mai launi, &quot;Gowns Venus Would Envy,&quot; game da dabarun batik ɗinta. [3] A cikin shekarun 1920, ita da Charles sun yi lasisin buga riguna da riguna a ƙarƙashin Patent 1,374,970A [4] da 1,590,335A. [5] [6]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Mutuwan 1962]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gerald Tsai</title>
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'''Gerald Tsai Jr.''' ( Chinese    ; Maris 10, 1929 - Yuli 9, 2008)   wani mai zuba jari ne kuma mai taimakon jama'a wanda ya taimaka wajen gina Fidelity Investments zuwa wani babban kamfanin asusun haɗin gwiwa.  

Bayan fara sayar da asusun ci gaban tattalin arziki na Fidelity Investments a bainar jama'a a shekarar 1958, Asusun Babban Bankin Fidelity, daga baya ya kafa Asusun Manhattan, wani asusun ci gaban tattalin arziki mai tsanani, a shekarar 1965. Tsai ya sayar da ribar da yake da ita a cikin rukunin asusun a shekarar 1968 amma ya ci gaba da kula da asusun. A shekarar 1969 asusun ya ruguje, inda ya rasa kashi 90% na darajarsu. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/global/2000/0110/0301027a.html Forbes, &quot;Jerry Tsai's Smart Timing&quot;], January 10, 2000&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na mai goyon bayan saka hannun jari a harkar tattalin arziki, Tsai ya mayar da hankali kan manyan kamfanoninsa, ciki har da Kamfanin Xerox da Polaroid, a lokacin da aka fi samun hikimar rarraba hannun jari . 

Daga baya Tsai ta zama Shugabar Kamfanin Gwangwana, Kamfanin American Can . Shi ne Shugaba na farko na China-Amurka a wani kamfanin Dow Jones Industrials . 

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Tsai ga Gerald Tsai Sr. da Ruth Tsai a Shanghai, inda ya zauna tun yana yaro. Mahaifiyarsa dillalin hannun jari ce. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/global/2000/0110/0301027a.html Forbes, &quot;Jerry Tsai's Smart Timing&quot;], January 10, 2000&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Brozan |first1=Nadine |date=4 October 2008 |title=Field Notes: If Things Fall Apart, Who Gets the Engagement Ring? - The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/fashion/weddings/05field.html?pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifinsa ya halarci Jami'ar Michigan kuma shi ne manajan gundumar Shanghai na [[Ford|Kamfanin Motocin Ford]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Fortune Magazine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leinster |first=Colin |last2=Slovak |first2=Julianne |title=JERRY TSAI LISTENS TO HIS MOTHER She nudged him to join Primerica. Now he's the boss. She liked the idea of buying Smith Barney. So he did. Best of all, she helped her proud son bury his has-been reputation. |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1987/08/17/69423/index.htm |access-date=8 May 2015 |website=Fortune Archive |publisher=Fortune Magazine |archive-date=25 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125012115/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1987/08/17/69423/index.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Tsai ya yi karatunsa a Jami'ar St. John's, Shanghai kafin ya koma Amurka a shekarar 1947. Ya halarci Jami'ar Wesleyan na zangon karatu guda, sannan ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Boston da digiri na farko da na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Boston University&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ullian |first=Jessica |title=Trustee Gerald Tsai, Jr., Dies at 79 |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2008/trustee-gerald-tsai-jr-dies-at-79/ |access-date=8 May 2015 |website=BU Today |publisher=Boston University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon aikina ==
A shekarar 1951, Tsai ya fara aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan harkokin tsaro a Bache and Company . A shekarar 1952, ya shiga Fidelity Management and Research na Boston, kuma aka nada shi mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1960.  A shekarar 1958, ya zama manajan asusun asusun Fidelity Capital da aka kafa a shekarar 1958.

Zuwa shekarar 1965, Tsai ya sayar da hannun jarinsa na Fidelity ya kuma kafa Asusun Manhattan wanda hakan ya jawo masa farin jini sosai. Lokacin da asusun ya fara bayar da hannun jari, hannun jarin da ya kai miliyan 2.5 ya karu zuwa jimillar dala miliyan 27, wanda ya kawo jarin dala miliyan 247 kuma ya wakilci abin da a lokacin shine babban tayin kamfanin saka hannun jari. 

A shekarar 1968, ya sayar da asusun kan dala miliyan 27 ga CNA Financial Corporation, a daidai lokacin da sakamakon asusun ya fara raguwa kuma kasuwar bijimin ta fara raguwa.  Ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Tsai Management, kamfanin da ya kafa don kula da Asusun Manhattan, bayan sayarwar.  A shekarar 1973 Tsai ya yi murabus daga CNA. Ya sayar da hannun jarinsa na CNA ya sayi gidan dillalai, ya sake sanya masa suna G. Tsai &amp; Co. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fortune Magazine&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 1978, Tsai ta sayi kamfanin inshora, Associated Madison, kan dala miliyan 2.2 kuma ta sayar da shi ga Kamfanin American Can kan dala miliyan 162 bayan shekaru huɗu. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/global/2000/0110/0301027a.html Forbes, &quot;Jerry Tsai's Smart Timing&quot;], January 10, 2000&lt;/ref&gt; [[William Stewart Woodside]], shugaban kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Kamfanin American Can, ne ya ba da shawarar a sayar da Tsai don shiga ƙungiyar kamfanonin American Can Co.. A cewar Woodside, ya ba Tsai dala miliyan 500 don ya zuba jari. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fortune Magazine&quot;/&gt;

== Primerica ==
A shekarar 1982, Tsai ta zama mataimakiyar shugabar kamfanin American Can Company - wani tsohon bangare na Dow Jones Industrial Average .  Daga baya Tsai ta sami iko a kamfanin. American Can kasuwanci ne na samar da kwantena da kuma nade-naden abinci, kuma Tsai ta tsara yadda za ta koma ga bangaren ayyukan kudi masu riba.

A shekarar 1987, Tsai ta sayi kamfanin kuɗi na Smith Barney akan dala miliyan 475. A wannan lokacin, kamfanin da aka haɗa ya canza sunansa zuwa Primerica don nuna fifikon da yake da shi a fannin kuɗi kuma Tsai ita ce shugaba kuma babbar jami'a, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan ƙasar China-Ba'amurke na farko da ya jagoranci kamfanin Dow Jones Industrials . 

Bayan shekara guda, an haɗa Primerica da Commercial Credit Group, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sanford I. Weill a cikin yarjejeniyar dala biliyan 1.65. Tare da hannun jari miliyan 1.5, Tsai ta ci gaba da kasancewa mafi girman hannun jari kuma an naɗa ta a matsayin darakta, yayin da Weill ke gudanar da kamfanin.  Tsai ta sami labule na zinare wanda darajarsa ta kai kimanin dala miliyan 40. 

== Sauran abubuwan sha'awa na kasuwanci ==
Daga baya a rayuwarsa, Tsai ya sake shiga masana'antar inshora, inda ya zama babban jami'in gudanarwa na Delta Life Corporation. A shekarar 1997, Tsai ya sayar da Delta Life ga AmerUs Life Holdings kan dala miliyan 185. Tsai yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na kamfanoni da dama, ciki har da Apollo Investment Corporation, Rite Aid, Saks, United Rentals da Zenith Insurance Company .

== Taimakon jama'a ==
Tsai ya taka rawa sosai wajen ayyukan agaji ta hanyar Gidauniyar Gerald Tsai. Ya kasance amintaccen Jami'ar Boston daga 1967 zuwa 1977 da kuma daga 1988 zuwa 2002. Ya kasance memba na girmamawa a hukumar har zuwa rasuwarsa. Iyalan Tsai sun ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 7.5 ga jami'ar don kafa Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Tsai da Cibiyar Motsa Jiki ta Tsai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Boston University&quot;/&gt;

Tsai ya yi aiki a kwamitin amintattu na Hukumar Gidauniyar Makarantar Magunguna da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta NYU Langone, inda ya kafa Sashen Dashen Gerald Tsai. Tsai ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitin amintattu na Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Norton kuma memba ne na kwamitin kula da Makarantar Wharton ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/global/2000/0110/0301027a.html Forbes, &quot;Jerry Tsai's Smart Timing&quot;], January 10, 2000&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Tsai ta yi aure sau huɗu kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku, ciki har da [[Christopher Tsai]], wanda ya kafa Tsai Capital .

A shekarar 1969, ya saki matarsa ta farko, Loretta Young, kuma nan da nan ya sake yin aure. Aurensa na farko guda biyu kowannensu ya ɗauki shekaru 17. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fortune Magazine&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 1987, Tsai ta auri Cynthia Ann Ekberg, mataimakiyar shugabar Kidder Peabody &amp; Company a lokacin da take aiki a San Diego. Ekberg 'yar Kathleen Culver ce ta Western Springs, Ill., da Gerald Von Ekberg ta Coronado. Mahaifinta shi ne shugaban kamfanin Barron Capital Corporation, masu ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi a San Diego.  Ya saki matarsa ta uku, Nancy Raeburn, a shekarar 2006. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Brozan |first1=Nadine |date=4 October 2008 |title=Field Notes: If Things Fall Apart, Who Gets the Engagement Ring? - The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/fashion/weddings/05field.html?pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2006, Tsai ta yi wa Sharon Bush aure, tsohuwar matar ɗan kasuwa [[Neil Bush]] (ɗan'uwan Shugaba [[George W. Bush]] ).  An dakatar da auren a shekarar 2008 bayan rabuwar da ta yi da manyan mutane wanda ya haifar da shari'a kan zoben lu'u-lu'u mai nauyin karat 11. &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brozan |first=Nadine |date=October 4, 2008 |title=If Things Fall Apart, Who Gets the Ring? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/fashion/weddings/05field.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;   [[New York Times|Jaridar ''New York Times'']] da CBS News sun ruwaito cewa mai zuba jarin ya kai ƙarar Ms. Bush a Kotun Koli ta Manhattan bayan ta ƙi mayar da zoben. &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;cbsnews.com&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Tsai ta mutu sakamakon gazawar gabobin jiki da dama a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2008.  

== Duba kuma ==

* Zuba Jari na Gaskiya
* [[Peter Lynch]]
* Zuba Jari na Gaskiya

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eleni Skoura</title>
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Eleni Skoura (Girka: Ελένη Σκούρα, 21 Disamba 1896, Volos - 4 Fabrairu 1991)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greece/History/Portraits/EleniSkoura.html |title=Eleni Skoura |access-date=2016-05-10 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160510141706/http://www.mlahanas.de/Greece/History/Portraits/EleniSkoura.html |archive-date=2016-05-10 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama memba a majalisa a Girka, an zabe ta a zaben da aka yi a watan Janairun 1953, biyo bayan zaben mata na farko a wannan ƙasar a cikin babban zaben Nuwamba 1952.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url = http://www.grreporter.info/en/women_greek_politics/10819|title = Women in Greek Politics|date = 9 March 2014|work = GR Reporter|access-date = 17 September 2015|archive-date = 3 June 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160603232600/http://www.grreporter.info/en/women_greek_politics/10819|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya an ba mata damar yin zabe, kuma an zabi mata biyar, a zaben 1944 na Majalisar Kasa da aka kafa ta Girka Resistance.[3] Ta wakilci Thessaloniki kuma ta yi tsere da wata mace, Virginia Zanna . [4] Skoura ya kasance memba na Rally na Girka mai ra'ayin mazan jiya.[5]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1991]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1896]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>George Chouliarakis</title>
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'''George Chouliarakis''' (Girkanci: ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Giorgos Houliarakis''', masanin kimiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Girka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Kudi a cikin Ma'aikatar Na Biyu ta Alexis Tsipras, yana aiki a ƙarƙashin Euclid Tsakalotos . Chouliarakis ya kasance Ministan Kudi na wucin gadi a cikin gwamnatin [[Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou]]&quot;&gt;mai kulawa karkashin jagorancin Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou . 

Ya jagoranci tattaunawar fasaha na kunshin ceto na uku daga Mayu zuwa Agusta 2015. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki ga Gwamnan Bankin Girka, Yannis Stournaras . 

== Ilimi ==
An haifi Chouliarakis a Iasmos &lt;ref&gt;https://intsipras.gr/member/chouliarakis-george {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915120433/https://intsipras.gr/member/chouliarakis-george |date=2025-09-15 }} {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi karatun tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Athens, kafin ya kammala digiri na biyu a Jami'an London . Daga baya ya kammala digirinsa na PhD a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Warwick . &lt;ref name=&quot;personal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr George Chouliarakis - personal details |url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/george.chouliarakis/personaldetails |access-date=27 August 2015 |website=University of Manchester}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan ilimi ==
Chouliarakis ya koyar da tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Essex, kuma ya kasance ɗan bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Aiki ta Jami'ar Warwick. A halin yanzu shi ne Jean Monnet Lecturer a cikin Haɗin Tattalin Arziki na Turai a Jami'ar Manchester . Har ila yau, masanin ziyara ne a Bankin Girka kuma ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Kasuwancin Yuro Area . &lt;ref name=&quot;personal&quot;/&gt;

Binciken bincikensa ya haɗa da tattalin arziki, Tarihin tattalin arziki, Tattalin arzikin aiki, tattalin arzobin duniya da tattalin arzikin tattalin arziki na ƙungiyoyin kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;personal&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
A ƙarshen watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015, an sake kawo Chouliarakis a matsayin babban mai tattaunawar Girka a cikin tawagar da ke tattauna ka'idojin kunshin ceto na uku. Ya maye gurbin Nicholas Theocarakis, wanda aka dauke shi abokin Yanis Varoufakis. Thomas Wieser, shugaban Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki da Kudi na EU, ya yaba da Chouliarakis a matsayin &quot;mai tattaunawa mai basira&quot;.[1] Wasu daga cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Athens sun kira shi &quot;mai tattaunawa marar ganuwa&quot; saboda kasancewa sananne mai jin kunya ga kafofin watsa labarai.[2] Jaridar Wall Street ta bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;mai magana mai ginawa&quot;. [3] A madadin haka, Yanis Varoufakis ya bayyana Chourialakis a matsayin kayan aiki ga gazawar tattaunawar farko ta Syriza, &quot;[ya nuna] kansa da tawagarsa ba su da niyya kuma mai yiwuwa ba za su iya yin wani abu ba sai sake farfado da samfuran troika da tsinkaye&quot;. Varoufakis ya yi iƙirarin cewa Chouliarakis bai sanar da shi cewa an fara kirkirar takaddar da ke lissafin shawarwari (wanda Chouliarakes ya kawo shi kafin ma'aurata su gyara kuma daga baya suka rarraba shi) a Hukumar Tarayyar Turai. 'Yan jarida sun sami wannan lokacin da suke kallon kadarorin takardar, suna kunyatar da Varoufakis ta hanyar ba da ra'ayi cewa ya mika wuya. Varoufakis ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa Chouliarakis ya yi watsi da sanar da shi game da lokacin da aka tsawaita biyan bashin, wanda ya sanya shi cikin mawuyacin matsayi. Ganin wadannan gazawar biyu, Varoufakis ya cire shi daga matsayinsa, ya yi imanin cewa yana cikin &quot;rashin hankali&quot; kuma cewa rashin amincewarsa &quot;ba ta da kyau&quot;. [4]

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Abdul Qahar Balkhi</title>
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      <text bytes="3274" sha1="5lvm9brl8zq1cdwh8uy2p3rid89dhmw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Abdul Qahar Balkhi''' (Pashto; Dari) jami'in Masarautar Musulunci ne na [[Afghanistan]] kuma mai magana da yawun Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Masarautar Islama ta Afghanistan tun daga 25 ga Satumba 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Taliban urge international airlines to resume Afghan flights |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1648672}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya shi a matsayin memba na Hukumar Al'adu ta Taliban bayan faduwar [[Kabul]] har sai an ƙaddara ainihin rawar da ya taka a gwamnatin Taliban.&lt;ref name=&quot;independenturdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 August 2021 |title=دارالحکومت تبدیل کرنے پر بھی بات ہو رہی ہے: طالبان رہنما |url=https://www.independenturdu.com/node/76666}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi aiki a ofishin kafofin watsa labarai na Taliban a farkon shekarun 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=إندبيندنت» |first=ترجمة: ع خ عن «ذي |title=معركة على الإنترنت بين &quot;طالبان&quot; و&quot;إيساف&quot; |url=https://www.emaratalyoum.com/politics/weekly-supplements/beyond-politics/2011-11-18-1.438166 |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=www.emaratalyoum.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Balkhi ya fara bayyana a fili a taron manema labarai na farko na Taliban a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta 2021, bayan faduwar Kabul. A lokacin taron manema labarai, ya fassara wa mai magana da yawun Zabihullah Mujahid. A ranar 22 ga watan Agustan 2021, Charlotte Bellis na ''Al Jazeera'' ta yi masa tambayoyi a cikin hira ta farko ta kungiyar. A lokacin hira, ya gode wa New Zealand don bayar da tallafin kudi ga Afghanistan bayan karɓar mulki, saboda gudummawar da suka bayar ga [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Taliban urge international airlines to resume Afghan flights |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1648672}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasikar bidiyo ga Majalisa ta Amurka ==
A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2021, a cikin wata wasika da aka yi wa Majalisa ta Amurka, mukaddashin ministan harkokin waje na Taliban Amir Khan Muttaqi ya yi kira da a cire dukiyar bankin tsakiya na Afghanistan da ta kai dala biliyan 9 don hana bala'in jin kai. Mai magana da yawun Taliban Abdul Qahar Balkhi ya kuma wallafa wani bidiyon rikodin wasikar, yana nuna sabon zamani a cikin diflomasiyyar Taliban ta [[Twitter]].&lt;ref name=&quot;economictimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2021 |title=Watch: Fund crunched Afghanistan forces Taliban to Twitter diplomacy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/watch-fund-crunched-afghanistan-forces-taliban-to-twitter-diplomacy/videoshow/87756724.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Shi tsohon mazaunin New Zealand ne, kuma wasu daga cikin iyalinsa har yanzu suna zaune a can.&lt;ref name=&quot;stuff.co.nz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2021 |title=Read: Senior Taliban spokesman a former New Zealand resident |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/300475970/senior-taliban-spokesman-a-former-new-zealand-resident}}&lt;/ref&gt; Balkhi yana magana da Turanci, a cikin harshen New Zealand.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Ahmadullah Wasiq
* Suhail Shaheen
* Zabiullah Mujahid
* Tariq Ghazniwal

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dorothy Little Happy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137789</id>
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      <id>839672</id>
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Dorothy Little Happy (ドロシーリリリリルハー) ƙungiya ce ta solo da ta samo asali ne a Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Tohoku, Japan . Rukunin na kamfanin ƙwarewa ne na Stepone, wanda ke da hedikwatar a Sendai, a ƙarƙashin lakabin Otodama Records . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dorothy Little Happyニューシングル、OTODAMA RECORDSより5月に |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/224270 |access-date=March 12, 2015 |publisher=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan Kana Shirato ta kammala karatu, kungiyar ta zama aikin Mari Takahashi. Mari ta kammala karatu a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018 kuma tun daga lokacin an sake fara kungiyar tare da sabbin mambobi a shekarar 2019. [1]

=== Mambobin yanzu ===

* Fūka Kurimura (栗村風香) &lt;ref name=&quot;News&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2019 |title=メンバーの活動について (ご報告) |url=https://dorothylittlehappy.jp/news/4222.html |publisher=Dorothy Little Happy Official Website |language=ja |access-date=January 13, 2026 |archive-date=February 9, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209200439/https://dorothylittlehappy.jp/news/4222.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Akina Katō (加藤亜希菜) &lt;ref name=&quot;News&quot; /&gt;
* Kiri Kurokawa (黒川季里) &lt;ref name=&quot;News&quot; /&gt;
* Nana Takeuchi (竹內菜々) &lt;ref name=&quot;News&quot; /&gt;

=== Mambobin da suka gabata ===

* Michiyo Suzuki (鈴木 美知代) 
* Ruuna Akimoto (a lokacin da aka samu a watan Yulin shekara ta 2015) &lt;ref name=&quot;Oricon 2015-04-29&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 April 2015 |title=ドロシー、一挙3人卒業発表 白戸&amp;高橋2人で活動継続 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2052249/ |access-date=April 29, 2015 |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mimori Tominaga (富永 美杜) (hagu a watan Yulin 2015) &lt;ref name=&quot;Oricon 2015-04-29&quot; /&gt;
* Kōmi Hayasaka (早坂 香美) (hagu a watan Yulin 2015) &lt;ref name=&quot;Oricon 2015-04-29&quot; /&gt;
* Kana Shirato  (ya kammala karatu a watan Yunin 2017) &lt;ref name=&quot;Oricon 2018-07-01&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dorothy Little Happy白戸佳奈が芸能界引退「自分に自信がなくなって」 |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/233423 |access-date=July 1, 2018 |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mari Takahashi (高橋 麻里) (ta kammala karatu a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018) &lt;ref name=&quot;Oricon 2018-07-01&quot; /&gt;

== Bayanan da aka yi ==

=== Albums ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!#
!Taken
!Ranar fitarwa
!Matsayi mafi girma na Oricon&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|1
|Demo Sayonara (Sanyawa) 
|Maris 16, 2011
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | -
|-
|2
|Demo Sayonara 2012 (Sanyawa da aka yi amfani da ita a shekarar 2012) 
|Janairu 11, 2012
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |153&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dorothy Little Happyニューシングル、OTODAMA RECORDSより5月に |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/224270 |access-date=March 12, 2015 |publisher=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|3
|Rayuwa ta ci gaba
|Fabrairu 20, 2013
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |30&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Life goes on |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/516705/products/1004001/1/ |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|4
|Farawa da Ƙari
|Maris 10, 2014
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |9&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=STARTING OVER |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/516705/products/1058889/1/ |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|5
|Duniyar duniya
|Janairu 1, 2015
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |18&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Circle of the world |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/516705/products/1097742/1/ |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|6
|Mafi kyawun Dorothy Little Happy (2010-2015) 
|Afrilu 13, 2015
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |30&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The best of Dorothy Little Happy 2010-2015(DVD付) |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/516705/products/1117155/1/ |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Grace (ƙungiya)</title>
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The Grace (an tsara shi a matsayin 天上智喜 The Grace; Koriya: 천상지희 Read Tempore; : ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Tenjochiki''' a [[Japan]], ƙungiyar 'yan mata ce ta [[Koriya ta Kudu]] wacce ta kunshi Lina, Dana, Lahadi da Stephanie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Grace 천상지희 더 그레이스 official 'Naver' profile |url=https://m.search.naver.com/search.naver?sm=mtp_hty.top&amp;where=m&amp;query=%EC%B2%9C%EC%83%81%EC%A7%80%ED%9D%AC+%EB%8D%94+%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235305/https://m.search.naver.com/search.naver?sm=mtp_hty.top&amp;where=m&amp;query=%EC%B2%9C%EC%83%81%EC%A7%80%ED%9D%AC+%EB%8D%94+%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4 |archive-date=2021-04-18 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website= |publisher=Naver People Search |language=ko}}&lt;/ref&gt;

SM Entertainment ne ya kafa su a shekara ta 2005, an gabatar da su a matsayin takwaransa na mata na TVXQ. A farkon aikin su, da farko suna da kalmomin ''Cheonmu'', ''Sangmi'', ''Jiseong'' da ''Heeyeol'' a gaban sunan kowane memba (a cikin tsari: Stephanie, Lina, Sunday da Dana), amma an cire waɗannan lokacin da aka canza sunan ƙungiyar zuwa CSJH The Grace a cikin 2006. A duk lokacin da kungiyar ta yi aiki, sun saki kuma sun yi kiɗa a Koriya da Jafananci tare da jimlar kundin studio guda uku da kuma wasu mutane da yawa.

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, Stephanie ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba za ta kasance daga ayyukan rukuni ba saboda maganin ciwon baya kuma rukuni ya kasance a matsayin kashi uku. Kungiyar ta ci gaba da fitar da kiɗa har zuwa kundi na biyu na Jafananci Dear... , a cikin Janairun 2009. Kungiyar ta yi aiki a matsayin guda uku (ba tare da Stephanie ba) a ƙarshe a watan Mayu na 2010 a SM Town Live '10 World Tour a [[Seoul]] concert kafin kungiyar ta dakatar da gabatarwar rukuni. A watan Yulin 2011, ƙungiyar ta dawo tare da ƙungiyar Dana &amp; Sunday kuma ta ci gaba da sakin wasu 'yan wasa na dijital kafin su shiga cikin hutu. A halin yanzu duk membobin Grace suna kula da ayyukan solo a fannoni ciki har da kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo, da talabijin, yayin da memba Stephanie ta sanya hannu tare da wani lakabin kiɗa na solo don ta SM Entertainment har sai ya ƙare a cikin 2016. Dana ta bar SM Entertainment bayan kwangilar ta kare a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 2020. A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2021, Lahadi ya bar SM Entertainment.

== Tarihi ==

=== 2005: Farko tare da &quot;Too Good&quot; da &quot;Boomerang&quot; ===
Grace ta fara wasan kwaikwayo na farko a kasar Sin a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2005. Sun yi waƙoƙin su na farko &quot;Too Good&quot; da &quot;Boomerang&quot;, kuma tashar CCTV ta kasar Sin ta watsa wasan kwaikwayon makonni bayan haka. An kuma rera ayoyin a cikin &quot;Boomerang&quot; a cikin Sinanci. Quartet din sun fara wasan kwaikwayo na farko a Koriya ta Kudu tare da &quot;Too Good&quot; a shirin kiɗa na SBS ''Inkigayo'' a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2005. Sun inganta waƙar na 'yan watanni kafin su sauya zuwa &quot;Boomerang&quot;.

Bayan watanni 7 na inganta waƙoƙin su na farko a Koriya, ƙungiyar ta tafi don ingantawa a China. An saki sigar Sinanci na guda a hukumance a watan Maris na shekara ta 2006. Ɗaya ya haɗa da sabbin waƙoƙi guda uku: nau'ikan Sinanci na &quot;Too Good&quot; da &quot;Boomerang&quot; da kuma waƙar da ta gabata &quot;Fight To The End&quot;. Bayan an kammala ayyukan gabatarwa, The Grace ta tafi Japan.

=== 2006: Farkon Jafananci da &quot;Dukka&quot; ===
An saki wakar Japan ta farko &quot;Boomerang&quot; a ranar 25 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2006. Daga baya, an sake yin rikodin waƙar kuma an sake ta tare da kalmomin Jafananci da kuma canjin waƙar kayan aiki, da kuma B-gefe B da ake kira &quot;Shin Ka sani?&quot;, waƙar solo ta memba Lahadi. &quot;Boomerang&quot; ya kasance # 110 a cikin sashin Japan Singles Top 200.

A ranar 8 ga watan Maris, sun fito da wakar Jafananci ta biyu &quot;The Club&quot;, tare da waƙar solo ta Stephanie da ake kira &quot;What U Want&quot;. Ya kai # 131 a kan Shafukan Oricon na Japan. An kuma inganta ɗayan a takaice a Koriya ta Kudu. Bayan ayyukan gabatarwa da sauri a Koriya, ƙungiyar ta koma Japan don na uku na Jafananci, &quot;Sweet Flower&quot; wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman taken watan Afrilu a cikin shirin kiɗa na TBS Radio &amp; Communications Count Down TV. &quot;Sweet Flower&quot; ya shiga sigogi a # 151. Har ila yau, SM ta saki guda ɗaya a Koriya, amma ba a canza shi ba daga sigar Jafananci.

An saki sigar Sinanci na &quot;Boomerang&quot; na Jafananci a ranar 19 ga Yuni ta hanyar mai rarraba Sinanci ta Avex Trax [[China]]_Record_Corporation&quot; id=&quot;mwNA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;China Record Corporation&quot;&gt;CRSC a China. A [[Taiwan]] da [[Hong Kong]], an kuma saki Koriya ta Koriya kuma ta ƙunshi sigar Sinanci na &quot;The Club&quot; tare da DVD tare da bidiyon kiɗa na Koriya.

Ko da tare da 'yan wasa na farko da ke da ƙananan tallace-tallace, suna ci gaba da sakin Jafananci mai taken &quot;Juicy Love&quot;. Ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙan reggae na Japan, Corn Head kuma ya haɗa da waƙar B-gefe &quot;Sayonara no Mukō ni&quot;, wanda Dana ya rubuta kuma ya rera. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category: Ƙungiyoyin Mata]]
[[Category: Kungiyoyi]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Esther Grether</title>
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Esther Grether (wacce Kast ce, 4 ga Afrilu 1936 – 27 ga Agusta 2025) ƙwararriyar mai tattara kayan fasaha ce kuma 'yar kasuwa a Switzerland. A watan Agusta 2025, Forbes ta kiyasta cewa dukiyarta ta kai dala biliyan 2.3.

== Bayani ==
An haifi Esther Grether a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 1936 a Basel.  &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Forbes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Esther Grether profile |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/esther-grether/ |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=Forbes profile - Esther Grether}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasuwanci ==
Grether ta gaji kamfanin kayan kwalliya da kula da lafiya daga mijinta Hans Grether a shekarar 1975 wanda ta ci gaba da gudanar da harkokinta tare da 'ya'yanta biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;/&gt; Ta kasance shugabar rukunin Doetsch Grether da ke Basel fiye da shekaru talatin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Swatch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors - Esther Grether |url=http://www.swatchgroup.com/en/group_profile/boards/board_of_directors/esther_grether |access-date=24 May 2013 |website=Swatch Board of Directors |publisher=[[The Swatch Group]] |archive-date=18 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218053148/http://www.swatchgroup.com/en/group_profile/boards/board_of_directors/esther_grether |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na rukunin Swatch daga 1986 zuwa 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;Swatch&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2013, mujallar ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta cewa dukiyarta da iyalinta ta kai dala biliyan 1.5. &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;/&gt;

== Tarin zane-zane ==
Grether ta mallaki ɗaya daga cikin tarin kayan fasaha mafi daraja na ƙarni na 20 a duniya. An ruwaito cewa tarin kayanta ya ƙunshi abubuwa sama da 600 kuma ya haɗa da ayyukan [[Pablo Picasso]], Paul Cézanne, [[Salvador Dalí]], Francis Bacon, da Alberto Giacometti . &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Esther Grether profile |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/esther-grether/ |access-date=30 August 2025 |website=Forbes profile - Esther Grether}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.forbes.com/profile/esther-grether/ &quot;Esther Grether profile&quot;]. ''Forbes profile - Esther Grether''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;30 August&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An ajiye tarin a cikin wani masana'antar buga littattafai da aka canza wanda shi ma gidanta ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=In pictures: Top Billionaire Art Collectors |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/07/24/top-billionaire-art-collector-picasso-lifestyle_slide_14.html |access-date=24 May 2013 |website=Forbes Billionaires Art Collectors}}&lt;/ref&gt; Grether ta mallaki ''Triptych na Bacon, Mayu-Yuni 1973'' (ɗaya daga cikin &quot; Black Triptychs &quot; guda uku na Bacon  ) wanda ta saya a gwanjo a shekarar 1989 akan dala miliyan 6.3, farashin da ya fi kowane tsada na zanen Bacon a wancan lokacin. Ana kuma kyautata zaton ta mallaki wasu kayan kwalliya na Bacon guda uku daga shekarun 1970.  

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1962, godiya ga garantin banki da Hans Grether ya bayar, wanda aka tabbatar a hannun hannun jarin Doetsch Grether, ne dillalin fasaha na Basel Ernst Beyeler ya sami damar siyan tarin ayyukan Giacometti guda 70 na mai tara kaya na Amurka G. David Thompson .  Ta mutu a Basel a ranar 27 ga Agusta, 2025, tana da shekaru 89. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www6.artnet.com/Magazine/news/artnetnews/artnetnews11-16-00.asp Post-War Works Shine at Christie's] {{Webarchive}}&quot; ''Artnet News'', 16 November 2000. Retrieved on 7 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ta auri Hans Grether har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1975. &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;/&gt; Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Hans Christoph da Susanne, waɗanda dukkansu ke da hannu a harkokin gidan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot; /&gt;

Ta rasu a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2025, tana da shekaru 89. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Miuccia Prada</title>
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        <username>~2026-31144-91</username>
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'''Miuccia Bianchi Prada''' (  ; an haifi '''Maria Bianchi''' {{IPA|it|maˈriːa ˈbjaŋki|}} a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1948) wata biloniya ce mai zane-zanen kayan kwalliya kuma 'yar kasuwa 'yar Italiya. Ita ce babbar mai tsara Prada kuma wacce ta kafa reshenta Miu Miu . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Vogue&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Craven |first=Jo |title=Miuccia Prada – Biography |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/miuccia-prada-biography |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013183503/http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/miuccia-prada-biography |archive-date=13 October 2011 |access-date=1 October 2011 |publisher=Vogue}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa watan Oktoba 2021, ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta cewa dukiyarta ta kai dala biliyan 4.8. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;Forbes profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Forbes profile: Miuccia Prada |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/miuccia-prada/ |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agusta 2021, ''Bloomberg'' ta kiyasta cewa dukiyarta ta kai dala biliyan 6.6, wanda hakan ya kai matsayi na 430 a duniya. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Miuccia Prada |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/miuccia-prada-bianchi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817064304/https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/miuccia-prada-bianchi/ |archive-date=2021-08-17 |publisher=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miuccia Prada, ƙaramar jika ga Mario Prada, ta karɓi kamfanin kera kayan alatu na iyali a shekarar 1978. Tun daga lokacin, kamfanin ya sayi Jil Sander, Helmut Lang da kuma Co.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2004 |title=PRADA BUYS LANG OUT |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/prada-buys-lang-out |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=British Vogue |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekara ta 2002, Prada ta buɗe gidan adana kayan fasaha na zamani . 

A watan Maris na 2013, ''Forbes'' ta sanya Prada a cikin jerin mata hamsin mafi kyawun sutura da suka haura shekaru 50.  Mujallar ta lissafa ta a matsayin mace ta 75 mafi ƙarfi a duniya a shekarar 2014, &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Forbes14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women |url=https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/2/#tab:overall |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625021133/https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/2/#tab:overall_country:Italy |archive-date=2014-06-25 |access-date=26 June 2014 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; lokacin da aka kiyasta tana da dukiyar dala biliyan 11.1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2004 |title=PRADA BUYS LANG OUT |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/prada-buys-lang-out |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=British Vogue |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Maria Bianchi a ranar 10 ga Mayu 1948 a Milan, ta ɗauki sunan Miuccia Prada a shekarun 1980, bayan da wata goggo ta ɗauke ta.  Iyayenta na asali su ne Luigi Bianchi da Luisa Prada. Tana da 'yan'uwa biyu manya, Albert da Marina.

Bayan ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Liceo Classico Berchet da ke Milan, Prada ta je Jami'ar Milan inda ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a shekarar 1971, yayin da a lokaci guda kuma ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Piccolo da ke Milan.  A shekarar 1978, daga baya ta sami digirin digirgir a [[Kimiyyar siyasa|fannin kimiyyar siyasa]] daga wannan jami'ar. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Vogue&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Craven |first=Jo |title=Miuccia Prada – Biography |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/miuccia-prada-biography |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013183503/http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/miuccia-prada-biography |archive-date=13 October 2011 |access-date=1 October 2011 |publisher=Vogue}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCraven&quot;&gt;Craven, Jo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111013183503/http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/miuccia-prada-biography &quot;Miuccia Prada – Biography&quot;]. Vogue. Archived from [http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/miuccia-prada-biography the original] on 13 October 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 October&lt;/span&gt; 2011&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2004 |title=PRADA BUYS LANG OUT |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/prada-buys-lang-out |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=British Vogue |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miuccia Prada tana zaune a unguwar masu kudi ta [[Quadronno (Milan)|Quadronno]] a [[Milan]], ɗaya daga cikin mafi daraja wuraren zama a birnin kuma daga cikin yankunan da farashin gidaje ya fi tsada a Milan.

== Sana'a ==

=== Farkon farawa ===
Prada ta yi horo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Teatro Piccolo don zama mai zane-zane na wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta yi wasa na tsawon shekaru biyar.  Ta kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Italiya kuma tana da hannu a cikin fafutukar kare hakkin mata a shekarun saba'in a [[Milano|Milan]] .

=== Aiki a Prada ===
A tsakiyar shekarun 700,  Prada ta shiga harkar ƙera jakunkunan fata na alfarma na iyalinta, wani kamfani da kakanta ya kafa a shekarar 1913. Da farko ta kula da ƙirar kayan haɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;independent.co.uk&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1978, ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba kuma abokin kasuwancinta, Patrizio Bertelli . &lt;ref name=&quot;independent.co.uk&quot; /&gt;

Tsarin jaka na farko da Prada ta yi nasara a kai shi ne a shekarar 1985. Layin jakunkunan nailan ne masu launin baƙi. A shekarar 1989, ta tsara kuma ta gabatar da tarin kayanta na farko na mata da aka riga aka saka .  A shekarar 1995, ta ƙaddamar da layinta na farko na kayan maza . An gabatar da layin Miu Miu a shekarar 1992 a matsayin layin kayan mata masu rahusa wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga kayan tufafinta na sirri. Ta sanya masa suna bayan sunan laƙabinta, Miu Miu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2004 |title=PRADA BUYS LANG OUT |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/prada-buys-lang-out |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=British Vogue |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1994, Prada ta nuna tarin kayanta a Makonni na Fashion na New York da London . Ta riga ta fara baje kolin kayan ado na Milan Fashion Week . Bertelli, mijin Prada, shine ke da alhakin ɓangaren kasuwanci na kayayyaki da dabarun dillalan Prada. Gidan zane ya girma ya zama kamfani wanda ya haɗa da lakabi kamar Helmut Lang, Jil Sander, da [[Azzedine Alaïa]] . Kamfanin ya faɗaɗa zuwa kayan fata, takalma, turare, da tufafi ga maza da mata. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Tun daga shekarar 2014, Prada ita ce shugabar Prada, tare da mijinta. 

A shekarar 2020, Prada ta gabatar da kundinta na ƙarshe a matsayin darektan kirkire-kirkire na wannan kamfani; saboda [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], an bayyana shi a cikin jerin gajerun fina-finai da mawaka suka jagoranta, ciki har da Martine Syms da [[Juergen Teller]] .  Tun daga lokacin ta ke raba wannan alhakin tare da Raf Simons . &lt;ref name=&quot;ft.com&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 2025, Prada ta sami karramawa a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Fashion Trust Arabia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Journal |first=Deborah BallStaff Reporter of The Wall Street |date=10 September 1999 |title=Prada to Buy U.K. Shoemaker Church In Latest Bid to Shift to Luxury Goods |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB936914547199124155 |access-date=29 July 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sauran ayyuka ===
A shekara ta 2010, Prada ta tsara kayan ado na wasan opera na Verdi &quot; Attila &quot; a gidan wasan opera na birnin New York. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Journal |first=Deborah BallStaff Reporter of The Wall Street |date=10 September 1999 |title=Prada to Buy U.K. Shoemaker Church In Latest Bid to Shift to Luxury Goods |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB936914547199124155 |access-date=29 July 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Falsafar kasuwanci ==
Prada ta guji haɗa fasaha mai zurfi da salon zamani da gangan: &quot;Fasaha don bayyana ra'ayoyi ne da kuma bayyana hangen nesa. Aikina shine sayarwa.&quot; 

== Ganewa ==

=== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
|-
| 1993, 2004
| Kyauta ta Duniya, wadda Majalisar Zane-zanen Kayan Zamani ta Amurka (CFDA) ta bayar &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Journal |first=Deborah BallStaff Reporter of The Wall Street |date=10 September 1999 |title=Prada to Buy U.K. Shoemaker Church In Latest Bid to Shift to Luxury Goods |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB936914547199124155 |access-date=29 July 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1995, 1996, 1998
| Kyautar Kayan Zane ta VH1 ga Mai Zane na Kayan Mata na Shekara &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.pradagroup.com/en/group/history.html |access-date=24 May 2018 |website=PradaGroup |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2005
| Mutane 100 Mafi Tasiri [[Time (magazine)|a Mujallar Time]] 
|-
| 2006
| Jami'in Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, wanda Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Faransa ta bayar &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2013
| Kyautar Kayan Zamani ta Burtaniya ta ba da kyautar Zane na Duniya na Shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Christopher Kane, Miuccia Prada Among Honorees at British Fashion Awards&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jones, Nina |date=2 December 2013 |title=Christopher Kane, Miuccia Prada Among Honorees at British Fashion Awards |url=http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/christopher-kane-miuccia-prada-among-honorees-at-british-fashion-awards-7296414?src=n/newsAlert/20131202-2 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=WWD}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2014
| Mace ta 75 mafi ƙarfi, wadda ''Forbes'' ta zaɓa &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women |url=https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/2/#tab:overall |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625021133/https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/2/#tab:overall_country:Italy |archive-date=2014-06-25 |access-date=26 June 2014 |website=Forbes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140625021133/https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/2/#tab:overall_country:Italy &quot;The World's 100 Most Powerful Women&quot;]. ''Forbes''. Archived from [https://www.forbes.com/power-women/list/2/#tab:overall the original] on 25 June 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 June&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2015
| Mai Kirkirar Kayan Salo na Shekara, wanda ''Mujallar WSJ'' ta bayar 
|-
| 2015
| Jarumin Grand Cross, Order of Merit na Jamhuriyar Italiya &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2016
| Kyautar Mace ta Shekara, wadda ''Glamour'' USA ta bayar 
|-
| 2018
| Kyautar Nasara Mai Kyau, wadda Majalisar Kayan Zamani ta Burtaniya ta bayar 
|-
| 2021
| ''Daraja ta John B. Fairchild don Nasarar Rayuwa'' ta mujallar WWD &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Journal |first=Deborah BallStaff Reporter of The Wall Street |date=10 September 1999 |title=Prada to Buy U.K. Shoemaker Church In Latest Bid to Shift to Luxury Goods |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB936914547199124155 |access-date=29 July 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Nunin Nunin ===
Tare da mai zane Elsa Schiaparelli, Prada ita ce batun baje kolin 2012, &quot;Tattaunawar da Ba Zata Iya Ba&quot; a Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Journal |first=Deborah BallStaff Reporter of The Wall Street |date=10 September 1999 |title=Prada to Buy U.K. Shoemaker Church In Latest Bid to Shift to Luxury Goods |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB936914547199124155 |access-date=29 July 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaddama ==
A farkon shekarar 2014, an gurfanar da Prada da Patrizio Bertelli a gaban kuliya a wani bangare na binciken kaucewa haraji da masu gabatar da kara na Milan suka yi. Zuwa shekarar 2016, dukkansu sun biya sama da Yuro miliyan 400 ($429 miliyan) don sasanta matsayin harajinsu.

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Prada tana auren Patrizio Bertelli, wani ɗan kasuwa. An haifi 'ya'yansu maza biyu a shekarar 1988 da 1990, babbansu kuma direban gangamin Lorenzo Bertelli ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Journal |first=Deborah BallStaff Reporter of The Wall Street |date=10 September 1999 |title=Prada to Buy U.K. Shoemaker Church In Latest Bid to Shift to Luxury Goods |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB936914547199124155 |access-date=29 July 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 October 2004 |title=PRADA BUYS LANG OUT |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/prada-buys-lang-out |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=British Vogue |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Journal |first=Deborah BallStaff Reporter of The Wall Street |date=10 September 1999 |title=Prada to Buy U.K. Shoemaker Church In Latest Bid to Shift to Luxury Goods |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB936914547199124155 |access-date=29 July 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'auratan suna zaune a gidan da aka haife ta. 

Prada mai tarin fasahar zamani ce kuma tana da wasu ayyukan fasaha da dama na Matasan Masu Fasaha na Burtaniya suka yi. Tana abota da masu fasaha Cindy Sherman da Francesco Vezzoli .

Tsawon shekaru da dama, Prada ta yi aiki a matsayin uwar gida ga jirgin ruwan Luna Rossa sau tara. 

== Daraja ==

* {{ITA}}: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (21 December 2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Journal |first=Deborah BallStaff Reporter of The Wall Street |date=10 September 1999 |title=Prada to Buy U.K. Shoemaker Church In Latest Bid to Shift to Luxury Goods |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB936914547199124155 |access-date=29 July 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]]
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  <page>
    <title>Geraldine Brooks (marubuci)</title>
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'''Geraldine Brooks''' AO (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1955) 'yar jarida ce kuma marubuciya ' yar asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya . Ta lashe kyautar Pulitzer Prize for Fiction saboda littafinta ''na Maris'', 2005.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Geraldine Brooks a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1955 a [[Sydney]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;encyc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geraldine Brooks |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/brooks-geraldine |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=[[Jewish Women's Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Brooks ta girma a unguwar Ashfield da ke Sydney. Mahaifinta, Lawrie Brooks, mawakiya ce 'yar Amurka mai manyan mawaka, wacce ta zama mataimakin edita a jaridu. Mahaifiyarta, Gloria, daga Boorowa, jami'ar hulda da jama'a ce da gidan rediyo mai karfin 2GB a Sydney. 

Brooks ta halarci Kwalejin Bethlehem, makarantar sakandare ta Katolika ta 'yan mata, sannan ta halarci Jami'ar Sydney . Bayan kammala karatunta, ta zama 'yar jarida a jaridar ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', kuma bayan ta lashe kyautar tallafin karatu na Greg Shackleton Memorial, ta koma Amurka, inda ta kammala digiri na biyu a Makarantar Digiri na Biyu ta Jarida ta Jami'ar Columbia da ke birnin New York a shekarar 1983. 

A shekarar 1984, a ƙauyen Tourrettes-sur-Loup da ke Kudancin Faransa, ta auri ɗan jaridar Amurka Tony Horwitz kuma ta koma addinin Yahudanci . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Palevsky |first=Stacey |date=2008-01-25 |title=The wandering Haggadah |url=https://jweekly.com/2008/01/25/the-wandering-haggadah/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=J. |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A matsayinta na wakiliyar ƙasashen waje ga ''Jaridar Wall Street Journal'', Brooks ta yi rahoto kan rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a Afirka, ƙasashen Balkan, da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Labarun da suka fito daga Tekun Farisa da ita da Tony Horwitz suka bayar a shekarar 1990 sun sami lambar yabo ta Hal Boyle ta ƙungiyar 'yan jarida ta ƙasashen waje don mafi kyawun rahotannin jaridu ko ayyukan waya daga ƙasashen waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geraldine Brooks |url=https://www.carnegie.org/awards/honoree/geraldine-brooks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321063314/https://www.carnegie.org/awards/honoree/geraldine-brooks/ |archive-date=2024-03-21 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Carnegie Corporation of New York |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Littafin Brooks na farko, ''Nine Parts of Desire'' (1994), wanda ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da ta fuskanta a tsakanin mata Musulmi a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ya kasance littafin da aka fi sayarwa a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nine Parts of Desire by Geraldine Brooks: 9780385475778 |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/18932/nine-parts-of-desire-by-geraldine-brooks/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Penguin Random House |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fassara shi zuwa harsuna 17.

Littafinta ''mai suna Foreign Correspondence'' (1997), wanda ya lashe kyautar adabi ta Nita Kibble don rubutun mata, wani abin tunawa ne da kuma kasada ta tafiye-tafiye game da lokacin yarinta da abokan alkalami daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka wadata, da kuma burinta na neman su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Foreign Correspondence'' by Geraldine Brooks |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C535928 |access-date=26 November 2025 |publisher=Austlit }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Littafinta na farko, ''Shekarar Al'ajabi'' (2001), ya zama littafin da aka fi sayarwa a duniya. An kafa shi a shekarar 1666, labarin ya nuna gwagwarmayar da wata matashiya ta yi don ceton 'yan uwanta mazauna ƙauyen da kuma ranta lokacin da annobar bulonic ta afka wa ƙaramin ƙauyenta na Derbyshire na Eyam ba zato ba tsammani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Year of Wonders'' by Geraldine Brooks |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C415530 |access-date=26 November 2025 |publisher=Austlit |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401235348/https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C415530 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Littafinta na gaba, ''Maris'' (2005), ya samo asali ne daga littafin Louisa May Alcott mai suna ''Little Women'', wanda ya rubuta tarihin hidimar lokacin yaƙi ga &quot;mahaifinsa da ba ya nan&quot; na 'yan matan Maris. Wasu daga cikin ɓangarorin wannan tarihin sun samo asali ne daga rayuwa da rubuce-rubucen falsafa na mahaifin Alcott, Amos Bronson Alcott, wanda ta bayyana a ƙarƙashin taken &quot;Orpheus at the Plough&quot; a cikin fitowar 10 ga Janairu 2005 ta ''The New Yorker'', wata guda kafin a buga ''Maris'' . Littafin da ke da alaƙa da juna ya sami martani iri-iri daga masu suka. An zaɓe shi a watan Disamba 2005 ta ''The Washington Post'' a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyukan almara guda biyar da aka buga a wannan shekarar kuma a watan Afrilu 2006 ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer don Almara . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''March'', by Geraldine Brooks (Viking) |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/geraldine-brooks |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The Pulitzer Prizes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 2005 zuwa 2006, ta kasance ma'aikaciya a Cibiyar Radcliffe ta Harvard . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geraldine Brooks |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/people/geraldine-brooks |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin littafinta mai suna People of the Book (2008), Brooks ta binciko wani labari mai ban mamaki game da Sarajevo Haggadah . Wannan labari ya samo asali ne daga rahotanninta (ga The New Yorker ) na labaran da suka shafi ɗan adam da suka taso bayan wargajewar Yugoslavia daga 1991 zuwa 1995. Littafin ya lashe kyautar Littafin Shekara ta Australiya da kuma kyautar Littafin Shekara ta Adabi a 2008.

Littafinta na Caleb's Crossing na shekarar 2011 ya samo asali ne daga rayuwar Caleb Cheeshahteaumack, wani ɗan Wampanoag da ya musulunta zuwa addinin Kirista wanda shi ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Amurka na farko da ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Harvard a ƙarni na sha bakwai.

Brooks, bisa gayyatar Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Ostiraliya, ya gabatar da jerin Lakcocin Boyer na 2011. Daga nan aka buga su a matsayin ''The Idea of Home.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-11-11 |title=The 2011 Boyer Lectures: The Idea of Home |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/boyerlectures/the-idea-of-home/3660650 |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=ABC listen |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Idea of Home |url=https://store.riverbendbooks.com.au/p/writing-the-idea-of-home |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Riverbend Books |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Littafin Sirri'' (2015) wani labari ne na tarihi wanda ya dogara ne akan rayuwar [[Dauda|Sarki Dauda]] na Littafi Mai Tsarki a Zamanin ƙarfe na Biyu . 

A shekarar 2016, Brooks ya ziyarci Isra'ila a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani aiki na Breaking the Silence don rubuta wani kasida don littafi kan mamayar Isra'ila, don bikin cika shekaru 50 da Yaƙin Kwanaki Shida .   Michael Chabon da Ayelet Waldman ne suka shirya littafin, kuma an buga shi a ƙarƙashin taken ''Kingdom of Olives and Ash: Writers Confront the Occupation'' a watan Yunin 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Kingdom of Olives and Ash Writers Confront the Occupation'' by Michael Chabon, Ayelet Waldman |url=https://www.harpercollins.com/products/kingdom-of-olives-and-ash-michael-chabonayelet-waldman?variant=32207717433378 |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=HarperCollins Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2022, Brooks ya buga ''littafin Horse'', wani labari na tarihi wanda aka gina shi da dokin tsere Lexington . Littafin ya kasance mafi kyawun siyarwa &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwtA&quot;&gt;a jaridar New York Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; .  Ya lashe kyautar Anisfield-Wolf Book Award ta 2023 don Almara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2023 |title=Geraldine Brooks, Saeed Jones win Anisfield-Wolf prize |url=https://apnews.com/article/anisfield-wolf-book-awards-brooks-chang-gault-b696dd0043c3f51b7a6b005ca149bce4 |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=Associated Press News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba Brooks kyautar Laburare na Congress don American Fiction a shekarar 2025. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;LOC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geraldine Brooks |url=https://www.loc.gov/events/2025-national-book-festival/authors/item/n94041622/geraldine-brooks/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2025, Brooks ta yi aiki tare da [[Kamala Harris]] a kan littafin tarihin siyasa mai suna ''107 Days'' .

== Ganewa ==

* 1996: Kyautar Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Ƙasashen Waje don mafi kyawun labaran Yaƙin Gulf. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GERALDINE BROOKS |url=https://www.aspenwords.org/people/geraldine-brooks/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Aspen Words |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2006: Kyautar Pulitzer don Almara na ''Maris'' 
* 2008: Littafin Almara na Shekara na Ƙungiyar Mawallafa ta Australiya ga ''Mutanen Littafi'' 
* 2009: Kyautar Helmerich &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Althea |date=2009-02-19 |title=2009 Helmerich award winner has unusual past |url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&amp;articleid=20090219_11_A11_RniBid644103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007164000/http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&amp;articleid=20090219_11_A11_RniBid644103 |archive-date=2012-10-07 |access-date= |website=Tulsa World |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010: Kyautar Zaman Lafiya ta Adabi ta Dayton Kyautar Nasara ta Rayuwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geraldine Brooks, 2010 Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.daytonliterarypeaceprize.org/2010-2/#2010_lifetime_achievement_award_geraldine_brooks |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=[[Dayton Literary Peace Prize]] |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: Jami'in Order of Australia a bikin karramawa na ranar Australia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wyndham |first=Susan |date=2016-01-25 |title=Australia Day Honours 2016: Geraldine Brooks' books are 'essentially Australian' |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/geraldine-brooks-ao-20160122-gmcc5u.html |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023: Kyautar Almara ta Lambobin yabo na Indie Book Awards ga ''Doki'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=22 March 2023 |title='Runt' wins 2023 Indie Book of the Year |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2023/03/21/228416/runt-wins-2023-indie-book-of-the-year/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Books+Publishing |language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023: Kyautar Littafin Anisfield-Wolf don Almara &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
* 2025: Kyautar Laburare ta Majalisa don Almarar Amurka &lt;ref name=&quot;LOC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geraldine Brooks |url=https://www.loc.gov/events/2025-national-book-festival/authors/item/n94041622/geraldine-brooks/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Library of Congress}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.loc.gov/events/2025-national-book-festival/authors/item/n94041622/geraldine-brooks/ &quot;Geraldine Brooks&quot;]. ''Library of Congress''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 September&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Labarai ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
! Lakabi
! Mai Bugawa
! ISBN
! OCLC
|-
| 2001
| ''Shekarar Abubuwan Al'ajabi''
| Gidaje na Huɗu
| 
| 
|-
| 2005
| ''Maris''
| Harper Perennial
| 
| 
|-
| 2008
| ''Mutanen Littafi''
| Penguin na Viking
| 
| 
|-
| 2011
| ''Ketarewar Caleb''
| Mawallafan HarperCollins na Ostiraliya
| 
| 
|-
| 2015
| ''Sirrin Maƙallin''
| Hachette Ostiraliya
| 
| 
|-
| 2022
| ''Doki''
| Kamfanin Viking Press
| 
| 
|}

=== Labarai na Almara ===

*  
*  
*  
*  

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Yayin da take riƙe da takardar shaidar zama ɗan ƙasar Australiya, Brooks ta zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a shekara ta 2002. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Sam Twyford |date=2012-06-25 |title=Letter from Australia |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/letter-from-australia |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Los Angeles Review of Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu tare da mijinta Tony Horwitz, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 2019.  Ɗanta Nathaniel Horwitz ya kafa Hunterbrook da Mayday Health tare. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Erica C. Barnett</title>
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'''Erica Christine Barnett''' (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1977) 'Yar jarida ce kuma mai rubutu a shafin yanar gizo ta Amurka wacce ke ba da rahoto game da birnin Seattle. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-09 |title=Analyzing the primary results this week |url=https://www.kuow.org/stories/analyzing-the-primary-results-this-week |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=www.kuow.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san ta a yankin [[Seattle]] saboda aikin jarida da take yi a Seattle.  &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;SeattleMag2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2011 |title=Seattle's Most Influential People of 2011 |url=http://www.seattlemag.com/article/seattles-most-influential-people-2011 |website=Seattle Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Kamfanin Viking Press ya fitar da littafinta ''Quitter: A Memoir of Drinking, Relapse, and Recovery'' a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2020.  

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Barnett 'yar jihar Texas ce. Ta yi sha'awar 'yan jaridar kare hakkin jama'a Molly Ivins da Hunter S Thompson,  kuma ta halarci Jami'ar Texas da ke Austin daga 1995 zuwa 1999, inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin falsafa. 

== Sana'a ==
Daga 1998 zuwa 2001, Barnett babbar editan labarai ce kuma marubuciya a ''jaridar The Austin Chronicle'', sannan ta shafe shekaru biyu a ''Seattle Weekly'' kafin ta koma ''The Stranger'', inda ta yi aiki a matsayin marubuciya har zuwa 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Author Archives: Erica C. Barnett - The Austin Chronicle |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/authors/erica-c-barnett/ |website=www.austinchronicle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2011 |title=2007 Civic Awards Recipients — Port of Seattle Press Release |url=http://www.munileague.org/civic-awards/past-civic-award/2007-civic-awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721071404/http://www.munileague.org/civic-awards/past-civic-award/2007-civic-awards |archive-date=2011-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da take can, ta sami lambar yabo ta Civic Award daga Municipal League of King County saboda mafi kyawun rahotannin harkokin gwamnati. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erica C. Barnett (and her Mad List of Sources) Joins PubliCola Staff |url=https://www.seattlemet.com/articles/2009/6/17/erica-c-barnett-and-her-mad-list-of-sources-joins-publicola-staff |website=Seattle Met}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barnett |first=Erica C. |last2=Drew |first2=Nancy |last3=Savage |first3=Dan |title=In Other News... |url=https://www.thestranger.com/seattle/in-other-news/Content?oid=213628 |website=The Stranger}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaridar ''Seattle Post-Intelligence'' ta yaba da kokarinta na yin bayanin alaƙar da ke tsakanin Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Washington Frank Chopp da Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Gine-gine ta Washington a lokacin zaɓen gwamna na Washington na 2008. 

A shekarar 2011, ''mujallar Seattle'' ta sanya mata suna ɗaya daga cikin 'mutanen da suka fi tasiri' a Seattle. &lt;ref name=&quot;SeattleMag2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2011 |title=Seattle's Most Influential People of 2011 |url=http://www.seattlemag.com/article/seattles-most-influential-people-2011 |website=Seattle Magazine}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.seattlemag.com/article/seattles-most-influential-people-2011 &quot;Seattle's Most Influential People of 2011&quot;]. ''Seattle Magazine''. October 17, 2011.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2012, Barnett ta ƙaddamar da gidan yanar gizo na labarai na PubliCola.com tare da editan ta kuma mai shi Josh Feit. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 18, 2012 |title=Politics website PubliCola to return |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics-website-publicola-to-return/ |website=The Seattle Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma yi rubutu a Crosscut.com kuma an nuna ta a gidan rediyon Seattle National Public Radio da ke ƙarƙashin [[KUOW-FM|KUOW]] .  Daga Afrilu 2015 zuwa Afrilu 2017, Barnett ta kasance Daraktan Sadarwa na NARAL Pro-Choice Washington . 

A watan Fabrairun 2016, Barnett ya ba da rahoto game da yadda ake gudanar da tarurrukan yanar gizo da shugaban 'yan sandan Seattle da sauran jami'ai suka gudanar a Nextdoor.com, inda ya bayyana yanayin da ake ciki na echo-chamber, da kuma abin da Magajin Garin Seattle Ed Murray ya kira &quot;tsoro mai ban tsoro&quot; game da laifuka a unguwannin masu arziki.  Shafin sada zumunta ya mayar da martani ta hanyar dakatar da asusun Barnett na ɗan lokaci, saboda karya sharuɗɗan aikinsu don ɓoye maganganun masu amfani, yayin da Barnett ya ce dokokin taron buɗe ido na Washington sun fi muhimmanci, wanda ya buƙaci bayanan tarurruka da jami'an gwamnati kamar shugaban 'yan sanda su kasance ga jama'a.    Rahoton Barnett ya haifar da muhawara mai faɗi kan rawar da Nextdoor.com ke takawa kuma ya sa jami'an birnin suka sake tantance dangantakarta da Nextdoor, da kuma rage manufofin Nextdoor na faɗaɗa rawar da take takawa tare da gwamnatoci a duk faɗin ƙasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;atlantic&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2016 |title=The Record: Thursday, Feb 25, Full Show |url=https://kuow.org/stories/record-thursday-feb-25-full-show/ |publisher=KUOW / NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

A lokacin da take rubutu a TheAtlantic.com daga baya a shekarar 2016, ta zargi Ron &amp;amp;amp; Don Show na gidan rediyon Seattle da yin kutse ga masu sauraro don cin zarafin wani ɗan majalisar birni bayan kuri'ar wasanni mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da ta kawar da yiwuwar kafa sabon filin wasanni.   ''Atlantic'' ta janye labarin bayan haka kuma an kai Barnett kara bisa zargin ɓata suna. &lt;ref name=&quot;Staff 5-24-16&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Stranger2&quot; /&gt;

A watan Afrilun 2018, Barnett ya samu kuma ya ba da rahoto game da daftarin shirin rashin matsuguni na Gundumar King. A watan Yunin 2019, Barnett ya sanar da murabus din wakilin jaridar The Seattle Times Mike Rosenberg kan zarge-zargen cin zarafin mata. A watan Disamba na 2018, Barnett shi ne na farko da ya ba da rahoton cewa ofishin Magajin Garin Seattle Jenny Durkan ya yi kwangilar ba tare da tayin dala $720,000 tare da wani kamfanin ba da shawara don wakiltar sha'awar birnin a tattaunawar Sound Transit 3. A watan Yulin 2019, Barnett shi ne na farko da ya ba da rahoton wata wasiƙa daga Daraktan Ayyukan Dan Adam na Seattle ga masu gudanar da shirye-shiryen da harajin soda na Seattle ke daukar nauyinsu cewa za a iya rage kudadensu. A watan Oktoban 2019, Barnett shi ne na farko da ya ba da rahoton lokaci mara bayani a kalandar mai ba da shawara kan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa na Seattle Mike Worden yayin da membobin Majalisar Birni ke yin tambayoyi game da ainihin abin da Magajin Garin ke biyan Worden don yi.

Viking ne ya buga tarihin rayuwarta a shekarar 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-07 |title=On the Path to Recovery, One Step at a Time Is Easier Said Than Done |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/07/books/review/quitter-erica-barnett.html |access-date=2020-07-07 |website=www.nytimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-06-29 |title=Seattle journalist Erica C. Barnett is hard at work on a memoir, by Paul Constant |url=http://www.seattlereviewofbooks.com/notes/2017/06/29/seattle-journalist-erica-c-barnett-is-hard-at-work-on-a-memoir/ |access-date=2019-09-15 |website=www.seattlereviewofbooks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Littafin ya yi nazari kan masana'antar dawo da shaye-shaye, gami da suka ga Alcoholics Anonymous, amma Barnett ya ɗan yaba da hanyar da ta bi wajen &quot; maganin halayyar fahimta ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba&quot; saboda taimaka mata ta zama mai hankali, &quot;tsohon mashayi,&quot; a shekarar 2015. 

== Ayyuka ==

* ''Barin Kamuwa: Tunawa da Shan Giya, Komawa Baya, da Warkewa'' (2020) 
* [https://www.thestranger.com/authors/14258/erica-c-barnett Labarai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219120811/https://www.thestranger.com/authors/14258/erica-c-barnett |date=2025-12-19 }} a ''Baƙon''
* [https://crosscut.com/author/erica-c-barnett Labarai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416020816/https://crosscut.com/author/erica-c-barnett |date=2024-04-16 }} a Crosscut.com

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]]
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  <page>
    <title>Hadiyah-Nicole Green</title>
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'''Hadiyah-Nicole Green''' (1981-) ƙwararriyar likitan likitanci ce a Amurka, wacce aka san ta da haɓaka wata hanya ta amfani da ƙwayoyin nanoparticles masu kunna laser a matsayin maganin cutar kansa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Black female physicist pioneers technology that kills cancer cells with lasers |url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/01/09/black-female-physicist-pioneers-technology-that-kills-cancer-cells-with-lasers/ |access-date=2016-02-19 |website=Women in the World in Association with The New York Times – WITW |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Tana ɗaya daga cikin mata baƙaƙe 66 da suka sami digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Amurka tsakanin 1973 da 2012, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kohli |first=Sonali |date=June 21, 2015 |title=In 39 years, US physics doctorates went to 66 black women—and 22,000 white men |url=http://qz.com/432756/in-39-years-us-physics-doctorates-went-to-66-black-women-and-22000-white-men/ |access-date=2016-09-09 |website=qz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ita ce mace baƙar fata ta biyu kuma baƙar fata ta huɗu da ta taɓa samun digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga Jami'ar [[Alabama]] da ke [[Birmingham]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UAB – Civil Rights Movement – Hadiyah-Nicole Green |url=http://www.uab.edu/civilrights/130-african-american-student-success/68-hadiyah-nicole-green/ |access-date=2016-09-09 |website=uab.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Green ta zama maraya tun tana ƙarama kuma goggonta da kawunta suka rene ta a [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Root&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2016 |title=A Story of Perseverance: Hadiyah-Nicole Green Shares Her Path to a Million-Dollar Research Grant |url=http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2016/01/a_story_of_perseverance_hadiyah_nicole_green_shares_her_path_to_earning/ |access-date=22 July 2016 |website=The Root |archive-date=19 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719204425/http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2016/01/a_story_of_perseverance_hadiyah_nicole_green_shares_her_path_to_earning/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce ta farko a cikin iyalinta da ta halarci jami'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elliott |first=Al |date=2016-07-19 |title=SOLE and Dr. Hadiyah-Nicole Green |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSk1PXQy-Jo |access-date=2017-02-22 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammala karatunta na sakandare, Green ta halarci wani shiri na bazara a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Xavier da ke Louisiana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Ta sami cikakken tallafin karatu a Jami'ar Alabama A&amp;amp;amp;M, inda ta sami digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar lissafi tare da ƙwarewa a fannin gani da ido da kuma ƙaramin digiri a fannin lissafi a 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dr. Hadiyah-Nicole Green2 |url=http://www.tuskegee.edu/academics/colleges/ceps/ceps_special_programs/phd_program_in_materials_science_engineering/facultystaff/dr_hadiyah-nicole_green2.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808224741/http://www.tuskegee.edu/academics/colleges/ceps/ceps_special_programs/phd_program_in_materials_science_engineering/facultystaff/dr_hadiyah-nicole_green2.aspx |archive-date=2016-08-08 |access-date=2016-02-19 |website=www.tuskegee.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi magana game da yadda abubuwan da ta fuskanta a Xavier da Alabama A&amp;M suka sa ta zama mai fafutukar kare [[Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i na Baƙar Fata a Tarihi|haƙƙin ɗalibai na Jami'o'in Baƙaƙen Tarihi]] (HBCUs) ta hanyar ba ta damar sanin kanta da kuma ci gaba a matsayinta na mutum. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Green ta ci gaba da karatunta a Jami'ar Alabama da ke Birmingham, inda ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a shekarar 2009 da kuma digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a shekarar 2012.  Takardar karatunta, &quot;Hanyar Nano-Enabled Multifunctional Minimally-Invasive Multifunctional for Selective Target, Imaging, and NIR Photothermal Therapy of Tumors&quot;, Sergey B. Mirov ne ke kula da ita.

== Aiki da bincike ==
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta kammala karatunta a Alabama A&amp;M, Green ta ji cewa an gano cewa Ora Lee Smith, inna da ta rene ta, tana da cutar kansar haihuwa ta mata. Saboda tsoron illar [[chemotherapy]] da radiation, innarta ta zaɓi ta daina magani. Green ta kula da innarta a cikin watanni uku na ƙarshe na rayuwarta. Bayan mutuwar innarta a 2005, an gano cewa kawunta Janar Lee Smith shi ma yana da cutar kansa. Yayin da take kula da kawunta, Green ta kalli yadda kawunta ke fama da illolin chemotherapy da radiation, wanda, a gare ta, bai fi abin da innarta ta fuskanta ba. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haifar da sha'awar Green wajen haɓaka sabbin magungunan ciwon daji. 

Bayan wani horo a NASA ne Green ta fahimci yuwuwar amfani da laser a binciken cutar kansa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Helmer |first=Lauren |date=May 1, 2016 |title=Dr. Hadiyah-Nicole Green: FACES of the South |url=https://styleblueprint.com/everyday/dr-hadiyah-nicole-green-faces/ |website=[[StyleBlueprint]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana son amfani da iliminta na laser don kai hari ga ƙwayoyin cutar kansa ba tare da cutar da ƙwayoyin lafiya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;STEM Gem Changing the Cancer Game&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Espy |first=Stephanie |date=January 18, 2016 |title=STEM Gem Changing the Cancer Game: Dr. Hadiyah-Nicole Green |url=http://stemgemsbook.com/stem-gem-changing-the-cancer-game-dr-hadiyah-nicole-green/ |website=STEM Gems}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, ta ƙirƙiro wata hanya inda ake amfani da laser don &quot;haskaka&quot; ƙwayoyin nano don ƙirƙirar hoton ƙwayoyin cutar kansa da rage lokacin da ake ɗauka don kai hari ga waɗannan ƙwayoyin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Newsone&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 September 2016 |title=Black Doctor Pioneers Groundbreaking Cancer Treatment |url=https://newsone.com/3531006/black-doctor-pioneers-groundbreaking-cancer-treatment/ |access-date=6 October 2017 |website=News One}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Floyd |first=Safon |date=January 6, 2016 |title=Dr. Hadiyah-Nicole Green Sprinkles Black Girl Magic on Cancer Research |url=http://www.blackenterprise.com/news/dr-hadiyah-nicole-green-sprinkles-black-girl-magic-on-cancer-research/ |website=www.blackenterprise.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da take gudanar da binciken digirinta na uku, Green ta kasance memba a cikin ƙungiyar da ta ƙirƙiro hanyar dakin gwaje-gwaje don saka ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa yayin da take guje wa ƙwayoyin lafiya da ke kewaye da su. Nama da ke haɗa ƙwayoyin cuta na nano yana zafi saboda hasken laser da aka ba da umarni, wanda daga nan yake lalata ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Hadiyah N. |last2=Martyshkin |first2=Dmitry V. |last3=Rodenburg |first3=Cynthia M. |last4=Rosenthal |first4=Eben L. |last5=Mirov |first5=Sergey B. |year=2011 |title=Gold Nanorod Bioconjugates for Active Tumor Targeting and Photothermal Therapy |journal=Journal of Nanotechnology |volume=2011 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1155/2011/631753 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara gwada ra'ayoyinta da ƙwayoyin cutar kansa a cikin wani abincin petri, sannan ta koma ƙananan samfuran dabbobi ta amfani da beraye. Ƙoƙarin bincikenta na yanzu yana neman faɗaɗa wannan maganin ƙwayoyin cuta ga mutane. &lt;ref name=&quot;rollingout.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bama |first=East Texas |date=9 September 2016 |title=Hadiyah-Nicole Green seeks support for BioTech cancer hack to see light of day |url=https://rollingout.com/2016/09/09/hadiyah-nicole-green-seeks-support-for-biotech-cancer-hack-to-see-light-of-day/ |website=Rolling Out}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammala karatun digiri, Green ta zama mataimakiyar farfesa a Jami'ar Tuskegee a Sashen Kimiyya da Injiniyanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;STEM Gem Changing the Cancer Game&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 2016, an dauke ta aiki a Makarantar Magunguna ta Morehouse a sashen tiyata kuma ta sami tallafin dala miliyan 1.1 daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Bincike ta Jami'o'i da Harkokin Tsoffin Sojoji don ci gaba da maganinta na laser. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2016 |title=Dr. Hadiyah-Nicole Green Brings Cancer Fighting Laser to Morehouse School of Medicine |url=http://www.msm.edu/RSSFeedArticles/March2016/HadiyahNicoleGreenJoinsMSM.php |website=www.msm.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Makowski |first=Emily |date=April 1, 2020 |title=Hadiyah-Nicole Green Targets Cancer With Lasers |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/scientist-to-watch/hadiyah-nicole-green-targets-cancer-with-lasers-67313 |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=The Scientist Magazine® |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2016, Green ta kafa Gidauniyar Binciken Ciwon daji ta Ora Lee Smith domin tunawa da goggon ta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 September 2016 |title=Black Doctor Pioneers Groundbreaking Cancer Treatment |url=https://newsone.com/3531006/black-doctor-pioneers-groundbreaking-cancer-treatment/ |access-date=1 October 2017 |website=News One}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar gidauniyar ita ce ci gaba da maganin cutar kansa ta yadda zai yi tasiri ba tare da wata illa ba. Gidauniyar mai zaman kanta kuma tana da nufin samar da maganin cutar kansa mai sauƙin samu kuma mai araha ga kowa. &lt;ref name=&quot;weareoralee.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About – Ora Lee Smith Cancer Research Foundation |url=https://weareoralee.org/about/ |website=weareoralee.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na 2024, an sanar da cewa za a ba Green kyautar karramawa ta Shugaban Kasa kan Nasarar Rayuwa saboda gudummawar da ta bayar wajen magance cutar kansa da kuma bincike mai zurfi, da kuma sadaukarwarta ga zama jagora a fagenta da kuma yi wa al'ummarta hidima.

Green ta sadaukar da mafi yawan lokacinta na hutu wajen yin magana da kuma jagorantar ƙananan ɗaliban baƙar fata. 

== Littattafan tarihi ==

* Lee GY, Myers JA, Perez SM, Singh KP da Green HN: [[doi:10.3892/ijo.2020.5126|&quot;Cisplatin tare da maganin nanotherapy da aka kunna ta hanyar laser a matsayin maganin taimako ga ciwon kai da wuya&quot;]] . ''Mujallar Duniya ta Oncology'' 2020; 57: 1169–1178.
* Green HN, Crockett S, Martyshkin D, Singh KP, Grizzle W, Rosenthal E, Mirov S: [[doi:10.2147/IJN.S60648|&quot;Kimanin histological da kimantawa a cikin jiki na NIR photothermal nanotherapy da ke haifar da koma bayan ciwon daji a cikin tumbi&quot;]] . ''Mujallar Duniya ta Nanomedicine'' . 5 ga Nuwamba, 2014; 9: 5093–102. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 25395847&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Salaam AD, Hwang P, Poonawalla A, Green HN, Jun HW, Dean D: [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/25/42/425103 &quot;Nanodiamonds suna haɓaka ingancin magani na doxorubicin wajen magance ciwon daji na prostate mai hana samar da hormones&quot;] . ''Nanotechnology'' 24 ga Oktoba 2014; 25(42):425103. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 25277401&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Salaam AD, Hwang P, McIntosh R, Green HN, Jun HW, Dean D: [[doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.107|&quot;Peptid na Nanodiamond-DGEA sun haɗu don haɓaka isar da doxorubicin ga ciwon daji na prostate&quot;]] . ''Mujallar Beilstein ta Nanotechnology'' 2014; 5:937–945.&lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 25161829&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Frederick PJ, Green HN, Huang JS, Egger ME, Frieboes HB, Grizzle WE, McNally LR: [[doi:10.3109/10520295.2013.788736|&quot;Sinadari mai guba a cikin ciwon daji na ovarian yana da alaƙa da bayyanar microRNAs&quot;]] . ''Biotechnical &amp; Histochemistry'' 2013 Oktoba; 88(7): 403–409. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 23672416&lt;/nowiki&gt;.
* Green HN, Martyshkin DV, Rodenburg CM, Rosenthal EL, Mirov SB: [[doi:10.1155/2011/631753|&quot;Masu haɗa ƙwayoyin halitta na zinare don maganin ciwon daji mai aiki da kuma maganin hasken rana&quot;]] . ''Jaridar Nanotechnology'' 2011; (631753): 753–759.
* Green HN, Martyshkin DV, Rodenburg CM, Rosenthal EL, Mirov SB: [[doi:10.1117/12.875792|&quot;Tsarin nanoscale mai sauƙin mamayewa da yawa don zaɓin manufa, hoto, da kuma maganin zafi na NIR na ciwon daji masu cutarwa&quot;]] . Masu rahoto, Alamomi, Rini, Nanoparticles, da Binciken Kwayoyin Halitta don Aikace-aikacen Lafiya na Halittu III 2011; (7910):79100-79109.
* Saini V, Enervold MR, Perez A, Koploy A, Perkins G, Ellisman MH, Green HN, Mirov SB, Zharov VP, Everts M: [https://briefs.techconnect.org/papers/targeting-nanoparticles-to-tumors-using-adenoviral-vectors &quot;Yin niyya ga ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawa ga ciwace-ciwacen ta amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutar adenoviral&quot;] . ''Takardun Fasaha na Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Nunin: Alamomin Halittu da Kwayoyin Halitta'' 2007; 2(4): 321–324.

== Manazarta ==
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'''Donna Lease Brazile'''  / / brəˈzɪl / brə - ZIL brə- an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1959)  ƙwararriyar mai tsara dabarun siyasa ce ta Amurka, manajan kamfen, kuma [[Kimiyyar siyasa|mai sharhi kan siyasa]] wacce ta yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin mukaddashin Shugabar Kwamitin Jam'iyyar Democrat (DNC). A halin yanzu tana bayar da gudummawa a ABC News, kuma a da tana bayar da gudummawa a Fox News har zuwa lokacin da ta yi murabus a watan Mayu 2021.  Brazile ita ma a da tana bayar da gudummawa [[CNN|a CNN]], amma ta yi murabus a watan Oktoba 2016, bayan da [[WikiLeaks]] ta bayyana cewa ta yi tambayoyi biyu na muhawara da yakin neman zaben [[Hillary Clinton]] a lokacin zaben shugaban Amurka na 2016. 

Brazile, wacce take memba a Jam'iyyar Democrat, ita ce mace ta farko [[Afirkawan Amurka|'yar asalin Afirka]] da ta jagoranci babban kamfen na shugaban ƙasa, inda ta riƙe muƙamin manajan kamfen na Al Gore a shekarar 2000. Ta kuma yi aiki a kamfen na shugaban ƙasa da dama ga 'yan takarar Democrat, ciki har da Jesse Jackson da [[Walter Mondale]] – Geraldine Ferraro a shekarar 1984, da kuma Dick Gephardt a zaɓen fidda gwani na Democrat a shekarar 1988. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Kwamitin Jam'iyyar Democrat a bazara ta 2011, sannan kuma daga Yuli 2016 zuwa Fabrairu 2017.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Brazile a [[New Orleans|New Orleans, Louisiana]], 'yar Jean Marie (Brown) da Lionel Joseph Brazile,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=PBS Staff |date=January 7, 2016 |title=Donna Brazile's Interactive Family Tree |url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/finding-your-roots/blog/donna-braziles-interactive-family-tree/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027135942/http://www.pbs.org/weta/finding-your-roots/blog/donna-braziles-interactive-family-tree/ |archive-date=October 27, 2016 |access-date=October 17, 2016 |website=[[PBS]] |publisher=[[United States|U.S. Government]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KLFY News |date=July 24, 2016 |title=New Orleans native Donna Brazile assumes role of DNC interim chair |url=http://klfy.com/2016/07/24/new-orleans-native-donna-brazile-assumes-role-of-dnc-interim-chair/ |access-date=December 12, 2016 |website=KLFY News |publisher=[[United States|U.S. Government]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta uku cikin 'ya'ya tara. Sunan danginta shine &quot;Braswell&quot; tsararraki da yawa da suka gabata. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;fdnr1&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Brazile ta fara sha'awar siyasa tun tana 'yar shekara tara lokacin da wani ɗan takara na gida ya yi alƙawarin gina filin wasa na unguwa. Ta shiga cikin shirin TRIO Upward Bound yayin da take makarantar sakandare. Brazile ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar masana'antu daga Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana (LSU) a 1981, kuma ta kasance ma'aikaci a Cibiyar Siyasa a Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy ta [[Jami'ar Harvard]] .  Bayan kammala karatunta daga LSU, Brazile ta yi aiki a ƙungiyoyin fafutuka da dama a Washington, DC, kuma an ruwaito cewa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin neman zaɓen da aka yi na sanya ranar haihuwar [[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King Jr.]] hutun tarayya. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;mediabistro2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Janelle |date=October 27, 2010 |title=So What Do You Do, Donna Brazile, Political Commentator and Strategist? |url=http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/details.asp?aID=11046&amp; |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921165239/http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/details.asp?aID=11046&amp; |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2014 |website=[[Mediabistro (website)|Mediabistro]] |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Brazil ta yi aikin sa kai don yakin neman zaben [[Jimmy Carter]] – Walter Mondale na 1976 a lokacin ƙuruciya da kuma yakin neman zaben shugaban ƙasa na 1980 a lokacin da take ɗalibi a LSU. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;mediabistro2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Janelle |date=October 27, 2010 |title=So What Do You Do, Donna Brazile, Political Commentator and Strategist? |url=http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/details.asp?aID=11046&amp; |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921165239/http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/details.asp?aID=11046&amp; |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2014 |website=[[Mediabistro (website)|Mediabistro]] |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHarris2010&quot;&gt;Harris, Janelle (October 27, 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921165239/http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/details.asp?aID=11046&amp; &quot;So What Do You Do, Donna Brazile, Political Commentator and Strategist?&quot;]. ''[[Mediabistro (website)|Mediabistro]]''. United States: [[Prometheus Global Media]]. Archived from [http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/details.asp?aID=11046&amp; the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921165239/http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/details.asp?aID=11046&amp; |date=2013-09-21 }} on September 21, 2013&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 20,&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin siyasa ==
Brazile ta yi aiki a kamfen ɗin shugaban ƙasa da dama ga 'yan takarar Democrat, ciki har da Jesse Jackson a 1984, Walter Mondale–Geraldine Ferraro a 1984, da kuma Dick Gephardt a zaɓen fidda gwani na Democrat a 1988. 

Bayan Gephardt ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani a shekarar 1988, Brazile ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar daraktan filin yaƙin neman zaɓe na Michael Dukakis . &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2, 2001 |title=National Press Club — Donna Brazile |url=https://www.npr.org/programs/npc/2001/010502.dbrazile.html |access-date=November 10, 2016 |website=npr.org |quote=[A]s deputy field operator during Michael Dukakis’ presidential bid in 1988, her comments about rumored marital infidelity on the part of GOP candidate George Bush got her fired.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, 1988, ta yi kanun labarai ta hanyar gaya wa gungun 'yan jarida cewa George HW Bush yana buƙatar &quot;yin shiru&quot; game da jita-jitar da ba a tabbatar ba game da wani aure bayan aure. Brazile ta ce, &quot;Mutanen Amurka suna da cikakken 'yancin sanin ko [[Barbara Bush]] za ta raba wannan gadon tare da shi a Fadar White House.&quot;   Kamfen ɗin Dukakis ya musanta kalamanta nan da nan kuma Dukakis ya kore ta daga ma'aikatan kamfen ɗinsa jim kaɗan bayan labarin ya bazu.  Bayan shekaru huɗu, wannan batu, dangantakar George H.&amp;nbsp;W. Bush da Jennifer Fitzgerald, za a sake yin wani bayani na ɗan lokaci a lokacin yakin neman zaɓen 1992 kan [[Bill Clinton]], wanda ke da jita-jitar soyayyarsa bayan aure .

A shekarun 1990, Brazile ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ma'aikata da sakataren watsa labarai ga Wakilin Majalisar Dokoki Eleanor Holmes Norton na [[Washington, D.C.|Gundumar Columbia]], inda ta taimaka wajen jagorantar kasafin kudin Gundumar da kuma dokokin gida kan Capitol Hill. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga yakin neman zaben Bill Clinton na shugabancin kasa a 1992 da kuma sake tsayawa takara a 1996.

A shekarar 1999, an naɗa Brazile mataimakiyar manajan kamfen kuma daga baya aka ɗaukaka ta zuwa manajan kamfen na kamfen ɗin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Al Gore na 2000, inda ta zama mace 'yar asalin Afirka ta farko da ta jagoranci babban kamfen ɗin shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyya. 

Bayan bala'in guguwar Katrina, Kathleen Blanco ta naɗa Brazile a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Hukumar Farfado da Muhalli ta Louisiana daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Brazile ta ba da takardunta ga Tarin Louisiana da Lower Mississippi Valley a cikin Tarin Musamman na Laburare na Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana, wanda ke cikin Laburaren Tunawa da Hill Memorial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laver |first=Tara |date=September 26, 2014 |title=Political Strategist Donna Brazile donates her papers to LSU |url=http://news.blogs.lib.lsu.edu/2014/09/26/donna_brazile_papers/ |access-date=October 17, 2016 |website=[[Louisiana State University]] |publisher=[[Blogger (service)|Blogger]] }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwamitin Jam'iyyar Democrat na Ƙasa ==
Bayan fafatawar bayan zaɓe kan ƙuri'u a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2000 a Florida, an naɗa Brazile a matsayin shugabar Cibiyar 'Yancin Zaɓe ta Kwamitin Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Ƙasa.

=== Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2008 ===
A zaɓen 2008, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar wakiliya saboda aikinta na Bill Clinton da Al Gore. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=May 2008 |title=Comeback |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=Donna+Brazile+superdelegate&amp;pg=PA96 |journal=Vibe |publisher=Vibe Media Group |volume=16 |issue=5 |page=96 |issn=1070-4701 |access-date=19 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayinta na wakiliya a taron jam'iyyar Democrat na ƙasa, Brazile ta ci gaba da kin ayyana ɗan takararta na shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Democrat da ta fi so. A wata hira da Stephen Colbert, mai barkwanci a siyasa, Brazile ta ce, &quot;Duba, ni mace ce, don haka ina son Hillary. Ni baƙar fata ce; ina son Obama. Amma kuma ina da fushi, don haka ina son John McCain.&quot;  

Fidda gwanin shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Democrat na 2008 a Florida da Michigan ya fara sa wakilan waɗannan jihohi biyu aka hana su zama a taron jam'iyyar Democrat saboda jihohin sun gabatar da zaɓen fidda gwanin da suka yi da dokokin jam'iyyar DNC. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ambinder |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2007 |title=The DNC Strips Michigan of Delegates |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2007/12/the-dnc-strips-michigan-of-delegates/51150/ |access-date=September 5, 2008 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |publisher=[[Atlantic Media]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Brazile ta ce, &quot;Muna buƙatar aika saƙon cewa ba za ku iya karya dokokin ba,&quot; ta ƙara da cewa, &quot;Na yi fushi da kusan kowace jiha a aikina.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 29, 2008 |title=Donna Brazile cuts loose on 2008 campaign |url=http://www.politicswest.com/2008_election/20993/donna_brazile_cuts_loose_2008_campaign |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906235807/http://www.politicswest.com/2008_election/20993/donna_brazile_cuts_loose_2008_campaign |archive-date=September 6, 2008 |access-date=September 5, 2008 |website=PoliticsWest}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A taron Kwamitin Dokoki don yanke shawara kan rabon da aka ware wa waɗannan jihohi, an ambato ta: &quot;Mahaifiyata ta koya min yin wasa da ƙa'idodi da kuma girmama waɗannan ƙa'idodi. Mahaifiyata ta koya min, kuma na tabbata mahaifiyarki ta koya miki, cewa lokacin da kika yanke shawarar canza ƙa'idodi, tsakiyar wasan, ƙarshen wasan, ana kiransa da yaudara.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Quote of the day |url=http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/05/31/1090183.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204224709/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/05/31/1090183.aspx |archive-date=February 4, 2009 |access-date=July 24, 2016 |website=[[MSNBC]] |publisher=[[NBCUniversal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi suka sosai ga Kwaskwarima ta Stupak-Pitts, wadda ta sanya iyaka kan zubar da ciki da masu biyan haraji ke bayarwa a cikin mahallin Dokar Kula da Lafiya Mai Sauƙi ta Amurka ta Nuwamba 2009. 

=== Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2012 ===
Tsawon makonni da dama a bazarar 2011, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar riƙo ta Kwamitin Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Ƙasa. A matsayinta na mataimakiyar shugabar jam'iyyar DNC, ta jagoranci ƙungiyar a lokacin sauyi tsakanin shugaban da ke barin gado Tim Kaine, wanda ya yi murabus don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dattawan Amurka, da wanda zai gaje shi, 'yar Majalisar Dokokin Florida [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]], wacce ba a ba ta izinin hawa wannan matsayi ba sai aƙalla kwanaki goma sha biyar bayan an zaɓe ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2011.  Bayan naɗa Wasserman Schultz a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar DNC, Brazile ta koma matsayinta na mataimakiyar shugaba.

=== Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2016 ===
[[Fayil:Donna_Brazile_Nashua_Oct_2016_02.jpg|thumb|'Yan Brazil suna kamfen wa [[Hillary Clinton]] a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Nashua da ke New Hampshire, 7 ga Oktoba, 2016.]]
Bayan da Debbie Wasserman Schultz ta yi murabus daga muƙaminta a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Jam'iyyar Democrat a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2016, a farkon Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Democrat na 2016, Brazile ta zama shugabar riƙon ƙwarya ta DNC.  &lt;sup&gt;[[Debbie Wasserman Schultz|[73]]]&lt;/sup&gt; 

Brazile ce ke da alhakin shirin kashe kuɗi don ƙara yawan masu jefa ƙuri'a a cikin gari a wurare kamar Chicago da New Orleans - duk da cewa Illinois ko Louisiana ba su da gasa - saboda tsoron cewa Clinton za ta lashe zaɓen Kwalejin Zaɓe amma ta rasa ƙuri'un jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dovere |first=Edward-Isaac |date=December 14, 2016 |title=How Clinton lost Michigan — and blew the election |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/michigan-hillary-clinton-trump-232547 |access-date=February 12, 2017 |website=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Raba tambayoyi game da muhawara da yakin neman zaben Clinton ====
Wani bincike da [[WikiLeaks]] ta yi a kan imel ya nuna cewa Brazile ta aika saƙon imel a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2016, ga John Podesta da Jennifer Palmieri mai taken: &quot;Ɗaya daga cikin tambayoyin da aka yi wa HRC gobe daga mace ce mai kurji.&quot; Saƙon ya ci gaba da cewa, &quot;iyalinta suna da gubar gubar kuma za ta yi tambaya, ko akwai wani abu, menene Hillary za ta yi a matsayinta na shugaba don taimaka wa jama'ar Flint.&quot;  A taron da aka yi a Flint, an gabatar da irin wannan tambayar daga memba na masu sauraro Mikki Wade, wanda danginsa suka ji rauni sakamakon ruwan gubar. 

A ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 2016, wani shafin yanar gizo na WikiLeaks ya ƙunshi wani imel da Brazile ta aika a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2016 ga darektan sadarwa na Clinton Jennifer Palmieri tare da taken taken: &quot;Lokaci zuwa lokaci ina samun tambayoyi a gaba.&quot;  A cikin imel ɗin, Brazile ta tattauna damuwarta game da ikon Clinton na gabatar da tambaya game da hukuncin kisa, kuma a cikin muhawarar zauren CNN washegari, Clinton ta sami irin wannan tambaya game da hukuncin kisa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stelter |first=Brian |date=October 12, 2016 |title=Wikileaks mystery: How did town hall question get to Clinton campaign? |url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/10/11/media/donna-brazile-wikileaks-question/ |access-date=October 22, 2016 |website=CNN |archive-date=October 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012145052/https://money.cnn.com/2016/10/11/media/donna-brazile-wikileaks-question/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar shafin yanar gizo na fasaha Errata Security, an tabbatar da imel ɗin da ake magana a kai ta amfani da shirin tabbatarwa na yau da kullun da tsarin DKIM . 

Da farko Brazile ta musanta karbar ko gabatar da wata tambaya game da kamfen din Clinton, kuma ta yi watsi da kungiyar WikiLeaks a matsayin &quot;wadannan masu fallasa sirrin mutane suna kokarin rage min radadi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=@donnabrazile}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta zargi wakilin TYT Politics Jordan Chariton da &quot;yin wa mace sharri.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=TYT Politics |date=October 19, 2016 |title=Jordan's NOT HAVING Donna Brazile's Russia Dodge! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-JChl8w6oQ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103055839/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-JChl8w6oQ |archive-date=November 3, 2017 |access-date=November 3, 2017 |via=YouTube }}&lt;/ref&gt; Da aka yi wa mai gabatar da labarai na Fox News Megyn Kelly tambayoyi, Brazile ta ce, &quot;A matsayina na mace Kirista, na fahimci zalunci. Ba zan zauna a nan in fuskanci zalunci ba saboda bayananka ba gaskiya ba ne.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Megyn Kelly vs. Donna Brazile: Did You Receive Debate Question Beforehand?; Brazile: I Will Not Be &quot;Persecuted&quot; |url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/10/19/megyn_kelly_vs_donna_brazile_did_you_receive_debate_question_beforehand_brazile_i_will_not_be_persecuted.html |access-date=November 3, 2017 |website=www.realclearpolitics.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jake Tapper, tsohon abokin aikin Brazile a CNN, ya bayar da ra'ayinsa game da fallasa wata tambaya ga wani ɗan takarar Shugaban ƙasa, inda ya kira ta da &quot;abin takaici sosai&quot; sannan ya ƙara da cewa &quot;a fannin jarida, abin tsoro ne&quot;. Duk da haka, Brazile ta ce lamirinta &quot;yana da kyau&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wemple |first=Erik |date=November 7, 2016 |title=Donna Brazile: 'My conscience is very clear' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2016/11/07/donna-brazile-my-conscience-is-very-clear/ |via=washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daga baya ta yi tsokaci: &quot;Idan dole ne in sake yin hakan, da na san abubuwa da yawa game da tsaron yanar gizo.&quot; 

A wani jawabi da aka yi a Kwalejin Aikin Jarida da Sadarwa ta Mass a harabar Jami'ar Nebraska-Lincoln a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2016, Brazile ta yi Allah wadai da bayanan da aka fallasa, wanda jami'an leken asiri suka ce sun fito ne daga Rasha, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=David |last2=Savage |first2=Charlie |date=October 7, 2016 |title=U.S. Says Russia Directed Hacks to Influence Elections |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/08/us/politics/us-formally-accuses-russia-of-stealing-dnc-emails.html?_r=0 |access-date=December 12, 2016 |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta ce an yi su ne don &quot;gurguza wani zabe, wargaza ko ɓata sunan dimokuradiyyarmu&quot; sannan a ƙarshe ta yi ƙoƙarin &quot;samar da sakamako mafi dacewa ga su da muradunsu.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Walton |first=Don |date=October 13, 2016 |title=Brazile condemns cyberattack on U.S. election process |url=http://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/federal-politics/brazile-condemns-cyberattack-on-u-s-election-process/article_e9a468f3-11da-534d-a164-40fccd4d5780.html |access-date=December 12, 2016 |website=Lincoln Journal Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2016, ''[[New York Times|jaridar New York Times]]'' ta ruwaito cewa: &quot;CNN ta yanke alaƙa da mai tsara dabarun dimokuradiyya Donna Brazile, bayan da aka yi kutse a cikin imel daga WikiLeaks ya nuna cewa ta raba tambayoyi game da abubuwan da CNN ta dauki nauyin shiryawa a gaba tare da abokai kan yakin neman zaben Hillary Clinton.&quot;  CNN ta ce ta amince da murabus dinta a hukumance a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, inda ta kara da cewa: &quot;Ba mu ji daɗin abin da muka koya game da hulɗarta da yakin neman zaben Clinton ba yayin da take mai ba da gudummawa a CNN.&quot; 

A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2016, Shugaban CNN Jeff Zucker ya fara wani kira na cikin gida game da hadin gwiwar. Zucker ya sanar da ma'aikatansa cewa, duk da cewa an yi cikakken bincike kan lamarin kuma an magance wadanda suka aikata laifin, fahimtar cewa kamfen din ya sami tambayoyi a gaba &quot;yana cutar da mu duka,&quot; ya kara da cewa, &quot;Ba ni da juriya ga halayenta ko irin wannan halin,&quot; yana mai bayyana huldar da tsohuwar mai sharhi kan hanyar sadarwa Brazile da yakin neman zaben Clinton a matsayin &quot;abin kyama&quot; da kuma &quot;abin kyama.&quot; 

A ranar 17 ga Maris, 2017, Brazile ta amince ta tura tambayoyin muhawara ga kamfen ɗin Clinton a lokacin zaɓen fidda gwani na Democrat na 2016, yayin da take Mataimakin Shugabar DNC kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai sharhi a CNN.    A cikin wata muƙala da ta rubuta wa mujallar ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', ta ce, &quot;Sannan a watan Oktoba, wani sakin imel da aka yi daga baya ya nuna cewa daga cikin abubuwa da yawa da na yi a matsayina na mai gudanar da jam'iyyar Democrat da Mataimakin Shugabar DNC kafin na ɗauki matsayin Shugaban DNC na wucin gadi shine raba batutuwan zauren gari da yakin neman zaben Clinton.&quot; Brazile ta ci gaba da bayani: &quot;Aikina shine in sa duk 'yan takararmu na Democrat su yi kyau, kuma na yi aiki tare da kamfen ɗin biyu don ganin hakan ta faru. Amma aika waɗannan imel ɗin kuskure ne da zan yi nadama har abada.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;time_brazile&quot; /&gt;

A cikin littafin tarihinta na shekarar 2017 mai suna ''Hacks'', Brazile ta rubuta game da &quot;zargin tambayoyin da ake yi mata.&quot; {{Rp|}}

=== Koyarwar jami'a da alaƙarta ===
Duk da wannan badakalar, Brazile ta ci gaba da aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban, ciki har da Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya ta Kasa (NDI), wacce manufarta ita ce tabbatar da zabe mai 'yanci da adalci. Ta kasance mai sa ido kan zabe a Kenya don zaben shugaban kasa na 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Alonzo |first=Paulina Chavez |last2=Mahoney |first2=Ryan |date=2022-08-11 |title=NDI-IRI Joint International Election Observer Mission Presents Initial Findings and Recommendations Following the August 9 General Elections in Kenya |url=https://www.iri.org/news/ndi-iri-joint-international-election-observer-mission-presents-initial-findings-and-recommendations-following-the-august-9-general-elections-in-kenya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711210620/https://www.iri.org/news/ndi-iri-joint-international-election-observer-mission-presents-initial-findings-and-recommendations-following-the-august-9-general-elections-in-kenya/ |archive-date=2024-07-11 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=[[International Republican Institute]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Brazile ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Maryland, College Park, wata abokiyar aiki a Cibiyar Siyasa ta [[Jami'ar Harvard]], kuma farfesa ce ta biyu a fannin Nazarin Mata da Jinsi a Jami'ar Georgetown .  Ita memba ce a kwamitin ba da shawara na Taron Mock na Jami'ar Washington da Lee . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Mai Sharhi ===
Brazile ta kasance mai bayar da gudummawa da sharhi kan siyasa a ''shirin The Situation Room'' na CNN na mako-mako kuma ta bayyana a shirin ''American Morning'' da kuma wanda zai gaje ta, ''New Day'' . Ta kan bayyana a ''shirin CNN Tonight tare da Don Lemon'' akai-akai, kuma ta kasance memba a kwamitin bako na [[Anderson Cooper]] na masana siyasa a shirin CNN na Zaɓen Dare. Brazile kuma ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma darakta mai kula da Brazile and Associates kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga NPR 's Political Corner da ABC News . Brazile ta amince da juna da CNN da ABC don dakatar da kwangilolinta da hanyoyin sadarwar domin ta zama shugabar riƙon ƙwarya ta DNC.  A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2016, CNN ta sanar da cewa Brazile ta yi murabus a hukumance kuma za ta yanke alaƙarta da Brazile a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ta CNN, saboda bayanan da ba su dace ba da suka fito daga yakin neman zaɓen Clinton yayin da take aiki a cibiyar sadarwar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Byers |first=Dylan |date=2016-10-31 |title=Donna Brazile out at CNN amid leaks to Clinton campaign |url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/10/31/media/donna-brazile-cnn-resignation/index.html |access-date=2017-03-18 |website=CNNMoney |archive-date=2020-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807132038/https://money.cnn.com/2016/10/31/media/donna-brazile-cnn-resignation/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 18 ga Maris, 2019, Brazile ta zama mai ba da gudummawa ga Fox News . Ta bayyana cewa ta &quot;yi farin ciki da shiga FOX News&quot; yayin da ta amince cewa wasu 'yan Democrat na iya sukar shawararta. 

=== Marubuci ===
Brazile marubuciya ce mai ba da gudummawa ga ''Ms. Magazine'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donna Brazile Archives |url=http://msmagazine.com/blog/tag/donna-brazile/ |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Ms. Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma marubuciya ce a cikin ''Roll Call'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;naacpjournal&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Samuel |first=Terence |date=Jul–Aug 2004 |editor-last=Valentine |editor-first=Victoria L. |title=Having Her Say |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kIEAAAAMBAJ |journal=The Crisis |publisher=The Crisis Publishing Company |volume=111 |issue=4 |page=27 |issn=0011-1422 |access-date=19 December 2017 |quote=Donna Brazile speech is a leisurely tour of .the political life of one woman who defied the odds to become a political power broker in a world where being Black and female might ordinarily limit one's prospects. But it is also a funny, and oftentimes ... In April, Brazile penned a Roll Call column headlined: &quot;Memo to Mary Beth Cahill,&quot; urging Kerry's campaign manager to get the candidate to sit down and work out his differences with Ralph Nader.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2004, Simon &amp;amp;amp; Schuster ta buga littafin ''Cooking with Grease – Stirring the Pots in American Politics'', littafin tarihin rayuwarta da aikinta a siyasa.  A cewar Elisabeth Rosenthal ta ''[[New York Times|jaridar The New York Times]] ,'' &quot;Duk da cewa littafin ya ƙunshi tarihin rayuwarta mai ban sha'awa game da yadda wata yarinya baƙar fata 'yar talauci ta zo don gudanar da kamfen na shugaban ƙasa, buga littafin yana ba wa Ms. Brazile mai rashin kunya damar yin magana a rubuce da kuma a cikin tambayoyi kan manyan batutuwa, kamar abin da ya faru a 2000 da kuma abin da 'yan Democrat ke buƙatar yi don cin nasara a 2004.&quot; 

Brazile ita ce kuma marubuciyar littafin ''For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Politics'' (2018), tare da Yolanda Caraway, Leah Daughtry, da Minyon Moore .

==== ''Masu Kutse: Labarin Ciki'' ====
A watan Yulin 2017, Hachette Books ta sanar da cewa ta sami haƙƙin littafin Brazile mai zuwa, ''Hacks: The Inside Story of the Break-ins and Breakdowns That Put Donald Trump in the White House'', wanda aka buga a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2017. Hachette ta ce littafin zai zama &quot;abin sha'awa na kamfen, tarihin rayuwa, da taswirar hanya ta gaba.&quot;  Matt Latimer da Keith Urbahn, abokan hulɗa a hukumar adabi da kirkire-kirkire ta Javelin, sun wakilci Brazile a tattaunawar da suka yi da Hachette.  Aikin &quot;wani mummunan tarihin abubuwan da ta fuskanta da kamfen ɗin Clinton, wanda ta bayyana a matsayin wanda ba a sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba kuma ba shi da sha'awa.&quot; 

A cikin wani ɓangare na littafin da aka buga a mujallar ''Politico'', Brazile ta rubuta cewa ta sami &quot;yarjejeniya mara kyau&quot; tsakanin kamfen ɗin Clinton da DNC wanda ya ba Clinton damar yin iko da jam'iyyar tun kafin ta zama 'yar takararta.    Daga baya, a cikin wata hira da aka yi da ita a shirin ABC na ''This Week'' a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 2017, Brazile ta ce ba ta sami wata shaida da ke nuna cewa an yi magudi a zaɓen fidda gwani na Democrat don goyon bayan Clinton ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lima&quot; /&gt; 

Brazile ta rubuta cewa bayan Clinton ta suma a wani taron tunawa da harin 9/11 a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2016, ta yi la'akari sosai da maye gurbin Clinton a matsayin 'yar takarar Democrat, ta zabi Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Joe Biden a madadinta. A karkashin yarjejeniyar DNC, shugaban jam'iyyar zai iya ayyana wanda zai tsaya takarar shugaban kasa &quot;nakasa,&quot; wanda hakan zai haifar da wani tsari mai rikitarwa wanda ya kunshi taron cikakken DNC. A cikin hirar da aka yi da ABC, ta bayyana cewa &quot;tana da wasu hade-hade da yawa. Wannan wani abu ne da kuke nunawa a zuciyarku.&quot; A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2017, sama da tsoffin ma'aikatan yakin neman zaben Clinton 100 sun buga wata wasika a bude tana cewa &quot;ba su amince da yakin neman zaben da ta nuna a cikin littafin ba.&quot; Sun ce sun yi mamakin jin cewa Brazile ta yi la'akari da maye gurbin Clinton a kan tikitin kuma sun damu da cewa Brazile ta amince da &quot;farfagandar karya da Rasha ta yi amfani da ita&quot; game da lafiyar Clinton.

''Jaridar Washington Post ta kuma yi nazari kan sahihancin zarge-zargen Brazile.''  A watan Satumba na 2015,  jaridar ta riga ta ba da rahoto game da yarjejeniyar tara kuɗi tsakanin Hillary da DNC wadda Brazile ta bayyana kuma ta lura cewa magoya bayan Sanders sun san da hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;truthfree&quot; /&gt; An kuma ruwaito cewa Brazile ta san game da yarjejeniyar kafin ta bayyana cikakkun bayanai a bainar jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;truthfree&quot; /&gt;

=== Mai wasan kwaikwayo ===
Brazile memba ce a ƙungiyar 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Screen Actors Guild' - American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) kuma ta fito a matsayin bakuwa a cikin shirye-shirye uku na wasan kwaikwayo na [[CBS]] ''The Good Wife'' da kuma wani shiri na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Netflix]] ''House of Cards'' .  Ta kuma fito a matsayin wani sabon salo na kanta a cikin ''Army of the Dead'' tare da Sean Spicer . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2021 |title=Army of the Dead: Sean Spicer's Cameo &amp; Donald Trump Jokes Explained |url=https://screenrant.com/army-dead-movie-sean-spicer-donald-trump-explained/ |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2021 |title=The Controversial Former White House Staffer Who Cameos in Army of the Dead |url=https://www.looper.com/417708/the-controversial-former-white-house-staffer-who-cameos-in-army-of-the-dead/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A shekarar 1999, ''Mujallar New York Times'' ta bayyana Brazile a matsayin mai fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan luwadi wadda ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Millennium March a Washington . Mujallar ta ce tana &quot;kare sirrinta sosai&quot; kuma ta kira ta &quot;babu tabbas&quot; game da yanayin jima'inta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Sullivan |date=December 12, 1999 |title=Not a Straight Story |url=https://partners.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/19991212mag-counterculture.html |access-date=November 2, 2016 |website=The New York Times Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Brazile ƴar [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] ce kuma ta ce tana son zama firist tun tana ƙarama amma ba ta ci gaba da yin hakan ba bayan mahaifiyarta ta gaya wa ' ya'yanta mata cewa ba za su iya zama firistoci ba . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donna Brazile &amp; Ana Navarra |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4710535/donna-brazile-ana-navarra |access-date=2018-09-16 |website=C-SPAN.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2025, Brazile ta zama memba na girmamawa na ƙungiyar Delta Sigma Theta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-10 |title=Delta Sigma Theta Inducts A Monumental 2025 Class Of Honorary Members Who Embody Black Excellence |url=https://www.essence.com/culture/delta-sigma-theta-2025-honorary-members/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Essence |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]
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  <page>
    <title>Dorcas Oduor</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Dorcas Agik Odhong Oduor''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba 1965) lauya ce 'yar [[Kenya|ƙasar Kenya]] wacce a shekarar 2024 ta zama babbar lauya mace ta farko a ƙasar.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Dorcas Agik Odhong Oduor a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, 1965 a Gundumar Nakuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography of those awarded |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/23942661/biography-of-those-awarded-kenya-revenue-authority |page=60}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta kammala karatun sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Lwak a shekarar 1983.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/23942661/biography-of-those-awarded-kenya-revenue-authority|page=60|title=Biography of those awarded}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=YT&gt;{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcj1t1OD5jc|publisher=KBC Channel 1|title=Dorcas Oduor profile: She is the first female in Kenya to hold the position|date=20 August 2024|access-date=7 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oduor ta kammala karatun digirin lauya a shekarar 1990, sannan ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a [[Kenya School of Law|Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya]] a shekarar 1991. &lt;ref name=&quot;NLM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njihia |first=Samuel |date=20 August 2024 |title=Dorcas Oduor: Kenya's first woman Attorney General |url=https://nairobilawmonthly.com/dorcas-odour-attorney-general/ |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=The Nairobi Law Monthly}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shigar da ita a matsayin lauya a shekarar 1992 a matsayin mai kare babbar kotu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ALB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Doris |first=Natasha |date=16 August 2024 |title=Kenya appoints first female Attorney General |url=https://www.africanlawbusiness.com/news/21284-kenya-appoints-first-female-attorney-general |access-date=7 September 2024 |publisher=African Law and Business}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana kuma da digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Rikice-rikice na Duniya daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mbuthia |first=Bashir |date=30 July 2024 |title=President Ruto Nominates Dorcas Oduor For Attorney General Position |url=https://www.citizen.digital/news/president-ruto-nominates-dorcas-oduor-for-attorney-general-position-n346847 |access-date=7 September 2024 |publisher=Citizen Digital}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mwangi |first=Denis |date=30 July 2024 |title=Profile of Ruto's incoming Attorney General Dorcas Oduor, OGW, EBS, SC |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/news/local/the-rise-and-rise-of-rutos-incoming-attorney-general-dorcas-agik-oduor/q6r2c6m |access-date=7 September 2024 |publisher=Pulse Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Oduor ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya tsawon shekaru talatin, tana aiki a Ofishin Shari'a na Jiha da Ofishin Daraktan Lauyoyi na Jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;NLM&quot;/&gt; Ta kasance Sakatariyar Lauyoyin Jama'a har zuwa shekara ta 2024. &lt;ref name=&quot;ALB&quot;/&gt;

Oduor ta kasance shugabar kwamitin bita kan hauka da rashin hankali (masu taɓin hankali na laifuka), mataimakiyar mai ba da shawara a kwamitin bincike kan rikicin filaye na Akiwumi, kwamitin Bosire kan lamarin Goldenberg da kuma kwamitin Kiruki kan 'yan'uwan Artur, sakataren haɗin gwiwa na kwamitin gyaran 'yan sanda (Ransley Commission), shugaban kwamitin kula da taɓin hankali na laifuka (a madadin babban lauya), kuma memba na kwamitin aiki na ƙasa kan safarar kuɗi da kuma kuɗaɗen 'yan ta'adda. &lt;ref name=&quot;NLM&quot;/&gt;

Manyan shari'o'in da ta gurfanar sun haɗa da shari'ar zamba da aka shigar kan Mataimakiyar Alkalin Alkalai Philomena Mwilu da kuma shari'ar kisan kai da aka yi wa jami'in 'yan sanda Edward Kirui daga rikicin bayan zaɓe na shekarun 2007-2008 a Kisumu. &lt;ref name=&quot;NLM&quot;/&gt;

Shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta ya bai wa Oduor muƙamin Babbar Lauya a ranar 20 ga watan Yuli, 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya Gazette |url=https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/officialGazette/2020-11-26/206/eng@2020-11-26/source }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shugaba [[William Ruto]] ya naɗa Oduor a ranar 30 ga Yuli 2024, a wani sauye-sauye da majalisar ministoci ta yi bayan cire tsohon Babban Lauyan Gwamnati Justin Muturi kan zanga-zangar Dokar Kuɗi ta Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ALB&quot;/&gt; Majalisar Dokokin Kenya ta amince da ita a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta 2024 &lt;ref name=&quot;ALB&quot; /&gt; kuma Ruto ya rantsar da ita a Fadar Gwamnati da ke [[Nairobi]] a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta. &lt;ref name=&quot;star&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Etyand |first=Perpetua |date=20 August 2024 |title=You're equal to the task! Karua tells AG Dorcas Oduor |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2024-08-20-youre-equal-to-the-task-karua-tells-ag-dorcas-oduor/ |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ce za ta yi wa tsarin shari'ar laifuka kwaskwarima ta hanyar magance jinkirin shari'o'in kotu da kuma ba da shawarwari kan shari'a ga gwamnati kan lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tongola |first=Mate |date=10 August 2024 |title=I'll be the people's lawyer, says Attorney General nominee Dorcas Oduor |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001500616/ill-be-the-peoples-lawyer-says-ag-nominee-dorcas-oduor |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=The Saturday Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ==

* Elder of the Burning Spear &lt;ref name=&quot;NLM&quot;/&gt;
* Memba na Order of the Golden Warrior &lt;ref name=&quot;NLM&quot; /&gt;
* Takardar Muƙami da Girmama Babban Lauya &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Wallafe-wallafe ==

* {{Cite journal |last=Oduor |first=Dorcas |date=April 2011 |title=The Misuse of Technology in the Abuse and Exploitation of Children |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CCPCJ/CCPCJ_Sessions/CCPCJ_20/Thematic_Discussions/African-Group_Misuse-of-technology_Oduor.pdf |journal=Twentieth Session of the CCPCJ-Vienna |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Oduor |first=Dorcas |date=September 2020 |title=The Road to the Development of Guidelines on Decision to Charge |url=https://www.odpp.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ODPP-Newsletter-2020-Revised-November-5-1.pdf |journal=The Prosecutor |issue=III |pages=14–15 |access-date=2026-03-04 |archive-date=2024-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608001752/https://www.odpp.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ODPP-Newsletter-2020-Revised-November-5-1.pdf |url-status=dead }}

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Oduor bazawara ce kuma tana da 'ya'ya biyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;CD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muia |first=Joseph |date=August 2024 |title=AG Nominee Dorcas Oduor Declares Ksh.85 Million Net Worth |url=https://www.citizen.digital/news/ag-nominee-dorcas-oduor-declares-ksh85-million-net-worth-n347461 |access-date=7 September 2024 |publisher=Citizen Digital}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wani ɓangare na tsarin tantance ta a shekarar 2024, ta bayyana cewa dukiyar iyalinta ta kai [[Shilling na Kenya|Ksh]] miliyan 85 (dala Amurka $833,000). &lt;ref name=&quot;CD&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Don Lees</title>
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{{Databox}}

William Lees (1873 - bayan 1905), wanda aka fi sani da Don,[1] Donald,[2] ko Walter Lees,[3] ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland wanda ya zira kwallaye 74 daga wasanni 260 da ya buga a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa yana bugawa Lincoln City, Darwen da Barnsley.[1] Ya kuma buga wasa a gasar Scotland don Celtic.[3] Ya buga wasa ko dai a matsayin ɗan gaba ko kuma a matsayin ɗan tsakiya.[1]

== Ayyukan kwallon kafa ==
An haifi Lees a Cronberry, sannan a Ayrshire, a cikin 1873.  Ya shiga [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Celtic|Celtic]] a shekara ta 1892, kuma ya fara bugawa a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1892 a kan Clyde a cikin Scottish League.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheCelticWiki&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lees, Walter |url=http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/Lees%2C+Walter |access-date=6 April 2010 |website=TheCelticWiki }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Celtic v Clyde 01/10/1892 |url=http://www.celticfc.net/home/fixturesResults/ViewMatch.aspx?matchid=1892-10-01_cly&amp;season=1892 |access-date=6 April 2010 |publisher=Celtic F.C}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lees ya koma Ingila don ya buga wa Lincoln City wasa, kuma ya kasance koyaushe kuma babban mai zira kwallaye na kulob din tare da kwallaye 17 a kakar 1893-94 ta gasar kwallon kafa,  jimlar da ta haɗa da hat-trick a kan Rotherham Town a cikin nasara 8-2 wanda ya kasance (kamar yadda na 2010) nasarar kulob din ta lashe gasar kwallon kafa. &lt;ref name=&quot;LCArchive&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Donald Lees |url=http://www.redimps.com/archive3/index.mv?cat=players&amp;drop=playerdetsdrop&amp;play=lees01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311111254/http://www.redimps.com/archive3/index.mv?cat=players&amp;drop=playerdetsdrop&amp;play=lees01 |archive-date=11 March 2012 |access-date=6 April 2010 |website=The Lincoln City FC Archive |publisher=Lincoln City F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 February 2010 |title=We've Met (Rotherham) Before |url=http://www.redimps.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10440~1361907,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217144306/http://www.redimps.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10440~1361907%2C00.html |archive-date=17 February 2010 |access-date=6 April 2010 |publisher=Lincoln City F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya koma Celtic a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1894, amma zarge-zargen cewa kulob din ya ba da izini ba bisa ka'ida ba don jawo shi baya ya haifar da Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta hana Celtic buga Wasannin sada zumunci a Ingila. Sakamakon asarar kudi ya nuna Celtic ya ba Lees damar komawa Lincoln a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1894,  lokacin da ya zira kwallaye uku daga wasanni uku na farko na Scottish League na kakar 1894-95. &lt;ref name=&quot;TheCelticWiki&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=First Team Fixtures 1894–1895 |url=http://www.celticfc.net/home/fixturesResults/firstTeam.aspx?season=1894 |access-date=6 April 2010 |publisher=Celtic F.C}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kasance tare da Lincoln har zuwa sauran kakar, [1] sannan ya ci gaba da taka leda a gasar kwallon kafa ta Darwen, [2] kulob din da ke cikin matsalolin kudi tare da rashin jin daɗi, inda ya rasa wata daya na kakar lokacin da kulob din ya dakatar da shi saboda rashin hali. [3] Daga nan sai ya koma Barnsley, inda ya buga kusan wasanni 200 na gasar kwallon kafa a kulob din a cikin shekaru shida, kuma ya buga wa kulob din Watford na Kudancin Kudancin, kafin ya koma wasan kwallon kafa da ba na League ba a yankin Barnsley.[2]{{Notelist}}

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Elizabeth Boselli</title>
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'''Élisabeth Thérèse Marie Juliette Boselli''' (11 Maris 1914 - 25 Nuwamba 2005), matukin jirgin sama ne na soja da farar hula na Faransa. Ita ce matukin jirgin sama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a rundunar sojin saman Faransa, kuma tana da rikodin duniya guda takwas na nisan, tsayi, da gudu. 

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Élisabeth Boselli a birnin Paris a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1914. Ta yi karatu a École des Sciences Politiques da ke birnin Paris kuma ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1935.  A lokacin da take ɗaliba, ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin agaji daban-daban, ciki har da [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elisabeth BOSELLI |url=http://www.janinetissot.fdaf.org/jt_boselli.htm |access-date=2017-01-23 |website=www.janinetissot.fdaf.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin tukin jirgin sama ==
Ta fara sha'awar harkokin jiragen sama bayan halartar wani taron jiragen sama tare da ɗan'uwanta. Da farko ta yi aikin sa kai a filayen jiragen sama, tana aiki a wuraren ajiye motoci da kuma a kan injuna, har sai a watan Janairun 1938 ta sami lasisin matukin jirginta na sirri.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elisabeth BOSELLI |url=http://www.vieillestiges.com/Historique/html/Boselli-E.html |access-date=2017-01-23 |website=www.vieillestiges.com |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305150005/http://www.vieillestiges.com/Historique/html/Boselli-E.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sayi jirginta na kanta, Leopoldoff, ta fara horo a fannin jiragen sama, kuma ta yanke shawarar samun lasisin matukin jirgin sama na gwamnati. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;  Duk da haka, [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] ya barke kuma an soke duk wani horon farar hula; Tarihin jirgin Boselli daga wannan lokacin ya ƙare a ranar 4 ga Agusta 1939. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

A tsakanin 1944-45, Charles Tillon, wanda aka naɗa sabon Ministan Jiragen Sama a gwamnatin Charles de Gaulle, ya ƙirƙiri rundunar sojoji ta Premier Corps de Pilotes Militaires féminins (rundunar matukan jirgin sama mata), kuma ya gayyaci matukan jirgi goma sha uku, ciki har da Boselli, Maryse Bastié, Andrée Dupeyron, Maryse Hilsz, Élisabeth Lion, Suzanne Melk, Anne-Marie Imbrecq, Paulette Bray-Bouquet, Gisèle Gunepin, da Yvonne Jourjon su shiga. Boselli ta yi horo a Châteauroux . [1] Boselli tana da matsayin laftanar na biyu. An horar da ita a fannin motsa jiki kuma ta zama mai horarwa da kanta. A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1946, ta sami lasisin matukin jirgin sama, ta zama mace ta farko a Faransa da ta yi hakan. Duk da haka, yayin da yaƙin ya ƙare, ba a buƙatar matukin jirgi mata ba kuma an ba ta mukamin gudanarwa. Boselli ya ƙi, kuma ya zaɓi komawa harkar sufurin jiragen sama na farar hula. [2] [3]

A watan Mayu na shekarar 1947 ta fara horo a matsayin matukin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu a ƙarƙashin Paul Lepanse a Beynes, inda ta sami lasisin ta bayan watanni huɗu.  Boselli ta fara shiga gasa nan take, inda ta kafa tarihi da dama. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1951, Boselli ta ziyarci Amurka kuma ta haɗu da wasu matukin jirgin ruwa guda biyu waɗanda suka ba ta damar tuka jirgin ruwa; ta kammala horonta cikin kwanaki 10 kuma ta sami nasarar samun lasisin tukin jirgin ruwa. 

Boselli ta koma aikin soja a shekarar 1952, inda ta shiga cikin tawagar matukan jirgin sama masu saukar ungulu da ke Étampes mai suna Patrouille de France .  Boselli da tawagar sun yi wasa a [[Monaco]], [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], da [[Ispaniya|Spain]], inda Boselli ke ɗaya daga cikin masu wasan kwaikwayo kaɗai.  A shekarar 1957, an ba ta aikin yi a Algeria, wanda ta karɓa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Tana zaune a Oued Hamimine, kuma ta yi jigilar sojoji, jigilar kaya, da kuma isar da kayayyaki da wasiku ga sojoji.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Tana da shekaru 45, ta tara sa'o'i 900 na tashi da kuma ayyukanta 335, kuma ta daina tashi. Ta shafe sauran aikinta a matsayin edita a ma'aikatar kula da jiragen sama har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1969. 

A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, Boselli ita ce shugabar kwamitin tarihi na Aero Club of France, kuma ta rubuta tarihin rayuwarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Boselli ya mutu a [[Lyon]] a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 2005, kuma an binne shi a Makabartar Guillotière . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]]
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  <page>
    <title>Emily Ryerson</title>
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'''Emily Maria Borie Ryerson''' (10 ga Agusta, 1863 - 28 ga Disamba, 1939) ta kasance fasinja ce ta farko ta Amurka wacce ta tsira daga RMS Titanic&quot;&gt;nutsewa RMS Titanic a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1912.

== Rayuwa ta farko da iyali ==
Emily ta auri Arthur Larned Ryerson a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 1889. An haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1851 a Birnin [[Chicago]], shi ne ɗan Joseph Turner Ryerson, wanda ya kafa kamfanin ƙarfe da ƙarfe Joseph T. Ryerson &amp;amp;amp; Co. Mahaifiyarsa Ellen Griffin Larned ce. Shi da Emily suna da 'ya'ya biyar: Susan &quot;Suzette&quot; Parker Ryerson (Agusta 3, 1890 - Janairu 13, 1921), Arthur Larned Ryerson, Jr. (Nuwamba 19, 1891 - Afrilu 8, 1912), Emily Borie Ryerson (Oktoba 8, 1893 - Yuni 25, 1960), Ellen Ashfordbye Ryerson (Fabrairu 16, 1895 - Fabrairu 2, 1973), da John Borie &quot;Jack&quot; Ryerson (Disamba 16, 1898 - Janairu 21, 1986).  Arthur, wanda daga baya ya zama shugaban kamfanin mahaifinsa, ya yi karatun shari'a kuma ya kammala karatu daga Yale a 1871. Ya ci gaba da yin aiki a matsayin lauya kuma ya zama abokin tarayya a Kamfanin lauya na Isham, Lincoln &amp; Ryerson a Birnin Chicago. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Asibitin St. Luke.

Iyalin sun ƙaura daga Chicago zuwa Otsego Lake, New York saboda lafiyar Arthur.

Yarinya Emily Borie Ryerson ta auri George Hyde Clarke na Hyde Hall .  Su, wadanda ke zaune a babban gida kusa da Cooperstown, New York, suna da 'ya'ya bakwai kafin su sake aure.

== RMS ''Titanic'' ==
[[Fayil:RMS_Titanic_3.jpg|right|thumb|RMS Titanic yana tashi daga [[Southampton]] a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1912.]]
A cikin bazara 1912, Arthur ya ɗauki Ryerson, Suzette, Emily, da John a hutu zuwa [[Faransa]] kuma ya zauna a cikin gida a Versailles. Koyaya, an yanke hutun su lokacin da suka sami labarin cewa ɗansu na fari kuma ɗalibin Yale, Arthur Jr., ya mutu a hatsarin mota a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1912 a Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Arthur nan da nan ya ƙare hutu kuma ya yi rajistar aji na farko don kansa, Ryerson, Suzette, Emily, da John a kan jirgin ruwa na farko da ya samu a Amurka. Ya yi rajistar lambar tikitin 17608 a farashin £ 262 7s 6d a kan RMS Titanic, wanda zai tashi a kan tafiyarsa ta farko. Sun shiga jirgin a Cherbourg, [[Faransa]] a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1912. Ryerson ya kuma kawo uwargidanta, Victorine Chaudanson da kuma yarinyar ɗansu ƙarami, Grace Scott Bowen, a cikin jirgin. Kungiyar ta mamaye ɗakunan aji na farko na B57, B63 da B66.

A yammacin Afrilu 14, 1912, abokin fasinja Marian Longstreth Thayer ya gayyaci Ryerson don tafiya. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da ta kasance a kan Jirgin ruwa a fili. Bayan kusan sa'a guda sun zauna a cikin kujerun bene a waje da matakala na baya na 'A' bene don kallon faɗuwar rana. Jami'in White Star, J. Bruce Ismay, ya shiga tare da su kuma ya gaya musu game da gargadi na kankara daga Baltic. Da karfe 11:40 na yamma, jirgin ya bugi kankara kuma ya fara nutsewa. Ryerson ya farka lokacin da jirgin ya bugi kankara. Ta farka Arthur, Suzette, Emily, John, Grace, da Victorine.

&quot;[An kulle kofar uwargijiyar] kuma ina da matsala wajen farka da ita. A wannan lokacin mijina ya cika da tufafi, kuma muna iya jin sautin ƙafafun da ke yawo a kan bene a sama. Ya kasance mai natsuwa da farin ciki kuma ya taimaka mini in sanya lifebelts a kan yara da kuma uwargiyata. Na gurguce da tsoron kada ku shiga kan bene tare a lokaci, kamar yadda akwai bakwai daga cikinmu. Ba zan bari ƙaramar 'yata ba, [Emgoily], tufafi, amma kawai ta sanya rigarta, kamar yadda na dare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ryerson-affidavit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Affidavit of Emily Ryerson |url=http://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/AmInq16Ryerson01.php |access-date=4 March 2014 |website=[[United States Senate inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic]] : Day 16 |publisher=Titanic Inquiry Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ryerson da iyalinta sun tafi 'A' deck, inda ake shirya Jirgin ceto don a kaddamar da su, kuma sun tsaya a can &quot;cikakken rabin sa'a&quot;. Ita, Suzette, Emily, Victorine, da Grace sun shiga cikin Lifeboat 4 a karfe 1:50 na safe. Da farko ba a yarda da John ya shiga ba, duk da haka, Arthur ya ci gaba kuma ya gaya wa Jami'in na Biyu Charles Lightoller (wanda ke ɗora jirgin): &quot;Tabbas, wannan yaron yana tare da mahaifiyarsa. Yana da shekara 13 kawai&quot;. Bayan wannan, an yarda ya shiga iyalinsa amma Arthur ya zauna a baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ryerson-affidavit&quot;/&gt;
[[Fayil:Titanic_sinking,_painting_by_Willy_Stöwer.jpg|right|thumb|''Titanic'' ta nutsewa a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 1912.]]


Yayinda yake cikin jirgin ruwa, Ryerson ya ga jirgin ya fashe a rabi. Ita, Suzette, Emily, John, Grace, da Victorine sun sami ceto daga RMS Carpathia da misalin karfe 8 na safe a ranar 15 kuma suka kai su [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a ranar 18.

== Rayuwa ta baya ==
An baiwa Ryerson lambar yabo ta Croix de Guerre saboda aikin sadaka na lokacin yaƙi.

Ryerson ya tsara kuma ya gina gidan Ryerson a 2700 Lakeview Ave a Lincoln Park, Chicago, a cikin 1917  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chicago |first=Classic |date=2022-05-21 |title=Adler After the Titanic {{!}} Classic Chicago Magazine |url=https://classicchicagomagazine.com/adler-after-the-titanic/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=classicchicagomagazine.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723230817/https://classicchicagomagazine.com/adler-after-the-titanic/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Open House Tours for the Renovated Emily Ryerson Mansion in May - PRESERVATION CHICAGO |url=https://www.preservationchicago.org/open-house-tours-for-the-renovated-emily-ryerson-mansion-in-may/ |access-date=2023-07-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1920s yayin da yake tafiya a cikin China, Ryerson ya sadu da [[William Forsythe Sherfesee]], wanda ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan gandun daji ga Gwamnatin kasar Sin kuma daga baya aka nada shi mai ba da Shawara ga Ma'aikatar Kudi. Ya kuma kammala karatu a Jami'ar Yale kuma yana da shekaru 18 da haihuwa. Shi ɗan Heinrich &quot;Louis&quot; Sherfesee ne da Annie Griffith Sherfeseee .

Labaran Forsythe da ke ƙoƙarin zuwa daga Peking zuwa Chicago a farkon makonni na Disamba 1927 sun zama jaridu a duk duniya. A cikin ƙoƙari na kai shi Chicago a lokacin guguwa, ya yi tafiya ta jirgin ruwa, jirgin ƙasa, sannan a ƙarshe ta jirgin sama mai zaman kansa, wanda Ryerson ya aiko don kawo shi Chicago. Bai isa a kan lokaci ba, kuma sun gudanar da bikin a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1927. Sun tafi Italiya da Farisa don hutun amarya. Sun yi tafiya a duk lokacin da suka yi aure, kuma sun zauna a Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat a kan Riviera na Faransa inda suka gina Villa Bontoc . Makwabcin su na kusa shi ne sanannen marubuci kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, Somerset Maugham . [1]

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1939 yayin da take Hawaii, Ryerson ta fadi kuma ta karya cinyarta, amma ta dage kan ci gaba da tafiya. A Uruguay ta sha wahala daga mummunan ciwon zuciya kuma ta mutu a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 1939. An binne ta a Kabari na Lakewood a Cooperstown, New York . 

== Hotunan kafofin watsa labarai na Arthur ==
[[Fayil:First_Class_Smoking_Room_Olympic.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan shan sigari na farko (wanda aka nuna a nan a gasar ''Olympic''), inda aka ga Arthur na karshe.]]

=== Dare da za a tuna (1958) ===
[[Stuart Nicholl]] ne ya nuna Arthur a fim din 1958 A Night to Remember . Tattaunawarsa da Jami'in Lightoller na biyu game da ba a yarda da John a cikin jirgin ruwa ba an nuna shi a ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;UUH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2016 |title=Arthur Larned Ryerson |url=https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanic-victim/arthur-ryerson.html |access-date=20 July 2023 |publisher=encyclopedia-titanica.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Titanic (1997) ===
A cikin fim din James Cameron na 1997 ''Titanic'', ana iya ganin Arthur a matsayin hali na baya kuma an ambaci shi da suna bayan Spicer Lovejoy (David Warner) ya gano cewa Jack Dawson ([[Leonardo DiCaprio]]) ya sace jaket din Arthur a baya a cikin fim din don ya ɓoye kansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;UUH&quot;/&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Fatim-Zahra Ammor''' ko '''Fatima-Zahra Ammor''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1967) injiniya ce, mai ba da shawara kuma 'yar siyasa '[[Moroko|yar ƙasar Morocco]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Islah |first=Fateh |date=22 April 2022 |title=Maroc : une journée avec Fatim-Zahra Ammor, ministre « tout-terrain » du Tourisme – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1340999/politique/maroc-une-journee-avec-fatim-zahra-ammor-ministre-tout-terrain-du-tourisme/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=[[Jeune Afrique]] |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, 2021, ita ce Ministar Yawon Buɗe Ido, Sana'o'i da Tattalin Arzikin Zamantakewa da Haɗin Kai ta Morocco a yanzu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Challenge |date=7 October 2021 |title=Qui est Fatim-Zahra Ammor, ministre du Tourisme, de l'Artisanat et de l'Economie sociale et solidaire ? |url=https://www.challenge.ma/qui-est-fatim-zahra-ammor-ministre-du-tourisme-de-lartisanat-et-de-leconomie-sociale-et-solidaire-222844/ |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=Challenge |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2023-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131080332/https://www.challenge.ma/qui-est-fatim-zahra-ammor-ministre-du-tourisme-de-lartisanat-et-de-leconomie-sociale-et-solidaire-222844/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Fatim-Zahra Ammor a Rabat a shekarar 1967 a cikin dangin masana ilimi. Mahaifinta ma'aikacin banki ne, mahaifiyarta kuma marubuciya ce. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a Lycée Lyautey da ke Casablanca, ta tashi zuwa Faransa don azuzuwan shiri, sannan ta shiga Makarantar Fasaha ta Ƙasa da ke Paris (ENSTA Paris), inda ta sami digirin injiniya a shekarar 1991. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=7 October 2021 |title=Fatim-Zahra Ammor, une marketeuse à la tête du ministère du Tourisme |url=https://snrtnews.com/fr/article/fatim-zahra-ammor-une-dg-%C3%A0-la-t%C3%AAte-du-minist%C3%A8re-du-tourisme |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=SNRTnews |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Bayan ta dawo Morocco a shekarar 1992, ta fara aikinta na ƙwararru a fannin Talla a [[Procter &amp; Gamble]] a ƙarƙashin jagorancin James Michael Lafferty kafin ta shiga ƙungiyar Morocco Akwa Group a shekarar 2001 a matsayin Daraktar Talla kuma memba ta kwamitin zartarwa inda ta yi nasarar gina kamfanoni kusan ashirin masu ƙarfi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maison de l’Artisan |date=7 October 2021 |title=Nomination de Mme Fatim-Zahra Ammor nouvelle Ministre du Tourisme, de l'Artisanat et de l'Economie Sociale et Solidaire |url=https://www.mda.gov.ma/fr/nomination-de-mme-fatim-zahra-ammor-nouvelle-ministre-du-tourisme-de-lartisanat-et-de-leconomie-sociale-et-solidaire/ |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=Artisanat du Maroc |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021134745/https://www.mda.gov.ma/fr/nomination-de-mme-fatim-zahra-ammor-nouvelle-ministre-du-tourisme-de-lartisanat-et-de-leconomie-sociale-et-solidaire/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, tare da Aziz Akhannouch, ta jagoranci bikin Timitar, bikin kiɗan duniya a Morocco a Agadir, da nufin sake sanya birnin Agadir a matsayin wurin al'adu &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fatim-Zahra Ammor, une consultante chevronnée au service du Tourisme |url=https://telquel.ma/2021/10/07/fatim-zahra-ammor-une-consultante-chevronnee-au-service-du-tourisme_1739475?fbrefresh=5 |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=Telquel.ma |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2012, ta fara ba da shawara ga manyan jami'ai a fannin tallatawa da haɓaka kasuwanci, wanda hakan ya ba ta damar jagorantar tarurruka da dama na ƙasashen duniya a madadin cibiyoyin gwamnati. Assises de l'Agriculture, Salon du Cheval, Berlin Green Week, da sauransu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=News tourisme |title=Biographie de Fatim-Zahra Ammor, ministre du Tourisme, de l'Artisanat et de l'Economie sociale et solidaire |url=https://newstourisme.com/tourisme/biographie-de-fatim-zahra-ammor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704113639/https://newstourisme.com/tourisme/biographie-de-fatim-zahra-ammor/ |archive-date=2022-07-04 |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=www.newstourisme.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2014, Sarki Mohammed na VI ya naɗa ta a matsayin Kwamishina Janar na Nunin Duniya na Milan (Expo Milano 2015). A ƙarƙashin jagorancinta, rumfar Morocco ita ce ta 5 da aka fi ziyarta a bikin baje kolin ta hanyar karɓar baƙi miliyan 3 cikin watanni 6 &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Challenge |date=22 November 2015 |title=Elle fait l'actu : Fatim-Zahra Ammor, Commissaire Générale du Pavillon du Maroc à Expo Milano |url=https://www.challenge.ma/elle-fait-lactu-fatim-zahra-ammor-commissaire-generale-du-pavillon-du-maroc-a-expo-milano-46575/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=www.challenge.ma |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021140243/https://www.challenge.ma/elle-fait-lactu-fatim-zahra-ammor-commissaire-generale-du-pavillon-du-maroc-a-expo-milano-46575/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2021, ta shiga kwamitin gudanarwa na Société des Boissons du Maroc, wani reshe na Castel Group. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=SBM |title=ASSEMBLEE GENERALE MIXTE du 27 Avril 2020 |url=https://www.boissons-maroc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/SBM-AGM-du-27-avril-2020-Avis-de-convocation-V3.pdf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417020507/https://www.boissons-maroc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/SBM-AGM-du-27-avril-2020-Avis-de-convocation-V3.pdf |archive-date=2023-04-17 |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=www.boissons-maroc.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Kasancewarta memba a jam'iyyar RNI (National Rally of Independents), ta shiga gwamnatin da Aziz Akhannouch ke jagoranta a matsayin Ministan Yawon Buɗe Ido, Sana'o'in hannu da Tattalin Arzikin Zamantakewa da Haɗin Kai a ƙoƙarin gwamnati na kawo ƙarshen rikicin bayan Covid-19 da kuma sake farfaɗo da yawon buɗe ido na Morocco, wanda shine babban abin da ke ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arzikin Morocco. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=8 October 2021 |title=Qui est Fatim-Zahra Ammor ministre du Tourisme et de l'économie solidaire ? |url=http://www.menara.ma/fr/article/qui-est-fatim-zahra-ammor-ministre-du-tourisme-de-lartisanat-et-de-leconomie-solidaire |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=www.menara.ma |archive-date=2021-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009233756/https://www.menara.ma/fr/article/qui-est-fatim-zahra-ammor-ministre-du-tourisme-de-lartisanat-et-de-leconomie-solidaire |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, 2021, Sarki Mohammed na VI ya naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Yawon Buɗe Ido, Sana'o'i da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a a majalisar ministocin Aziz Akhannouch, inda ta gaji tsohuwar minista Nadia Fettah Alaoui. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-08 |title=Ministère du tourisme: Passation des pouvoirs entre Fatim-Zahra Ammor et Nadia Fettah Alaoui |url=https://www.leconomiste.com/flash-infos/ministere-du-tourisme-passation-des-pouvoirs-entre-fatim-zahra-ammor-et-nadia-fettah |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=L'Economiste |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Yawon Buɗe Ido a Maroko|Yawon Buɗe Ido a Morocco]] babban tushen samun kuɗi ne da kuɗin ƙasashen waje ga ƙasar, kuma an ba ta amanar sake kunna shi bayan annobar COVID-19. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goff |first=Shaquile |title=Fatim-Zahra Ammor appointed Minister of Tourism Handicrafts and Social and Solidarity Economy |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/10/344816/fatim-zahra-ammor-appointed-minister-of-tourism-handicrafts-and-social-and-solidarity-economy |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=www.moroccoworldnews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Fatim-Zahra tana da aure kuma uwa ce ga 'ya'ya biyu. Mijinta babban jami'i ne a wani kamfani na ƙasashen duniya. Ta taɓa zama a Luxembourg tare da mijinta daga shekarun 2017 har zuwa lokacin da ta fara gwamnati a shekarar 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Map |title=Mme Fatim-Zahra Ammor, ministre du Tourisme, de l'Artisanat et de l'Economie sociale et solidaire |url=http://mapnews.ma/fr/le-gouvernement/mme-fatim-zahra-ammor-ministre-du-tourisme-de-l%E2%80%99artisanat-et-de-l%E2%80%99economie-sociale/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021134747/http://mapnews.ma/fr/le-gouvernement/mme-fatim-zahra-ammor-ministre-du-tourisme-de-l%E2%80%99artisanat-et-de-l%E2%80%99economie-sociale/ |archive-date=2022-10-21 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=www?mapnews.ma/ |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ghita Mezzour</title>
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'''Ghita Mezzour''' ita ce Ministar da ke wakiltar Shugabar Gwamnati [[Moroko|a Morocco]] wacce ke kula da Sauyin Canjin Dijital da Gyaran Gudanarwa. An naɗa ta kan wannan muƙami a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, 2021 a matsayin wani ɓangare na majalisar ministocin da Aziz Akhannouch ke jagoranta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-10-08 |title=List of Government |url=https://www.maroc.ma/en/content/list_of_government |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007000943/https://www.maroc.ma/en/content/list_of_government |archive-date=2022-10-07 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Maroc.ma |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Ghita Mezzour Appointed Minister Delegate of Digital Transition In Morocco |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/10/344826/ghita-mezzour-appointed-minister-delegate-of-digital-transition-in-morocco |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Morocco World News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Mezzour ta sami digirin digiri na biyu daga École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne da ke [[Switzerland]] da kuma digirin digirgir daga Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon da ke Pittsburgh. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghita Mezzour {{!}} World Bank Live |url=https://live.worldbank.org/experts/ghita-mezzour |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=live.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Ita ƙwararriya ce a fannin [[Kirkirar Basira|fasahar kere-kere ta wucin gadi]] kuma a baya ta koyar a Jami'ar Rabat ta Duniya. Mohammed na shida na Morocco ya naɗa ta minista a shekarar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2021 |title=PORTRAIT – Ghita Mezzour, une experte de l'intelligence artificielle nommée ministre chargée de la Transition numérique |url=https://pam.ma/fr/index.php/2021/10/13/portrait-ghita-mezzour-une-experte-de-lintelligence-artificielle-nommee-ministre-chargee-de-la-transition-numerique/ |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=PAM |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219134207/https://pam.ma/fr/index.php/2021/10/13/portrait-ghita-mezzour-une-experte-de-lintelligence-artificielle-nommee-ministre-chargee-de-la-transition-numerique/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Naɗin Mezzour an yi shi ne don jagorantar dabarun Morocco na mayar da cibiyoyin gwamnati zuwa dijital da kuma ƙara yawan mata a cikin manyan tsare-tsare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Ghita Mezzour: The Minister Shaping Morocco's Digital Infrastructure |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/10/351772/ghita-mezzour-the-minister-shaping-moroccos-digital-infrastructure |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=www.moroccoworldnews.com/ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Edith Helen Pratt</title>
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[[Fayil:Blue_Plaque_-_Exmouth_-_Edith_Helen_Pratt.jpg|thumb|Allon shuɗi a wurin da tsohuwar makarantar Edith Helen Pratt take]]
'''Edith Helen Pratt''' [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (1882 - 1959) ma'aikaciyar gwamnati ce ta Birtaniya kuma 'yar agajin sojojin mata da kuma jami'ar sojojin sama ta mata . A shekarar 1917, ta sami takardar shaidar OBE don girmamawa ga aikinta a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, kuma daga baya ta sami matsayin mataimakin kwamanda. 

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Pratt a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1882 a gidan dangin Prattshayes, Littleham, Devon. Ta halarci Makarantar Southlands, Exmouth, wacce ke ɗauke da allo mai launin shuɗi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Plaques |first=Open |title=Edith Helen Pratt blue plaque |url=https://openplaques.org/plaques/43734 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=openplaques.org |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230121507/https://openplaques.org/plaques/43734 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana karatu a Kwalejin Girton, Cambridge, ta sami digirin BA (Hons) daga Jami'ar London a 1905. Tsakanin 1909 da 1917, ta kasance malamar harsunan zamani da falsafa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Auchterlonie |first=Mitzi |date=2019 |title=Pratt, Edith Helen (1882–1959), civil servant |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-109632 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |language=en |doi=10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.109632 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabis na Yaƙin Duniya na Farko ==
A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], Pratt ta riƙe muƙaman Sufeto na Ma'aikatan Masana'antar Ma'adanai na Ƙasa (Agusta 1915 - Maris 1917) da Mataimakiyar Babban Mai Kula da Ayyukan Mata na Rundunar Sojojin Mata a Faransa (Maris 1917 - 1918), a lokacin ne aka ba ta lambar yabo ta [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] a cikin jerin kyaututtuka na farko a 1917. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Page 8797 {{!}} Supplement 30250, 24 August 1917 {{!}} London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30250/supplement/8797 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta zama Mataimakiyar Kwamandan WRAF, amma ta yi murabus a shekarar 1918 bayan cin zarafin da Kwamandan Violet Douglas-Pennant ya yi mata. 

== Ma'aikatan gwamnati da sauran mukamai ==
A shekarar 1920, an naɗa Pratt a matsayin babban mai kula da ilimin mata a fannin noma a Ma'aikatar Noma da Kamun Kifi . Daga 1921 zuwa 1933, ta kasance sakatare mai haɗin gwiwa na ƙungiyar mata ta jami'o'i ta Burtaniya .

Ta ci jarrabawar lauyoyi a shekarar 1923, shekara guda bayan da Ivy Williams ta zama mace 'yar Ingila ta farko da ta yi hakan.

A shekarun 1920 da 1930, ta buga mujallu kan rawar da mata ke takawa a [[Noma|fannin noma]] kuma ta yi fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata na samun aikin yi.

Ta goyi bayan ƙoƙarin samar da abinci a cikin gida na Rundunar Sojojin Ƙasa ta Mata da Cibiyar Mata a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.

Bayan ta yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati, ta zama sakatariya ta girmamawa ta ƙungiyar mata ta duniya mai suna Associated Country Women of the World . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Mutuwa da gado ==
[[Fayil:East_Devon_,_Prattshayes_Farm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2195830.jpg|thumb|Gonar Prattshayes, wadda Edith Pratt ya bar wa Hukumar Kula da Ƙasa]]
Pratt ya mutu a Landan a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1959. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Tun daga shekarun 1920, gidan dangin Pratt, Prattshayes, ya shirya tafiye-tafiyen sansani ga yaran yankin. Edith ta bar Prattshayes zuwa National Trust a shekarar 1960, da nufin ci gaba da amfani da shi don sansani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Edith Pratt at Exmouth {{!}} South West |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/devon/edith-pratts-history-and-legacy-in-exmouth |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=National Trust |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agusta na 2017, an buɗe allon tunawa da Edith Pratt mai launin shuɗi a Gidan Guest House na Swallows, tsohon wurin da Makarantar Southlands ta kasance. [1] Taron ya faru daidai shekaru 100 bayan da aka fara buga labarin OBE ɗinta a jaridar The Times . [1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1959]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Elva Blacker</title>
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'''Elva Joan Blacker''' (1908 - 10 Afrilu 1984) mai zane ce 'yar Ingila, wacce aka san ta da zane-zanen ma'aikatan rundunar sojojin sama ta Royal Air Force a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Blacker a Carshalton a shekarar 1908 &lt;ref name=&quot;ArtUK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blacker, Elva Joan, 1908–1984 |url=https://www.artuk.org/discover/artists/blacker-elva-joan-19081984 |access-date=14 September 2020 |publisher=[[Art UK]] |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509173248/https://artuk.org/discover/artists/blacker-elva-joan-19081984 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  kuma ta girma, da farko a wani gida da ke sama da 130 High Street, Sutton, Surrey, &lt;ref name=&quot;WHM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 April 2017 |title=April Object of the Month: Elva Blacker |url=https://whitehallmuseum.wordpress.com/2017/04/09/april-object-of-the-month-elva-blacker/ |access-date=14 September 2020 |publisher=[[Whitehall Historic House]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda mahaifinta, William Harry Blacker, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto, tare da nasa ɗakin studio. &lt;ref name=&quot;RAFM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Art of Elva Blacker |url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/archive-exhibitions/the-art-of-sergeant-elva-blacker.aspx |access-date=14 September 2020 |publisher=[[RAF Museum]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daga baya iyalan sun zauna a wani gida mai ɗakuna biyar a Egmont Corner. &lt;ref name=&quot;NS-6308930&quot; /&gt; Duk da cewa abin da ta fi so shi ne fasaha, ta halarci Regent Street Polytechnic don yin karatun daukar hoto, bisa ga buƙatunsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;RAFM&quot; /&gt; Ya mutu a shekarar 1930, kuma ta karɓi aikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;RAFM&quot; /&gt; Ta ci gaba da yin zane, ta halarci Makarantar Fasaha ta Sutton da Cheam na ɗan lokaci, &lt;ref name=&quot;NS-6308930&quot; /&gt; kuma ta yi rajista a Makarantar Fasaha ta Slade a matsayin ɗalibi na cikakken lokaci a 1936. &lt;ref name=&quot;RAFM&quot; /&gt; A wannan shekarar ta sami ƙananan hotuna uku da aka karɓa don baje kolin su a Royal Academy da kuma shida don baje kolin Society of Miniaturists. &lt;ref name=&quot;NS-6308930&quot; /&gt; An kuma nuna ayyukanta a wasan kwaikwayo na farko da ta yi a Landan a wani gidan tarihi da ke Bond Street, &lt;ref name=&quot;NS-6308930&quot; /&gt; a Paris Salon da kuma a Royal Scottish Academy . &lt;ref name=&quot;RAFM&quot; /&gt; Masu kula da hotonta a wannan lokacin sun haɗa da mai fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobi Nina Douglas-Hamilton, Duchess na Hamilton, da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo [[Gladys Cooper]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;NS-6308930&quot; /&gt; Ta kuma ɗauki hotunan mutanen gidan wasan kwaikwayo, don ba ta kuɗin lokacinta a kwaleji. &lt;ref name=&quot;NS-6308930&quot; /&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin hotunanta na George Bernard Shaw ya zama babban fim a cikin ''GBS - Hoton Cikakken Tsawon'' Hesketh Pearson . 

Ta kasance [[Cin ganyayyaki kawai|mai cin ganyayyaki]] har tsawon rayuwarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;RAFM&quot;/&gt; Tana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;RAFM&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin soja ==
Tun daga farkon Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Blacker direba ce ta Sashen Zubar da Jini . An kira ta zuwa Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Mata, tare da matsayin Direban Sufuri na Mata. [1] Bayan horo, an tura ta zuwa Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta RAF Biggin Hill . [1] A lokacin rashin aiki, tana zana ko fenti ga abokan aikinta, yawanci a wurin aiki ko hutawa a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun. [1] Ayyukanta a wannan lokacin galibi suna amfani da launin ruwa, amma kuma sun haɗa da zane-zanen fensir, alkalami ko goga da tawada, ko mai a kan jirgi da zane. [1] Gidan Tarihi na RAF ya kira su &quot;wani tarihi mara misaltuwa na rayuwar yau da kullun a tashoshin RAF&quot;. [1] Ta nuna wani zaɓi a Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa a 1943, [1] inda aka ɗauki hotonta tana tattaunawa da Sarauniya Elizabeth . [2] [3]

A watan Disamba na shekarar 1944, an tura ta aiki a lamba 6091 Servicing Echelon a RAF Manston, tana ba da tallafi a ƙasa ga Spitfires na rundunar sojoji mai lamba 91. &lt;ref name=&quot;RAFM&quot;/&gt; A watan Oktoba mai zuwa ta koma hedikwatar ƙungiyar mai lamba 28 a Landan, lokacin da ta zaɓi ta tsawaita aikinta don fara aiki a matsayin Malamin Horar da Ilimi da Sana'o'i, tana taimaka wa maza su koma rayuwar farar hula. &lt;ref name=&quot;RAFM&quot; /&gt; An sallame ta daga aiki a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1946, tare da matsayin Sajen. &lt;ref name=&quot;RAFM&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1984]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Edita Tenjua</title>
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'''Edite Ramos da Costa Tenjua''' (an haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 1972) lauya ce kuma 'yar kasuwa [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|a São Tomé da Príncipe]] wacce ta kasance Ministar Shari'a daga shekarun 2012 zuwa 2014, ta yi aiki a [[Constitutional Court of São Tomé and Príncipe|Kotun Tsarin Mulki]] ta ƙasar daga shekarun 2019 zuwa 2020. Ta kasance ministar harkokin waje daga shekarun 2020 zuwa 2022.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Tenjua a Afirka a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 1972 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CV MJ Edite Tenjua |url=http://livrozilla.com/doc/548232/cv-mj-edite-tenjua}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta ƙaura zuwa [[Portugal]] a shekarar 1976. &lt;ref name=&quot;ponto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2019 |title=Custa muito sair da zona de conforto, mas é fundamental para o crescimento |url=https://pontosdevista.pt/2019/03/17/custa-sair-da-zona-conforto-fundamental-crescimento/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128135303/https://pontosdevista.pt/2019/03/17/custa-sair-da-zona-conforto-fundamental-crescimento/ |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=Pontos de Vista |language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da digirin shari'a daga Jami'ar Lisbon, ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;novos&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dênde |first=Manuel |date=14 August 2019 |title=Novos juízes tomam posse e Edite Tem-Jua fica vice-presidente do Tribunal Constitucional |url=http://www.stp-press.st/2019/08/14/novos-juizes-tomam-posse-e-edite-tem-jua-fica-vice-presidente-do-tribunal-constitucional/ |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=STP-Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Tenjua ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Portugal da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], kafin ta zama darakta a Sashen Haraji da Shari'a na KPMG Angola. &lt;ref name=&quot;ponto&quot;/&gt; A shekara ta 2004, ta shiga Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Nigeria-S. Tomé da Principe a matsayin lauya, tana kula da sashen shari'a daga shekarun 2008 zuwa 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;ponto&quot; /&gt;

Tenjua 'yar kasuwa ce kuma tun daga shekarar 2006 ta mallaki TEN JUA Collection Fashion Brand, tare da shaguna a Sao Tome, [[Najeriya]], da Portugal. &lt;ref name=&quot;ponto&quot;/&gt; Ta kuma rubuta littattafan yara da dama, ciki har da ''Tita Catita''. &lt;ref name=&quot;ponto&quot; /&gt; Tana shugabancin wata gidauniya mai suna El-Shaddai, wacce ke aiki da yara marasa galihu a Afirka don jaddada ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;ponto&quot; /&gt;

Tenjua ta kasance Ministar Shari'a daga shekarun 2012 zuwa 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;nova&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Veiga |first=Abel |date=12 August 2019 |title=Nova Maioria elegeu 3 novos juízes para o TC |url=https://www.telanon.info/politica/2019/08/12/29791/nova-maioria-elegeu-3-novos-juizes-para-o-tc/ |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=Tela Non |language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OS MINISTROS DA JUSTIÇA AO LONGO DOS ANOS. |url=http://justica.gov.st/evolucao.php |publisher=Ministry of Justice }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 September 2013 |title=Ministra da Justiça são-tomense na 64ªConferência do Comité dos direitos das Crianças |url=http://www.jornaltransparencia.st/sociedade813.htm |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=Jornal Transparencia |language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2019, ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin man fetur ga Firayim Ministan São Tomé da Príncipe, &lt;ref name=&quot;ponto&quot;/&gt; kafin a zaɓe ta a Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki bayan an kori alkalai uku bayan an yi musu shari'a &lt;ref name=&quot;novos&quot;/&gt; bayan da Firayim Minista Patrice Trovoada ya zarge ta da karɓar cin hanci a shari'ar da ta shafi sayar da giyar ''Cervejeira Rosema'' ga wani kamfanin Angola. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Medeiros |first=Oscar |date=7 December 2017 |title=Há uma máfia instalada nos tribunais do país de São Tomé e Principe, diz Patrice Trovoada |url=https://www.voaportugues.com/a/ha-uma-mafia-instalada-tribunais-sao-tome-patrice-trovoada/4153925.html |access-date=10 September 2019 |website=VOA |publisher=Voice of America |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caso da cervejeira Rosema está transitado em julgado e arquivado – governo são-tomense |url=https://www.dn.pt/lusa/interior/caso-da-cervejeira-rosema-esta-transitado-em-julgado-e-arquivado---governo-sao-tomense-9256077.html |access-date=10 September 2019 |website=dn.pt |publisher=Diario de Noticias |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Firayim Minista Jorge Bom Jesus ya naɗa Tenjua a matsayin ministar harkokin waje a ranar 21 ga watan Satumba, 2020, inda ya maye gurbin Elsa Teixeira Pinto. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 September 2020 |title=PM são-tomense remodela Governo após ultimato do PR |url=https://www.voaportugues.com/a/pm-são-tomense-remodela-governo-após-ultimato-do-pr/5589960.html |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=VOA |language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 September 2020 |title=STP Governo remodelado reune pela primeira vez em Conselho de Ministros |url=https://e-global.pt/noticias/lusofonia/sao-tome-e-principe/stp-governo-remodelado-reune-pela-primeira-vez-em-conselho-de-ministros/ |access-date=16 October 2020 |publisher=e-Global |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017204422/https://e-global.pt/noticias/lusofonia/sao-tome-e-principe/stp-governo-remodelado-reune-pela-primeira-vez-em-conselho-de-ministros/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2025, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata goma sha uku da aka zaɓa daga faɗin Afirka a matsayin shugabar &quot;Amujae&quot; ta Cibiyar Shugabancin Mata da Ci Gaba ta Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Abdul Rashid |date=2025-05-22 |title=Fourth cohort of Amujae Leaders announced by the Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Presidential Center for Women and Development |url=https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/fourth-cohort-of-amujae-leaders-announced-by-the-ellen-johnson-sirleaf-presidential-center-for-women-and-development/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=The Sierra Leone Telegraph |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Tenjua [[Kirista]] ce. &lt;ref name=&quot;ponto&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Elizabeth Mernin</title>
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'''Elizabeth &quot;Lily&quot; Mernin''' (16 Nuwamba 1886 - 18 Fabrairu 1957) jami'in leƙen asiri ne na Ireland wanda aka sani da &quot;Ƙaramin Mutum&quot; ko &quot;Lt. G.&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coleman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=James}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manning |first=Cian |date= |title=Elizabeth 'Lily' Mernin (1886-1957): Spy |url=http://www.hidden-gems.eu/waterford-mernin.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326192729/http://www.hidden-gems.eu/waterford-mernin.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2016 |access-date=2 August 2018 |website= |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Elizabeth Mernin a Dungarvan, County Waterford a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 1886. Iyayenta su ne John Mernin da Mary (née McGuire). Tana da 'yar'uwa ɗaya, May. Mahaifinta mai yin burodi ne da kuma mai yin kayan ƙanshi a Waterford. Bayan rasuwarsa lokacin da Mernin yake ƙarami, iyalinsa sun yi renon yaran a Dungarvan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lily Mernin - Waterford's Revolutionary Women 1916-1922 - Waterford County Museum |url=http://www.waterfordmuseum.ie/exhibit/web/Display/article/382/31/Waterfords_Revolutionary_Women_19161922_Lily_Mernin.html |access-date=2018-08-02 |website=www.waterfordmuseum.ie |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun 1910, Mernin ta yi aiki a matsayin mai buga rubutu a wasu kamfanonin Dublin, kuma a shekarar 1914 ta zama mai buga rubutu a Dublin Castle a ofishin rundunar sojojin. Ta kasance memba na reshen Keating na [[Conradh a Gaeilge|Gaelic League]], kuma ta hanyar wannan ɗan uwanta, Piaras Béaslaí, ya gabatar da ita ga Michael Collins a shekarar 1918. Daga 1919 ta fara aiki a Collins a matsayin jami'in leƙen asiri. Ta yi amfani da matsayinta a Dublin Castle don samun muhimman takardu, kuma a 1920, ta sami bayanan sirri kan jami'an leƙen asiri na Birtaniya da 'yan sanda masu taimako. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coleman&quot;/&gt;

A ƙarƙashin sunan &quot;Ƙaramin Ɗan Ta'adda&quot; ko &quot;Lt. G.&quot;, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jami'an Collins, har mutane da yawa suka yi imanin cewa Ɗan Ta'adda jami'in leƙen asiri ne na Burtaniya. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman gudummawar da Mernin ya bayar ita ce gano gidajen jami'an leƙen asiri na Burtaniya waɗanda daga baya aka kashe a ranar Lahadi ta Bloody, 21 ga Nuwamba 1920, ta hannun tawagar Collins. Ta taimaka wa Frank Saurin da Tom Cullen wajen gano manyan jami'an Birtaniya a Dublin, suna rubuta rahotannin sirri ga Collins a cikin ɗaki a 19 Clonliffe Road. &lt;ref name=&quot;Coleman&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 1922, an sallame ta daga aikin soja na Birtaniya, inda ta fara aiki a matsayin mai buga rubutu a rundunar sojojin Ireland daga watan Yulin 1922 zuwa Fabrairun 1952, lokacin da ta yi ritaya. Ta yi aiki a Clancy Barracks. An ba Mernin fanshon soja saboda aikinta daga 1918-1922, kuma an rubuta bayaninta a Ofishin Tarihin Soja a Taskar Tarihin Soja. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 October 1950 |title=Statement of Lily Mernin |url=https://www.militaryarchives.ie/collections/online-collections/bureau-of-military-history-1913-1921/reels/bmh/BMH.WS0441.pdf |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=www.militaryarchives.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mernin ba ta taɓa yin aure ba, duk da cewa ta haifi ɗa a Landan a watan Yunin 1922, tare da wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa Béaslaí shine uban. Tana zaune a 167 Mangerton Road, Drimnagh . Ta rasu a ranar 18 ga Fabrairun 1957 a Dublin tana da shekaru 70. [1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1957]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Georgina Mace</title>
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'''Dame Georgina Mary Mace''', DBE, FRS &lt;ref name=&quot;frs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anon |year=2002 |title=Dame Georgina Mace DBE FRS |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/georgina-mace-11863/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117113529/https://royalsociety.org/people/georgina-mace-11863/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |website=royalsociety.org |publisher=[[Royal Society]]}} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{Blockquote|&quot;All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].&quot; --{{cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies |access-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925220834/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/ |archive-date=25 September 2015 }}}}&lt;/ref&gt; (12 ga Yulin 1953 - 19 ga Satumba 2020)  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title=CCC deeply saddened by death of Georgina Mace |url=https://www.theccc.org.uk/2020/09/21/ccc-deeply-saddened-by-death-of-georgina-mace/ |publisher=[[Committee on Climate Change]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta kasance masanin ilimin muhalli na Burtaniya kuma masanin kimiyyar kiyayewa. Ta kasance Farfesa a fannin halittu da halittu a Kwalejin Jami'ar London, kuma a baya Farfesa a Kimiyyar Kare Muhalli da Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Halitta (NERC) Cibiyar Nazaren Halitta, Kwalejin Imperial London (2006-2012)  da Daraktocin Kimiyya a Zoological Society of London (2000-2006).   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iris View Profile |url=https://iris.ucl.ac.uk/iris/browse/profile?upi=GMACE69 |access-date=26 October 2016 |publisher=University College London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;natureprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gewin |first=Virginia |year=2006 |title=Georgina Mace, director, Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, UK |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=444 |issue=7116 |pages=240 |doi=10.1038/nj7116-240a |s2cid=161069275 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tls&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jim Al-Khalili |year=2016 |title=Georgina Mace interviewed on The Life Scientific |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07jys1h |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;conservation bytes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Conservation Scholars |url=http://conservationbytes.com/2009/11/16/conservation-scholars-georgina-mace/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012053536/https://conservationbytes.com/2009/11/16/conservation-scholars-georgina-mace/ |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 |publisher=Conservation Bytes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Georgina Mace was born in Lewisham borough of London. Her father was Dr. Bill Mace, a rheumatologist, and her mother was Josephine Mace, a nurse. and educated at the City of London School for Girls before studying at the University of Liverpool where she was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in 1976. She was awarded a PhD on the evolutionary ecology of small mammals in 1979 from the University of Sussex&lt;ref name=&quot;natureprofile&quot;/&gt; for research supervised by Paul H. Harvey.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2016}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Bincike da aiki ==
Binciken da take so yafi shafi auna yanayin da sakamakon asarar halittu da canjin yanayin halittu. Ta fara aikinta a Cibiyar Smithsonian don nazarin tasirin inbreeding a cikin tarin dabbobi. Mace ya ci gaba da wannan aikin kuma ya ci gaba leken asiri game da yanayin muhalli ta hanyar nazarin yawan jama'a a cikin gidajen namun daji. Mace ya yi sharhi cewa &quot;Yana da ban sha'awa don ba da gudummawar kimiyya ga kiyayewa&quot; [1]

Ta kasance Shugabar Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Burtaniya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profiles of British Ecological Society Members |url=http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/contact-us/bes-trustees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722081736/http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/contact-us/bes-trustees/ |archive-date=22 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugabar Society for Conservation Biology, memba na Kwamitin Kimiyya na Diversitas . Mace ya kasance editan Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Series B, Biological Sciences) daga 2008 zuwa 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mace |first=Georgina |year=2008 |title=Editorial |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]] |volume=363 |issue=1489 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2229 |pmc=2605496}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mace |first=Georgina M. |year=2010 |title=Comments from the departing Editor |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]] |volume=366 |issue=1561 |pages=3–4 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0305 |pmc=3001318}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2000, Mace ta zama Darakta na Kimiyya a Cibiyar Zoology a London, a lokacin da ta taimaka wajen bunkasa ka'idojin lissafin jinsuna a cikin [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]], mafi yawan kayan aiki game da matsayin kiyayewa na [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|kiyaye jinsuna]] duniya wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga kula da bambancin halittu na duniya da kuma IUCN ke sarrafawa. Kafin waɗannan canje-canje, Red List ya dogara ne akan gabatarwa daga masana maimakon bayanai, canje-canjen da Mace da abokan aikinta suka haifar sun ɗauki shekaru 10 don IUCN ta aiwatar da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;conservation bytes&quot;/&gt; Yawancin wallafe-wallafen Red List na Yankin yanzu suna ƙara dogara ne akan ma'auni iri ɗaya, wanda ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi da sauran abubuwan muhalli wajen ƙayyade barazanar halaka. Tun daga shekara ta 2002 ita da abokan aikinta sun yi aiki don kafa hanyoyin kimanta bambancin halittu da [[Sabis ɗin yanayin halittu|Ayyukan yanayin halittu]] da take bayarwa, da canje-canje a cikin bambancin halittukan halittu waɗanda aka auna su ta hanyar Red List Index.

Mace ya kuma shiga cikin sassan halittu masu yawa na &quot;Millennium Ecosystem Assessment&quot; wanda aka gudanar daga 2002 zuwa 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biodiversity |url=http://www.maweb.org/documents/document.273.aspx.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014130401/http://www.maweb.org/documents/document.273.aspx.pdf |archive-date=2009-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mace ya bayyana cewa &quot;duk shaidar da ta gabata ita ce lokacin da al'ummomi suka sanya hankalinsu don warware matsala, za su iya yin hakan gaba ɗaya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;conservation bytes&quot;/&gt;

A shekara ta 2006, Mace ya zama darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Kwalejin Imperial a Silwood Park. Bayan 2012 Mace ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Biodiversity da Muhalli (CBER)  a Kwalejin Jami'ar London. Ta kuma kasance Edita ce ta Ilimi ta PLOS Biology, mujallar budewa ta yanar gizo kuma tana tallafawa manufofin budewa ga wallafe-wallafen kimiyya.&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCN GMace&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=IUCN |title=Interview with G Mace |url=https://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/sustainable_use_and_livelihoods_specialist_group/sulinews/issue_2/sn2_georginamaceiv/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201193813/https://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/sustainable_use_and_livelihoods_specialist_group/sulinews/issue_2/sn2_georginamaceiv/ |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=18 January 2014 |publisher=IUCN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2018, an nada Mace a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Adaptation na [[Kwamitin Canjin Yanayi|Kwamitin]] [[Canjin yanayi]], yana ba da shawara ga Burtaniya da gwamnatoci game da ci gaban da aka yi a shirye-shiryen da daidaitawa da tasirin canjin yanayi.

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==
An nada Mace a matsayin [[Order of the British Empire|Jami'in Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) a shekarar 1998, &lt;ref name=&quot;conservation bytes&quot;/&gt; Kwamandan Order of the Birtaniya Empire (CBE) a shekarar 2007 don hidimomi ga kimiyyar muhalli, da Dame Kwamandan Order na British Empire (DBE) a cikin 2016 New Year Honours don hidimomin kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette|date=30 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 December 2015 |title=New Year's Honours 2016 list |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/489049/NY2016HonoursFullList.pdf |access-date=30 December 2015 |website=GOV.UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zabi Mace a matsayin Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a shekara ta 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;frs&quot;/&gt; A watan Yulin 2007 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctor of Science daga Jami'ar Sussex saboda aikinta a kan bambancin halittu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 July 2007 |title=Honorary degrees for eminent quartet |url=http://www.sussex.ac.uk/press_office/bulletin/27jul07/article6.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904093550/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/press_office/bulletin/27jul07/article6.shtml |archive-date=4 September 2007 |access-date=3 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan kuma wani Doctorate Honoris Causa, daga Jami'an Lausanne, Switzerland, a cikin 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Doctorats Honoris Causa et prix de l'Université de Lausanne 2018 |url=https://www.unil.ch/central/fr/home/menuinst/organisation/documents-officiels/dies-academicus/dies-2018/honoris-causa.html |access-date=2020-09-23 |website=unil.ch |language=fr |archive-date=2021-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507144615/https://www.unil.ch/central/fr/home/menuinst/organisation/documents-officiels/dies-academicus/dies-2018/honoris-causa.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce ta lashe Kyautar Cosmos ta Duniya ta 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Prizewinner 2007 |url=https://www.expo-cosmos.or.jp/english/cosmos/jyusyou/2007.html |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=International Cosmos Prize |publisher=Expo'90 Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2011 ta sami lambar yabo ta Ernst Haeckel ta Tarayyar Muhalli ta Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rösner |first=S. |date=9 December 2017 |title=Prizes &amp; Awards |url=https://www.europeanecology.org/prizes-awards/ |access-date=2020-09-23 |website=EEF - European Ecological Federation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2016 Mace ya lashe kyautar Dr A.H. Heineken don Kimiyya ta Muhalli. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Heineken Prizes – Georgina Mace |url=https://www.knaw.nl/en/awards/heineken-prizes/georgina-mace |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513175328/https://knaw.nl/en/awards/heineken-prizes/georgina-mace |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=10 May 2016 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2016 an kuma ba ta lambar yabo, tare da Sandra Knapp, lambar yabo ta Linnean ta Linnean Society &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Linnean Medal |url=https://www.linnean.org/the-society/medals-awards-prizes-grants/the-linnean-medal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220003136/https://www.linnean.org/the-society/medals-awards-prizes-grants/the-linnean-medal |archive-date=20 February 2021 |access-date=9 September 2016 |publisher=the Linnean Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta sami lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa daga British Ecological Society, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners of our President's Medal |url=https://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/membership-community/honours-awards-and-prizes/presidents-medal-2/ |website=British Ecological Society |access-date=2026-03-09 |archive-date=2024-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214180720/https://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/membership-community/honours-awards-and-prizes/presidents-medal-2/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma 2018 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award a cikin rukunin Ecology da Conservation Biology, tare da Gretchen Daily, don haɓaka mahimman kayan aiki da ke sauƙaƙe manufofin kimiyya &quot;don yaki da asarar jinsuna&quot;.

An sanya wa tsohuwar shinkafa ''Megalomys georginae'' daga [[Barbados]] suna bayan ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Turvey |first=Samuel T. |last2=Brace |first2=Selina |last3=Weksler |first3=Marcelo |year=2012 |title=A new species of recently extinct rice rat (''Megalomys'') from Barbados |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=404–413 |bibcode=2012MamBi..77..404T |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2012.03.005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Falsafar Musulunci daga Asalinsa zuwa Yanzu</title>
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Falsafar Musulunci daga Asalinsa zuwa Yanzu: Falsafa a cikin Land of Prophecy littafi ne na Seyyed Hossein Nasr, masanin falsafar Iran kuma Farfesa na Jami'ar [[Ilimin Musulunci|Nazarin Musulunci]] a Jami'ar George Washington . Littafin tarihi ne da kuma bayyani game da falsafar Islama da ke rufe asalinsa a karni na 9 zuwa zamanin zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;fdsp14&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy, by Seyyed Hossein Nasr – Globethics |trans-title= |url=https://repository.globethics.net/handle/20.500.12424/1204451 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=en}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
Littafin ya gabatar da labarin ci gaban falsafar a duniyar Islama, da alakarsa da [[wahayi]] da al'amari mai tsarki. Marubucin ya yi niyyar gabatar da falsafar Islama ta hanyar koyarwa, da kuma tattauna ci gabanta a cikin tarihin duniyar Islama, musamman alaƙar da take da ita da wahayi na Islama.&lt;ref name=&quot;fdsp5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=کتاب فلسفه در سرزمین نبوت سید حسین نصر – طاقچه |trans-title=The book Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy Seyyed Hossein Nasr – Taaghche |url=https://taaghche.com/book/77253/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828050238/https://taaghche.com/book/77253/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fdsp18&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=کتاب فلسفه در سرزمین نبوت اثر سیدحسین نصر – کتابچی |trans-title=The book Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy by Seyyed Hossein Nasr – Kitabchi |url=https://ketabchi.com/product/35390/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

Marubucin ya mayar da hankali kan ƙarshen lokacin falsafar Islama, musamman a Iran. Bayan mamayewar Mongol, Iran ta zama mafi mahimmancin fagen ci gaba da tunanin Islama. Marubucin ya yi iƙirarin cewa a wannan lokacin, falsafar Islama ta zama kusa da gaskiyar ciki da aka bayyana ta hanyar wahayi. Ya kuma yi amfani da wannan lokacin daga baya don Nazarin kwatankwacin, kwatanta al'adun falsafar Islama da Kirista da kuma nazarin yadda suka rabu kuma suka bi makoma daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;fdsp17&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=فلسفه در سرزمین نبوت – کتاب ترجمان |trans-title=Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy – Tarjomaan book |url=https://tarjomaan.shop/product/%d9%81%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%81%d9%87-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%b2%d9%85%db%8c%d9%86-%d9%86%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%aa-pa/ |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=جرجانی |first=شیما |date= |title=شایسته مطالعه به زبان فارسی |trans-title=Worthy of Study in Farsi language |url=http://pebr.faslnameh.org/files/site1/user_files_bbc6cb/shima_jorjani-A-10-30-190-9355475.pdf |journal=فصلنامه نقد کتاب: کلام، فلسفه و اخلاق |language=fa |volume= |issue= |pages=۲۵۰–۲۵۱ |doi= |access-date= |quote=سال چهارم، شماره ۱۳-۱۴، بهار و تابستان ۱۳۹۶ |archive-date=2023-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102224506/http://pebr.faslnameh.org/files/site1/user_files_bbc6cb/shima_jorjani-A-10-30-190-9355475.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fdsp20&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=فلسفه در سرزمین نبوت – کتابخانه تخصصی تاریخ اسلام و ایران |trans-title=Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy – The specialized library on Islam and Iran |url=http://historylib.com/books/2075/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

Littafin shine sakamakon kimanin shekaru hamsin na binciken marubucin da kuma tunani game da falsafar da batutuwan falsafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;fdsp6&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=فلسفه و وحی: روزنامه اعتماد (۱۳۹۸/۰۱/۲۴) – مگیران |trans-title=Philosophy and Revelation: Etemad newspaper (13/04/2019) – Magiran |url=https://www.magiran.com/article/3889207 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fdsp7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=فلسفه و وحی: كتابخانه – روزنامه اعتماد |trans-title=Philosophy and Revelation: Library – Etemad newspaper |url=https://www.etemadnewspaper.ir/fa/main/detail/122827/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin gabatarwa na fassarar [[Farisawa|Farisa]] na littafin, marubucin Seyyed Hossein Nasr ya bayyana cewa littafin ƙoƙari ne na kalubalanci labaran masu gabas game da tunanin Islama, kuma shi da Henry Corbin suna daga cikin masu binciken da ke ƙoƙarin kalubalantar maganganun Yammacin Turai.&lt;ref name=&quot;fdsp8&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=«فلسفه در سرزمین نبوت» اثر سید حسین نصر به چاپ دوم رسید – ایران آنلاین |trans-title=&quot;Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy&quot; by Seyyed Hossein Nasr reached the second edition – Iran Online |url=https://www.ion.ir/news/382212/ |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fdsp3&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=چاپ دوم «فلسفه در سرزمین نبوت؛ فلسفه اسلامی از آغاز تا امروز» – خبرگزاری مهر |trans-title=The second edition of &quot;Islamic Philosophy from its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy&quot; – Mehr news agency |url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/4340362/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fdsp5&quot;/&gt;

== Bayani game da shi ==
Littafin ya fara ne da gabatarwa da sassan fassarar, da kuma gabatarwa na marubucin. A bangare na farko, marubucin ya gabatar da rahoto game da binciken Yammacin zamani game da falsafar Islama. Ya haɗa da bayani game da matsayin falsafar Islama a duniyar Islama, alakarta da sauran fannoni da kimiyya, da kuma ma'anar falsafar Islami daga hangen nesa na [[Jerin malaman falsafar musulmi|Masana falsafa Musulmi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;fdsp9&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web |title=تاریخ فلسفه نبوی در ایران اسلامی – جامعه خبری تحلیلی الف |trans-title=History of Prophetic Philosophy in Islamic Iran – Alef Analytical News Society |url=https://www.alef.ir/news/3961118138.html |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fdsp10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ترجمان – فلسفه در سرزمین نبوت |trans-title=Tarjomaan –  Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy |url=https://tarjomaan.com/publication/8477/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108050742/https://tarjomaan.com/publication/8477/ |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kashi na biyu marubucin ya tattauna game da wanzuwar abubuwan da ke tattare da su da kuma kwarangwal na [[Transcendent theosophy|falsafar]] Islama. Musamman, ana tattauna metaphysics a cikin falsafar Islama, gami da ra'ayin [[Martin Heidegger]] cewa komawa ga [[Kasancewar|kasancewa]] shine hanyar ceto. [[Western philosophy|Falsafar Yamma]] tana magana game da ƙarshen metaphysics, amma halin yanzu na falsafar Islama shine haɗuwa tsakanin [[ontology]] da metaphyrics, kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin falsafar [[Mulla Sadra]], bisa ga ka'idar &quot;Primacy of Existence&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;fdsp19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Principle of Primacy of &quot;Existence&quot; over &quot;Quiddity&quot; and Its Philosophical Results in the Ontological System of Mulla Sadra |trans-title= |url=http://www.mullasadra.org/new_site/english/Paper%20Bank/Ontology/78187-4%20Akbarian%20@.htm |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;fdsp92&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=تاریخ فلسفه نبوی در ایران اسلامی – جامعه خبری تحلیلی الف |trans-title=History of Prophetic Philosophy in Islamic Iran – Alef Analytical News Society |url=https://www.alef.ir/news/3961118138.html |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;fdsp102&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ترجمان – فلسفه در سرزمین نبوت |trans-title=Tarjomaan –  Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy |url=https://tarjomaan.com/publication/8477/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108050742/https://tarjomaan.com/publication/8477/ |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sashe na uku shine mafi cikakken bayani, yana gabatar da tsarin nazarin falsafar Islama ta hanyar tarihi, da kuma ma'amala da falsafar Islami daga farkon zuwa zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;fdsp9&quot;/&gt;

A kashi na huɗu, marubucin yana hulɗa da halin yanzu na tunani a duniyar Islama, yana nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin Islama da tunanin zamani, kuma yana nazarin yadda falsafar ke gudana a cikin duniyar annabci a baya da yanzu.

==manazarta==</text>
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'''Sidibé Fatoumata Kaba''' 'yar siyasa ce kuma jami'ar diflomasiyya 'yar ƙasar Guinea. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cargill |first=Ashley |date=2023-06-23 |title=Ambassador Jones meets with Ambassador Fatoumata Kaba, Ambassador of the Republic of Guinea to the United States |url=https://www.bahamasembdc.org/ambassador-jones-meets-with-ambassador-fatoumata-kaba-ambassador-of-the-republic-of-guinea-to-the-united-states/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Embassy of the Bahamas to the United States |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kasance Ministar Harkokin Waje a ƙasar [[Gini|Guinea]] ta Yammacin Afirka daga tun daga shekarun 2005 zuwa 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekarar 2022, shugaban riƙon ƙwarya [[Mamady Doumbouya|Mamadi Doumbouya]] ya naɗa ta a matsayin jakadiya a [[Tarayyar Amurka|ƙasar Amurka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A da ta kasance jakadiyar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Permanent Representative of Guinea Presents Credentials {{!}} UN Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/2018/bio5101.doc.htm |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=press.un.org |archive-date=2025-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214013621/https://press.un.org/en/2018/bio5101.doc.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Dzifa Ativor</title>
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      <text bytes="7341" sha1="okrlgu6yl7jtmrnra8fnaer38nkzy0c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Foxx_Attivor_2015-06-17_P03.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Anthony Foxx ''(hagu)'', Sakataren Sufuri na Amurka, da Dzifa Attivor sun rattaba hannu kan sanarwar niyyar samar da taimakon fasaha da tallafi ga Kwalejin Horar da Jiragen Sama ta Ghana.]]
'''Dzifa Aku Attivor''' (22 ga Fabrairu 1956 - 15 ga watan Nuwamba 2021) &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amoh |first=Emmanuel Kwame |date=16 November 2021 |title=Former Transport Minister Dzifa Attivor dies at 65 |url=https://3news.com/former-transport-minister-dzifa-attivor-dies-at-65/ |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=3NEWS |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'yar siyasa ce kuma 'yar kasuwa '[[Ghana|yar ƙasar Ghana]]. Ta kasance Ministar Sufuri a [[Ghana]] har zuwa lokacin da ta yi murabus a watan Disamba 2015 saboda wata takaddama kan kwangilar sake fasalin bas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title=Transport Minister Dzifa Attivor resigns over controversial bus branding deal |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2015/December-23rd/transport-minister-dzifa-attivor-resigns-over-controversial-bus-branding-deal.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724021542/http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2015/December-23rd/transport-minister-dzifa-attivor-resigns-over-controversial-bus-branding-deal.php |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=1 January 2016 |publisher=MyJoyOnline.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[John Mahama]] ne ya naɗa ta a watan Fabrairu 2013 bayan babban zaɓen Ghana a watan Disamba 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2013 |title=Parliament approves nine more appointees |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=265072 |access-date=25 March 2013 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=President Mahama Administeres Oaths Of Allegiance And Secrecy To 17 Ministers |url=http://www.gbcghana.com/index.php?id=1.1272708 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002102000/http://www.gbcghana.com/index.php?id=1.1272708 |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=25 March 2013 |website=Latest News |publisher=Ghana Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Dzifa Aku Attivor a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu, 1956. Ta fara karatunta na asali a Makarantar Firamare ta Evangelical Presbyterian da ke Abutia-Teti tsakanin shekarun 1960 da 1970. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Karatunta na sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Kpedze da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Peki, duka a [[Yankin Volta]] na Ghana a tsakanin shekarun 1970 da 1975. Daga nan ta yi horo a Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati inda ta cancanci zama Sakatariya Mai Horar da Masu Horarwa a shekarar 1981. Daga baya ta sami Difloma ta Sakatare ta Azurfa daga [[Pitman College|Kwalejin Pitman]] [[Birtaniya|ta Burtaniya]]. Ta kammala karatun digirinta daga Jami'ar American Century inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Gudanarwa a shekarar 2007 da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Albarkatun Ɗan Adam a shekarar 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dzifa Aku Ativor |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/20078-dzifa-aku-ativor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411213105/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/20078-dzifa-aku-ativor |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=25 March 2013 |publisher=Ghana government}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Attivor ta yi aiki da [[Bankin Ghana]] daga shekarun 1976 zuwa 2003 a matsayin ma'aikaciyar bincike sannan kuma a matsayin Mataimakiyar Kai ga Mataimakan Gwamnoni uku da suka yi aiki a jere. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ta kuma zama Mataimakiyar Kai ga Shugabar Ma'aikatar Baitulmali wacce ke kula da dukkan ayyukan gudanarwa na ofisoshi a banki ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ministar Sufuri ===
Attivor ta kasance memba na National Democratic Congress. Ta fafata a zaɓen fidda gwani na mazaɓar Ho West na NDC a shekarar 2008 amma ta sha kaye a hannun [[Emmanuel Kwasi Bedzrah]] wanda daga baya ya lashe zaɓen a watan Disamba a shekarar 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Photos: Meet Transport Minister, Dzifa Ativor - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2014/July-23rd/photos-meet-transport-minister-dzifa-ativor.php |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=MyJoyOnline. |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301171525/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2014/July-23rd/photos-meet-transport-minister-dzifa-ativor.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, marigayi [[Shugaban kasar Ghana|Shugaba]] [[John Atta Mills]] ya naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Ministar Sufuri daga shekarun 2009 zuwa Janairu 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 February 2009 |title=President Mills nominates 23 Deputy Ministers |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/President-Mills-nominates-23-Deputy-Ministers-158167 |access-date=3 August 2020 |publisher=GhanaWeb |language=en |agency=GNA}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=President Mills swears-in four new Deputy Ministers |url=https://ghananewsagency.org/politics/president-mills-swears-in-four-new-deputy-ministers-5495 |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=ghananewsagency.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mills Picks 75 Ministers |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/204435/mills-picks-75-ministers.html |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] ya zama shugaban ƙasa, an naɗa ta Ministar Sufuri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Mahama's new ministers and deputy ministers - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2014/July-16th/list-of-mahamas-new-ministers-and-deputy-ministers.php |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=MyJoyOnline. |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301171522/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2014/July-16th/list-of-mahamas-new-ministers-and-deputy-ministers.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Daily Guide |date=18 January 2013 |title=President John Mahama Name 7 More Ministers |url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/president-john-mahama-name-7-more-ministers/ |access-date=1 March 2020 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament vets five more ministers |url=https://ghananewsagency.org/politics/parliament-vets-five-more-ministers-56091 |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=GhanaNewsAgency}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nadalet |first=Ivan |title=■ GHANA: Government once more looking to partner private sector in launching new national carrier. Fifth time lucky? |url=http://www.theafricanaviationtribune.com/2013/02/ghana-government-once-more-looking-to.html |access-date=1 March 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi murabus daga gwamnati a watan Disamba a shekarar 2015 bayan takaddama kan kwangilar gwamnati don sake fasalin motocin bas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dadzie |first=Ebenezer Afanyi |date=23 December 2015 |title=Transport Minister resigns over bus branding scandal |url=https://citifmonline.com/2015/12/transport-minister-resigns-over-bus-re-branding-scandal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620215046/http://citifmonline.com/2015/12/transport-minister-resigns-over-bus-re-branding-scandal/ |archive-date=20 June 2019 |access-date=23 November 2021 |website=Citi 97.3 FM}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
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[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]</text>
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'''Gbemi Olateru Olagbegi''' tsohuwar mai watsa shirye-shirye ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|a Najeriya]] a The Beat 99.9 FM &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gbemi Olateru-Olagbegi - Social Media Week Lagos 2020 |url=https://socialmediaweeklagos2020.sched.com/speaker/golagbegi |website=www.smwlagos.com |publisher=Social Media Week Lagos}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ta yi murabus a watan Disamba 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gbemi Olateru-Olagbegi Goes Down Memory Lane as She Announces Her Last Day on Radio |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/01/gbemi-olateru-olagbegi-leave-radio/ |website=www.bellanaija.com |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; ), 'yar kasuwa kuma mai gabatar da shirin &quot; Off-Air with Gbemi &amp;amp;amp; Toolz &quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Another Exciting Episode Of The &quot;Offair Show&quot; With Gbemi &amp; Toolz is Here. Watch |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/03/off-air-show-gbemi-toolz-2/ |website=www.bellanaija.com |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gbemi jikanyar marigayi Olowo na Owo Sir [[Olateru Olagbegi II|Olateru-Olagbegi II]] KBE ce. A shekarar 2008, Gbemi ta lashe kyautar gwarzon shekara a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Future Africa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Future Awards 2008 |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2008/01/the-future-awards-2008/ |website=www.bellanaija.com |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2015, Gbemi ta kafa takalman Gbemisoke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gbemi Olateru Olagbegi Launches Gbemisoke Shoe Line |url=https://www.thecable.ng/gbemi-olateru-olagbegi-launches-gbemisoke-shoe-line |website=www.thecable.ng |publisher=The Cable}}&lt;/ref&gt; Layin takalma da aka ƙirƙira wa mata masu wahala wajen siyan takalmin da ya dace. A bugu na biyar na Arise Fashion Week, Lagos a shekarar 2018, Gbemi ta yi tafiya a kan titin FIA Factory. A shekarar 2019, Gbemi ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fuskokin Megalectrics Ltd don Rémy Martin . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Remy Martin Partners Chris Ubosi On New Campaign |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/remy-martin-partners-chris-ubosi-on-new-campaign/ |website=thenationonlineng.net |publisher=The Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Gbemi a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 1984, ga Banke da Yemi Olateru-Olagbegi a [[Asibin St. Nicholas, Legas|Asibitin St. Nicholas]], Legas. Ta halarci Makarantar Pampers Private School, [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]], [[Makarantar Sakandare ta Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya, Abeokuta|Makarantar Sakandare ta Sojojin Ruwa ta Najeriya]], [[Ojo]] tsakanin 1993 da 1997 sannan ta ci gaba da karatunta na sakandare a [[Queen's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Queens]], [[Yaba, Lagos|Yaba]] inda ta kammala karatunta a 2000. Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin sadarwa a Jami'ar Oakland, Rochester da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin sadarwa da sadarwa daga [[Jami'ar Pan Atlantic|Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] .

== Sana'a ==

=== Aikin watsa labarai ===
Bayan makaranta, Gbemi ta yi aiki a matsayin memba ta ƙungiyar matasa a Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya, NTA 2 channel 5, Victoria Island kafin ta koma Cool FM Nigeria a 2005 inda ta dauki nauyin shirin Good Morning Nigeria tare da marigayi Dan Foster na tsawon shekara guda. A 2006, Gbemi ta dauki nauyin Midday Oasis har zuwa 2009 lokacin da ta bar Cool Fm zuwa The Beat 99.9 FM . Gbemi ta kasance mataimakiyar daraktan shirye-shirye a Beat FM daga 2011 zuwa 2016 kuma Daraktan Shirye-shirye a kamfanin 'yar'uwarta, Naija FM 102.7 daga 2011 zuwa 2017. Ta bar rediyo a watan Disamba na 2021.

=== Aikin ɗan kasuwa ===
An san ta da zama ƙwararriyar 'yar kasuwa. A shekarar 2015, Gbemi ta kafa kamfanin takalmanta, Gbemisoke Shoes, wani ra'ayi da ta samo asali daga gogewarta ta musamman lokacin siyan takalma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gbemisoke Shoe An Idea Born From Her Own Personal Experience |url=https://briefessentials.com/blog/2016/08/01/gbemisoke-shoes-an-idea-born-from-her-own-personal-experience/ |website=www.briefessentials.com |publisher=The Brief}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jadawalin Aiki ==

* 2005-2006: Shirin Barka da Safiya na Najeriya, Cool FM Nigeria
* 2006-2009: Mai watsa shiri na Midday Oasis, Cool FM Nigeria
* 2009–2021: Nunin Lokacin Tuki, The Beat 99.9 FM, Mai Ba da Shawara [[Lagos (birni)|a Legas]]
* 2011-2017: Daraktan Shirye-shirye - Naija FM 102.7, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]
* 2011-2016: Mataimakin Daraktan Shirye-shirye - The Beat 99.9 FM Lagos
* 2021–Yanzu: Babban Mai Shiryawa, TNC
* 2023–Yanzu: Mataimakin Mataimakin Talla, WakaNow Group

== Hira Masu Muhimmanci ==

* [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]]
* [[Davido]]  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Davido talks &quot;A Better Time&quot; Album, #BBNaija &amp; New Music &quot;Fem&quot; on The Beat 99.9Fm #DriveTimeShow |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/davido-interview-the-beat-99-9fm/ |website=www.bellanaija.com |publisher=Bella Naija}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Wizkid]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='I Can't Be Faithful To One Woman' Pop star admits |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/wizkid-i-cant-be-faithful-to-one-woman-pop-star-admits/5js0dlz |website=www.pulse.ng |publisher=Pulse NG |access-date=2026-03-13 |archive-date=2021-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206180855/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/wizkid-i-cant-be-faithful-to-one-woman-pop-star-admits/5js0dlz |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Cardi B]]
* [[Kim Kardashian]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Download and listen to Kim Kardashian's Interview with Beat FM Lagos |url=https://www.36ng.ng/2013/02/19/download-and-listen-to-kim-kardashians-interview-with-beat-fm-lagos/ |website=www.36ng.ng |publisher=36ng }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nan gaba
* Jidenna
* Abin ban mamaki
* Angela Simmons
* Tim Westwood

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Faïda Mwangilwa</title>
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'''Faïda Mwangilwa''' 'yar siyasa ce kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo]]. Ita tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Iyali da Mata ce, kuma memba ce ta kafa ƙungiyoyi da dandamali na mata da dama. &lt;ref name=&quot;FDFA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rino Kamidi |date=June 2015 |title=Du statut de la femme en République démocratique du Congo: Rapport d'une réflexion prospective pour un changement pérenne |url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/countries/countries-content/the-democratic-republic-of-congo/fr/Rapport%20SF%20RDC_0409.pdf |website=[[Federal Department of Foreign Affairs]] |page=36 |access-date=2026-03-13 |archive-date=2022-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120221026/https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/countries/countries-content/the-democratic-republic-of-congo/fr/Rapport%20SF%20RDC_0409.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
Faïda Mwangilwa ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Kisangani, inda ta sami digiri a fannin Kimiyyar Ilimi a shekarar 1994. A watan Janairun 1995 ta shiga ofishin Gwamnan Arewacin Kivu, kuma ta yi aiki a can har zuwa watan Oktoban 2000. Ta tsara yadda za a mayar da 'yan gudun hijirar Rwanda gida, tare da haɗin gwiwar Babbar Kwamishiniyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;FDFA&quot;/&gt;

Ta kasance memba a cikin Rally for Congo Democracy (RDC), ta shiga cikin tattaunawar zaman lafiya ta shekarar 2002 wanda ya kai ga Yarjejeniyar Duniya da All-Inclusive a watan Disamba 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;FDFA&quot;/&gt; A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni 2003, an naɗa Mwangilwa a matsayin Ministar Harkokin Iyali da Mata a Gwamnatin Riƙon Kwarya ta Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Congo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 July 2003 |title=Transitional government |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/node/212859 |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=The New Humanitarian}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairun 2007, ta tsaya takarar RDC don zama memba na Majalisar Dattawa na Arewacin Kivu, ba tare da nasara ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 January 2007 |title=Cablegate: North Kivu Selects Four Senators |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WL0701/S00685/cablegate-north-kivu-selects-four-senators.htm |access-date=4 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2012 ta kafa Ofishin Shawarwari na Jinsi, Jama'a da Cigaban (''Bureau de consultation en genre, sa hannu citoyenne et développement''), wacce take jagoranta. Ta kuma kafa tsarin dindindin na tuntuɓar matan Kongo ( ''Cadre permanent de concertation de la femme congolaise'', CAFCO). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Laetitia Mvuemba |date=30 April 2019 |title=Leadership au féminin: Faïda Mwangilwa, un modèle de courage et d'intégrité |url=https://femmedafriquemagazine.net/leadership-au-feminin-faida-mwangilwa-un-modele-de-courage-et-dintegrite/ |access-date=4 March 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2021, an naɗa Mwangilwa a matsayin mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga Matan Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a [[Mali|Jamhuriyar Mali]].  A watan Fabrairun 2021, ta soki rashin mata a cibiyoyin siyasa na DRC, kuma ta yi gargaɗi game da gwamnati wacce ba ta haɗa da mata ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=RDC: Faida Mwangilwa dénonce l'absence des femmes dans les institutions politiques |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2021/02/03/actualite/politique/rdc-faida-mwangilwa-denonce-labsence-des-femmes-dans-les-institutions |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=Radio Okapi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi kira ga shugaban DRC, [[Félix Tshisekedi|Félix Antoine Tshisekedi]], da ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga [[cin zarafin mata]] a lokacin da yake kan mulki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2021 |title=Faida Mwangilwa : &quot; les conflits armés sont l'une des causes profondes des violences faites aux femmes &quot; |url=https://www.digitalcongo.net/article/6026ab75a0fe4b00170fc253/ |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=Digital Congo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwangilwa mamba ce a cikin ƙungiyar mata 'yan majalisar dokokin Afirka. Ta kuma kasance Shugabar Hukumar Daraktocin [[Congolese Women's Fund|Asusun Mata na Congo]] (FFC), wata ƙungiyar ci gaban mata ta talakawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mike Blanchfield |date=26 June 2017 |title=Advocates urge Canada to direct women's aid to small, grassroots groups |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/advocates-urge-canada-to-direct-womens-aid-to-small-grassroots-groups/ |access-date=4 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Enkay Ogboruche</title>
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''''''Enkay''' Ogboruche''' wanda aka fi sani da Enkay, mawaƙiyar bishara ne na Najeriya, marubucin waƙa, kuma shugaban ibada. An san ta da rikodin bisharar ta zamani da kuma shiga cikin abubuwan ibada a Najeriya da kuma duniya. Ta fara raira waƙa tun tana 'yar shekara 10, a ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Assemblies of God, sannan daga baya ta kaddamar da aikin kiɗa na solo, ta saki kundi na farko The Kingdom Anthem a shekarar 2015.  Daga baya ta saki The Bridge (2018) da Declaration (2023),  wanda ya kasance yana nuna ranar cika shekaru goma a cikin kiɗa na bishara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Meshioye |first=David |date=2023-03-04 |title=Enkay hits global music space with Declaration |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/celebrity/enkay-hits-global-music-space-with-declaration/ |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rapheal |date=2023-03-03 |title=Enkay Ogboruche marks 10th anniversary with Declaration gospel album |url=https://thesun.ng/enkay-ogboruche-marks-10th-anniversary-with-declaration-gospel-album/ |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Enkay mawaƙiya ce mai son kiɗa. Ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar mawakan bishara ta Tehila Crew. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=I'd soon quit my lucrative job for music – Enkay |url=https://punchng.com/id-soon-quit-my-lucrative-job-for-music-enkay/ |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fara aiki a shekarar 2014 a matsayin mawaƙiya mai son kiɗa tare da kundin waƙoƙin farko na The Kingdom Anthem. The Kingdom Anthem kundin waƙoƙi ne mai waƙoƙi 10 wanda Honesty Music ya rarraba, tare da waƙoƙin da suka shahara kamar &quot;Yes, You Are The Lord&quot;. 

An fitar da kundin wakokinta na biyu, ''The Bridge'', a shekarar 2018 &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 December 2018 |title=[Video] Enkay Ogboruche Ft. Kierra Sheard – Salute |url=http://www.gospelhotspot.com.ng/2018/12/video-enkay-ogboruche-ft-kierra-sheard.html |access-date=24 July 2019 |website=Gospel Hotspot |archive-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723221046/http://www.gospelhotspot.com.ng/2018/12/video-enkay-ogboruche-ft-kierra-sheard.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a Enkay Live in Concert  wanda aka gudanar a [[Eko Hotels and Suites|Cibiyar Taro ta Eko]] tare da irin su Kierra Sheard, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Enkay Ogboruche Ft. Kierra Sheard – Salute |url=https://www.gospelclimax.com/2018/11/download-audio-enkay-ogboruche-ft.html |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chioma Jesus, Frank Edwards, Sammy Okposo, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; da kuma wasu mawakan wakokin bishara da dama. The Bridge ya ƙunshi waƙarta mai suna &quot;Salute&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 January 2019 |title=[Music] Enkay Ogboruche – Salute Ft. Kierra Sheard |url=https://gospelminds.com/2019/01/enkay-ogboruche-salute-kierra-sheard/ |access-date=24 July 2019 |website=Gospel Hotspot}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki tare da sauran mawakan wakokin bishara a Najeriya da ma duniya baki ɗaya. 

A shekarar 2024, Enkay ta yi wasa a wasan kwaikwayo na ''One Voice, One Hope: A Global Mosaic of Praise'' wanda aka shirya tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Liberty da Tehila Records. Taron ya haɗa shugabannin bauta daga ko'ina cikin duniya kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na taron shekara-shekara na Global CEOs wanda Jami'ar Liberty ta shirya. A wurin wasan kwaikwayo, an ruwaito ta a matsayin 'yar Najeriya ta farko da ta jagoranci ibada a taron, tare da mawakan da aka fi sani a duniya ciki har da Michael W. Smith. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ilesanmi |first=Tunrayo |date=2024-09-27 |title=One Voice, One Hope praise concert berths |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/one-voice-one-hope-praise-concert-berths/ |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lunney |first={{!}} Alexa |title=Learning about maturity: Author Jada Edwards speaks at Convocation Feb. 9 |url=https://www.liberty.edu/champion/2024/02/13/learning-about-maturity-author-jada-edwards-speaks-at-convocation-feb-9/ |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=Liberty Champion |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taron ya yi nufin bikin bambancin ra'ayi da ikon yabo daga ƙasashe daban-daban da kuma ƙara muryoyin Afirka a cikin waƙoƙin bishara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chima |first=Naomi |date=2024-09-28 |title=Enkay unites worship leaders at concert |url=https://punchng.com/enkay-unites-worship-leaders-at-concert/ |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wata hira da ta yi da jaridar The Nation a shekarar 2025, Enkay ta bayyana cewa ta fitar da kundin wakoki uku da waƙoƙin waƙa da dama, kuma tana aiki a kan kundin wakokinta na huɗu. Ta yi aiki da wasu mawakan bishara na ƙasashen duniya, ciki har da haɗin gwiwa da mawakan Amurka da Afirka. A cikin wannan hirar, Enkay ta ambaci yin aiki tare da mawakan Amurka Kierra Sheard wanda ya lashe kyautar Grammy da mawakan Najeriya da Afirka kamar su Fasto Nathaniel Bassey, Canton Jones, Evelyn Wanjiru, da MOG Music, waɗanda ta ce sun faɗaɗa iyawarta kuma sun tsara yadda take amfani da waƙoƙinta. [1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fatma Thabet</title>
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'''Fatma''' '''Thabet''' '''Chiboub''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 1961) 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Tunisiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Qui est Fatma Thabet Chiboub, ministre de l’Industrie, des Mines et de l’Energie |url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/35787-qui-est-fatma-thabet-chiboub-ministre-de-l-industrie-des-mines-et-de-l-energie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623040322/https://leaders.com.tn/article/35787-qui-est-fatma-thabet-chiboub-ministre-de-l-industrie-des-mines-et-de-l-energie |archive-date=2025-06-23 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Leaders |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Fatma Thabet ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Masana'antu da Ma'aikatar Kuɗi, musamman a matsayin Babbar Sufeto na Harkokin Tattalin Arziki. Ta kuma kasance Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki ta Bizerte, Darakta Janar na Ofishin Gyaran Masana'antu a Ma'aikatar Masana'antu da Ƙananun Kasuwanci, kuma, daga shekarun 2021, Darakta, tana wakiltar Jiha a Hukumar Daraktocin Bankin Tunisiya da Emirates. &lt;ref name=&quot;Businessnews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Biographie de Fatma Thabet Chiboub, ministre de l'Industrie |url=https://www.businessnews.com.tn/biographie-de-fatma-thabet-ep-chiboub-ministre-de-lindustrie,520,135127,3 |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=businessnews.com.tn |language=fr |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183531/https://www.businessnews.com.tn/biographie-de-fatma-thabet-ep-chiboub-ministre-de-lindustrie,520,135127,3 |url-status=dead }}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marzouk |first=Hamza |date=24 January 2024 |title=Biographie de la nouvelle ministre de l'Industrie, Fatma Thabet |url=https://www.leconomistemaghrebin.com/2024/01/24/biographie-nouvelle-ministre-industrie-fatma-thabet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404183532/https://www.leconomistemaghrebin.com/2024/01/24/biographie-nouvelle-ministre-industrie-fatma-thabet/ |archive-date=4 April 2024 |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=leconomistemaghrebin.com |language=fr}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 24 ga watan Janairu 2024, an naɗa ta Ministar Masana'antu, Makamashi da Ma'adanai a gwamnatin Ahmed Hachani . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2024 |title=Gouvernement-Tunisie : limogeages en série, à qui le tour ? |url=https://www.espacemanager.com/gouvernement-tunisie-limogeages-en-serie-qui-le-tour.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404145321/https://www.espacemanager.com/gouvernement-tunisie-limogeages-en-serie-qui-le-tour.html |archive-date=4 April 2024 |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=espacemanager.com |language=fr}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]]</text>
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    <title>Emerine Kabanshi</title>
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'''Emerine Kabanshi''' (an haife ta a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba, 1964) 'yar siyasa ce kuma ƙwararriyar mai kula da dabbobi a ƙasar Zambia. Kabanshi ta yi aiki a matsayin memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasar Zambia mai wakiltar Luapula daga shekarun 2011 zuwa 2021, kuma an naɗa ta a majalisar ministocin shugabanni Michael Sata da Edgar Lungu.

Bayan fuskantar zarge-zargen rashin kula da asusun jin daɗin jama'a a lokacin da take ministar ci gaban al'umma da walwalar jama'a, an yanke wa Kabanshi hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari, wacce ta yi aiki daga shekarun 2023 zuwa 2025.

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Emerine Kabanshi a shekarar 1964. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emerine Kabanshi |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/224 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da takardar shaidar abinci mai gina jiki da kuma takardar shaidar samar da dabbobi daga wata cibiya a Jamus, kuma kafin ta shiga siyasa ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararriya masaniyar fasahar [[Kiwo|kiwon dabbobi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-01-29 |title=High‐level panel discussion on the priority theme 'Strategies for eradicating poverty to achieve sustainable development for all' |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2018/01/CSocD56-List-Panellists.pdf |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma ci gaba da karatun ci gaba a [[Jami'ar Lusaka]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
A shekarar 2011, an zaɓi Kabanshi a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa ta Zambia a matsayin wakiliyar ƙungiyar Patriotic Front ta Luapula. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emerine Kabanshi 2011 |url=https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/2749 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Shugaba Michael Sata ya naɗa ta Mataimakiyar Ministan Jinsi.  A watan Maris a 2012, Sata ya ɗaukaka ta zuwa [[Minister of Chiefs and Traditional Affairs|Ministar Sarakuna da Harkokin Gargajiya]].  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2012 |title=Zambia: Sata Honours Women With Ministry |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201203090904.html |access-date=24 July 2012 |website=AllAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannan, a watan Yuli a 2012, ta zama Ministar Ƙananan Hukumomi da Gidaje a wani sauye-sauyen majalisar ministoci.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-07-26 |title=Zambia : President Sata reshuffles 4 cabinet positions |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2012/07/26/president-sata-reshuffles-4-cabinet-positions/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Lusaka Times |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Maris  a shekarar 2014, a wani sabon garambawul da aka yi wa majalisar ministocin Sata, an mayar da ita Ministar Ci gaban Al'umma, Lafiyar Uwa da Yara . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-03 |title=Zambia President Sata reshuffles Cabinet, fires minister |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/africa/zambia-president-sata-reshuffles-cabinet-fires-minister-960980 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-03-13 |title=Zambia : President Sata fires Home Affairs Deputy Minister and reshuffles cabinet |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/03/13/president-fires-home-affairs-deputy-minister-reshuffles-cabinet/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Lusaka Times |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007091728/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/03/13/president-fires-home-affairs-deputy-minister-reshuffles-cabinet/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan rasuwar Sata a watan Oktoba, ta goyi bayan dan takarar jam'iyyarta, Edgar Lungu, a zaben maye gurbin shugaban kasa da ya biyo baya.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Times of Zambia {{!}} 63 MPs for Edgar |url=https://www.times.co.zm/?p=42472 |access-date=2025-07-23 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin zabensa a farkon 2015, Lungu ya ci gaba da rike ta a matsayin Ministar Ci gaban Al'umma, Lafiyar Uwa da Yara. 

An sake zaɓen Kabanshi a matsayin kujerar Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a shekarar 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A wannan shekarar, an naɗa ta Ministar Ci gaban Al'umma da Jin Daɗin Jama'a, wacce ta riƙe matsayinta na baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-09-29 |title=Zambia : President Lungu appoints 9 more ministers to bring his cabinet size to 25 Ministers |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/09/29/president-lungu-appoints-9-ministers-bring-cabinet-size-25-ministers/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Lusaka Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta riƙe wannan matsayin har zuwa shekara ta 2018, lokacin da aka kore ta daga aiki sakamakon zarge-zargen rashin kula da kuɗi wanda ya haifar da ɗage tallafin ƙasashen waje.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chawe |first=Michael |date=2018-09-19 |title=Zambian minister Emerine Kabanshi sacked over graft claims |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/africa/zambian-minister-emerine-kabanshi-sacked-over-graft-claims--88944 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-09-19 |title=Zambia Fires Minister Over Graft Scandal |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/zambia-fires-minister-over-graft-scandal/4578324.html |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-21 |title=Zambian minister sacked over graft claims |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/southern-africa/zambian-minister-sacked-over-graft-claims-1402810 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=The EastAfrican |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kama ta a watan Mayun 2019 kuma a shekarar 2021 an same ta da laifi biyu na kin bin doka da gangan kan lamarin, inda wani alkali ya yanke hukuncin cewa ta kasa bin hanyoyin da suka dace wajen rarraba tallafin jin daɗin jama'a ta hanyar wani kamfani mallakar gwamnati, wanda hakan ya sa waɗanda suka amfana ba su sami kuɗaɗen da suka kamata ba.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-21 |title=Zambia arrests ex-minister for graft after British aid freeze |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/southern-africa/zambia-arrests-ex-minister-for-graft-after-british-aid-freeze-1418052 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=The EastAfrican |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-09 |title=Zambia arrests ex-minister for graft after British aid freeze |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/zambia-arrests-ex-minister-for-graft-after-british-aid-freeze-2681260 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan da Babbar Kotun ta amince da hukuncin a shekarar 2023, ta yi zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni 24, duk da buƙatar wasu abokan jam'iyyar na a sake ta bisa dalilan tausayi bayan ta kamu da [[bugun jini]]; an sake ta a watan Janairun 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-28 |title=Zambia : Former Community Development Minister, Emerine Kabanshi sent to Jail for Two years |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2021/05/28/former-community-development-minister-emerine-kabanshi-sent-to-jail-for-two-years/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Lusaka Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=High Court upholds Kabanshi’s 2 year sentence |url=https://diggers.news/courts/2023/09/16/high-court-upholds-kabanshis-2-year-sentence/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Zambia: News Diggers! |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muchinshi |first=Angela |date=2025-01-15 |title=Emerine Kabanshi leaves prison |url=https://diggers.news/local/2025/01/15/emerine-kabanshi-leaves-prison/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Zambia: News Diggers! |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muchinshi |first=Angela |date=2024-12-23 |title=Release Emerine Kabanshi on health grounds, Mecha asks to HH |url=https://diggers.news/local/2024/12/23/release-emerine-kabanshi-on-health-grounds-mecha-asks-to-hh/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Zambia: News Diggers! |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]</text>
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    <title>Elizabeth Jacobson</title>
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'''Elizabeth Nicole''' &quot; '''Liz''' &quot; '''Jacobson''' (26 ga Maris, 1984){{Spaced en dash}} Satumba 28, 2005) ta kasance ma'aikacin jirgin [[United States Air Force|saman Amurka]] wanda aka kashe a fagen daga a yakin Iraki a 2005. Ta kasance mamba a cikin Rundunar Tsaron Sojojin Sama ta Amurka, ita ce ma'aikaciyar jirgin saman Amurka ta farko da aka kashe a bakin aiki don tallafawa Operation Iraqi Freedom kuma ma'aikaciyar tsaron rundunar sojin sama ta farko da aka kashe a rikicin tun bayan yakin Vietnam . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2013 |title=Seasoned Airman, young 'AF cop' early female casualties of war on terror |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/109601/seasoned-airman-young-af-cop-early-female-casualties-of-war-on-terror/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116120153/http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/109601/seasoned-airman-young-af-cop-early-female-casualties-of-war-on-terror.aspx |archive-date=January 16, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Jacobson kuma ta girma a Florida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 August 2010 |title=Fallen Heroes Project |url=https://www.fallenheroesproject.org/united-states/elizabeth-nicole-jacobson/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta zauna a yankin Riviera Beach kuma ta halarci makarantun sakandare na Palm Beach Gardens da Gold Coast. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Air Force Airman 1st Class Elizabeth N. Jacobson&amp;#124; Military Times |url=https://thefallen.militarytimes.com/air-force-airman-1st-class-elizabeth-n-jacobson/2618900}}&lt;/ref&gt; Elizabeth ta zauna tare da iyayenta, David M Jacobson da Marianne Earhart, a California har sai da ta kai shekara 15 lokacin da ta koma ta zauna tare da kakanninta, Cos Cosimano da Sondra Millman, Riviera Beach, Florida sannan ta shiga Rundunar Sojan Sama.

== Sana'a ==
[[Fayil:Airman_1st_Class_Elizabeth_Jacobson.png|left|thumb|Jacobson (2005)]]
Jacobson ta shiga aikin soja a shekarar 2003, kuma ya kammala horon sojoji da na tsaro na asali a Texas a shekarar 2004.

A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2005, yayin da Jacobson ke tsaron ayarin motocin da suka fito daga sansanin Bucca, Iraq, motar da take ciki ta buge da wani abu mai fashewa kusa da garin Safwan na Iraqi. Fashewar ta kashe ta da sajent Steve Morin Jr., mai shekaru 34, daga Arlington, Texas . [1] Soja na uku wanda ke kula da makamin hasumiyar motar ya ji rauni amma ya tsira daga harin.

A lokacin mutuwarta, an tura ta cikin rundunar tsaro ta 17 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Capt. James Masoner |title=Remembering A1C Elizabeth N. Jacobson |url=https://www.goodfellow.af.mil/Newsroom/Commentaries/Display/Article/375342/remembering-a1c-elizabeth-n-jacobson/ |access-date=2025-03-20 |archive-date=2025-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322213645/https://www.goodfellow.af.mil/Newsroom/Commentaries/Display/Article/375342/remembering-a1c-elizabeth-n-jacobson/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a sansanin sojojin sama na Goodfellow, [[Texas]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Military Times |title=Air Force Airman 1st Class Elizabeth N. Jacobson |url=http://projects.militarytimes.com/valor/air-force-airman-1st-class-elizabeth-n-jacobson/2618900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116100715/http://projects.militarytimes.com/valor/air-force-airman-1st-class-elizabeth-n-jacobson/2618900 |archive-date=2014-01-16 |access-date=2014-01-14 |website=Honor the Fallen}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma aka tura ta zuwa Iraki a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar tsaro ta 586 ta sojojin sama. Jacobson ya kasance cikin rundunar sojin sama na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma an tura shi zuwa Iraki fiye da watanni uku.

An binne Jacobson a Lambunan Tunawa da Lawn na Forest da ke Pompano Beach, Florida . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maia EfremFeb 9, 2011(Updated Jun 8, 2011) |date=10 February 2011 |title=Profiles of Our Fallen - News – |url=http://forward.com/news/135331/profiles-of-our-fallen/ |access-date=2016-01-06 |publisher=Forward.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2005]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jane Straughan</title>
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'''[[Jane Austen|Jane]] Sincell Straughan''' ([[Ogusta|Agusta]] 24, 1913 - [[Maris]] 12, 2007) ta kasance matukin jirgin sama 'yar [[Amurka]] da aka sani da gudummawarta a matsayin Matan Jirgin Sama daga 1942 zuwa 1944. Ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai himma a fannin sufurin jiragen sama a tsawon rayuwarta, tana aiki a Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Farar Hula da kuma zama kyaftin a Rundunar Sojojin Sama.

== Yaro ==
An haifi Jane Sincell Straughan a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 1913, a Washington, DC. Ita ce 'yar Charles William Sincell da Wilhelmina Sincell. 

Lokacin da take da shekaru biyu, mahaifiyar Straughan ta rasu, kuma aka bar Charles William Sincell ya kula da iyalin, wanda ya haɗa da ita da 'yan'uwanta maza biyu. Duk yarintarta ta yi a Washington, DC. Sha'awarta ta tashi sama ta taso ne bayan ta yi soyayya da mijinta na gaba, Al Straughan, amma banda mijinta, ta ce, &quot;Iyalin sun yi tunanin na ɗan haukace. Ba su yi tunanin cewa kyakkyawan ra'ayi ba ne.&quot; 

== Ilimi ==
Straughan ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Tsakiya, kuma tana cikin shekarunta na ashirin lokacin da ta koyi tukin jirginta na farko a Filin Jirgin Sama na Queen's Chapel da ke Hyattsville, Maryland. &lt;ref name=&quot;interview&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 4, 1996 |title=Jane Sincell Straughan: an oral history / interviewed by Nancy Durr |url=http://twudigital.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p214coll2/id/4706 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212741/http://twudigital.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p214coll2/id/4706 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=November 22, 2013 |publisher=Texas Woman's University Libraries}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan Straughan ta sami lasisin tukin jirgin sama a shekarar 1938, daga baya ta shiga ƙungiyar mata masu tashi a Washington, DC, wanda aka sani da Ninety-Nines. A shekarar 1942, an nemi Straughan da membobin Ninety-Nines su shiga ajin Mata Masu Aikin Sojan Sama (WASP) na 43-W-1 a Houston, Texas. &lt;ref name=&quot;interview&quot; /&gt; Bayan kammala karatun da aka tsara, Straughan ta kammala karatunta daga wannan ajin a ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 1943. Daga nan aka tura ta zuwa sansanin sojin sama na farko, New Castle Army Air da ke Wilmington, Delaware inda ta zauna har sai da aka kashe WASP a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1944. 

== Aure da iyali ==
Sha'awar Jane Straughan game da tashi da jirgin sama ta fara ne lokacin da ta fara soyayya da mijinta na gaba, Alfred W. Straughan. Sun yi soyayya a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci kuma a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1937, sun yi aure. Tunda soyayyarsu da aurensu sun kasance ne a lokacin Matsalar Kunci, dole ne su yanke shawara kan nawa za su kashe wajen koyon tashi da jirgin sama. Dole ne Straughans su yanke shawara. &quot;Babu ɗayanmu da zai iya tashi da jirgin sama. Ina so in adana kuɗi don ƙaramin gida. Mun yi yarjejeniya. Zan yi tafiya ni kaɗai kuma idan ban son tashi da jirgin sama ba, za mu sayi gida. Na yi tafiya ni kaɗai a 1938, kuma muka sayi Cub.&quot; Straughan da mijinta suna da 'ya'ya maza tagwaye, John W. &quot;Jack&quot; Straughan da Charles W. &quot;Bill&quot; Straughan.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1913]]</text>
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    <title>Dorothy A. Hogg</title>
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'''Dorothy A. Hogg''' ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma Laftanar Janar mai ritaya a [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka,]] wacce ta yi aiki a ƙarshe a matsayin Babban Likitan Sufeto na 23 na Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka da Rundunar Sararin Sama ta Amurka . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2018 |title=Senate confirms Maj. Gen. Dorothy Hogg as next AF surgeon general |url=https://www.airforcemedicine.af.mil/News/Display/Article/1505169/senate-confirms-maj-gen-dorothy-hogg-as-next-af-surgeon-general/ |access-date=September 27, 2018 |publisher=Air Force Medical Service |archive-date=September 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927005556/https://www.airforcemedicine.af.mil/News/Display/Article/1505169/senate-confirms-maj-gen-dorothy-hogg-as-next-af-surgeon-general/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hogg ta yi aiki a matsayin manaja mai aiki a Hukumar Lafiya ta Sojojin Sama ta Amurka. A wannan matsayin, ta ba da shawara ga Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama da Shugaban Ma'aikata na Sojojin Sama, da kuma Mataimakiyar Sakataren Tsaro kan Harkokin Lafiya kan batutuwan da suka shafi fannin lafiya na rundunar sojojin sama da lafiyar sojojin sama. 

Hogg ta shiga rundunar sojin sama a shekarar 1983 kuma ta jagoranci rundunar a matakin rukuni da kuma ta rukuni, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar likitan tiyata a manyan kwamandoji biyu. Ta yi aiki don tallafawa ayyukan Enduring Freedom da Iraqi Freedom . [1]

== Ilimi ==

* 1981 digirin farko na Kimiyya a fannin Jinya, Jami'ar Southern Maine, Portland, Maine
* Ma'aikaciyar Jinya ta Lafiyar Mata ta 1987, Makarantar Kimiyyar Lafiya, Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas
* 1992 Digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a, Jami'ar Jihar Troy, Troy, Alabama
* 1997 Digiri na biyu a fannin aikin jinya, Jami'ar Likitanci ta South Carolina 

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Gidan Suzanne</title>
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'''Suzanne &quot;Sue&quot; Upjohn DeLano Parish''' (13 ga Nuwamba, 1922 - 12 ga Mayu, 2010) &lt;ref name=&quot;FamilySearch-US-SSDI-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 May 2010 |title=Suzanne Upjohn Delano Parish United States Social Security Death Index |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JT2S-FQS |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; matukin jirgin sama ne na Amurka. Parish memba ce a cikin Matan Jiragen Sama na Sojojin Sama (WASPs) a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . A shekarar 1977, tare da mijinta, Pete Parish, ita ce ta kafa Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Jiragen Sama na Kalamazoo, wanda daga baya aka sani da Gidan Namun Daji na Air, bayan laƙabin dabbobi na jiragen. 

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Parish a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], 'yar Dorothy Upjohn DeLano Dalton  da H. Allan DeLano. Parish jikanyar William E. Upjohn ce ta uwa, wanda ya kafa Kamfanin The Upjohn, kamfanin kera magunguna na Michigan. &lt;ref name=&quot;AirZoo-SueParish-RememberingAviationLegend&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Remembering an Aviation Legend: Sue Parish |url=http://www.airzoo.org/page.php?page_id=111 |website=[[Air Zoo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1942, Parish ta halarci Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence .

== Sana'a ==
Parish ta koyi tukin jirgin sama a shekarar 1941, lokacin tana da shekaru 19. &lt;ref name=&quot;AirZoo-SueParish-RememberingAviationLegend&quot;/&gt; Tun daga lokacin da take da shekaru 19 zuwa 21, ta tara awanni 350 a sararin samaniya.

=== Matan Jiragen Sama Masu Jiragen Sama (WASPs) ===
Lokacin da take da shekaru 21, Parish ta shiga ƙungiyar Matan Jiragen Sama (WASPs) . Tana cikin aji 44-W-6 &lt;ref name=&quot;TWU-Class44W6-1944&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1944 |title=WASP Class 44-W-6 |url=http://www.twu.edu/library/class44-w-6.asp |website=TWU Libraries |publisher=[[Texas Woman's University]] |access-date=2026-03-19 |archive-date=2017-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127164251/http://www.twu.edu/library/class44-w-6.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an tura ta sansanin sojojin sama na Bryan kusa da Bryan, [[Texas]], inda ta tashi da jiragen sama na P-40, AT-6, da BT-13 . &lt;ref name=&quot;TWU-WASPs-Biofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women Airforce Service Pilots: Suzanne U. DeLano Parish |url=http://www.twu.edu/library/wasp/wasppdf/Parish.pdf |website=Women Air Service Pilots Digital Archive |publisher=[[Texas Woman's University]] |access-date=2026-03-19 |archive-date=2010-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610233234/http://www.twu.edu/library/wasp/wasppdf/Parish.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ===
Bayan yaƙin, Parish ta yi ƙoƙarin samun aiki a matsayin matukin jirgin sama na kasuwanci, amma ba ta yi nasara ba. Bayan ta auri Pete Parish a shekarar 1948, ta haifi 'ya'ya biyar kuma uwa ce mai cikakken lokaci. A shekarar 1958, lokacin da mijinta ya sayi hannun jari a injin 35C Bonanza guda ɗaya, ta yanke shawarar sake fara tuƙi. 

Ba da daɗewa ba ita da mijinta suka sayi Stearman, AT-6, da kuma Grumman Wildcat . Jirgin ƙarshe da suka saya shine P-40 .

A shekarar 1971, Parish ta kasance Mataimakiyar Shugabar Kal-Aero, Inc., kamfanin da ita da mijinta suka kafa a Kalamazoo.

== Gidan Zoo na Sama ==
A shekarar 1977, ita da mijinta suka kafa Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Jiragen Sama na Kalamazoo, wanda aka fi sani da Gidan Zoo na Air, kusa da filin jirgin sama da ke Kalamazoo, [[Michigan]] . Tsarin tarin jiragensu ne. 

=== Nunin sararin samaniya ===
[[Fayil:Air_Zoo_December_2019_037_(Sue_Parish's_flying_suit_and_air_show_hat).jpg|thumb|Kayan jirgin Sue Parish a gidan namun daji na Air Zoo]]
Parish ta yi amfani da jirgin ruwan P-40 Warhawk mai ruwan hoda a wasanni daban-daban na sama da shekaru 25, har sai da ta kai shekarunta na 70. Bayan ta yanke shawarar cewa ba za ta iya ci gaba da kula da sojojin G ba, ta tashi a wasanta na ƙarshe a watan Oktoban 1993. [1] Ta ci gaba da tashi da jirgin ruwanta na Beechcraft Beechcraft T-34 Mentor .

== Gado ==
[[Fayil:Air_Zoo_December_2019_029_(Sue_Parish's_Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk).jpg|thumb|Curtiss P-40 Warhawk na Parish a Gidan Namun Daji na Air]]
An rataye motarta mai ruwan hoda P-40 a ƙofar shiga gidan namun daji na Air Zoo. &lt;ref name=&quot;AirZoo-SueParish-RememberingAviationLegend&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
A shekarar 1948, Parish ta auri Preston &quot;Pete&quot; Parish. &lt;ref name=&quot;AirZoo-PeteParish-Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Preston S. &quot;Pete&quot; Parish (1919-) |url=http://www.airzoo.org/page.php?page_id=300 |website=[[Air Zoo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, Barbie Parish da Katie Miller, da 'ya'ya maza uku, Will Parish, Pres Parish, da Dave Parish. Ta kuma haifi jikoki 14. A shekarar 1991, auren ya ƙare da saki.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]]
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    <title>Dorothy Olsen</title>
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[[File:Dorothy_Olsen_in_front_of_P-51_Mustang_(cropped_and_adjusted).jpg|alt=Olsen, using a cane for support, standing in front of a P-51 Mustang on static display. The airplane is painted in [[Invasion stripes]].|thumb| Olsen a gaban wani P-51 a wani wasan kwaikwayo na sararin samaniya na 2016.]]
'''Dorothy Eleanor Olsen''' ( née Kocher ; 10 ga Yuli, 1916 - 23 ga Yuli, 2019) matukin jirgin sama ne na Amurka kuma memba na Matan Jiragen Sama na Sojojin Sama (WASPs) a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Ta girma a gonar iyalinta da ke Woodburn, Oregon, tana sha'awar harkar jirgin sama tun tana ƙarama. Ta sami takardar shaidar tukin jirgin sama ta sirri a 1939, lokacin da ba a saba gani ba ga mata su zama matukan jirgi.

A shekarar 1943, Olsen ta shiga sabuwar ƙungiyar WASPs da aka kafa a matsayin ma'aikaciyar ma'aikatan gwamnati . Bayan ta yi horo a [[Texas]], an tura ta zuwa ƙungiyar jiragen ruwa ta shida (Sixth Ferrying Group) a Long Beach, California, inda ta yi aiki a fannin jigilar sabbin jiragen sama daga masana'antun da aka gina su zuwa sansanonin jiragen sama na Amurka. Ta yi amfani da jiragen sama sama da 20 na soja, ciki har da jiragen sama masu inganci kamar P-51 Mustang da kuma P-38 Lightning mai injina biyu, waɗanda ta fi fifita fiye da manyan jiragen sama kamar jiragen sama masu jefa bama-bamai; ta fi son P-51.

Bayan yaƙin, Olsen ta yi ritaya daga jirgin sama ta koma jihar [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]], inda ta yi aure, ta haifi 'ya'ya, kuma ta rayu har tsawon rayuwarta. A shekarar 2009, an ba ta lambar zinare ta Majalisar Dokoki don girmama aikinta a lokacin yaƙin. Olsen ta mutu a shekarar 2019 tana da shekaru 103.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Dorothy Eleanor Olsen a Woodburn, kusa da Portland, Oregon, a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1916, ga Ralph da Frances (Zimering) Kocher, kuma ta girma a ƙaramin gonar dangin.  Tana da shekaru takwas, ta yanke shawarar cewa tana son yin jiragen sama bayan ta karanta littafin ''The Red Knight of Germany'', tarihin Floyd Gibbons game da gwarzon jirgin sama [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|na Yaƙin Duniya]] na Ɗaya Manfred von Richthofen . Gabatarwar Olsen ga jirgin sama shine lokacin da ta hau jirgi biyu a wani bikin baje kolin gwamnati, wanda ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa ta ɗauki darussan tashi;   an ruwaito cewa farashin jirgin ya ƙare duk kuɗin da ta tara.  A shekarar 2011, ta shaida wa ''Chinook Observer'' : 

Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Olsen ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mai koyar da rawa. [1] Ta sami lasisin tukin jirgin sama na kanta a shekarar 1939, [2] : lokaci fihirisa 5:39 tana ɗaukar checkhive a cikin 40 horsepower (30 kW) Taylorcraft . An ruwaito cewa ɗaya daga cikin mata uku kacal a yankin Portland da ke da lasisin tuƙi na sirri a lokacin, [1] Olsen ta tashi da Woodburn Flying Club [1] (ta tuna cewa ita kaɗai ce mace a cikin maza goma sha tara), [3] kuma tare da Civil Air Patrol a Portland da The Dalles . [4]

== WASPs ==
[[File:Dorothy_Olsen_in_front_of_P-51_Mustang_(cropped_and_adjusted).jpg|alt=Olsen, using a cane for support, standing in front of a P-51 Mustang on static display. The airplane is painted in [[Invasion stripes]].|thumb| Olsen a gaban wani P-51 a wani wasan kwaikwayo na sararin samaniya na 2016.]]
A watan Satumba na 1942, an kafa ƙungiyar mata masu taimakawa jiragen ruwa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Nancy Harkness Love]] . Rundunar ta ɗauki mata waɗanda suka riga suka mallaki lasisin tukin jirgin sama na kasuwanci tare da matsakaicin sa'o'i 1,100 na ƙwarewar tukin jirgin sama, don jigilar jiragen sama na soja ba tare da buƙatar ƙarin horo ba. A cikin wannan watan, an ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar horar da jiragen sama ta mata a ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Jacqueline Cochran]] . Wannan ƙungiyar ta ɗauki mata matukan jirgi marasa ƙwarewa kuma ta ba su ƙarin horo don tukin jiragen sama na soja, wanda ya yi daidai da manhajar horar da sojojin sama na rundunar sojojin sama . A lokacin bazara na 1943, {{Efn|One source says July,{{refn|name=collins-2016}} another says August.{{refn|name=usaf-museum-2010}}}} an haɗa waɗannan rukunin biyu don samar da Matan Jiragen Sama na Sabis (WASPs). WASPs sun ɗauki ayyukan tukin jirgin sama marasa yaƙi a matsayin ma'aikatan gwamnati, gami da koyarwar tashi, ja dawakai da wuraren atisayen bindigogi, yin gwajin jiragen sama na injiniya, da jigilar jiragen sama. &lt;ref name=&quot;usaf-museum-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Flying for Freedom: The Story of the Women Air Force Service Pilots |url=http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070323-027.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226112912/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070323-027.pdf |archive-date=December 26, 2010 |access-date=March 5, 2024 |website=National Museum of the United States Air Force}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;collins-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Shannon |date=March 2, 2016 |title=WASPs Were Pioneers for Female Pilots of Today, Tomorrow |url=https://www.war.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/684700/wasps-were-pioneers-for-female-pilots-of-today-tomorrow/ |access-date=March 4, 2024 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US |archive-date=January 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118025148/https://dod.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/684700/wasps-were-pioneers-for-female-pilots-of-today-tomorrow/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  {{Rp|page=xv}}

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Eureka Emefa Adomako</title>
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'''Eureka Emefa Ahadjie Adomako''' masanin ilimin shuke-shuke ne kuma masanin kimiyya na Ghana wanda a halin yanzu babban malami ne a Sashen Shuke-shuka da Muhalli, Jami'ar Ghana . Adomako ta yi aiki a matsayin uwargidan jarrabawa na [[Ghana National Science and Maths Quiz]] (NSMQ) daga 2001 zuwa 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adu-Gyamfi |first=Evans |date=26 November 2021 |title=NSMQ 2021: Where dey 'Powerhouse'? |url=https://thebftonline.com/2021/11/26/nsmq-2021-where-dey-powerhouse/ |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Eureka Adomako ta halarci [[St Rose's Senior High (Akwatia)|Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Rose]]. Adomako tana da digiri na farko na kimiyya a [[Botany]] daga [[Jami'ar Ghana]] daga 1993. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2019 |title=Dr. Eureka Emefa Ahadjie Adomako Installed as 17th Warden Of Volta Hall |url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/dr-eureka-emefa-ahadjie-adomako-installed-17th-warden-volta-hall |access-date=26 November 2021 |website=University of Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Jami'ar Cambridge inda ta kammala tare da digiri na Master of Philosophy a cikin Muhalli da Ci gaba a watan Janairun, 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta koma [[Jami'ar Ghana]] don neman digiri na Master of Philosophy a Botany wanda ya kammala a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2005, ta sami tallafin karatu na ma'aikatan ilimi na Commonwealth don neman Ph.D a Ingila a Jami'ar Aberdeen . Ta kammala a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008, tare da digiri na Doctor of Philosophy a Kimiyya ta Shuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Rubutun ta shine Bambance-bambance a Matsayi na Arsenic da Sauran Abubuwan Trace Trace masu guba a cikin Ƙasa da Girka na Ghana: Sakamakon Lafiya na Mutum don Yankunan da ke fama da Ma'adinai.

== Ayyuka ==
Tsakanin Maris 2000 da Janairu 2002, Eureka Adomako ta kasance Babban Mai Gudanar da Shirin a ofishin ba da riba ba, ofishin Conservation International-Ghana, inda ta yi aiki a kan kamfen don hana farauta da cinikayya na nau'in namun daji da ke cikin haɗari. A shekara ta 2003, an nada Adomako a matsayin malami a Sashen Shuke-shuke da Muhalli, Jami'ar Ghana . Ta tashi zuwa matsayin Babban malami a shekara ta 2009. [1] [2][3] Bayan nadin ta a matsayin malami, Adomako ta kuma ɗauki wasu matsayi tun daga matsayin ɗan'uwan Volta Hall a Jami'ar. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta yi aiki a wurare da yawa ciki har da Mataimakin Wasanni daga 2012 zuwa 2014, Shugaban Babban Gidan Jama'a daga 2011 zuwa 2014 da Babban Mataimakin daga 2014 zuwa 2018.[2] A matsayinta na babban malami, ta kasance memba na Majalisar Hall, memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na zauren kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Tutorial.[2] A watan Janairun 2019, an ɗaga ta kuma an nada ta a matsayin Warden na 17 na Volta Hall a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 60 na zauren. [2][4]

=== Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Lissafi na Kasa ===
A shekara ta 2001, Adomako ta gaji Marian Ewurama Addy a matsayin Quiz Mistress na Kimiyya da Lissafi na Kasa bayan da tsohuwar kanta ta ba da shawarar. Ta jagoranci jarrabawar na tsawon shekaru 4 daga 2001 zuwa 2005 kuma ta ba da shawarar [[Elsie Effah Kaufmann|Elsie Effah Kaufman]], uwargidan jarrabawar ta yanzu don ɗaukar matsayinta yayin da ta ci gaba da karatun digiri a Jami'ar Aberdeen . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Omenako Junior |first=Daniel Odame |date=29 June 2017 |title=What You Should Know About National Science And Maths Quiz |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/education/201706/318893.php |access-date=26 November 2021 |website=Peace FM Online |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827202216/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/education/201706/318893.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tigo |first=Joshua |date=7 July 2018 |title=NSMQ History: How it all started and the female dynamics |url=https://www.adomonline.com/nsmq-history-how-it-all-started-and-the-female-dynamics/ |access-date=26 November 2021 |website=Adom Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2015 |title=How the National Science and Maths quiz began |url=https://citifmonline.com/2015/06/how-the-national-science-and-maths-quiz-began/ |access-date=26 June 2015 |website=Citi 97.3 FM |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922101930/http://citifmonline.com/2015/06/how-the-national-science-and-maths-quiz-began/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kale-Dery |first=Severious |date=1 July 2018 |title=National Science &amp; Maths Quiz: The journey so far |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/national-science-maths-quiz-the-journey-so-far.html |access-date=26 November 2021 |website=Graphic Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka, girmamawa da zumunci ==

* ODA Cambridge-Commonwealth Scholarship, Jami'ar Cambridge (Oktoba 1995 - Agusta 1996) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
* Gudanar da Ma'aikatan Kwalejin Commonwealth, Jami'ar Aberdeen (Oktoba 2005 - Satumba 2008) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Commonwealth Academic Fellowship for Post-Doctoral Studies, Jami'ar Aberdeen (Oktoba 2010 - Afrilu 2011) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Mai Bincike na girmamawa na Makarantar Kimiyya ta Biological, Jami'ar Aberdeen &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Adomako ta yi aure tare da 'ya'ya biyu kuma [[Kirista]] ce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2018 |title=Bullet 4th November 2018, LCI 40th Anniversary |url=http://licfamily.org.gh/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Bulletin-4th-November-2018-LIC-@-40-.pdf |access-date=26 November 2021 |website=LCI Family}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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[[Fayil:Female_WWII_pilot_visits_Nellis_Airmen_(4)_(cropped).JPG|thumb|Betty Wall Strohfus tana riƙe da hoton kanta lokacin da take matukin jirgin WASP (2012)]]
'''Elizabeth Wall Strohfus''' (15 ga Nuwamba, 1919 - 6 ga Maris, 2016) ta kasance matukin jirgin sama ' yar Amurka kuma mamba a cikin ƙungiyar Mata Masu Jiragen Sama (WASP) a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] .

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Strohfus a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1919, a Faribault, Minnesota, ita ce ta biyar cikin 'ya'ya shida da iyayenta suka haifa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strohfus, Elizabeth (Betty) Wall (1919–2016) {{!}} MNopedia |url=https://www.mnopedia.org/person/strohfus-elizabeth-betty-wall-1919-2016 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.mnopedia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatun sakandare a shekarar 1937 kuma ta yi aiki a Kotun Rice County a ofishin Rijistar Takardu. Bayan ta haɗu da wani memba na Sky Club na gida, ƙungiyar jiragen sama maza da mata, Strohfus ta ranci dala 100 daga wani banki na gida, ta yi amfani da kekenta a matsayin jingina, sannan ta shiga.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kevin Giles |first=Star Tribune |date=2016-03-19 |title=Obituary: Betty Wall Strohfus, WASP pilot and advocate for women who flew during World War II |url=https://www.startribune.com/obituary-betty-wall-strohfus-wasp-pilot-and-advocate-for-women-who-flew-during-world-war-ii/372709861 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.startribune.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sa kai na Sky Club don samun damar tashi. &lt;ref name=&quot;fdn&quot; /&gt; Jirginta na farko ya kasance a cikin Piper Cub . &lt;ref name=&quot;fdn&quot; /&gt;

== Aikin soja ==
Strohfus tana ɗaya daga cikin matukan jirgi mata 1,074 da suka sami fikafikai masu kyau ga WASPs. &lt;ref name=&quot;miltimes&quot; /&gt; Ta shiga WASPs a 1943 kuma ta yi horo a Sweetwater, Texas. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ta yi ayyukan da ba na yaƙi ba daga 1943 zuwa 1944, sau da yawa tana jigilar jiragen sama na soja a duk faɗin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;miltimes&quot; /&gt; Ta horar da jiragen sama maza da na ƙasa a filin jirgin saman soja na Las Vegas a 1944.   

Strohfus ta sami lambobin zinare guda biyu na Majalisar Dokoki saboda aikinta a WASPs kuma an shigar da ita cikin Zauren Shahararrun Jiragen Sama na Minnesota .  An yi imanin cewa tana ɗaya daga cikin jiragen da suka rage na ƙarshe na WASP. &lt;ref name=&quot;miltimes&quot; /&gt;

An wargaza WASPs a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1944. 

== Rayuwa daga baya da gado ==
Bayan ƙarshen WASPs, Strohfus ta nemi zama matukin jirgi a Northwest Airlines . An ƙi ta saboda ba su ɗauki mata aiki don su yi tafiya a kan hanya ba.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Madadin haka, ta zama mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama amma ta ga aikin yana kaɗaici. &lt;ref name=&quot;fdn&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Daga nan ta koma Faribault, inda ta yi aure kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya biyar. [1] Ta yi aiki a kotun, ta yi aikin sa kai tare da Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji, kuma ta kasance mai himma tare da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Tawayen Amurka . Bayan mahaifiyarta da 'yar'uwarta duka sun mutu sakamakon cutar kansa, Wall ta yi aiki a Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka a New York daga 1972 zuwa 1979. [2]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1919]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Elsie Ott</title>
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Laftanar ta biyu '''Elsie Ott''' (1913–2006) ita ce mace ta farko da ta karɓi lambar yabo ta jirgin sama ta Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zinser |title=Women's History Month: 2nd Lt. Elsie S. Ott |url=https://www.hanscom.af.mil/News/story/id/123405053/ |access-date=October 4, 2015 |website=hanscom.af.mil |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222024417/https://www.hanscom.af.mil/News/story/id/123405053/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba ta wannan lambar yabo ne saboda jarumtarta wajen tantance hanyar da za a bi don kwashe waɗanda suka ji rauni daga layin gaba . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 March 2011 |title=Elsie S. Ott (1913–2006) |url=http://americacomesalive.com/2011/03/06/elsie-s-ott-1913-2006/#.ViC35m5uC9I |website=America Comes Alive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An haifi Elsie S. Ott a shekarar 1913 a Smithtown, New York . Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare, Ott ta halarci Makarantar Kula da Jinya ta Asibitin Lenox Hill da ke birnin New York. Ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a asibitoci daban-daban kafin ta shiga Rundunar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Sojoji a watan Satumbar 1941. Ganin matsayin Laftanar na biyu jim kaɗan bayan shiga rundunar, Ott ya fara aiki nan take a Louisiana da Virginia kafin ya yi doguwar tafiya zuwa [[Karachi|Karachi, Indiya.]] &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

A Indiya, Ott za ta kasance cikin waɗanda suka fara aikin kwashe sojojin sama daga ƙasashen waje. An ba ta izinin tashi da jirgin sama na awanni 24 kacal, ba ta da horon kwashe jiragen sama, kuma ba ta taɓa hawa jirgin sama ba a da. A ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1943, Ott ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a cikin jirgin sama ga sojoji biyar a lokacin wani aiki na tsawon mako guda - tafiyar da a da jirgin ruwa ne kawai zai iya yi kuma za ta ɗauki watanni uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Flight nurses revolutionize military medical care |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/109558/flight-nurses-revolutionize-military-medical-care/ |access-date=4 October 2015 |website=www.af.mil}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jirgin ya yi nasara, kuma Ott ya taimaka wajen jigilar sojojin da suka ji rauni daga Karachi har zuwa Asibitin Walter Reed da ke Washington DC &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

Da yake ta san cewa littafinta na yadda ta tafiyar da jirgin zai yi muhimmanci, Ott ta tabbatar da yin rubutu a hankali. Ta lissafa abubuwan da za su yi amfani kuma ta ba da shawarar su don ƙaura nan gaba. Daga cikin abubuwan da Ott ya ba da shawarar a yi a tafiye-tafiye masu zuwa akwai: ƙarin bandeji, ƙarin barguna da iskar oxygen. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

Watanni biyu bayan tashinta, an ba Ott lambar yabo ta farko ta Air Medal da aka bai wa wata mace. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

Daga baya, an ƙara wa Ott matsayi a matsayin kyaftin. An sallame ta a shekarar 1946. Bayan shekaru ashirin, an sake kiranta don ta fara amfani da jirgin sama mai suna C-9 Nightingale, sabuwar motar daukar marasa lafiya ta yaƙin Vietnam.

== Duba kuma ==

* Na'urar jinya ta jirgin sama
* Fitar da marasa lafiya
* McDonnell Douglas C-9

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1913]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ellen Sharples</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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{| class=&quot;infobox biography vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Ellen Sharples&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Sharples,_Rolinda_-_Portrait_of_Ellen_Sharples.jpg|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Portrait of Sharples, painted by her daughter, [[Rolinda Sharples|Rolinda]], &lt;abbr title=&quot;circa&quot;&gt;c.&lt;/abbr&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x2009;1814&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Born
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;nickname&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;Ellen Wallace&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;bday&quot;&gt;1769-03-04&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;4 March 1769&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;[[Bath, Somerset]] or [[Birmingham]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Died
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |14 March 1849&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;(1849-03-14)&lt;/span&gt; (aged&amp;nbsp;80)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;deathplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;[[Bristol]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Known&amp;nbsp;for
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Painting]], [[Portrait miniature|Miniaturist]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;Notable work&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |George Washington, Joseph Banks
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Movement
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; |[[Portrait]], [[Silhouette]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Spouse
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Marriage/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;marriage-display-inline&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;&quot;&gt;[[James Sharples (mai zane-zane)|James Sharples]]&lt;/div&gt;
   &lt;div class=&quot;marriage-line-margin2px&quot;&gt;&amp;#x200B;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x200B;&lt;/div&gt;&amp;#x28;&lt;abbr title=&quot;&lt;nowiki&amp;gt;married&lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&quot;&gt;m.&lt;/abbr&gt;&amp;nbsp;1778&amp;#x3B;&amp;#x20;died&amp;nbsp;1811&amp;#x29;&amp;#x200B;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Children
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |2 (incl. Rolinda)
|}
[[Fayil:Dorothea_Hart_MET_DP155526.jpg|thumb|Dorothea Hart, wanda aka danganta ga James Sharples, mai yiwuwa Ellen Sharples, 1809, Birtaniya]]
Ellen Wallace Sharples (4 Maris 1769 - 14 Maris 1849) ta kasance mai zane-zane na Ingilishi wanda ya ƙware a cikin hotuna a cikin pastel da kuma a cikin ƙananan ruwa a kan hauren giwa . [1] Ta nuna kananan abubuwa biyar a Royal Academy a 1807, kuma ta kafa Bristol Fine Arts Academy a 1844 tare da kyauta mai yawa.[2]

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Ellen Wallace a Lancaster.  Ta yi karatun zane tare da [[James Sharples (mai zane-zane)|James Sharples]] a Bath, makarantar koyon fasaha da ta sani, kuma ta aure shi a shekara ta 1787. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyu, dukkansu kuma masu zane ne: James Sharples, Jr. (an haife shi a shekara ta 1788) da Rolinda Sharples (an haife shi a shekara ta 1793). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Metz |first=Kathryn |date=Spring–Summer 1995 |title=Ellen and Rolinda Sharples: Mother and Daughter Painters |journal=Woman's Art Journal |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=3–11 |doi=10.2307/1358624 |jstor=1358624}}&lt;/ref&gt; James, wanda ya yi bazawara sau biyu a baya, yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu daga aurensa na baya, George, tare da matarsa ta farko, da Felix (an haife shi a shekara ta 1786 kuma mai zane) tare da matarsa ta biyu.

=== Amurka, 1794-1801 ===
[[Fayil:George_Washington_by_Ellen_Sharples.jpg|thumb|[[George Washington]], 1796-1797, Ellen Sharples]]
Ma'auratan sun yi hijira zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a kusa da shekara ta 1794 a cikin tafiya mai ban tsoro, inda wani mai zaman kansa na Faransa ya kwace jirgin su. An tsare iyalin a [[Brest]] na tsawon watanni bakwai, kuma Ellen daga baya za ta rubuta game da wahalar a cikin rubutunta: &quot;Iyalinmu sun fuskanci; sun fuskanci yawancin wahalarta, kuma mun shaida abubuwa da yawa a lokacin da aka tsare mu na watanni bakwai a Faransa, zuciya ce da za a iya tunawa da ita&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Waggoner |first=Diane |author-link=Diane Waggoner |title=The Sharples Family and Legal Papers |url=http://www.microform.co.uk/guides/R97579.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031608/http://www.microform.co.uk/guides/R97579.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=28 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga bisani sun isa Amurka a cikin wani yunkuri wanda ya nuna salon masu zane-zane na Ingila waɗanda suka yi amfani da karuwar bukatar hoto a Sabon Duniya. Rayuwa a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] James ya sami babban nasara wajen zana hotuna na shugabannin Amurka (ciki har da [[George Washington]]). A kusa da shekara ta 1797, yayin da suke zaune a Philadelphia, Ellen ta fara zana hotuna da sana'a don kara yawan kuɗin shiga na iyali. Da yake amsawa ga babban buƙata don kwafin da za a iya amfani da shi, aikin Ellen ya bunƙasa wajen kwafin hotunan mijinta na asali a kan kwamiti, kuma an sanya ƙananan kwafinta daidai da na mijinta. Ƙananan hotuna, irin su Sharples sun fito, sun kasance mai yiwuwa kuma mai araha ga manyan hotuna na Gilbert Stuart da John Trumbull. Gasar daga wasu ƙananan masu zane-zane ta kasance mai tsauri, kuma a cikin neman damar samun kwamitoci, iyalin sun zama masu tafiya. Sun zauna kuma sun yi aiki a Philadelphia da [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], kuma sun yi tafiya ta hanyar New England a cikin karusar da aka gina musamman wacce ta ɗauki iyalin, tarin su, da kayan aikin su.

Lokacin da suke ƙanana sosai, yaran Sharples sun fara zanawa, kuma Ellen ta fara horar da 'yarta, Rolinda, a cikin fasahar zane da zane. Yaran sun shiga kasuwancin iyali lokacin da suke cikin matasa, Felix yana da shekaru 17, James Jr. yana da shekaru 15, kuma Rolinda yana da shekaru 13.

=== Komawa Ingila, 1801-1809 ===
A cikin 1801, iyalin suka koma Bath saboda tsoron da suke da shi game da yakin Franco-Amurka. Yawancin bayanan da aka sani game da iyalin a wannan lokacin sun fito ne daga littattafan Ellen Sharples da wasiƙu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Waggoner |first=Diane |author-link=Diane Waggoner |title=Guides |url=http://www.microform.co.uk/guides/R97579.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031608/http://www.microform.co.uk/guides/R97579.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=28 August 2009 |website=microform.co.uk |page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a cikin 1803, Ellen ta rubuta game da 'yarta:&lt;blockquote&gt;Zane, karatu da kuma koyar da ƙaunatacciyar Rolinda ya ci gaba da sha'awar ni sosai, kamar yadda suka yi shekaru da yawa.... Mista S. yana jin daɗin koya mata ilimin lissafi da falsafar halitta. Ina halartar karatun ta, rubuce-rubuce, zane, yanayin ƙasa, Faransanci, da sauransu.&lt;/blockquote&gt;A wannan lokacin na wucin gadi, Ellen ta kuma nuna kananan siffofinta a Royal Academy of Arts .

=== Amurka, 1809-1811 ===
A cikin 1806, iyalin suna da niyyar komawa Amurka, amma jirgin su ya lalace a cikin guguwa kuma dole ne su koma tashar jiragen ruwa. An ba Felix da James Jr. izinin dawowa a wannan lokacin, kuma James, Ellen, da Rolinda sun shiga tare da su bayan shekaru uku. A lokacin zaman su na biyu a Amurka, sun zauna a New York, New Jersey, da Pennsylvania, suna ci gaba da ayyukan hotunan su. James Sharples ya yi rashin lafiya a shekara ta 1810, kuma a cikin hunturu na 1811, ya mutu. Bayan sun daidaita nufin, Ellen, Rolinda, da James Jr. sun koma Ingila, kuma Felix ya zaba ya kasance a Amurka, yana neman aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane.

=== Bristol, Ingila, 1811-1849 ===
[[Fayil:Charles_and_Catherine_Darwin,_1816,_by_Sharples.jpg|thumb|Hoton zane na 1816 na [[Charles Darwin]] yana da shekaru shida tare da 'yar'uwarsa Catherine, ta Ellen Sharples]]
Rayuwar Ellen ta tafiye-tafiye ta ƙare bayan mutuwar mijinta, kuma ta zauna har abada a Clifton, inda ita, James Jr. da Rolinda suka yi hayar ɗaki. Mambobin uku na iyali sun mai da hankali kan kafa aikin hoto. Ayyukan Rolinda sun ɗauki wani bangare daban-daban kuma mafi girman burin, domin ta fara fentin manyan hotuna da kuma rikitarwa a cikin mai. James, Jr., wanda ya rayu rayuwa mai zaman kanta daga mahaifiyarsa da 'yar'uwarsa, ya ci gaba da zana hotuna. Ellen ta diary nassoshi ga Felix ya ƙare a 1823, kuma ba ta ambaci cewa 'ya'yanta sun taɓa yin aure ba. Iyalin sun yi nasara, amma 'ya'yanta biyu sun riga ta mutu. Rolinda ya mutu daga ciwon nono a 1838, kuma James Jr. ya mutu daga tarin fuka a 1839. Game da asarar ta, Ellen ta rubuta wa abokinta, Miss Sarjeant:&lt;blockquote&gt;cewa a cikin asarar da na yi kwanan nan, dole ne jin daɗina ya kasance mai wahala; domin kun san yadda ƙaunatacciyar ɗana mai baiwa da 'yarta ga mahaifiyarsu suke da kyau, yadda ta sadaukar da kai, ta sanya duk farin cikinta a cikinsu.... &lt;/blockquote&gt;Tana kusa da shekaru 72 lokacin da ta rubuta waɗannan kalmomi. Lokacin da Ellen ta mutu a shekara ta 1849 ta bar dukiya mai yawa na £ 4,000 ga Bristol Academy for the Promotion of Fine Arts wanda ya taimaka wajen tallafawa gidan zane-zane na farko na Bristol, yanzu Royal West of England Academy. Ta taimaka wajen gano Kwalejin shekaru da yawa da suka gabata tare da kyautar £ 2,000.

== Takardun sirri ==
Wasiƙu, takardun shari'a, littattafan banki da asusun da suka shafi James da Ellen Sharples da danginsu ana gudanar da su a Bristol Archives (Ref. 15395) (katalog na kan layi). Ana iya ganin zane-zane da yawa na Ellen da Rolinda Sharples a baje kolin a Gidan Tarihi na Birnin Bristol da Gidan Tarihin M Shed . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Art UK, Ellen Sharples |url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/mrs-ellen-sharples-mother-of-rolinda-sharples-189192 |access-date=3 March 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013184624/https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/mrs-ellen-sharples-mother-of-rolinda-sharples-189192 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotuna ==
[[Fayil:Priestley_color.jpg|left|thumb|Joseph Priestley, 1794, Ellen Sharples]]
Ellen Sharples ta fara aikinta na zane-zane ta yin kwafin hotunan mijinta. Tsakanin shekara ta 1794 da 1810, kwafinta ya bi irin wannan tsari na hotunan 9&quot;x 7&quot; a kan launin toka ko takarda. Ta koya wa kanta yadda za a yi ƙananan kwafin ruwa a kan hauren giwa, kuma tsakanin 1803 da 1810 ta yi ƙananan hotuna ko dai daga kwafin ko daga rayuwa. Kudin shiga daga zane-zanen Ellen da 'ya'yanta ya sa iyalin suka wadata, kuma ta rubuta a cikin littafinta:&lt;blockquote&gt;Ana buƙatar kwafi akai-akai; waɗannan na yi, kuma na yi nasara sosai, har ma da samun kwamitoci da yawa kamar yadda zan iya aiwatarwa; an yi la'akari da su daidai da asali, farashin iri ɗaya: mun rayu cikin salon kirki a cikin al'umma ta farko.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[Fayil:Rolinda-Sharples-selfportrait-ca1820.jpg|thumb|''Mai zane da mahaifiyarta''. Hoton kansa na Rolinda Sharples tare da mahaifiyarta Ellen Sharples, 1816]]
Bayan 1810, Ellen ba ta ambaci aikinta a cikin rubutunta ba, duk da haka iyalin sun ci gaba da aiki a matsayin masu zane-zane a Bristol. Batutuwan Ellen sun hada da Joseph Priestley, Martha da George Washington, Benjamin Rush, John da Mrs. Bard, Eleanor Parke Custis, Alexander Hamilton, Sir Joseph Banks, da Marquis de Lafayette . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Portrait Gallery – Person – Ellen Sharples |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp07546&amp;role=art |website=npg.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yau, ana iya samun ayyukanta a gidajen tarihi da yawa a Amurka, gami da Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan, National Gallery of Art, da Independence National Historical Park Collection. Ta mutu a Wybunbury, Cheshire .

'Yar Ellen Rolinda Sharples ta zama mai zane-zane na wasu sanannun mutane. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta shine The Trial of Colonel Brereton, wanda aka fentin a 1834, wanda ke nunawa a M Shed a Bristol.

== Hotunan Royal Academy ==
Daga jerin sunayen a cikin littafin masu baje kolin Royal Academy mutum zai iya ganin cewa Ellen Sharples ta nuna ayyukanta a 1807, lokacin da iyalin suka koma Ingila na ɗan gajeren lokaci. An lissafa ta a matsayin &quot;Mrs. James (Ellen) Sharples, Miniature painter&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=1905 |title=The Royal Academy of the Arts: Exhibitors |url=https://archive.org/stream/royalacademyofar07grav#page/92/mode/2up |website=archive.org |page=93}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* H. Brown, Dr. Priestley
* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
* Dokta Priestley

== Dubi kuma ==

* Royal West Academy na Ingila

; Mata masu zane-zane na Ingila daga farkon karni na 19 waɗanda suka nuna a Royal Academy of Art 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Ƙarin karantawa ==

* [Hasiya] &quot;Ellen da Rolinda Sharples: Uwar da 'Yar Ma'aikata&quot;, ''Jaridar Fasaha ta Mata'', Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring - Summer, 1995), shafuffuka 3-11.
* [http://www.pastellists.com/Articles/SHARPLESe.pdf Ellen Sharples] // Neil Jeffares, Dictionary of Pastellists kafin 1800. Shafin yanar gizo.

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050511011242/http://www.baas.ac.uk/resources/asib/asibdets.asp?ordernum=8316&amp;head=8314 Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Nazarin Amurka]
* The Sharples Family and Legal Papers: 1794 - 1854, Dr. Diane Waggoner An adana shi  
* [http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp07546&amp;role=art National Portrait Gallery, Hotunan Ellen Sharples]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100308130016/http://www.milesbarton.com/work.htm?ID=97 Hoton Rt.Hon Russell Gurney, pastel a kan takarda]
{{Authority control}}
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  <page>
    <title>Gareth Bale</title>
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'''Gareth Frank Bale''' (an haife shi 16 ga Yuli, 1989) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Wales]] kuma mai wasa a matsayi na winger ko forward.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gareth Bale Profile|url=https://www.uefa.com/players/250000010/|website=UEFA|access-date=27 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi fice a [[Premier League]] da [[La Liga]] tare da [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] da [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]], sannan yanzu yana buga wasa a [[Major League Soccer]] da [[Los Angeles FC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gareth Bale Career Stats|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/gareth-bale/profil/spieler/71506|website=Transfermarkt|access-date=27 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta Farko ==
Gareth Bale an haife shi a [[Cardiff]], [[Wales]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gareth Bale Biography|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gareth-Bale|website=Britannica|access-date=27 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami a kulob ɗin [[Cardiff Civil Service]] kafin ya shiga [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]] a matakin matasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gareth Bale Youth Career|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/98225/gareth-bale|website=ESPN|access-date=27 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwallon Ƙafa ==
=== Southampton ===
Bale ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]] a 2006, inda ya nuna bajinta a matsayin winger da kuma mai saka ƙwallaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gareth Bale Southampton Stats|url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/3172/Gareth-Bale/overview|website=Premier League|access-date=27 March 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tottenham Hotspur ===
A 2007, Bale ya koma [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin taurarin kungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gareth Bale Tottenham Career|url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/teams/men/players/gareth-bale/|website=Tottenham Hotspur Official|access-date=27 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; A nan ne ya fara samun suna a duniya saboda gudu, fasaha, da ƙwarewa a buga free-kicks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Gareth Bale: The Rise of a Star|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/teams/tottenham|date=27 March 2026|newspaper=BBC Sport}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Real Madrid ===
A 2013, Bale ya koma [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] a matsayin ɗayan masu daraja sosai a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gareth Bale Real Madrid Career|url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/squad/gareth-bale|website=Real Madrid Official|access-date=27 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya taimaka wa kungiyar lashe [[UEFA Champions League]] sau da dama, ciki har da shahararren kwallon kafa na ƙarshe a Final na 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Champions League Final 2018: Real Madrid vs Liverpool|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0275-153e5b0b67e6-3f39d9fc84e0-1000/|newspaper=UEFA|date=27 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komawa Tottenham (Loan) ===
A 2020–2021, Bale ya koma [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham]] a matsayin hayar wucin gadi inda ya ci ƙwallaye da dama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gareth Bale Loan to Tottenham|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/54724516|website=BBC Sport|access-date=27 March 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Los Angeles FC ===
A 2022, Bale ya koma [[Los Angeles FC]] a [[Major League Soccer]] inda yake ci gaba da taka rawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gareth Bale LAFC Transfer|url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/gareth-bale/|website=MLS Official|access-date=27 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ==
Bale ya fara wakiltar [[Wales national football team|Wales]] tun 2006, kuma ya zama babban gwarzon ƙungiyar har zuwa 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gareth Bale Wales Career|url=https://www.faw.cymru/en/teams/wales-men/players/gareth-bale/|website=Football Association of Wales|access-date=27 March 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a [[UEFA Euro 2016]], inda Wales ta kai zuwa semifinals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Euro 2016: Wales Historic Run|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/0253-0d81f1f1e4aa-3f2d1b82d2c1-1000/|newspaper=UEFA|date=July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon Wasa ==
Bale ana saninsa da gudu mai sauri, ƙwarewa a dribbling, ƙarfin bugun ƙwallo daga nesa, da ikon buga free-kicks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gareth Bale Playing Style|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/_/id/98225/gareth-bale|website=ESPN|access-date=27 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lissafin Lambobin yabo ==
* [[UEFA Champions League]]: 2013–14, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gareth Bale Honours|url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/squad/gareth-bale|website=Real Madrid Official|access-date=27 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[La Liga]]: 2016–17, 2019–20&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gareth Bale La Liga Titles|url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/squad/gareth-bale|website=Real Madrid Official|access-date=27 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Copa del Rey]]: 2013–14&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Real Madrid Copa del Rey 2014|url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/squad/gareth-bale|website=Real Madrid Official|access-date=27 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[FIFA Club World Cup]]: 2014, 2017, 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gareth Bale FIFA Club World Cup|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/clubworldcup|website=FIFA|access-date=27 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year: 2010, 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BBC Wales Sports Personality Awards|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/wales|newspaper=BBC Sport|access-date=27 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fungai Chaderopa</title>
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'''Fungai Chaderopa''' 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Zimbabwe. An zaɓe ta a shekarar 2008, ta yi aiki a majalisar dokokin Zimbabwe, tana wakiltar mazaɓar [[Sanyati (constituency)|Sanyati]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-08-27 |title=Members of Parliament and their Constituancies |url=https://cfuzim.org/members-of-parliament-and-their-constituancies/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Commercial Farmers' Union of Zimbabwe |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006083158/https://cfuzim.org/members-of-parliament-and-their-constituancies/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da taimakon 'yan sandan jamhuriyar Zimbabwe, ta haifar da kamawa, tsarewa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da azabtarwa ga ƙungiyar Movement for Democratic Change masu fafutukar Tsvangirai waɗanda suka ƙi  amincewa da ra'ayinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Know your leaders: Fungai Chaderopa |url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2010/04/know-your-leaders-fungai-chaderopa/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=[[The Zimbabwean]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Two MDC members are being treated for injuries |url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2011/03/two-mdc-members-are-being-treated-for-injuries/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=The Zimbabwean}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-01-19 |title=Murderers and torturers appointed to Zimbabwe's Constitutional outreach programme |url=https://cfuzim.org/murderers-and-torturers-appointed-to-zimbabwes-constitutional-outreach-programme/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=[[Commercial Farmers' Union]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425160232/https://cfuzim.org/murderers-and-torturers-appointed-to-zimbabwes-constitutional-outreach-programme/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sake tsayawa takara a shekarar 2013, amma ta sha kaye  a zaɓen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sibanda |first=Tichaona |date=3 October 2012 |title=Zimbabwe: Komichi Throws His Hat in the Ring to Contest Parliamentary Seat |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201210040209.html |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=[[allAfrica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chinotimba, Supa Mandiwanzira sails through Zanu-PF nomination process |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-31832.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Bulawayo24 News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lisa J. Hou</title>
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'''Lisa J. Hou''', DO (An haife ta a 1971) &lt;ref name=&quot;Ride&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ride of Her Life |url=https://stories.camden.rutgers.edu/spring-2022-the-ride-of-her-life/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=stories.camden.rutgers.edu |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230134245/https://stories.camden.rutgers.edu/spring-2022-the-ride-of-her-life/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; likita ce 'yar [[Amurka]] kuma babbar janar . Tun daga watan Yulin 2024, ita ce Darakta a Ofishin Babban Likitan Hadin Gwiwa a Ofishin Tsaron Kasa .  Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Tsaron Kasa na New Jersey kuma Kwamishinar Sashen Harkokin Soja da Tsoffin Sojoji na New Jersey daga 2021 zuwa 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Adjutant General |url=https://www.nj.gov/military/tag.shtml |website=www.nj.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NJ.com |first=Kelly Heyboer; NJ Advance Media for |date=May 3, 2021 |title=Murphy names first woman to oversee N.J. National Guard, veterans homes after COVID deaths spur big changes |url=https://www.nj.com/coronavirus/2021/05/murphy-names-first-woman-to-oversee-nj-national-guard-veterans-homes-after-covid-deaths-spur-big-changes.html |website=nj}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce Ba’amurke 'yar Asiya ta farko kuma mace ta farko da ta zama Babban Janar a jihar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 3, 2021 |title=Governor Murphy Nominates Colonel Dr. Lisa Hou as Adjutant General and Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Military and Veterans Affairs |url=https://www.insidernj.com/press-release/governor-murphy-nominates-colonel-dr-lisa-hou-adjutant-general-commissioner-new-jersey-department-military-veterans-affairs/ |website=Insider NJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
'Yar bakin haure 'yan [[Sin|China]], Hou ta girma a Middletown da Rumson, kuma ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a Makarantar Sakandare ta Rumson-Fair Haven a shekarar 1987.   Ta sami digirin farko (BA) a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Kwalejin Bryn Mawr . &lt;ref name=&quot;NGB bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2021 |title=Brigadier General Lisa J. Hou |url=https://www.nationalguard.mil/Leadership/Joint-Staff/Special-Staff/Senior-Leader-Management-Office/General-Officer-Management/bio-show/3834/ |access-date=July 1, 2022 |publisher=National Guard Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta shiga Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta New Jersey a shekarar 1994 yayin da take ɗalibar likitanci a Jami'ar Magunguna da Hakora ta New Jersey - Makarantar Magungunan Osteopathic da ke Stratford . Dr. Hou ta sami digirinta na uku a fannin Magungunan Osteopathic (DO) a shekarar 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=NJHCP |url=https://www.njdoctorlist.com/NJPublic/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.njdoctorlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar likitanci, Dr. Hou ta kammala aikin tiyata na wucin gadi a Asibitin Union, NJ (1997), aikin tiyata na gabaɗaya a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta St. Barnabas, Livingston, NJ (1998) da kuma aikin tiyatar Otolaryngology/Fcial Plastic Surgery a Asibitin Union (2001). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2002, Dr. Hou ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin tiyatar barci, a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Stanford, CA. Bugu da ƙari, Dr. Hou ta sami lambar yabo ta likitan tiyatar jirgin sama a shekara ta 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;NGB bio&quot; /&gt;

In addition to her training in medicine, Dr. Hou went on to earn a distinctive Master of Strategic Studies (MSS) from the United States Army War College in 2019 as well as a master's degree in Business Administration (MBA) from the Rutgers University - School of Business in 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ride&quot;/&gt;

== Aikin soja ==
A shekarar 2005, a lokacin, Maj. Hou ta yi aiki a Iraki a matsayin babbar likitan tiyata a fannin Echo Company, Bataliyar Taimako ta 50, Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta 42, Rundunar Tsaron Sojojin Sama ta New Jersey, inda ta yi aikin kula da lafiyar gaggawa na yau da kullun ga sojojin kawance da fararen hula na Iraki kuma ta ci gaba da shirye-shiryen likita don raunin da ya faru.

A shekarar 2011, a lokacin Laftanar Kanar Hou ta yi aiki a Afghanistan a matsayin Likitan Fida na Kamfanin Charlie, Bataliyar Tallafawa ta 700, Tawagar Yaƙi ta Sojojin Ruwa ta 45. Ita ce kaɗai mai ba da sabis na lafiya tare da ƙungiyar likitocin yaƙi a sansanin Sojojin Ƙasa na Afghanistan kuma tana da alhakin samar da kulawar gaggawa ta yau da kullun da ta ci gaba a fagen yaƙi ga sojoji sama da 600 na haɗin gwiwa, 'yan kwangila, da 'yan ƙasashen waje.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]</text>
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    <title>Dorothy F. Bailey</title>
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'''Dorothy F. Bailey''' shugabar al'umma ce ta Amurka daga Gundumar Prince George, Maryland . Ta yi aiki a majalisar gundumar na tsawon shekaru takwas, inda ta yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin shugaba. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyoyi da dama na ƙasa da na gida, ciki har da Majalisar Mata Masu Ra'ayin Baƙi ta Ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Nazarin Rayuwa da Tarihi na 'Yan Afirka ta Amirka (ASALH). Ta kafa Bikin Harlem Renaissance na gundumar, wanda ake gudanarwa kowace shekara tun 1999, kuma ta kafa ƙungiyoyi da dama na al'umma. An shigar da ita cikin Zauren Shahararrun Mata na Maryland a 2014.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haife ta ne a Dunn, North Carolina . Ta fara shiga cikin fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam yayin da take karatun ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Tsakiya ta North Carolina, inda ta sami digirin BA a shekarar 1962.  Ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin ilimi da ilimin gerontology a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania da Jami'ar Maryland . A farkon aikinta ta koyar a makarantun gwamnati kuma ta yi aiki a shirin Upward Bound na Jami'ar Maryland . &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;mdhall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html |website=[[State of Maryland]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 1983 zuwa 1994, ta riƙe manyan mukamai a hukumomin gwamnatin Prince George's County da dama, ciki har da babban darektan Hukumar Kare Masu Amfani, da kuma daraktan haɗin gwiwar al'umma a Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Iyali. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;pgplanning&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet the Commissioners |url=http://www.pgplanning.org/Planning_Board/About_The_Planning_Board/Meet_the_Commissioners.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703143901/http://www.pgplanning.org/Planning_Board/About_The_Planning_Board/Meet_the_Commissioners.htm |archive-date=2016-07-03 |access-date=2016-07-09 |website=Prince George's County Planning Board}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1994 an zaɓe ta a majalisar gundumar Prince George, inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru takwas. Ta kasance shugabar majalisar na wa'adi biyu da mataimakiyar shugaba na wa'adi uku. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;mdhall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html |website=[[State of Maryland]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html &quot;Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey&quot;]. ''[[Maryland|State of Maryland]]''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan barin majalisar, Bailey ta yi aiki a matsayin mai hulɗa da iyaye a Makarantun Jama'a na Gundumar Prince George. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;pgplanning&quot; &lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2001, an zaɓe Bailey a majalisar zartarwa ta ƙasa ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Rayuwa da Tarihin Baƙar fata ta Amurka (ASALH); ita ce kuma shugabar reshen Gundumar Prince George. A shekara ta 2002 ta kafa Gidauniyar Tunawa da Harlem ta Gundumar Prince George, tana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa daga 2003 zuwa 2011. Gidauniyar tana gudanar da bikin Harlem Renaissance na shekara-shekara, wani ra'ayi da Bailey ta tsara a matsayin hanyar nuna gudummawar fasaha da al'adu na Baƙar fata a lokacin zamanin Harlem Renaissance, da kuma nuna ayyukan mazauna gundumar waɗanda ke ci gaba da wannan gado. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;hrf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Honorable Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://pghrf.org/dorothy-bailey/ |website=Harlem Remembrance Foundation of Prince George's County |access-date=2026-03-31 |archive-date=2017-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125032407/http://pghrf.org/dorothy-bailey/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bikin yana jawo dubban baƙi kowace shekara kuma yana ɗauke da karatun waƙoƙi, wasan kwaikwayo na rawa, zane-zane na gani, da kuma jazz kai tsaye.  Fitattun masu wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Clifton Powell, wanda ya karanta waƙoƙin Langston Hughes, da kuma mawaƙin jazz Jean Carne . 

Bailey ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama, ciki har da Gidauniyar LEARN (Landover Educational Athletic Recreational Non-Profit), Ƙungiyar Ƙarfafa Matasa ta Kiamsha, da Kwamitin Haɗin Kan Sarauta na Royal Bafokeng Sister City Friendship. Ta kuma yi aiki a hukumomin ƙasa da na ƙananan hukumomi na Majalisar Ƙasa ta Mata 'Yan Negro . &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html |website=[[State of Maryland]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/bailey.html &quot;Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Dorothy F. Bailey&quot;]. ''[[Maryland|State of Maryland]]''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja da kyaututtuka ==

* Shigar da Mata a Zauren Shahararrun Mata na Maryland, 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot;/&gt;
* Kyautar Gladys Noon Spellman don Ayyukan Jama'a &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt;
* Kyautar Hoton NAACP don Fafutukar Siyasa, 1999 &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt; 
* Kyautar Amincewa da Bethune ta Majalisar Ƙasa ta Mata 'Yan Negro &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt;
* Takardar kammala karatun digiri na shekarar 2013 a Jami'ar North Carolina Central &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt;
* Shigar da Mata a Zauren Shahararrun Mata na Gundumar Prince George, 1996 &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt; 
* Digirin girmamawa na Allahntaka daga Kwalejin Baptist da Seminary ta Riverside, 1991 &lt;ref name=&quot;mdhall&quot; /&gt;

== Littattafai ==

*  

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Dorothy Pocklington</title>
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      <text bytes="3440" sha1="m65rvjpdip7s0vhhvl1mz376sok2z46" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Dorothy Pocklington''' (an haife ta '''Dorothy Ann Butcher'''; 25 Maris 1934 - 3 Oktoba 2024) ta kasance ma'aikaciyar jinya ta Sojojin Amurka. Ita ce mace ta farko a cikin rundunar soji da ta kai matsayin brigadier general.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Pocklington a [[Louisiana]] a ranar 25 ga Maris 1934,  kuma ya girma a Lafayette.  Ta sami digiri na BS a fannin jinya daga Cibiyar Nazarin Liberal da Fasaha ta Kudu maso Yammacin Louisiana a shekarar 1956. Ta sami digiri na MS a fannin jinya daga Jami'ar Katolika ta Amurka a shekarar 1960. Pocklington ta ci gaba da karatu don digiri na Ph.D. a Jami'ar Maryland  yayin da take aiki a matsayin malami a fannin jinya a alma mater, wanda aka sake masa suna Jami'ar Kudu maso Yammacin Louisiana. &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2003 |title=Army Medical Department Profiles: Brig. Gen. Dorothy A. Pocklington, Army Nurse Corps Reserve |url=https://history.amedd.army.mil/ANCWebsite/interviews/Pocklington.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218052027/http://history.amedd.army.mil/ANCWebsite/interviews/Pocklington.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2013 |access-date=2021-04-09 |publisher=Office of Medical History, Office of The Surgeon General}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan soja ==
Pocklington ta shiga rundunar ma'aikatan jinya ta Sojoji a watan Agustan 1964 kuma an ba shi izini a matsayin kyaftin. Ta yi aiki a kan aiki na tsawon shekaru goma sha uku, ta kai matsayin Lieutenant Colonel. Pocklington ya sauya zuwa Sojojin Tsaro kuma ya ci gaba da aiki har tsawon shekaru goma sha bakwai, ya kai matsayin brigadier janar a shekarar 1989. [1] A matsayinta na babban jami'in, ta taimaka wajen tattara ma'aikatan jinya 20,000 da sauran ma'aikatan ajiya don Yakin Gulf.[2] Pocklington ya yi ritaya daga Sojojin Sojoji a watan Afrilun 1994. Ta kasance memba mara aiki na Sojojin Nurses Corps har zuwa Maris 1999. [1]

Darajarta ta soja ta haɗa da lambar yabo ta Distinguished Service, Legion of Merit da kyaututtuka uku na lambar yabo ta Meritorious Service . &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Pocklington 'yar Curtis Harold Butcher ce da Lena Cecile (DelaHoussaye) Butcher . &lt;ref name=&quot;marriage&quot; /&gt; Ta auri Alvin Eugene Pocklington  a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1970 a Fort Myer, Virginia . [1]&lt;ref name=&quot;husband&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pocklington, Alvin |url=https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgtQb2NrbGluZ3RvbhIFQWx2aW4-/ |access-date=2021-04-09 |website=ANCExplorer |publisher=U.S. Army}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mijinta ya shiga aikin jirgin ruwa a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, amma ya koma Sojoji kuma ya yi ritaya daga aiki a matsayin sajan.&lt;ref name=&quot;husband&quot; /&gt; Daga baya ya yi aiki a fannin lantarki na kiwon lafiya. Ma'auratan sun zauna a Birnin Ellicott, Maryland .  Bayan mutuwarsa, an binne mijinta a Kabari na Arlington a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;husband&quot; /&gt;

Pocklington ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2024, yana da shekaru 90. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dorothy B. Pocklington |url=https://www.delhommefuneralhome.com/obituaries/Dorothy-Pocklington/#!/TributeWall |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=Delhomme Funeral Homes |archive-date=21 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221123104/https://www.delhommefuneralhome.com/obituaries/Dorothy-Pocklington/#!/TributeWall |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Franco Mastantuono</title>
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      <text bytes="3674" sha1="kmqw1plpk05jjoj8t59ggzjdayo9tzm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| name = Franco Mastantuono
| full_name = Franco Mastantuono
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2007|8|14}}
| birth_place = Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| position = Attacking midfielder
| currentclub = River Plate
| clubnumber = 30
| youthyears1 = 2019–2023
| youthclubs1 = River Plate
| years1 = 2024–
| clubs1 = River Plate
| caps1 = 0
| goals1 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2023–
| nationalteam1 = Argentina U17
| nationalcaps1 = 
| nationalgoals1 = 
}}
[[Fayil:Franco Mastantuono in 2025 (cropped).jpg|thumb|'''Franco Mastantuono''']]
'''Franco Mastantuono''' (an haife shi 14 ga Agusta 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Argentina]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai kai hari daga tsakiya (attacking midfielder) ga ƙungiyar [[River Plate]] a gasar [[Argentine Primera División]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Franco Mastantuono profile |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/franco-mastantuono/profil/spieler/ |publisher=Transfermarkt |access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rayuwar Farko==
An haifi Franco Mastantuono a garin Azul, lardin Buenos Aires, a ƙasar [[Argentina]]. Ya fara nuna bajintarsa tun yana ƙarami, inda ya fara buga ƙwallo a makarantu da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kafin ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta [[River Plate]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Quién es Franco Mastantuono, la joya de River |url=https://www.tycsports.com/river-plate/franco-mastantuono-joya-id |publisher=TyC Sports |access-date=1 April 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Aikin Ƙungiya==
Mastantuono ya shiga tsarin matasa na [[River Plate]] a shekarar 2019. Ya yi fice a gasar matasa inda ya jawo hankalin masu horarwa da magoya baya saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen sarrafa ƙwallo da iya zura kwallo daga nesa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Franco Mastantuono firmó su primer contrato profesional |url=https://www.cariverplate.com.ar/franco-mastantuono-primer-contrato |publisher=River Plate Official Website |access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2024, ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararru na farko tare da [[River Plate]], lamarin da ya ba shi damar shiga babbar ƙungiyar kulob ɗin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=River blindó a Mastantuono con contrato profesional |url=https://www.ole.com.ar/river-plate/mastantuono-contrato-profesional |publisher=Olé |access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Aikin Ƙasa==
Mastantuono ya wakilci [[Argentina national under-17 football team|Argentina U-17]] a gasannin matasa na ƙasa da ƙasa, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar duniya ta matasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lista de convocados Argentina Sub-17 |url=https://www.afa.com.ar/es/posts/convocados-sub17 |publisher=Asociación del Fútbol Argentino |access-date=1 April 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Salon Wasanni==
Ana kallon Mastantuono a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hazikan matasa a [[Argentina]]. Yana taka leda a matsayin mai kai hari daga tsakiya, yana da ƙwarewa wajen wucewa, sarrafa ƙwallo, da kuma iya jefa bugun daga nesa. Wasansa ya sa ana kwatanta shi da wasu fitattun 'yan wasan tsakiya na ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=La nueva promesa de River: Mastantuono |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/deportes/futbol/mastantuono-promesa-river |publisher=La Nación |access-date=1 April 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Buenos Aires Province]]
[[Category:Argentine footballers]]
[[Category:River Plate footballers]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Evelyn McHale</title>
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      <text bytes="6898" sha1="i7ygwqvwv9xfn6g5j9r7h41v9z8c623" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Evelyn Francis McHale''' (Satumba 20, 1923 - Mayu 1, 1947) &lt;ref name=&quot;Inc1947&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=42–43}}&lt;/ref&gt; wata Ba’amurkiya ce mai kula da littattafai wadda ta yi tsalle daga bene na 86 na ginin Empire State Building har ta mutu. Robert Wiles, ɗalibi mai ɗaukar hoto, ya ɗauki hoton gawarta inda ta kwanta a kan wata mota da ta lalace. An sake buga hoton a ko'ina cikin duniya kuma ya sa mujallar ''Time'' ta kira ta &quot;mafi kyawun kisan kai&quot;. Ya zaburar da Andy Warhol, tare da sauran masu fasaha.  &lt;ref name=&quot;nyti_Cras&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Page, Max |date=April 23, 2006 |title=Crashing to Earth, Again and Again |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/nyregion/thecity/23scar.html |access-date=April 18, 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Evelyn McHale a Berkeley, California, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Birth of Evelyn Mchale |url=http://www.californiabirthindex.org/birth/evelyn_f_mchale_born_1923_797875 |access-date=May 30, 2016 |website=[[California Birth Index]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗaya daga cikin yara tara da Helen da Vincent McHale suka haifa. Mahaifinta mai duba banki ne wanda ya ƙaura zuwa [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], a shekarar 1930. Mahaifiyarta ta sha fama [[Babban rashin damuwa|da baƙin ciki]] ba tare da an gano ta ba kuma ba a yi mata magani ba. Wannan ya haifar da aure mai ƙalubale kuma daga ƙarshe saki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Evelyn Mchale&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Evelyn Mchale |url=http://www.codex99.com/photography/43.html |access-date=November 16, 2018 |website=Codex99}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vincent ya sami kulawar dukkan yaran kuma ya ƙaura zuwa Tuckahoe, New York, inda McHale ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Eastchester a matsayin ƙarami.

== Sana'a ==
Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Normandy a shekarar 1942, McHale ta shiga Rundunar Sojojin Mata kuma aka tura ta aiki a Jefferson City, Missouri . Daga baya ta koma Baldwin, New York, kuma an dauke ta aiki a matsayin mai kula da littattafai a Kamfanin Kirtab Engraving da ke kan titin Pearl . Saurayinta Barry Rhodes ne, ɗaliba a Kwalejin Lafayette da aka kora daga Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Amurka . &lt;ref name=&quot;rare_TheM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robert C. Wiles |date=February 27, 2014 |title=The Most Beautiful Suicide: Evelyn McHale Leapt to Her Death from the Empire State Building, 1947 |url=http://rarehistoricalphotos.com/beautiful-suicide-evelyn-mchale-leapt-death-empire-state-building-1947/ |access-date=April 18, 2016 |website=Rare Historical Photos}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;keit_Evel&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2012 |title=Evelyn McHale: A Beautiful Death on 33rd Street |url=https://keithyorkcity.wordpress.com/2012/10/24/evelyn-mchale-a-beautiful-death-on-33rd-street/ |access-date=April 18, 2016 |website=Keith York City}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1947, McHale ta hau jirgin ƙasa daga New York zuwa Easton, Pennsylvania, don ziyartar Rhodes. Washegari, bayan ta bar gidan Rhodes, ta koma birnin New York ta tafi ginin Empire State, inda ta yi tsalle daga ɗakin kallo mai hawa 86, ta sauka a kan wata mota da aka ajiye a wurin ajiye motoci. An ruwaito cewa wani mai gadi ya tsaya kimanin {{Convert|10|ft|m}} daga gare ta jim kaɗan kafin ta yi tsalle.

Rhodes bai lura da wata alama ta tunanin kashe kansa ba kafin McHale ta tafi. Jami'in bincike Frank Murray ya sami takardar kashe kanta a cikin wani baƙar aljihu kusa da rigarta mai naɗewa a jikin bangon bene na lura. Rubutun ya ce: &lt;ref name=&quot;rare_TheM&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;real_TheW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff Reporter |date=November 27, 2015 |title=The Wild and Dark History of the Empire State Building, One of New York City's Most Recognized Landmarks, and Known for its Record-Breaking Height |url=http://www.realtytoday.com/articles/56503/20151127/wild-dark-history-empire-state-building-one-new-york-city.htm |access-date=April 17, 2016 |website=Realty Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== A cikin al'adun jama'a ==
Andy Warhol ta yi amfani da hoton Wiles a cikin ɗaya daga cikin kwafinsa mai suna ''Suicide (Fallen Body)'' . 

An kuma yi amfani da hotonta a murfin kundin wakokin Saccharine Trust mai suna ''Surviving You, Always'', wanda SST Records ta fitar a shekarar 1984.

''Makamin Kisa'' ta yi nuni da wannan hoton a cikin jerin farko.

Bidiyon [[David Bowie]] na 1993 na waƙar &quot; Jump They Say &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Evelyn McHale i 'najpiękniejsze samobójstwo' – historia jednej fotografii |url=https://histmag.org/Evelyn-McHale-i-najpiekniejsze-samobojstwo-historia-jednej-fotografii-17899 |access-date=April 12, 2021 |website=Histmag}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma bidiyon waƙar Radiohead na 1995 na waƙar &quot; Street Spirit (Fade Out) &quot; duk sun haɗa da hoton, inda Bowie da Thom Yorke suka yi tsalle a kan wata mota da ta fashe.

Murfin kundin wakokin ''Gilt'' na shekarar 1995 na ƙungiyar Tucson Machines of Loving Grace ya yi amfani da hoton launi wanda ya sake ƙirƙirar hoton asali, yayin da na kundin wakokin Pearl Jam na shekarar 2009 ''Backspacer'' ya nuna hoton da aka ɗauka a kusurwar dama ta ƙasa.

A kan murfin kundin wakokin shekarar 2019 ''mai suna Better Out Than In'' by the St. Paul, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Minnesota Skittish, mawaƙi kuma marubuci Jeff Noller ya fito a cikin wani salon fim mai suna &quot;Style&quot;.

An ambaci hoton a cikin fim ɗin ''Stranger Than Fiction'' ta jarumar Karen Eiffel. An kuma ambaci hoton a cikin waƙar &quot;Shatter Me with Hope&quot; ta HIM daga kundin waƙoƙinsu ''na Screamworks: Love in Theory and Practice'', tare da kalmomin &quot;Juya zuwa shafi na 43, za ku san yadda nake ji&quot;, wanda aka nuna kai tsaye ga hoton kamar yadda aka nuna a fitowar ''mujallar LIFE'' ' ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1947.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Inc1947&quot;/&gt;

Fitowar ''Privilege (Abridged)'' ta Parenthetical Girls ta 2013 ta fara ne da waƙar &quot;Evelyn McHale&quot;. An kuma yi nuni ga ɗaukar bidiyon waƙar [[Taylor Swift]] mai suna &quot; Bad Blood &quot;, wadda aka fitar a 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2015 |title=Taylor Swift – Bad Blood ft. Kendrick Lamar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcIy9NiNbmo |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825232518/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcIy9NiNbmo |archive-date=August 25, 2019 |access-date=August 26, 2019 |website=YouTube |language=en-US }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bidiyon waƙar ''Cyberpunk: Edgerunners'' ta 2022 mai taken &quot;Let You Down&quot; ta David Podsiadło ya ƙunshi hoton Evelyn McHale da aka nuna a jikin wani mutum a kan mota a cikin yanayin da ya yi kama da na McHale. 

A shekarar 2018, an buga wani littafi da 'yar jarida kuma marubuciya Nadia Busato ta rubuta a Italiya, wanda ya bi diddigin labarin Evelyn McHale da kisan kanta. Littafin mai suna Non sarò mai la brava moglie di nessuno ( Ba zan taɓa zama matar kirki ga kowa ba ). [1]

== Duba kuma ==

* ''Mutumin da Ya Faɗi''
* Thích Quảng Đức

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>i7ygwqvwv9xfn6g5j9r7h41v9z8c623</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gaba Kulka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>148266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839998</id>
      <parentid>826860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T06:14:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>839998</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="10776" sha1="fauyxdsiv6v9jz1nmmtqopca0jzng6v" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Gabriela Konstancja Kulka-Stajewska''' ('''Gaba Kulka''', an haife ta a 1979 a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]], [[Poland]]) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce mai zaman kanta ta Poland, marubuciya, kuma [[Yin zane-zane|mai wasan kwaikwayo]].

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Gabriela Kulka ta fito ne daga dangin mawaƙa; mahaifinta dan wasan violin ne kuma farfesa a Poland. Ta dauki shekaru takwas na darussan violin na gargajiya amma daga baya ta yi amfani da piano.

Kundin sa na farko, &quot;Tsakanin Miss Scylla da Hard Place&quot; (2003) da &quot;Out&quot; (2006), an samar da su da kansu. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga tarin murfin &quot;Songs for Wolf,&quot; tare da masu fasaha ciki har da Björk, Ozzy Osbourne, Neil Diamond, [[Stevie Nicks]] da The Church).

A shekara ta 2009, babban lakabin Mystic Production ne ya fitar da kundi na uku, &quot;Hat, Rabbit&quot;. Kundin ya sami matsayi na zinariya a Poland, kuma an buga waƙoƙin &quot;Niejasności,&quot; &quot;Kara Niny,&quot; da &quot;Got a Song&quot; a madadin tashoshin rediyo. A wannan shekarar, ta yi aiki tare da mawaƙin Poland Konrad Kucz a kan kundin &quot;Sleepwalk . &quot;

== Hanyar kiɗa ==
A cikin shekaru bakwai na rubuce-rubuce da rikodin, Gabriela Kulka ta haɓaka salon da ya bambanta wanda ya haɗu da abubuwa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na duhu tare da shirye-shiryen tasirin jazz da kuma jaddada waƙoƙi, waƙoƙin da ba a saba da su ba. Ayyukanta suna nuna tasirin Danny Elfman da Kate Bush, kuma suna nuna tushe na salon a cikin kiɗa na gargajiya, jazz, da al'adun gargajiya.

Mawakan da ta ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka fi burge ta su ne, da farko kuma babu shakka - Kate Bush da Tori Amos, amma kuma Peter Gabriel, Kurt Weill, Danny Elfman, The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo, Chroma Key, Queen, ABBA, Bruce Dickinson, Iron Maiden (waɗanda take rera waƙoƙinsu kai tsaye) da kuma  [[Madonna]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}}.

== Bayanan da aka yi ==

=== Kayan solo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15em;&quot; |Taken
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Bayanan kundin
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Matsayi mafi girma
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Sayarwa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Takaddun shaida
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |POL&lt;ref name=&quot;pol&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=671&amp;lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;onyx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=547&amp;lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;onyx2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=623&amp;lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;onyx3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=510&amp;lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;onyx4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=838&amp;lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;onyx5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart |url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=886&amp;lang=en |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=olis.onyx.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Daga waje''
|
* An saki shi: Nuwamba 12, 2007 &lt;ref name=&quot;interia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Out - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/gabriela-kulka-out,222384 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alamar: Eblok
* Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital &lt;ref name=&quot;apple&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2009 |title=Out by Gaba Kulka on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/pl/album/out/484061567 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|47
|
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Hatsar, Rabbit''
|
* An saki shi: Mayu 4, 2009 &lt;ref name=&quot;interia2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Hat, Rabbit - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/gaba-kulka-hat-rabbit,254452 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alamar: Mystic Production
* Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital &lt;ref name=&quot;apple2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 2009 |title=Hat, Rabbit by Gaba Kulka on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/pl/album/hat-rabbit/484052133 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|7
|
* POL: 15,000+ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video |url=http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/regulamin.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714000448/http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/regulamin.php |archive-date=2014-07-14 |access-date=2014-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
* POL: Zinariya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video |url=http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/zlote/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603082637/http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/zlote/index.php |archive-date=2013-06-03 |access-date=2014-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Wersje''
|
* An saki shi: Nuwamba 4, 2013 &lt;ref name=&quot;interia3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Wersje - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/gaba-kulka-wersje,377383 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alamar: Mystic Production
* Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital &lt;ref name=&quot;apple3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=Wersje (Bonus Tracks) by Gaba Kulka on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/pl/album/wersje-bonus-tracks/727737549 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|25
|
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Mai tserewa''
|
* An saki: Satumba 8, 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;mystic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aktualności - GABA KULKA nowy album &quot;The Escapist&quot; już 8 września! - Wytwórnia płytowa - Mystic Production |url=http://www.mystic.pl/aktualnosci,gaba_kulka_nowy_album_the_escapist_juz_8_wrzesnia,1545.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610084458/http://www.mystic.pl/aktualnosci,gaba_kulka_nowy_album_the_escapist_juz_8_wrzesnia,1545.htm |archive-date=2016-06-10 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=mystic.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alamar: Mystic Production
* Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital &lt;ref name=&quot;apple4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 September 2014 |title=The Escapist by Gaba Kulka on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/pl/album/the-escapist/908701009 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|9
|
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Ƙarƙashin''
|
* An saki shi: Satumba 6, 2016
* Alamar: Mystic Production
* Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital
| -
|
|
|-
| colspan=&quot;20&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; |&quot; - &quot; yana nuna rikodin da ba a tsara shi ba ko kuma ba a saki shi a wannan yankin ba.
|}

=== Kayan haɗin gwiwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Taken
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Bayanan kundin
! colspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Matsayi mafi girma
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:90%;&quot; |POL &lt;ref name=&quot;pol&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |Sleepwalk (tare da Konrad Kucz) 
|
* An saki shi: 26 ga Oktoba, 2009 &lt;ref name=&quot;interia4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Sleepwalk - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/kuczkulka-sleepwalk,262761 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alamar: Jazzboy Records
* Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ITunes - Music - Sleepwalk by Kucz/Kulka |url=https://itunes.apple.com/pl/album/sleepwalk/id579365917 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916193952/https://itunes.apple.com/pl/album/sleepwalk/id579365917 |archive-date=2014-09-16 |access-date=2014-08-26 |website=[[iTunes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|11
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Rebeka ya yi tafiya a cikin kolację''&lt;br /&gt;
(tare da Młynarski Plays Młynski) 
|
* An saki shi: Oktoba 10, 2010
* Alamar: Mystic Production
* Tsarin: CD
|14
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Baaba Kulka'' (tare da Baaba) 
|
* An saki shi: Maris 21, 2011 &lt;ref name=&quot;interia5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Baaba Kulka - Muzyka w Interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/plyty/plyta/baaba-kulka-baaba-kulka,296511 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alamar: Mystic Production
* Tsarin: CD
|14
|-
| colspan=&quot;20&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; |&quot; - &quot; yana nuna rikodin da ba a tsara shi ba ko kuma ba a saki shi a wannan yankin ba.
|}

=== Kayan bidiyo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15em;&quot; |Taken
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Bayanan kundin
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Rabbit mai rai''
|
* An saki shi: 26 ga Nuwamba, 2010 &lt;ref name=&quot;interia6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka koncertowo: Wzloty i upadki na DVD - muzyka.interia.pl |url=http://muzyka.interia.pl/wiadomosci/alternatywa/news/gaba-kulka-koncertowo-wzloty-i-upadki-na-dvd,1555200,45 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712015005/http://muzyka.interia.pl/wiadomosci/alternatywa/news/gaba-kulka-koncertowo-wzloty-i-upadki-na-dvd,1555200,45 |archive-date=2012-07-12 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=muzyka.interia.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Alamar: Mystic Production
* Tsarin: DVD
|-
|}

=== Bidiyo na kiɗa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Jagora
!Album
!Tabbacin.
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2009
|&quot;Niejasności&quot;
|{{Center|—}}
|''Hatsar, Rabbit''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;youtube&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka &amp;quot;Niejasności&amp;quot; - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRwNkrUCcvo |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106030738/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRwNkrUCcvo |archive-date=2016-01-06 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=youtube.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&quot;Ka sami Waƙar&quot; (tare da Konrad Kucz) 
|Filip Kovcin
|''Gudun Barci''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;youtube2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka i Konrad Kucz - Kucz/Kulka &amp;quot;Got a Song&amp;quot; (oficjalny teledysk) - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xpgdJCDaX2Y |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/xpgdJCDaX2Y |archive-date=2021-12-14 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2014
|&quot;Wielkie ta rufe&quot;
|Hemmingsen mai hauka
|''Mai tserewa''
|&lt;ref name=&quot;youtube3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaba Kulka - Wielkie Wrażenie - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fk4RgHmTFwQ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411052109/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fk4RgHmTFwQ |archive-date=2016-04-11 |access-date=2016-05-17 |publisher=youtube.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]</text>
      <sha1>fauyxdsiv6v9jz1nmmtqopca0jzng6v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Frank Wiafe Danquah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>149180</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839930</id>
      <parentid>829956</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T04:48:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>839930</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3257" sha1="sx03erqlru3ot7dspfaqrplstcs1g4h" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Frank Wiafe Danquah''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1989) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Holland kuma ɗan asalin [[Ghana|ƙasar Ghana]] wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Hoofdklasse ta DUNO . 

== Aikin kulob ==
Frank Wiafe Danquah ya fara aiki a ƙungiyar matasa ta Ajax Amsterdam da ke [[Holand|Netherlands]] . Daga nan aka ba shi gwaji daga [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar matasa tare da su a watan Yulin 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;Frank Wiafe Danquah Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Frank Wiafe Danquah Bio |url=http://www.nufc.co.uk/page/Teams/PlayerProfile/0,,10278~43991,00.html |access-date=5 June 2011 |publisher=nufc.co.uk |archive-date=2 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002001402/http://www.nufc.co.uk/page/Teams/PlayerProfile/0,,10278~43991,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi fice a ƙungiyar kuma ya zama ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a ƙungiyar, kuma a ranar 8 ga Yulin 2008 ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararru ta shekaru 2 da [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Newcastle sign youngster Wiafe Danquah&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2008 |title=Newcastle sign youngster Wiafe Danquah |url=http://www.soccernews.com/newcastle-sign-youngster-wiafe-danquah/3889/ |access-date=5 June 2011 |publisher=soccernews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da kwangilar Wiafe Danquah ta ƙare a lokacin bazara na 2010, ba a ba shi sabuwar kwangila ba, sai ya koma Ferencváros a [[Hungariya|Hungary]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magyarfutball.hu |title=Danquah Frank (Amszterdam 1989.10.04) • Személyek |url=https://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/szemelyek/adatlap/22095/frank_danquah |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=www.magyarfutball.hu |language=hu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FRANK WIAFE DANQUAH - FERENCVÁROSI TC |url=https://adatbank.mlsz.hu/player/427501.html |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=adatbank.mlsz.hu |language=hu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwantiraginsa da ƙungiyar ya wargaje saboda matsalolin kuɗi a ƙarshen 2010. A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2011 ya koma Waasland-Beveren a [[Beljik|Belgium]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;W-B rondt komst Frank Wiafe Danquah af&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=W-B rondt komst Frank Wiafe Danquah af |url=http://www.waasland-beveren.be/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=1309:w-b-rondt-komst-frank-wiafe-danquah-af&amp;Itemid=86 |access-date=5 June 2011 |publisher=waasland-beveren.be |language=nl-be}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairu na 2013 ya koma Romania, lokacin da ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar watanni 6 da Brașov . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/kortom-persboycot-steaua-grindheim-naar-valerengen.htm?channel=phone Kortom - Persboycot Steaua, Grindheim naar Vålerengen] - Voetbal International {{In lang|nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumba na 2014, Wiafe Danquah ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Achilles '29 har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2014-15 . [1] Ya koma FC Lienden a kakar wasa ta 2015/16 Topklasse [2] sannan ya koma ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie Fortuna Sittard a kakar wasa mai zuwa, [3] sai dai ya koma Lienden a watan Janairun 2017. [4]

A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2021, Wiafe Danquah ya sanya hannu tare da DUNO a cikin Hoofdklasse . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]]</text>
      <sha1>sx03erqlru3ot7dspfaqrplstcs1g4h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Edwin Okon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>149201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839699</id>
      <parentid>830003</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:09:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>839699</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4962" sha1="jfumg16p2ackpx4yyi9qla6z8vple98" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Edwin Edem Okon''' &lt;ref name=&quot;fullname&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=24 November 2014 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Interview With Edwin Edem Okon |url=http://www.sl10.ng/news/articles/categories/nigeria-interviews/interview-with-rivers-angels-head-coach-edwin-edem-okon/193533 |website=sl10.ng}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1970 &lt;ref name=&quot;age&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=4 September 2013 |title=WHO IS EDWIN OKON? FIND OUT |url=http://www.savidnews.com/who-is-edwin-okon-find-out/ |website=Savidnews.com |access-date=5 May 2026 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209233039/http://www.savidnews.com/who-is-edwin-okon-find-out/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;) shi ne babban kocin Ibom Angels .  An haife shi a [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]], Okon ya sami takardar shaidar kocin daga cibiyar wasanni a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;age&quot; /&gt; Bayan gazawar Najeriya ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta Afirka ta 2012, da kuma murabus din kocin [[Kadiri Ikhana]], an nada Okon a matsayin kocin [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Najeriya|Super Falcons]] na wucin gadi a shekarar 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;interim&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oludare |first=Shina |date=21 August 2013 |title=Edwin Okon appointed Super Falcons caretaker head coach |url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigerian-football/2013/08/21/4201560/edwin-okon-appointed-super-falcons-caretaker-head-coach |website=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin nasarar Najeriya ta ci gaba zuwa zagaye na knockout a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2015 ya haifar da saiti na Okon da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya ta maye gurbinsa da mataimakinsa, Christopher Danjuma a kan wani lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dede |first=Steve |date=29 June 2015 |title=NFF fire Super Falcons coach |url=http://pulse.ng/sports/football/edwin-okon-nff-fire-super-falcons-coach-id3919739.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030619/http://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/edwin-okon-nff-fire-super-falcons-coach-id3919739.html |archive-date=26 June 2018 |access-date=5 May 2017 |website=Pulse.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daraja ==

=== A cikin gida ===
A matsayin manajan Rivers Angels F.C.

==== Ƙungiyar ====

* 2012 Nigeria Women Premier League - masu cin gaba  
* 2013 Nigeria Women Premier League - masu cin gaba &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njoku |first=Humphrey |date=19 July 2013 |title=Rivers dream for double intact |url=https://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria/news/130719/Rivers_dream_for_double_intact?fb_comment_id=529157497138454_5272194#f1728392521aab |website=Supersport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 Nigeria Women Premier League - masu nasara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahmadu |first=Samuel |date=27 November 2014 |title=Rivers Angels are Nigeria women league champions |url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4111/npfl/2014/11/27/6551141/rivers-angels-are-nigeria-women-league-champions |website=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015 Nigeria Women Premier League - masu nasara  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=1 September 2015 |title=Women League Warns Rivers Angel Boss, Edwin Okon; Rewards Precious Edewor |url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=16106 |website=allnigeriasoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahmadu |first=Samuel |date=6 November 2015 |title=Rivers Angels retain Nigeria Women Premier League title |url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/12072/nigeria-women/2015/11/06/17023072/rivers-angels-retain-nigeria-women-premier-league-title |website=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016 Nigeria Women Premier League - masu nasara 

==== Kofin ====

* 2012 Federation Cup - masu nasara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=19 June 2014 |title=Celebrating Edwin Okon |url=http://www.sl10.ng/news/articles/countries/Nigeria/sl10-takes-a-look-at-falconets-coach-edwin-okon/166366 |website=sl10.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 2013 Federation Cup - masu nasara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adebowale |first=Segun |date=15 September 2013 |title=Rivers Angels win 2013 Federation Cup |url=http://theeagleonline.com.ng/rivers-angels-win-2013-federation-cup/ |website=theeagleonline.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 Federation Cup - masu nasara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahmadu |first=Samuel |date=25 November 2014 |title=Oshoala, Nwabuoku attribute Rivers Angels victory to hard work |url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/5502/federation-cup/2014/11/25/6434441/oshoala-nwabuoku-attribute-rivers-angels-victory-to-hard |website=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016 [[Gasar cin Kofi ta Matan Najeriya|Kofin Tarayya]] - masu nasara  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Asaolu |first=Tolu |date=13 September 2016 |title=Fed Cup: We deserve to win- Okon |url=http://www.futaa.com/news/fed-cup-we-deserve-to-win-okon |website=futaa.com}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kasashen Duniya ===

* 2012 FIFA U-20 Kofin Duniya na Mata - matsayi na huɗu
* Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Afirka ta 2014 - masu nasara

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fuad Adeniyi</title>
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'''Fuad Adepapo Adeniyi''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1994) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida.

== Career ==

=== Youth ===
Adeniyi ya buga wasa da ƙungiyoyin matasa daban-daban, ciki har da Harrow St. Mary's, Dorset RFC, Shaftesbury, da kuma The Football CV Academy. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fuad Adeniyi |url=https://www.ucsbgauchos.com/sports/m-soccer/2015-16/bios/adeniyi_fuad_v7sl |website=UC Santa Barbara |access-date=2026-05-06 |archive-date=2019-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421043402/http://www.ucsbgauchos.com/sports/m-soccer/2015-16/bios/adeniyi_fuad_v7sl |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FUAD ADEDAPO ADENIYI - The Players' Agent |url=http://www.theplayersagent.com/profile/249184/player/fuad_adedapo_adeniyi |website=www.theplayersagent.com |access-date=2026-05-06 |archive-date=2024-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214074326/http://www.theplayersagent.com/profile/249184/player/fuad_adedapo_adeniyi |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== College &amp; amateur ===
A shekarar 2012, Adeniyi ya koma Amurka don buga ƙwallon ƙafa a Jami'ar Mobile . Bayan ya buga wasa da Rams, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta First Team All-League a shekarar 2014, Adeniyi ya koma Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara a shekarar 2015, inda ya buga wasanni 15. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

Bayan kwaleji, Adeniyi ya shafe lokaci tare da FC London a shekarar 2015,  kuma daga baya ya shafe shekaru biyu tare da AFC Ann Arbor. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adeniyi Continues to Press for Pro Contract |url=https://www.afcannarbor.com/latestnews/2016/9/19/adeniyi-continues-to-press-for-pro-contract |website=AFC Ann Arbor }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Premier Soccer League |url=http://npsl.bonzidev.com/sam/standings/ss/schedule.php?v=3&amp;containerID=MTU3MzUxMA== |website=npsl.bonzidev.com |access-date=2026-05-06 |archive-date=2023-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712032607/http://npsl.bonzidev.com/sam/standings/ss/schedule.php?containerID=MTU3MzUxMA==&amp;v=3 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshen 2016, Adeniyi ya koma Finland, yana wasa tare da ƙungiyar Sporting Kristina mai lamba huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tormenta FC Adds Defender Fuad Adeniyi to 2022 Roster |url=https://www.tormentafc.com/news/2022/06/08/tormenta-fc-adds-defender-fuad-adeniyi-to-2022-roster/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya a cikin 2019, Adeniyi ya bayyana sau bakwai a kungiyar Dalton Red Wolves ta USL League Two, inda ya zira kwallaye shida kuma ya taimaka guda daya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dalton Red Wolves SC - 2019 Regular Season - Roster - # - Fuad Adeniyi - |url=https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/roster_players/33164871?subseason=583580 |website=www.uslleaguetwo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021 ya ga Adeniyi ya yi wasa tare da kungiyar mai son Atlanta Club ATLetic na ADASL . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Club ATLetic |url=http://www.adasl.com/page/show/6167285-club-atletic |website=Atlanta District Amateur Soccer League}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwararru ===
A cikin 2019, Adeniyi ya buga wasanni biyu na yau da kullun a cikin NISA tare da Atlanta SC . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Player Details &amp;#124; National Independent Soccer Association |url=https://nisasoccer.com/roster/fuad-adedapo-adeniyi |website=nisasoccer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2022, Adeniyi ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din USL League One .  &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=USLLeagueOne com Staff |date=9 June 2022 |title=Tormenta FC Adds Defender Fuad Adeniyi to 2022 Roster |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1228793-tormenta-fc-adds-defender-fuad-adeniyi-to-2022-roster |website=USL League One}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2024, ya buga wasanni 7 a kungiyar NISA ta Georgia FC .

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Edgar Manucharyan</title>
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'''Edgar Manucharyan''' ( Armenian   ; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Janairu 1987) ɗan ƙasar Armeniya ne tsohon ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba .

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Ajax ===
A farkon Disamba 2004, Manucharyan ya koma Ajax Amsterdam . A ranar 14 ga Disamba, ya shiga wasan sada zumunci da kungiyar [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] ta Spain inda ya buga mintuna 14 kafin ya ji rauni a ƙafarsa. Kamar yadda daga baya aka bayyana a wani gwajin lafiya, Manucharyan ya karya ƙasusuwan ƙafarsa ta dama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Barcelona too strong for Ajax in friendly: 2–1 |url=http://www.ajaxusa.com/matches/2004-2005/barcelona-too-strong-for-ajax-in-friendly-2-1.html |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=ajaxusa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Armenia ta naɗa ɗan wasan Armeniya mafi kyau a shekarar 2004 a wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin 'yan jarida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 December 2004 |script-title=ru:17-летний Эдгар Манучарян признан лучшим футболистом Армении 2004 года |url=http://ria.ru/sport/20041214/759955.html |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=ria.ru |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan raunin, Ajax ba ta sanya hannu kan kwangila da Manucharyan nan take ba amma a watan Yulin 2005, ya shiga kwangilar shekaru uku tare da Ajax inda ya biya Pyunik kuɗin dala 100,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Armenian striker Edgar Manucharyan joins Ajax |url=http://www.ajax-usa.com/news/2004-2005/armenian-striker-edgar-manucharyan-joins-ajax.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002041019/http://ajax-usa.com/news/2004-2005/armenian-striker-edgar-manucharyan-joins-ajax.html |archive-date=2 October 2008 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=ajax-usa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manucharyan ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Ajax a wasan share fagen kakar wasa da suka doke wata kungiyar 'yan wasan Holland da ci 18-0. Manucharyan ya fara buga wa Ajax wasa da kuma wasansa na farko a Eredivisie a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2005 a wasan da suka sha kashi 4-2 a hannun AZ Alkmaar bayan ya sauka daga benci a minti na 84 a madadin dan wasan gaba Ryan Babel [1] A kakar wasa ta 2005-06, ya buga wasanni hudu a gasar zakarun Turai [2] kuma ya lashe Kofin KNVB . Ya kuma halarci Gasar Amsterdam ta 2006, inda ya maye gurbin Inter Milan kuma ya buga a cikin 'yan wasan farko da Manchester United . Bayan wasan, Olympique Lyonnais da SL Benfica sun nuna sha'awar dan wasan. [3] Duk da haka, a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2007, an tsawaita kwangilarsa ta tsawon shekara 2008 har zuwa 30 ga Yuni, 2011. [4]

A kakar wasa ta 2006-07, Manucharyan ba kasafai yake shiga cikin tawagar farko ba kuma sau da yawa yana jin rauni. Ya fi yin wasa a ƙungiyar matasa, Jong Ajax . A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2006, Manucharyan ya zira ƙwallonsa ta farko a hukumance ga Ajax a wasan da suka doke ƙungiyar FK Austria Wien da ci 3-0 a kakar wasa ta UEFA Cup ta 2006-07 . Bayan ya shigo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a minti na 57, ya zira kwallaye bayan mintuna 8. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Аякс – Аустрия Вена 3:0 |url=https://ru.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/ |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=[[UEFA]] |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2006, Manucharyan ya shiga wasan sada zumunci da ƙungiyar [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal FC]] ta Ingila, wacce aka gudanar a sabon filin wasa na Emirates. Wasan ya kasance wasan bankwana ga [[Dennis Bergkamp]], tsohon ɗan wasan Ajax da Arsenal.  Manucharyan ya taimaka wa [[Klaas-Jan Huntelaar]], wanda ya zira kwallo ta farko a sabon filin wasa na Emirates. &lt;ref name=&quot;DBF&quot; /&gt; A farkon Maris 2007, ya tsawaita kwangilarsa har zuwa 2011, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Эдгар Манучарян будет играть за &quot;Аякс&quot; до 2011 года |url=http://www.euro-football.ru/news/shownews.php3?num=50394 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=euro-football.ru |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manucharyan pens contract renewal until summer 2011 |url=http://www.ajax-usa.com/news/2006-2007/manucharyan-pens-contract-renewal-until-summer-2011.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908072504/http://www.ajax-usa.com/news/2006-2007/manucharyan-pens-contract-renewal-until-summer-2011.html |archive-date=8 September 2008 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=ajax-usa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a watan Mayu ya lashe Kofin KNVB na biyu.

A kakar wasa ta 2007-08, Manucharyan bai buga wasa ɗaya ba a ƙungiyar farko a ƙarƙashin sabon koci Adrie Koster, duk da cewa yana cikin kyakkyawan yanayi.  kuma ya ci gaba da bugawa ƙungiyar matasa wasa, yayin da ƙananan raunuka suka same shi. A watan Mayun 2008, Manucharyan ya bayyana sha'awarsa ta barin ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Форвард сборной Армении Эдгар Манучарян намерен уйти из &quot;Аякса&quot; |url=http://www.regnum.ru/news/994941.html |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=regnum.ru |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2008, an ayyana Manucharyan da wasu 'yan wasan Ajax biyar a matsayin waɗanda suka fi sauran 'yan wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ru:&quot;Аякс&quot; выставил на трансфер пять футболистов |url=http://www.championat.com/football/news-115093.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617011400/http://www.championat.com/football/news-115093.html |archive-date=17 June 2013 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=championat.com |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haarlem da Apeldoorn ===
A ranar 6 ga Agusta 2009, Manucharyan ya tafi aro zuwa ƙungiyar Haarlem ta rukuni na farko ta ƙasar Holland.  An ƙididdige wa'adin hayar na shekara ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manucharyan op huurbasis naar HFC Haarlem |url=http://www.ajax.nl/Nieuws/Laatste-nieuws/Nieuws-archief-artikel/Manucharyan-op-huurbasis-naar-HFC-Haarlem.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719004551/http://www.ajax.nl/Nieuws/Laatste-nieuws/Nieuws-archief-artikel/Manucharyan-op-huurbasis-naar-HFC-Haarlem.htm |archive-date=19 July 2012 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=ajax.nl |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Washegari, a ranar 7 ga Agusta, ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a wasan rukuni na farko da SC Veendam . Manucharyan ya maye gurbin mai tsaron baya Franck Karremana, ya fito daga benci a minti na 58 yayin da Haarlem daga ƙarshe ya sha kashi 1-6 a gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Haarlem – BV Veendam 1:6 |url=http://www.vi.nl/Wedstrijden/Wedstrijd.htm?dbid=198769&amp;typeofpage=84140 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=vi.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manucharyan ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ga ƙungiyar a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2009 a kan FC Den Bosch . A cikin watanni shida da suka biyo baya a gasar Eredivisie, ya buga wasanni 17 kuma ya zira kwallaye 6 ga Haarlem. A ranar 25 ga Janairu 2010, Haarlem ya ayyana fatara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HFC HAARLEM VRAAGT FAILLISSEMENT AAN |url=http://www.haarlem-kennemerland.nl/nieuws.html?news=60109 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228113214/http://www.haarlem-kennemerland.nl/nieuws.html?news=60109 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=Roodbroek Nieuws |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar ba ta sami mai zuba jari wanda zai yarda ya karɓi basussukan ƙungiyar ba. A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan Ajax shida da suka koma Haarlem a matsayin aro, Manucharyan ya koma Ajax na ɗan lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajax hoopt spelers van Haarlem door te verhuren |url=http://www.vi.nl/nieuws/175369/Ajax-hoopt-spelers-van-Haarlem-door-te-verhuren.htm |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=vi.nl |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan 'yan kwanaki, a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, Edgar ya koma aro zuwa AGOVV Apeldoorn, wanda tsohon ɗan wasan Ajax John van den Brom ke horar da shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manucharyan naar AGOVV |url=http://www.agovv.nl/nieuws/20100203.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427135446/http://agovv.nl/nieuws/20100203.aspx |archive-date=27 April 2010 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=agovv.nl |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasan farko da Manucharyan ya buga wa ƙungiyar ya kasance da ƙwallo, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar cin nasara a kan FC Volendam da ci 0-1 a gasar cin kofin waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FC Volendam – AGOVV 0:1 |url=http://www.vi.nl/Wedstrijden/Wedstrijd.htm?dbid=198897&amp;typeofpage=84140 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=vi.nl |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mako guda bayan haka, a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, ya zura kwallaye uku a wasan da suka yi da SBV Excelsior . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AGOVV Apeldoorn – Excelsior 4:2 |url=http://www.vi.nl/Wedstrijden/Wedstrijd.htm?dbid=198918&amp;typeofpage=84140 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=vi.nl |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komawa zuwa Pyunik ===
A watan Yulin 2010, a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2009-10, Manucharyan da Ajax sun amince kan dakatar da kwangilarsa har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajax en Manucharyan uit elkaar |url=http://www.ajax.nl/Nieuws/Nieuwsarchief/Nieuws-artikel/Ajax-en-Manucharyan-uit-elkaar.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712191427/http://www.ajax.nl/Nieuws/Nieuwsarchief/Nieuws-artikel/Ajax-en-Manucharyan-uit-elkaar.htm |archive-date=12 July 2010 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=ajax.nl |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajax en Manucharyan nemen na vijf jaar afscheid |url=http://www.vi.nl/nieuws/183009/Ajax-en-Manucharyan-nemen-na-vijf-jaar-afscheid.htm |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=vi.nl |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya zama ɗan wasan da ba shi da ɗan wasa, ya haɗu da tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa ta Pyunik Yerevan yana sanya hannu kan kwantiragin watanni shida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Манучарян подписал полугодичный контракт с &quot;Пюником&quot; |url=http://armfootball.com/rus/news/4620/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718060515/http://armfootball.com/rus/news/4620/ |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=ArmFootball.com |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a zagaye na biyu na zagaye na biyu na gasar zakarun Turai ta 2010-11 da Partizan Belgrade . Pyunik ya sha kashi a wasan da ci 1-0 a gida, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da nasarar da Partizan ta samu a jimillar kwallaye 4-1. A cikin gida, Manucharyan ya ba da gudummawar kwallaye biyar a gasar Premier ta Armenia ta 2010 yayin da Pyunik ya lashe gasar ƙasa da maki ɗaya kacal a kan Banants . Bayan ƙarshen kwantiraginsa, Manucharyan ya zama ɗan wasan da ba shi da ɗan wasa kuma tare da ƙungiyar FC Karpaty Lviv ta Ukraine da ke nuna sha'awar saye shi. Ya kamata ya tashi zuwa birnin, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Сколько заплатили за Эдгара Манучаряна? |url=http://www.armsport.am/ru/news/2/48/15755/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126130847/http://www.armsport.am/ru/news/2/48/15755/ |archive-date=26 January 2011 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=armsport.am |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma sa hannun bai faru ba &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Определенности насчет Манучаряна пока нет |url=http://www.armsport.am/ru/news/2/54/15799/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126131319/http://www.armsport.am/ru/news/2/54/15799/ |archive-date=26 January 2011 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=armsport.am |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma Manucharyan ya tafi sansanin horo na Pyunik da ke Sochi kafin ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da kulob din. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Эдгар Манучарян заключил контракт с «Пюником» |url=http://www.armsport.am/ru/news/2/54/15916/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131071317/http://www.armsport.am/ru/news/2/54/15916/ |archive-date=31 January 2011 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=armsport.am |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakiyar watan Agusta na 2011, an ba shi aro ga Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast bisa yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya. Manucharyan ya buga wasanni biyar kacal inda ya zura kwallaye uku sannan ya taimaka aka ci daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Эдгар Манучарян отдан в аренду «Уралу» |url=http://www.armsport.am/ru/news/2/54/24671/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914111726/http://www.armsport.am/ru/news/2/54/24671/ |archive-date=14 September 2011 |access-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=armsport.am |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yankin Ural Sverdlovsk ===
A ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2012, Manucharyan ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast .  A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2013, ya zura kwallaye biyu na farko a wasa na bakwai da ya buga wa kulob din, inda ya sha kashi da ci 2-0 a hannun Tomsk . 

Ya bar Ural bayan kwangilarsa ta kare a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2017-18. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2018 |title=&quot;УРАЛ&quot; ПОКИДАЮТ ЧЕТЫРЕ ФУТБОЛИСТА |url=http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/7232/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528215427/http://www.fc-ural.ru/main/news/ural/7232/ |archive-date=28 May 2018 |access-date=28 May 2018 |publisher=[[FC Ural Yekaterinburg]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Alashkert ===
A ranar 25 ga Yuli 2018, Manucharyan ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Alashkert, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 July 2018 |title=Էդգար Մանուչարյանը' &quot;Ալաշկերտի&quot; ֆուտբոլիստ |url=http://fcalashkert.am/%D5%A7%D5%A4%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80-%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A8-%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB-%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909200951/http://fcalashkert.am/%D5%A7%D5%A4%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80-%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A8-%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB-%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF/ |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=3 August 2018 |website=fcalashkert.am |publisher=FC Alashkert |language=hy}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda Alashkert ya sake shi a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2018-19 a ranar 5 ga Yuni 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 June 2019 |title=&quot;Ալաշկերտը&quot; հրաժեշտ տվեց 7 ֆուտբոլիստների |url=http://fcalashkert.am/%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A8-%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%A5%D5%B7%D5%BF-%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%81-7-%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909200952/http://fcalashkert.am/%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A8-%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%A5%D5%B7%D5%BF-%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%81-7-%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF/ |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=12 June 2019 |website=fcalashkert.am |publisher=FC Alashkert |language=hy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pyunik ===
A ranar 6 ga Yuni 2019, FC Pyunik ta sanar da dawowar Manucharyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Edgar Manucharyan back to Pyunik |url=https://fcpyunik.am/en/article/183 |access-date=12 June 2019 |website=fcpyunik.am/ |publisher=FC Pyunik}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manucharyan ya bar Pyunik a ranar 24 ga Disamba 2019 bayan ya buga wasanni hudu kacal kuma ya zura kwallaye daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 December 2019 |title=Edgar Manucharyan left Pyunik |url=https://fcpyunik.am/en/article/463 |access-date=26 December 2019 |website=fcpyunik.am |publisher=FC Pyunik}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Alashkert ===
A ranar 4 ga Maris 2020, FC Alashkert ta sanar da dawowar Manucharyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 March 2020 |title=Պաշտոնական հայտարարություն. Իշխանյան, Մանուչարյան |url=http://fcalashkert.am/%d5%ba%d5%a1%d5%b7%d5%bf%d5%b8%d5%b6%d5%a1%d5%af%d5%a1%d5%b6-%d5%b0%d5%a1%d5%b5%d5%bf%d5%a1%d6%80%d5%a1%d6%80%d5%b8%d6%82%d5%a9%d5%b5%d5%b8%d6%82%d5%b6-%d5%ab%d5%b7%d5%ad%d5%a1%d5%b6%d5%b5%d5%a1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909200955/http://fcalashkert.am/%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6-%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1/ |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=fcalashkert.am |publisher=FC Alashkert |language=hy}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 2 ga Agusta 2020, Manucharyan ya sanar da yin ritaya daga kwallon kafa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Իմ շատ սիրելի ընկերներ, խաղընկերներ, սիրելի երկրպագուներ. |url=https://www.facebook.com/edgarmanucharyan87/posts/3096680237124078 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626131620/https://www.facebook.com/edgarmanucharyan87/posts/3096680237124078 |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=2 August 2020 |website=facebook.com/ |publisher=Edgar Manucharyan Facebook |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|345}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Pyunik
|2002
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Armenian Premier League
|10
|2
|
|
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|10
|2
|-
|2003
|17
|12
|
|
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|21
|12
|-
|2004
|22
|21
|
|
|4
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|26
|23
|-
|2005
|4
|5
|
|
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|4
|5
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!53
!40
!
!
!8
!2
!-
!-
!61
!42
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Ajax
|2005–06
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Eredivisie
|4
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|5
|0
|-
|2006–07
|5
|0
|1
|0
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|8
|1
|-
|2007–08
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|-
|2008–09
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|-
|2009–10
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!9
!0
!1
!0
!3
!1
!-
!-
!13
!1
|-
|Haarlem (loan)
|2009–10
|Eerste Divisie
|17
|6
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|18
|6
|-
|AGOVV (loan)
|2009–10
|Eerste Divisie
|10
|7
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|1
|12
|8
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Pyunik
|2010
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Armenian Premier League
|12
|5
|0
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|13
|5
|-
|2011
|16
|8
|2
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|19
|8
|-
|2012–13
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!28
!13
!2
!0
!2
!0
!-
!-
!32
!13
|-
|Ural Yekaterinburg (loan)
|2011–12
|Russian Premier League
|12
|6
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Ural Yekaterinburg
|2012–13
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Russian Premier League
|11
|6
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6
|0
|-
|2013–14
|23
|3
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|23
|3
|-
|2014–15
|18
|2
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|18
|2
|-
|2015–16
|22
|6
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|23
|6
|-
|2016–17
|12
|2
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|15
|2
|-
|2017–18
|6
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|6
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!92
!19
!5
!1
!-
!-
!0
!0
!07
!20
|-
|Alashkert
|2018–19
|Armenian Premier League
|21
|3
|2
|0
|3
|0
|0
|0
|26
|3
|-
|Pyunik
|2019–20
|Armenian Premier League
|3
|0
|0
|0
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|4
|1
|-
|Alashkert
|2019–20
|Armenian Premier League
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|5
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!250
!94
!11
!1
!17
!4
!2
!1
!280
!100
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>pzh8t0j8sivwxh7yp23i1w713hx2txe</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Tony Agbaji</title>
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'''Emmanuel Tony Agbaji''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na kungiyar Bashundhara Kings ta Premier League ta Bangladesh .

== Ayyukan kulob din ==

=== Taurari na Lobi ===
An haifi Emmanuel a Najeriya. Tun yana yaro A shekara ta 2009, ya shiga Lobi Stars Academy a Makurdi, Najeriya, sannan ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko tare da babbar kungiyar Lobi Stars a shekara ta 2011. Emmanuel shine dan wasan da ya fi dadewa a Lobi Stars kuma ya kasance kyaftin din tawagar a lokuta da yawa. Ya kuma lashe gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya a shekarar 2018 kuma ya buga Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF a Lobi Stars . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anthony Agbaji believes Lobi Stars CafCL group stage hope still alive &amp;#124; Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/gor-mahia-cant-stop-lobi-stars-says-anthony-agbaji/86ob9peje0ow1s56rua3ma1pb |website=www.goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nam Định ===
A watan Janairun 2019, ya koma Vietnam kuma ya sanya hannu da CLB Nam Định. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 January 2019 |title=Agbaji Admits Impending Exit From Lobi Stars |url=https://www.footballlive.ng/agbaji-admits-impending-exit-from-lobi-stars/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kakar wasa ta 2019 ta V-League, Emmanuel ya buga wasanni 24 a gasar kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tawagar Nam Định. A watan Janairun 2020, Emmanuel ya tsawaita kwangilarsa da Nam Định na ƙarin kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nam Định thoát vị trí bét bảng V-League 2020 « Đài Phát thanh và Truyền hình Kiên Giang |url=http://m.kgtv.vn/tin-tuc-va-su-kien/nam-dinh-thoat-vi-tri-bet-bang-v-league-2020/?wpmp_switcher=mobile&amp;fbclid=IwAR02RqIDTfT5wNMiTnrgO7pmJmsBTMKA1P-trVnGDB5dglsD4JkoVFU5bWk |website=m.kgtv.vn }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake shi a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2020. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

'''Komawa zuwa Lobi Stars'''

Bayan hutun watanni 14 daga kwallon kafa, Emmanuel ya yi murabus ga kungiyarsa ta Lobi stars. Ya zira kwallaye na farko tun lokacin da ya koma kulob din a wasan NPFL da ya yi da Wikki Tourists FC a ranar 10 ga Yulin 2022 a minti na 60. A cikin wannan wasan, ya kuma rasa hukuncin minti na 89 kuma ya bayyana cewa ya kashe tawagar maki 3, duk da haka abokin wasan Godfrey Utin ya zira kwallaye 4 bayan haka don lashe wasan 3-2.

== Daraja ==
'''Taurari na Lobi'''

* Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya: 2018
* Super Cup na Najeriya: 2018

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>0lquqyrcshptuddy2cac50dtrf4iidl</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dries Boussatta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>149903</id>
    <revision>
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'''Idriss &quot;Dries&quot; Boussatta''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Disamba 1972) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ya taka leda a Netherlands, Ingila da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na dama]] . Boussatta ya buga wasannin sada zumunci ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na Netherlands da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|Morocco]] .

== Aikin kulob ==
An haife shi a [[Amsterdam]], Boussatta ya buga wasa a Netherlands a matsayin De Spartaan, VVA/Spartaan, V&amp;V Amsterdam, Ajax, Volendam, Telstar, Haarlem, Utrecht, AZ da Excelsior . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.beijen.net/frank/cvs/boussatta-d.htm |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Frank Beijen |language=Dutch}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya kuma buga wasa a Ingila a Sheffield United, inda ya buga wasanni 6 a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SHEFFIELD UNITED : 1946/47 - 2011/12 |url=http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/sheffutd/sheffutd.html |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Post War English &amp; Scottish Football League A - Z Player's Transfer Database}}&lt;/ref&gt; kafin ya ƙare aikinsa a shekarar 2004 a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa tare da Al-Shaab . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.dutchplayers.nl/player.php?id=257 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Dutch Players Abroad |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508101211/http://www.dutchplayers.nl/player.php?id=257 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Boussatta ya buga wa Netherlands wasanni uku tsakanin 1998 da 1999. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dries Boussatta, international football player |url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=2427 |access-date=3 May 2026 |website=EU-Football.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma buga wasanni biyu a [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|Morocco]] a 2001. &lt;ref name=&quot;volkskrant&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Willem Vissers |date=5 November 2005 |title=Voetbal als bindmiddel |url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2664/Nieuws/archief/article/detail/673580/2005/11/05/Voetbal-als-bindmiddel.dhtml |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Volkskrant.nl |language=Dutch}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2001 |title=Boussatta oefent met Marokko |url=https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/boussatta-oefent-met-marokko |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=Voetbal International |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{NFT player|14912|Dries Boussatta|accessdate=5 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Boussatta ɗan asalin ƙasar Morocco ne; ya yi magana a bainar jama'a game da wariyar da mahaifinsa Musulmi ya yi masa a Netherlands. [1] A shekarar 2008, Boussatta ya shiga cikin wata gidauniyar agaji a Morocco. [2] A shekarar 2010, ya mallaki wurin motsa jiki, gidan cin abinci, da shagon kofi; ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin wakilin ɗan wasa. [3] A shekarar 2016, kamfanin gidaje na WPM ya ba shi izinin shiga kotu, inda ya kai ƙararsa kotu saboda rashin biyan kuɗin da ya biya. [4]

A shekarar 2010, yana zaune a Amsterdam, kuma yana da ɗa da ɗiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;AZ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2010 |title=Oude kaas: Dries Boussatta |url=http://www.az.nl/nieuws/oude-kaas-dries-boussatta/1 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=AZ.nl |language=Dutch |archive-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118152819/https://www.az.nl/nieuws/oude-kaas-dries-boussatta/1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2016, ya mallaki mashaya kofi guda 6 a ƙarƙashin alamar Buongiorno. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hpdetijd.nl/2016-02-13/waarom-ze-volgens-dries-boussatta-bij-ajax-zijn-doorgeslagen/ Waarom ze volgens Dries Boussatta bij Ajax zijn doorgeslagen] - HP De Tijd {{In lang|nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]</text>
      <sha1>2cx369gx3ui2lj5hp7yzo016h01a7pj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ethan Butera</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>149916</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:18:04Z</timestamp>
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        <id>13371</id>
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'''Ethan Butera''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2006) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Belgium wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga Jong Ajax a gasar Eerste Division . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ajax contracteert Ethan Butera |url=https://www.ajax.nl/artikelen/ajax-contracteert-ethan-butera/ |website=Ajax.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Anderlecht ===
Butera ya kasance tare da Anderlecht tun daga matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 11. A ranar 6 ga Mayu 2021, Butera ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru da Anderlecht. Kwantiragin ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2023-24, inda Jean Kindermans na ƙungiyar ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;mai ƙarfi a tsakiya mai ƙafar hagu wanda kuma zai iya bugawa a tsakiya, jagora na halitta mai kyakkyawar makoma&quot;. [1] Butera ya fara bugawa a gasar Challenger Pro League a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2022 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Deinze . [2] An gano Butera a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ya sa RSCA Futures ta kasance ƙungiya ta ƙarshe da ba a doke ta ba a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Belgium a kakar wasa ta 2022-23. [3] [4] Wannan shine salon wasansa, an danganta shi da yiwuwar canja wurin zuwa Juventus, Ajax da Atalanta. [5] [6]

=== Ajax ===
A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2023, Butera ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru 3 da AFC Ajax, inda ya shiga ƙungiyar masu ajiya ta Jong Ajax don kakar wasa ta 2023–24 ta Eerste Divisie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 2023 |title=Ajax kaapt opnieuw groot Belgisch talent weg bij Anderlecht |url=https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/ajax-kaapt-opnieuw-groot-belgisch-talent-weg-bij-anderlecht |website=[[Voetbal International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
A shekarar 2022, Butera ya wakilci Belgium a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Belgian U17 scores 3 of 3 in the European Championship standings |url=https://www.anderlecht-online.be/es/article/220109 |website=Anderlecht-online.be}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin wannan, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 16 ta Belgium . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 August 2022 |title=Vandaag begint de Challenger Pro League, het vroegere 1B: 10 tieners om in de gaten te houden |url=https://m.gva.be/cnt/dmf20220811_97331711?&amp;articlehash=rc7anyhxvcP7gVialnPy1AFW%2B8NO0A%2F1bRq93RdHZ%2FC1298ftROcCPHDbfYRcdxmVhtI%2FetUoEFFRYBLFWwkiiXiRkUDh6V%2Fs%2Fg742wB%2FflumlwKTPEcNXkSUut7kzOK8%2FG0WhNCMnGIhCEEHJOxGP6sjYYkiIsU5AcON7EEuy9lY2QGtpTafiYob8B8hqKvQJfd5487buo%2BiVGQga4a%2FAXS%2B47u4Dikvlo%2FdSPcExMWrqDbW2ZeqgaM5TGk94n7bk1xT6lC37T5SWHZtcP%2FwTnU2ja4gtPbwSsbQ3lyxG62wrswj9ZHmSATyLQ19om%2FARcp3tDCfquiANhwJ%2FKzig%3D%3D |website=GVA.be |access-date=8 May 2026 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930112206/https://m.gva.be/cnt/dmf20220811_97331711?&amp;articlehash=rc7anyhxvcP7gVialnPy1AFW%2B8NO0A%2F1bRq93RdHZ%2FC1298ftROcCPHDbfYRcdxmVhtI%2FetUoEFFRYBLFWwkiiXiRkUDh6V%2Fs%2Fg742wB%2FflumlwKTPEcNXkSUut7kzOK8%2FG0WhNCMnGIhCEEHJOxGP6sjYYkiIsU5AcON7EEuy9lY2QGtpTafiYob8B8hqKvQJfd5487buo%2BiVGQga4a%2FAXS%2B47u4Dikvlo%2FdSPcExMWrqDbW2ZeqgaM5TGk94n7bk1xT6lC37T5SWHZtcP%2FwTnU2ja4gtPbwSsbQ3lyxG62wrswj9ZHmSATyLQ19om%2FARcp3tDCfquiANhwJ%2FKzig%3D%3D |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Shi ɗan tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Belgium Jonathan Butera ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anderlecht: Ethan Butera, 15-year-old central defender, signs his first professional contract |url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/anderlecht-ethan-butera-defenseur-central-de-15-ans-signe-son-premier-contrat-professionnel-10756181 |website=RTBF.be}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{{Updated|match played 26 November 2022}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kulob
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kakar wasa
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Gasar League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofi
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Turai
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Wani
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
|-
! Sashe
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| RSCA Futures
| 2022–23
| Gasar Challenger Pro
| 14
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 14
| 0
|-
| Jong Ajax
| 2023–24
| Eerste Division
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 0
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimillar aiki
! 14
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 14
! 0
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>2n4bv5v8bu163r8c7bof49aug8wg27p</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Augustine Ofuokwu</title>
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    <id>149972</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1278664835|Augustine Ofuokwu]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Augustine &quot;Mazeli&quot; Ofuokwu''' (14 ga Agusta 1944 – 5 ga Yuli 2004) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya. Ya fafata a gasar maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1968 .

'''Rayuwa ta Farko'''

'''Rayuwar Kai'''

'''Sana'a'''

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]]</text>
      <sha1>7vaok7plhz1arvi15q66lhsadljddnz</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>839709</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:37:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1278664835|Augustine Ofuokwu]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Augustine &quot;Mazeli&quot; Ofuokwu''' (14 ga Agusta 1944 – 5 ga Yuli 2004) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya. Ya fafata a gasar maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1968.&lt;ref&gt;Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. &quot;Augustine Ofuokwu Olympic Results&quot;. Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Rayuwa ta Farko'''

'''Rayuwar Kai'''

'''Sana'a'''

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]]</text>
      <sha1>6wrdfc9h8murg49fgq89cn1bddrsjfy</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>839710</id>
      <parentid>839709</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:37:47Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>839710</origin>
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      <text bytes="522" sha1="oc05ywsamex1wz5zvnij72yj7ba6fjl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Augustine &quot;Mazeli&quot; Ofuokwu''' (14 ga Agusta 1944 – 5 ga Yuli 2004) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya. Ya fafata a gasar maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1968.&lt;ref&gt;Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. &quot;Augustine Ofuokwu Olympic Results&quot;. Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Rayuwa ta Farko'''

'''Rayuwar Kai'''

'''Sana'a'''

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]]</text>
      <sha1>oc05ywsamex1wz5zvnij72yj7ba6fjl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>George Akpabio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-25T09:10:43Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''George Akpabio''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1992) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar International FC a gasar Premier ta Ontario .

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Ƙungiyar Plateau United ===
Akpabio ya fara buga wasa a Plateau United a kakar wasa ta 2011-2012, inda ya zama fitaccen ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a ƙungiyar, da kwallaye 18. Ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyar Viking FK ta ƙasar Norway, duk da haka ya kasa canja sheka, tun da Plateau United ke fama da faɗuwar darajar 'yan wasa, kuma sun ƙi barinsa ya tafi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Viking target August trials for Akpabio Loute |url=http://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria/news/110712/Viking_target_August_trials_for_Akpabio_Loute |access-date=20 August 2012 |publisher=Super Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Janairun 2012, Akpabio ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka ta Kudu.

=== Ajax Cape Town ===
An sayo Akpabio daga Plateau United a lokacin canja wurin hunturu na kakar wasa ta 2011-12, ya fara bugawa Ajax Cape Town wasa a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 2012 da ZESCO, a wasan sada zumunta na kasa da kasa da kungiyar daga Zambia, inda ya yi nasara (3-1). Ajax Cape Town ta saye shi a watan Janairun 2012 a matsayin dan wasan da ya koma daga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya, Plateau United, inda ya buga wasanni 10 a kakar wasa ta biyu a kakar wasa.

==== Vasco da Gama (aron) ====
A kakar wasa ta 2012/13, an ba Akpabio aro ga [[Vasco da Gama (South Africa)|Vasco da Gama]], wata kungiya daga [[Cape Town]] da ke wasa a National First Division, inda ya buga wasanni 17 a gasar, ya zura kwallaye 14, sannan ya koma Ajax Cape Town bayan ya kammala zaman aronsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trio return from loan to Ajax squad |url=http://www.supersport.com/football/africa/news/130612/Trio_return_from_loan_to_Ajax_squad |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=Super Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Chippa United (aron) ====
A kakar wasa ta 2013/14, an ba Akpabio aro ga [[Chippa United FC|Chippa United]], wata kungiya daga [[Cape Town]] da ke buga wasa a National First Division, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta samu nasarar haura zuwa manyan kungiyoyi a lokacin da yake karbar aro.

=== Chippa United ===
A ranar 5 ga Yuni 2014 an bayyana cewa Chippa United ta yi amfani da 'yancinta na siyan ɗan wasan, inda Akpabio ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru 2.5 da ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=George Akpabio Has Signed A Two-Year Deal With Chippa United |url=http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/leagues/south-african-premier-soccer-league/george-akpabio-has-signed-a-two-year-deal-with-chippa-united/164811 |access-date=27 October 2014 |publisher=Soccer Laduma}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yeni Malatyaspor ===
A ranar 16 ga Yuli 2015 aka sanar da cewa Akpabio ya koma Yeni Malatyaspor, yana buga wasa a gasar TFF First League, matakin 2 na ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a Turkiyya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=George Akpabio Joins Yeni Malatyaspor |url=http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/south-africa/george-akpabio-joins-yeni-malatyaspor-in-turkey/213669 |access-date=20 November 2015 |publisher=Soccer Laduma}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hapoel Katamon Urushalima ===
A ranar 22 ga Janairu 2017 aka sanar da cewa Akpabio ya rattaba hannu da Hapoel Katamon Jerusalem don buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a gasar La Liga Leumit, gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta 2 a Isra'ila. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ג׳ורג׳ אקפביו חתם בקבוצה - הפועל קטמון ירושלים - קבוצת אוהדים |url=http://www.katamon.co.il/news.asp?id=2041 |access-date=2017-04-26 |website=www.katamon.co.il }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>El Fardou Ben Nabouhane</title>
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'''El Fardou Mohamed Ben Nabouhane''' ( Arabic   An haife shi a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1989), wanda aka fi sani da '''El Fardou Ben''', '''Ben Nabouhane''' ko kuma kawai '''Ben''', ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Zemun ta Serbian First League . An haife shi a Mayotte, Faransa, yana buga wa ƙungiyar Comoros wasa. Shi ne ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a tarihin ƙasarsa. &lt;ref&gt; {{Cite web |title=El Fardou. Un grand est né! |url=https://alwatwan.net/sports/el-fardou.-un-grand-est-n%C3%A9!.html |access-date=28 December 2025 |website=Al Watan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==
[[Fayil:FC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg_vs._Red_Star_Belgrade,_3_July_2022_60.jpg|left|thumb|255x255px|Ben Nabouhane zai koma [[Red Star Belgrade]] a shekarar 2022]]

=== Farkon aikina ===
An haife shi a Passamainty a ƙungiyar Mayotte ta Faransa da ke ƙasashen waje, Ben ya koma tsibirin Réunion don bugawa ƙungiyar Réunion Premier League ta JS Saint-Pierroise . A shekara ta 2006, ya koma Le Havre .

Bayan ya shafe shekara ɗaya a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta reserve, an ƙara wa El Fardou matsayi zuwa manyan 'yan wasa. Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar Le Havre a ranar 3 ga Maris 2008 a wasan Ligue 2 da Troyes, inda ya buga mintuna 72 kafin a sauya shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Troyes v. Le Havre Match Report |url=http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/feuilleMatch.asp?saison=2007/2008&amp;code_evt=D2&amp;code_jr_tr=J26&amp;num_ordre=10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316051233/http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/feuilleMatch.asp?saison=2007%2F2008&amp;code_evt=D2&amp;code_jr_tr=J26&amp;num_ordre=10 |archive-date=16 March 2008 |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=lfp.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sake fitowa a wannan kakar kuma duk da cewa bai bayar da gudummawa sosai ba, har yanzu ya sami lambar yabo ta wanda ya lashe gasar yayin da aka naɗa Le Havre a matsayin zakaran Ligue 2 kuma aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa Ligue 1 a kakar wasa ta 2008-09 .

Ben bai samu lokaci mai tsawo a gasar Ligue 1 ba tun da farko, amma yana wasa a wurin 'yan wasa. An kira shi na farko zuwa ga tawagar a wasan Coupe de la Ligue da Rennes, wanda aka yi a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2008. A wasan, wanda ya fara, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan kwararru a minti na 15, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa Le Havre ta yi nasara a kan Rennes da ci 2-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Le Havre AC 2 – 1 Stade Rennes |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=256498&amp;cc=5901 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110525204506/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/match?id=256498&amp;cc=5901 |archive-date=25 May 2011 |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=go.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a Ligue 1 bayan kwana uku kacal a wasan da suka yi da [[Paris Saint-Germain]] .

=== Veria ===

=== Olympiakos ===
A watan Yulin 2015, Ben ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da ƙungiyar Olympiacos ta Girka a kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta daga Veria . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Football : Super League transfers in 2018/19 season |url=https://www.betinf.com/greece_transfer.htm |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=www.betinf.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar rahotannin jaridu, Levadiakos ba shine kaɗai ƙungiyar Girka da ke sha'awar sayen Ben ba, inda Platanias shi ma ke tunanin sanya hannu a lokacin musayar 'yan wasa a watan Janairu. Ɗan wasan na Comoros ya ji mummunan rauni a jijiyar cruciate a watan Mayu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Η αποθεραπεία του Μπεν |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/article/776806/i-apotherapeia-toy-mpen |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=www.gazzetta.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya wuce buƙatun manajan Olympiacos Marco Silva . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2015 |title=Platanias want to sign Mohamed Ben |url=https://www.sdna.gr/news-english/article/140564/platanias-want-sign-mohamed-ben |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=www.sdna.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 29 ga Disamba 2015, tunda bai sami damar buga wasa ɗaya ba tare da ƙungiyar, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar watanni shida tare da Levadiakos har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2015-16 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 December 2015 |title=Olympiakos lend Ben to Levadiakos |url=https://www.sdna.gr/news-english/article/151147/levadiakos-loaned-ben-olympiakos |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=www.sdna.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 10 ga Janairu 2016, a farkon bayyanarsa da sabuwar ƙungiyarsa, ya zura kwallaye a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Olympiacos da ci 3-1. 

A ranar 8 ga Yulin 2016, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Panionios don kakar wasa ta 2016-17, a matsayin aro daga Olympiacos. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ιουλ. 2016 16:00 |first=Επιμέλεια: Δημήτρης Σαμόλης Δημοσίευση: 08 |title=Δανείστηκε Μπεν ο Πανιώνιος |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Panionios/daneisthke-mpen-o-paniwnios.4161128.html |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=www.sport24.gr |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508142636/https://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Panionios/daneisthke-mpen-o-paniwnios.4161128.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 3 ga Disamba 2016, a wasa na 9 da ya buga wa kulob din, ya ci kwallo daya tilo da ya ci wa kungiyarsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Platanias. Ya kammala kakar wasa ta 2016-17 a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a raga kuma babban dan wasan tsakiya na kulob din.

A ranar 26 ga Yuli 2017, bayan karewar aronsa a Panionios, Ben ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Olympiacos a wasan da suka doke Partizan da ci 3-1 a zagaye na farko na [[UEFA Champions League|zagaye na uku na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ιουλ. 2017 23:47 |first=Επιμέλεια: Γιώργος Περπερίδης Δημοσίευση: 25 |title=Με ήρωα τον Μπεν άλωσε το Βελιγράδι ο Ολυμπιακός, 3–1 την Παρτίζαν |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/ChampionsLeague/me-hrwa-ton-mpen-alwse-to-veligradi-o-olympiakos-3-1-thn-partizan.4780487.html |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=www.sport24.gr |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508142632/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ChampionsLeague/me-hrwa-ton-mpen-alwse-to-veligradi-o-olympiakos-3-1-thn-partizan.4780487.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=UEFA.com |title=UEFA Champions League – Partizan-Olympiacos |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2021546--partizan-vs-olympiacos/ |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da wasanni goma kacal da ya buga tare da kungiyar a dukkan gasa a rabin farko na kakar wasa ta 2017-18, Ben ya jawo hankalin kungiyar [[Red Star Belgrade]] ta Serbia, wacce ta ba shi kwangilar shekaru uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Δεκ. 2017 14:19 |first=Επιμέλεια: Αλέξης Βιρβίλης Δημοσίευση: 16 |title=Στην Ελλάδα ο Ερυθρός Αστέρας για Μπεν! |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Olympiakos/sthn-ellada-o-erythros-asteras-gia-mpen.4988473.html |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=www.sport24.gr |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508142629/https://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Olympiakos/sthn-ellada-o-erythros-asteras-gia-mpen.4988473.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 19 ga Disamba 2017, an cire dan wasan gaban kasar Comoros daga tawagar farko ta Olympiacos bayan ya yanke shawarar kin tsawaita kwantiraginsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=sportlike.gr |url=http://www.sportlike.gr/alles-eidiseis/mohamed-ben-dropped-from-olympiacos-first-team-squad/414881 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102142341/http://www.sportlike.gr/alles-eidiseis/mohamed-ben-dropped-from-olympiacos-first-team-squad/414881 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=www.sportlike.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tauraron Red Star Belgrade ===
A ranar 12 ga Janairu 2018, Ben ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Kwantiragin  tare da [[Red Star Belgrade]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Бен потписао! |url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/scc/vest/6674/Ben-potpisao |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=FC Crvena Zvezda}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kiyasta kudin canja wurin ya kai € 500,000. Kwantiraginsa, wanda zai ci gaba har zuwa 2020, ya kai €1 miliyan tare da kari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2018 |title=Έκλεισε στον Ερυθρό Αστέρα ο Μπεν |url=https://www.newsbeast.gr/sports/arthro/3181946/eklise-ston-erithro-astera-o-ben |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=Newsbeast.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Agusta 2018, Ben ya ci kwallaye biyu, kowanne lokaci daga taimakon Miloš Degenek, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Red Bull Salzburg ; sakamakon haka Red Star Belgrade ta cancanci zuwa matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai ta 2018-19 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 August 2018 |title=ЗВЕЗДА У ЕВРОПСКОЈ ЕЛИТИ: Од пакла до Лиге шампиона! |url=http://www.novosti.rs/%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8/%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82.434.html:746719-ZVEZDA-U-EVROPSKOJ-ELITI-Od-pakla-do-Lige-sampiona |access-date=29 August 2018 |website=[[Večernje novosti]] |language=sr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2018, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko [[UEFA Champions League|a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a wasan da suka sha kashi 3-1 a hannun Napoli a kakar wasa ta 2018-19 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2018 |title=Napoli 3–1 Crvena zvezda |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2025130--napoli-vs-crvena-zvezda/ |website=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 29 ga Oktoba 2020, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Slovan Liberec da ci 5-1 a gasar UEFA Europa League ta 2020-21 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 October 2020 |title=Crvena zvezda 5–1 Liberec |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/match/2029740--crvena-zvezda-vs-liberec/ |website=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]]

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Efthymis Koulouris</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Efthymis Koulouris''' (Girkanci: , an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1996) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na ƙungiyar Al-Ula ta Saudiyya ta farko .

Koulouris ya fara aikinsa da PAOK, kuma ya yi zaman aro a ƙungiyar Anorthosis ta farko ta Cyprus da kuma Atromitos, inda ya kasance mafi yawan zura kwallaye a gasar Super League ta 2018-19 . Ya koma ƙungiyar [[Ligue 1]] ta Toulouse a shekarar 2019. Koulouris ya wakilci ƙasarsa daga matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 zuwa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 kafin ya fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 a shekarar 2018.

== Aikin kulob ==

=== PAOK ===
An haifi Koulouris a Skydra . &lt;ref name=&quot;PAOKProfile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Efthymis Koulouris |url=https://www.paokfc.gr/en/profiles/euthumis-koulouris/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620173935/http://www.paokfc.gr/en/profiles/euthumis-koulouris |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=29 October 2019 |publisher=PAOK FC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar matasa ta PAOK tun yana ƙarami kuma ya fito a sahun gaba, inda ya lashe kofuna a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 da kuma 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;PAOKProfile&quot; /&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko tun yana ɗan shekara 17 a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2014 a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin Girka da Apollon Smyrnis . Da yake ƙungiyarsa ta riga ta yi nasara da ci 4-0 a jimilla, Koulouris ya maye gurbin [[Stefanos Athanasiadis|Stefanos Athanasiasadis]] a hutun rabin lokaci a zagaye na biyu kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;PAOKProfile&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=E. Koulouris |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/efthymios-koulouris/268920/ |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kwana uku, ya fara buga wasa a Super League a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Asteras Tripolis a ƙarshen wasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot; /&gt;

==== Ba da Lamuni ga Ciwon Anorthosis ====
A lokacin bazara na 2015, Koulouris ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar aro da ƙungiyar Anorthosis ta ƙungiyar Anorthosis ta farko ta Cyprus, a matsayin aro na kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 August 2015 |title=Pereyra, Koulouris and Pougouras leave on loan |url=https://www.paokfc.gr/en/news/20150831-daneikoi-oi-pereyra-koulouris-pouggouras/ |access-date=28 October 2019 |publisher=PAOK FC}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, ya zura kwallaye shida yayin da Anorthosis ta doke abokan hamayyarta na biyu Elpida Xylofagou 9-0 a gasar cin kofin Cyprus . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christodoulou |first=Antonis |date=28 October 2015 |title=Koulouris scores 6 in Anorthosis mauling of Elpida Xylofagou |url=https://www.sigmalive.com/en/sports/football/cyprus-football/136848/koulouris-scores-6-in-anorthosis-mauling-of-elpida-xylofagou |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=SigmaLive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwallonsa ta farko ta gasar ta zo ne bayan kwana huɗu: bayan shiga wasan a waje da Pafos a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 88, ya ci kwallo da ka da kai wanda ya tabbatar da nasara 2-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pafos vs. Anorthosis 1–2 |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2015/11/01/cyprus/1-division/paphos-fc/anorthosis-famagusta-fc/2070800/ |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koulouris ya kammala kakar wasa da kwallaye bakwai a gasar, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar a wannan kakar, da kuma shida a gasar 2015-16 ta farko . &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 May 2016 |script-title=el:Σκόρερ Κυπέλλου Coca-Cola |trans-title=Scorers Coca-Cola Cup |url=https://cfa.com.cy/Gr/news/26556 |access-date=28 October 2019 |publisher=Cyprus Football Association |language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Komawa zuwa PAOK ====
Ya koma PAOK don kakar wasa ta 2016-17 . A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2016, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Asteras Tripolis da ci 2-1 a waje kuma aka zaɓe shi a matsayin MVP na wasan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Petros |first=Costas |date=19 September 2016 |script-title=el:ΠΑΟΚ με μέταλλο, 2–1 στην Τρίπολη τον Αστέρα |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/paok-me-metallo-2-1-sthn-tripolh-ton-astera.4272219.html |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=Sport24 |language=el }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Koulouris ya kafa kansa a matsayin ɗan wasa na yau da kullun a ƙungiyar farko tare da wasanni 32 a duk gasa, kuma abokan wasansa sun zaɓe ''shi a matsayin ɗan wasan shekara na ''' yan wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2017 |title=Koulouris lands Players' Young Player of the Year |url=https://www.paokfc.gr/en/news/20170603-players-young-player-year-o-koulouris/ |access-date=3 June 2017 |publisher=PAOK FC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2017, Koulouris ya amince da tsawaita kwantiraginsa da PAOK har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 September 2017 |script-title=el:Ανανέωσαν με τον ΠΑΟΚ οι Πέλκας και Κουλούρης |trans-title=Pelkas and Koulouris renew with PAOK |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Paok/ananewsan-me-ton-paok-oi-pelkas-kai-koylourhs.4869450.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813000317/https://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Paok/ananewsan-me-ton-paok-oi-pelkas-kai-koylourhs.4869450.html |archive-date=13 August 2020 |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=Sport24 |language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 10 ga Disamba, ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsa Panathinaikos da ci 4-0 a gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;/&gt; A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2018, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin Girka ta 2017-18 don taimakawa kungiyarsa ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe da nasara 5-1 a kan Atromitos . &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2018 |title=PAOK cruise into Greek Cup semi finals with a 3–1 win over Atromitos in Athens |url=http://en.protothema.gr/paok-cruise-into-greek-cup-semi-finals-with-a-2-1-win-over-atromitos/ |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=en.protothema.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Lamuni ga Atromitos ====
Koulouris ya koma Atromitos a matsayin aro don kakar 2018-19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 July 2018 |title=Koulouris at Atromitos |url=https://www.paokfc.gr/en/news/20180704-ston-atromito-o-koulouris/ |access-date=28 October 2019 |publisher=PAOK FC}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 26 ga Yuli 2018, a wasansa na farko na gasa, ya zira kwallo a ƙarshen wasa a kan Dynamo Brest a zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar Europa League yayin da Atromitos ya dawo daga 4-0 ƙasa don rashin nasara a zagaye na farko da ci 4-3; sun sami nasarar rama ƙwallo a ƙarshen wasa a zagaye na biyu bayan da Koulours ya ƙi cin kwallo kuma aka cire su.  A ranar 25 ga Agusta, a wasansa na farko na Super League na kakar 2018-19, ya zira kwallaye biyu yana tabbatar da nasarar da suka samu a waje da abokan hamayyarsu Panetolikos 2-1.  A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, ya zira kwallaye da kai wanda ya tabbatar da nasarar da suka samu a gida da ci 1-0 da PAS Giannina.  A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, ya zira kwallaye biyu, ciki har da wanda ya yi nasara a ƙarshen wasa, a wasan da suka yi da Asteras Tripolis 3-2 a gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 October 2018 |title=Ατρόμητος - Αστέρας 3–2: Πάλι στην κορυφή οι Περιστεριώτες |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/atromhtos-asteras-3-2-pali-sthn-koryfh-oi-peristeriwtes.5343463.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023080111/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/atromhtos-asteras-3-2-pali-sthn-koryfh-oi-peristeriwtes.5343463.html |archive-date=23 October 2018 |access-date=22 October 2018 |publisher=www.sport24.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kwana shida ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Panionios . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2018 |title=Πανιώνιος - Ατρόμητος 2–2: Έμειναν όρθιοι στις καθυστερήσεις οι φιλοξενούμενοι |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/paniwnios-atromhtos-2-2-emeinan-orthioi-stis-kathysterhseis-oi-filoksenoumenoi.5348688.html |publisher=www.sport24.gr }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka yi da Iraklis a gasar cin kofin Girka da ci 6-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=Ηρακλής - Ατρόμητος 1–6: Χατ τρικ ο Κωτσόπουλος, &quot;σίφουνας&quot; οι Περιστεριώτες |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/GreekCup/hraklhs-atromhtos-1-6-xat-trik-o-kwtsopoylos-sifoynas-oi-peristeriwtes.5351416.html |publisher=www.sport24.gr |access-date=9 May 2026 |archive-date=19 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919051841/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/GreekCup/hraklhs-atromhtos-1-6-xat-trik-o-kwtsopoylos-sifoynas-oi-peristeriwtes.5351416.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, ya zura kwallo daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida bayan da aka yi wa Azer Bušuladžić bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida wanda ya bai wa Atromitos jagora a gida a hannun Olympiacos, amma suka sha kashi 2-1. A ranar 9 ga Disamba, ya zura kwallo biyu sannan ya taimaka a wasan da suka yi da Aris Thessaloniki da ci 4-2 a gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2018 |title=Ατρόμητος - Άρης 4–2: Ματσάρα στο Περιστέρι, ξανά δεύτερη η αρμάδα του Κάναντι |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/atromhtos-arhs-4-2-matsara-sto-peristeri-ksana-deuterh-h-armada-toy-kananti.5384226.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331043057/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/atromhtos-arhs-4-2-matsara-sto-peristeri-ksana-deuterh-h-armada-toy-kananti.5384226.html |archive-date=31 March 2019 |access-date=10 December 2018 |publisher=www.sport24.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallo uku a kan Apollon Smyrnis a zagaye na 16 na gasar cin kofin Girka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 January 2019 |title=Απόλλων Σμύρνης - Ατρόμητος 0–3 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/kypello-elladas/article/1311644/apollon-smyrnis-atromitos-0-3 |publisher=gazzetta.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 27 ga Janairu 2019, ya fara zura kwallo a wasan da suka yi rashin nasara 2-1 da Lamia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 January 2019 |title=Λαμία - Ατρόμητος 2–1 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1318194/lamia-atromitos-2-1 |publisher=www.gazzetta.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 31 ga Janairu, ya bude wasan a wasan da suka yi da OFI da ci 1-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2019 |title=ΟΦΗ - Ατρόμητος 1–1 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1319856/ofi-atromitos-1-1 |publisher=www.gazzetta.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 31 ga Maris, ya fara cin kwallo a wasan da Olympiacos ta doke su da ci 2-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2019 |title=Ολυμπιακός - Ατρόμητος 2–1 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1340206/olympiakos-atromitos-2-1 |publisher=www.gazzetta.gr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwallo ta 18 da ya ci a kakar wasa ta bana a ranar 14 ga Afrilu a wasan da suka yi da Aris Thessaloniki da ci 2-0, ta tabbatar da cewa Atromitos za ta kare a matsayi na hudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Graham |date=14 April 2019 |title=Atromitos beat Aris to clinch fourth |url=https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/atromitos-beat-aris-to-clinch-fourth |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=AgonaSport }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwallo ta 19 kuma ta karshe da ya ci a kakar wasa ta Super League ta zo ne a mako mai zuwa a wasan da suka doke Panathinaikos da ci 2-0 a gida, &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot; /&gt; jimillar kwallaye da ta sanya shi ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a kakar wasa ta bana . Ya zama dan wasan Atromitos na farko da ya kammala a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a manyan kungiyoyi, kuma dan wasa na farko da ya yi hakan yayin da yake aro daga wata kungiyar Girka. Shi ne dan wasa na uku dan asalin Girka da ya cimma wannan bajinta a zamanin Super League, kuma, yana da shekaru 23 da kwanaki 60, dan wasa na uku mafi karancin shekaru da ya taba yin hakan a manyan kungiyoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaperonis |first=Sarantos |date=8 May 2019 |title=Koulouris earns Super League top scorer honor |url=https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/koulouris-earns-super-league-top-scorer-honor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028172614/https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/koulouris-earns-super-league-top-scorer-honor |archive-date=28 October 2019 |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=AgonaSport}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Francesco Acerbi</title>
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{{Infobox dan kwallon kafa
| suna = Francesco Acerbi
| hoto = Francesco Acerbi 2023.jpg
| cikakken_suna = Francesco Acerbi
| ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1988|2|10}}
| wurin_haihuwa = Vizzolo Predabissi, Italiya
| tsawo = 1.92 m
| matsayi = Mai tsaron baya
| kungiyar_yanzu = {{nowrap|[[Inter Milan]]}}
| lamba = 15
| matasa_shekaru1 = 2000–2006
| matasa_klub1 = Pavia
| shekaru1 = 2006–2010
| klub1 = Pavia
| wasa1 = 65
| kwallaye1 = 4
| shekaru2 = 2010–2011
| klub2 = Renate
| wasa2 = 28
| kwallaye2 = 2
| shekaru3 = 2011
| klub3 = Spezia
| wasa3 = 16
| kwallaye3 = 0
| shekaru4 = 2011–2012
| klub4 = Reggina
| wasa4 = 40
| kwallaye4 = 1
| shekaru5 = 2012–2013
| klub5 = AC Milan
| wasa5 = 6
| kwallaye5 = 0
| shekaru6 = 2012–2013
| klub6 = → Chievo (aro)
| wasa6 = 18
| kwallaye6 = 1
| shekaru7 = 2013–2018
| klub7 = Sassuolo
| wasa7 = 149
| kwallaye7 = 10
| shekaru8 = 2018–2023
| klub8 = Lazio
| wasa8 = 135
| kwallaye8 = 5
| shekaru9 = 2022–2023
| klub9 = → Inter Milan (aro)
| wasa9 = 30
| kwallaye9 = 1
| shekaru10 = 2023–
| klub10 = Inter Milan
| wasa10 = 0
| kwallaye10 = 0
| tawagar_kasa1 = Italiya
| shekarun_tawagar1 = 2014–
| wasannin_tawagar1 = 34
| kwallayen_tawagar1 = 1
}}

'''Francesco Acerbi''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Italiya]] wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar [[Inter Milan]] da kuma tawagar ƙasar Italiya. An haife shi ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 1988 a garin Vizzolo Predabissi dake ƙasar Italiya. An san Acerbi da ƙwarewa wajen tsaron gida, ƙarfin jiki, da kuma iya karanta wasan abokan hamayya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.inter.it/en/teams/first-team/francesco-acerbi|title=Francesco Acerbi Profile|publisher=Inter Milan|access-date=2026-05-11|archive-date=2023-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319020741/https://www.inter.it/en/teams/first-team/francesco-acerbi|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
Francesco Acerbi ya taso ne a yankin Lombardy na ƙasar Italiya inda ya fara sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara buga wasa a makarantar matasa ta Pavia kafin daga baya ya shiga manyan kungiyoyin ƙananan rukuni a ƙasar Italiya. Rayuwarsa ta farko ta kasance mai cike da ƙalubale saboda ya yi fama da rashin samun dama a manyan kungiyoyi tun yana matashi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.figc.it/en/national-teams/players/francesco-acerbi/|title=Francesco Acerbi – Italy National Team|publisher=FIGC|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙungiya ==
=== Farkon aikinsa ===
Acerbi ya fara buga wasa da ƙungiyar Pavia inda ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai a matsayin mai tsaron baya. Daga baya ya koma Renate da Spezia kafin ya samu damar shiga Reggina a shekarar 2011. A Reggina ne ya fara samun suna saboda yadda yake nuna jajircewa da ƙwarewa wajen dakile hare-haren abokan wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/francesco-acerbi/profil/spieler/131075|title=Francesco Acerbi Career Stats|publisher=Transfermarkt|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== AC Milan ===
A shekarar 2012, ƙungiyar [[AC Milan]] ta sayi Acerbi domin ƙarfafa garkuwarta. Duk da cewa bai samu damar taka rawar gani sosai ba a Milan, wannan mataki ya taimaka wajen ƙara masa ƙwarewa saboda ya yi wasa tare da manyan ‘yan wasa da gogaggun masu horarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acmilan.com/en/club/players/francesco-acerbi|title=Francesco Acerbi at Milan|publisher=AC Milan|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sassuolo ===
Bayan barinsa Milan, Acerbi ya koma [[US Sassuolo Calcio]] inda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan tsaron ƙungiyar. A lokacin da yake Sassuolo ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen samun nasarori masu yawa a gasar Serie A da kuma shiga gasar UEFA Europa League. Ya zama jagora a bayan gida kuma ana yaba masa saboda ƙoƙarinsa da jajircewarsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sassuolocalcio.it/giocatore/francesco-acerbi/|title=Francesco Acerbi – Sassuolo|publisher=Sassuolo Calcio|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lazio ===
A shekarar 2018, Acerbi ya koma [[SS Lazio]] inda ya ci gaba da nuna ƙwarewa sosai. Ya taimaka wa Lazio wajen lashe Coppa Italia da kuma Supercoppa Italiana. A lokacin da yake Lazio ya kasance daga cikin mafi kyawun masu tsaron baya a Serie A saboda jajircewa, iya shugabanci, da kuma tsayin daka wajen kare gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sslazio.it/en/player/francesco-acerbi|title=Francesco Acerbi Lazio Profile|publisher=SS Lazio|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inter Milan ===
A shekarar 2022 Acerbi ya koma [[Inter Milan]] aro kafin daga baya ƙungiyar ta saye shi dindindin. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Inter wajen kaiwa wasan ƙarshe na UEFA Champions League da kuma fafatawa a Serie A. Kwarewarsa da gogewarsa sun taimaka sosai wajen ƙarfafa tsaron ƙungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/250030512--francesco-acerbi/|title=Francesco Acerbi UEFA Profile|publisher=UEFA|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin tawagar ƙasa ==
Acerbi ya fara bugawa tawagar ƙasar Italiya wasa a shekarar 2014. Ya kasance cikin tawagar da ta lashe gasar UEFA Euro 2020 bayan Italiya ta doke Ingila a wasan ƙarshe. An yaba masa saboda yadda yake taka rawa wajen kare gida da kuma kawo kwanciyar hankali a bayan tawagar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/players/250030512--francesco-acerbi/|title=Francesco Acerbi Euro Profile|publisher=UEFA|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Francesco Acerbi ya sha fama da cutar kansa sau biyu a rayuwarsa, amma ya yi nasarar warkewa kuma ya dawo fili domin ci gaba da buga ƙwallo. Wannan ya sa mutane da dama suke kallonsa a matsayin abin koyi saboda jajircewa da ƙarfin zuciya wajen fuskantar ƙalubale.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/francesco-acerbi-cancer-comeback-story|title=Francesco Acerbi Cancer Comeback Story|publisher=FIFA|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasa ==
Acerbi ana saninsa da ƙwarewa wajen yanke ƙwallaye, iya tsayawa da ƙarfi, da kuma iya fara kai hari daga baya. Tsawonsa da ƙarfinsa na taimaka masa wajen cin ƙwallayen sama da kuma dakatar da ‘yan gaba masu sauri. Haka kuma yana da ƙwarewa wajen jagorantar masu tsaron baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/player/francesco-acerbi|title=Francesco Acerbi Player Analysis|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=2026-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarori ==

=== Lazio ===
* Coppa Italia: 2018–19
* Supercoppa Italiana: 2019

=== Inter Milan ===
* Coppa Italia: 2022–23
* Supercoppa Italiana: 2022, 2023
* Serie A: 2023–24

=== Italiya ===
* UEFA Euro 2020

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tawagar Italiya UEFA Euro 2020}}

[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Yan wasan kwallon kafa na Italiya]]
[[Category:Masu tsaron baya]]
[[Category:Yan wasan Inter Milan]]
[[Category:Yan wasan Lazio]]
[[Category:Yan wasan AC Milan]]
[[Category:Yan wasan Serie A]]
[[Category:Yan wasan tawagar kasar Italiya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Katie McCabe</title>
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      <comment>/* Komawa Arsenal: 2017 - yanzu */</comment>
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      <text bytes="15156" sha1="p0xjwt36yombp8yfnqgkgyhhzmpg1r7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Katie Alison McCabe''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1995) ƙwararriyar 'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce 'yar ƙasar Ireland wadda ke bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ingila Arsenal &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Katie McCabe |url=https://www.arsenal.com/women/players/katie-mccabe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223142803/https://www.arsenal.com/women/players/katie-mccabe |archive-date=23 February 2022 |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=www.arsenal.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana jagorantar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Republic of Ireland . Galibi ' [[Mai buga baya|yar wasan baya ce ta hagu]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2023 |title=Arsenal vs. Manchester City |url=https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/04/02/england/wsl/arsenal-lfc/manchester-city-lfc/3856408/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415030756/https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/04/02/england/wsl/arsenal-lfc/manchester-city-lfc/3856408/ |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=Women Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=United States vs. Republic of Ireland |url=https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/04/12/world/friendly-women/united-states/ireland-republic/4044124/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415030756/https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/04/12/world/friendly-women/united-states/ireland-republic/4044124/ |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=Women Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana iya aiki a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2023 |title=Arsenal vs. Reading |url=https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/12/england/wsl/arsenal-lfc/reading-wfc/3856396/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415030800/https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/12/england/wsl/arsenal-lfc/reading-wfc/3856396/ |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=Women Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya na hagu]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 February 2023 |title=China PR vs. Republic of Ireland |url=https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/02/22/world/friendly-women/china-pr/ireland-republic/4026271/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415030757/https://int.women.soccerway.com/matches/2023/02/22/world/friendly-women/china-pr/ireland-republic/4026271/ |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=Women Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; McCabe ita ce mace ta huɗu 'yar ƙasar Ireland da ta lashe kofin gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA .

A lokacin da take matashiya, McCabe ta lashe gasar cin kofin mata ta Irish National League sau biyu da kuma gasar cin kofin mata ta FAI sau uku tare da Raheny United kafin ta sanya hannu da Arsenal a 2015. Tare da Arsenal, ta lashe gasar cin kofin FA a 2016, gasar WSL ta 2018–19, gasar League Cups uku, da kuma gasar zakarun Turai . An kuma sanya mata suna a cikin kungiyar PFA ta shekara ta 2021. A lokacin ɗan gajeren lokacin da ta yi aro a Glasgow City a 2017, ta kuma lashe gasar SWPL .

Bayan ta samu damar buga wa Ireland wasa a karon farko a shekarar 2015, an nada ta kyaftin a kasar a shekarar 2017, kyaftin mafi karancin shekaru a tarihin kungiyar, kuma an nada ta a matsayin 'yar wasan kwallon kafa ta mata ta Ireland a shekarar 2021. A shekarar 2023 '', [[The Guardian|jaridar Guardian]]'' ta bayyana McCabe a matsayin &quot;fuskar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Ireland&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Downey |first=Sophie |date=19 July 2023 |title=Katie McCabe embraces support with Ireland poised for World Cup debut |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jul/19/katie-mccabe-republic-of-ireland-womens-world-cup-australia-football |access-date=21 July 2023 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ''jaridar Irish Times'' ta nada ta a matsayin 'yar wasan 'yan wasa ta shekarar. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Foley |first=Cliona |date=22 December 2023 |title=Katie McCabe named Sportswoman of the Year |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-41296174.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303041041/https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-41296174.html |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=Irish Examiner |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe kyautar kwallon duniya ta shekarar Ireland ta 2023 saboda kwallon da ta ci da Canada a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2023 &lt;ref name=&quot;Staff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Examiner |date=14 November 2024 |title=Ogbene, Brosnan and McCabe among the winners at FAI International Awards |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-41517002.html#:~:text=Soccer-,Ogbene,%20Brosnan%20and%20McCabe%20among%20the%20winners%20at%20FAI%20International,for%20the%20second%20successive%20year. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116015518/https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-41517002.html#:~:text=Soccer-,Ogbene,%20Brosnan%20and%20McCabe%20among%20the%20winners%20at%20FAI%20International,for%20the%20second%20successive%20year. |archive-date=16 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Irish Examiner |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2023, McCabe ta kafa tarihi a matsayin mace ta farko 'yar Ireland da aka zaba don lashe kyautar Ballon d'Or ta mata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Emma |date=30 October 2023 |title=Katie McCabe right at home among world's elite with Ballon d'Or recognition |url=https://www.the42.ie/katie-mccabe-ballon-dor-6210217-Oct2023/ |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=The 42 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce 'yar Ireland ta farko da aka zaba tun bayan zaben Roy Keane a shekarar 2000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dodge |first=John |date=28 October 2024 |title=These Are The Irish Footballers Who've Received Ballon D'Or Votes |url=https://www.balls.ie/football/these-are-the-irish-footballers-whove-received-ballon-dor-votes-455440 |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=Balls.ie |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==
[[Fayil:Katie_McCabe_20191016.jpg|left|thumb|McCabe tare da Arsenal a 2019]]

=== Aikin ƙuruciya ===
A lokacin da ta girma, McCabe ta buga wasa a ƙungiyar samari ta Kilnamanagh AFC da Crumlin United FC. A lokacin tana da shekaru 10, ta shiga ƙungiyar mata ta farko a Templeogue, tana bugawa ƙungiyar mata da kuma ƙungiyar maza har sai da ta kai shekaru 13. Ɗan wasan da ta fi so tun tana ƙarama shine Damien Duff . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Fionnuala |date=21 August 2019 |title=Katie McCabe went from asking Santa for Damien Duff's Ireland jersey to earning her own |url=https://evoke.ie/2019/08/21/inspire-women-in-business/katie-mccabe-soccer-star |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912150535/https://evoke.ie/2019/08/21/inspire-women-in-business/katie-mccabe-soccer-star |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin makarantar sakandare, ta kuma buga ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙwallon kwando ta Gaelic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Emma |date=30 June 2021 |title=The rise of Katie McCabe, Ireland's youngest-ever captain and world-class Arsenal star |url=https://www.the42.ie/katie-mccabe-the42-read82-5475524-Jun2021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912140128/https://www.the42.ie/katie-mccabe-the42-read82-5475524-Jun2021/ |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=The42}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa: 2011–2015 ===
Lokacin da aka kafa ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasa (WNL) a shekarar 2011, McCabe ta sanya hannu da Raheny United . Ta taɓa yin atisaye da ƙungiyar, amma dokokin gasar sun hana ta sanya hannu kan kwangila har sai ta cika shekara 16. Ta wakilci ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta farko ta gasar . A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa ta lashe kofuna biyu na gasar da kuma kofunan FAI na mata uku a jere tare da &quot;The Pandas&quot;. Ta kuma wakilci ƙungiyar a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Katie McCabe - Rep of Ireland Women |url=http://www.extratime.ie/player/11113155/katie_mccabe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128005050/http://www.extratime.ie/player/11113155/katie_mccabe/ |archive-date=28 January 2016 |access-date=29 December 2015 |website=Extratime.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta rasa watanni huɗu na kakar wasa ta 2013-14 saboda karyewar ƙafa.  Duk da cewa ta shafe mafi yawan lokutan kakar wasa ba tare da ta buga wasa ba saboda rauni, har yanzu ta lashe kyautar WNL Young Player of the Year . A wannan shekarar, Jami'ar Jihar Florida ta kuma ɗauke ta aiki don bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Florida State Seminoles a Amurka, amma matakin ya gaza saboda raunin da ta samu. 

A shekarar 2014–15 McCabe ta zura kwallaye 23 a ragar Raheny a gasar WNL, biyu bayan Áine O'Gorman, wacce ta fi kowa zura kwallaye a gasar UCD Waves .  A watan Nuwamba na 2014, ta zura kwallon farko ga Raheny a wasan karshe na cin kofin mata na FAI, daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida na yadi 35, inda ta lashe kofin FAI na biyu tare da kungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maher |first=Gareth |date=2 November 2014 |title=Raheny retain FAI Continental Tyres Women's Cup |url=http://www.fai.ie/domestic/news/raheny-retain-fai-continental-tyres-women%E2%80%99s-cup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307130821/http://www.fai.ie/domestic/news/raheny-retain-fai-continental-tyres-women%E2%80%99s-cup |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=24 January 2016 |publisher=www.fai.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe kofin gasar WNL na minti na karshe a gasar cin kofin WNL ta 2015 a karin lokaci, inda ta doke Peamount United da ci 3-2.  Kwarewar da ta nuna a kakar wasa ta 2014-15 ta sanya ta cikin jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi kowa zura kwallaye a gasar WNL a karon farko. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A kakar wasa ta 2015-16, McCabe ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ƙungiyar a sabon salonta na Shelbourne Ladies . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Arsenal: 2015–2017 ===
[[Fayil:Arsenal_Ladies_Vs_Bayern_Munich_(24934067101).jpg|left|thumb|McCabe ta fara buga wa Arsenal wasa a watan Fabrairun 2016]]
A watan Disamba na 2015 ta sanya hannu a kulob din Arsenal na Landan,  ta ki amincewa da tayin da Glasgow City, Chelsea, da Manchester City suka yi mata. 

=== Birnin Glasgow: 2017 (rance) ===
Bayan fama da raunuka da kuma yawan lokacin wasa a ƙungiyar farko a shekararta ta farko da Arsenal, ta koma Glasgow City a matsayin aro a watan Agusta na 2017, a rabin na biyu na kakar gasar Premier ta mata ta Scotland .  Za ta taimaka wa Glasgow City ta kai ga lashe gasar Scotland da kuma buga wasanni kaɗan a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roche |first=Cian |title='I wanted to fall back in love with football at Arsenal' &amp;#124; Katie McCabe |url=https://www.otbsports.com/soccer/katie-mccabe-arsenal-league-853842 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912140127/https://www.otbsports.com/soccer/katie-mccabe-arsenal-league-853842 |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=Off The Ball}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komawa Arsenal: 2017 - 2026 ===
Bayan dawowar ta Arsenal a ƙarshen aronta, sabon kocin Arsenal Joe Montemurro ya mayar da ita matsayin mai tsaron baya na hagu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2024 |title=Katie McCabe &amp;#124; In my own words |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/katie-mccabe-my-own-words |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912140126/https://www.arsenal.com/news/katie-mccabe-my-own-words |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=www.arsenal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakar wasa ta 2018-19, McCabe ta taimaka wa Arsenal wajen lashe gasar FA WSL, inda ta buga mafi yawan mintuna fiye da kowane ɗan wasa a ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stillman |first=Tim |date=6 May 2020 |title=Left-back but never left out: Arseblog exclusive with Katie McCabe &amp;#124; Arseblog News - the Arsenal news site |url=https://arseblog.news/2020/05/left-back-but-never-left-out-arseblog-exclusive-with-katie-mccabe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912150536/https://arseblog.news/2020/05/left-back-but-never-left-out-arseblog-exclusive-with-katie-mccabe/ |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 26 ga Maris 2019, ta sanya hannu kan tsawaita zamanta a Arsenal.  Bayan kwana biyar, a ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙarshe na shekara, ta zura kwallo mai mahimmanci a wasan da ta ci Birmingham, wanda hakan ya sa Arsenal ta kasance a saman teburin gasar. 

McCabe ta zura kwallaye 5 kuma ta samu taimako 12 a kakar wasa ta FA WSL ta 2020-21 yayin da Arsenal ta kare a matsayi na uku. Ta yi kunnen doki a matsayi na farko a gasar saboda taimakawa, kuma an sanya ta a cikin Kungiyar PFA ta Shekara . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 June 2021 |title=Katie McCabe's Stellar Season Rewarded With PFA WSL Team Of The Year Inclusion |url=https://hersport.ie/katie-mccabes-stellar-season-rewarded-with-pfa-wsl-team-of-the-year-inclusion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912150537/https://hersport.ie/katie-mccabes-stellar-season-rewarded-with-pfa-wsl-team-of-the-year-inclusion/ |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Disamba na 2020, ta buga wasa na 100 ga Arsenal a wasan da suka doke Everton da ci 4-0, inda ta taimaka wa Jen Beattie ta zura kwallo daga kusurwa.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stillman |first=Tim |date=14 December 2020 |title='I wanted to be one of those Irish Arsenal legends' Arseblog exclusive interview with Katie McCabe &amp;#124; Arseblog News - the Arsenal news site |url=https://arseblog.news/2020/12/i-wanted-to-be-one-of-those-irish-arsenal-legends-arseblog-exclusive-interview-with-katie-mccabe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912140129/https://arseblog.news/2020/12/i-wanted-to-be-one-of-those-irish-arsenal-legends-arseblog-exclusive-interview-with-katie-mccabe/ |archive-date=12 September 2021 |access-date=12 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya a wannan watan, McCabe ta shiga cikin takaddamar da ta shafi COVID-19 bayan ta saka hotonta a bakin teku a Dubai duk da haramcin tafiya ga mazauna Tier 4 a Landan. Ta bayyana cewa ta je Dubai don ganawa da wakilinta.  Ba ta sami wani takunkumin ladabtarwa daga FA ba saboda takaddamar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 January 2021 |title=FA will not discipline Arsenal Women trio for Dubai trip in tier 4 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/jan/06/fa-will-not-discipline-arsenal-women-trio-for-dubai-trip-in-tier-4 |website=the Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Francisca Lara</title>
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'''Francisca Alejandra Lara Lara''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1990), wacce aka fi sani da '''Pancha Lara''', ƙwararriyar [[Ɗan ƙwallo|'yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce]] ta ƙasar Chile wadda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|'yar wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Chile .

== Aikin kulob ==
A watan Yulin 2020, Lara ta koma Faransa ta kuma koma Le Havre . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2020 |title=Francisca Lara fue presentada como nueva jugadora de Le Havre de Francia |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/futbol-internacional/chilenos-en-el-exterior/2020/07/28/francisca-lara-le-havre.shtml |access-date=14 April 2021 |publisher=[[Radio Bío-Bío|Bío-Bío]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A rabin na biyu na shekarar 2024, ta sanya hannu da Dépor ABANCA daga Villarreal . 

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Lara mai shekaru ashirin an sanya ta a cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 20 na Chile a Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kudancin Amurka ta 2010 a Ecuador.  Ta zira kwallaye biyu a gasar Copa América Femenina ta 2018, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 August 2014 |title=Copa América Femenina - Ecuador 2014. Goleadoras&lt;!-- Despite the title, the displayed goalscorers belong to the 2018 edition, not to the 2014 one --&gt; |url=http://www.conmebol.com/es/copa-america-femenina/goleadoras |website=conmebol.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda Chile ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA a karon farko a tarihinta.

Ta kuma kasance memba a cikin tawagar Chile da ta lashe lambar azurfa a Wasannin Kudancin Amurka na 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2014 |title=SELECCIÓN FEMENINA ENTREGA NÓMINA OFICIAL PARA LOS ODESUR 2014 |url=https://www.anfp.cl/noticia/20441/seleccion-femenina-entrega-nomina-oficial-para-los-odesur-2014 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=[[Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional|ANFP]] |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2014 |title=SELECCIÓN FEMENINA SELLA CON PLATA SU INOLVIDABLE INCURSIÓN EN SANTIAGO 2014 |url=https://www.anfp.cl/noticia/20552/seleccion-femenina-sella-con-plata-su-inolvidable-incursion-en-santiago-2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509074816/http://www.anfp.cl/noticia/20552/seleccion-femenina-sella-con-plata-su-inolvidable-incursion-en-santiago-2014 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=[[Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional|ANFP]] |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa ===
''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun nuna jimillar kwallayen da Chile ta ci a karon farko''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!No.
!Date
!Venue
!Opponent
!Score
!Result
!Competition
|-
|{{Center|1}}
|6 November 2010
|Estadio Bellavista, Ambato, [[Ecuador]]
|{{Fbw|ARG}}
|{{Center|'''1'''–2}}
|{{Center|1–2}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2010 South American Women's Football Championship
|-
|{{Center|2}}
|8 November 2010
|Estadio Olímpico, Riobamba, [[Ecuador]]
|{{Fbw|BOL}}
|{{Center|'''1'''–0}}
|{{Center|3–0}}
|-
|{{Center|3}}
|17 November 2010
|Estadio La Cocha, Latacunga, [[Ecuador]]
|{{Fbw|COL}}
|{{Center|'''1'''–1}}
|{{Center|1–1}}
|-
|{{Center|4}}
|22 October 2011
|Estadio Omnilife, [[Guadalalajara|Guadalajara]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]]
|{{Fbw|TTO}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1'''–0
|{{Center|3–0}}
|2011 Pan American Games
|-
|{{Center|5}}
|12 September 2014
|Estadio Federativo Reina del Cisne, Loja, [[Ecuador]]
|{{Fbw|ARG}}
|{{Center|1–0}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2014 Copa América Femenina
|-
|{{Center|6}}
|16 September 2014
|Estadio Alejandro Serrano Aguilar, Cuenca, [[Ecuador]]
|{{Fbw|BOL}}
|{{Center|3–0}}
|-
|{{Center|7}}
|20 September 2014
|Estadio Jorge Andrade, Azogues, [[Ecuador]]
|{{Fbw|PAR}}
|{{Center|'''1'''–1}}
|{{Center|2–3}}
|-
|{{Center|8}}
|12 April 2018
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Estadio La Portada, La Serena, [[Chile]]
|{{Fbw|PER}}
|{{Center|'''3'''–0}}
|{{Center|5–0}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018 Copa América Femenina
|-
|{{Center|9}}
|22 April 2018
|{{Fbw|ARG}}
|{{Center|'''4'''–0}}
|{{Center|4–0}}
|}

== Girmamawa ==
'''Chile'''

* Lambobin Azurfa na Wasannin Kudancin Amurka : 2014

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fadhila Chitour</title>
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'''Fadhila Boumendjel-Chitour''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Maris 1942, a [[Blida]]) farfesa ce a [[Faculty of Medicine of Algiers|Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Algiers]] kuma [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam]] ta Algeria. Ita ce tsohuwar shugabar CHU Bab El Oued (Algiers). An haife ta ne a cikin dangin juyin juya hali, Bowmanel-Chitour 'yar [[Ahmed Boumendjel]] ce kuma 'yar'uwar [[Ali Boumendjel]].

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Boumendjel ta yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Jules Ferry a birnin Paris, inda mahaifinta ya kasance lauya. Ta yi karatun Latin a makarantar sakandare da kwaleji, yayin da take da niyyar zama likita. Ta ce, &quot;Hakika, falsafar ita ce ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunatacciya. Amma na ji cewa ina buƙatar in ba da gudummawa sosai don gina ƙasarmu. Dole ne in sanya kaina a hidimar wasu, saboda haka zaɓin magani: zaɓin da ban yi nadama ba, tunda ina da sha'awar wannan aikin. &quot;[1]

== Ayyuka ==
Daga 1988 zuwa 1990, ta kasance shugabar Kwamitin Kiwon Lafiya na Kariya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bio express |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/228188 |access-date=2019-08-17 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; kafin ta taimaka wajen kafa reshen Aljeriya na [[Amnesty International]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TORTURE ET HISTOIRE – socialgerie |url=http://www.socialgerie.net/spip.php?article1347 |access-date=2018-05-19 |website=www.socialgerie.net |language=fr |publication-date= |archive-date=2018-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520053902/http://www.socialgerie.net/spip.php?article1347 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ta jagoranci tsakanin 1991 da 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amnesty International Algerie |date=2017-04-09 |title=Qui sommes-nous? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=deSV2FMFLFw&amp;feature=youtu.be |access-date=2018-05-19 |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mai fafutukar mata, ta kafa Wassila Network,  wanda ke yaki da tashin hankali ga mata da yara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zmirli |first=Amayas |date=2018-03-09 |title=Algérie – Droits des femmes : &quot; les violences les plus fréquentes sont familiales et conjugales &quot; |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/culture/algerie-droits-des-femmes-les-violences-les-plus-frequentes-sont-familiales-et-conjugales-09-03-2018-2201165_3.php |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=Le Point |language=fr |archive-date=2019-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618203318/https://www.lepoint.fr/culture/algerie-droits-des-femmes-les-violences-les-plus-frequentes-sont-familiales-et-conjugales-09-03-2018-2201165_3.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta wakilci Amnesty International Algeria tsakanin 2000 da 2009 kuma ta zama mataimakin shugabanta a shekara ta 2009. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Doris Uboh-Ogunkoya</title>
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| name               = Doris Uboh-Ogunkoya
| birth_date         = 1964-06-16
| occupation         = Politician
| party              = All Progressives Congress
}} 

'''Doris Uboh-Ogunkoya''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1964) 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce daga jihar Ekuku-Agbor Delta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-05-28 |title=2023: Doris Uboh wins APC Ika Federal constituency ticket |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/2023-doris-uboh-wins-apc-ika-federal-constituency-ticket/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |archive-date=2022-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529143419/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/2023-doris-uboh-wins-apc-ika-federal-constituency-ticket/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Bola Tinubu|Shugaba Bola Tinubu]] ya nada shi a matsayin Babban Darakta, Asusun Wutar Lantarki na Karkara (REF) a ranar 8 ga Maris, 2024.

== Ayyuka ==
Uboh-Ogunkoya ta wakilci mazabar Ika ta Tarayya [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] daga 2007 zuwa 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Doris Uboh-Ogunkoya Bids Politics Farewell? |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/09/08/doris-uboh-ogunkoya-bids-politics-farewell/ |access-date=2023-03-03 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A shekarar 2019 ta lashe tikitin Sanata na All Progressives Congress a zaben fidda gwani don wakiltar Gundumar Sanata ta Arewa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Amaize etc al |first=Emma |date=2018-10-05 |title=2019:Doris Uboh Clinches Delta North APC Ticket |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/10/2019-doris-uboh-clinches-delta-north-apc-ticket/2023, |access-date=2023-03-03 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma lashe zaben fidda gwani a karkashin All Progressives Congress don wakiltar mazabar Ika ta Tarayya a cikin Babban Zabe na 2023 

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Esther Majambere Musoke</title>
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'''Esther Majambere Musoke''' lauya ce mai aiki a [[Uganda]], mai ba da shawara, 'yar majalisa kuma 'yar siyasa. Ta kasance zaɓaɓɓen memba na Majalisar dokokin Uganda wanda ke wakiltar 'yan majalisa na Kyeshero a yankin Kinkiizi West a Gundumar Kanungu . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rumanzi |first=Bob |date=2024-02-08 |title=Lawyer Esther Majambere Rewards Top PLE Candidates in Kanungu with Mattresses |url=https://boonafm.com/lawyer-esther-majambere-rewards-top-ple-candidates-in-kanungu-with-mattresses/ |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=91.8 Boona FM |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Vision |title=Rugunda, Mbabazi and Musoke mourn Prof Nsibambi |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1501252/rugunda-mbabazi-musoke-mourn-prof-nsibambi |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=New Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Shari'a a Sakatariyar Hukumar Gyaran Shari'a ta Uganda . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.ulrc.go.ug/ |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=www.ulrc.go.ug |language=en |archive-date=2026-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260205174558/https://ulrc.go.ug/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-03-25 |title=Financial intelligence authority to probe 40 law firms over money laundering |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/financial-intelligence-authority-to-probe-40-law-firms-over-money-laundering-3335632 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta shiga cikin horar da wasu lauyoyi tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Hukumar leken asirin kudi ta Uganda don tabbatar da cewa suna da bin doka kuma suna guje wa karkatar da kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Esther Majambere Musoke tana bayar da tallafi lokaci-lokaci ga yaran makarantun firamare a yankin Kanungu da kayan karatu domin inganta iliminsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Na Mutum ==
Esther Majambere Musoke ta rasa mahaifinta ne sakamakon bugun jini daga Asibitin Nsambya tana da shekaru 89. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Odongo |first=Jacobs Seaman |title=Francis Kanyaruharo: Kanungu's 'Everybody Work Together' Goes to Rest |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/features/225135/francis-kanyaruharo-kanungus-everybody-work-together-goes-to-rest |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Periry Aritua
* [[Diana Angwech]]
* Sarah Bireete

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Prishani Naidoo</title>
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'''Prishani Naidoo''' (1 ga Nuwamba 1973 - 23 ga Disamba 2024) masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], marubuci kuma mai fafutuka. Ta kasance darakta na Cibiyar Ayyuka da Siyasa (SWOP) kuma malami, daga baya babban malami, a Sashen Ilimin Jama'a a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] (Wits), Johannesburg . &lt;ref name=&quot;SWOP-remembering&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CALS&quot;/&gt; Ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali kan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, siyasa, aiki, talauci da ilimi mafi girma a bayan wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma tana da dogon tarihin shiga cikin ɗalibai, al'umma da gwagwarmayar adawa da keɓancewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;SWOP-remembering&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;SAHA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ROAPE&quot;/&gt;

Naidoo ya hada hannu da yawa daga cikin New South African Review da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kan sabbin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da kuma &quot;matsayin motsi&quot; na zanga-zangar da aka fi sani. &lt;ref name=&quot;NSR1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2021 |title=New South African Review 1. 2010: Development or Decline |url=https://www.southafricanlabourbulletin.org.za/new-south-african-review-1-2010-development-or-decline/ |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=South African Labour Bulletin }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NSR3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kotzé |first=Dirk |year=2014 |title=New South African Review 3: The Second Phase – Tragedy or Farce? (Book review) |url=https://upjournals.up.ac.za/index.php/strategic_review/article/view/158 |journal=Strategic Review for Southern Africa |volume=36 |issue=1 |doi=10.35293/srsa.v36i1.158 |access-date=5 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Globalizations&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=von Holdt |first=Karl |last2=Naidoo |first2=Prishani |year=2019 |title=Mapping movement landscapes in South Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14747731.2018.1479019 |journal=Globalizations |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=170–185 |doi=10.1080/14747731.2018.1479019 |access-date=5 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Naidoo a [[Durban]] a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1973, kuma jim kadan bayan haka iyalinta suka koma Port Shepstone a bakin tekun kudu na KwaZulu-Natal, inda ta yi yarinta.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAHA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ROAPE&quot;/&gt; Ta halarci makarantar Indiya da ke da tallafi a Port Shepstone kafin ta koma Durban a tsakiyar shekarun 1980 don kammala karatunta a makarantar Katolika ta mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;SAHA&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;StudentLeaders&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Denise}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta girma a cikin iyali mai shiga siyasa: iyayenta biyu likitoci ne, kuma mahaifinta, Dillie Naidoo, yana da hannu a farfado da Majalisa ta Indiya ta Natal kuma yana da alaƙa da masu gwagwarmayar Black Consciousness . &lt;ref name=&quot;StudentLeaders&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Amandla&quot;/&gt; Naidoo daga baya ya tuna cewa tattaunawa game da siyasa, wariyar launin fata da juriya sun kasance wani ɓangare na rayuwar yau da kullun a cikin gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amandla&quot; /&gt;

Bayan matric, Naidoo ta yi karatu na shekara guda a Jami'ar Durban-Westville (daga baya wani ɓangare na [[Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal]]), inda ta shiga cikin siyasar dalibai ta hanyar Kungiyar Dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu (SANSCO).&lt;ref name=&quot;StudentLeaders&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SAHA&quot;/&gt; Daga nan sai ta koma Johannesburg don yin karatu a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]], da farko ta yi rajista a fannin kiwon lafiya amma daga baya ta sauya zuwa digiri na farko, ta fi dacewa da Turanci da ilimin zamantakewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;StudentLeaders&quot; /&gt; Ta kammala BA a shekarar 1997 da BA (Honours) a cikin wallafe-wallafen kwatankwacin a shekarar 1998. &lt;ref name=&quot;SWOP-remembering&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyukan gwagwarmaya da aikin jama'a ==
Yunkurin siyasa na Naidoo ya fara ne a ƙarshen wariyar launin fata, lokacin da ta shiga tsarin African National Congress da ANC Youth League a lokacin da take makaranta a Durban.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amandla&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ROAPE&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McKinley |first=Dale T. |year=2025 |title=Prishani Naidoo: a beautifully diverse, radical and principled tapestry of life, thought and struggle |url=https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.62191%2FROAPE-2025-0006 |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=52 |issue=183 |pages=133–138 |doi=10.62191/ROAPE-2025-0006 |access-date=5 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Wits ta zama fitacciyar jagorar dalibai, tana shiga cikin muhawara game da makomar ilimi mafi girma da shugabancin dalibai a farkon shekarun 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;StudentLeaders&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWOP-remembering&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 December 2024 |title=Re-Membering Prishani Naidoo |url=https://swop.org.za/prishani-naidoo-copy/ |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=SWOP: Society, Work and Politics Institute |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |quote=Dr. Prishani Naidoo (1 November 1973 – 23 December 2024) ... Director (2019–2024).}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta rike mukamai na jagoranci a reshen Wits na Majalisa na Afirka ta Kudu (SASCO) daga 1992 zuwa 1997, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Majalisar Wits Students a 1995 kuma ta kasance shugaban Majalisar Wats na Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu sau biyu (SAU-SRC).&lt;ref name=&quot;SWOP-remembering&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;StudentLeaders&quot; /&gt;

Bayan karatun digiri, Naidoo ta yi aiki a kungiyoyin farar hula. Daga 1997 zuwa 1999 ta shiga cikin aikin ilimin jinsi a Kwalejin Khanya, sauƙaƙe shirye-shirye tare da membobin ƙungiyar kwadago daga ƙungiyoyi kamar Kungiyar Kasuwancin Afirka ta Kudu, Kayan abinci da Ma'aikata (SACCAWU), Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Ilimi, Lafiya da Allied (NEHAWU), Kudancin 'Yan Sanda da Kurkuku (POPCRU) da Kungiyar Ma Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata na Afirka ta Kudu (SAMWU &lt;ref name=&quot;SWOP-remembering&quot;/&gt;).&lt;ref name=&quot;SAHA&quot;/&gt; Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'in shirin jinsi a ofishin Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll ta Kudancin Afirka, tana haɓaka shirin jinsi na yanki.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAHA&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2001 Naidoo ya kafa kungiyar Bincike da Ilimi a Ci Gaban (RED) tare da Ahmed Veriava da sauransu. Kungiyar ta gudanar da bincike da aikin ilimi ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, gami da al'ummomin da ruwa da wutar lantarki suka shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;SWOP-remembering&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Amandla&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McKinley |first=Dale |date=10 April 2025 |title=Prishani Naidoo: a beautifully diverse, radical and principled tapestry of life, thought and struggle |url=https://www.amandla.org.za/prishani-naidoo-a-beautifully-diverse-radical-and-principled-tapestry-of-life-thought-and-struggle/ |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=Amandla!}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin Naidoo ya shiga cikin Anti-Privatisation Forum (APF), hadin gwiwa da ke adawa da sayarwa na ayyuka na asali a Johannesburg da yankunan da ke kewaye, kuma ya yi aiki tare da kungiyoyi a Orange Farm da sauran garuruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAHA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McKinley |first=Dale |date=19 February 2010 |title=Transcript of interview with Prishani Naidoo |url=https://www.saha.org.za/downloadfile.php?path=al3290%2Fal3290_d2.1.11.pdf |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=South African History Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McKinleyNaidoo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McKinley |first=Dale T. |last2=Naidoo |first2=Prishani |year=2004 |title=New Social Movements in South Africa: A Story in Creation |journal=Development Update |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=9–22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan Naidoo sun kai ga gwagwarmaya game da aiki, ƙasa da samun damar samun ilimi mafi girma. Ta shiga kuma ta yi tunani game da tarurrukan dalibai da ma'aikata, gami da zanga-zangar #FeesMustFall, kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan da aka yi niyyar &quot;sake zama memba&quot; na tarihin motsi da ayyuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;SWOP-remembering&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ROAPE&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyukan ilimi ==
Naidoo ya shiga Sashen Ilimin Jama'a a Jami'ar Witwatersrand a matsayin malami a cikin 2008, da farko yana aiki a cikin shirin bincike na SWOP na Land, Labour and Life . &lt;ref name=&quot;CALS&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWOP-remembering&quot;/&gt; Daga baya aka kara mata matsayi zuwa babban malami a fannin zamantakewa kuma, a cikin 2019, an nada ta darakta na SWOP.&lt;ref name=&quot;SWOP-remembering&quot; /&gt; A karkashin jagorancinta cibiyar ta haɓaka shirye-shirye kan shahararrun siyasa, sauyawa mai kyau daga kwal da sake tunani game da hanyoyin bincike, gami da aikin kan &quot;sake zama memba&quot; wanda ya jawo hankalin ta na dogon lokaci tare da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da gwagwarmaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;SWOP-main&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SWOP – Society, Work and Politics Institute |url=https://swop.org.za/ |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=SWOP: Society, Work and Politics Institute |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWOP-remembering&quot; /&gt;

Bayan Wits, Naidoo ta yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a (CALS) daga 2023, tana ba da gudummawa ga kwarewarta a cikin bincike da gwagwarmaya ga aikin kungiyar kan haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;CALS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gaertner |first=Lee-Anne |date=21 January 2025 |title=Tribute to Dr Prishani Naidoo |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/news/sources/cals-news/2025/tribute-to-dr-prishani-naidoo.html |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=Centre for Applied Legal Studies |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma shiga cikin musayar ilimi na kasa da kasa da kuma ziyartar koyarwa, gami da zama tare da fasahar Mexico da sararin bincike SOMA, inda ta shiga cikin tambayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da tunanin siyasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=SOMA Summer – Re-membering Movements |url=https://swop.org.za/soma-summer-prishani-naidoo/ |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=SWOP: Society, Work and Politics Institute |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike da rubuce-rubuce ==
Binciken Naidoo ya ta'allaka ne akan batun siyasa, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, aiki da rashin tsaro, talauci, sake fasalin neoliberal da siyasar ilimi mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;CALS&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;SWOP-remembering&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ROAPE&quot;/&gt; Rubutun digirin ta ya bincika yadda ake gina &quot;matalauta&quot; a cikin manufofin birni da aiki a bayan wariyar launin fata a Johannesburg, yana mai da hankali kan gidajen matalauta da isar da sabis a Orange Farm .  &lt;ref name=&quot;ROAPE&quot; /&gt;

Ta hada hannu da nazarin sabbin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da kuma Anti-Privatisation Forum tare da Dale T. McKinley, tana jayayya cewa waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna wakiltar sababbin nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin ƙauyuka da ke fitowa don mayar da martani ga sake fasalin neoliberal.&lt;ref name=&quot;McKinleyNaidoo&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ROAPE&quot;/&gt; Ayyukanta na baya, sau da yawa tare da Karl von Holdt da Ahmed Veriava, sun bincika &quot;yanayin motsi&quot; - wuraren da suka haɗu da ƙungiyoyi, zanga-zanga da ayyukan yau da kullun - da kuma hanyoyin da kabilanci, aji da sauran nau'ikan bambanci ke bayyanawa a cikin gwagwarmayar zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Globalizations&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWOP-remembering&quot;/&gt;

A cikin taswirar motsi na wurare a Afirka ta Kudu (2019), wanda aka rubuta tare da von Holdt, Naidoo ya bincika alamu na zanga-zanga da tsari a fadin bangarori da yankuna, yana ba da shawarar cewa kulawa ga waɗannan shimfidar wurare masu canzawa na iya kalubalantar labarai masu sauƙi game da &quot;rebellion na matalauta&quot; ko kuma motsi na zamantakewa guda ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Globalizations&quot;/&gt; An ambaci aikinta a cikin muhawara game da aiki mara kyau, ƙungiyoyin kwadago da gwagwarmayar al'umma a Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hlatshwayo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hlatshwayo |first=Mondli |year=2018 |title=The new struggles of precarious workers in South Africa: nascent organisational responses of community health workers |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03056244.2018.1483902 |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=45 |issue=157 |pages=378–392 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2018.1483902 |access-date=5 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Naidoo ya kuma rubuta game da launin fata, al'adu da tunanin siyasa. Tare da Ahmed Veriava ta hada hannu da &quot;Bambanci na Tattaunawa: karanta Biko-with-Hall&quot;, wanda ya kawo aikin [[Steve Biko]] cikin tattaunawa tare da masanin al'adu Stuart Hall don yin tunani game da bambanci da hadin kai a cikin gwagwarmayar Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ERS&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Naidoo |first=Prishani |last2=Veriava |first2=Ahmed |year=2023 |title=Articulating difference: reading Biko-with-Hall |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870.2023.2197136 |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=46 |issue=16 |pages= |doi=10.1080/01419870.2023.2197136 |access-date=5 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tunaninta game da siyasar dalibai da jagoranci an haɗa su a cikin Reflections of South African Student Leaders 1994 zuwa 2017, inda ta tattauna abubuwan da ta samu a SASCO da Wits SRC da kuma sauya yanayin shugabancin jami'a da zanga-zanga.[1] Abokan aiki da masu bita sun yi jayayya cewa, ta hanyar aikinta na ilimi da edita a kan jerin Sabon Binciken Afirka ta Kudu, Naidoo ta taimaka wajen tsara muhawara mai mahimmanci game da siyasar Afirka ta Kudu، rashin daidaito da dimokuradiyya shekaru ashirin bayan wariyar launin fata.[2][3][4]

== Mutuwa da gado ==
Naidoo ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Disamba 2024, yana da shekaru 51. &lt;ref name=&quot;SWOP-remembering&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ROAPE&quot;/&gt; Labaran mutual da kuma girmamawa daga abokan aiki, dalibai da masu gwagwarmaya sun bayyana ta a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da ka'idoji mai ilimi wanda aikinsa ya haɗa da bincike na ilimi da gwagwarmayar jama'a, kuma ya jaddada rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai ba da shawara da haɗin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ROAPE&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Amandla&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kenny&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kenny |first=Bridget |year=2025 |title=Prishani, With you, Together |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21528586.2025.2578196 |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=52 |issue=183 |pages=139–141 |doi=10.62191/ROAPE-2025-0005 |access-date=5 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CALS&quot;/&gt;

SWOP, Jami'ar Wits da kungiyoyi masu alaƙa sun gudanar da abubuwan tunawa a farkon 2025, gami da hidimar tunawa da jama'a a Wits Great Hall a ƙarƙashin taken &quot;Sake zama memba na Prishani Naidoo&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;SWOP-memorial&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Re-membering Prishani Naidoo: Memorial Service |url=https://swop.org.za/memorial/ |website=SWOP: Society, Work and Politics Institute |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>hoy3fmdw5xpcu98l1r0gi4i99wi6t0h</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Michael</title>
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'''Emmanuel Michael''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Yuni 2006) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Najeriya wanda a halin yanzu yake buga wasa a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na gaba]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Austria wato LASK .

== Aikin kulob ==
An yi wa Michael kallon ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar Simoiben Football Academy lokacin da yake buga wasa babu takalmi a kan titunan [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;sports&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ochicha |first=Lovette |date=16 February 2024 |title=Rising Star: Emmanuel Michael's Inspirational Journey From Streets Of Kaduna To Flying Eagles U-20 |url=https://www.sports247.ng/rising-star-emmanuel-michaels-inspirational-journey-from-streets-of-kaduna-to-flying-eagles-u-20/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=sports247.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya taka rawar gani a makarantar da kuma ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Najeriya, ƙungiyoyin Midtjylland da Huesca na Denmark da Spain sun yi masa bincike. &lt;ref name=&quot;sports&quot; /&gt; Ƙungiyoyin Ajax da AS Monaco na Holland da Faransa sun kuma nemi shi, inda aka ruwaito cewa na biyun ya yi ƙoƙarin ɗaukarsa kafin ya cika shekara 18. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 December 2022 |title=Like Endrick - Monaco Pushing To Sign Nigeria U17 Star Emmanuel Michael Before He Turns 18 |url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2022/12/28/like-endrick-monaco-pushing-to-sign-nigeria-u17-star-emmanuel-michael-before-he-turns-18/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=owngoalnigeria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da wannan sha'awar, ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya [[Gombe United F.C.|ta Gombe United]] a kan yarjejeniyar aro na tsawon shekara guda a watan Oktoban 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adeyanju |first=Oluwayemisi Afolabi |date=2 October 2023 |title=U17 AFCON Star, Emmanuel Michael Joins Gombe United |url=https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/u17-afcon-star-emmanuel-micheal-joins-gombe-united |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=ckdmedia.ng |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009205001/https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/u17-afcon-star-emmanuel-micheal-joins-gombe-united |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wannan watan, jaridar ''[[The Guardian]]'' ta Ingila ta naɗa shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa da aka haifa a shekarar 2006 a duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christenson |first=Marcus |last2=Bloor |first2=Steven |last3=Blight |first3=Garry |date=11 October 2023 |title=Next Generation 2023: 60 of the best young talents in world football |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/ng-interactive/2023/oct/11/next-generation-2023-60-of-the-best-young-talents-in-world-football |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=theguardian.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=Nigeria U17 Star Emmanuel Michael In List Of Best Young Talents In The World |url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2023/10/12/nigeria-u17-star-emmanuel-michael-in-list-of-best-young-talents-in-the-world/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=owngoalnigeria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agusta na 2024, ya koma ƙungiyar LASK ta ƙasar Austria, inda aka tura shi ƙungiyar 'B' ta ƙungiyar, Juniors OÖ . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2024 |title=LASK signs Emmanuel Michael for the amateurs |url=https://www.lask.at/de/m/news/lask-verpflichtet-emmanuel-michael-fuer-die-amateure |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=lask.at |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abel |first=Kelechi |date=10 August 2024 |title=Golden Eaglets Star Officially Joins Austrian Club |url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/news/transfer-news/golden-eaglets-star-officially-joins-austrian-club/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=footballinnigeria.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
An kira shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekara 17 don shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 (wanda aka sanya wa suna ''WAFU-B U17 na 2022'' ), Michael ya zura kwallaye a wasan farko, inda ya yi nasara da ci 4-2 a kan Ghana . Ya biyo baya da kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Ivory Coast da ci 3-1, inda ya lashe kyautar ''Man Of the Match'' sau uku a jere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 June 2022 |title=Emmanuel Michael tops List Of Five Nigeria U17 Players Shining Bright At WAFU B Championship |url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2022/06/22/emmanuel-michael-tops-list-of-five-nigeria-u17-players-shining-bright-at-wafu-b-championship/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=owngoalnigeria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta lashe gasar WAFU-B U17 ta 2022, abokan wasansa a Kwalejin Simoiben Football Academy sun karrama shi lokacin da ya dawo Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Afolayan |first=Toyosi |date=12 July 2022 |title=Simoiben football academy honor Golden Eaglets' star Emmanuel Michael |url=https://myleaguewire.com/2022/07/12/simoiben-football-academy-honor-golden-eaglets-star-emmanuel-michael/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=myleaguewire.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya aka bayyana cewa ya kusa rasa gasar; bayan ya isa sansanin horo a makare, masu horar da 'yan wasan Najeriya da farko sun so a cire shi daga ƙungiyar, amma bayan wata ganawa tsakanin shugaban [[Hukumar Kwallon Kafar Najeriya|hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]], [[Ibrahim Musa Gusau]], da mamallakin Kwalejin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Simoiben, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya [[Moses Simon]], an dawo da shi. 

An kira shi cikin tawagar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta wucin gadi don gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2023, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hawkson |first=Leroy |date=17 February 2024 |title=Nigeria name provisional football squad for 13th African Games |url=https://www.asaaseradio.com/nigeria-name-provisional-football-squad-for-13th-african-games/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=asaaseradio.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma bai samu shiga cikin tawagar ƙarshe ba saboda raunin da ya samu a idon sawu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2024 |title=Emmanuel Michael's Fitness Concerns Ahead of All Africa Games |url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/player-health-and-injuries/emmanuel-michaels-fitness-concerns-ahead-of-all-africa-games/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=footballinnigeria.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasan ==
Kwararren mai buga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, [1] [2] Michael ya yaba wa dan wasan Najeriya Moses Simon saboda ba shi takalma bayan ya ci kwallo daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da Najeriya ta yi da Ghana a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta 2023. [3] Ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi da Ivory Coast da ci 3-1 a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar. [4]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Emmanuel Ogude</title>
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'''Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ogude''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Maris 1993) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga wa ƙungiyar Nykøbing ta Denmark wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba .

== Aikin kulob ==

=== B.93 ===
Ogude ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Denmark ta uku B.93 a watan Disamba na 2015, yana da shekaru 21, bayan ya buga wasa a [[Isra'ila]] na tsawon shekaru.  Wasansa na farko a ƙungiyar farko ya kasance a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa da B1908 a ranar 24 ga Maris 2016, wasan da B.93 ta yi nasara da ci 3-1. &lt;ref name=&quot;X. Emmanuel Ogude&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 2016 |title=X. Emmanuel Ogude |url=http://b93prof.dk/project/x-emmanuel-ogude/ |access-date=13 April 2018 |publisher=B.93 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124175832/https://b93prof.dk/project/x-emmanuel-ogude/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan an ba shi kyautar ɗan wasan shekara a matakin rukuni na uku na Denmark, Ogude ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Denmark Superliga Brøndby IF wanda hakan ya sa aka gwada shi. 

=== Vendsyssel ===
A ranar 7 ga Yulin 2017, Ogude ya sanya hannu a kulob din Vendsyssel FF na Denmark a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku.  Ya fara buga wa Vendsyssel wasa a gasar lig a ranar 30 ga Yulin 2017 da Fremad Amager, inda ya maye gurbin Jeppe Illum a ƙarshen kakar wasa. A kakar wasa ta farko da ya yi a kulob din ta haifar da ci gaba zuwa Superliga. Ogude ya ƙare kakar wasa da wasanni 27 inda ya zura kwallaye 10. &lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=E. Ogude |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ogude-emmanuel-ifeanyi/310506/ |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=int.soccerway.com |publisher=Perform Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ogude ya fara bayyana a matakin Denmark mafi girma a ranar 15 ga Yuli 2018, a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Sebastian Czajkowski a minti na 82 yayin da Vendsyssel ya ci OB &amp;#x2013; a gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vendsyssel vs. OB – 15 July 2018 – Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/07/15/denmark/superliga/fc-hjorring/odense-boldklub/2790408/ |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=int.soccerway.com |publisher=Perform Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a matakin mafi girma daga bugun fenariti a ranar 26 ga Agusta a wasan da Brøndby IF ta sha kashi a gida da ci &amp;#x2013; . Faretin ya haifar da wani yanayi mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, inda magoya bayan Brøndby da ke adawa suka jefa kwallo a filin wasa da nufin su yi wa Ogude ihu a lokacin da ake harbi. &lt;ref name=&quot;penalty&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hoffskov |first=Ole |date=27 August 2018 |title=Vendsyssel-træner håber på hård straf til Brøndby-fan |url=https://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/superliga/vendsyssel-traener-haaber-paa-haard-straf-til-broendby-fan |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=tipsbladet.dk |publisher=Tipsbladet}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogude da kansa ya bayyana cewa bai lura da lamarin ba, amma an jefa masa fitilar wuta daga magoya bayan abokan hamayya. &lt;ref name=&quot;penalty&quot; /&gt; Lamarin ya haifar da tarar &lt;small&gt;DKK&lt;/small&gt; 25,000 ga Brøndby. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hoffskov |first=Ole |last2=Jensen |first2=Kenneth |date=20 September 2018 |title=FC København og Brøndby straffet med bøder |url=https://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/superliga/fc-koebenhavn-og-broendby-straffet-med-boeder |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=tipsbladet.dk |publisher=Tipsbladet}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 5 ga Satumba, Ogude ya zira kwallaye shida yayin da Vendsyssel ta doke [[Egen UI]] ta Denmark a matakin rukuni na shida da jimillar kwallaye &amp;#x2013; . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Blond |first=Mikael |date=5 September 2018 |title=Ogude førte an i Vendsyssels 9-1-nedsabling |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/ogude-foerte-an-i-vendsyssels-9-1-nedsabling/ |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=bold.dk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala kakar wasa da wasanni 27 inda ya zira kwallaye tara, yayin da Vendsyssel ta sha kashi a faduwa daga gasar bayan shekara guda a matakin mafi girma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2019 |title=Lyngby rykker op i Superligaen og sender Vendsyssel ned |url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/superliga/lyngby-rykker-op-i-superligaen-og-sender-vendsyssel-ned |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=dr.dk |publisher=[[Danmarks Radio]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta tabbatar a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2020 cewa Ogude ya bar kungiyar. 

=== Al Tadhamon ===
A watan Satumba na 2020, Ogude ya rattaba hannu da kulob din Kuwait Premier League Al Tadhamon . [1] A lokacin bazara na 2021, Ogude ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta gaba . [2] Kwantiraginsa bai tsawaita ba, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasa mai zaman kansa a watan Yulin 2021. [2]

=== Komawa zuwa B.93 ===
A watan Maris na 2022, Ogude ya koma B.93 .  A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2024 kulob din ya tabbatar da cewa Oguda ya tafi bisa yarjejeniyar da aka cimma. 

=== VPS ===
Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Al-Qasim a gasar Iraqi Stars League, a ranar 19 ga Agusta 2024, Ogude ya sanya hannu da ƙungiyar Veikkausliiga ta Finland Vaasan Palloseura (VPS) har zuwa sauran kakar wasa ta 2024. 

=== Nykøbing FC ===
A ranar 22 ga Maris 2025, Ogude ya koma ƙungiyar Nykøbing FC ta ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Denmark a kan yarjejeniyar har zuwa watan Yunin 2026. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Ebenezer Ajodun Akinsanmiro''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2004) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya]], [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya na gaba]] ko kuma [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na dama]] a ƙungiyar Serie A ta Pisa, a matsayin aro daga Inter Milan, da kuma [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] .

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Akinsanmiro ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar Remo Stars a shekarar 2020.  Yana cikin ƙungiyar da ta samu ci gaba daga [[Nigeria National League|gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Najeriya]] zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru ta Najeriya a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2020–21. 

A watan Maris na 2022, Akinsanmiro ya koma kulob din [[Alex Transfiguration]] da ke [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] na ɗan lokaci, kamar yadda ya fito a Torneo di Viareggio, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=Alex Transfiguration |url=https://www.viareggiocup.com/squadre/72a/alex-transfiguration/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |website= |publisher=[[Torneo di Viareggio|Viareggio Cup]] |language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andreuccetti |first=Gianluca |date=26 February 2024 |title=Akinsanmiro, dalla Nigeria alla Viareggio Cup stregando l'Inter |url=https://www.mondoprimavera.com/news/432450997766/akinsanmiro-dalla-nigeria-alla-viareggio-cup-stregando-l-inter |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=MondoPrimavera |language=it-IT }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; inda ƙungiyar ta kai wasan ƙarshe kafin ta sha kashi a hannun Sassuolo a bugun fenariti . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 March 2022 |title=Il Sassuolo vince la 72ª Viareggio Cup: Alex Transfiguration k.o. ai rigori |url=https://www.viareggiocup.com/news-dal-torneo-72a/il-sassuolo-vince-la-72a-viareggio-cup-alex-transfiguration-k-o-ai-rigori/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |publisher=[[Torneo di Viareggio|Viareggio Cup]] |language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inter Milan ===
A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2023, Akinsanmiro ya koma kulob din Inter Milan na Italiya a kan yarjejeniyar dindindin, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu.    A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2022-23, yayin da yake bugawa kungiyar ' yan kasa da shekara 19, ya kuma sami kiran farko zuwa kungiyar farko karkashin kocin Simone Inzaghi . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; A ranar 24 ga Mayu, ya kasance wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a benci a Inter Milan, yayin da kungiyar ta lashe kofin Coppa Italia na tara a kan Fiorentina . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mackenzie |first=Alasdair |date=24 May 2023 |title=Fiorentina 1-2 Inter Milan - Lautaro Martinez scores double as the Nerazzurri defend Coppa Italia |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/coppa-italia/2022-2023/fiorentina-v-inter-coppa-italia-final-live_sto9618209/story.shtml |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=[[Eurosport]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a kungiyar farko a Inter Milan a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2024, inda ya maye gurbin Davide Frattesi a minti na 76 na nasarar da suka samu a gasar lig 4-0 a kan Lecce . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nava |first=Matteo |date=26 February 2024 |title=Parla poco, corre tanto, passa bene: Inzaghi scopre il talento di Akinsanmiro |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/Inter/26-02-2024/inter-chi-e-akinsanmiro-il-centrocampista-della-primavera-all-esordio-a-lecce_preview.shtml |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=[[La Gazzetta dello Sport]] |language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== Aron zuwa Sampdoria ====
A ranar 19 ga Yuli 2024, Akinsanmiro ya koma ƙungiyar Sampdoria ta Serie B a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa, tare da zaɓin siye da kuma yarjejeniyar siyan 'yan wasa don maye gurbin Inter Milan. [1] [2] Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 11 ga Agusta, inda ya fara wasan Coppa Italia da Como, wanda ya ƙare da nasara 5-4 bayan bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida . [3]

==== Lamuni ga Pisa ====
A ranar 19 ga Yuli 2025, Akinsanmiro ya koma ƙungiyar Pisa ta Serie A a matsayin aro, tare da zaɓin siye da kuma yarjejeniyar siyan da za ta ba wa Inter. 

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
A ranar 11 ga Disamba 2025, an kira Akinsanmiro cikin tawagar Najeriya don halartar [[Kofin Kasashen Afirka na 2025|gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2025.]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 December 2025 |title=Nigeria name star-packed AFCON squad as Osimhen and Lookman lead Super Eagles challenge |url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/nigeria-name-star-packed-afcon-squad-as-osimhen-and-lookman-lead-super-eagles-challenge/ |access-date=12 December 2025 |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|match played 12 December 2025}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|894641|access-date=25 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kulob
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kakar wasa
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Gasar League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofin ƙasa {{Efn|Includes [[Coppa Italia]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nahiyar Nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Wani
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
|-
! Sashe
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| Taurarin Remo
| 2021–22
| NPFL
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 4
| 0
|-
| Inter Milan
| 2023–24
| Serie A
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
|-
| Sampdoria (aron)
| 2024–25
| Serie B
| 35
| 1
| 3
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 38
| 1
|-
| Lamuni (Pisa)
| 2025–26
| Serie A
| 12
| 0
| 1
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | —
| 13
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimillar Aiki
! 43
! 1
! 4
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 56
! 1
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>o05qrnxk2w17wiysh2ozh45dn401tr9</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ezekiel Bassey</title>
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    <id>151441</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839886</id>
      <parentid>836762</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T22:09:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Ezekiel Joe Bassey''' listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1996) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga [[Mai buga tsakiya|ƙwallon gefe]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 December 2021 |title=Akwa Utd Begin Title Defence in Style, Crumble Pillars in Uyo |url=https://akwaunitedfc.com/2021/12/20/akwa-utd-begin-title-defence-in-style-crumble-pillars-in-uyo/ |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=akwaunitedfc.com |language=english |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222144354/https://akwaunitedfc.com/2021/12/20/akwa-utd-begin-title-defence-in-style-crumble-pillars-in-uyo/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗan wasan gefe ne mai saurin gudu, wanda aka san shi da iyawarsa ta yin dribbling da kuma yawan aiki. 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
An haifi Bassey a [[Akwa Ibom]], kuma ya fara aikinsa ne da Akwa Starlet.

=== Akwa United ===
Bassey ya sanya hannu da Akwa United a kakar wasa ta 2013-2014. 

=== Enyimba ===
An ɗauke Bassey daga ƙungiyar masu neman 'yan wasa ta Enyimba a farkon kakar wasa ta 2014-2015, kuma ya riga ya yi suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin taurarin da ke tasowa a gasar.  Ya kammala kakar wasa ta farko a ƙungiyar da kwallaye 3 da kuma taimakawa wajen zura kwallaye sama da 10 a gasar, wanda hakan ya kai Enyimba ga lashe gasar ta bakwai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home Page |url=http://npfl.ng/index.php/2016-03-08-11-00-23/2014-2015-season/top-goal-scorers-chart |access-date=2026-05-16 |archive-date=2017-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226024435/http://npfl.ng/index.php/2016-03-08-11-00-23/2014-2015-season/top-goal-scorers-chart |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Barcelona (Aro) ===
Bayan yawon shakatawa na NPFL All-Star a gasar La Liga a shekarar 2016, Barcelona ta yi masa bincike kuma daga baya ta samu aro daga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba FC]] . Ezekiel Bassey ya koma Barcelona B a ranar da aka kayyade lokacin canja wurin 'yan wasa, 31 ga Janairu 2017. Kwantiraginsa yana da zabin a mayar da shi na dindindin a karshen aro.

=== Paykan ===
A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 2017, Bassey ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da Paykan . Ya buga wasanni uku a gasar lig a kulob din. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=باشگاه پیکان با بازیکن سابق بارسلونای B قرارداد امضا کرد |trans-title=Former Barcelona B player signed a contract with Paykan |url=https://www.tarafdari.com/خبر/803467/پیکان-بازیکن-سابق-بارسلونا-b-را-به-خدمت-گرفت-عکس |access-date=20 September 2017 |publisher=Tarafdari |language=Persian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akwa United ===
Bassey ya sake komawa Akwa United kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya a shekarar 2018 bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci da Paykan .

=== Al Masry SC ===
A ranar 21 ga Janairun 2019, an sanar da cewa Bassey ya koma kulob din Al Masry SC na Masar kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 January 2019 |title=Al Masry complete signing of ex-Barcelona B winger |url=https://www.kingfut.com/2019/01/21/al-masry-sign-barcelona-b-winger/ |access-date=10 April 2020 |publisher=kingfut.com |language=english}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ezekiel Bassey |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe431002/ezekiel-bassey/ |access-date=10 April 2020 |publisher=worldfootball.net |language=english}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ezekiel Bassey joins Al Masry from Akwa United |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/ezekiel-bassey-joins-al-masry-from-akwa-united/1s5lt3xiqz6rp1viqe0qbpiqb1 |access-date=10 April 2020 |publisher=goal.com |language=english}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ezekiel Bassey - Soccer player profile &amp; career statistics - Global Sports Archive |url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/ezekiel-bassey/85642/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jirgin Petrojet SC ===
Bayan watanni kaɗan da ya yi yana wasa a Al Masry SC, Bassey ya jawo hankalin wasu ƙungiyoyi kuma ya sami tayi da yawa amma ya zaɓi ya koma ƙungiyar Petrojet SC ta Masar a yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya a watan Yulin 2019. [1] [ ]

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Ya fara buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya]] wasa a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2015 a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta CAF da Swaziland. &lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - E. Bassey - Profile with news, career statistics and history |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ezekiel-bassey/429284/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma zai buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka da Tunisia a watan Janairun 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 November 2021 |title=Who is Ezekiel Bassey? Wiki, Biography, Age, Spouse, Net Worth |url=https://itsbiography.com/ezekiel-bassey/ |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=ItsBiography |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Fernandez (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>151506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839782</id>
      <parentid>837008</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T19:36:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="9626" sha1="8mnufxggpx2undhkq16e4n3zgjcgy10" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Emmanuel Oluwasegun Opeyemi Fernandez''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2001) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ga [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] . An haife shi a Ingila, yana buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] wasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
Fernandez ya fara aikinsa ne da [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] da Gillingham, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2021 |title=New Peterborough United signing's contract is a reward for persistence over heartbreak |url=https://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/sport/football/peterborough-united/new-peterborough-united-signings-contract-is-a-reward-for-persistence-over-heartbreak-3305107 |website=www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a lokacin da yake Gillingham ya yi zaman aro a Sheppey United da Margate . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 February 2019 |title=Scholars agree work experience deals |url=https://www.gillinghamfootballclub.com/news/2019/february/scholars-loan-deals/ |publisher=Gillingham F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;SUFC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Oluwasegun Opeyemi Fernandez player stats &amp;#124; Southern Counties East Football League |url=https://fulltime.thefa.com/statsForPlayer.html?selectedOrgStatRecordingTypeID_ForSort=&amp;teamID=&amp;selectedStatisticDisplayMode=3&amp;personID=383483807&amp;selectedSeasonID=32285694 |website=fulltime.thefa.com |access-date=2026-05-17 |archive-date=2025-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119091225/https://fulltime.thefa.com/statsForPlayer.html?selectedOrgStatRecordingTypeID_ForSort=&amp;teamID=&amp;selectedStatisticDisplayMode=3&amp;personID=383483807&amp;selectedSeasonID=32285694 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PLAYER NEWS &amp;#124; Two Additions To Margate Squad |url=http://www.margate-fc.co.uk/news/19-sep-2019/Two-Additions-To-Margate-Squad |publisher=Margate F.C. |access-date=2026-05-17 |archive-date=2025-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119091047/http://www.margate-fc.co.uk/news/19-sep-2019/Two-Additions-To-Margate-Squad |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan Gillingham ta sake shi, ya buga wa Ramsgate wasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 July 2021 |title=Posh swoop for former Gills youngster |url=https://www.kentonline.co.uk/medway/sport/posh-swoop-for-former-gills-youngster-250449/ |website=Kent Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Peterborough United ===
Fernandez ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Peterborough United a watan Yulin 2021. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fernandez Agrees Two-Year Deal |url=https://www.theposh.com/news/2021/july/fernandez-agrees-two-year-deal/ |website=www.theposh.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 2 ga Afrilun 2022 a wani &quot;ba zato ba tsammani&quot; a wasan da Middlesbrough ta doke su da ci 4-0 a gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2022 |title=REPORT: PETERBOROUGH UNITED 0, MIDDLESBROUGH 4: The end is nigh for Posh after a spanking from Boro |url=https://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/sport/football/peterborough-united/report-peterborough-united-0-middlesbrough-4-the-end-is-nigh-for-posh-after-a-spanking-from-boro-3638235 |website=www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Nuwamban 2021, Fernandez ya koma Spalding United a matsayin aro, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=James |date=13 November 2021 |title=Peterborough United summer signings Ethan Bojang, Emmanuel Fernandez join club legend at Spalding United |url=https://the72.co.uk/2021/11/13/peterborough-united-summer-signings-ethan-bojang-emmanuel-fernandez-join-club-legend-at-spalding-united/ |website=The72}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya buga wasa daya. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=Peterborough United teenagers join Gaby Zakuani's Spalding on loan |url=https://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/sport/football/peterborough-united/peterborough-united-teenagers-join-gaby-zakuanis-spalding-on-loan-3456782 |website=Peterborough Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na 2023, ya koma [[Barnet FC|Barnet]] a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fernandez is a Bee! |url=https://barnetfc.com/fernandez-is-a-bee |publisher=Barnet F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masu tsaron ’yan sanda ===
A watan Yulin 2025, Fernandez ya koma kulob din Scotland Premiership [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 July 2025 |title=Rangers sign Bournemouth's Joe Rothwell and Peterborough United's Emmanuel Fernandez |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c3enz4l8qepo |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2025, Fernandez ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Rangers a wasan da suka doke Livingston da ci 2-1 a gasar Premier ta Scotland . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 November 2025 |title=Ragged Rangers edge out Livingston for controversial win |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cy7erk3kl6vt |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2026, Fernandez ya fuskanci cin zarafi ta wariyar launin fata a yanar gizo bayan wani wasa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 February 2026 |title=Rangers: Police Scotland investigates online abuse of Fernandez &amp; Gassama |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/ce823456kmmo |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
A watan Maris na 2026, Fernandez ya sami kiran farko zuwa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 March 2026 |title=Rangers defender Emmanuel Fernandez receives first Nigeria call-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/c9v0wv7yywdo |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga wa tawagar 'yan wasan kasa da kasa a ranar 27 ga Maris, bayan ya sauka daga benci a wasan da suka doke Iran da ci 2-1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 March 2026 |title=Rangers: Fernandez makes Nigeria debut in win over Iran |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/c5yw2ekznp0o |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kwana hudu, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kasa da kasa a wasan sada zumunta da Jordan da suka tashi 2-2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Meikle |first=Blair |date=31 March 2026 |title=Rangers star scores classy goal on second international cap |url=https://www.thenational.scot/sport/25985882.rangers-star-scores-classy-goal-second-international-cap/ |publisher=The National Scot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi Fernandez a Landan, kuma yana da cancantar wakiltar Najeriya. [1] Yana sanye da lamba 37 don girmama ɗan'uwansa wanda ya mutu yana da shekaru 37. [2] Shi ne ƙaramin yaro cikin yara 8. [3]

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|match played 16 May 2026}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Gillingham
|2018–19
|League Two
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|2019–20
|League Two
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
|-
|Sheppey United (loan)
|2018–19&lt;ref name=&quot;SUFC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emmanuel Fernandez &amp;#124; Player Profile · Aylesbury United Archive |url=https://www.aylesburyunitedarchive.com/player/emmanuel-fernandez/40619 |website=www.aylesburyunitedarchive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|SCEL Premier Division
|10
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|0
|12
|0
|- 
|Margate (loan)
|2019–20&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Margate &amp;#124; Appearances &amp;#124; Emmanuel Fernandez &amp;#124; 2019–2020 &amp;#124; Football Web Pages |url=https://www.footballwebpages.co.uk/margate/appearances/2019-2020/emmanuel-fernandez/797939 |website=www.footballwebpages.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt;
|Isthmian League Premier Division
|1
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|2
|0
|-
|Ramsgate
|2020–21&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ramsgate &amp;#124; Appearances &amp;#124; 2020-2021 &amp;#124; Football Web Pages |url=https://www.footballwebpages.co.uk/ramsgate/appearances/2020-2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Isthmian League South East Division
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Peterborough United
|2021–22
|Championship
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
|2022–23
|League One
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|2023–24
|League One
|7
|0
|3
|1
|1
|0
|7{{Efn|Six appearances and one goal in [[EFL Trophy]], one appearance in [[EFL League One play-offs|League One play-offs]]}}
|1
|18
|2
|-
|2024–25
|League One
|30
|5
|3
|0
|1
|0
|8{{Efn|Appearances in EFL Trophy}}
|0
|42
|5
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!38
!5
!6
!1
!2
!0
!15
!1
!61
!7
|-
|Spalding United (loan)
|2021–22&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;
|[[Northern Premier League]] Division One Midlands
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
|[[Barnet FC|Barnet]] (loan)
|2022–23&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Match Report &amp;#124; Gateshead 3–3 (4–1) Barnet (FA Trophy Semi-Final) – Barnet Football Club |url=https://barnetfc.com/match-report-gateshead-3-3-4-1-barnet-fa-trophy-semi-final |website=Barnet Football Club |access-date=2026-05-17 |archive-date=2025-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121223804/https://barnetfc.com/match-report-gateshead-3-3-4-1-barnet-fa-trophy-semi-final |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|National League
|8
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|1{{Efn|Appearance in [[FA Trophy]]}}
|1
|9
|1
|-
|[[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]]
|2025–26
|Scottish Premiership
|27
|5
|1
|0
|1
|1
|4{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
|0
|33
|6
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!85
!10
!8
!1
!3
!1
!23
!2
!119
!14
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]]</text>
      <sha1>8mnufxggpx2undhkq16e4n3zgjcgy10</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Hausa Wikimedia Data Support/2026/Cycle 1.json</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>151786</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839698</id>
      <parentid>839548</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:05:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Salisu</username>
        <id>14655</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Apply</comment>
      <origin>839698</origin>
      <model>json</model>
      <format>application/json</format>
      <text bytes="23045" sha1="ql6waxxlf2k15usavxwbahdneeksjq9" xml:space="preserve">{
	&quot;u24259&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Abusule dankofa&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor na wikimedia hanzai bani damar yin aiki cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u12444&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Hamza DK&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;As an second active editor of Wiktionary and Wikidata, I need this data support to edit more and upload information on Wiktionary, Wikipedia and wiki data. And this support will helps me contribute regularly and improve free knowledge for everyone.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u9880&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Galdiz&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Borno&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Na kasance edita me bada gudummawa harna tsawon kusan shekara 7 ina Alfahari da wannan aiki da nakeyi. Ina neman wannan tallafi na Data support ne saboda watarana kanaso kayi wani abin Amman rashin data saiya hanaka wannan tallafi zai taimaka kwarai da gaske Allah ya bamu sa’a ya taimaki Hausa Wikipedia.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u21576&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Dev moha2507&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin data domin in ci gaba da aikin da nake yi a Wikimedia/Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna so na ciga ba da inganta bayanai a Hausa Wikipedia. Ina amfani da lokaci na wajen bincike, gyara, da rubuta ingantattun bayanai domin su amfani al’umma baki ɗaya.\nina fuskantar ƙarancin data wanda ke rage min damar ci gaba da wannan aiki mai muhimmanci. Idan aka taimaka min da wannan tallafi, zan iya ƙara himma wajen:\nInganta Hausa Wikipedia da ƙarin articles masu amfani\nTaimakawa wajen yaɗa ilimi cikin Hausa\nDa kuma shiga cikin ayyukan Wikimedia community yadda ya kamata&quot;
	},
	&quot;u44591&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Engineer014&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ni sabon edita ne a Hausa Wikipedia, idan na samu wannan tallafin tabbas zan ƙara samun karsashi na ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙalu da kuma gyara waɗanda ke akwai. Tabbas samun wannan tallafin zai taimaka mani wajan ƙarin karsahi.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u19233&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Ibrahim abusufyan&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need the data supppprt.because it will help.in wrinting ,and make your.work.more easire and paster,ballerss ,so i think bringing the program into.existance again is what ready makes it more engl8shnto.determ&quot;
	},
	&quot;u39275&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Sardeeq&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;As an active editor data support will definitely help more, inorder for me to keep contributing i think I need the support 100%.\nI also I need the data support to research edit and improve Wikipedia articles consistently and effectively.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u38699&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Arcdanumma047&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need this in order to contribute More and more edit then last time because of this data . Because some time we can't get data network and we want edit, but now I believed. If we get this free data network the edit will add more&quot;
	},
	&quot;u22698&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Umar A Muhammad&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need data support because I needed  for many reason  first I'm a student  I don't have enouph money .\n The support will help me participate actively in Wikimedia activities, online trainings, research, editing, and community contributions without internet limitations.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u28242&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Dmukhtar105&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I want data support to activately contribute to Hausa Wikipedia by creating, editing and improving articles in hausa language,the support will enables me to access different resources conduct research and participate regularly&quot;
	},
	&quot;u43323&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Saad Nuhu&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Gombe&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na Administrator hakan zai bani damar bibiyar ayyukan editoci domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u45027&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Wayit&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Plateau&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I am a student and am really struggling to get data to be in the wikimedia hausa space to learn more and also give my on impact \nAnd even to run some of my school activities on line so if am being supported it will really mean a lot to me and it will go along way&quot;
	},
	&quot;u41082&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Hussey833&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan data support in ne domin hakan zai taimaka min wajen bada gudumuwa cikin natsuwa da kuma tabbatar da inkancin shafin wikipedia batare da fargaba ba,sannan kuma tallafin yakan kara karsashi cikin natsuwa wajen gaanin cewa bada gudunmuwa ta edit baizamo matsala ba a wannan shafi na wikipedia&quot;
	},
	&quot;u24783&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Abubakar Kaddi&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan tallafi ne na data support domin cigaba bada gudunmawa a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma yan uwanta, ada an taɓa bani kuma naji daɗi saboda na ninka ayyukan da nakeyi na editing din Wikipedia a lokacin da na samu tallafin Nagode Allah ya bamu nasara daga Abubakar Kaddi&quot;
	},
	&quot;u32668&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Muhdavdullahi&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina Neman tallafin data domin hakan zaibani dama wajen bada gudummuwa da kuma kirkirar mukala da gyaran muqala.\nA matsayina na mai bada gudummuwa hakan zaibani damar kirkira da kuma gyara mukala batare da fargabar karewar data ba.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u22641&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Naja'atu Bintoo Usman&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I am applying for data support because I actively contribute to Wikipedia by reading, editing, and researching articles. Access to data will help me contribute more consistently, improve the quality of my edits, and support my learning and research activities, especially where internet access is limited.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u12577&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Umar-askira&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina nema wanna tallafin me daga gidauniya ya Hausa Wikimedians domin chi gaba da nada gudunmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia ta hanya kirikiran makalai, bunkasa makalai tare da inganta makalai. Hausa Wikipedia tana bukatan cigaba da bunkasa ta hanyar fasara makalai daga wasu yarikan zuwa Hausa Musamman English zuwa Hausa ko Arabic zuwa Hausa.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u28228&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;HK RIGASA2&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin Data Support Program domin samun damar cigaba da bada gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia musamman Wikipedia da sauran projects. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen samun internet data domin yin editing, bincike, upload na abubuwa masu amfani da kuma kara inganta ilimin al’umma ta hanyar harshen Hausa.\nHaka kuma wannan tallafin zai kara min karfin gwaiwa da kuzarin cigaba da bada gudummawa akai-akai tare da koyon sababbin abubuwa a cikin Wikimedia movement. Ina da burin amfani da wannan dama wajen taimakawa wajen yada ingantaccen ilimi kyauta ga al’umma.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u19064&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Mansir Yusuf&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Wannan tallafi zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwar cigaba da bada gudunmawa a makalolin Hausa Wikipedia, ina fatan sanyi nasarar samun tallafin domin ina bukatar shi kuma zai taimaka min bama ni ka dai ba da sauran editicin da suka nemi wannan tallafin&quot;
	},
	&quot;u29451&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Halima Waziri&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need the data support to enhance my contributions to open knowledge and improve access to reliable information. The support will help me overcome internet and data cost challenges, enabling me to actively participate in Wikimedia projects through editing, research, uploads, and community activities. It will also support my efforts to promote digital literacy, document local knowledge, and encourage more people, especially underrepresented groups, to contribute to free and accessible knowledge platforms.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u44366&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Pretty Fulani&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need the data supppprt  because it will help me to continue contribute and make your work  more easire and paster also I don have enauph money ballerss so i think bringing the program into.existance again is what ready makes it more.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u14681&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Plateau&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Wannan tallafi na nema a baya ban taba samu ba ina fatan wannan karon na dace domin wannan tallafi nasan zai taimaka min sosai musamman wajen cigaba da bada gudunmuwa a shafukan hausa wikipedia domin wani lokacin kanaso ka bada gudunmuwa ko kayi editing to rashin isassar data sai ta hana mutum duk yadda kaso da kayi editing din&quot;
	},
	&quot;u44560&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Mai Jiddah muhammad&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Zamfara&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina buƙatar wannan tallafi ne domin ni sabuwa ce a gyara makalolin Hausa Wikipedia tare da samar da sabbi, ina fatan samun wannan tallafin zai kara min hazaka wajen ganin na cigaba da editing da samar da makalolin Wikipedia idan har na samun tallafin, dan haka wannan tallafin zai taimaka min sosai idan na same shi, Nagode.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u12403&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;M Bash Ne&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kano&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I am applying for data support to help me actively continuing contribute to Wikimedia projects, especially Hausa Wikipedia and other Hausa-language Wikimedia platforms. The support will enable me to participate in online editing activities, create and improve articles, upload educational content, and engage in community campaigns, training, and outreach programs. Reliable internet access is very important for my contributions and will help me continue promoting free knowledge in the Hausa language community.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u28682&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Khalifah123&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Am requesting for it because it will gave me the opportunity to create some articles and edits some previous articles properly and also give the chance to do my work without me thinking of going out of data thank you&quot;
	},
	&quot;u37991&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;MUDASSIR MODE BISSALAM&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina Neman tallafin data akan ayukkan da mukeyi na internet,\nDon zakalo muhimman abubuwa na yau da kullun,zamu gabatar da bincike bincikenmu idan har munsamu gudun muwa daga gareku,hakika wannan aiki yanada mahimmanci sosai ga al’umma da duniya baki daya amma muna muna bukatar support na yin aiki tukuru.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u21046&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Dev ammar&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina bukatan wannan tallafi saboda na siya data don bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia, sakamakon rashin data da nake fuskanta, hakan na bani wahala wajen samun isasshen lokaci da zan bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia dalili shine ina amfani da na'ura mai kwakwalwa wato computer wajen sauqaqar da aikina, kuma tana jan data sosai. Nagode&quot;
	},
	&quot;u25549&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Pharouqenr&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina Neman tallafin data domin hakan zaibani dama wajen bada gudummuwa da kuma kirkirar mukalu da kuma gyaran muƙalu. A matsayina na mai bada gudummuwa kuma mai gudanarwa, hakan zaibani damar bibiyar ayyukan editoci batare da fargabar karewar data ba.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u27364&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Sani Abdullahi M&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;A lokacin baya ni ma na taba neman wannan tallafi ban samu ba ina fatan wannan karon na samu a hakikan gaskiya wannan tallafin zai taimakawa mu kananan editoci wajen cigaba da bada gudunmuwar yin editing ina fatan a wannan karon nayi nasara na samu domin na zama mai bada gudunmuwa a koda yaushe&quot;
	},
	&quot;u14848&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Zahrah0&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin data support ne saboda in ringa bada gudunmawa a wajen editing, kir Kiran muƙala, fassara a hausa Wikipedia saboda wani lokaci rashin data shiyake hana ni editing da kuma fassarori a Wikipedia&quot;
	},
	&quot;u31123&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Nnamadee&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin data ne saboda zai taimaka mani sosai wajen inganta muƙala, ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata. A matsayina na administrator kuma mai bada gudummawa ta din-din-din, tallafin data zai taimaka mani sosai wajen ƙara jajircewa.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u30485&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Aluja&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Nasarawa&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan tallafi ne domin kara samun kwarin gwiwa wajen bayar da gudummawa a shafin Hausa Wikipedia da yan uwanta. Duk da cewa muna bada gudummawar amma wannan tallafi na ƙaramin tasiri zai yi ba ƙara mana ƙaimi a cikin tafiyar. Allah Ubangiji ya bamu sa'a.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u15405&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Ibrahim Sani Mustapha&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kano&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan tallafin na internet data support ne saboda samun damar ci gaba da bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia da Hausa Wiktionary kamar yadda na saba. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙara samun wata damar don ci-gaba da ƙirƙira da gyara maƙalu, ƙara kalmomi da ma’anoninsu, da kuma bincike domin inganta ingancin bayanai cikin harshen Hausa.  Samun wannan tallafi zai taimaka min ƙwarai da gaske wajen ci gaba da bada gudummawa akai-akai.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u23935&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Ummun Sultan&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Wannan tallafi ina neman shi ne domin samun data da zan cigaba Congratulations Hausa Wikipedia da kuma sister projects nata, idan na samu wannan tallafi zanyi amfani da shi wajen kara yawan gudunmawar da nake badawa a hausa Wikipedia da kuma  sister project nata.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u37993&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Abbakaramb&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;To help me stay online so that I can edit and write in wikimedia.\nAs you all know that Data is too cost now and the economy is not friendly😊.\nI need like 10-15GB if i am to stay online for at least a week.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u24821&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Ashiru Lawal&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Zamfara&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I am writing to request data support to assist and enhance my efforts in Wikipedia editing and publishing. I have remained committed to contributing valuable and reliable information on Wikipedia through regular editing, research, and content improvement aimed at promoting free access to knowledge.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u21695&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;BAFFA ISAH MK&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I am requesting data support to help me remain active in contributing to Wikimedia platforms, with a strong focus on Hausa Wikipedia and other Hausa-language projects. Access to internet data will allow me to continue editing and developing articles, sharing educational resources, and taking part in online trainings, campaigns, and community engagement activities.\n\nThis support will greatly improve my ability to contribute consistently and continue advancing free and accessible knowledge for Hausa-speaking communities through Wikimedia initiatives.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u38060&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Kaddi123&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Inanem talafi domin cigaba da editing da samun damar bada gudumuwa a shafin Wikipedia cikin Sauki, wannan zai taimaka min wurin yin ayukan na yau da kulum masaman wurin editing,Ina farin ciki sosai idan na samu shiga cikin wadanda zasu samu wannan talafi na Wikipedia,. Abubakar lawali kaddi&quot;
	},
	&quot;u45064&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Salahuddin lawan&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kano&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I want this application in order to improve my life career and earn comfortable life and my school fees money please help me to approve my application due to my reasonable condition and give a chance to help each other for our good career for getting job to earn a living in my life&quot;
	},
	&quot;u21281&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Mustysummy&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina shaawar bada gudummuwa ga Wikipedia da inganta damar samun ilimi kyauta. \nTallafin zai taimake ni yin bincik, Kirkira, gyara da sabunta tare da \ningantacen bayani. Hakan zai bani damar shiga cikin ayyukan Wikipedia da bada gudummuwar ingantacen aiki wanda zai amfanar da jama'a a duniya baki daya&quot;
	},
	&quot;u37986&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Maiakwai4u&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman talafi data domin Kara karfa fawa Gurin ci gaban da Kuma inganta yaren Hausa a Duniya, wanna da ya shafi tarihi, Tatalin Arziki, Cigaban Kimita, Nima, Fisahar zamani da Kuma inganta yaren Hausa da aladun Harshen Hausa.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u24987&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Kamal JB&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kebbi&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan tallafin na data support ne saboda samun cikakkiyar dama wajen kara inganta Wikimedia projects musamman a bangaren yaren mu na Hausa. Ina matukar sanya rai na samun wannan tallafi saboda na nema a baya ban samu ba.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u24854&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Nura Bello&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Zamfara&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan tallafin na internet data support ne saboda samun damar ci gaba da bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia da Hausa Wiktionary kamar yadda na saba. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙara samun wata damar don ci-gaba da ƙirƙira da gyara maƙalu, ƙara kalmomi da ma’anoninsu, da kuma bincike domin inganta ingancin bayanai cikin harshen Hausa. Samun wannan tallafi zai taimaka min ƙwarai da gaske Gurin ci gaba da bada gudummawa akai-akai a wannan bagere na Wikipedia.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u22074&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;A'isha A Ibrahim&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kano&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Assalamu Alaikum,\nIna mai neman wannan tallafi a matsayina ta mace wadda muke da bukatar karfafawa a wajen bayar da gudummawarmu a shafin Hausa Wikipedia. Hakika samun wannan tallafi ba ƙaramin ƙara jawo hankalinmu zai yi ba na ganin cewa mun jajirce wajen bayar da gudummawarmu kuma na ganin cewa muma ana damawa da mu a kowane fanni.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u26434&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Habibah A Jisambo&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I want to apply for data support to enable me contribute more actively to Wikipedia by creating, editing, and improving articles. Data support will help me access the internet regularly so I can research reliable information, upload useful content, and participate in Wikimedia activities without interruption. This support will encourage me to contribute more knowledge and help make information&quot;
	},
	&quot;u20498&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Bembety&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Gombe&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Wannan damar za ta sa ni in ƙara ƙwazo wajen gyarawa da bayar da gudummawa ga ayyukan Wikipedia. Haka kuma, za ta taimaka mini wajen ƙara ilimi, inganta ƙwarewata ta gyarawa, da haɗin gwiwa da sauran masu gyaran Wikipedia wajen yaɗa ingantaccen kuma amintaccen bayani ga jama’a. Ta wannan hanya, zan iya bayar da gudummawa sosai wajen bunƙasa ilimi kyauta da kuma tallafawa al’ummar Wikimedia.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u38003&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Abdulrahaman Barau Ahmad&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need data to do more Research and to create more historical about something that will benefit the people so that it can be easily to access and knowing about history.\nAnd I will used the data to strategy by going deep down and be committed to ensure by going through history and making to add some of my knowledge about the history.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u26992&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Muktee1494&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-23&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Suna na Muktar Hassan Abdullahi, Gwararren Edito na Hausa Wikipedia Wanda nake Zaune a Jihar Kaduna a Arewacin Nageriya. Ina mai faring ciki dun ganin an bude wannnan gidauniya ta tainakun editoci dun su samu su ci gaba da bada gudun mawa A hausa Wikipedia. \nNima ina mai matukar alfari da hakan sannan kuma ina Neman wannan gudun mawa wacce Hauwa Wikimedia User Group suke ba dawa dun zata tai maka sosai wajen garfafa mana (Editoci) guiwa dun munsan Hausa Wikipedia basu manta damu ba. \nIna fatan zan samu wannan gudun mawar. \nZaayi duba record dina na Editing na Hausa Wikipedia na sama da  watanni biyar 5 domin a ga irin gudun mawar da nake bada wa&quot;
	},
	&quot;u28791&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Mal Rabo&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-23&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need the data support to enable me continue editing, translating, and publishing articles on Wikipedia consistently. As an active member of the Hausa Wikimedia community, I contribute to sharing knowledge and improving access to information online. However, limited internet data often makes it difficult for me to log in regularly and make contributions. Receiving this support will help me stay active on Wikipedia, contribute more effectively, and continue promoting free and accessible knowledge through my edits and publications.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u31746&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Miss abbas&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-24&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Even as a student with full dedication to editing,  lack or shortage of data makes me feel losing hope. But with this data support ,it will boost my morale, give me more room for checking resources and citations (latest versions),able to prevent and edit errors , verify current postings/contents&quot;
	},
	&quot;u14655&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;A Salisu&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-24&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Inaso na samu wannan data support ne domin na cigaba da bana tawa gudunmuwar a bangaren gyararraki da kuma kirkirar sabbin makala a mafi yawancin lokuta, a takaice dai inaso na ninka ayyukan da nakeyi na bada gudunmawa shiyasa nake neman wannan data support domin zai taimaka min&quot;
	}
}</text>
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      <id>839701</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:18:06Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Hafsah3639</username>
        <id>35826</id>
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      <comment>Apply</comment>
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      <text bytes="23383" sha1="0ufrr344x35g4c7rkr9ul5dzelrx46t" xml:space="preserve">{
	&quot;u24259&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Abusule dankofa&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor na wikimedia hanzai bani damar yin aiki cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u12444&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Hamza DK&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;As an second active editor of Wiktionary and Wikidata, I need this data support to edit more and upload information on Wiktionary, Wikipedia and wiki data. And this support will helps me contribute regularly and improve free knowledge for everyone.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u9880&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Galdiz&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Borno&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Na kasance edita me bada gudummawa harna tsawon kusan shekara 7 ina Alfahari da wannan aiki da nakeyi. Ina neman wannan tallafi na Data support ne saboda watarana kanaso kayi wani abin Amman rashin data saiya hanaka wannan tallafi zai taimaka kwarai da gaske Allah ya bamu sa’a ya taimaki Hausa Wikipedia.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u21576&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Dev moha2507&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin data domin in ci gaba da aikin da nake yi a Wikimedia/Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna so na ciga ba da inganta bayanai a Hausa Wikipedia. Ina amfani da lokaci na wajen bincike, gyara, da rubuta ingantattun bayanai domin su amfani al’umma baki ɗaya.\nina fuskantar ƙarancin data wanda ke rage min damar ci gaba da wannan aiki mai muhimmanci. Idan aka taimaka min da wannan tallafi, zan iya ƙara himma wajen:\nInganta Hausa Wikipedia da ƙarin articles masu amfani\nTaimakawa wajen yaɗa ilimi cikin Hausa\nDa kuma shiga cikin ayyukan Wikimedia community yadda ya kamata&quot;
	},
	&quot;u44591&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Engineer014&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ni sabon edita ne a Hausa Wikipedia, idan na samu wannan tallafin tabbas zan ƙara samun karsashi na ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙalu da kuma gyara waɗanda ke akwai. Tabbas samun wannan tallafin zai taimaka mani wajan ƙarin karsahi.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u19233&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Ibrahim abusufyan&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need the data supppprt.because it will help.in wrinting ,and make your.work.more easire and paster,ballerss ,so i think bringing the program into.existance again is what ready makes it more engl8shnto.determ&quot;
	},
	&quot;u39275&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Sardeeq&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;As an active editor data support will definitely help more, inorder for me to keep contributing i think I need the support 100%.\nI also I need the data support to research edit and improve Wikipedia articles consistently and effectively.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u38699&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Arcdanumma047&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need this in order to contribute More and more edit then last time because of this data . Because some time we can't get data network and we want edit, but now I believed. If we get this free data network the edit will add more&quot;
	},
	&quot;u22698&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Umar A Muhammad&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need data support because I needed  for many reason  first I'm a student  I don't have enouph money .\n The support will help me participate actively in Wikimedia activities, online trainings, research, editing, and community contributions without internet limitations.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u28242&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Dmukhtar105&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I want data support to activately contribute to Hausa Wikipedia by creating, editing and improving articles in hausa language,the support will enables me to access different resources conduct research and participate regularly&quot;
	},
	&quot;u43323&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Saad Nuhu&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Gombe&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na Administrator hakan zai bani damar bibiyar ayyukan editoci domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u45027&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Wayit&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Plateau&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I am a student and am really struggling to get data to be in the wikimedia hausa space to learn more and also give my on impact \nAnd even to run some of my school activities on line so if am being supported it will really mean a lot to me and it will go along way&quot;
	},
	&quot;u41082&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Hussey833&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan data support in ne domin hakan zai taimaka min wajen bada gudumuwa cikin natsuwa da kuma tabbatar da inkancin shafin wikipedia batare da fargaba ba,sannan kuma tallafin yakan kara karsashi cikin natsuwa wajen gaanin cewa bada gudunmuwa ta edit baizamo matsala ba a wannan shafi na wikipedia&quot;
	},
	&quot;u24783&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Abubakar Kaddi&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan tallafi ne na data support domin cigaba bada gudunmawa a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma yan uwanta, ada an taɓa bani kuma naji daɗi saboda na ninka ayyukan da nakeyi na editing din Wikipedia a lokacin da na samu tallafin Nagode Allah ya bamu nasara daga Abubakar Kaddi&quot;
	},
	&quot;u32668&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Muhdavdullahi&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina Neman tallafin data domin hakan zaibani dama wajen bada gudummuwa da kuma kirkirar mukala da gyaran muqala.\nA matsayina na mai bada gudummuwa hakan zaibani damar kirkira da kuma gyara mukala batare da fargabar karewar data ba.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u22641&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Naja'atu Bintoo Usman&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I am applying for data support because I actively contribute to Wikipedia by reading, editing, and researching articles. Access to data will help me contribute more consistently, improve the quality of my edits, and support my learning and research activities, especially where internet access is limited.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u12577&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Umar-askira&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina nema wanna tallafin me daga gidauniya ya Hausa Wikimedians domin chi gaba da nada gudunmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia ta hanya kirikiran makalai, bunkasa makalai tare da inganta makalai. Hausa Wikipedia tana bukatan cigaba da bunkasa ta hanyar fasara makalai daga wasu yarikan zuwa Hausa Musamman English zuwa Hausa ko Arabic zuwa Hausa.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u28228&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;HK RIGASA2&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin Data Support Program domin samun damar cigaba da bada gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia musamman Wikipedia da sauran projects. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen samun internet data domin yin editing, bincike, upload na abubuwa masu amfani da kuma kara inganta ilimin al’umma ta hanyar harshen Hausa.\nHaka kuma wannan tallafin zai kara min karfin gwaiwa da kuzarin cigaba da bada gudummawa akai-akai tare da koyon sababbin abubuwa a cikin Wikimedia movement. Ina da burin amfani da wannan dama wajen taimakawa wajen yada ingantaccen ilimi kyauta ga al’umma.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u19064&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Mansir Yusuf&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Wannan tallafi zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwar cigaba da bada gudunmawa a makalolin Hausa Wikipedia, ina fatan sanyi nasarar samun tallafin domin ina bukatar shi kuma zai taimaka min bama ni ka dai ba da sauran editicin da suka nemi wannan tallafin&quot;
	},
	&quot;u29451&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Halima Waziri&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need the data support to enhance my contributions to open knowledge and improve access to reliable information. The support will help me overcome internet and data cost challenges, enabling me to actively participate in Wikimedia projects through editing, research, uploads, and community activities. It will also support my efforts to promote digital literacy, document local knowledge, and encourage more people, especially underrepresented groups, to contribute to free and accessible knowledge platforms.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u44366&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Pretty Fulani&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need the data supppprt  because it will help me to continue contribute and make your work  more easire and paster also I don have enauph money ballerss so i think bringing the program into.existance again is what ready makes it more.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u14681&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Plateau&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Wannan tallafi na nema a baya ban taba samu ba ina fatan wannan karon na dace domin wannan tallafi nasan zai taimaka min sosai musamman wajen cigaba da bada gudunmuwa a shafukan hausa wikipedia domin wani lokacin kanaso ka bada gudunmuwa ko kayi editing to rashin isassar data sai ta hana mutum duk yadda kaso da kayi editing din&quot;
	},
	&quot;u44560&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Mai Jiddah muhammad&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Zamfara&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina buƙatar wannan tallafi ne domin ni sabuwa ce a gyara makalolin Hausa Wikipedia tare da samar da sabbi, ina fatan samun wannan tallafin zai kara min hazaka wajen ganin na cigaba da editing da samar da makalolin Wikipedia idan har na samun tallafin, dan haka wannan tallafin zai taimaka min sosai idan na same shi, Nagode.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u12403&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;M Bash Ne&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kano&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I am applying for data support to help me actively continuing contribute to Wikimedia projects, especially Hausa Wikipedia and other Hausa-language Wikimedia platforms. The support will enable me to participate in online editing activities, create and improve articles, upload educational content, and engage in community campaigns, training, and outreach programs. Reliable internet access is very important for my contributions and will help me continue promoting free knowledge in the Hausa language community.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u28682&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Khalifah123&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Am requesting for it because it will gave me the opportunity to create some articles and edits some previous articles properly and also give the chance to do my work without me thinking of going out of data thank you&quot;
	},
	&quot;u37991&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;MUDASSIR MODE BISSALAM&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina Neman tallafin data akan ayukkan da mukeyi na internet,\nDon zakalo muhimman abubuwa na yau da kullun,zamu gabatar da bincike bincikenmu idan har munsamu gudun muwa daga gareku,hakika wannan aiki yanada mahimmanci sosai ga al’umma da duniya baki daya amma muna muna bukatar support na yin aiki tukuru.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u21046&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Dev ammar&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina bukatan wannan tallafi saboda na siya data don bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia, sakamakon rashin data da nake fuskanta, hakan na bani wahala wajen samun isasshen lokaci da zan bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia dalili shine ina amfani da na'ura mai kwakwalwa wato computer wajen sauqaqar da aikina, kuma tana jan data sosai. Nagode&quot;
	},
	&quot;u25549&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Pharouqenr&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina Neman tallafin data domin hakan zaibani dama wajen bada gudummuwa da kuma kirkirar mukalu da kuma gyaran muƙalu. A matsayina na mai bada gudummuwa kuma mai gudanarwa, hakan zaibani damar bibiyar ayyukan editoci batare da fargabar karewar data ba.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u27364&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Sani Abdullahi M&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;A lokacin baya ni ma na taba neman wannan tallafi ban samu ba ina fatan wannan karon na samu a hakikan gaskiya wannan tallafin zai taimakawa mu kananan editoci wajen cigaba da bada gudunmuwar yin editing ina fatan a wannan karon nayi nasara na samu domin na zama mai bada gudunmuwa a koda yaushe&quot;
	},
	&quot;u14848&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Zahrah0&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin data support ne saboda in ringa bada gudunmawa a wajen editing, kir Kiran muƙala, fassara a hausa Wikipedia saboda wani lokaci rashin data shiyake hana ni editing da kuma fassarori a Wikipedia&quot;
	},
	&quot;u31123&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Nnamadee&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin data ne saboda zai taimaka mani sosai wajen inganta muƙala, ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata. A matsayina na administrator kuma mai bada gudummawa ta din-din-din, tallafin data zai taimaka mani sosai wajen ƙara jajircewa.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u30485&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Aluja&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Nasarawa&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan tallafi ne domin kara samun kwarin gwiwa wajen bayar da gudummawa a shafin Hausa Wikipedia da yan uwanta. Duk da cewa muna bada gudummawar amma wannan tallafi na ƙaramin tasiri zai yi ba ƙara mana ƙaimi a cikin tafiyar. Allah Ubangiji ya bamu sa'a.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u15405&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Ibrahim Sani Mustapha&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kano&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan tallafin na internet data support ne saboda samun damar ci gaba da bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia da Hausa Wiktionary kamar yadda na saba. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙara samun wata damar don ci-gaba da ƙirƙira da gyara maƙalu, ƙara kalmomi da ma’anoninsu, da kuma bincike domin inganta ingancin bayanai cikin harshen Hausa.  Samun wannan tallafi zai taimaka min ƙwarai da gaske wajen ci gaba da bada gudummawa akai-akai.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u23935&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Ummun Sultan&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Wannan tallafi ina neman shi ne domin samun data da zan cigaba Congratulations Hausa Wikipedia da kuma sister projects nata, idan na samu wannan tallafi zanyi amfani da shi wajen kara yawan gudunmawar da nake badawa a hausa Wikipedia da kuma  sister project nata.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u37993&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Abbakaramb&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;To help me stay online so that I can edit and write in wikimedia.\nAs you all know that Data is too cost now and the economy is not friendly😊.\nI need like 10-15GB if i am to stay online for at least a week.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u24821&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Ashiru Lawal&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Zamfara&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I am writing to request data support to assist and enhance my efforts in Wikipedia editing and publishing. I have remained committed to contributing valuable and reliable information on Wikipedia through regular editing, research, and content improvement aimed at promoting free access to knowledge.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u21695&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;BAFFA ISAH MK&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I am requesting data support to help me remain active in contributing to Wikimedia platforms, with a strong focus on Hausa Wikipedia and other Hausa-language projects. Access to internet data will allow me to continue editing and developing articles, sharing educational resources, and taking part in online trainings, campaigns, and community engagement activities.\n\nThis support will greatly improve my ability to contribute consistently and continue advancing free and accessible knowledge for Hausa-speaking communities through Wikimedia initiatives.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u38060&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Kaddi123&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Inanem talafi domin cigaba da editing da samun damar bada gudumuwa a shafin Wikipedia cikin Sauki, wannan zai taimaka min wurin yin ayukan na yau da kulum masaman wurin editing,Ina farin ciki sosai idan na samu shiga cikin wadanda zasu samu wannan talafi na Wikipedia,. Abubakar lawali kaddi&quot;
	},
	&quot;u45064&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Salahuddin lawan&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kano&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I want this application in order to improve my life career and earn comfortable life and my school fees money please help me to approve my application due to my reasonable condition and give a chance to help each other for our good career for getting job to earn a living in my life&quot;
	},
	&quot;u21281&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Mustysummy&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina shaawar bada gudummuwa ga Wikipedia da inganta damar samun ilimi kyauta. \nTallafin zai taimake ni yin bincik, Kirkira, gyara da sabunta tare da \ningantacen bayani. Hakan zai bani damar shiga cikin ayyukan Wikipedia da bada gudummuwar ingantacen aiki wanda zai amfanar da jama'a a duniya baki daya&quot;
	},
	&quot;u37986&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Maiakwai4u&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman talafi data domin Kara karfa fawa Gurin ci gaban da Kuma inganta yaren Hausa a Duniya, wanna da ya shafi tarihi, Tatalin Arziki, Cigaban Kimita, Nima, Fisahar zamani da Kuma inganta yaren Hausa da aladun Harshen Hausa.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u24987&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Kamal JB&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kebbi&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan tallafin na data support ne saboda samun cikakkiyar dama wajen kara inganta Wikimedia projects musamman a bangaren yaren mu na Hausa. Ina matukar sanya rai na samun wannan tallafi saboda na nema a baya ban samu ba.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u24854&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Nura Bello&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Zamfara&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan tallafin na internet data support ne saboda samun damar ci gaba da bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia da Hausa Wiktionary kamar yadda na saba. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙara samun wata damar don ci-gaba da ƙirƙira da gyara maƙalu, ƙara kalmomi da ma’anoninsu, da kuma bincike domin inganta ingancin bayanai cikin harshen Hausa. Samun wannan tallafi zai taimaka min ƙwarai da gaske Gurin ci gaba da bada gudummawa akai-akai a wannan bagere na Wikipedia.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u22074&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;A'isha A Ibrahim&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kano&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Assalamu Alaikum,\nIna mai neman wannan tallafi a matsayina ta mace wadda muke da bukatar karfafawa a wajen bayar da gudummawarmu a shafin Hausa Wikipedia. Hakika samun wannan tallafi ba ƙaramin ƙara jawo hankalinmu zai yi ba na ganin cewa mun jajirce wajen bayar da gudummawarmu kuma na ganin cewa muma ana damawa da mu a kowane fanni.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u26434&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Habibah A Jisambo&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I want to apply for data support to enable me contribute more actively to Wikipedia by creating, editing, and improving articles. Data support will help me access the internet regularly so I can research reliable information, upload useful content, and participate in Wikimedia activities without interruption. This support will encourage me to contribute more knowledge and help make information&quot;
	},
	&quot;u20498&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Bembety&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Gombe&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Wannan damar za ta sa ni in ƙara ƙwazo wajen gyarawa da bayar da gudummawa ga ayyukan Wikipedia. Haka kuma, za ta taimaka mini wajen ƙara ilimi, inganta ƙwarewata ta gyarawa, da haɗin gwiwa da sauran masu gyaran Wikipedia wajen yaɗa ingantaccen kuma amintaccen bayani ga jama’a. Ta wannan hanya, zan iya bayar da gudummawa sosai wajen bunƙasa ilimi kyauta da kuma tallafawa al’ummar Wikimedia.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u38003&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Abdulrahaman Barau Ahmad&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need data to do more Research and to create more historical about something that will benefit the people so that it can be easily to access and knowing about history.\nAnd I will used the data to strategy by going deep down and be committed to ensure by going through history and making to add some of my knowledge about the history.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u26992&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Muktee1494&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-23&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Suna na Muktar Hassan Abdullahi, Gwararren Edito na Hausa Wikipedia Wanda nake Zaune a Jihar Kaduna a Arewacin Nageriya. Ina mai faring ciki dun ganin an bude wannnan gidauniya ta tainakun editoci dun su samu su ci gaba da bada gudun mawa A hausa Wikipedia. \nNima ina mai matukar alfari da hakan sannan kuma ina Neman wannan gudun mawa wacce Hauwa Wikimedia User Group suke ba dawa dun zata tai maka sosai wajen garfafa mana (Editoci) guiwa dun munsan Hausa Wikipedia basu manta damu ba. \nIna fatan zan samu wannan gudun mawar. \nZaayi duba record dina na Editing na Hausa Wikipedia na sama da  watanni biyar 5 domin a ga irin gudun mawar da nake bada wa&quot;
	},
	&quot;u28791&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Mal Rabo&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-23&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need the data support to enable me continue editing, translating, and publishing articles on Wikipedia consistently. As an active member of the Hausa Wikimedia community, I contribute to sharing knowledge and improving access to information online. However, limited internet data often makes it difficult for me to log in regularly and make contributions. Receiving this support will help me stay active on Wikipedia, contribute more effectively, and continue promoting free and accessible knowledge through my edits and publications.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u31746&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Miss abbas&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-24&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Even as a student with full dedication to editing,  lack or shortage of data makes me feel losing hope. But with this data support ,it will boost my morale, give me more room for checking resources and citations (latest versions),able to prevent and edit errors , verify current postings/contents&quot;
	},
	&quot;u14655&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;A Salisu&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-24&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Inaso na samu wannan data support ne domin na cigaba da bana tawa gudunmuwar a bangaren gyararraki da kuma kirkirar sabbin makala a mafi yawancin lokuta, a takaice dai inaso na ninka ayyukan da nakeyi na bada gudunmawa shiyasa nake neman wannan data support domin zai taimaka min&quot;
	},
	&quot;u35826&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Hafsah3639&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-24&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin data support ne saboda in ringa bada gudunmawa a wajen editing, kir Kiran muƙala, fassara a hausa Wikipedia saboda wani lokaci rashin data shiyake hana ni editing da kuma fassarori a Wikipedia&quot;
	}
}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>839879</id>
      <parentid>839701</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:29:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Baban Asiya</username>
        <id>15906</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Apply</comment>
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      <text bytes="23743" sha1="tsy9zqd6x8miulh5r2s3s71em34ba0j" xml:space="preserve">{
	&quot;u24259&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Abusule dankofa&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na editor na wikimedia hanzai bani damar yin aiki cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u12444&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Hamza DK&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;As an second active editor of Wiktionary and Wikidata, I need this data support to edit more and upload information on Wiktionary, Wikipedia and wiki data. And this support will helps me contribute regularly and improve free knowledge for everyone.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u9880&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Galdiz&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Borno&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Na kasance edita me bada gudummawa harna tsawon kusan shekara 7 ina Alfahari da wannan aiki da nakeyi. Ina neman wannan tallafi na Data support ne saboda watarana kanaso kayi wani abin Amman rashin data saiya hanaka wannan tallafi zai taimaka kwarai da gaske Allah ya bamu sa’a ya taimaki Hausa Wikipedia.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u21576&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Dev moha2507&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin data domin in ci gaba da aikin da nake yi a Wikimedia/Hausa Wikipedia.\nIna so na ciga ba da inganta bayanai a Hausa Wikipedia. Ina amfani da lokaci na wajen bincike, gyara, da rubuta ingantattun bayanai domin su amfani al’umma baki ɗaya.\nina fuskantar ƙarancin data wanda ke rage min damar ci gaba da wannan aiki mai muhimmanci. Idan aka taimaka min da wannan tallafi, zan iya ƙara himma wajen:\nInganta Hausa Wikipedia da ƙarin articles masu amfani\nTaimakawa wajen yaɗa ilimi cikin Hausa\nDa kuma shiga cikin ayyukan Wikimedia community yadda ya kamata&quot;
	},
	&quot;u44591&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Engineer014&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ni sabon edita ne a Hausa Wikipedia, idan na samu wannan tallafin tabbas zan ƙara samun karsashi na ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙalu da kuma gyara waɗanda ke akwai. Tabbas samun wannan tallafin zai taimaka mani wajan ƙarin karsahi.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u19233&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Ibrahim abusufyan&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-19&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need the data supppprt.because it will help.in wrinting ,and make your.work.more easire and paster,ballerss ,so i think bringing the program into.existance again is what ready makes it more engl8shnto.determ&quot;
	},
	&quot;u39275&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Sardeeq&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;As an active editor data support will definitely help more, inorder for me to keep contributing i think I need the support 100%.\nI also I need the data support to research edit and improve Wikipedia articles consistently and effectively.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u38699&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Arcdanumma047&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need this in order to contribute More and more edit then last time because of this data . Because some time we can't get data network and we want edit, but now I believed. If we get this free data network the edit will add more&quot;
	},
	&quot;u22698&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Umar A Muhammad&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need data support because I needed  for many reason  first I'm a student  I don't have enouph money .\n The support will help me participate actively in Wikimedia activities, online trainings, research, editing, and community contributions without internet limitations.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u28242&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Dmukhtar105&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I want data support to activately contribute to Hausa Wikipedia by creating, editing and improving articles in hausa language,the support will enables me to access different resources conduct research and participate regularly&quot;
	},
	&quot;u43323&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Saad Nuhu&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Gombe&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin Data domin zai bani dama wajan bada gudummawa, kirkirar muƙala, da kuma gyara muƙala. A matsayina na Administrator hakan zai bani damar bibiyar ayyukan editoci domin tantance aiki mai kyau cikin nutsuwa ba tare da fargabar ƙarewar data ba.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u45027&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Wayit&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Plateau&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I am a student and am really struggling to get data to be in the wikimedia hausa space to learn more and also give my on impact \nAnd even to run some of my school activities on line so if am being supported it will really mean a lot to me and it will go along way&quot;
	},
	&quot;u41082&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Hussey833&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan data support in ne domin hakan zai taimaka min wajen bada gudumuwa cikin natsuwa da kuma tabbatar da inkancin shafin wikipedia batare da fargaba ba,sannan kuma tallafin yakan kara karsashi cikin natsuwa wajen gaanin cewa bada gudunmuwa ta edit baizamo matsala ba a wannan shafi na wikipedia&quot;
	},
	&quot;u24783&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Abubakar Kaddi&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan tallafi ne na data support domin cigaba bada gudunmawa a Hausa Wikipedia da kuma yan uwanta, ada an taɓa bani kuma naji daɗi saboda na ninka ayyukan da nakeyi na editing din Wikipedia a lokacin da na samu tallafin Nagode Allah ya bamu nasara daga Abubakar Kaddi&quot;
	},
	&quot;u32668&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Muhdavdullahi&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina Neman tallafin data domin hakan zaibani dama wajen bada gudummuwa da kuma kirkirar mukala da gyaran muqala.\nA matsayina na mai bada gudummuwa hakan zaibani damar kirkira da kuma gyara mukala batare da fargabar karewar data ba.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u22641&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Naja'atu Bintoo Usman&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I am applying for data support because I actively contribute to Wikipedia by reading, editing, and researching articles. Access to data will help me contribute more consistently, improve the quality of my edits, and support my learning and research activities, especially where internet access is limited.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u12577&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Umar-askira&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina nema wanna tallafin me daga gidauniya ya Hausa Wikimedians domin chi gaba da nada gudunmuwa a Hausa Wikipedia ta hanya kirikiran makalai, bunkasa makalai tare da inganta makalai. Hausa Wikipedia tana bukatan cigaba da bunkasa ta hanyar fasara makalai daga wasu yarikan zuwa Hausa Musamman English zuwa Hausa ko Arabic zuwa Hausa.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u28228&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;HK RIGASA2&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin Data Support Program domin samun damar cigaba da bada gudummawa a ayyukan Wikimedia musamman Wikipedia da sauran projects. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen samun internet data domin yin editing, bincike, upload na abubuwa masu amfani da kuma kara inganta ilimin al’umma ta hanyar harshen Hausa.\nHaka kuma wannan tallafin zai kara min karfin gwaiwa da kuzarin cigaba da bada gudummawa akai-akai tare da koyon sababbin abubuwa a cikin Wikimedia movement. Ina da burin amfani da wannan dama wajen taimakawa wajen yada ingantaccen ilimi kyauta ga al’umma.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u19064&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Mansir Yusuf&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Wannan tallafi zai taimaka min wajen kwarin gwiwar cigaba da bada gudunmawa a makalolin Hausa Wikipedia, ina fatan sanyi nasarar samun tallafin domin ina bukatar shi kuma zai taimaka min bama ni ka dai ba da sauran editicin da suka nemi wannan tallafin&quot;
	},
	&quot;u29451&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Halima Waziri&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need the data support to enhance my contributions to open knowledge and improve access to reliable information. The support will help me overcome internet and data cost challenges, enabling me to actively participate in Wikimedia projects through editing, research, uploads, and community activities. It will also support my efforts to promote digital literacy, document local knowledge, and encourage more people, especially underrepresented groups, to contribute to free and accessible knowledge platforms.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u44366&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Pretty Fulani&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need the data supppprt  because it will help me to continue contribute and make your work  more easire and paster also I don have enauph money ballerss so i think bringing the program into.existance again is what ready makes it more.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u14681&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Plateau&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Wannan tallafi na nema a baya ban taba samu ba ina fatan wannan karon na dace domin wannan tallafi nasan zai taimaka min sosai musamman wajen cigaba da bada gudunmuwa a shafukan hausa wikipedia domin wani lokacin kanaso ka bada gudunmuwa ko kayi editing to rashin isassar data sai ta hana mutum duk yadda kaso da kayi editing din&quot;
	},
	&quot;u44560&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Mai Jiddah muhammad&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Zamfara&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina buƙatar wannan tallafi ne domin ni sabuwa ce a gyara makalolin Hausa Wikipedia tare da samar da sabbi, ina fatan samun wannan tallafin zai kara min hazaka wajen ganin na cigaba da editing da samar da makalolin Wikipedia idan har na samun tallafin, dan haka wannan tallafin zai taimaka min sosai idan na same shi, Nagode.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u12403&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;M Bash Ne&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kano&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I am applying for data support to help me actively continuing contribute to Wikimedia projects, especially Hausa Wikipedia and other Hausa-language Wikimedia platforms. The support will enable me to participate in online editing activities, create and improve articles, upload educational content, and engage in community campaigns, training, and outreach programs. Reliable internet access is very important for my contributions and will help me continue promoting free knowledge in the Hausa language community.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u28682&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Khalifah123&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Am requesting for it because it will gave me the opportunity to create some articles and edits some previous articles properly and also give the chance to do my work without me thinking of going out of data thank you&quot;
	},
	&quot;u37991&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;MUDASSIR MODE BISSALAM&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina Neman tallafin data akan ayukkan da mukeyi na internet,\nDon zakalo muhimman abubuwa na yau da kullun,zamu gabatar da bincike bincikenmu idan har munsamu gudun muwa daga gareku,hakika wannan aiki yanada mahimmanci sosai ga al’umma da duniya baki daya amma muna muna bukatar support na yin aiki tukuru.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u21046&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Dev ammar&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina bukatan wannan tallafi saboda na siya data don bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia, sakamakon rashin data da nake fuskanta, hakan na bani wahala wajen samun isasshen lokaci da zan bada gudummuwa a Hausa Wikipedia dalili shine ina amfani da na'ura mai kwakwalwa wato computer wajen sauqaqar da aikina, kuma tana jan data sosai. Nagode&quot;
	},
	&quot;u25549&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Pharouqenr&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina Neman tallafin data domin hakan zaibani dama wajen bada gudummuwa da kuma kirkirar mukalu da kuma gyaran muƙalu. A matsayina na mai bada gudummuwa kuma mai gudanarwa, hakan zaibani damar bibiyar ayyukan editoci batare da fargabar karewar data ba.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u27364&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Sani Abdullahi M&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;A lokacin baya ni ma na taba neman wannan tallafi ban samu ba ina fatan wannan karon na samu a hakikan gaskiya wannan tallafin zai taimakawa mu kananan editoci wajen cigaba da bada gudunmuwar yin editing ina fatan a wannan karon nayi nasara na samu domin na zama mai bada gudunmuwa a koda yaushe&quot;
	},
	&quot;u14848&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Zahrah0&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin data support ne saboda in ringa bada gudunmawa a wajen editing, kir Kiran muƙala, fassara a hausa Wikipedia saboda wani lokaci rashin data shiyake hana ni editing da kuma fassarori a Wikipedia&quot;
	},
	&quot;u31123&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Nnamadee&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin data ne saboda zai taimaka mani sosai wajen inganta muƙala, ƙirƙirar sababbin muƙaloli da kuma bibiyar ayyukan da suka gabata. A matsayina na administrator kuma mai bada gudummawa ta din-din-din, tallafin data zai taimaka mani sosai wajen ƙara jajircewa.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u30485&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Aluja&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Nasarawa&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan tallafi ne domin kara samun kwarin gwiwa wajen bayar da gudummawa a shafin Hausa Wikipedia da yan uwanta. Duk da cewa muna bada gudummawar amma wannan tallafi na ƙaramin tasiri zai yi ba ƙara mana ƙaimi a cikin tafiyar. Allah Ubangiji ya bamu sa'a.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u15405&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Ibrahim Sani Mustapha&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kano&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan tallafin na internet data support ne saboda samun damar ci gaba da bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia da Hausa Wiktionary kamar yadda na saba. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙara samun wata damar don ci-gaba da ƙirƙira da gyara maƙalu, ƙara kalmomi da ma’anoninsu, da kuma bincike domin inganta ingancin bayanai cikin harshen Hausa.  Samun wannan tallafi zai taimaka min ƙwarai da gaske wajen ci gaba da bada gudummawa akai-akai.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u23935&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Ummun Sultan&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Wannan tallafi ina neman shi ne domin samun data da zan cigaba Congratulations Hausa Wikipedia da kuma sister projects nata, idan na samu wannan tallafi zanyi amfani da shi wajen kara yawan gudunmawar da nake badawa a hausa Wikipedia da kuma  sister project nata.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u37993&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Abbakaramb&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;To help me stay online so that I can edit and write in wikimedia.\nAs you all know that Data is too cost now and the economy is not friendly😊.\nI need like 10-15GB if i am to stay online for at least a week.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u24821&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Ashiru Lawal&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Zamfara&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I am writing to request data support to assist and enhance my efforts in Wikipedia editing and publishing. I have remained committed to contributing valuable and reliable information on Wikipedia through regular editing, research, and content improvement aimed at promoting free access to knowledge.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u21695&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;BAFFA ISAH MK&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-20&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I am requesting data support to help me remain active in contributing to Wikimedia platforms, with a strong focus on Hausa Wikipedia and other Hausa-language projects. Access to internet data will allow me to continue editing and developing articles, sharing educational resources, and taking part in online trainings, campaigns, and community engagement activities.\n\nThis support will greatly improve my ability to contribute consistently and continue advancing free and accessible knowledge for Hausa-speaking communities through Wikimedia initiatives.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u38060&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Kaddi123&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Inanem talafi domin cigaba da editing da samun damar bada gudumuwa a shafin Wikipedia cikin Sauki, wannan zai taimaka min wurin yin ayukan na yau da kulum masaman wurin editing,Ina farin ciki sosai idan na samu shiga cikin wadanda zasu samu wannan talafi na Wikipedia,. Abubakar lawali kaddi&quot;
	},
	&quot;u45064&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Salahuddin lawan&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kano&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I want this application in order to improve my life career and earn comfortable life and my school fees money please help me to approve my application due to my reasonable condition and give a chance to help each other for our good career for getting job to earn a living in my life&quot;
	},
	&quot;u21281&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Mustysummy&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina shaawar bada gudummuwa ga Wikipedia da inganta damar samun ilimi kyauta. \nTallafin zai taimake ni yin bincik, Kirkira, gyara da sabunta tare da \ningantacen bayani. Hakan zai bani damar shiga cikin ayyukan Wikipedia da bada gudummuwar ingantacen aiki wanda zai amfanar da jama'a a duniya baki daya&quot;
	},
	&quot;u37986&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Maiakwai4u&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman talafi data domin Kara karfa fawa Gurin ci gaban da Kuma inganta yaren Hausa a Duniya, wanna da ya shafi tarihi, Tatalin Arziki, Cigaban Kimita, Nima, Fisahar zamani da Kuma inganta yaren Hausa da aladun Harshen Hausa.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u24987&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Kamal JB&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kebbi&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan tallafin na data support ne saboda samun cikakkiyar dama wajen kara inganta Wikimedia projects musamman a bangaren yaren mu na Hausa. Ina matukar sanya rai na samun wannan tallafi saboda na nema a baya ban samu ba.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u24854&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Nura Bello&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Zamfara&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan tallafin na internet data support ne saboda samun damar ci gaba da bada gudummawa a Hausa Wikipedia da Hausa Wiktionary kamar yadda na saba. Wannan tallafin zai taimaka min wajen ƙara samun wata damar don ci-gaba da ƙirƙira da gyara maƙalu, ƙara kalmomi da ma’anoninsu, da kuma bincike domin inganta ingancin bayanai cikin harshen Hausa. Samun wannan tallafi zai taimaka min ƙwarai da gaske Gurin ci gaba da bada gudummawa akai-akai a wannan bagere na Wikipedia.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u22074&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;A'isha A Ibrahim&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kano&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Assalamu Alaikum,\nIna mai neman wannan tallafi a matsayina ta mace wadda muke da bukatar karfafawa a wajen bayar da gudummawarmu a shafin Hausa Wikipedia. Hakika samun wannan tallafi ba ƙaramin ƙara jawo hankalinmu zai yi ba na ganin cewa mun jajirce wajen bayar da gudummawarmu kuma na ganin cewa muma ana damawa da mu a kowane fanni.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u26434&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Habibah A Jisambo&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I want to apply for data support to enable me contribute more actively to Wikipedia by creating, editing, and improving articles. Data support will help me access the internet regularly so I can research reliable information, upload useful content, and participate in Wikimedia activities without interruption. This support will encourage me to contribute more knowledge and help make information&quot;
	},
	&quot;u20498&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Bembety&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Gombe&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Wannan damar za ta sa ni in ƙara ƙwazo wajen gyarawa da bayar da gudummawa ga ayyukan Wikipedia. Haka kuma, za ta taimaka mini wajen ƙara ilimi, inganta ƙwarewata ta gyarawa, da haɗin gwiwa da sauran masu gyaran Wikipedia wajen yaɗa ingantaccen kuma amintaccen bayani ga jama’a. Ta wannan hanya, zan iya bayar da gudummawa sosai wajen bunƙasa ilimi kyauta da kuma tallafawa al’ummar Wikimedia.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u38003&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Abdulrahaman Barau Ahmad&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Sokoto&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-21&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need data to do more Research and to create more historical about something that will benefit the people so that it can be easily to access and knowing about history.\nAnd I will used the data to strategy by going deep down and be committed to ensure by going through history and making to add some of my knowledge about the history.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u26992&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Muktee1494&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-23&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Suna na Muktar Hassan Abdullahi, Gwararren Edito na Hausa Wikipedia Wanda nake Zaune a Jihar Kaduna a Arewacin Nageriya. Ina mai faring ciki dun ganin an bude wannnan gidauniya ta tainakun editoci dun su samu su ci gaba da bada gudun mawa A hausa Wikipedia. \nNima ina mai matukar alfari da hakan sannan kuma ina Neman wannan gudun mawa wacce Hauwa Wikimedia User Group suke ba dawa dun zata tai maka sosai wajen garfafa mana (Editoci) guiwa dun munsan Hausa Wikipedia basu manta damu ba. \nIna fatan zan samu wannan gudun mawar. \nZaayi duba record dina na Editing na Hausa Wikipedia na sama da  watanni biyar 5 domin a ga irin gudun mawar da nake bada wa&quot;
	},
	&quot;u28791&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Mal Rabo&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-23&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;I need the data support to enable me continue editing, translating, and publishing articles on Wikipedia consistently. As an active member of the Hausa Wikimedia community, I contribute to sharing knowledge and improving access to information online. However, limited internet data often makes it difficult for me to log in regularly and make contributions. Receiving this support will help me stay active on Wikipedia, contribute more effectively, and continue promoting free and accessible knowledge through my edits and publications.&quot;
	},
	&quot;u31746&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Miss abbas&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-24&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Even as a student with full dedication to editing,  lack or shortage of data makes me feel losing hope. But with this data support ,it will boost my morale, give me more room for checking resources and citations (latest versions),able to prevent and edit errors , verify current postings/contents&quot;
	},
	&quot;u14655&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;A Salisu&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Katsina&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-24&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Inaso na samu wannan data support ne domin na cigaba da bana tawa gudunmuwar a bangaren gyararraki da kuma kirkirar sabbin makala a mafi yawancin lokuta, a takaice dai inaso na ninka ayyukan da nakeyi na bada gudunmawa shiyasa nake neman wannan data support domin zai taimaka min&quot;
	},
	&quot;u35826&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Hafsah3639&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kaduna&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-24&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman tallafin data support ne saboda in ringa bada gudunmawa a wajen editing, kir Kiran muƙala, fassara a hausa Wikipedia saboda wani lokaci rashin data shiyake hana ni editing da kuma fassarori a Wikipedia&quot;
	},
	&quot;u15906&quot;: {
		&quot;username&quot;: &quot;Baban Asiya&quot;,
		&quot;state&quot;: &quot;Kano&quot;,
		&quot;status&quot;: &quot;pending&quot;,
		&quot;date&quot;: &quot;2026-05-24&quot;,
		&quot;text&quot;: &quot;Ina neman wannan tallafi ne domin na samun damar ruɓanya aiyukana, na bada ingantacciyar gudunmawa wajen ƙirƙirar sabbin muƙaloli da kuma gyare-gyare a ɓangarorin Wikimedia.\n\nDa fatan za a amince da wannan buƙata yawa. Na gode.&quot;
	}
}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ijele FC</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152102</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839678</id>
      <parentid>839574</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T12:57:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gwanki</username>
        <id>3834</id>
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      <origin>839678</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3659" sha1="quik6u7sr5p6q680gq2haktr5wd4f07" xml:space="preserve">'''Ijele FC''', wanda ake kira '''Ijele Sports Club''', ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya da ke da hedikwata a jihar Enugu. Ƙungiyar tana taka leda a gasar [[Nigeria Nationwide League One]] bayan ta buga kakarta ta farko a [[Nigeria National League]] (NNL) a kakar 2024–25. An fi sanin ƙungiyar da lakabin ''&quot;Pride of the East&quot;''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ijele FC Founder, Commends Stakeholders After Debut NNL Campaign |url=https://paradigmnews.ng/ijele-fc-founder-commends-stakeholders-after-debut-nnl-campaign/ |work=Paradigm News |date=2025-06-30 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyar ta samu karɓuwa a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya bayan da ta samu gurbin shiga gasar NNL domin kakar 2024–25, wanda hakan ya kasance karo na farko da take taka leda a matakin ƙwararru na biyu mafi girma a Najeriya. Ijele FC ta kasance cikin rukunin Southern Conference Group B na gasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=NNL: Ijele FC adopt Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium as home ground |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/11/02/nnl-ijele-fc-adopt-nnamdi-azikiwe-stadium-as-home-ground/ |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=2024-11-02 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shugaban kuma mamallakin ƙungiyar, '''Ferdinand A. Naza''', ya bayyana cewa manufar kafa Ijele Sports Club ita ce haɓaka matasan 'yan wasa daga yankin gabashin Najeriya tare da gina ƙungiya mai ɗorewa wadda za ta iya fafatawa a manyan gasoshin ƙasar. A ƙarshen kakar 2024–25, ya yaba wa masu horaswa, 'yan wasa da magoya baya saboda rawar da suka taka a kakar farko ta ƙungiyar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Founder Ijele football club, Naza commends stakeholders |url=https://thenicheng.com/founder-ijele-football-club-naza-commends-stakeholders/ |work=TheNiche |date=2025-06-29 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ijele FC tana amfani da [[Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium]] da ke Enugu a matsayin filin wasanta na gida. Filin wasan dai shi ne kuma gidan ƙungiyar [[Rangers International F.C.]] mai taka leda a [[Nigeria Premier Football League]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=NNL: Ijele FC adopt Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium as home ground |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/11/02/nnl-ijele-fc-adopt-nnamdi-azikiwe-stadium-as-home-ground/ |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=2024-11-02 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa ƙungiyar ta fuskanci ƙalubale a kakarta ta farko a NNL, ta samu wasu manyan nasarori da suka haɗa da doke tsohuwar zakarar gasar '''Beyond Limits FC''' da ci 2–0. Wannan nasara ta nuna irin ƙwarewar matasan 'yan wasan ƙungiyar da kuma ci gaban tsarin horaswa da ƙungiyar ke ginawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ijele Sports Club Vow Comeback As Relegation Ends NNL Debut |url=https://www.completesports.com/ijele-sports-club-vow-comeback-as-nlo-relegation-ends-emotional-nnl-debut/ |work=Complete Sports |date=2025-06-29 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen kakar 2024–25, Ijele FC ta koma gasar Nationwide League One bayan ta kasa tsallake rijiya da baya a NNL. Duk da haka, shugabannin ƙungiyar sun bayyana cewa suna shirin sake gina ƙungiyar domin dawowa da ƙarfi a nan gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=“A Year of Growth”- Ijele FC CEO Picks Positives Despite a Challenging Season |url=https://www.sports247.ng/a-year-of-growth-ijele-fc-ceo-picks-positives-despite-a-challenging-season-in-a-heartfelt-message-to-fans-stakeholders/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=2025-06-29 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Nigeria National League]]
* [[Nigeria Nationwide League One]]
* [[Rangers International F.C.]]

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Sport in Enugu State]]
[[Category:Association football clubs in Nigeria]]
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  <page>
    <title>Nigeria Nationwide League One</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152104</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839676</id>
      <parentid>839579</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T12:55:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gwanki</username>
        <id>3834</id>
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      <text bytes="5249" sha1="0k9zmilc9mp6p4zlgii1a3ctioip7eo" xml:space="preserve">'''Nigeria Nationwide League One''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''NLO''') ita ce mataki na uku a tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya bayan [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] da [[Nigeria National League]]. Gasar tana ƙarƙashin kulawar [[Nigeria Football Federation]] (NFF) kuma ana kallonta a matsayin babbar hanyar da ƙananan kungiyoyi ke amfani da ita wajen kaiwa matakin ƙwararrun lig-lig na ƙasar. An kafa gasar ne domin bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa daga matakin tushe tare da bai wa matasa damar nuna ƙwarewarsu a fannoni daban-daban na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nlo.ng/en/league/nlo-division-one |title=NLO Division One |website=Nationwide League One |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun farko, ana kiran gasar da suna '''Nigerian Amateur League''', amma daga shekarar 2012 aka sauya mata suna zuwa '''Nationwide League One''' a wani ɓangare na sake fasalin tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wajen ƙara tsari da kuma bai wa ƙarin kungiyoyi damar samun gurbin hawa zuwa [[Nigeria National League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.teamstats.net/league/nationwide-league-one/about |title=About Nationwide League One |website=TeamStats |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NLO tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na matakin ƙasa a Afirka saboda yawan kungiyoyin da ke shiga cikinta. A shekarun baya-bayan nan, gasar ta ƙunshi daruruwan kungiyoyi da ake rarrabawa zuwa yankuna daban-daban domin rage wahalar zirga-zirga da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Hukumar NLO ta bayyana kanta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin “manyan gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na matakin tushe a duniya”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nlo.ng/league/nlo-division-one |title=NLO Division One |website=Nationwide League One |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin gasar yana bai wa kungiyoyin da suka fi ƙwarewa damar samun daukaka zuwa [[Nigeria National League]] bayan kammala wasannin rukuni da kuma matakan neman gurbin hawa. Haka kuma kungiyoyin da suka kasa yin kyau kan iya komawa matakin ƙasa wato '''Nationwide League Division Two'''. Wannan tsarin hawa da sauka yana taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa gogayya tsakanin kungiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.sports247.ng/nigeria-national-league-relegates-12-clubs-to-nationwide-league-one/ |title=Nigeria National League Relegates 12 Clubs to Nationwide League One |publisher=Sports247 Nigeria |date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2024 da 2025, an samu sauye-sauye masu yawa a tsarin gasannin Najeriya, inda kungiyoyi da dama daga [[Nigeria National League]] suka koma NLO sakamakon rashin kyakkyawan sakamako. Wannan ya ƙara ƙarfin gasar tare da shigo da tsofaffin kungiyoyin da suka taba taka leda a manyan matakai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.naifooty.com.ng/2024/07/nnl-confirms-relegation-and-promotion.html |title=NNL Confirms Relegation and Promotion of Clubs Ahead of 2024/2025 Season |publisher=Naifooty |date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2026 kuma, hukumar [[Nigeria National League]] ta sake tabbatar da komawar wasu kungiyoyi goma zuwa NLO domin sake fasalin tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar. Wannan mataki ya nuna muhimmancin NLO wajen samar da sabbin kungiyoyi da kuma ci gaba da raya ƙwallon ƙafa daga matakin tushe zuwa na ƙwararru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://sportingtribune.com/nnl-confirms-promotion-of-four-clubs-to-npfl/ |title=NNL confirms promotion of four clubs to NPFL |publisher=Sporting Tribune |date=2026-05-11 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu daga cikin fitattun kungiyoyin da suka taka rawa a NLO sun haɗa da kungiyoyin matasa, kungiyoyin gwamnati, da kuma kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu daga jihohi daban-daban na Najeriya. Gasar ta taimaka wajen gano fitattun ’yan wasa da dama waɗanda daga baya suka taka leda a [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] da ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_Nationwide_League |title=Nigeria Nationwide League |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin Gasar ==
Kungiyoyin da ke cikin NLO ana rarraba su zuwa yankuna daban-daban bisa ga kusancin jihohi. Ana gudanar da wasannin rukuni kafin a kai matakin ''playoffs'' domin tantance kungiyoyin da za su samu daukaka zuwa [[Nigeria National League]]. Wannan tsari yana rage matsalolin sufuri da kuma kuɗin tafiya ga ƙananan kungiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nlo.ng/en/league/nlo-division-one |title=NLO Division One Format |website=Nationwide League One |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmanci ==
NLO tana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya, musamman a matakin matasa. Kungiyoyi da dama suna amfani da gasar wajen gano sabbin hazikan ’yan wasa da kuma horas da masu koyarwa da alkalai. Haka kuma gasar na taimakawa wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin al’umma ta hanyar samar da ayyukan yi da wasannin nishaɗi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/nnl-confirms-promotion-of-four-clubs-to-npfl/ |title=NNL confirms promotion of four clubs to NPFL |publisher=The Nation Newspaper |date=2026-05-11 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Nigeria Premier Football League]]
* [[Nigeria National League]]
* [[Nigeria Football Federation]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Nigeria Nationwide League One''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''NLO''') ita ce mataki na uku a tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya bayan [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] da [[Nigeria National League]]. Gasar tana ƙarƙashin kulawar [[Nigeria Football Federation]] (NFF) kuma ana kallonta a matsayin babbar hanyar da ƙananan kungiyoyi ke amfani da ita wajen kaiwa matakin ƙwararrun lig-lig na ƙasar. An kafa gasar ne domin bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa daga matakin tushe tare da bai wa matasa damar nuna ƙwarewarsu a fannoni daban-daban na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nlo.ng/en/league/nlo-division-one |title=NLO Division One |website=Nationwide League One |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun farko, ana kiran gasar da suna '''Nigerian Amateur League''', amma daga shekarar 2012 aka sauya mata suna zuwa '''Nationwide League One''' a wani ɓangare na sake fasalin tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wajen ƙara tsari da kuma bai wa ƙarin kungiyoyi damar samun gurbin hawa zuwa [[Nigeria National League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.teamstats.net/league/nationwide-league-one/about |title=About Nationwide League One |website=TeamStats |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NLO tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na matakin ƙasa a Afirka saboda yawan kungiyoyin da ke shiga cikinta. A shekarun baya-bayan nan, gasar ta ƙunshi daruruwan kungiyoyi da ake rarrabawa zuwa yankuna daban-daban domin rage wahalar zirga-zirga da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Hukumar NLO ta bayyana kanta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin “manyan gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na matakin tushe a duniya”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nlo.ng/league/nlo-division-one |title=NLO Division One |website=Nationwide League One |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin gasar yana bai wa kungiyoyin da suka fi ƙwarewa damar samun daukaka zuwa [[Nigeria National League]] bayan kammala wasannin rukuni da kuma matakan neman gurbin hawa. Haka kuma kungiyoyin da suka kasa yin kyau kan iya komawa matakin ƙasa wato '''Nationwide League Division Two'''. Wannan tsarin hawa da sauka yana taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa gogayya tsakanin kungiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.sports247.ng/nigeria-national-league-relegates-12-clubs-to-nationwide-league-one/ |title=Nigeria National League Relegates 12 Clubs to Nationwide League One |publisher=Sports247 Nigeria |date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2024 da 2025, an samu sauye-sauye masu yawa a tsarin gasannin Najeriya, inda kungiyoyi da dama daga [[Nigeria National League]] suka koma NLO sakamakon rashin kyakkyawan sakamako. Wannan ya ƙara ƙarfin gasar tare da shigo da tsofaffin kungiyoyin da suka taba taka leda a manyan matakai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.naifooty.com.ng/2024/07/nnl-confirms-relegation-and-promotion.html |title=NNL Confirms Relegation and Promotion of Clubs Ahead of 2024/2025 Season |publisher=Naifooty |date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2026 kuma, hukumar [[Nigeria National League]] ta sake tabbatar da komawar wasu kungiyoyi goma zuwa NLO domin sake fasalin tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar. Wannan mataki ya nuna muhimmancin NLO wajen samar da sabbin kungiyoyi da kuma ci gaba da raya ƙwallon ƙafa daga matakin tushe zuwa na ƙwararru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://sportingtribune.com/nnl-confirms-promotion-of-four-clubs-to-npfl/ |title=NNL confirms promotion of four clubs to NPFL |publisher=Sporting Tribune |date=2026-05-11 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu daga cikin fitattun kungiyoyin da suka taka rawa a NLO sun haɗa da kungiyoyin matasa, kungiyoyin gwamnati, da kuma kungiyoyin masu zaman kansu daga jihohi daban-daban na Najeriya. Gasar ta taimaka wajen gano fitattun ’yan wasa da dama waɗanda daga baya suka taka leda a [[Nigeria Premier Football League]] da ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_Nationwide_League |title=Nigeria Nationwide League |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin Gasar ==
Kungiyoyin da ke cikin NLO ana rarraba su zuwa yankuna daban-daban bisa ga kusancin jihohi. Ana gudanar da wasannin rukuni kafin a kai matakin ''playoffs'' domin tantance kungiyoyin da za su samu daukaka zuwa [[Nigeria National League]]. Wannan tsari yana rage matsalolin sufuri da kuma kuɗin tafiya ga ƙananan kungiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nlo.ng/en/league/nlo-division-one |title=NLO Division One Format |website=Nationwide League One |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmanci ==
NLO tana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya, musamman a matakin matasa. Kungiyoyi da dama suna amfani da gasar wajen gano sabbin hazikan ’yan wasa da kuma horas da masu koyarwa da alkalai. Haka kuma gasar na taimakawa wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin al’umma ta hanyar samar da ayyukan yi da wasannin nishaɗi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/nnl-confirms-promotion-of-four-clubs-to-npfl/ |title=NNL confirms promotion of four clubs to NPFL |publisher=The Nation Newspaper |date=2026-05-11 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Nigeria Premier Football League]]
* [[Nigeria National League]]
* [[Nigeria Football Federation]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chibuzor Okonkwo</title>
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      <text bytes="3984" sha1="sxljlh8l0xpthqsa47y8jnqfl2g8xzv" xml:space="preserve">'''Chibuzor Augustine Okonkwo''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar [[Najeriya]] wanda aka haifa a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1988 a birnin [[Jos]]. Yana taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya, musamman a gefen dama, kuma ya yi suna a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen kai hari da kuma kare baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/111406 |title=Olympedia – Chibuzor Okonkwo |publisher=Olympedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-chibuzor-okonkwo-footballer/ |title=Biography Of Chibuzor Okonkwo |publisher=Media Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okonkwo ya fara fitowa fili ne lokacin da yake taka leda a kungiyar '''Gabros International''' kafin ya koma '''Bayelsa United''' a shekarar 2007. A lokacin da yake Bayelsa United ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe gasar lig ta Najeriya karo na farko a tarihin ta, abin da ya sa aka ba shi lambar gwarzon ɗan wasa na kakar 2008–09 a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibuzor_Okonkwo |title=Chibuzor Okonkwo |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/10843734/ |title=Chibuzor Okonkwo |publisher=En-academic |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan nasararsa a Bayelsa United, ya samu damar komawa kungiyar '''Heartland FC'''. Daga baya ya yi yunƙurin komawa wasu kungiyoyi a Turai ciki har da FC Rostov ta Rasha, Aston Villa da Reading FC ta Ingila, amma yarjejeniyoyin ba su kammala ba saboda matsalolin albashi da kuma rashin cimma matsaya kan kwantiragi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://africanfootball.com/news/159290/Chibuzor-Okonkwo-joins-Rangers |title=Chibuzor Okonkwo joins Rangers |publisher=African Football |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-chibuzor-okonkwo-footballer/ |title=Biography Of Chibuzor Okonkwo |publisher=Media Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2013, Okonkwo ya koma '''Enugu Rangers''' bayan wata yarjejeniya da '''Enyimba''' ta rushe. Daga baya kuma ya taka leda a ƙasar Libya tare da kungiyar '''Asswehly'''. Ya sake dawowa Najeriya inda ya taka wa '''FC Ifeanyi Ubah''' leda sannan daga baya ya koma '''El-Kanemi Warriors'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://africanfootball.com/news/159290/Chibuzor-Okonkwo-joins-Rangers |title=Chibuzor Okonkwo joins Rangers |publisher=African Football |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/war-in-the-orient/ |title=War in the Orient |publisher=Vanguard News |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, Okonkwo ya kasance cikin tawagar Najeriya ta 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 23 da ta lashe lambar azurfa a gasar Olympics ta Beijing ta shekarar 2008. Daga baya ya fara buga wa babbar tawagar Najeriya wato '''Super Eagles''' wasa a shekarar 2010, inda ya fara fitowa a wasan sada zumunci da Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/111406 |title=Olympedia – Chibuzor Okonkwo |publisher=Olympedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibuzor_Okonkwo |title=Chibuzor Okonkwo |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An san Okonkwo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya da suka yi fice a gasar NPFL, musamman saboda saurin gudunsa, iya kare baya da kuma taimakawa kai hare-hare daga gefe. Bayan ritayarsa daga manyan wasanni, ya ci gaba da bayyana ra'ayoyi kan ci gaban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya da walwalar 'yan wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://independent.ng/npfl-clubs-should-fly-to-venues-okonkwo/ |title=NPFL Clubs Should Fly To Venues –Okonkwo |publisher=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* {{Olympedia|111406}}
* [https://www.fotmob.com/players/144988/chibuzor-okonkwo Chibuzor Okonkwo a FotMob]
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'''Chibuzor Augustine Okonkwo''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga ƙasar [[Najeriya]] wanda aka haifa a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1988 a birnin [[Jos]]. Yana taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya, musamman a gefen dama, kuma ya yi suna a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen kai hari da kuma kare baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/111406 |title=Olympedia – Chibuzor Okonkwo |publisher=Olympedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-chibuzor-okonkwo-footballer/ |title=Biography Of Chibuzor Okonkwo |publisher=Media Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okonkwo ya fara fitowa fili ne lokacin da yake taka leda a kungiyar '''Gabros International''' kafin ya koma '''Bayelsa United''' a shekarar 2007. A lokacin da yake Bayelsa United ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe gasar lig ta Najeriya karo na farko a tarihin ta, abin da ya sa aka ba shi lambar gwarzon ɗan wasa na kakar 2008–09 a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibuzor_Okonkwo |title=Chibuzor Okonkwo |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/10843734/ |title=Chibuzor Okonkwo |publisher=En-academic |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan nasararsa a Bayelsa United, ya samu damar komawa kungiyar '''Heartland FC'''. Daga baya ya yi yunƙurin komawa wasu kungiyoyi a Turai ciki har da FC Rostov ta Rasha, Aston Villa da Reading FC ta Ingila, amma yarjejeniyoyin ba su kammala ba saboda matsalolin albashi da kuma rashin cimma matsaya kan kwantiragi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://africanfootball.com/news/159290/Chibuzor-Okonkwo-joins-Rangers |title=Chibuzor Okonkwo joins Rangers |publisher=African Football |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-chibuzor-okonkwo-footballer/ |title=Biography Of Chibuzor Okonkwo |publisher=Media Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2013, Okonkwo ya koma '''Enugu Rangers''' bayan wata yarjejeniya da '''Enyimba''' ta rushe. Daga baya kuma ya taka leda a ƙasar Libya tare da kungiyar '''Asswehly'''. Ya sake dawowa Najeriya inda ya taka wa '''FC Ifeanyi Ubah''' leda sannan daga baya ya koma '''El-Kanemi Warriors'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://africanfootball.com/news/159290/Chibuzor-Okonkwo-joins-Rangers |title=Chibuzor Okonkwo joins Rangers |publisher=African Football |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/war-in-the-orient/ |title=War in the Orient |publisher=Vanguard News |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, Okonkwo ya kasance cikin tawagar Najeriya ta 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 23 da ta lashe lambar azurfa a gasar Olympics ta Beijing ta shekarar 2008. Daga baya ya fara buga wa babbar tawagar Najeriya wato '''Super Eagles''' wasa a shekarar 2010, inda ya fara fitowa a wasan sada zumunci da Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/111406 |title=Olympedia – Chibuzor Okonkwo |publisher=Olympedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibuzor_Okonkwo |title=Chibuzor Okonkwo |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An san Okonkwo a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya da suka yi fice a gasar NPFL, musamman saboda saurin gudunsa, iya kare baya da kuma taimakawa kai hare-hare daga gefe. Bayan ritayarsa daga manyan wasanni, ya ci gaba da bayyana ra'ayoyi kan ci gaban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya da walwalar 'yan wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://independent.ng/npfl-clubs-should-fly-to-venues-okonkwo/ |title=NPFL Clubs Should Fly To Venues –Okonkwo |publisher=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* {{Olympedia|111406}}
* [https://www.fotmob.com/players/144988/chibuzor-okonkwo Chibuzor Okonkwo a FotMob]
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'''James Omonigho Igbekeme''' (an haife shi ranar 4 ga Yulin 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga Najeriya wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. Ya yi fice wajen taka leda a Portugal, Spain da kuma Poland, inda ya buga wa kungiyoyi irin su Real Zaragoza da Wisła Kraków wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Igbekeme |title=James Igbekeme |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi James Igbekeme a birnin Lagos na Najeriya. Ya fara taka ƙwallo a Najeriya kafin daga bisani ya koma kasar Portugal yana da shekaru kusan 18 domin neman cigaba a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=29129 |title=Etebo's Former Teammate, Igbekeme Making Inroads At Real Zaragoza, On The Radar Of NFF |publisher=All Nigeria Soccer |date=2018-09-02 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa ==

=== Portugal ===
Igbekeme ya fara taka leda a Turai tare da kungiyar Ribeirão a Portugal a shekarar 2013. Bayan ya nuna bajinta, ya koma Oliveirense a shekarar 2015 inda ya kara samun gogewa a gasar LigaPro ta Portugal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Igbekeme |title=James Igbekeme |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yunin 2017 ya koma kungiyar Gil Vicente. Ya fara wasansa na farko a kungiyar cikin nasara bayan ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka doke FC Porto B da ci 2–1. A watan Oktoban shekarar nan ya kuma ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Benfica B da ci 4–0.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Igbekeme |title=James Igbekeme |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Real Zaragoza ===
A shekarar 2018 kungiyar Real Zaragoza ta kasar Spain ta dauke shi kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa kungiyar ta biya kusan euro 150,000 domin sayensa daga Gil Vicente. Ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tsakiya na kungiyar saboda kuzari, iya jan ƙwallo da kuma taimakawa wajen kai hari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://as.com/futbol/2018/06/12/segunda/1528807504_827904.html |title=Lalo anuncia los fichajes de Igbekeme, Medina y Aguirre |publisher=AS |date=2018-06-12 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://as.com/futbol/2019/04/16/segunda/1555443763_816767.html |title=El Alavés se interesa en el zaragocista James Igbekeme |publisher=AS |date=2019-04-16 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2020 ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Zaragoza. Duk da haka, ya fuskanci matsalolin raunuka da rashin samun cikakken lokaci a wasu lokuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://as.com/futbol/2018/10/04/segunda/1538672319_150105.html |title=James recibe el alta médica y se entrena con el grupo |publisher=AS |date=2018-10-04 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Columbus Crew ===
A watan Janairun 2022, Igbekeme ya koma kungiyar Columbus Crew ta Amurka a matsayin aro daga Real Zaragoza. Wannan mataki ya ba shi damar taka leda a gasar Major League Soccer (MLS).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://as.com/futbol/2022/01/21/segunda/1642764230_692142.html |title=James no se entrena y será el próximo en salir |publisher=AS |date=2022-01-21 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ponferradina da Wisła Kraków ===
Bayan karewar zaman aronsa, Igbekeme ya koma Spain kafin daga bisani ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Ponferradina a shekarar 2023. Daga baya ya sake komawa kungiyar Wisła Kraków ta kasar Poland inda ya ci gaba da taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/08/official-nigerian-midfielder-igbekeme-joins-sd-ponferradina-from-real-zaragoza.html |title=Official: Nigerian midfielder Igbekeme joins SD Ponferradina from Real Zaragoza |publisher=Soccernet.ng |date=2023-08-24 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasa ==
An san James Igbekeme da kuzari da iya taka leda a wurare daban-daban na tsakiya. Yana iya taka rawa wajen kare gida tare da taimakawa kai hari. Har ila yau yana da saurin motsi da iya rike ƙwallo a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://as.com/futbol/2019/04/16/segunda/1555443763_816767.html |title=El Alavés se interesa en el zaragocista James Igbekeme |publisher=AS |date=2019-04-16 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* {{Soccerway|james-igbekeme/312305/}}
* {{Transfermarkt|james-igbekeme/profil/spieler/395745}}</text>
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      <text bytes="4498" sha1="iu0eb7jtrfyhytkdik2rindm2jikbr4" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Fayil:Igbekeme James Columbus Crew Meet the Team 2022.jpg|thumb]]
'''James Omonigho Igbekeme''' (an haife shi ranar 4 ga Yulin 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga Najeriya wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. Ya yi fice wajen taka leda a Portugal, Spain da kuma Poland, inda ya buga wa kungiyoyi irin su Real Zaragoza da Wisła Kraków wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Igbekeme |title=James Igbekeme |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi James Igbekeme a birnin Lagos na Najeriya. Ya fara taka ƙwallo a Najeriya kafin daga bisani ya koma kasar Portugal yana da shekaru kusan 18 domin neman cigaba a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=29129 |title=Etebo's Former Teammate, Igbekeme Making Inroads At Real Zaragoza, On The Radar Of NFF |publisher=All Nigeria Soccer |date=2018-09-02 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'ar ƙwallon ƙafa ==

=== Portugal ===
Igbekeme ya fara taka leda a Turai tare da kungiyar Ribeirão a Portugal a shekarar 2013. Bayan ya nuna bajinta, ya koma Oliveirense a shekarar 2015 inda ya kara samun gogewa a gasar LigaPro ta Portugal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Igbekeme |title=James Igbekeme |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yunin 2017 ya koma kungiyar Gil Vicente. Ya fara wasansa na farko a kungiyar cikin nasara bayan ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka doke FC Porto B da ci 2–1. A watan Oktoban shekarar nan ya kuma ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Benfica B da ci 4–0.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Igbekeme |title=James Igbekeme |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Real Zaragoza ===
A shekarar 2018 kungiyar Real Zaragoza ta kasar Spain ta dauke shi kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa kungiyar ta biya kusan euro 150,000 domin sayensa daga Gil Vicente. Ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tsakiya na kungiyar saboda kuzari, iya jan ƙwallo da kuma taimakawa wajen kai hari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://as.com/futbol/2018/06/12/segunda/1528807504_827904.html |title=Lalo anuncia los fichajes de Igbekeme, Medina y Aguirre |publisher=AS |date=2018-06-12 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://as.com/futbol/2019/04/16/segunda/1555443763_816767.html |title=El Alavés se interesa en el zaragocista James Igbekeme |publisher=AS |date=2019-04-16 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2020 ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Zaragoza. Duk da haka, ya fuskanci matsalolin raunuka da rashin samun cikakken lokaci a wasu lokuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://as.com/futbol/2018/10/04/segunda/1538672319_150105.html |title=James recibe el alta médica y se entrena con el grupo |publisher=AS |date=2018-10-04 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Columbus Crew ===
A watan Janairun 2022, Igbekeme ya koma kungiyar Columbus Crew ta Amurka a matsayin aro daga Real Zaragoza. Wannan mataki ya ba shi damar taka leda a gasar Major League Soccer (MLS).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://as.com/futbol/2022/01/21/segunda/1642764230_692142.html |title=James no se entrena y será el próximo en salir |publisher=AS |date=2022-01-21 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ponferradina da Wisła Kraków ===
Bayan karewar zaman aronsa, Igbekeme ya koma Spain kafin daga bisani ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Ponferradina a shekarar 2023. Daga baya ya sake komawa kungiyar Wisła Kraków ta kasar Poland inda ya ci gaba da taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/08/official-nigerian-midfielder-igbekeme-joins-sd-ponferradina-from-real-zaragoza.html |title=Official: Nigerian midfielder Igbekeme joins SD Ponferradina from Real Zaragoza |publisher=Soccernet.ng |date=2023-08-24 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasa ==
An san James Igbekeme da kuzari da iya taka leda a wurare daban-daban na tsakiya. Yana iya taka rawa wajen kare gida tare da taimakawa kai hari. Har ila yau yana da saurin motsi da iya rike ƙwallo a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://as.com/futbol/2019/04/16/segunda/1555443763_816767.html |title=El Alavés se interesa en el zaragocista James Igbekeme |publisher=AS |date=2019-04-16 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* {{Soccerway|james-igbekeme/312305/}}
* {{Transfermarkt|james-igbekeme/profil/spieler/395745}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tai Sodje</title>
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      <text bytes="4531" sha1="1tfeh69e7lzg0va17gqd6gpafw9k870" xml:space="preserve">'''Tai Sodje''' ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne mai asalinsa daga Najeriya wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba. An haife shi a Sheffield na ƙasar Ingila, kuma yana da damar buga wa Najeriya ko Ingila wasa saboda asalinsa na iyali. Ya fara tasowa ne daga makarantar horas da matasa ta [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], inda ya yi fice wajen cin ƙwallaye a matakin matasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=39251 |title=Ex-Super Eagles star confirms Man City coach Guardiola is keeping tabs on 17-goal striker Sodje |publisher=All Nigeria Soccer |date=14 March 2021 |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Tai Sodje da cikakken sunansa '''Taione Richard Evumena Sodje''' a ranar 20 ga Satumba, 2003 a Sheffield, Ingila. Mahaifinsa Bright Sodje tsohon ɗan wasan rugby ne mai asalin Najeriya, yayin da danginsa suka yi fice a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa, ciki har da tsoffin ‘yan wasan Najeriya [[Efe Sodje]] da [[Sam Sodje]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=55961 |title=Official: Nephew of two former Super Eagles defenders leaves Man City on a free transfer |publisher=All Nigeria Soccer |date=9 June 2025 |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa ==
Tai Sodje ya fara taka leda a makarantar matasa ta Sheffield United kafin daga bisani ya koma Manchester City a shekarar 2015. Ya yi fice sosai a ƙungiyar ‘yan ƙasa da shekara 18 ta Manchester City a kakar 2020–21, inda ya zama babban mai cin ƙwallaye na ƙungiyar bayan ya zura ƙwallaye 19 a wasanni 22.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=40475 |title=Done deals : Manchester City confirm two Nigerian young stars have signed new contracts |publisher=All Nigeria Soccer |date=16 July 2021 |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, Manchester City ta ba shi kwangilar ƙwararru ta farko saboda bajintarsa a matakin matasa. A wannan lokaci, tsohon ɗan wasan Najeriya Sam Sodje ya bayyana cewa mai horar da Manchester City, [[Pep Guardiola]], yana sa ido sosai kan ci gaban Tai Sodje domin yiwuwar haɗa shi da babbar ƙungiyar nan gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=39251 |title=Ex-Super Eagles star confirms Man City coach Guardiola is keeping tabs on 17-goal striker Sodje |publisher=All Nigeria Soccer |date=14 March 2021 |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sai dai ci gaba da raunin da ya riƙa samu ya rage masa damar buga wasanni akai-akai a Manchester City. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da nuna bajinta a gasar Premier League 2, inda ya zura ƙwallaye masu muhimmanci ga ƙungiyar matasa ta Manchester City.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=48595 |title=PL2: Nephew of former Super Eagles centre-backs scores in back-to-back games for Man City |publisher=All Nigeria Soccer |date=26 August 2023 |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yunin 2025, Manchester City ta sanar da sakin Tai Sodje bayan ƙarshen kwangilarsa. Daga baya ya koma ƙungiyar Buxton FC domin ci gaba da taka leda a matakin manya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=55961 |title=Official: Nephew of two former Super Eagles defenders leaves Man City on a free transfer |publisher=All Nigeria Soccer |date=9 June 2025 |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tawagar ƙasa ==
Tai Sodje yana da damar wakiltar Ingila ko Najeriya a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya taɓa ƙin amsa gayyatar tawagar matasan Ingila saboda sha’awarsa ta buga wa Najeriya wasa kamar yadda wasu daga cikin ‘yan uwansa suka yi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2021/04/22/i-feel-more-nigerian-than-english-man-city-wonderkid-sodje-explains-why-he-turned-down-invitation-by-england/ |title=I Feel More Nigerian Than English- Man City Wonderkid Sodje Explains Why He Turned Down Invitation By England |publisher=OwnGoal Nigeria |date=22 April 2021 |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasa ==
An san Tai Sodje a matsayin ɗan gaba mai ƙwarewa wajen cin ƙwallaye. Yana iya taka leda a tsakiyar gaba ko kuma a gefen hari. Masu bibiyar ƙwallo sun yaba masa saboda ƙarfinsa, saurin motsi da kuma iya kammala hare-hare cikin natsuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.co.uk/tai-sodje/profil/spieler/812683 |title=Tai Sodje - Player profile |publisher=Transfermarkt |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
* {{Official website|https://www.mancity.com}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wolonso United F.C.</title>
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      <text bytes="1109" sha1="i89idgwwvr69ohe7fqo4ve60x1ihdof" xml:space="preserve">'''Wolonso United F.C.''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya. An ambaci ƙungiyar a cikin jerin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya da wasu shafukan wasanni da suka tattara bayanai kan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Nigeria |title=List of football clubs in Nigeria |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://goalballlive.com/football-clubs-in-nigeria/ |title=Football Clubs In Nigeria: See The Detailed List |website=GoalBall Live |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu, akwai ƙarancin sahihan bayanai daga manyan kafafen yaɗa labarai game da tarihin ƙungiyar, filin wasanta, shekarar kafuwa, ko kuma gasannin da take bugawa. Saboda haka, bayanan ƙungiyar a fili suna da iyaka a kafafen bayanai na yanar gizo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://goalballlive.com/football-clubs-in-nigeria/ |title=Football Clubs In Nigeria: See The Detailed List |website=GoalBall Live |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zabgai Fc of bauchi</title>
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      <text bytes="3294" sha1="83pevt0jbkex8uuw3vf8t1zgy3rs1xq" xml:space="preserve">'''Zabgai International Football Club''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Zabgai FC''', ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya da ke da hedikwata a jihar Bauchi. Kungiyar tana buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na '''Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Stadium''' da ke Bauchi, kuma tana fafatawa a gasar '''Nationwide League One (NLO)''', wacce ita ce mataki na uku a tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nlo.ng/en/clubs/zabgai-intertional-fc-bauchi |title=Zabgai Intertional FC Bauchi |website=Nationwide League One |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa kungiyar ne a shekarar 1976, kuma tana daga cikin kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da suka daɗe suna taka rawa wajen haɓaka matasan ‘yan wasa a jihar Bauchi. Kungiyar ta kasance cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke fafatawa a cibiyar Bauchi ta gasar NLO, inda take buga wasanni da kungiyoyi irin su Bauchi Wunti FC da Darazo Football Academy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nlo.ng/en/clubs/zabgai-intertional-fc-bauchi |title=Zabgai Intertional FC Bauchi Fixtures and Club Information |website=Nationwide League One |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zabgai FC tana amfani da filin wasa na '''Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Stadium''' domin karɓar bakuncin wasanninta na gida. Filin wasan yana daga cikin manyan wuraren wasanni a jihar Bauchi, kuma wasu fitattun kungiyoyi irin su Wikki Tourists suna amfani da shi wajen gudanar da wasanninsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikki_Tourists_F.C. |title=Wikki Tourists F.C. |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakar wasan 2025/2026, kungiyar ta shiga gasar Nationwide League One ta cibiyar Bauchi. Bayanai daga hukumar NLO sun nuna cewa kungiyar ta gudanar da wasanni da dama a kakar, tare da amfani da matasa ‘yan wasa daga yankin Bauchi da kewaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nlo.ng/en/clubs/zabgai-intertional-fc-bauchi |title=Zabgai Intertional FC Bauchi Team Statistics |website=Nationwide League One |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka bayyana a jerin kungiyar sun haɗa da Hamza Tukur, Sadiq Ismail Gibson, Aliyu Musa, Adamu Jibrin, da Yusuf Abdulsalam Jibril. Wadannan ‘yan wasa suna taka rawa wajen ci gaban kungiyar a gasar NLO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nlo.ng/en/clubs/zabgai-intertional-fc-bauchi |title=Players – Zabgai Intertional FC Bauchi |website=Nationwide League One |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filin wasa ==
Kungiyar tana buga wasanninta na gida a:
* '''Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Stadium''', Bauchi, Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nlo.ng/en/clubs/zabgai-intertional-fc-bauchi |title=Zabgai Intertional FC Bauchi Stadium Information |website=Nationwide League One |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ‘Yan wasa ==
=== Fitattun ‘yan wasa ===
* Hamza Tukur
* Sadiq Ismail Gibson
* Aliyu Musa
* Adamu Jibrin
* Yusuf Abdulsalam Jibril
* Abraham Afeh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nlo.ng/en/clubs/zabgai-intertional-fc-bauchi |title=Zabgai Intertional FC Bauchi Squad |website=Nationwide League One |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Wikki Tourists FC]]
* [[Nationwide League One]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Wasanni a Jihar Bauchi]]
[[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da aka kafa a 1976]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yankari Babes FC</title>
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      <text bytes="2270" sha1="lhq729olrznpom4875k9cj7xaxb4lss" xml:space="preserve">'''Yankari Babes FC''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya da ke da hedikwata a jihar Bauchi. An ambaci ƙungiyar a cikin jerin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya da kuma gasar Najeriya ta Amateur League Division Two, inda ta kasance cikin rukunin ƙungiyoyin Arewa maso Gabashin ƙasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nigeria Amateur League Division Two |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nig2015.html |website=RSSSF |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=List of football clubs in Nigeria |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Nigeria |website=Wikipedia |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2016, an bayyana Yankari Babes FC a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka halarci gasar share fage ta preseason da shugaban kungiyar Wikki Tourists ya shirya a jihar Bauchi domin shirye-shiryen kakar wasa. Gasar ta haɗa da ƙungiyoyi daga Bauchi da Gombe domin gano sababbin ‘yan wasa da kuma ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyi kafin fara kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Wikki Tourists begin seven-day pre-season tourney |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/wikki-tourists-begin-seven-day-pre-season-tourney/ |work=The Nation Newspaper |date=13 February 2016 |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahotanni sun kuma nuna cewa wasu ‘yan wasan da suka fito daga Yankari Babes FC sun samu damar komawa manyan ƙungiyoyi a Najeriya. A shekarar 2014, ɗan wasa Abdul-Majeed Sulaiman daga Yankari Babes na Bauchi ya shiga cikin sababbin ‘yan wasan da kungiyar Wikki Tourists ta ɗauka domin kakar gasar Premier League ta Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Wikki Tourists Football Club sign on to 15 new players |url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/wikki-tourists-football-club-sign-on-to-15-new-players/ |work=News Ghana |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa bayanai game da tarihin ƙungiyar ba su da yawa a kafafen yaɗa labarai, Yankari Babes FC tana daga cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da suka taka rawa wajen bunƙasa wasanni da baiwa matasa dama a jihar Bauchi da yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Football Clubs In Nigeria: See The Detailed List |url=https://goalballlive.com/football-clubs-in-nigeria/ |website=Goalball Nigeria |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>lhq729olrznpom4875k9cj7xaxb4lss</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Super 11 F.C.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>839664</id>
      <parentid>839636</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T12:49:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gwanki</username>
        <id>3834</id>
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      <text bytes="932" sha1="ay7as3zjprx0qgjsyabst5smogd9m0h" xml:space="preserve">'''Super 11 F.C.''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce daga ƙasar Najeriya. An ambaci ƙungiyar cikin jerin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya da aka wallafa a wasu bayanan yanar gizo masu alaƙa da harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Nigeria |title=List of football clubs in Nigeria |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu, babu cikakken bayani da aka wallafa a manyan kafafen yaɗa labarai masu inganci game da tarihin ƙungiyar, shekarar kafuwarta, filin wasanta, ko gasar da take bugawa. Saboda haka, bayanan da ake da su game da ƙungiyar suna da ƙaranci a bainar jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Nigeria |title=List of football clubs in Nigeria |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Obio Akpor Football Club</title>
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      <text bytes="2575" sha1="lboejps153nzru81pz0yr1zj7vobveq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club
| clubname      = Obio Akpor Football Club
| fullname      = Obio Akpor Football Club
| nickname      = —
| founded       = —
| ground         = Akpor Grammar School
| capacity      = —
| league         = Amateur / Grassroots football
| season         = —
| position       = —
| chairman       = —
| manager        = —
| website        = —
}}

'''Obio Akpor Football Club''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce da ke a yankin Obio-Akpor a jihar Rivers, Najeriya. Kungiyar tana daga cikin kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na matakin ƙasa da na matasa da ke taka rawa wajen haɓaka ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin Port Harcourt da kewaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.goafricaonline.com/ng/982972-obio-akpor-football-club |title=Obio Akpor Football Club |website=Go Africa Online |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyar tana gudanar da ayyukanta ne daga makarantar '''Akpor Grammar School''' da ke Ozuoba a jihar Rivers. Ana amfani da filin makarantar wajen horaswa da wasannin sada zumunta da ci gaban matasa masu sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.goafricaonline.com/ng/982972-obio-akpor-football-club |title=Obio Akpor Football Club |website=Go Africa Online |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Obio-Akpor na daga cikin manyan yankunan da suka yi fice wajen harkokin wasanni a jihar Rivers, musamman saboda kasancewarsa cikin babban birnin Port Harcourt. Yankin ya samar da yanayi mai kyau ga ci gaban kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa da na al’umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obio-Akpor |title=Obio-Akpor |website=Wikipedia |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun baya, yankin Obio-Akpor ya kasance cibiyar gudanar da wasannin sada zumunta da na nishaɗi. Hakan ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tsakanin matasa da tsofaffin ‘yan wasa a yankin Rivers State.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewswriterng.com/2013/03/28/obioakpor-allstars-fc-%E2%80%98home-of-love%E2%80%99/ |title=Obio/Akpor Allstars FC ‘Home Of Love’ |work=The Newswriter |date=28 March 2013 |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yankin Akpor da Obio-Akpor gaba ɗaya na daga cikin cibiyoyin ci gaban al’ummar Ikwerre a jihar Rivers. Hakan ya ba da gudummawa wajen samar da kungiyoyin wasanni da dama domin haɗin kai da bunƙasa matasa ta hanyar ƙwallon ƙafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akpor |title=Akpor Kingdom |website=Wikipedia |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Port Harcourt]]
* [[Rivers State]]
* [[Football in Nigeria]]

== Manazarta ==
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      <id>839665</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-24T12:50:15Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gwanki</username>
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      <text bytes="2191" sha1="5tugh91zpwotcm8yutccsuop0wkrnhi" xml:space="preserve">'''Obio Akpor Football Club''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce da ke a yankin Obio-Akpor a jihar Rivers, Najeriya. Kungiyar tana daga cikin kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na matakin ƙasa da na matasa da ke taka rawa wajen haɓaka ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin Port Harcourt da kewaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.goafricaonline.com/ng/982972-obio-akpor-football-club |title=Obio Akpor Football Club |website=Go Africa Online |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyar tana gudanar da ayyukanta ne daga makarantar '''Akpor Grammar School''' da ke Ozuoba a jihar Rivers. Ana amfani da filin makarantar wajen horaswa da wasannin sada zumunta da ci gaban matasa masu sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.goafricaonline.com/ng/982972-obio-akpor-football-club |title=Obio Akpor Football Club |website=Go Africa Online |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Obio-Akpor na daga cikin manyan yankunan da suka yi fice wajen harkokin wasanni a jihar Rivers, musamman saboda kasancewarsa cikin babban birnin Port Harcourt. Yankin ya samar da yanayi mai kyau ga ci gaban kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa da na al’umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obio-Akpor |title=Obio-Akpor |website=Wikipedia |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun baya, yankin Obio-Akpor ya kasance cibiyar gudanar da wasannin sada zumunta da na nishaɗi. Hakan ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tsakanin matasa da tsofaffin ‘yan wasa a yankin Rivers State.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewswriterng.com/2013/03/28/obioakpor-allstars-fc-%E2%80%98home-of-love%E2%80%99/ |title=Obio/Akpor Allstars FC ‘Home Of Love’ |work=The Newswriter |date=28 March 2013 |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yankin Akpor da Obio-Akpor gaba ɗaya na daga cikin cibiyoyin ci gaban al’ummar Ikwerre a jihar Rivers. Hakan ya ba da gudummawa wajen samar da kungiyoyin wasanni da dama domin haɗin kai da bunƙasa matasa ta hanyar ƙwallon ƙafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akpor |title=Akpor Kingdom |website=Wikipedia |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Port Harcourt]]
* [[Rivers State]]
* [[Football in Nigeria]]

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Owazi F.C</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152114</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839658</id>
      <parentid>839638</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T12:44:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gwanki</username>
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      <text bytes="1555" sha1="ckq1w2nlc1fjyw5ool89wdgd5rvja1m" xml:space="preserve">'''Owazi F.C.''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya wadda aka ambata cikin jerin kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da ke kasar Najeriya. Duk da haka, akwai ƙarancin bayanai masu zaman kansu da aka wallafa game da tarihin kungiyar, filin wasanta, shekarar kafuwa ko kuma gasar da take bugawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://goalballlive.com/football-clubs-in-nigeria/ |title=Football Clubs In Nigeria: See The Detailed List |website=GoalBall Live |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An bayyana sunan '''Owazi F.C.''' cikin jerin kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya a wasu shafukan da suka tattara bayanan kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na kasar. Sai dai babu cikakkun bayanai daga manyan kafafen yada labarai game da nasarorin kungiyar ko tarihinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Nigeria |title=List of football clubs in Nigeria |website=Wikipedia |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har yanzu babu isassun bayanai daga sahihan kafafen yada labarai irin su ''Premium Times'', ''Punch'', ''Complete Sports'' ko ''The Guardian Nigeria'' da suka yi cikakken bayani kan kungiyar. Wannan ya sa bayanan kungiyar a halin yanzu suke takaitattu kuma suna bukatar karin bincike da tabbatattun manazarta kafin a fadada mukalar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://goalballlive.com/football-clubs-in-nigeria/ |title=Football Clubs In Nigeria: See The Detailed List |website=GoalBall Live |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Kungiyoyin wasanni a Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oasis Football Club</title>
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      <text bytes="2792" sha1="c3mg34v86rx1baayvr7qalhsomo71bl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Oasis Football Club
| image = 
| fullname = Oasis Football Club
| nickname = Oasis FC
| founded = 2015
| ground = National Stadium Complex Main Bowl
| capacity = 
| owner = 
| chairman = 
| manager = 
| league = Nigeria Nationwide League
| season = 
| position = 
| website = {{URL|https://oasisfootballclub.org}}
}}

'''Oasis Football Club''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya wadda take da hedikwata a birnin [[Lagos]], Najeriya. An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 2015 a matsayin makarantar horas da matasan ’yan wasa domin bunƙasa ƙwarewar matasa tare da shirya su zuwa wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru. Ƙungiyar tana gudanar da ayyukanta ne daga filin wasa na National Stadium Complex da ke Surulere a jihar Legas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://oasisfootballclub.org/about/ |title=History – Oasis FC |publisher=Oasis Football Club |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oasis Football Club na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi mayar da hankali kan ci gaban matasa a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. A cewar bayanan ƙungiyar, manufarta ita ce samar da yanayi mai kyau da zai taimaka wa matasa samun horo mai inganci da kuma zama ’yan ƙasa nagari ta hanyar wasanni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://oasisfootballclub.org/about/ |title=History – Oasis FC |publisher=Oasis Football Club |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyar tana da alaƙa da Hukumar Kwallon Ƙafa ta Jihar Legas da kuma [[Nigeria Football Federation]]. Har ila yau, Oasis FC ta bayyana burinta na kaiwa gasar ajin ƙwararru ta Najeriya wato Nigeria Professional Football League (NPFL).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.finelib.com/listing/Oasis-Football-Club/67034 |title=Oasis Football Club Surulere Lagos Nigeria |publisher=Finelib |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ƙungiyar ta nada Sylvester Ayere a matsayin sabon babban mai horaswa. Rahotanni daga kafafen yaɗa labarai sun bayyana cewa an ɗora masa alhakin taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen samun ci gaba tare da ƙoƙarin kai ta zuwa manyan matakan gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.sports247.ng/oasis-football-club-appoints-sylvester-ayere-as-head-coach/ |title=Oasis Football Club Appoints Sylvester Ayere as Head Coach |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=2021-08-10 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oasis Football Club ta samu karɓuwa a kafafen sada zumunta da dandamalin ƙwararru inda take bayyana ayyukanta da ci gaban ’yan wasanta. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar na amfani da shirye-shiryen horaswa da gasa wajen tallata matasan ’yan wasa zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ng.linkedin.com/in/oasis-football-club-25177114b |title=Oasis Football Club |publisher=LinkedIn |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>839666</id>
      <parentid>839660</parentid>
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        <username>Gwanki</username>
        <id>3834</id>
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      <text bytes="2437" sha1="6ep9hjzn5r2q3b7ere7iucw0tww6lmz" xml:space="preserve">'''Oasis Football Club''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya wadda take da hedikwata a birnin [[Lagos]], Najeriya. An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 2015 a matsayin makarantar horas da matasan ’yan wasa domin bunƙasa ƙwarewar matasa tare da shirya su zuwa wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararru. Ƙungiyar tana gudanar da ayyukanta ne daga filin wasa na National Stadium Complex da ke Surulere a jihar Legas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://oasisfootballclub.org/about/ |title=History – Oasis FC |publisher=Oasis Football Club |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oasis Football Club na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi mayar da hankali kan ci gaban matasa a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. A cewar bayanan ƙungiyar, manufarta ita ce samar da yanayi mai kyau da zai taimaka wa matasa samun horo mai inganci da kuma zama ’yan ƙasa nagari ta hanyar wasanni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://oasisfootballclub.org/about/ |title=History – Oasis FC |publisher=Oasis Football Club |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyar tana da alaƙa da Hukumar Kwallon Ƙafa ta Jihar Legas da kuma [[Nigeria Football Federation]]. Har ila yau, Oasis FC ta bayyana burinta na kaiwa gasar ajin ƙwararru ta Najeriya wato Nigeria Professional Football League (NPFL).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.finelib.com/listing/Oasis-Football-Club/67034 |title=Oasis Football Club Surulere Lagos Nigeria |publisher=Finelib |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, ƙungiyar ta nada Sylvester Ayere a matsayin sabon babban mai horaswa. Rahotanni daga kafafen yaɗa labarai sun bayyana cewa an ɗora masa alhakin taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen samun ci gaba tare da ƙoƙarin kai ta zuwa manyan matakan gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.sports247.ng/oasis-football-club-appoints-sylvester-ayere-as-head-coach/ |title=Oasis Football Club Appoints Sylvester Ayere as Head Coach |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=2021-08-10 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oasis Football Club ta samu karɓuwa a kafafen sada zumunta da dandamalin ƙwararru inda take bayyana ayyukanta da ci gaban ’yan wasanta. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar na amfani da shirye-shiryen horaswa da gasa wajen tallata matasan ’yan wasa zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ng.linkedin.com/in/oasis-football-club-25177114b |title=Oasis Football Club |publisher=LinkedIn |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Chibuike Okeke</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:32:56Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329776624|Chibuike Okeke]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Chibuike Okeke''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1979) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya . [1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329776624|Chibuike Okeke]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Chibuike Okeke''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1979) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya . [1]&lt;ref&gt;Chibuike Okeke&quot;. worldfootball.net. Retrieved 27 November 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]</text>
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        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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'''Chibuike Okeke''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1979) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya . [1]&lt;ref&gt;Chibuike Okeke&quot;. worldfootball.net. Retrieved 27 November 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]]</text>
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    <title>Bartholomew Ogbeche</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333650829|Bartholomew Ogbeche]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Bartholomew Owogbalor Ogbeche''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1984) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . Shi ne ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a tarihin gasar Indian Super League har zuwa 2024. &lt;ref name=&quot;ISL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2023 |title=Hyderabad FC's Bartholomew Ogbeche among three last-standing players from FIFA World Cup 2002 |url=https://thebridge.in/football/hyderabad-fcs-bartholomew-ogbeche-among-three-last-standing-players-from-fifa-world-cup-2002-42350 |access-date=6 October 2023 |publisher=The Bridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a Faransa da [[Paris Saint-Germain]], ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyarsa ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Spain, Girka, Ingila, Netherlands da Indiya. Shi ne ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a tarihin Hyderabad a gasar Indian Super League, inda a baya ya riƙe matsayin mafi yawan zura kwallaye a ƙungiyar NorthEast United da Kerala Blasters . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Issac |first=Alby |date=11 May 2020 |title=ISL: 5 highest Kerala Blasters goal-scorers of all-time |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/isl-5-highest-kerala-blasters-goal-scorers-of-all-time |access-date=30 August 2021 |publisher=Sportskeeda}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 January 2022 |title=Bartholomew Ogbeche: 5 Amazing facts about Hyderabad FC's all-time top scorer in ISL |url=https://thebridge.in/football/isl-2021-22-bartholomew-ogbeche-becomes-the-all-time-top-scorer-for-hyderabad-fc-28638 |access-date=24 January 2022 |publisher=The Bridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ogbeche ya wakilci [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2002 .

== Aikin kulob ==
An haifi Ogbeche a [[Ogoja]] . Duk da cewa yana ƙarami, ƙungiyar [[Ligue 1|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta Faransa [[Paris Saint-Germain|ta Paris Saint-Germain]] ta saye shi, inda ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2001-02 . Duk da haka, ya kasa daidaitawa, kuma ya ji rauni a cinyarsa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 November 2002 |title=PSG lose forward pair |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/018b-0e6a42426362-cb453c74fc77-1000--psg-lose-forward-pair/ |access-date=13 June 2010 |publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi wasa na tsawon watanni shida ga sauran ƙungiyoyin Bastia da Metz ; na farko, ya zura kwallaye a wasan da suka doke Marseille da ci 4-1 a ranar 7 ga Maris 2004 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2004 |title=PSG suffer Sochaux setback |url=https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/019b-0f8fc00de1e2-22f24781fa2d-1000--psg-suffer-sochaux-setback/ |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; - 'yan [[Korsika|wasan Corsican]] sun tabbatar da matsayinsu na farko, kuma ya bar PSG har abada a watan Yunin 2005.

Bayan ɗan lokaci a [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]], Ogbeche ya koma Spain, da farko tare da Alavés a Segunda División . Duk da cewa ya buga lambobi masu kyau, ƙungiyar Basque ta kasa komawa [[La Liga]] amma ya koma wata ƙungiya a tsohuwar ƙungiyar, Real Valladolid,  wanda ya fara bugawa a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2007 a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Espanyol|Espanyol]] da ci 1-0 (an buga mintuna 12). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 August 2007 |title=Espanyol 0–1 Valladolid |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/226455?cc=5739 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722092831/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/226455?cc=5739 |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=16 December 2011 |publisher=[[ESPN FC|ESPN Soccernet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen watan Agusta na 2009, bayan shekaru biyu na amfani da shi na ɗan lokaci, Ogbeche ya shirya yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da Cádiz na [[Andalusia]] na rukuni na biyu. Ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a ƙungiyar, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 June 2010 |title=Barto fue el máximo artillero |trans-title=Barto was the top scorer |url=https://www.cadizcf.com/noticia/barto-fue-el-maximo-artillero |access-date=23 January 2021 |publisher=Cádiz CF |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma sun kare a matsayi na 19 kuma aka sauke su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramírez |first=Álvaro |date=19 June 2010 |title=Centenario en Segunda B |trans-title=Century in ''Segunda B'' |url=https://eldesmarque.com/cadiz/cadiz-cf/noticias-cadiz/23823-20-anos-sin-milagros-centenario-en-segunda-b |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426130313/https://eldesmarque.com/cadiz/cadiz-cf/noticias-cadiz/23823-20-anos-sin-milagros-centenario-en-segunda-b |archive-date=26 April 2019 |access-date=26 April 2019 |publisher=El Desmarque |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan shekara guda a Girka tare da Kavala, Ogbeche ya koma Middlesbrough, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Football League Championship, a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2011, inda ya sanya hannu har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa . [1] Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a sabuwar ƙungiyarsa a ranar 17 ga Disamba, a wasan da suka yi da Cardiff City a wasan da suka tashi 3-2 a waje. [2] A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2012, ya shigo wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a ƙarshen wasan gida da Barnsley, inda ya yi wa Luke Steele ƙwallo a wasan ƙarshe da ci 2-0. [3]

Ogbeche ya sake komawa ƙungiyoyi da ƙasashe a watan Janairun 2014, inda ya sanya hannu a Cambuur da ke Netherlands bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci da ya yi a Spain tare da Xerez .  Ya zura kwallaye sau ɗaya kuma ya taimaka wajen taimakawa a wasansa na farko a Eredivisie, inda ya taimaka wajen doke [[SC Heerenveen|Heerenveen]] da ci 3-1 a gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 January 2014 |title=Ogbeche scores on Cambuur debut |url=http://www.kickoff.com/mobile/news/40909/bartholomew-ogbeche-scores-for-sc-cambuur- |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825212547/http://www.kickoff.com/mobile/news/40909/bartholomew-ogbeche-scores-for-sc-cambuur- |archive-date=25 August 2018 |access-date=11 November 2014 |publisher=[[Kick Off (magazine)|Kick Off]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2018, Ogbeche ya koma NorthEast United .  Ya fara buga gasar Indian Super League a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Goa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=ISL: NorthEast United hit back to salvage a point after FC Goa's Coro stretches scoring run |url=https://scroll.in/field/896626/isl-northeast-united-hit-back-to-salvage-a-point-after-fc-goas-coro-stretches-scoring-run |access-date=1 October 2018 |publisher=[[Scroll.in]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya a wannan watan, ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya yi nasarar zura kwallaye uku a raga a lokacin kamfen bayan ya cimma wannan nasara a mintuna goma da suka rage masa a Chennaiyin . 

Ogbeche ya ci gaba da fafatawa a gasar manyan 'yan wasan Indiya a shekarun da suka biyo baya, inda Kerala Blasters (ya zama babban dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a raga a tarihinsu amma Dimitrios Diamantakos ya zarce shi a watan Nuwamba na 2023), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Easwar |first=Nisanth V. |date=28 August 2020 |title=Kerala Blasters: Bartholomew Ogbeche was great in yellow but it's time to move on |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-bartholomew-ogbeche-time-to-move-on/gybeynrmpjdp15620z6988gpb |access-date=21 October 2020 |publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajiv |first=Pranay |date=11 January 2024 |title=Dimitrios Diamantakos: The Greek striker leading the Kerala Blasters' charge towards its first ISL trophy |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/dimitrios-diamantakos-kerala-blasters-isl-greek-striker-vukomanovic-luna-league-standings-golden-boot-football-news/article67730315.ece/ |access-date=12 January 2024 |publisher=[[Sportstar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mumbai City &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Raghunathan |first=Abhijit |date=21 October 2020 |title=ISL 2020/21: Bartholomew Ogbeche signs for Mumbai City FC |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-isl-2020-21-bartholomew-ogbeche-signs-mumbai-city-fc |access-date=29 October 2020 |publisher=Sportskeeda}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Hyderabad . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2021 |title=Official – Hyderabad FC signs ISL champion Bartholomew Ogbeche |url=https://iftwc.com/hyderabad-fc-signs-isl-champion-bartholomew-ogbeche/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708120315/https://iftwc.com/hyderabad-fc-signs-isl-champion-bartholomew-ogbeche/ |archive-date=8 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |publisher=Indian Football Team for World Cup}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2022, bayan ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga a kan NorthEast United, ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 49; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2022 |title=Bartholomew Ogbeche becomes the all-time leading goalscorer in the Hero ISL history |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/bartholomew-ogbeche-becomes-the-all-time-leading-goal-scorer-in-the-hero-isl |access-date=26 December 2022 |publisher=[[Indian Super League]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hyderabad daga karshe ta lashe gasar, kuma an nada shi a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a raga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 June 2022 |title=Hyderabad FC's Bartholomew Ogbeche becomes the first-ever Hero ISL player to feature in FIFA Team of the Season |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/hyderabad-fcs-bartholomew-ogbeche-becomes-the-first-ever-hero-isl-player-to-feature-in-fifa-team-of-the-season |access-date=26 December 2022 |publisher=Indian Super League}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2024, [[Sunil Chhetri]] ya zira kwallaye 64 a ragar ISL, inda ya zarce Ogbeche a matsayin wanda ya fara zura kwallo a wannan fanni. Dan wasan ya sanar da yin ritaya yana da shekaru 39 a shekarar da ta gabata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Debayan |date=29 September 2024 |title=Sunil Chhetri scripts history, surpasses Bart Ogbeche's record to become all-time leading scorer in ISL |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/sunil-chhetri-scripts-history-surpasses-bart-ogbeches-record-to-become-all-time-leading-scorer-in-isl-article-113772755 |access-date=12 November 2024 |publisher=[[Times Now]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
An zaɓi Ogbeche [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ɗan ƙasar Najeriya]] daga shekara 17, a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2002, kuma ya buga wasanni biyu a wasan da aka fitar da shi daga matakin rukuni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2002 |title=Batistuta sinks Nigeria |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/matches_wallchart/argentina_v_nigeria/default.stm |access-date=10 March 2021 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 June 2002 |title=Swedes knock out Nigeria |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/matches_wallchart/sweden_v_nigeria/default.stm |access-date=10 March 2021 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zira kwallaye biyu daga cikin uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2004, a wasan da suka doke Jamhuriyar Ireland da ci 3-0 a gasar cin kofin Unity Cup a Charlton, London . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Bartholomew Owogbalor Ogbeche''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1984) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . Shi ne ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a tarihin gasar Indian Super League har zuwa 2024. &lt;ref name=&quot;ISL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 June 2023 |title=Hyderabad FC's Bartholomew Ogbeche among three last-standing players from FIFA World Cup 2002 |url=https://thebridge.in/football/hyderabad-fcs-bartholomew-ogbeche-among-three-last-standing-players-from-fifa-world-cup-2002-42350 |access-date=6 October 2023 |publisher=The Bridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan ya fara aikinsa a Faransa da [[Paris Saint-Germain]], ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyarsa ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Spain, Girka, Ingila, Netherlands da Indiya. Shi ne ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a tarihin Hyderabad a gasar Indian Super League, inda a baya ya riƙe matsayin mafi yawan zura kwallaye a ƙungiyar NorthEast United da Kerala Blasters . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Issac |first=Alby |date=11 May 2020 |title=ISL: 5 highest Kerala Blasters goal-scorers of all-time |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/isl-5-highest-kerala-blasters-goal-scorers-of-all-time |access-date=30 August 2021 |publisher=Sportskeeda}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 January 2022 |title=Bartholomew Ogbeche: 5 Amazing facts about Hyderabad FC's all-time top scorer in ISL |url=https://thebridge.in/football/isl-2021-22-bartholomew-ogbeche-becomes-the-all-time-top-scorer-for-hyderabad-fc-28638 |access-date=24 January 2022 |publisher=The Bridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ogbeche ya wakilci [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2002 .

== Aikin kulob ==
An haifi Ogbeche a [[Ogoja]] . Duk da cewa yana ƙarami, ƙungiyar [[Ligue 1|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta Faransa [[Paris Saint-Germain|ta Paris Saint-Germain]] ta saye shi, inda ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2001-02 . Duk da haka, ya kasa daidaitawa, kuma ya ji rauni a cinyarsa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 November 2002 |title=PSG lose forward pair |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/018b-0e6a42426362-cb453c74fc77-1000--psg-lose-forward-pair/ |access-date=13 June 2010 |publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya yi wasa na tsawon watanni shida ga sauran ƙungiyoyin Bastia da Metz ; na farko, ya zura kwallaye a wasan da suka doke Marseille da ci 4-1 a ranar 7 ga Maris 2004 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 March 2004 |title=PSG suffer Sochaux setback |url=https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/019b-0f8fc00de1e2-22f24781fa2d-1000--psg-suffer-sochaux-setback/ |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=UEFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; - 'yan [[Korsika|wasan Corsican]] sun tabbatar da matsayinsu na farko, kuma ya bar PSG har abada a watan Yunin 2005.

Bayan ɗan lokaci a [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]], Ogbeche ya koma Spain, da farko tare da Alavés a Segunda División . Duk da cewa ya buga lambobi masu kyau, ƙungiyar Basque ta kasa komawa [[La Liga]] amma ya koma wata ƙungiya a tsohuwar ƙungiyar, Real Valladolid,  wanda ya fara bugawa a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2007 a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Espanyol|Espanyol]] da ci 1-0 (an buga mintuna 12). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 August 2007 |title=Espanyol 0–1 Valladolid |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/226455?cc=5739 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722092831/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/226455?cc=5739 |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=16 December 2011 |publisher=[[ESPN FC|ESPN Soccernet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen watan Agusta na 2009, bayan shekaru biyu na amfani da shi na ɗan lokaci, Ogbeche ya shirya yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da Cádiz na [[Andalusia]] na rukuni na biyu. Ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a ƙungiyar, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 June 2010 |title=Barto fue el máximo artillero |trans-title=Barto was the top scorer |url=https://www.cadizcf.com/noticia/barto-fue-el-maximo-artillero |access-date=23 January 2021 |publisher=Cádiz CF |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma sun kare a matsayi na 19 kuma aka sauke su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramírez |first=Álvaro |date=19 June 2010 |title=Centenario en Segunda B |trans-title=Century in ''Segunda B'' |url=https://eldesmarque.com/cadiz/cadiz-cf/noticias-cadiz/23823-20-anos-sin-milagros-centenario-en-segunda-b |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426130313/https://eldesmarque.com/cadiz/cadiz-cf/noticias-cadiz/23823-20-anos-sin-milagros-centenario-en-segunda-b |archive-date=26 April 2019 |access-date=26 April 2019 |publisher=El Desmarque |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan shekara guda a Girka tare da Kavala, Ogbeche ya koma Middlesbrough, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Football League Championship, a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2011, inda ya sanya hannu har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa . [1] Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a sabuwar ƙungiyarsa a ranar 17 ga Disamba, a wasan da suka yi da Cardiff City a wasan da suka tashi 3-2 a waje. [2] A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2012, ya shigo wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a ƙarshen wasan gida da Barnsley, inda ya yi wa Luke Steele ƙwallo a wasan ƙarshe da ci 2-0. [3]

Ogbeche ya sake komawa ƙungiyoyi da ƙasashe a watan Janairun 2014, inda ya sanya hannu a Cambuur da ke Netherlands bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci da ya yi a Spain tare da Xerez .  Ya zura kwallaye sau ɗaya kuma ya taimaka wajen taimakawa a wasansa na farko a Eredivisie, inda ya taimaka wajen doke [[SC Heerenveen|Heerenveen]] da ci 3-1 a gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 January 2014 |title=Ogbeche scores on Cambuur debut |url=http://www.kickoff.com/mobile/news/40909/bartholomew-ogbeche-scores-for-sc-cambuur- |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825212547/http://www.kickoff.com/mobile/news/40909/bartholomew-ogbeche-scores-for-sc-cambuur- |archive-date=25 August 2018 |access-date=11 November 2014 |publisher=[[Kick Off (magazine)|Kick Off]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2018, Ogbeche ya koma NorthEast United .  Ya fara buga gasar Indian Super League a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, inda ya zura kwallo daya a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Goa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=ISL: NorthEast United hit back to salvage a point after FC Goa's Coro stretches scoring run |url=https://scroll.in/field/896626/isl-northeast-united-hit-back-to-salvage-a-point-after-fc-goas-coro-stretches-scoring-run |access-date=1 October 2018 |publisher=[[Scroll.in]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya a wannan watan, ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya yi nasarar zura kwallaye uku a raga a lokacin kamfen bayan ya cimma wannan nasara a mintuna goma da suka rage masa a Chennaiyin . 

Ogbeche ya ci gaba da fafatawa a gasar manyan 'yan wasan Indiya a shekarun da suka biyo baya, inda Kerala Blasters (ya zama babban dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a raga a tarihinsu amma Dimitrios Diamantakos ya zarce shi a watan Nuwamba na 2023), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Easwar |first=Nisanth V. |date=28 August 2020 |title=Kerala Blasters: Bartholomew Ogbeche was great in yellow but it's time to move on |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/kerala-blasters-bartholomew-ogbeche-time-to-move-on/gybeynrmpjdp15620z6988gpb |access-date=21 October 2020 |publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajiv |first=Pranay |date=11 January 2024 |title=Dimitrios Diamantakos: The Greek striker leading the Kerala Blasters' charge towards its first ISL trophy |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/dimitrios-diamantakos-kerala-blasters-isl-greek-striker-vukomanovic-luna-league-standings-golden-boot-football-news/article67730315.ece/ |access-date=12 January 2024 |publisher=[[Sportstar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mumbai City &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Raghunathan |first=Abhijit |date=21 October 2020 |title=ISL 2020/21: Bartholomew Ogbeche signs for Mumbai City FC |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-isl-2020-21-bartholomew-ogbeche-signs-mumbai-city-fc |access-date=29 October 2020 |publisher=Sportskeeda}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Hyderabad . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2021 |title=Official – Hyderabad FC signs ISL champion Bartholomew Ogbeche |url=https://iftwc.com/hyderabad-fc-signs-isl-champion-bartholomew-ogbeche/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708120315/https://iftwc.com/hyderabad-fc-signs-isl-champion-bartholomew-ogbeche/ |archive-date=8 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |publisher=Indian Football Team for World Cup}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2022, bayan ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga a kan NorthEast United, ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 49; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 January 2022 |title=Bartholomew Ogbeche becomes the all-time leading goalscorer in the Hero ISL history |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/bartholomew-ogbeche-becomes-the-all-time-leading-goal-scorer-in-the-hero-isl |access-date=26 December 2022 |publisher=[[Indian Super League]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hyderabad daga karshe ta lashe gasar, kuma an nada shi a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a raga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 June 2022 |title=Hyderabad FC's Bartholomew Ogbeche becomes the first-ever Hero ISL player to feature in FIFA Team of the Season |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/hyderabad-fcs-bartholomew-ogbeche-becomes-the-first-ever-hero-isl-player-to-feature-in-fifa-team-of-the-season |access-date=26 December 2022 |publisher=Indian Super League}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2024, [[Sunil Chhetri]] ya zira kwallaye 64 a ragar ISL, inda ya zarce Ogbeche a matsayin wanda ya fara zura kwallo a wannan fanni. Dan wasan ya sanar da yin ritaya yana da shekaru 39 a shekarar da ta gabata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Debayan |date=29 September 2024 |title=Sunil Chhetri scripts history, surpasses Bart Ogbeche's record to become all-time leading scorer in ISL |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/sunil-chhetri-scripts-history-surpasses-bart-ogbeches-record-to-become-all-time-leading-scorer-in-isl-article-113772755 |access-date=12 November 2024 |publisher=[[Times Now]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
An zaɓi Ogbeche [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ɗan ƙasar Najeriya]] daga shekara 17, a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2002, kuma ya buga wasanni biyu a wasan da aka fitar da shi daga matakin rukuni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2002 |title=Batistuta sinks Nigeria |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/matches_wallchart/argentina_v_nigeria/default.stm |access-date=10 March 2021 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 June 2002 |title=Swedes knock out Nigeria |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/hi/matches_wallchart/sweden_v_nigeria/default.stm |access-date=10 March 2021 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zira kwallaye biyu daga cikin uku da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2004, a wasan da suka doke Jamhuriyar Ireland da ci 3-0 a gasar cin kofin Unity Cup a Charlton, London . 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>5aa7mas64k00knb23awsvdonzcgjupc</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Godwin Odiye</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1295834102|Godwin Odiye]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Godwin Odiye''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1956) tsohon mai tsaron baya ne [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|na ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ta ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya]] .

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Odiye a Legas a watan Afrilun 1956 ga iyalan Jonah da Cecilia Odiye. Ya halarci Makarantar St Paul, [[Ebute Metta]], Eko Boys sannan ya halarci St Finbarr's, Akoka. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantun firamare da sakandare. A St Finbarrs, ya fara wasa a matsayin ɗan baya na hagu. A shekarar 1975, an kira shi ya buga wa wata ƙungiyar matasa mai suna Nigerian Academicals wasa. Ƙungiyar ta doke Ghana a shekarar 1975, inda ta ba Odiye kulawa a tsakanin masu leƙen asiri. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Odiye ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyoyi a Najeriya a ƙungiyar rukuni na uku, Nestle, sannan daga baya ya buga National Bank of Lagos. [1] Yayin da yake bugawa National Bank, Odiye ya kuma yi aiki da bankin a matsayin magatakarda. Ya yi aiki da safe kuma ya yi horo da yamma. A shekarar 1978, Jami'ar San Francisco ta ɗauki Odiye aiki don buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji. Odiye ya koma Amurka don halartar kwaleji kuma bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1983, ya buga wa wata ƙungiyar ƙwararru ta gida mai suna Greek-American AC wadda za ta taimaka masa ya lashe gasar cin kofin US Open Cup a shekarar 1985 da 1994. [2]

Odiye ya buga wasanni da dama a [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Najeriya]], ciki har da wasannin neman cancantar shiga [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA]], kuma ya buga wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 1976 da 1980. Ya shahara da zura ƙwallo a raga a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1978 da Tunisia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jensen, Mike |date=28 April 1994 |title=A Chance To Redeem Himself Godwin Odiye Hopes To Alter His Dubious Standing In Nigerian Soccer |url=http://articles.philly.com/1994-04-28/sports/25864522_1_nigerian-soccer-world-cup-blunders |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017081654/http://articles.philly.com/1994-04-28/sports/25864522_1_nigerian-soccer-world-cup-blunders |archive-date=17 October 2015 |website=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumba na 2003, Godwin ya fara aiki a Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Kwaleji da ke Oakland, CA a matsayin malamin ajin Nishaɗi, Lafiya, da Motsa Jiki.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2740" sha1="qcl3i5t2f0efsh3tu140twtsu4vrfg4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Godwin Odiye''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1956) tsohon mai tsaron baya ne [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|na ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ta ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya]] .

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Odiye a Legas a watan Afrilun 1956 ga iyalan Jonah da Cecilia Odiye. Ya halarci Makarantar St Paul, [[Ebute Metta]], Eko Boys sannan ya halarci St Finbarr's, Akoka. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantun firamare da sakandare. A St Finbarrs, ya fara wasa a matsayin ɗan baya na hagu. A shekarar 1975, an kira shi ya buga wa wata ƙungiyar matasa mai suna Nigerian Academicals wasa. Ƙungiyar ta doke Ghana a shekarar 1975, inda ta ba Odiye kulawa a tsakanin masu leƙen asiri. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Odiye ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyoyi a Najeriya a ƙungiyar rukuni na uku, Nestle, sannan daga baya ya buga National Bank of Lagos. [1] Yayin da yake bugawa National Bank, Odiye ya kuma yi aiki da bankin a matsayin magatakarda. Ya yi aiki da safe kuma ya yi horo da yamma. A shekarar 1978, Jami'ar San Francisco ta ɗauki Odiye aiki don buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji. Odiye ya koma Amurka don halartar kwaleji kuma bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1983, ya buga wa wata ƙungiyar ƙwararru ta gida mai suna Greek-American AC wadda za ta taimaka masa ya lashe gasar cin kofin US Open Cup a shekarar 1985 da 1994. [2]

Odiye ya buga wasanni da dama a [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Najeriya]], ciki har da wasannin neman cancantar shiga [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA]], kuma ya buga wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 1976 da 1980. Ya shahara da zura ƙwallo a raga a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1978 da Tunisia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jensen, Mike |date=28 April 1994 |title=A Chance To Redeem Himself Godwin Odiye Hopes To Alter His Dubious Standing In Nigerian Soccer |url=http://articles.philly.com/1994-04-28/sports/25864522_1_nigerian-soccer-world-cup-blunders |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017081654/http://articles.philly.com/1994-04-28/sports/25864522_1_nigerian-soccer-world-cup-blunders |archive-date=17 October 2015 |website=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumba na 2003, Godwin ya fara aiki a Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Kwaleji da ke Oakland, CA a matsayin malamin ajin Nishaɗi, Lafiya, da Motsa Jiki.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]</text>
      <sha1>qcl3i5t2f0efsh3tu140twtsu4vrfg4</sha1>
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'''Godwin Odiye''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1956) tsohon mai tsaron baya ne [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|na ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ta ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya]] .

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Odiye a Legas a watan Afrilun 1956 ga iyalan Jonah da Cecilia Odiye. Ya halarci Makarantar St Paul, [[Ebute Metta]], Eko Boys sannan ya halarci St Finbarr's, Akoka. Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantun firamare da sakandare. A St Finbarrs, ya fara wasa a matsayin ɗan baya na hagu. A shekarar 1975, an kira shi ya buga wa wata ƙungiyar matasa mai suna Nigerian Academicals wasa. Ƙungiyar ta doke Ghana a shekarar 1975, inda ta ba Odiye kulawa a tsakanin masu leƙen asiri. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Odiye ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyoyi a Najeriya a ƙungiyar rukuni na uku, Nestle, sannan daga baya ya buga National Bank of Lagos. [1] Yayin da yake bugawa National Bank, Odiye ya kuma yi aiki da bankin a matsayin magatakarda. Ya yi aiki da safe kuma ya yi horo da yamma. A shekarar 1978, Jami'ar San Francisco ta ɗauki Odiye aiki don buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji. Odiye ya koma Amurka don halartar kwaleji kuma bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1983, ya buga wa wata ƙungiyar ƙwararru ta gida mai suna Greek-American AC wadda za ta taimaka masa ya lashe gasar cin kofin US Open Cup a shekarar 1985 da 1994. [2]

Odiye ya buga wasanni da dama a [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Najeriya]], ciki har da wasannin neman cancantar shiga [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA]], kuma ya buga wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 1976 da 1980. Ya shahara da zura ƙwallo a raga a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1978 da Tunisia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jensen, Mike |date=28 April 1994 |title=A Chance To Redeem Himself Godwin Odiye Hopes To Alter His Dubious Standing In Nigerian Soccer |url=http://articles.philly.com/1994-04-28/sports/25864522_1_nigerian-soccer-world-cup-blunders |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017081654/http://articles.philly.com/1994-04-28/sports/25864522_1_nigerian-soccer-world-cup-blunders |archive-date=17 October 2015 |website=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumba na 2003, Godwin ya fara aiki a Makarantar Shirye-shiryen Kwaleji da ke Oakland, CA a matsayin malamin ajin Nishaɗi, Lafiya, da Motsa Jiki.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]</text>
      <sha1>15lgl2ml7ewzovnzznw75epe09ithni</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Taiwo Ogunjobi</title>
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      <id>839714</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346750274|Taiwo Ogunjobi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Taiwo Joseph Ogunjobi''' Listen ⓘ  (17 ga Agusta 1953 - 11 ga Fabrairu 2019)  ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya kuma mai gudanarwa. Ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron tsakiya]] na Shooting Stars kuma ya wakilci [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] a ƙasashen duniya. Daga baya ya riƙe muƙamai a matsayin mai gudanarwa a matakin ƙungiya da jiha, da kuma tare da [[Hukumar Kwallon Kafar Najeriya|Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya]] (NFF) da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare-janar tsakanin 2002 da 2005.

== Sana'ar wasa ==
Ogunjobi ya buga wa ƙungiyar malaman jami'o'i ta Najeriya wasa; an naɗa shi kyaftin a tsakanin 1973 zuwa 1974 kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar da ta doke ƙwararrun masana a Ghana a wannan kakar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shina Oludare&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shina Oludare |date=28 September 2014 |title=Will Taiwo Ogunjobi's experience land him the NFF job? |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4082/comment/2014/09/28/5126534/is-taiwo-ogunjobi-the-best-man-for-the-nff-job |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shiga Shooting Stars, wanda aka fi sani da WNDC Ibadan a lokacin, a shekarar 1973. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dipo Ogunsola |date=12 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi - 1953 to 2019: Football giant par excellence |url=http://sportingtribune.com/taiwo-ogunjobi-1953-to-2019-football-giant-par-excellence/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=Sporting Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya bar Shooting Stars a shekarar 1975 don yin karatu a Amurka, amma ya dawo a shekarar 1980 kuma aka naɗa shi kyaftin.  A matsayinsa na [[Mai buga baya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]], yana yin hulɗa da [[Ogbein Fawole]] akai-akai.  Ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Afirka ta 1984. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oluwashina Okeleji |date=11 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi: Former Nigeria defender and official dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47199626 |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dipo Ogunsola |date=12 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi - 1953 to 2019: Football giant par excellence |url=http://sportingtribune.com/taiwo-ogunjobi-1953-to-2019-football-giant-par-excellence/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=Sporting Tribune}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDipo_Ogunsola2019&quot;&gt;Dipo Ogunsola (12 February 2019). [http://sportingtribune.com/taiwo-ogunjobi-1953-to-2019-football-giant-par-excellence/ &quot;Taiwo Ogunjobi - 1953 to 2019: Football giant par excellence&quot;]. ''Sporting Tribune''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma wakilci [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]], inda ya fara buga wasa da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|Morocco]] a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta 1984. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oluwashina Okeleji |date=11 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi: Former Nigeria defender and official dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47199626 |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOluwashina_Okeleji2019&quot;&gt;Oluwashina Okeleji (11 February 2019). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47199626 &quot;Taiwo Ogunjobi: Former Nigeria defender and official dies&quot;]. BBC Sport&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin gwamnati ==
Bayan ya yi ritaya, Ogunjobi ya zama mataimakin darakta a Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] . A lokacin da yake can, an nada shi mataimakin Shooting Stars. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dipo Ogunsola |date=12 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi - 1953 to 2019: Football giant par excellence |url=http://sportingtribune.com/taiwo-ogunjobi-1953-to-2019-football-giant-par-excellence/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=Sporting Tribune}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDipo_Ogunsola2019&quot;&gt;Dipo Ogunsola (12 February 2019). [http://sportingtribune.com/taiwo-ogunjobi-1953-to-2019-football-giant-par-excellence/ &quot;Taiwo Ogunjobi - 1953 to 2019: Football giant par excellence&quot;]. ''Sporting Tribune''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama sakataren ƙungiyar kuma daga baya aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa babban manaja. &lt;ref name=&quot;ICIR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi, former football scribe dies |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/taiwo-ogunjobi-former-football-scribe-dies/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=The ICIR}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, ya jagoranci nasarar da suka samu a gasar cin kofin CAF ta 1992. &lt;ref name=&quot;NextEdition&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Emeka Obasi |date=15 February 2019 |title=Sports Flakes: Another Taiwo Ogunjobi Departs |url=http://nextedition.com.ng/2019/02/15/sports-flakes-another-taiwo-ogunjobi-departs/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=The Next Edition}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1994, an naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar tilo, yana kula da nasarorin da suka samu a gasar cin kofin [[Nigeria National League|National League]] da Federation Cup a 1995. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot; /&gt; An naɗa shi shugaban Gabros International a 1999, daga baya kuma ya koma Julius Berger, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban manaja na tsawon shekaru biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ICIR&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Shina Oludare&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shina Oludare |date=28 September 2014 |title=Will Taiwo Ogunjobi's experience land him the NFF job? |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4082/comment/2014/09/28/5126534/is-taiwo-ogunjobi-the-best-man-for-the-nff-job |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFShina_Oludare2014&quot;&gt;Shina Oludare (28 September 2014). [https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4082/comment/2014/09/28/5126534/is-taiwo-ogunjobi-the-best-man-for-the-nff-job &quot;Will Taiwo Ogunjobi's experience land him the NFF job?&quot;]. Goal.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ogunjobi ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare-janar na [[Hukumar Kwallon Kafar Najeriya|Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya]] tsakanin 2002 da 2005. Ya ci gaba da rike mukamin shugaban Kwamitin Fasaha na NFF, kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin zartarwa tsakanin 2006 da 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;ICIR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi, former football scribe dies |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/taiwo-ogunjobi-former-football-scribe-dies/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=The ICIR}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.icirnigeria.org/taiwo-ogunjobi-former-football-scribe-dies/ &quot;Taiwo Ogunjobi, former football scribe dies&quot;]. The ICIR. 11 February 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oluwashina Okeleji |date=11 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi: Former Nigeria defender and official dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47199626 |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOluwashina_Okeleji2019&quot;&gt;Oluwashina Okeleji (11 February 2019). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47199626 &quot;Taiwo Ogunjobi: Former Nigeria defender and official dies&quot;]. BBC Sport&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farouk Mohammed |date=11 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi, former NFF Secretary General, dies |url=https://www.okay.ng/taiwo-ogunjobi-former-nff-secretary-general-dies/ |access-date=11 February 2019 |publisher=Okay Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na wakilan NFF a gasar [[FIFA]] tsakanin 2002 da 2010, kuma ya jagoranci wasa a wasanni biyu na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010.  A shekarar 2012, yana daya daga cikin jami'an NFF hudu da aka kama sakamakon zargin cewa kudi sun bata bayan gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010, kuma a shekarar 2013, an dakatar da shi daga ayyukan kwallon kafa na tsawon shekaru 10 bayan zargin hana [[Olarenwaju Kayode]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 September 2010 |title=Nigeria arrests ex-football heads |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11213606 |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An wanke shi bayan dukkan abubuwan biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Prime United kuma ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da suka yi zuwa Osun United, kafin ya yi murabus a 2017.  Bayan wani yunƙuri da ya yi a baya a 2014, a watan Satumba na 2018 ya sha kaye a karo na biyu na zama Shugaban NFF. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kunle Solaja |date=11 February 2019 |title=NFF Mourns Astute Administrator, Chief Taiwo Ogunjobi |url=https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2019/02/11/nff-mourns-astute-administrator-chief-taiwo-ogunjobi/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=Sports Village Square}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Femi Badmus |date=20 September 2018 |title=Amaju Pinnick re-elected as NFF president for second term |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/breaking-news-amaju-pinnick-re-elected-as-nff-president-for/zm7acpy110f21vdjcpozq59h3 |access-date=12 February 2019 |publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta jihar Osun a lokacin rasuwarsa a watan Fabrairu na 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tolu Olasoji |date=11 February 2019 |title=Ex-NFF general secretary Taiwo Ogunjobi passes away |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/ex-nff-general-secretary-taiwo-ogunjobi-passes-away/1rsc7igx736qm1nw3elkum2utk |access-date=12 February 2019 |publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi Ogunjobi a Ilesa a shekarar 1953, cikin dangin Yarabawa . [1] Babban ɗan'uwansa, wanda ake kira Taiwo, ya kasance zakaran ƙasa a tseren mita 400 kuma ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin sama na rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya C-130 a shekarar 1992. Ogunjobi ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Cocin Afirka sannan ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Ibadan, wacce ta ƙware a wasanninta a lokacin ita ce Lam Adesina . [2] [3] Ya ɗauki shekaru huɗu daga aikinsa na ƙwallon ƙafa don yin karatu a Amurka, inda ya ɗauki Injiniyan Yadi a Jami'ar Clemson da ke South Carolina, ta hanyar tallafin karatu na wasanni . [4] [5] Ya haɗu da matarsa - wacce ta ci gaba da aiki a Hukumar Wasanni ta Ƙasa - yayin da yake bugawa Shooting Stars, yana neman aiki a &quot;ranar farko da muka haɗu&quot;. [6] Suna da 'ya'ya biyar. [2] Ya mutu a shekarar 2019, yana da shekaru 65, a Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'a, Ibadan bayan ɗan gajeren rashin lafiya. [7]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]</text>
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'''Taiwo Joseph Ogunjobi''' Listen ⓘ  (17 ga Agusta 1953 - 11 ga Fabrairu 2019)  ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya kuma mai gudanarwa. Ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron tsakiya]] na Shooting Stars kuma ya wakilci [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] a ƙasashen duniya. Daga baya ya riƙe muƙamai a matsayin mai gudanarwa a matakin ƙungiya da jiha, da kuma tare da [[Hukumar Kwallon Kafar Najeriya|Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya]] (NFF) da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare-janar tsakanin 2002 da 2005.

== Sana'ar wasa ==
Ogunjobi ya buga wa ƙungiyar malaman jami'o'i ta Najeriya wasa; an naɗa shi kyaftin a tsakanin 1973 zuwa 1974 kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar da ta doke ƙwararrun masana a Ghana a wannan kakar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shina Oludare&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shina Oludare |date=28 September 2014 |title=Will Taiwo Ogunjobi's experience land him the NFF job? |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4082/comment/2014/09/28/5126534/is-taiwo-ogunjobi-the-best-man-for-the-nff-job |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shiga Shooting Stars, wanda aka fi sani da WNDC Ibadan a lokacin, a shekarar 1973. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dipo Ogunsola |date=12 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi - 1953 to 2019: Football giant par excellence |url=http://sportingtribune.com/taiwo-ogunjobi-1953-to-2019-football-giant-par-excellence/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=Sporting Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya bar Shooting Stars a shekarar 1975 don yin karatu a Amurka, amma ya dawo a shekarar 1980 kuma aka naɗa shi kyaftin.  A matsayinsa na [[Mai buga baya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]], yana yin hulɗa da [[Ogbein Fawole]] akai-akai.  Ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Afirka ta 1984. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oluwashina Okeleji |date=11 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi: Former Nigeria defender and official dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47199626 |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dipo Ogunsola |date=12 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi - 1953 to 2019: Football giant par excellence |url=http://sportingtribune.com/taiwo-ogunjobi-1953-to-2019-football-giant-par-excellence/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=Sporting Tribune}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDipo_Ogunsola2019&quot;&gt;Dipo Ogunsola (12 February 2019). [http://sportingtribune.com/taiwo-ogunjobi-1953-to-2019-football-giant-par-excellence/ &quot;Taiwo Ogunjobi - 1953 to 2019: Football giant par excellence&quot;]. ''Sporting Tribune''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma wakilci [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]], inda ya fara buga wasa da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|Morocco]] a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta 1984. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oluwashina Okeleji |date=11 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi: Former Nigeria defender and official dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47199626 |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOluwashina_Okeleji2019&quot;&gt;Oluwashina Okeleji (11 February 2019). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47199626 &quot;Taiwo Ogunjobi: Former Nigeria defender and official dies&quot;]. BBC Sport&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin gwamnati ==
Bayan ya yi ritaya, Ogunjobi ya zama mataimakin darakta a Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] . A lokacin da yake can, an nada shi mataimakin Shooting Stars. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dipo Ogunsola |date=12 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi - 1953 to 2019: Football giant par excellence |url=http://sportingtribune.com/taiwo-ogunjobi-1953-to-2019-football-giant-par-excellence/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=Sporting Tribune}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDipo_Ogunsola2019&quot;&gt;Dipo Ogunsola (12 February 2019). [http://sportingtribune.com/taiwo-ogunjobi-1953-to-2019-football-giant-par-excellence/ &quot;Taiwo Ogunjobi - 1953 to 2019: Football giant par excellence&quot;]. ''Sporting Tribune''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama sakataren ƙungiyar kuma daga baya aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa babban manaja. &lt;ref name=&quot;ICIR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi, former football scribe dies |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/taiwo-ogunjobi-former-football-scribe-dies/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=The ICIR}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan lokacin, ya jagoranci nasarar da suka samu a gasar cin kofin CAF ta 1992. &lt;ref name=&quot;NextEdition&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Emeka Obasi |date=15 February 2019 |title=Sports Flakes: Another Taiwo Ogunjobi Departs |url=http://nextedition.com.ng/2019/02/15/sports-flakes-another-taiwo-ogunjobi-departs/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=The Next Edition}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1994, an naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar tilo, yana kula da nasarorin da suka samu a gasar cin kofin [[Nigeria National League|National League]] da Federation Cup a 1995. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot; /&gt; An naɗa shi shugaban Gabros International a 1999, daga baya kuma ya koma Julius Berger, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban manaja na tsawon shekaru biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ICIR&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Shina Oludare&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shina Oludare |date=28 September 2014 |title=Will Taiwo Ogunjobi's experience land him the NFF job? |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4082/comment/2014/09/28/5126534/is-taiwo-ogunjobi-the-best-man-for-the-nff-job |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFShina_Oludare2014&quot;&gt;Shina Oludare (28 September 2014). [https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4082/comment/2014/09/28/5126534/is-taiwo-ogunjobi-the-best-man-for-the-nff-job &quot;Will Taiwo Ogunjobi's experience land him the NFF job?&quot;]. Goal.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ogunjobi ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare-janar na [[Hukumar Kwallon Kafar Najeriya|Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya]] tsakanin 2002 da 2005. Ya ci gaba da rike mukamin shugaban Kwamitin Fasaha na NFF, kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin zartarwa tsakanin 2006 da 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;ICIR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi, former football scribe dies |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/taiwo-ogunjobi-former-football-scribe-dies/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=The ICIR}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.icirnigeria.org/taiwo-ogunjobi-former-football-scribe-dies/ &quot;Taiwo Ogunjobi, former football scribe dies&quot;]. The ICIR. 11 February 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oluwashina Okeleji |date=11 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi: Former Nigeria defender and official dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47199626 |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOluwashina_Okeleji2019&quot;&gt;Oluwashina Okeleji (11 February 2019). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47199626 &quot;Taiwo Ogunjobi: Former Nigeria defender and official dies&quot;]. BBC Sport&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farouk Mohammed |date=11 February 2019 |title=Taiwo Ogunjobi, former NFF Secretary General, dies |url=https://www.okay.ng/taiwo-ogunjobi-former-nff-secretary-general-dies/ |access-date=11 February 2019 |publisher=Okay Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na wakilan NFF a gasar [[FIFA]] tsakanin 2002 da 2010, kuma ya jagoranci wasa a wasanni biyu na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2010.  A shekarar 2012, yana daya daga cikin jami'an NFF hudu da aka kama sakamakon zargin cewa kudi sun bata bayan gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010, kuma a shekarar 2013, an dakatar da shi daga ayyukan kwallon kafa na tsawon shekaru 10 bayan zargin hana [[Olarenwaju Kayode]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 September 2010 |title=Nigeria arrests ex-football heads |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11213606 |access-date=22 February 2019 |publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An wanke shi bayan dukkan abubuwan biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot; /&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Prime United kuma ya jagoranci sauye-sauyen da suka yi zuwa Osun United, kafin ya yi murabus a 2017.  Bayan wani yunƙuri da ya yi a baya a 2014, a watan Satumba na 2018 ya sha kaye a karo na biyu na zama Shugaban NFF. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kunle Solaja |date=11 February 2019 |title=NFF Mourns Astute Administrator, Chief Taiwo Ogunjobi |url=https://www.sportsvillagesquare.com/2019/02/11/nff-mourns-astute-administrator-chief-taiwo-ogunjobi/ |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=Sports Village Square}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Femi Badmus |date=20 September 2018 |title=Amaju Pinnick re-elected as NFF president for second term |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/breaking-news-amaju-pinnick-re-elected-as-nff-president-for/zm7acpy110f21vdjcpozq59h3 |access-date=12 February 2019 |publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta jihar Osun a lokacin rasuwarsa a watan Fabrairu na 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tolu Olasoji |date=11 February 2019 |title=Ex-NFF general secretary Taiwo Ogunjobi passes away |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/ex-nff-general-secretary-taiwo-ogunjobi-passes-away/1rsc7igx736qm1nw3elkum2utk |access-date=12 February 2019 |publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi Ogunjobi a Ilesa a shekarar 1953, cikin dangin Yarabawa . [1] Babban ɗan'uwansa, wanda ake kira Taiwo, ya kasance zakaran ƙasa a tseren mita 400 kuma ya mutu a hatsarin jirgin sama na rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya C-130 a shekarar 1992. Ogunjobi ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Cocin Afirka sannan ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Ibadan, wacce ta ƙware a wasanninta a lokacin ita ce Lam Adesina . [2] [3] Ya ɗauki shekaru huɗu daga aikinsa na ƙwallon ƙafa don yin karatu a Amurka, inda ya ɗauki Injiniyan Yadi a Jami'ar Clemson da ke South Carolina, ta hanyar tallafin karatu na wasanni . [4] [5] Ya haɗu da matarsa - wacce ta ci gaba da aiki a Hukumar Wasanni ta Ƙasa - yayin da yake bugawa Shooting Stars, yana neman aiki a &quot;ranar farko da muka haɗu&quot;. [6] Suna da 'ya'ya biyar. [2] Ya mutu a shekarar 2019, yana da shekaru 65, a Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'a, Ibadan bayan ɗan gajeren rashin lafiya. [7]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fegor Ogude</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354060207|Fegor Ogude]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Fegor Ogude''' MON (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1987) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ko kuma ɗan wasan [[Mai buga baya|baya na tsakiya]] .

== Aikin kulob ==
Ogude ya fara aikinsa na babban matsayi a ƙungiyar [[Warri Wolves F.C.|Warri Wolves]] ta Najeriya, inda ya kasance kyaftin.  

A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2010, ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Vålerenga ta ƙasar Norway. Ƙungiyar ta bi shi a hankali bayan da aka gwada shi a ƙungiyar, a lokacin bazara na 2009. [1] Ya kuma sami tayi daga wasu ƙungiyoyi biyu na ƙasar Norway, amma ya zaɓi Vålerenga Oslo.

A ranar 14 ga Janairun 2014, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragi har zuwa Yunin 2016 ga ƙungiyar Amkar Perm ta Rasha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Первый новичок 2014 года {{!}} Футбольный клуб &quot;АМКАР&quot; Пермь |url=http://fc-amkar.org/news/?id=28507/ |access-date=28 March 2018 |website=fc-amkar.org |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2016, Ogude ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu da Amkar Perm. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2016 |script-title=ru:Полузащитник Фегор Огуде продлил контракт с ФК Амкар на два года |url=http://rsport.ru/football/20160630/965475170.html |access-date=6 December 2016 |website=rsport.ru |publisher=Rsport |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 5 ga Yuli 2018, Ogude ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zuwa Yenisey Krasnoyarsk . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ogude&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 July 2018 |script-title=ru:ОГУДЕ СТАЛ ИГРОКОМ &quot;ЕНИСЕЯ&quot; |url=https://xn----jtbalgbx7av.xn--p1ai/2018/07/05/%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F/ |access-date=5 July 2018 |website=https://фк-енисей.рф |publisher=FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk |language=ru}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan faduwa daga gasar Premier ta Rasha a karshen kakar wasa ta 2018-19, kungiyar ta sallami Ogude. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2019 |script-title=ru:ЕНИСЕЙ ПОКИНУЛИ ДЕСЯТЬ ИГРОКОВ |url=https://xn----jtbalgbx7av.xn--p1ai/2019/06/03/%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%81%d0%b5%d0%b9-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%83%d0%bb%d0%b8-%d0%b4%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%8f%d1%82%d1%8c-%d0%b8%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%be%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b2/ |access-date=4 June 2019 |website=фк-енисей.рф |publisher=FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk |language=ru}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
An zaɓi Ogude a cikin [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya]] a wasan neman gurbin shiga [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|gasar cin kofin Afirka]] da Madagascar . 

An kira shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 23 da Najeriya za ta buga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oluwashina Okeleji |date=10 January 2013 |title=Nations Cup 2013: Nigeria pick six locally-based players |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/20970786 |access-date=10 January 2013 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogude ya lashe [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|gasar cin kofin Afirka]] tare da Najeriya a 2013.

An zaɓe shi a cikin tawagar Najeriya a gasar cin kofin FIFA Confederation Cup ta 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 June 2013 |title=Nigeria to take new-look squad to Confederations Cup |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22827902 |access-date=10 June 2013 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|match played 26 May 2019}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=F.Ogude|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/fengor-ogude/63340/|website=Soccerway/|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=31 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kulob
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kakar wasa
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Gasar League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofin ƙasa
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nahiyar Nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Wani
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
|-
! Sashe
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Vålerenga
| 2010
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Tippeligaen
| 6
| 0
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 6
| 0
|-
| 2011
| 25
| 6
| 1
| 3
| 4
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 30
| 9
|-
| 2012
| 8
| 0
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 8
| 0
|-
| 2013
| 12
| 0
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 12
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 51
! 6
! 1
! 3
! 4
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 56
! 9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | Amkar Perm
| 2013–14
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha
| 9
| 3
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 9
| 3
|-
| 2014–15
| 24
| 1
| 1
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 25
| 1
|-
| 2015–16
| 22
| 0
| 4
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 26
| 0
|-
| 2016–17
| 18
| 0
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 18
| 0
|-
| 2017–18
| 15
| 0
| 2
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 2 {{Efn|Two appearances in relegation play-offs}}
| 0
| 19
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 88
! 4
! 7
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 2
! 0
! 97
! 4
|-
| Yenisey Krasnoyarsk
| 2018–19
| Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha
| 26
| 1
| 2
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 28
| 1
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimillar aiki
! 164
! 11
! 10
! 3
! 4
! 0
! 2
! 0
! 181
! 14
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5455" sha1="tl1il12mrgcedt28p0sq7of78v8r5c0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Fegor Ogude''' MON (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1987) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ko kuma ɗan wasan [[Mai buga baya|baya na tsakiya]] .

== Aikin kulob ==
Ogude ya fara aikinsa na babban matsayi a ƙungiyar [[Warri Wolves F.C.|Warri Wolves]] ta Najeriya, inda ya kasance kyaftin.  

A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2010, ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Vålerenga ta ƙasar Norway. Ƙungiyar ta bi shi a hankali bayan da aka gwada shi a ƙungiyar, a lokacin bazara na 2009. [1] Ya kuma sami tayi daga wasu ƙungiyoyi biyu na ƙasar Norway, amma ya zaɓi Vålerenga Oslo.

A ranar 14 ga Janairun 2014, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragi har zuwa Yunin 2016 ga ƙungiyar Amkar Perm ta Rasha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Первый новичок 2014 года {{!}} Футбольный клуб &quot;АМКАР&quot; Пермь |url=http://fc-amkar.org/news/?id=28507/ |access-date=28 March 2018 |website=fc-amkar.org |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2016, Ogude ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi ta shekaru biyu da Amkar Perm. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2016 |script-title=ru:Полузащитник Фегор Огуде продлил контракт с ФК Амкар на два года |url=http://rsport.ru/football/20160630/965475170.html |access-date=6 December 2016 |website=rsport.ru |publisher=Rsport |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 5 ga Yuli 2018, Ogude ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zuwa Yenisey Krasnoyarsk . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ogude&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 July 2018 |script-title=ru:ОГУДЕ СТАЛ ИГРОКОМ &quot;ЕНИСЕЯ&quot; |url=https://xn----jtbalgbx7av.xn--p1ai/2018/07/05/%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F/ |access-date=5 July 2018 |website=https://фк-енисей.рф |publisher=FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk |language=ru}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan faduwa daga gasar Premier ta Rasha a karshen kakar wasa ta 2018-19, kungiyar ta sallami Ogude. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2019 |script-title=ru:ЕНИСЕЙ ПОКИНУЛИ ДЕСЯТЬ ИГРОКОВ |url=https://xn----jtbalgbx7av.xn--p1ai/2019/06/03/%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%81%d0%b5%d0%b9-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%83%d0%bb%d0%b8-%d0%b4%d0%b5%d1%81%d1%8f%d1%82%d1%8c-%d0%b8%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%be%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b2/ |access-date=4 June 2019 |website=фк-енисей.рф |publisher=FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk |language=ru}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
An zaɓi Ogude a cikin [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya]] a wasan neman gurbin shiga [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|gasar cin kofin Afirka]] da Madagascar . 

An kira shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 23 da Najeriya za ta buga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Oluwashina Okeleji |date=10 January 2013 |title=Nations Cup 2013: Nigeria pick six locally-based players |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/20970786 |access-date=10 January 2013 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogude ya lashe [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|gasar cin kofin Afirka]] tare da Najeriya a 2013.

An zaɓe shi a cikin tawagar Najeriya a gasar cin kofin FIFA Confederation Cup ta 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 June 2013 |title=Nigeria to take new-look squad to Confederations Cup |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22827902 |access-date=10 June 2013 |publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Kulob ===
{{Updated|match played 26 May 2019}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=F.Ogude|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/fengor-ogude/63340/|website=Soccerway/|publisher=Soccerway|access-date=31 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kulob
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kakar wasa
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Gasar League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kofin ƙasa
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nahiyar Nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Wani
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
|-
! Sashe
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
! Manhajoji
! Ƙwallaye
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Vålerenga
| 2010
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Tippeligaen
| 6
| 0
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 6
| 0
|-
| 2011
| 25
| 6
| 1
| 3
| 4
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 30
| 9
|-
| 2012
| 8
| 0
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 8
| 0
|-
| 2013
| 12
| 0
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 12
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 51
! 6
! 1
! 3
! 4
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 56
! 9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | Amkar Perm
| 2013–14
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha
| 9
| 3
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 9
| 3
|-
| 2014–15
| 24
| 1
| 1
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 25
| 1
|-
| 2015–16
| 22
| 0
| 4
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 26
| 0
|-
| 2016–17
| 18
| 0
| 0
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 18
| 0
|-
| 2017–18
| 15
| 0
| 2
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 2 {{Efn|Two appearances in relegation play-offs}}
| 0
| 19
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jimilla
! 88
! 4
! 7
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 2
! 0
! 97
! 4
|-
| Yenisey Krasnoyarsk
| 2018–19
| Gasar Firimiya ta Rasha
| 26
| 1
| 2
| 0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | –
| 28
| 1
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Jimillar aiki
! 164
! 11
! 10
! 3
! 4
! 0
! 2
! 0
! 181
! 14
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>tl1il12mrgcedt28p0sq7of78v8r5c0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ajah Ogechukwu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152122</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839723</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:43:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344593954|Ajah Ogechukwu]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>839723</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1081" sha1="4gb58kz5ji443vsjp4uw3qvgz9hnesp" xml:space="preserve">
'''Wilson Ajah Ogechukwu''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Maris 1972) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda aka san shi a ƙarshe da ya buga wa Gela wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba .

== Sana'a ==
A shekarar 1991, Ogechukwu ya rattaba hannu a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Holland mai suna Roda JC, inda ya buga wasanni 37 a gasar kuma ya zura kwallaye 8 sannan ya ce, &quot;Kocin ba ya faɗin haka. 'Yan wasa ne ke magana koyaushe&quot;. [1] A ranar 8 ga Mayu 1991, ya fara bugawa Roda JC wasa a lokacin da suka sha kashi a hannun Fortuna Sittard da ci 0-2. [2] A ranar 16 ga Agusta 1991, Ogechukwu ya zura kwallaye 2 na farko ga Roda JC a lokacin da suka yi nasara a kan VVV da ci 3-1. [2] A shekarar 1993, ya sanya hannu a VVV a matakin rukuni na biyu na ƙasar Holland. [3] Bayan haka, Ogechukwu ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Holland mai suna Roda JC . [4] Kafin rabin kakar wasa ta 1996-97, ya sanya hannu a Gela a matakin rukuni na uku na ƙasar Italiya. [5]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]</text>
      <sha1>4gb58kz5ji443vsjp4uw3qvgz9hnesp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>839724</id>
      <parentid>839723</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:44:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344593954|Ajah Ogechukwu]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>839724</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1184" sha1="jssurr2qe2jhg62b5hw7sdrkjksk84e" xml:space="preserve">
'''Wilson Ajah Ogechukwu''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Maris 1972) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda aka san shi a ƙarshe da ya buga wa Gela wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba.&lt;ref&gt;Kuper, Simon. Soccer Against the Enemy. p. 112.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ajah Ogechukwu at WorldFootball.net&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A shekarar 1991, Ogechukwu ya rattaba hannu a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Holland mai suna Roda JC, inda ya buga wasanni 37 a gasar kuma ya zura kwallaye 8 sannan ya ce, &quot;Kocin ba ya faɗin haka. 'Yan wasa ne ke magana koyaushe&quot;. [1] A ranar 8 ga Mayu 1991, ya fara bugawa Roda JC wasa a lokacin da suka sha kashi a hannun Fortuna Sittard da ci 0-2. [2] A ranar 16 ga Agusta 1991, Ogechukwu ya zura kwallaye 2 na farko ga Roda JC a lokacin da suka yi nasara a kan VVV da ci 3-1. [2] A shekarar 1993, ya sanya hannu a VVV a matakin rukuni na biyu na ƙasar Holland. [3] Bayan haka, Ogechukwu ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Holland mai suna Roda JC . [4] Kafin rabin kakar wasa ta 1996-97, ya sanya hannu a Gela a matakin rukuni na uku na ƙasar Italiya. [5]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]</text>
      <sha1>jssurr2qe2jhg62b5hw7sdrkjksk84e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>839725</id>
      <parentid>839724</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:44:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>839725</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="h6jmdcwzm58eto05awwo00j4psu1ahr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Wilson Ajah Ogechukwu''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Maris 1972) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda aka san shi a ƙarshe da ya buga wa Gela wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba.&lt;ref&gt;Kuper, Simon. Soccer Against the Enemy. p. 112.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ajah Ogechukwu at WorldFootball.net&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A shekarar 1991, Ogechukwu ya rattaba hannu a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Holland mai suna Roda JC, inda ya buga wasanni 37 a gasar kuma ya zura kwallaye 8 sannan ya ce, &quot;Kocin ba ya faɗin haka. 'Yan wasa ne ke magana koyaushe&quot;. [1] A ranar 8 ga Mayu 1991, ya fara bugawa Roda JC wasa a lokacin da suka sha kashi a hannun Fortuna Sittard da ci 0-2. [2] A ranar 16 ga Agusta 1991, Ogechukwu ya zura kwallaye 2 na farko ga Roda JC a lokacin da suka yi nasara a kan VVV da ci 3-1. [2] A shekarar 1993, ya sanya hannu a VVV a matakin rukuni na biyu na ƙasar Holland. [3] Bayan haka, Ogechukwu ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Holland mai suna Roda JC . [4] Kafin rabin kakar wasa ta 1996-97, ya sanya hannu a Gela a matakin rukuni na uku na ƙasar Italiya. [5]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]</text>
      <sha1>h6jmdcwzm58eto05awwo00j4psu1ahr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anyah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152123</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839726</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:44:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347005154|Anyah]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>839726</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2198" sha1="e9c8rsr0eby9fxeddg6nm90uwvuhgr2" xml:space="preserve">
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;  

'''Tsirimaho Ny Aina Rafenomanantsoa''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1984), wacce aka fi sani da '''Anyah''', 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Malagasy kuma mawaƙiya mai rai wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa tun daga shekarar 2019. Tana wakiltar gundumar ta uku ta [[Antananarivo]], babban birnin ƙasar, a matsayin memba na Young Malagasies Determined .

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Anyah a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1984 a Antananarivo kuma ta girma a wajen birnin, a unguwar Itaosy . Tun tana ƙarama, ta rera waƙoƙin Evangelical a coci. Ta yi karatun tattalin arziki a [[Jami'ar Tsibirin Reunion|Jami'ar Reunion Island]] a cikin sunan Réunion . 

Ta yi nasarar farko a fagen waƙa bayan ta lashe gasar ''Graine de Stars'', wadda ta jawo hankalin mujallar Réunion ''mai suna Star Top TV'' . Mujallar ta nuna ta a cikin murfinta na gaba, duk da cewa an rubuta sunan ta da Anyah. Ta sanya wa [[Mariah Carey]] suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi tasiri a kanta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan buga mujallar, Anyah ta sami goyon bayan mawakiya kuma marubuciya Pana Reeve, wadda ta zama manajarta a lokacin. A shekara ta 2001, ta lashe gasar ''Coup de pouce Mosaïc'' da Universal Music da Crédit Agricole suka shirya a Réunion. 

An fitar da kundin wakokinta na farko, &quot;Henika Fitiavana&quot;, a watan Maris na 2004 a Madagascar. Daga nan ta ci gaba da yin kade-kade da rangadin yawon shakatawa a Turai da Asiya. A shekarar 2007, ta fitar da kundin wakokinta na biyu, &quot;Mankafy&quot;, sannan ta kafa kungiyarta ta soul a Madagascar, wadda ta kunshi matasa masu fasaha da mawaka. 

An zaɓe Anyah a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta Madagascar a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2019 a matsayin wakiliyar Young Malagasies Determined don gundumar ta uku ta Antananarivo. An sake zaɓenta a 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Deputy RAFENOMANANTSOA Tsirimaharo Ny Aina |url=https://balaky.org/deputes/rafenomanantsoa-tsirimaharo-ny-aina/ |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=Balaky |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]</text>
      <sha1>e9c8rsr0eby9fxeddg6nm90uwvuhgr2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>839729</id>
      <parentid>839726</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:45:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>839729</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2211" sha1="rp4xrrmkxlrwb1rq13av51zze7r0nlg" xml:space="preserve">
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;  

{{Databox}}

'''Tsirimaho Ny Aina Rafenomanantsoa''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1984), wacce aka fi sani da '''Anyah''', 'yar siyasa ce ta ƙasar Malagasy kuma mawaƙiya mai rai wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa tun daga shekarar 2019. Tana wakiltar gundumar ta uku ta [[Antananarivo]], babban birnin ƙasar, a matsayin memba na Young Malagasies Determined .

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Anyah a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1984 a Antananarivo kuma ta girma a wajen birnin, a unguwar Itaosy . Tun tana ƙarama, ta rera waƙoƙin Evangelical a coci. Ta yi karatun tattalin arziki a [[Jami'ar Tsibirin Reunion|Jami'ar Reunion Island]] a cikin sunan Réunion . 

Ta yi nasarar farko a fagen waƙa bayan ta lashe gasar ''Graine de Stars'', wadda ta jawo hankalin mujallar Réunion ''mai suna Star Top TV'' . Mujallar ta nuna ta a cikin murfinta na gaba, duk da cewa an rubuta sunan ta da Anyah. Ta sanya wa [[Mariah Carey]] suna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi tasiri a kanta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan buga mujallar, Anyah ta sami goyon bayan mawakiya kuma marubuciya Pana Reeve, wadda ta zama manajarta a lokacin. A shekara ta 2001, ta lashe gasar ''Coup de pouce Mosaïc'' da Universal Music da Crédit Agricole suka shirya a Réunion. 

An fitar da kundin wakokinta na farko, &quot;Henika Fitiavana&quot;, a watan Maris na 2004 a Madagascar. Daga nan ta ci gaba da yin kade-kade da rangadin yawon shakatawa a Turai da Asiya. A shekarar 2007, ta fitar da kundin wakokinta na biyu, &quot;Mankafy&quot;, sannan ta kafa kungiyarta ta soul a Madagascar, wadda ta kunshi matasa masu fasaha da mawaka. 

An zaɓe Anyah a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta Madagascar a zaɓen 'yan majalisa na 2019 a matsayin wakiliyar Young Malagasies Determined don gundumar ta uku ta Antananarivo. An sake zaɓenta a 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Deputy RAFENOMANANTSOA Tsirimaharo Ny Aina |url=https://balaky.org/deputes/rafenomanantsoa-tsirimaharo-ny-aina/ |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=Balaky |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]</text>
      <sha1>rp4xrrmkxlrwb1rq13av51zze7r0nlg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pascal Ojigwe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152124</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839728</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:45:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325464050|Pascal Ojigwe]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>839728</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1413" sha1="01j6yfxgb6t8sslclfvj953e93m6o1n" xml:space="preserve">
'''Pascal Karibe Ojigwe''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1976) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ko kuma [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsaron baya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pascal Ojigwe |url=https://www.kicker.de/pascal-ojigwe/spieler/ |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=Kicker |language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Ojigwe a [[Aba]], Najeriya.

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Aron zuwa 1. FC Köln ===
Ojigwe ya tafi aro daga 1. FC Kaiserslautern zuwa matsayi na biyu a matsayi na 1. FC Köln a kakar wasa ta 1999–2000 2. kakar wasa ta Bundesliga .

=== Bayer Leverkusen ===
Ojigwe ya ƙi komawa ƙungiyar iyayensa, maimakon haka ya koma Bayer 04 Leverkusen, ɗan wasan gasar zakarun Turai, kan kuɗin canja wuri da aka ruwaito ya kai DM miliyan 3.5 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 1.75). [1] [2] A lokacin canja wurin, an yi wata babbar muhawara a bainar jama'a tsakanin manajojin Köln da Leverkusen na wancan lokacin, Johannes Linßen da Reiner Calmund . [3]

== Daraja ==
'''1. FC Kaiserslautern'''

* Bundesliga : 1997–98

'''Bayer Leverkusen'''

* Wanda ya zo na biyu [[UEFA Champions League|a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] : 2001–02
* Gasar Bundesliga ta biyu: 2001–02
* Wanda ya lashe gasar DFB-Pokal : 2001–02

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]]</text>
      <sha1>01j6yfxgb6t8sslclfvj953e93m6o1n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>839730</id>
      <parentid>839728</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:45:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>839730</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1424" sha1="p42gisjk2cg8yh40qo9vwl6ekgr6v7m" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Pascal Karibe Ojigwe''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1976) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] ko kuma [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsaron baya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pascal Ojigwe |url=https://www.kicker.de/pascal-ojigwe/spieler/ |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=Kicker |language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Ojigwe a [[Aba]], Najeriya.

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Aron zuwa 1. FC Köln ===
Ojigwe ya tafi aro daga 1. FC Kaiserslautern zuwa matsayi na biyu a matsayi na 1. FC Köln a kakar wasa ta 1999–2000 2. kakar wasa ta Bundesliga .

=== Bayer Leverkusen ===
Ojigwe ya ƙi komawa ƙungiyar iyayensa, maimakon haka ya koma Bayer 04 Leverkusen, ɗan wasan gasar zakarun Turai, kan kuɗin canja wuri da aka ruwaito ya kai DM miliyan 3.5 (kimanin Yuro miliyan 1.75). [1] [2] A lokacin canja wurin, an yi wata babbar muhawara a bainar jama'a tsakanin manajojin Köln da Leverkusen na wancan lokacin, Johannes Linßen da Reiner Calmund . [3]

== Daraja ==
'''1. FC Kaiserslautern'''

* Bundesliga : 1997–98

'''Bayer Leverkusen'''

* Wanda ya zo na biyu [[UEFA Champions League|a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] : 2001–02
* Gasar Bundesliga ta biyu: 2001–02
* Wanda ya lashe gasar DFB-Pokal : 2001–02

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]]</text>
      <sha1>p42gisjk2cg8yh40qo9vwl6ekgr6v7m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sam Ojebode</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152125</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839731</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:46:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346013163|Sam Ojebode]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>839731</origin>
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'''Samuel Ojebode''' (14 Yuli 1944 – 4 Yuli 2012) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Najeriya.

== Sana'a ==
Ojebode ya buga wa Shooting Stars wasa, inda ya lashe Kofin Zakarun Afirka na 1976 ; ya kuma jagoranci tawagar Najeriya a wasanni uku a Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 1976. [1] Ya buga wasanni hudu na neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA.

Ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2012 sakamakon cutar kansar huhu. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]]</text>
      <sha1>6owupkg1976m04981admab0kz37ne9j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>839732</id>
      <parentid>839731</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:47:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346013163|Sam Ojebode]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>839732</origin>
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      <text bytes="717" sha1="fkw5a8tjhcdn3ta328vmw1kbtliiwrr" xml:space="preserve">
'''Samuel Ojebode''' (14 Yuli 1944 – 4 Yuli 2012) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;NFF mourns Sam Ojebode&quot;. Kick Off. 4 July 2012. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sam Ojebode is dead&quot;. National Daily. Lagos, Nigeria. 5 July 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ojebode ya buga wa Shooting Stars wasa, inda ya lashe Kofin Zakarun Afirka na 1976 ; ya kuma jagoranci tawagar Najeriya a wasanni uku a Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 1976. [1] Ya buga wasanni hudu na neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA.

Ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2012 sakamakon cutar kansar huhu. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]]</text>
      <sha1>fkw5a8tjhcdn3ta328vmw1kbtliiwrr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>839733</id>
      <parentid>839732</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:47:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>839733</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="728" sha1="73x0qcaenjyf3x5c4g222fas2n80r8a" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Samuel Ojebode''' (14 Yuli 1944 – 4 Yuli 2012) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;NFF mourns Sam Ojebode&quot;. Kick Off. 4 July 2012. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sam Ojebode is dead&quot;. National Daily. Lagos, Nigeria. 5 July 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ojebode ya buga wa Shooting Stars wasa, inda ya lashe Kofin Zakarun Afirka na 1976 ; ya kuma jagoranci tawagar Najeriya a wasanni uku a Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 1976. [1] Ya buga wasanni hudu na neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA.

Ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2012 sakamakon cutar kansar huhu. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]]</text>
      <sha1>73x0qcaenjyf3x5c4g222fas2n80r8a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Titus Okere</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152126</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839734</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:48:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1267866784|Titus Okere]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>839734</origin>
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'''Titus Okere''' // ⓘ (22 March 1929 – 14 June 2023) was a Nigerian footballer who was selected as a member of the &quot;U.K. tourists&quot;,{{Sfn|Boer|2003}} a touring team that represented Nigeria in 1949. In the U.K., the team played matches with English amateur clubs and later played an international match against [[Sierra Leone national football team|Sierra Leone]], with Okere scoring one of the goals in a 2–0 victory.{{Sfn|Boer|2003}}

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Okere a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1929 a karamar Hukumar Ngor Okpala da ke Owerri, Jihar Imo . Ya halarci Makarantar Anglican ta St. Cyprian, Port Harcourt, Kwalejin Kasa ta Kalabari da Makarantar Grammar Okrika. A lokacin rangadin kulob din wasanni na Azikiwe, Okere ya burge Azikiwe [1] kuma ya buga wasa na ɗan lokaci a ZAC (Zik's Athletic Club) Port Harcourt kafin ya tafi Legas don shiga Legas Railways. Okere ya yi kyaftin din Railways a shekarar 1948 a lokacin da suka lashe kofuna. Daga nan ya koma Swindon Town FC da ke Burtaniya, amma zamansa a can bai yi nasara ba. Duk da haka, ya jagoranci tawagar Najeriya a wasan da suka yi da Gold Coast a shekarar 1951. [1] Ya zauna a Kent, Ingila a shekarar 1953. [1]

Okere ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2023, yana da shekaru 94. &lt;ref name=&quot;erons&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erons |first=Imhons |date=14 June 2023 |title=From UK Tourists to football immortality: Nigeria's longest-living international player passes away |url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/06/from-uk-tourists-to-football-immortality-nigerias-longest-living-international-player-passes-away.html |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=Soccernet NG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]]</text>
      <sha1>o2ree09j4eczs6wqoswa2b93vbt2rli</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>839735</id>
      <parentid>839734</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:48:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>839735</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1702" sha1="nxurmbup5riq03y63eheuu7npu7bcx6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Titus Okere''' // ⓘ (22 March 1929 – 14 June 2023) was a Nigerian footballer who was selected as a member of the &quot;U.K. tourists&quot;,{{Sfn|Boer|2003}} a touring team that represented Nigeria in 1949. In the U.K., the team played matches with English amateur clubs and later played an international match against [[Sierra Leone national football team|Sierra Leone]], with Okere scoring one of the goals in a 2–0 victory.{{Sfn|Boer|2003}}

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Okere a ranar 22 ga Maris, 1929 a karamar Hukumar Ngor Okpala da ke Owerri, Jihar Imo . Ya halarci Makarantar Anglican ta St. Cyprian, Port Harcourt, Kwalejin Kasa ta Kalabari da Makarantar Grammar Okrika. A lokacin rangadin kulob din wasanni na Azikiwe, Okere ya burge Azikiwe [1] kuma ya buga wasa na ɗan lokaci a ZAC (Zik's Athletic Club) Port Harcourt kafin ya tafi Legas don shiga Legas Railways. Okere ya yi kyaftin din Railways a shekarar 1948 a lokacin da suka lashe kofuna. Daga nan ya koma Swindon Town FC da ke Burtaniya, amma zamansa a can bai yi nasara ba. Duk da haka, ya jagoranci tawagar Najeriya a wasan da suka yi da Gold Coast a shekarar 1951. [1] Ya zauna a Kent, Ingila a shekarar 1953. [1]

Okere ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2023, yana da shekaru 94. &lt;ref name=&quot;erons&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Erons |first=Imhons |date=14 June 2023 |title=From UK Tourists to football immortality: Nigeria's longest-living international player passes away |url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/06/from-uk-tourists-to-football-immortality-nigerias-longest-living-international-player-passes-away.html |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=Soccernet NG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]]</text>
      <sha1>nxurmbup5riq03y63eheuu7npu7bcx6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foley Okenla</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152127</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839736</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:49:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316072456|Foley Okenla]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>839736</origin>
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      <text bytes="732" sha1="iz6weqdtinbs0iz6sempf8slsjp9m2u" xml:space="preserve">
'''Folorunso''' &quot; '''Foley''' &quot; '''Okenla''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1967) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan Najeriya mai ritaya wanda ya buga wasa a Ingila, Belgium da Kanada.

== Sana'a ==
Okenla yana cikin sahun gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Burnley ta Ingila, ba tare da ya buga mata wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ba, kafin ya buga wasanni bakwai a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta uku a Birmingham City ba tare da kwangila ba. [1] Daga baya ya buga wasa a gasar rukuni na biyu ta Belgium a KV Turnhout [2] da kuma gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta American Professional Soccer League a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kanada Montreal Impact . [3]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]]</text>
      <sha1>iz6weqdtinbs0iz6sempf8slsjp9m2u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>839737</id>
      <parentid>839736</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:49:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316072456|Foley Okenla]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>839737</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="940" sha1="gilrpn9m7t3twgkcwmi5dt6seqeyvsc" xml:space="preserve">
'''Folorunso''' &quot; '''Foley''' &quot; '''Okenla''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1967) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan Najeriya mai ritaya wanda ya buga wasa a Ingila, Belgium da Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;Foley Okenla&quot;. ''Barry Hugman's Footballers''. Archived from the original on 8 June 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Player profile&quot;. National-Football-Teams.com. Retrieved 19 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Okenla yana cikin sahun gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Burnley ta Ingila, ba tare da ya buga mata wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ba, kafin ya buga wasanni bakwai a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta uku a Birmingham City ba tare da kwangila ba. [1] Daga baya ya buga wasa a gasar rukuni na biyu ta Belgium a KV Turnhout [2] da kuma gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta American Professional Soccer League a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kanada Montreal Impact . [3]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]]</text>
      <sha1>gilrpn9m7t3twgkcwmi5dt6seqeyvsc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>839738</id>
      <parentid>839737</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T16:50:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>839738</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="951" sha1="1iyub7ur37s1ze1yd8tg65gljbm5y6q" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Folorunso''' &quot; '''Foley''' &quot; '''Okenla''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1967) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan Najeriya mai ritaya wanda ya buga wasa a Ingila, Belgium da Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;Foley Okenla&quot;. ''Barry Hugman's Footballers''. Archived from the original on 8 June 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Player profile&quot;. National-Football-Teams.com. Retrieved 19 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Okenla yana cikin sahun gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Burnley ta Ingila, ba tare da ya buga mata wasa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ba, kafin ya buga wasanni bakwai a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta uku a Birmingham City ba tare da kwangila ba. [1] Daga baya ya buga wasa a gasar rukuni na biyu ta Belgium a KV Turnhout [2] da kuma gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta American Professional Soccer League a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kanada Montreal Impact . [3]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]]</text>
      <sha1>1iyub7ur37s1ze1yd8tg65gljbm5y6q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ola Vincent</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152128</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839778</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T19:12:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Najaatu</username>
        <id>33569</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351349175|Ola Vincent]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>839778</origin>
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'''Olatunde Olabode Vincent''' (16 ga Mayu 1925 - 3 ga Satumba 2012) masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma ma'aikacin banki na Najeriya wanda ya kasance gwamnan [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] daga shekarar 1977 zuwa 1982.

== Haihuwa da ilimi ==
An haifi Vincent a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1925 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya halarci [[Makarantar Nahawu ta CMS, Lagos|CMS Grammar School, Legas]] (1936-1939). Ya yi aiki a matsayin  [[Kungiyar ta Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]] tsakanin shekarar 1942 da 1946, kuma yayi aiki a Ofishin Sakataren Kudi, Legas tsakanin shekarar 1946 da 1956. A shekara ta 1951, ya halarci Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Gudanarwa a Ingila, kuma daga shekarar 1953 zuwa 1956 Vincent ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Manchester. Daga shekarar 1957 zuwa 1960 kuma ya kasance malami na ɗan lokaci a fannin tattalin arziki a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Omoh Gabriel |date=25 March 2008 |title=Vanguard Honours 12 Banking Icons April 18 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200803250273.html |access-date=2 March 2010 |website=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan banki ==
Vincent ya kasance Babban Mataimakin Sakatare a [[Ma'aikatar Kudin Tarayyar Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Najeriya]] (1959-1961) sannan ya koma Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) a matsayin Mataimakin Janar Manajan, ya zama Janar Manaja a CBN daga shekarar 1963 zuwa 1966. Ya kasance Darakta a Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Najeriya (1964-1966). &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Omoh Gabriel |date=25 March 2008 |title=Vanguard Honours 12 Banking Icons April 18 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200803250273.html |access-date=2 March 2010 |website=Vanguard}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOmoh_Gabriel2008&quot;&gt;Omoh Gabriel (25 March 2008). [http://allafrica.com/stories/200803250273.html &quot;Vanguard Honours 12 Banking Icons April 18&quot;]. ''Vanguard''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 March&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An nada Vincent a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Raya Afirka, [[Abidjan]], Côte d'Ivoire (1966-1973). &lt;ref name=&quot;cenbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mr. O. O. Vincent |url=http://www.cenbank.org/aboutCBN/RetiredExecutive.asp?Name=Mr.+O.+O.+Vincent |access-date=2 March 2010 |publisher=Central Bank of Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya koma CBN a Shekarar 1973 a matsayin mai ba da shawara, ya zama Mataimakin Gwamnan bankin a Shekarar 1975 kuma Gwamna daga shekarar 1977 zuwa 1982. An sama Vincent suna Kwamandan Jamhuriyar Tarayya (CFR) a shekarar 1982. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukansa na baya ==
Bayan da Vincent ya yi ritaya daga CBN, a 1983 ya ba da shawarar kafa [[Kamfanin Inshora na Najeriya]] (NDIC), wanda a ka kafar a watan Yunin 1988. NDIC ta bada  hanyar tsaro ga masu ajiya a cikin sabon bangaren banki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Williams Ekanem |date=3 May 2009 |title=Men that Shaped the Central Bank of Nigeria |url=http://businessworldng.com/web/articles/431/1/Men-that-Shaped-the-Central-Bank-of-Nigeria/Page1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004021242/http://businessworldng.com/web/articles/431/1/Men-that-Shaped-the-Central-Bank-of-Nigeria/Page1.html |archive-date=4 October 2010 |access-date=2 March 2010 |website=Business World}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vincent ya jagoranci taron karawa juna sani kan ''Da'a da Kwarewa a Masana'antar Bankin Najeriya'' a watan Agustan shekara ta 1992. A cikin maganganunsa na buɗewa, ya lura cewa bankunan suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsabar kudi da tattalin arzikin bashi na Najeriya, hakan ya mai da su cikin zargi. Ya yarda cewa haɗama wani abu ne da ke haifar da yawan zamba da sauran cin zarafi a cikin masana'antar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 1992 |title=Ethics and Professionalism in the Nigerian Banking Industry |url=http://www.africaleadership.org/PDFs/1992report/Professional%20Seminar%20Series.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007182016/http://www.africaleadership.org/PDFs/1992report/Professional%20Seminar%20Series.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2006 |access-date=2 March 2010 |publisher=Africa Leadership Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake magana a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, Vincent ya soki &quot;kundin tsarin mulki mai cike da kuskuren&quot; wanda tsohon mulkin soja ya gabatar a Shekarar 1999, kuma ya yi kira ga cenje-cenje don &quot;tsayar da ci gaban cin hanci da rashawa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 April 2003 |title=Ola Vincent Wants Flaws in '99 Constitution Amended |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200304281020.html |access-date=2 March 2010 |website=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kasance darektan Masana'anta da Januar Inshora (IGI) a shekara ta 2008, lokacin da ya sami lambar yabo mai daraja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 February 2008 |title=Gowon, Vincent Worthy of Thisday Awards, Says IGI |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200802181122.html |access-date=2 March 2010 |website=ThisDay}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi memba ne na kungiyar tattalin arzikin Najeriya da kuma kungiyar ci gaban kasa da kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;cenbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mr. O. O. Vincent |url=http://www.cenbank.org/aboutCBN/RetiredExecutive.asp?Name=Mr.+O.+O.+Vincent |access-date=2 March 2010 |publisher=Central Bank of Nigeria}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.cenbank.org/aboutCBN/RetiredExecutive.asp?Name=Mr.+O.+O.+Vincent &quot;Mr. O. O. Vincent&quot;]. Central Bank of Nigeria&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 March&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, ya zauna a cikin ritaya a gidansa a tsibirin Victoria, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] tare da Adenike, matarsa na tsawon shekaru 50. A wata hira a watan satumbar shekarar 2009, Vincent ya soki aikin gwamnan CBN da aka nada kwanan nan, [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi]], wanda ya kori manyan shugabannin bankunan biyar da aka ba da izini. Ya ce ya kamata a ba su damar gudanarwa sauraron adalci, kuma ya ji cewa gagarumin mataki wanda ya shafi [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|Hukumar Kula da Laifukan Tattalin Arziki da Kudi]] na iya lalata amincewa da tsarin bankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 2009 |title=Q&amp;A with Ola Vincent, Former CBN Governor |url=http://www.proshareng.com/admin/upload/reports/OlaVincent-Interview200909.pdf |access-date=2 March 2010 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Ola Vincent ya mutu a ranar Litinin, 3 ga watan Satumba 2012 a asibiti. Yana da shekaru 87. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MODESTUS |first=ANAESORONYE |title=Ola Vincent, ex-CBN Governor, Dies at 87 |url=http://www.businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/news/284-breaking-news/43862-ola-vincent-ex-cbn-governor-dies-at-87 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906162757/http://www.businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/news/284-breaking-news/43862-ola-vincent-ex-cbn-governor-dies-at-87 |archive-date=6 September 2012 |access-date=3 September 2012 |publisher=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan littattafai ==

*  
*  
*  

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]]</text>
      <sha1>cgcmq9ovdfbmckrxuhmmq5z8n58lfw9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>839779</id>
      <parentid>839778</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T19:13:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Quinlan83</username>
        <id>13504</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fix</comment>
      <origin>839779</origin>
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      <text bytes="6948" sha1="ia4k7twp65xd0fbxef85k4qgrt6q8h2" xml:space="preserve">'''Olatunde Olabode Vincent''' (16 ga Mayu 1925 - 3 ga Satumba 2012) masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma ma'aikacin banki na Najeriya wanda ya kasance gwamnan [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] daga shekarar 1977 zuwa 1982.

== Haihuwa da ilimi ==
An haifi Vincent a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1925 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Ya halarci [[Makarantar Nahawu ta CMS, Lagos|CMS Grammar School, Legas]] (1936-1939). Ya yi aiki a matsayin  [[Kungiyar ta Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]] tsakanin shekarar 1942 da 1946, kuma yayi aiki a Ofishin Sakataren Kudi, Legas tsakanin shekarar 1946 da 1956. A shekara ta 1951, ya halarci Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Gudanarwa a Ingila, kuma daga shekarar 1953 zuwa 1956 Vincent ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Manchester. Daga shekarar 1957 zuwa 1960 kuma ya kasance malami na ɗan lokaci a fannin tattalin arziki a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Omoh Gabriel |date=25 March 2008 |title=Vanguard Honours 12 Banking Icons April 18 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200803250273.html |access-date=2 March 2010 |website=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan banki ==
Vincent ya kasance Babban Mataimakin Sakatare a [[Ma'aikatar Kudin Tarayyar Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Najeriya]] (1959-1961) sannan ya koma Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) a matsayin Mataimakin Janar Manajan, ya zama Janar Manaja a CBN daga shekarar 1963 zuwa 1966. Ya kasance Darakta a Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Najeriya (1964-1966). &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Omoh Gabriel |date=25 March 2008 |title=Vanguard Honours 12 Banking Icons April 18 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200803250273.html |access-date=2 March 2010 |website=Vanguard}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOmoh_Gabriel2008&quot;&gt;Omoh Gabriel (25 March 2008). [http://allafrica.com/stories/200803250273.html &quot;Vanguard Honours 12 Banking Icons April 18&quot;]. ''Vanguard''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 March&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An nada Vincent a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Raya Afirka, [[Abidjan]], Côte d'Ivoire (1966-1973). &lt;ref name=&quot;cenbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mr. O. O. Vincent |url=http://www.cenbank.org/aboutCBN/RetiredExecutive.asp?Name=Mr.+O.+O.+Vincent |access-date=2 March 2010 |publisher=Central Bank of Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya koma CBN a Shekarar 1973 a matsayin mai ba da shawara, ya zama Mataimakin Gwamnan bankin a Shekarar 1975 kuma Gwamna daga shekarar 1977 zuwa 1982. An sama Vincent suna Kwamandan Jamhuriyar Tarayya (CFR) a shekarar 1982. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyukansa na baya ==
Bayan da Vincent ya yi ritaya daga CBN, a 1983 ya ba da shawarar kafa [[Kamfanin Inshora na Najeriya]] (NDIC), wanda a ka kafar a watan Yunin 1988. NDIC ta bada  hanyar tsaro ga masu ajiya a cikin sabon bangaren banki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Williams Ekanem |date=3 May 2009 |title=Men that Shaped the Central Bank of Nigeria |url=http://businessworldng.com/web/articles/431/1/Men-that-Shaped-the-Central-Bank-of-Nigeria/Page1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004021242/http://businessworldng.com/web/articles/431/1/Men-that-Shaped-the-Central-Bank-of-Nigeria/Page1.html |archive-date=4 October 2010 |access-date=2 March 2010 |website=Business World}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Vincent ya jagoranci taron karawa juna sani kan ''Da'a da Kwarewa a Masana'antar Bankin Najeriya'' a watan Agustan shekara ta 1992. A cikin maganganunsa na buɗewa, ya lura cewa bankunan suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsabar kudi da tattalin arzikin bashi na Najeriya, hakan ya mai da su cikin zargi. Ya yarda cewa haɗama wani abu ne da ke haifar da yawan zamba da sauran cin zarafi a cikin masana'antar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 1992 |title=Ethics and Professionalism in the Nigerian Banking Industry |url=http://www.africaleadership.org/PDFs/1992report/Professional%20Seminar%20Series.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007182016/http://www.africaleadership.org/PDFs/1992report/Professional%20Seminar%20Series.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2006 |access-date=2 March 2010 |publisher=Africa Leadership Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake magana a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, Vincent ya soki &quot;kundin tsarin mulki mai cike da kuskuren&quot; wanda tsohon mulkin soja ya gabatar a Shekarar 1999, kuma ya yi kira ga cenje-cenje don &quot;tsayar da ci gaban cin hanci da rashawa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 April 2003 |title=Ola Vincent Wants Flaws in '99 Constitution Amended |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200304281020.html |access-date=2 March 2010 |website=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kasance darektan Masana'anta da Januar Inshora (IGI) a shekara ta 2008, lokacin da ya sami lambar yabo mai daraja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 February 2008 |title=Gowon, Vincent Worthy of Thisday Awards, Says IGI |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200802181122.html |access-date=2 March 2010 |website=ThisDay}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi memba ne na kungiyar tattalin arzikin Najeriya da kuma kungiyar ci gaban kasa da kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;cenbank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mr. O. O. Vincent |url=http://www.cenbank.org/aboutCBN/RetiredExecutive.asp?Name=Mr.+O.+O.+Vincent |access-date=2 March 2010 |publisher=Central Bank of Nigeria}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.cenbank.org/aboutCBN/RetiredExecutive.asp?Name=Mr.+O.+O.+Vincent &quot;Mr. O. O. Vincent&quot;]. Central Bank of Nigeria&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 March&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, ya zauna a cikin ritaya a gidansa a tsibirin Victoria, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] tare da Adenike, matarsa na tsawon shekaru 50. A wata hira a watan satumbar shekarar 2009, Vincent ya soki aikin gwamnan CBN da aka nada kwanan nan, [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi]], wanda ya kori manyan shugabannin bankunan biyar da aka ba da izini. Ya ce ya kamata a ba su damar gudanarwa sauraron adalci, kuma ya ji cewa gagarumin mataki wanda ya shafi [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|Hukumar Kula da Laifukan Tattalin Arziki da Kudi]] na iya lalata amincewa da tsarin bankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 2009 |title=Q&amp;A with Ola Vincent, Former CBN Governor |url=http://www.proshareng.com/admin/upload/reports/OlaVincent-Interview200909.pdf |access-date=2 March 2010 |website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Ola Vincent ya mutu a ranar Litinin, 3 ga watan Satumba 2012 a asibiti. Yana da shekaru 87. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MODESTUS |first=ANAESORONYE |title=Ola Vincent, ex-CBN Governor, Dies at 87 |url=http://www.businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/news/284-breaking-news/43862-ola-vincent-ex-cbn-governor-dies-at-87 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906162757/http://www.businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/news/284-breaking-news/43862-ola-vincent-ex-cbn-governor-dies-at-87 |archive-date=6 September 2012 |access-date=3 September 2012 |publisher=Business Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan littattafai ==

*  
*  
*  

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]]</text>
      <sha1>ia4k7twp65xd0fbxef85k4qgrt6q8h2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isaac Okoronkwo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152129</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839789</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T19:49:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342419601|Isaac Okoronkwo]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>839789</origin>
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      <text bytes="2531" sha1="fo667ikzaah9v59hqv42045t3qt3ino" xml:space="preserve">
'''Isaac Okoronkwo''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1978) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan tsakiya]] .

== Aikin kulob ==
Okoronkwo ya fara aikinsa a FC Lagos kafin ya koma kulob din Julius Berger na Najeriya. Kulob dinsa na farko a wajen Najeriya ya shafe watanni shida yana wasa a Al-Rayyan da ke Qatar, amma kulob din bai iya ci gaba da rike shi ba, sai ya koma gida a Iwuanyanwu Nationale . Ya shafe kakar wasa daya a can kafin ya sake komawa kasar waje tare da kulob din Moldova Sheriff Tiraspol na tsawon kakar wasa biyu. A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2000, ya sanya hannu a Shakhtar Donetsk da ke Ukraine.

Tare da Shakhtar, ya buga [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] da kuma gasar cin kofin UEFA, sannan ya lashe Kofin Ukrainian a shekarar 2001 da kuma gasar lig a shekarar 2002. Bayan da kwangilarsa ta kare a shekarar 2003, wasu kungiyoyin [[Premier League|Premier]] da Bundesliga kamar Schalke 04 da Borussia Mönchengladbach sun yi kokarin daukarsa. Daga karshe ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara daya da sabuwar kungiyar Premier League Wolverhampton Wanderers . Duk da haka, zaman Okoronkwo a Ingila bai yi nasara ba, domin bai samu damar shiga kungiyar ba har zuwa karshen kakar wasa, wanda a lokacin ne kungiyar ta fuskanci koma baya. Bayan sun sha kashi, an sallami Okoronkwo daga baya ya koma Rasha tare da Alania Vladikavkaz . Alania ta fuskanci matsalolin kudi a shekarar 2005 kuma ya sanya hannu da Moscow a shekarar 2006, nan da nan ya zama muhimmin memba a cikin 'yan wasan farko a sabuwar kungiyarsa. A wannan kakar an zabe shi a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi kowa taka leda a kungiyar, tare da Hector Bracamonte . Ya kasance sanannen ɗan wasa kuma sananne a wasan CM 01-02.

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Okoronkwo ya buga wasanni 25 a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya bayan ya fara bugawa ƙasarsa wasa a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2001, inda ya fafata da Zambia . Ya buga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2002 da 2004 (ya zo na uku a duka biyun) da kuma gasar Olympics ta 2000. Ya kuma buga wasa a kowace minti a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Najeriya ta 2002, inda suka kasa samun nasara a matakin rukuni.

== Daraja ==
'''Najeriya'''

* Gasar Cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta]] zo ta uku: 2004 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Nations Cup 2004 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/04a.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]</text>
      <sha1>fo667ikzaah9v59hqv42045t3qt3ino</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>839790</id>
      <parentid>839789</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T19:49:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>839790</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2542" sha1="mbbzjh0gz4bd4ohd9mdd500uz0ny37s" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Isaac Okoronkwo''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1978) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan tsakiya]] .

== Aikin kulob ==
Okoronkwo ya fara aikinsa a FC Lagos kafin ya koma kulob din Julius Berger na Najeriya. Kulob dinsa na farko a wajen Najeriya ya shafe watanni shida yana wasa a Al-Rayyan da ke Qatar, amma kulob din bai iya ci gaba da rike shi ba, sai ya koma gida a Iwuanyanwu Nationale . Ya shafe kakar wasa daya a can kafin ya sake komawa kasar waje tare da kulob din Moldova Sheriff Tiraspol na tsawon kakar wasa biyu. A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2000, ya sanya hannu a Shakhtar Donetsk da ke Ukraine.

Tare da Shakhtar, ya buga [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] da kuma gasar cin kofin UEFA, sannan ya lashe Kofin Ukrainian a shekarar 2001 da kuma gasar lig a shekarar 2002. Bayan da kwangilarsa ta kare a shekarar 2003, wasu kungiyoyin [[Premier League|Premier]] da Bundesliga kamar Schalke 04 da Borussia Mönchengladbach sun yi kokarin daukarsa. Daga karshe ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara daya da sabuwar kungiyar Premier League Wolverhampton Wanderers . Duk da haka, zaman Okoronkwo a Ingila bai yi nasara ba, domin bai samu damar shiga kungiyar ba har zuwa karshen kakar wasa, wanda a lokacin ne kungiyar ta fuskanci koma baya. Bayan sun sha kashi, an sallami Okoronkwo daga baya ya koma Rasha tare da Alania Vladikavkaz . Alania ta fuskanci matsalolin kudi a shekarar 2005 kuma ya sanya hannu da Moscow a shekarar 2006, nan da nan ya zama muhimmin memba a cikin 'yan wasan farko a sabuwar kungiyarsa. A wannan kakar an zabe shi a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi kowa taka leda a kungiyar, tare da Hector Bracamonte . Ya kasance sanannen ɗan wasa kuma sananne a wasan CM 01-02.

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Okoronkwo ya buga wasanni 25 a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya bayan ya fara bugawa ƙasarsa wasa a ranar 13 ga Janairun 2001, inda ya fafata da Zambia . Ya buga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2002 da 2004 (ya zo na uku a duka biyun) da kuma gasar Olympics ta 2000. Ya kuma buga wasa a kowace minti a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Najeriya ta 2002, inda suka kasa samun nasara a matakin rukuni.

== Daraja ==
'''Najeriya'''

* Gasar Cin [[Gasar cin kofin Afrika|Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta]] zo ta uku: 2004 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Nations Cup 2004 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/04a.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]</text>
      <sha1>mbbzjh0gz4bd4ohd9mdd500uz0ny37s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>James Okwuosa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152130</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839791</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T19:50:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341673619|James Okwuosa]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>839791</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1400" sha1="7bfy7uqmsvsj451g46dr2puycw3m7fn" xml:space="preserve">
'''James Onyekachukwu Okwuosa''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1990) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron]] baya kuma yana jagorantar ƙungiyar Kuching City ta Malaysia Super League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-02 |title=James Okwuosa Kereta Kebal Baharu Kuching City |url=https://makanbola.com/james-okwuosa-kereta-kebal-baharu-kuching-city/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |language=ms-MY}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==
A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2019, Okwuosa ya koma kulob din Qadsia SC na Kuwait.

A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2021, ya koma wata ƙungiyar Kuwait, Al Shabab .

A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2023, Okwuosa ya koma kulob din PDRM na Malaysia Super League .

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Okwuosa ya fara bugawa tawagar Najeriya wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a watan Agustan 2013 a lokacin wasan da suka yi da Afirka ta Kudu a gasar cin kofin Mandela - wasan da Eagles suka ci 2-0. [1] Daga baya ya buga wasa a wasan sada zumunta da Burkina Faso a Kaduna wanda Najeriya ta ci 4-1. A ranar 13 ga Oktoban 2013, ya fafata a wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Emmanuel Emenike a minti na 93 a lokacin wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA da Habasha a Addis Ababa. [2]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>7bfy7uqmsvsj451g46dr2puycw3m7fn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>839792</id>
      <parentid>839791</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T19:50:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>839792</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1411" sha1="qh5hj8tofofsndse3yisp1goatmz48c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''James Onyekachukwu Okwuosa''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1990) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron]] baya kuma yana jagorantar ƙungiyar Kuching City ta Malaysia Super League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-02 |title=James Okwuosa Kereta Kebal Baharu Kuching City |url=https://makanbola.com/james-okwuosa-kereta-kebal-baharu-kuching-city/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |language=ms-MY}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==
A ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2019, Okwuosa ya koma kulob din Qadsia SC na Kuwait.

A ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2021, ya koma wata ƙungiyar Kuwait, Al Shabab .

A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2023, Okwuosa ya koma kulob din PDRM na Malaysia Super League .

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Okwuosa ya fara bugawa tawagar Najeriya wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a watan Agustan 2013 a lokacin wasan da suka yi da Afirka ta Kudu a gasar cin kofin Mandela - wasan da Eagles suka ci 2-0. [1] Daga baya ya buga wasa a wasan sada zumunta da Burkina Faso a Kaduna wanda Najeriya ta ci 4-1. A ranar 13 ga Oktoban 2013, ya fafata a wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Emmanuel Emenike a minti na 93 a lokacin wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA da Habasha a Addis Ababa. [2]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>qh5hj8tofofsndse3yisp1goatmz48c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kelechi Okoye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152131</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839793</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T19:51:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327203566|Kelechi Okoye]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>839793</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1464" sha1="3gcsnh4pwcd5bfyg3173686a1yixf0p" xml:space="preserve">
'''Kelechi Okoye-Ahaneku''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1984) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya, wanda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a Rangdajied United a gasar I-League ta 2 a [[Indiya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A.R Hima sign three players, 2 with I-League experience |url=http://meghalayatimes.info/index.php/54-archive/sports/january-2012/3284-ar-hima-sign-three-players-2-with-i-league-experience |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074928/http://meghalayatimes.info/index.php/54-archive/sports/january-2012/3284-ar-hima-sign-three-players-2-with-i-league-experience |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=3 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Ya kasance Kyaftin na [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Maza ta Najeriya ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da shekara 20 ta Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya wakilci [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Super Eagles]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SLFC profile |url=http://www.shillonglajong.com/slfc-new-midfielder-kelechi-okoye |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716060436/http://www.shillonglajong.com/slfc-new-midfielder-kelechi-okoye |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=29 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ɗan uwansa, Liam Adebayo-Balogun, ya buga wa ƙungiyar PSV Eindhoven 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 wasa. [1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]</text>
      <sha1>3gcsnh4pwcd5bfyg3173686a1yixf0p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>839794</id>
      <parentid>839793</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T19:51:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>839794</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1475" sha1="ix9ebqatfyqxtqxf9y19jz6wcp5indo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Kelechi Okoye-Ahaneku''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1984) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya, wanda ya buga wasa na ƙarshe a Rangdajied United a gasar I-League ta 2 a [[Indiya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A.R Hima sign three players, 2 with I-League experience |url=http://meghalayatimes.info/index.php/54-archive/sports/january-2012/3284-ar-hima-sign-three-players-2-with-i-league-experience |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074928/http://meghalayatimes.info/index.php/54-archive/sports/january-2012/3284-ar-hima-sign-three-players-2-with-i-league-experience |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=3 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Ya kasance Kyaftin na [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Maza ta Najeriya ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa da shekara 20 ta Najeriya]] a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya wakilci [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Super Eagles]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SLFC profile |url=http://www.shillonglajong.com/slfc-new-midfielder-kelechi-okoye |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716060436/http://www.shillonglajong.com/slfc-new-midfielder-kelechi-okoye |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=29 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ɗan uwansa, Liam Adebayo-Balogun, ya buga wa ƙungiyar PSV Eindhoven 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 wasa. [1]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shiga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152132</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-24T20:00:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saa063</username>
        <id>43144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349859366|Login]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Log_in.tif|thumb|Hoton allo na allon shiga na Wikipedia ta Turanci a cikin yanayin hannu]]
A cikin [[Cyber security|Tsaro na kwamfuta]], shiga (ko shiga, sanya hannu, ko sanya hannu) shine tsari wanda mutum ke samun dama shiga [[Komfuta|tsarin kwamfuta]] ko shirin ta hanyar ganewa da tabbatarwa da kansu.Logging out may be performed when the user takes an action, such as entering an appropriate command or clicking on an external link. It can also be done implicitly, such as by the user powering off their workstation, closing a web browser window, leaving a website, or not refreshing a website within a defined period.

A login page may have a return URL parameter, which specifies where to redirect back after logging in or out. For example, it is &lt;code&gt;returnto=&lt;/code&gt; on this site.

In the case of websites that use cookies to track sessions, when the user logs out, session-only cookies from that site will usually be deleted from the user's computer. In addition, the server invalidates any associations with the session, thereby making any session handle in the user's cookie store useless.

Y''a'', takaddun shaida na mai amfani sun ƙunshi sunan mai amfani da kalmar sirri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Detail and definition of ''login'' and ''logging in'' |url=http://www.linfo.org/login_def.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225010620/http://www.linfo.org/login_def.html |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=1 January 2014 |website=[[Linux Foundation|The Linux Information Project]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan takaddun shaida da kansu wani lokacin ana kiransu da '''Shigarwa'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Definition of ''login'' |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/login |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140207023500/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/login |archive-date=7 February 2014 |access-date=8 February 2014 |website=[[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin tsaro na zamani sau da yawa yana buƙatar abu na biyu, kamar [[Email|imel]] ko tabbatar da SMS don ƙarin tsaro. Shigar da zamantakewa yana bawa mai amfani damar amfani da lambar wayar salula ta yanzu ko  shaida na mai amfani daga wani imel ko sabis na sadarwar zamantakewa don shiga ko ƙirƙirar asusun a sabon shafin yanar gizon.

Lokacin da ba a buƙatar samun dama ba, mai amfani zai iya fita, fita, fita ko fita.

== Hanyar da ake bi ==
[[Fayil:Fingerprint_scanner_identification.jpg|left|thumb|Shigar da yatsan hannu, aikace-aikacen tsaro na banki]]
Ana amfani da shigarwa don shigar da takamaiman shafi, shafin yanar gizo, dandamali ko aikace-aikace, wanda masu wucewa ba za su iya gani ba.

Da zarar mai amfani ya shiga, ana iya amfani da alamar shiga don bin diddigin ayyukan da mai amfani ya ɗauka yayin da aka haɗa shi da shafin.

Ana iya yin rajista lokacin da mai amfani ya ɗauki mataki, kamar shigar da umurni mai dacewa ko danna hanyar haɗi ta waje. Hakanan ana iya yin sa a bayyane, kamar ta hanyar mai amfani yana kashe tashar aikinsu, rufe taga na burauzar yanar gizo, barin shafin yanar gizon, ko kuma  sabunta shafin yanar gizon a cikin wani lokaci.

Shafin shiga na iya samun siginar dawowar URL, wanda ke ƙayyade inda za a sake komawa baya bayan shiga ko fita. Misali, shi ne &lt;code&gt;returnto=&lt;/code&gt; a kan wannan shafin.

Game da shafukan yanar gizo da ke amfani da kukis don bin diddigin zaman, lokacin da mai amfani ya fita, kukis kawai na zaman daga wannan shafin za a share su daga kwamfutar mai amfani. Bugu da ƙari, uwar garken ya soke duk wata alaƙa da zaman, don haka ya sa duk wani zaman a cikin kantin kukis na mai amfani ya zama maras amfani.

Wannan fasalin ya zo da amfani idan mai amfani yana amfani da kwamfutar jama'a ko kwamfutar da ke amfani da haɗin mara waya na jama'a. A matsayin kariya ta tsaro, bai kamata mutum ya dogara da hanyoyin da ba a bayyana ba na shiga cikin tsarin, musamman ba a kan kwamfutar jama'a ba; maimakon haka, ya kamata mutum ya fita a bayyane kuma ya jira tabbatar da cewa wannan buƙatar ta faru.

Gudun daga kwamfuta, lokacin da aka bar shi aikin tsaro ne na yau da kullun wanda ke hana masu amfani da ba su da izini daga lalata shi. Wasu mutane sun zaɓi samun mai kare kalmar sirri don kunnawa bayan wani lokaci na rashin aiki, don haka yana buƙatar mai amfani ya sake shigar da takardun shiga don buɗe mai karewa kuma ya sami damar shiga tsarin.

'''Hanyoyin shiga'''

Sun hada da:

* Sanar da hoton
* Binciken yatsunsu
* Binciken ido
* Binciken fuska
* kalmomin shiga (ƙarshe ko rubutu) 

== Tarihi da asalin ==
[[Fayil:IBM_AIX_4_Login_Prompt.jpeg|thumb|IBM AIX Version 4 na'urar shiga cikin sauri]]
Kalmomin &quot;login&quot; da &quot;logon&quot; sun zama ruwan dare tare da tsarin raba lokaci na shekarun 1960 da Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) a cikin shekarun 1970.

Kwamfutocin gida na farko da kwamfutocin mutum ba sa buƙatar su har sai Windows NT, OS/2 da Linux a cikin 1990s.

Kalmar shiga ta fito ne daga aikatau (zuwa) shiga ciki kuma ta hanyar kwatanci tare da aikatau ''zuwa agogo a cikin''.

Tsarin kwamfuta yana riƙe da rikodin damar masu amfani ga tsarin. Kalmar &quot;''log''&quot; ta fito ne daga rajistar guntu wanda aka yi amfani da shi a tarihi don yin rikodin nisan da aka yi tafiya a teku kuma an rubuta shi a cikin rajistar jirgin ruwa ko littafin rajista.

Yin sa hannu yana nufin wannan ra'ayi amma ya dogara ne akan kwatancin sanya hannu da hannu a littafin katako ko Littafin baƙo.

Duk da yake babu wani bambanci da aka amince da shi ''a cikin'' ma'anar tsakanin kalmomin shiga, shiga da shiga, al'ummomin fasaha daban-daban sun fi son ɗaya akan juna - Unix, Novell, Linux, da Apple yawanci suna amfani da shiga, kuma jagorar salon Apple ta ce &quot;Masu amfani da shiga cikin uwar garken fayil (ba shiga cikin)... &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2013 |title=Apple Style Guide |url=https://help.apple.com/asg/mac/2013/ASG_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217214323/https://help.apple.com/asg/mac/2013/ASG_2013.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2015 |access-date=17 May 2015 |website=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |page=96 &amp; 97}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sabanin haka, jagororin salon Microsoft a al'ada sun ba da shawarar akasin haka kuma sun ba da umarni ''a kan'' da kuma rajista.

A baya, [[Microsoft]] ta ajiye shiga don samun damar Intanet,  amma daga Windows 8 zuwa gaba ya koma kalmar shiga don tabbatar da gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sign in to or out of Windows |url=http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/sign-in-out-of-windows |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028180739/http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/sign-in-out-of-windows |archive-date=28 October 2012 |access-date=28 October 2012 |website=[[Microsoft]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 {{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mpho Phalatse</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-24T20:36:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
        <id>45024</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Mpho Phalatse | image =  | office = Magajin garin Johannesburg | term_start = 22 Nuwamba 2021 | term_end = 26 Janairu 2023 | predecessor = Mpho Moerane | successor = Thapelo Amad | birth_name = Mpho Louisa Phalatse | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|11|7}} | birth_place = Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu | party = Democratic Alliance | occupation = Likita, ɗan siyasa | alma_mater = Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University | children = 3 }}  '''Mpho Lo...</comment>
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      <text bytes="4426" sha1="ewit5mghl1fh5kvnksq8di0wn6mdigb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Mpho Phalatse
| image = 
| office = Magajin garin Johannesburg
| term_start = 22 Nuwamba 2021
| term_end = 26 Janairu 2023
| predecessor = Mpho Moerane
| successor = Thapelo Amad
| birth_name = Mpho Louisa Phalatse
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|11|7}}
| birth_place = Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu
| party = Democratic Alliance
| occupation = Likita, ɗan siyasa
| alma_mater = Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University
| children = 3
}}

'''Mpho Louisa Phalatse''' (an haife ta 7 Nuwamba 1977) likita ce kuma 'yar siyasar Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kasance magajiyar garin birnin Johannesburg daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023. Ita ce mace ta farko bakar fata da ta zama magajiyar garin Johannesburg tun bayan kafuwar tsarin mulkin dimokuraɗiyya a Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Single Mom of 3, Doctor Becomes First Black Woman Mayor of Johannesburg |url=https://www.blackwoman.com/2022/05/mpho-phalatse-single-mom-first-black-mayor-johannesburg-south-africa.html |work=Black Woman |date=2022-05-01 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da karatu ==
An haifi Phalatse a Pretoria, inda ta taso a yankunan Hebron da Mabopane. Iyayenta malamai ne, kuma ta yi karatunta na sakandare a shekarar 1994. Da farko ta shiga Jami'ar Witwatersrand domin nazarin Chemical Engineering, amma daga baya ta sauya zuwa karantar likitanci a MEDUNSA, wanda yanzu ake kira Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Get to know Mpho Phalatse |url=https://www.da.org.za/get-to-know-mpho-phalatse |publisher=Democratic Alliance |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kammala karatun likitanci a shekarar 2005 sannan ta yi aikin horaswa a Tembisa Hospital. Daga baya ta yi aiki a asibitoci da cibiyoyin lafiya daban-daban a Gauteng da sauran yankuna na Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Get to know Mpho Phalatse |url=https://www.da.org.za/get-to-know-mpho-phalatse |publisher=Democratic Alliance |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin siyasa ==
Phalatse ta shiga jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance (DA) kuma aka zaɓe ta a matsayin kansila a Johannesburg a shekarar 2016. Bayan haka magajin gari Herman Mashaba ya naɗa ta a matsayin membar kwamitin lafiya da cigaban jama'a na birnin Johannesburg.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=DA's Mpho Phalatse elected new executive mayor of Johannesburg |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/das-mpho-phalatse-elected-new-executive-mayor-of-johannesburg/ |work=SABC News |date=2021-11-22 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba 2021, an zaɓe ta a matsayin magajiyar garin Johannesburg bayan zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi. Ta samu goyon bayan jam'iyyun haɗaka daban-daban a majalisar birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=It's a win for the DA as Mpho Phalatse is elected Joburg mayor |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/its-a-win-for-the-da-as-mpho-phalatse-is-elected-joburg-mayor-20211122 |work=News24 |date=2021-11-22 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin mulkinta, ta mayar da hankali kan inganta samar da ruwa, lantarki da kuma gyaran ayyukan jama'a a Johannesburg. Haka kuma ta yi alƙawarin yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma inganta tsarin kula da kuɗaɗen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Single Mom of 3, Doctor Becomes First Black Woman Mayor of Johannesburg |url=https://www.blackwoman.com/2022/05/mpho-phalatse-single-mom-first-black-mayor-johannesburg-south-africa.html |work=Black Woman |date=2022-05-01 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sai dai gwamnatin haɗakar jam'iyyun da take jagoranta ta fuskanci rikice-rikice na siyasa. A Janairu 2023 an cire ta daga mukaminta bayan ƙuri'ar rashin amincewa da aka gudanar a majalisar birnin Johannesburg.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Johannesburg mayor quits after turbulent 15 months in charge |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2e3cf9e8-9bf4-4dfe-b675-da53ce0a7837 |work=Financial Times |date=2024-08-16 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar kai ==
Mpho Phalatse na da yara uku. Bayan barinta siyasa a shekarar 2023, ta koma cigaba da aikin likitanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Johannesburg mayor quits after turbulent 15 months in charge |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2e3cf9e8-9bf4-4dfe-b675-da53ce0a7837 |work=Financial Times |date=2024-08-16 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:'Yan siyasar Afirka ta Kudu]]
[[Category:Likitocin Afirka ta Kudu]]
[[Category:Haihuwa a 1977]]
[[Category:Mutanen da suke raye]]
[[Category:Matan siyasa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fred Swaniker</title>
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        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
        <id>45024</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name          = Fred Swaniker | image         =  | birth_name    = Frederick Kenneth Swaniker | birth_date    = 1976 | birth_place   = Ghana | nationality   = Ɗan Ghana | education     = [[Macalester College]], [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]] | occupation    = Ɗan kasuwa, malami, mai haɓaka shugabanci | known_for     = Kafa African Leadership Academy da African Leadership University | years_active  = 2000–yanzu }}  '''Fred Swaniker''' ɗan kasuw...</comment>
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      <text bytes="5224" sha1="5lizif0wixni6ph1d08bzmavxkplhwx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = Fred Swaniker
| image         = 
| birth_name    = Frederick Kenneth Swaniker
| birth_date    = 1976
| birth_place   = Ghana
| nationality   = Ɗan Ghana
| education     = [[Macalester College]], [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]]
| occupation    = Ɗan kasuwa, malami, mai haɓaka shugabanci
| known_for     = Kafa African Leadership Academy da African Leadership University
| years_active  = 2000–yanzu
}}

'''Fred Swaniker''' ɗan kasuwa ne kuma masani kan shugabanci daga ƙasar Ghana wanda ya shahara wajen kafa cibiyoyin ilimi da shugabanci a Afirka. Shi ne wanda ya kafa '''African Leadership Academy (ALA)''', '''African Leadership University (ALU)''', da kuma '''African Leadership Group'''. An san shi da ƙoƙarinsa na bunƙasa shugabannin matasa a nahiyar Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fred Swaniker |url=https://www.africanleadershipacademy.org/ala_board/fred-swaniker/ |website=African Leadership Academy |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da karatu ==
An haifi Fred Swaniker a Ghana a shekarar 1976. Mahaifinsa lauya ne kuma alkali, yayin da mahaifiyarsa malama ce. Bayan juyin mulki a Ghana, iyalinsu suka yi rayuwa a ƙasashe daban-daban na Afirka ciki har da Botswana da Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Barret |first=Victoria |title=Fighting Africa's Brain Drain |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/05/23/africa-brain-drain-tech-ebiz-cz_vb_0526africa.html |work=Forbes |date=2008-05-26 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya yi karatun digiri a fannin tattalin arziki a [[Macalester College]] da ke Amurka, sannan ya samu MBA daga [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]], inda aka karrama shi da lambar yabo ta ''Arjay Miller Scholar'' saboda ƙwarewa a karatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fred Swaniker |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/fred-swaniker/ |website=World Economic Forum |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Fred Swaniker ya fara aikinsa a kamfanin ba da shawara na [[McKinsey &amp; Company]]. Yayin da yake Stanford, ya tsara manufar kafa makarantar da za ta horar da shugabannin Afirka na gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An entrepreneurial education for everyone |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/careers/meet-our-people/careers-blog/fred-s |website=McKinsey &amp; Company |date=2016-10-13 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2004 ya haɗa kai da wasu abokan aikinsa wajen kafa '''African Leadership Academy''' a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. Makarantar tana koyar da matasa dabarun shugabanci, kasuwanci, da ilimi na zamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Leadership Academy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Leadership_Academy |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya kafa '''African Leadership University''' mai rassan karatu a Rwanda da Mauritius. Jami’ar tana amfani da tsarin koyarwa na zamani wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan warware matsalolin Afirka da koyon sana’o’i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='It's Time Africa Had Its Own Harvard.' Inside a University Training African Leaders to Solve African Problems |url=https://time.com/5603886/african-leadership-university-mauritius-fred-swaniker/ |work=TIME |date=2019-06-11 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma ya kafa '''ALX''' domin koyar da fasahohin zamani da ƙwarewar aiki ga matasan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Why Fred Swaniker Is All In on Education |url=https://time.com/6333485/fred-swaniker-time100-impact-awards/ |work=TIME |date=2023-11-30 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayi da hangen nesa ==
Fred Swaniker ya bayyana cewa babban ƙalubalen Afirka shi ne rashin shugabanci nagari. Ya yi imanin cewa ilimi da horon shugabanci na iya canza nahiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet The Man Who Is Grooming Africa's Next Generation Of Leaders |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2011/09/07/meet-the-man-who-is-grooming-africas-next-generation-of-leaders/ |work=Forbes |date=2011-09-07 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A jawabinsa na TIME100 Gala, ya ƙarfafa matasa da su “yi abubuwa masu wahala” domin magance manyan matsalolin duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Do Hard Things.' Fred Swaniker Gives Inspirational Toast at 2019 TIME 100 Gala |url=https://time.com/5574441/fred-swaniker-time-100-gala-toast/ |work=TIME |date=2019-04-24 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da karramawa ==
An saka Fred Swaniker cikin jerin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya na mujallar TIME a shekarar 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Fred Swaniker: The 100 Most Influential People of 2019 |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567724/fred-swaniker/ |work=TIME |date=2019 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sannan an zaɓe shi a matsayin:
* TED Fellow
* Young Global Leader na World Economic Forum
* Ɗaya daga cikin matasan Afirka mafi tasiri na Forbes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fred Swaniker |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/fred-swaniker/ |website=World Economic Forum |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
* [https://www.africanleadershipacademy.org/ African Leadership Academy]
* [https://www.alueducation.com/ African Leadership University]

[[Category:Mutanen Ghana]]
[[Category:'Yan kasuwa]]
[[Category:Masu ilimi]]
[[Category:Masu rajin ci gaban Afirka]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5221" sha1="eiau7onba15eoxevbgay9doiqg19n4r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = Fred Swaniker
| image         = 
| birth_name    = Frederick Kenneth Swaniker
| birth_date    = 1976
| birth_place   = Ghana
| nationality   = Ɗan Ghana
| education     = [[Macalester College]], [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]]
| occupation    = Ɗan kasuwa, malami, mai haɓaka shugabanci
| known_for     = Kafa African Leadership Academy da African Leadership University
| years_active  = 2000–yanzu
}}

'''Fred Swaniker''' ɗan kasuwa ne kuma masani kan shugabanci daga ƙasar Ghana wanda ya shahara wajen kafa cibiyoyin ilimi da shugabanci a Afirka. Shi ne wanda ya kafa '''African Leadership Academy (ALA)''', '''African Leadership University (ALU)''', da kuma '''African Leadership Group'''. An san shi da ƙoƙarinsa na bunƙasa shugabannin matasa a nahiyar Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fred Swaniker |url=https://www.africanleadershipacademy.org/ala_board/fred-swaniker/ |website=African Leadership Academy |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da karatu ==
An haifi Fred Swaniker a Ghana a shekarar 1976. Mahaifinsa lauya ne kuma alkali, yayin da mahaifiyarsa malama ce. Bayan juyin mulki a Ghana, iyalinsu suka yi rayuwa a ƙasashe daban-daban na Afirka ciki har da Botswana da Zimbabwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Barret |first=Victoria |title=Fighting Africa's Brain Drain |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/05/23/africa-brain-drain-tech-ebiz-cz_vb_0526africa.html |work=Forbes |date=2008-05-26 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya yi karatun digiri a fannin tattalin arziki a [[Macalester College]] da ke Amurka, sannan ya samu MBA daga [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]], inda aka karrama shi da lambar yabo ta ''Arjay Miller Scholar'' saboda ƙwarewa a karatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fred Swaniker |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/fred-swaniker/ |website=World Economic Forum |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Fred Swaniker ya fara aikinsa a kamfanin ba da shawara na [[McKinsey &amp; Company]]. Yayin da yake Stanford, ya tsara manufar kafa makarantar da za ta horar da shugabannin Afirka na gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An entrepreneurial education for everyone |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/careers/meet-our-people/careers-blog/fred-s |website=McKinsey &amp; Company |date=2016-10-13 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2004 ya haɗa kai da wasu abokan aikinsa wajen kafa '''African Leadership Academy''' a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. Makarantar tana koyar da matasa dabarun shugabanci, kasuwanci, da ilimi na zamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Leadership Academy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Leadership_Academy |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya kafa '''African Leadership University''' mai rassan karatu a Rwanda da Mauritius. Jami’ar tana amfani da tsarin koyarwa na zamani wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan warware matsalolin Afirka da koyon sana’o’i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='It's Time Africa Had Its Own Harvard.' Inside a University Training African Leaders to Solve African Problems |url=https://time.com/5603886/african-leadership-university-mauritius-fred-swaniker/ |work=TIME |date=2019-06-11 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma ya kafa '''ALX''' domin koyar da fasahohin zamani da ƙwarewar aiki ga matasan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Why Fred Swaniker Is All In on Education |url=https://time.com/6333485/fred-swaniker-time100-impact-awards/ |work=TIME |date=2023-11-30 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ra'ayi da hangen nesa ==
Fred Swaniker ya bayyana cewa babban ƙalubalen Afirka shi ne rashin shugabanci nagari. Ya yi imanin cewa ilimi da horon shugabanci na iya canza nahiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet The Man Who Is Grooming Africa's Next Generation Of Leaders |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2011/09/07/meet-the-man-who-is-grooming-africas-next-generation-of-leaders/ |work=Forbes |date=2011-09-07 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A jawabinsa na TIME100 Gala, ya ƙarfafa matasa da su “yi abubuwa masu wahala” domin magance manyan matsalolin duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Do Hard Things.' Fred Swaniker Gives Inspirational Toast at 2019 TIME 100 Gala |url=https://time.com/5574441/fred-swaniker-time-100-gala-toast/ |work=TIME |date=2019-04-24 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da karramawa ==
An saka Fred Swaniker cikin jerin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya na mujallar TIME a shekarar 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Fred Swaniker: The 100 Most Influential People of 2019 |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/5567724/fred-swaniker/ |work=TIME |date=2019 |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sannan an zaɓe shi a matsayin:
* TED Fellow
* Young Global Leader na World Economic Forum
* Ɗaya daga cikin matasan Afirka mafi tasiri na Forbes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fred Swaniker |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/fred-swaniker/ |website=World Economic Forum |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
* [https://www.africanleadershipacademy.org/ African Leadership Academy]
* [https://www.alueducation.com/ African Leadership University]

[[Category:Mutanen Ghana]]
[[Category:'Yan kasuwa]]
[[Category:Masu ilimi]]
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  <page>
    <title>Macky Sall</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Macky Sall | image = Macky Sall 2020.jpg | office = Shugaban ƙasar Senegal na 4 | term_start = 2 Afrilu 2012 | term_end = 2 Afrilu 2024 | predecessor = Abdoulaye Wade | successor = Bassirou Diomaye Faye | office2 = Firayim Ministan Senegal | president2 = Abdoulaye Wade | term_start2 = 21 Afrilu 2004 | term_end2 = 19 Yuni 2007 | predecessor2 = Idrissa Seck | successor2 = Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|12|11}} | birth_...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6209" sha1="8kidjzc77fm8rwo1rnrvocdevby1jwr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Macky Sall
| image = Macky Sall 2020.jpg
| office = Shugaban ƙasar Senegal na 4
| term_start = 2 Afrilu 2012
| term_end = 2 Afrilu 2024
| predecessor = Abdoulaye Wade
| successor = Bassirou Diomaye Faye
| office2 = Firayim Ministan Senegal
| president2 = Abdoulaye Wade
| term_start2 = 21 Afrilu 2004
| term_end2 = 19 Yuni 2007
| predecessor2 = Idrissa Seck
| successor2 = Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|12|11}}
| birth_place = Fatick, Senegal
| nationality = Ɗan Senegal
| party = Alliance for the Republic (APR)
| spouse = Marième Faye Sall
| alma_mater = Cheikh Anta Diop University
| profession = Masanin geology, ɗan siyasa
}}

'''Macky Sall''' ɗan siyasar ƙasar Senegal ne wanda ya kasance shugaban ƙasar Senegal daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2024. Kafin zama shugaban ƙasa, ya riƙe muƙamin firayim minista tsakanin 2004 zuwa 2007 a gwamnatin tsohon shugaban ƙasa Abdoulaye Wade. An san shi da aiwatar da manyan ayyukan raya ƙasa, musamman a fannin ababen more rayuwa da tattalin arziki, duk da cewa gwamnatinsa ta fuskanci suka daga ɓangarorin adawa kan batutuwan dimokuraɗiyya da siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Macky Sall |url=https://www.presidence.sn/fr/presidence/macky-sall/ |website=Présidence du Sénégal |access-date=24 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Senegal’s Macky Sall sworn in as president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/4/2/senegals-macky-sall-sworn-in-as-president |work=Al Jazeera |date=2 Afrilu 2012 |access-date=24 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da karatu ==
An haifi Macky Sall a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1961 a garin Fatick na ƙasar Senegal. Ya yi karatun geology a Jami'ar Cheikh Anta Diop da ke Dakar, inda ya kammala digiri a shekarar 1988. Bayan kammala karatu ya yi aiki a ɓangaren makamashi da albarkatun ƙasa kafin shiga harkokin siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Macky SALL |url=https://www.presidence.sn/fr/presidence/macky-sall/ |website=Présidence du Sénégal |access-date=24 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harkokin siyasa ==
Sall ya fara samun manyan muƙamai a gwamnatin Abdoulaye Wade a farkon shekarun 2000. Ya riƙe muƙamin ministan ma'adinai, makamashi da ruwa, sannan daga baya aka naɗa shi firayim minista a shekarar 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Senegal’s Macky Sall sworn in as president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/4/2/senegals-macky-sall-sworn-in-as-president |work=Al Jazeera |date=2 Afrilu 2012 |access-date=24 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan samun saɓani tsakaninsa da Shugaba Wade, Sall ya bar jam’iyyar Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS) tare da kafa jam’iyyarsa mai suna '''Alliance for the Republic (APR)''' a shekarar 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Macky Sall |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macky_Sall |website=Wikipedia |access-date=24 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shugabancin Senegal ==
A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2012, Macky Sall ya kayar da Abdoulaye Wade a zagaye na biyu na zaɓe kuma aka rantsar da shi a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Senegal’s Macky Sall sworn in as president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/4/2/senegals-macky-sall-sworn-in-as-president |work=Al Jazeera |date=2 Afrilu 2012 |access-date=24 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin mulkinsa, ya ƙaddamar da shirin bunƙasa tattalin arziki mai suna ''Plan Sénégal Émergent'' wanda ya mayar da hankali wajen gina hanyoyi, tashar jirgin sama, layin dogo na zamani, da sabon birni kusa da Dakar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=After 12 years in power, Senegal’s Macky Sall leaves a fragile democracy |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/3/19/after-12-years-in-power-senegals-macky-sall-leaves-a-fragile-democracy |work=Al Jazeera |date=19 Maris 2024 |access-date=24 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sake zaɓensa karo na biyu a shekarar 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Senegal’s Macky Sall starts second term with call for dialogue |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/4/2/senegals-macky-sall-starts-second-term-with-call-for-dialogue |work=Al Jazeera |date=2 Afrilu 2019 |access-date=24 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ce-ce-ku-ce ==
Mulkin Macky Sall ya fuskanci suka daga jam’iyyun adawa da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, musamman kan yadda aka yi mu’amala da jagororin adawa irin su Ousmane Sonko da Khalifa Sall. Haka kuma, jinkirta zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2024 ya jawo zanga-zanga da rikicin siyasa a Senegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Senegal's Sall says his mandate as president will end April 2 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegal-president-sall-april-2-will-be-end-mandate-president-2024-02-22/ |work=Reuters |date=22 Fabrairu 2024 |access-date=24 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Senegal's Postponed Presidential Election: Everything to Know |url=https://time.com/6691788/senegal-postponed-presidential-election-candidates-explainer/ |work=Time |date=2024 |access-date=24 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu suka sun kuma zargi gwamnatinsa da takaita 'yancin siyasa da anfani da shari'a wajen danne abokan hamayya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=After 12 years in power, Senegal’s Macky Sall leaves a fragile democracy |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/3/19/after-12-years-in-power-senegals-macky-sall-leaves-a-fragile-democracy |work=Al Jazeera |date=19 Maris 2024 |access-date=24 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan barin mulki ==
Macky Sall ya miƙa mulki a shekarar 2024 bayan nasarar Bassirou Diomaye Faye a zaɓe. Bayan barin mulki, ya shiga harkokin diflomasiyya na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma an ambace shi cikin masu neman kujerar Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Former Senegalese president Macky Sall's barely concealed ambition to become UN secretary-general |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2025/10/21/former-senegalese-president-macky-sall-s-barely-concealed-ambition-to-become-un-secretary-general_6746620_124.html |work=Le Monde |date=21 Oktoba 2025 |access-date=24 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
* [https://www.presidence.sn/fr/presidence/macky-sall/ Shafin Macky Sall a gidan shugaban ƙasar Senegal]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sall, Macky}}
[[Category:Shugabannin Senegal]]
[[Category:’Yan siyasar Senegal]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
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    <title>Regina Akoth Ombam</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354103996|Regina Akoth Ombam]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Regina Akoth Ombam''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar tattalin arziki ce kuma ƙwararriya a manufofin jama'a a ƙasar Kenya, wacce ita ce babbar sakatare, Ma'aikatar Ciniki ta Jiha, Gwamnatin Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Akoth Ombam |url=https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam |website=unctad}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Woman at the helm: Regina Ombam on purpose, power and politics of presence |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/profiles/regina-ombam-on-purpose-power-and-politics-of-presence-5034046 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Business Daily |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya hosts symposium to unlock trade benefits from China's zero-tariff policy |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20260428/f6c3c99864a14e01954792da3a89fefa/c.html |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=english.news.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Dawan |date=2026-04-28 |title=Kenya and India Sign MoU to Improve Customs Cooperation |url=https://www.dawan.africa/news/kenya-and-india-sign-mou-to-improve-customs-cooperation |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Dawan Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin ilimi ==
Ombam ta fara makaranta a Makarantar Firamare ta Our Lady of Mercy da ke Kamukunji . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wambui |first=Mary |date=2025-10-10 |title=2,000 trees planted in schools on Mazingira Day in Kamukunji |url=https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/climate-change/223881/2000-trees-planted-in-schools-on-mazingira-day-in-kamukunji |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=The Eastleigh Voice |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da digirin farko a fannin Fasaha a fannin [[Ilimin ɗan adam|Ilimin Dan Adam]], digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha a fannin Tattalin Arziki daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar Columbia . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Akoth Ombam |url=https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam |website=unctad}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam &quot;Regina Akoth Ombam&quot;]. ''unctad''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A halin yanzu Ombam tana aiki a matsayin babbar sakatare a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ciniki ta Ma'aikatar Zuba Jari, Ciniki da Masana'antu inda Shugaba [[William Ruto]] ya zaɓe ta a ranar Alhamis, 20 ga Maris, 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=President Ruto reshuffles PSs and envoys |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Mar/200786/president_ruto_reshuffles_pss_and_envoys.aspx |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Hiiraan Online |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a cibiyoyin ƙasa, yanki da na duniya. Ita ce ƙwararriyar mai ba da kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya ta yanki a Sakatariyar [[Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka]] inda ta yi fafutukar samar da kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya mai ɗorewa a faɗin ƙasashe membobinta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wafula |first=David |date=2025-04-05 |title=Akoth Ombam: Why I Left A Sh1 Million Job For PS Position |url=https://kahawatungu.com/akoth-ombam-why-i-left-a-sh1-million-job-for-ps-position/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Kahawatungu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kafa Cibiyar Ba da Kuɗaɗen Lafiya a yankin tare da Ministocin Lafiya da Kuɗi inda suka yi fafutukar ƙara yawan jarin kiwon lafiya a cikin gida a faɗin Afirka. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Darakta ta Zuba Jarin [[Kanjamau|HIV]] a Majalisar Kula da Kanjamau ta Ƙasa (NACC) ta Kenya inda ta tattara albarkatun ƙasa da na gida don yaƙi da [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] a Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Akoth Ombam |url=https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam |website=unctad}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam &quot;Regina Akoth Ombam&quot;]. ''unctad''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ombam ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masana fasaha a sakatariyar Majalisar Gwamnoni a lokacin mulkin mallaka, sannan kuma a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Kwamitin Bitar Fasaha na Asusun Duniya, haka kuma mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Bankin Duniya da Daraktan Gudanarwa na UNAIDS kan Tallafin Kuɗi Mai Dorewa ga Lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Akoth Ombam |url=https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam |website=unctad}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam &quot;Regina Akoth Ombam&quot;]. ''unctad''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi kira ga dukkan gundumomin Kenya da su haɗa kansu su kuma sanya kansu a matsayin injinan ci gaban ciniki da saka hannun jari na Kenya. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Majalisar ministocin Kenya

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.uonbi.ac.ke/news/uon-hosted-african-finance%C2%A0-and-economic-association-afea-2025-annual-conference%C2%A0 Jami'ar Nairobi]
* [https://parliament.go.ke/sites/default/files/2025-04/Hansard%20Report%20-%20Thursday%2C%2010th%20April%202025%20%28P%29.pdf Majalisar Dokokin Kenya]
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{{databox}}'''Regina Akoth Ombam''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar tattalin arziki ce kuma ƙwararriya a manufofin jama'a a ƙasar Kenya, wacce ita ce babbar sakatare, Ma'aikatar Ciniki ta Jiha, Gwamnatin Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Akoth Ombam |url=https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam |website=unctad}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Woman at the helm: Regina Ombam on purpose, power and politics of presence |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/profiles/regina-ombam-on-purpose-power-and-politics-of-presence-5034046 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Business Daily |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya hosts symposium to unlock trade benefits from China's zero-tariff policy |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20260428/f6c3c99864a14e01954792da3a89fefa/c.html |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=english.news.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Dawan |date=2026-04-28 |title=Kenya and India Sign MoU to Improve Customs Cooperation |url=https://www.dawan.africa/news/kenya-and-india-sign-mou-to-improve-customs-cooperation |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Dawan Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin ilimi ==
Ombam ta fara makaranta a Makarantar Firamare ta Our Lady of Mercy da ke Kamukunji . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wambui |first=Mary |date=2025-10-10 |title=2,000 trees planted in schools on Mazingira Day in Kamukunji |url=https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/climate-change/223881/2000-trees-planted-in-schools-on-mazingira-day-in-kamukunji |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=The Eastleigh Voice |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da digirin farko a fannin Fasaha a fannin [[Ilimin ɗan adam|Ilimin Dan Adam]], digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha a fannin Tattalin Arziki daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar Columbia . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Akoth Ombam |url=https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam |website=unctad}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam &quot;Regina Akoth Ombam&quot;]. ''unctad''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A halin yanzu Ombam tana aiki a matsayin babbar sakatare a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ciniki ta Ma'aikatar Zuba Jari, Ciniki da Masana'antu inda Shugaba [[William Ruto]] ya zaɓe ta a ranar Alhamis, 20 ga Maris, 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=President Ruto reshuffles PSs and envoys |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Mar/200786/president_ruto_reshuffles_pss_and_envoys.aspx |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Hiiraan Online |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a cibiyoyin ƙasa, yanki da na duniya. Ita ce ƙwararriyar mai ba da kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya ta yanki a Sakatariyar [[Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka]] inda ta yi fafutukar samar da kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya mai ɗorewa a faɗin ƙasashe membobinta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wafula |first=David |date=2025-04-05 |title=Akoth Ombam: Why I Left A Sh1 Million Job For PS Position |url=https://kahawatungu.com/akoth-ombam-why-i-left-a-sh1-million-job-for-ps-position/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Kahawatungu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kafa Cibiyar Ba da Kuɗaɗen Lafiya a yankin tare da Ministocin Lafiya da Kuɗi inda suka yi fafutukar ƙara yawan jarin kiwon lafiya a cikin gida a faɗin Afirka. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Darakta ta Zuba Jarin [[Kanjamau|HIV]] a Majalisar Kula da Kanjamau ta Ƙasa (NACC) ta Kenya inda ta tattara albarkatun ƙasa da na gida don yaƙi da [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] a Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Akoth Ombam |url=https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam |website=unctad}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam &quot;Regina Akoth Ombam&quot;]. ''unctad''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ombam ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masana fasaha a sakatariyar Majalisar Gwamnoni a lokacin mulkin mallaka, sannan kuma a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Kwamitin Bitar Fasaha na Asusun Duniya, haka kuma mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Bankin Duniya da Daraktan Gudanarwa na UNAIDS kan Tallafin Kuɗi Mai Dorewa ga Lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Akoth Ombam |url=https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam |website=unctad}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam &quot;Regina Akoth Ombam&quot;]. ''unctad''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi kira ga dukkan gundumomin Kenya da su haɗa kansu su kuma sanya kansu a matsayin injinan ci gaban ciniki da saka hannun jari na Kenya. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Majalisar ministocin Kenya

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.uonbi.ac.ke/news/uon-hosted-african-finance%C2%A0-and-economic-association-afea-2025-annual-conference%C2%A0 Jami'ar Nairobi]
* [https://parliament.go.ke/sites/default/files/2025-04/Hansard%20Report%20-%20Thursday%2C%2010th%20April%202025%20%28P%29.pdf Majalisar Dokokin Kenya]
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{{Databox}}

'''Regina Akoth Ombam''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar tattalin arziki ce kuma ƙwararriya a manufofin jama'a a ƙasar Kenya, wacce ita ce babbar sakatare, Ma'aikatar Ciniki ta Jiha, Gwamnatin Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Akoth Ombam |url=https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam |website=unctad}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Woman at the helm: Regina Ombam on purpose, power and politics of presence |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/profiles/regina-ombam-on-purpose-power-and-politics-of-presence-5034046 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Business Daily |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya hosts symposium to unlock trade benefits from China's zero-tariff policy |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20260428/f6c3c99864a14e01954792da3a89fefa/c.html |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=english.news.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Dawan |date=2026-04-28 |title=Kenya and India Sign MoU to Improve Customs Cooperation |url=https://www.dawan.africa/news/kenya-and-india-sign-mou-to-improve-customs-cooperation |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Dawan Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin ilimi ==
Ombam ta fara makaranta a Makarantar Firamare ta Our Lady of Mercy da ke Kamukunji . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wambui |first=Mary |date=2025-10-10 |title=2,000 trees planted in schools on Mazingira Day in Kamukunji |url=https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/climate-change/223881/2000-trees-planted-in-schools-on-mazingira-day-in-kamukunji |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=The Eastleigh Voice |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da digirin farko a fannin Fasaha a fannin [[Ilimin ɗan adam|Ilimin Dan Adam]], digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha a fannin Tattalin Arziki daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a daga Jami'ar Columbia . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Akoth Ombam |url=https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam |website=unctad}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam &quot;Regina Akoth Ombam&quot;]. ''unctad''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A halin yanzu Ombam tana aiki a matsayin babbar sakatare a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ciniki ta Ma'aikatar Zuba Jari, Ciniki da Masana'antu inda Shugaba [[William Ruto]] ya zaɓe ta a ranar Alhamis, 20 ga Maris, 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=President Ruto reshuffles PSs and envoys |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2025/Mar/200786/president_ruto_reshuffles_pss_and_envoys.aspx |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Hiiraan Online |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a cibiyoyin ƙasa, yanki da na duniya. Ita ce ƙwararriyar mai ba da kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya ta yanki a Sakatariyar [[Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka]] inda ta yi fafutukar samar da kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya mai ɗorewa a faɗin ƙasashe membobinta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wafula |first=David |date=2025-04-05 |title=Akoth Ombam: Why I Left A Sh1 Million Job For PS Position |url=https://kahawatungu.com/akoth-ombam-why-i-left-a-sh1-million-job-for-ps-position/ |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Kahawatungu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kafa Cibiyar Ba da Kuɗaɗen Lafiya a yankin tare da Ministocin Lafiya da Kuɗi inda suka yi fafutukar ƙara yawan jarin kiwon lafiya a cikin gida a faɗin Afirka. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Darakta ta Zuba Jarin [[Kanjamau|HIV]] a Majalisar Kula da Kanjamau ta Ƙasa (NACC) ta Kenya inda ta tattara albarkatun ƙasa da na gida don yaƙi da [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] a Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Akoth Ombam |url=https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam |website=unctad}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam &quot;Regina Akoth Ombam&quot;]. ''unctad''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ombam ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masana fasaha a sakatariyar Majalisar Gwamnoni a lokacin mulkin mallaka, sannan kuma a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Kwamitin Bitar Fasaha na Asusun Duniya, haka kuma mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Bankin Duniya da Daraktan Gudanarwa na UNAIDS kan Tallafin Kuɗi Mai Dorewa ga Lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Regina Akoth Ombam |url=https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam |website=unctad}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://unctad.org/speaker/regina-akoth-ombam &quot;Regina Akoth Ombam&quot;]. ''unctad''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi kira ga dukkan gundumomin Kenya da su haɗa kansu su kuma sanya kansu a matsayin injinan ci gaban ciniki da saka hannun jari na Kenya. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Majalisar ministocin Kenya

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.uonbi.ac.ke/news/uon-hosted-african-finance%C2%A0-and-economic-association-afea-2025-annual-conference%C2%A0 Jami'ar Nairobi]
* [https://parliament.go.ke/sites/default/files/2025-04/Hansard%20Report%20-%20Thursday%2C%2010th%20April%202025%20%28P%29.pdf Majalisar Dokokin Kenya]
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  <page>
    <title>Strive Masiyiwa</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi:    {{Infobox person  | name = Strive Masiyiwa | image = Strive Masiyiwa 2019.jpg | caption = Strive Masiyiwa a shekarar 2019 | birth_name = Strive Tawanda Masiyiwa | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|1|29}} | birth_place = Zimbabwe | nationality = Zimbabwean | occupation = Ɗan kasuwa, mai saka jari, mai taimakon jama'a | education = Jami'ar Wales | known_for = Kafa kamfanin Econet Global da Cassava Technologies | spouse = Tsitsi Masiyiwa | children = 6 }}  '''Strive Tawan...</comment>
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 {{Infobox person

| name = Strive Masiyiwa
| image = Strive Masiyiwa 2019.jpg
| caption = Strive Masiyiwa a shekarar 2019
| birth_name = Strive Tawanda Masiyiwa
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|1|29}}
| birth_place = Zimbabwe
| nationality = Zimbabwean
| occupation = Ɗan kasuwa, mai saka jari, mai taimakon jama'a
| education = Jami'ar Wales
| known_for = Kafa kamfanin Econet Global da Cassava Technologies
| spouse = Tsitsi Masiyiwa
| children = 6
}}

'''Strive Tawanda Masiyiwa''' (an haife shi ranar 29 ga Janairu, 1961) ɗan kasuwa ne daga ƙasar Zimbabwe, mai saka jari kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kamfanonin fasaha da sadarwa na '''Econet Global''' da '''Cassava Technologies'''. Ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin fitattun attajiran Afirka da suka yi tasiri a harkar sadarwa da fasahar zamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Strive Masiyiwa |url=[https://www.weforum.org/people/strive-masiyiwa/](https://www.weforum.org/people/strive-masiyiwa/) |publisher=World Economic Forum |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Masiyiwa a Zimbabwe a shekarar 1961. Yana ƙarami iyalinsa suka koma ƙasar Scotland saboda rikicin siyasa da ake fama da shi a lokacin mulkin Rhodesia. Daga baya ya yi karatun injiniyan lantarki a Jami'ar Wales inda ya kammala digirinsa a shekarar 1983.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Strive Masiyiwa – Board Member |url=[https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/leadership/strive-masiyiwa](https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/leadership/strive-masiyiwa) |publisher=Gates Foundation |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harkokin kasuwanci ==
Bayan ya dawo Zimbabwe, Masiyiwa ya yi aiki a kamfanin sadarwa na gwamnati kafin ya fara harkokin kasuwancinsa. A shekarun 1990 ya shiga doguwar takaddama da gwamnatin Zimbabwe domin samun lasisin kafa kamfanin sadarwar wayar hannu. Bayan shekaru na shari'a, ya samu damar kafa '''Econet Wireless''', wanda daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin sadarwa a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Strive Masiyiwa |url=[https://www.econetafrica.com/strive-masiyiwa](https://www.econetafrica.com/strive-masiyiwa) |publisher=Econet Global |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masiyiwa ya faɗaɗa kasuwancinsa zuwa ƙasashe da dama ciki har da Botswana, Najeriya, New Zealand da ƙasashen Turai. Daga cikin manyan ayyukansa akwai '''Liquid Intelligent Technologies''', wanda ke da ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin fiber optic a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Strive Masiyiwa |url=[https://liquid.tech/about-us/our_team/strive-masiyiwa/](https://liquid.tech/about-us/our_team/strive-masiyiwa/) |publisher=Liquid Intelligent Technologies |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021 ya haɗa wasu daga cikin kamfanoninsa ƙarƙashin '''Cassava Technologies''', kamfani da ya mayar da hankali kan cibiyoyin bayanai, fasahar AI, tsaro ta yanar gizo da kuma ayyukan girgije (cloud services).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Founder and Executive Chairman at Cassava Technologies |url=[https://theorg.com/org/cassava-technologies/org-chart/strive-masiyiwa](https://theorg.com/org/cassava-technologies/org-chart/strive-masiyiwa) |publisher=The Org |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan taimakon jama'a ==
Masiyiwa da matarsa Tsitsi Masiyiwa sun kafa '''Higherlife Foundation''', gidauniya da ta tallafa wa dubban yara marasa galihu da marayu a fannin ilimi a faɗin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Strive Masiyiwa |url=[https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/leadership/strive-masiyiwa](https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/leadership/strive-masiyiwa) |publisher=Gates Foundation |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma taka rawa wajen yaƙi da cututtuka kamar Ebola da COVID-19, inda Tarayyar Afirka ta naɗa shi a matsayin wakili na musamman domin taimakawa wajen samar da kayan lafiya da rigakafi a nahiyar Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Strive Masiyiwa – Board Member |url=[https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/leadership/strive-masiyiwa](https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/leadership/strive-masiyiwa) |publisher=Gates Foundation |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mukamai da lambobin yabo ==
Masiyiwa ya kasance memba a kwamitocin manyan ƙungiyoyi da kamfanoni ciki har da:

* Netflix
* Gates Foundation
* National Geographic Society
* Bank of America Advisory Council

Ya samu lambobin yabo da digirin girmamawa daga jami'o'i daban-daban saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen bunƙasa fasaha da taimakon jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Strive Masiyiwa |url=[https://www.weforum.org/people/strive-masiyiwa/](https://www.weforum.org/people/strive-masiyiwa/) |publisher=World Economic Forum |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dukiya ==
An bayyana Masiyiwa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin attajiran Afirka. Mujallar ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta dukiyarsa da biliyoyin daloli saboda hannun jarinsa a harkokin sadarwa da fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=How Strive Masiyiwa built a telecom empire in Africa |work=The Guardian |url=[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/aug/18/econet-wireless-strive-masiyiwa-africa-cashless-society](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/aug/18/econet-wireless-strive-masiyiwa-africa-cashless-society) |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==

* [[https://www.econetafrica.com/strive-masiyiwa](https://www.econetafrica.com/strive-masiyiwa) Shafin Econet Global]
* [[https://www.weforum.org/people/strive-masiyiwa](https://www.weforum.org/people/strive-masiyiwa) World Economic Forum Profile]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Elia Béatrice Assoumacou</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/234919130|Elia Béatrice Assoumacou]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5105" sha1="9vr9eo40lu2q56fpu57um8d2j13296n" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Biographie2}}'''Elia Béatrice Assoumacou''' [[Jami'a|malami]] ne kuma [[ɗan siyasa]] [[Madagaskar|a Malagasy]] .

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Elia Béatrice Assoumacou, cikakkiyar Farfesa, masanin zamantakewa da ɗan adam kuma ƙwararriya a fannin Ilimi, Horar da Manyan Mutane da Jinsi, tana koyarwa a Jami'ar Mahajanga &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elia Béatrice Assoumacou : Livres, Biographie, Livres Audio, Bibliographie... - La Boutique Africavivre |url=https://www.laboutiqueafricavivre.com/s/24040/elia-beatrice-assoumacou |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=www.laboutiqueafricavivre.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; . A ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2020, ta karɓi ragamar shugabancin Ma'aikatar Ilimi Mai Girma da Binciken Kimiyya ta Malagasy bayan sake fasalin Gwamnatin Ntsay tun daga29 janvier 2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nouveau remaniement ministériel à Madagascar, un an après l’élection d’Andry Rajoelina – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/888886/politique/nouveau-remaniement-ministeriel-a-madagascar-un-an-apres-lelection-dandry-rajoelina/ |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Redaction Midi |date=2020-01-30 |title=Équipe gouvernementale : 40% de femmes ministres |url=https://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/politique/2020/01/30/equipe-gouvernementale-40-de-femmes-ministres/ |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=Midi Madagasikara |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-24 |title=Corruption au Mesrs : la ministre Béatrice A. dément {{!}} NewsMada |url=https://newsmada.com/2020/12/24/corruption-au-mesrs-la-ministre-beatrice-a-dement/ |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=newsmada.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Membres du Gouvernement {{!}} Primature |url=https://www.primature.gov.mg/index.php/gouvernement/membres-du-gouvernement/ |access-date=2022-01-21 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madagascar : 32 ministres nommés dont 22 arrivants |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/reunion/madagascar-le-nouveau-gouvernement-comprend-22-nouveaux-ministres-et-10-reconduits-1081165.html |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=Réunion la 1ère |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta zama mace Musulma ta farko 'yar ƙasar Madagascar da ta riƙe wannan matsayi, inda ta maye gurbin Blanche Nirina Richard &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique à Madagascar |url=http://www.mesupres.gov.mg/?Elia-Beatrice-ASSOUMACOU-prend-du-service |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=www.mesupres.gov.mg}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ta ba da gudummawa ga horar da ɗalibai da yawa da kuma yin bincike tun daga shekarar 2008 a Faculty of Law, Management, Economics, and Sociology of the University of Antananarivo kafin ta ƙirƙiri Cibiyar Harsuna da Wayewa a Jami'ar Mahajanga a shekarar 2011. Ta kuma jagoranci wannan Cibiyar, inda ta kafa ƙungiya mai fannoni daban-daban don haɓaka Ilimi Mai Girma da Bincike. Ta ci gaba da zama a matsayin shugabar Ma'aikatar Ilimi Mai Girma da Binciken Kimiyya a Madagascar dagajanvier 2020 yana dajanvier 2024 A wannan lokacin, ta aiwatar da sauye-sauye da dama kuma ta mai da hankali kan haɓaka ilimi mai zurfi ta hanyar kafa manufar buɗewa da jagoranci mai laushi don haɓaka zaman lafiya a zamantakewa. Tsakanin watan Mayu da [wata da ya rage]août 2020 An naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Ilimi ta Ƙasa, Ilimin Fasaha da Horar da Sana'o'i, kuma a shekarar 2003, ta kasance memba a gwamnatin jami'a. A halin yanzu, ita ce Shugabar Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Zamantakewa da Bil Adama kuma Daraktar Makarantar Digiri na Biyu ta Injiniya da Tsarin Zane-zane ta Jami'ar Mahajanga.mars 2025 An zaɓe ta a matsayin Daraktar Makarantar Digiri na uku ta Injiniya da Tsarin Zane-zane ta Jami'ar Mahajanga.

An haife ta a cikin dangin sarautar Sakalava na Ambato Boeny, ga mahaifinta wanda malami ne kuma uwa ce mai ungozoma, ta halarci Makarantar Notre-Dame da ke Mahajanga kuma ta sami digirinta na farko a shekarar farko ta makarantar sakandare a 1998. Daga 2002 zuwa 2010 ta yi karatun ilimin zamantakewa a Faculty of Law, Economics, Management and Sociology a Jami'ar Antananarivo, inda ta sami digirinta na uku a fannin ilimin zamantakewa; daga 2008-2009, ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Horar da Malamai Masu Girma ta Fianarantsoa kuma ta sami difloma ta gaba a fannin Ilimin Manya da Horar da Manya, kafin ta ci gaba da karatun digirinta na uku a Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Duniya da ke Lausanne, Switzerland da kuma horo kan Jinsi da Hulɗar Jinsi da Zamantakewa ta Jima'i a Jami'ar Rennes 2, Faransa. A shekarar 2019, ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin nazarin zamantakewa da zamantakewa (HDR) a Jami'ar Mahajanga, inda ta sake tsara matsayinta, sannan ta zama Farfesa mafi karancin shekaru a fannin ilimin zamantakewa da ilmin dan Adam a Madagascar.

A shekarar 2023, bayan sake tsara wasu matsayi, ta zama mace ta farko kuma musulma tilo da ke da matsayin cikakken farfesa a Madagascar.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
{{Liens}}{{Portail|politique|Madagascar}}</text>
      <sha1>9vr9eo40lu2q56fpu57um8d2j13296n</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>839842</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>839842</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5120" sha1="akkqpnq0pg2iw88jgtwnrnlt4ngdu6v" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Biographie2}}

{{Databox}}

'''Elia Béatrice Assoumacou''' [[Jami'a|malami]] ne kuma [[ɗan siyasa]] [[Madagaskar|a Malagasy]] .

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Elia Béatrice Assoumacou, cikakkiyar Farfesa, masanin zamantakewa da ɗan adam kuma ƙwararriya a fannin Ilimi, Horar da Manyan Mutane da Jinsi, tana koyarwa a Jami'ar Mahajanga &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Elia Béatrice Assoumacou : Livres, Biographie, Livres Audio, Bibliographie... - La Boutique Africavivre |url=https://www.laboutiqueafricavivre.com/s/24040/elia-beatrice-assoumacou |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=www.laboutiqueafricavivre.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; . A ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2020, ta karɓi ragamar shugabancin Ma'aikatar Ilimi Mai Girma da Binciken Kimiyya ta Malagasy bayan sake fasalin Gwamnatin Ntsay tun daga29 janvier 2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nouveau remaniement ministériel à Madagascar, un an après l’élection d’Andry Rajoelina – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/888886/politique/nouveau-remaniement-ministeriel-a-madagascar-un-an-apres-lelection-dandry-rajoelina/ |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madagasikara |first=Redaction Midi |date=2020-01-30 |title=Équipe gouvernementale : 40% de femmes ministres |url=https://www.midi-madagasikara.mg/politique/2020/01/30/equipe-gouvernementale-40-de-femmes-ministres/ |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=Midi Madagasikara |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-24 |title=Corruption au Mesrs : la ministre Béatrice A. dément {{!}} NewsMada |url=https://newsmada.com/2020/12/24/corruption-au-mesrs-la-ministre-beatrice-a-dement/ |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=newsmada.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Membres du Gouvernement {{!}} Primature |url=https://www.primature.gov.mg/index.php/gouvernement/membres-du-gouvernement/ |access-date=2022-01-21 |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madagascar : 32 ministres nommés dont 22 arrivants |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/reunion/madagascar-le-nouveau-gouvernement-comprend-22-nouveaux-ministres-et-10-reconduits-1081165.html |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=Réunion la 1ère |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta zama mace Musulma ta farko 'yar ƙasar Madagascar da ta riƙe wannan matsayi, inda ta maye gurbin Blanche Nirina Richard &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique à Madagascar |url=http://www.mesupres.gov.mg/?Elia-Beatrice-ASSOUMACOU-prend-du-service |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=www.mesupres.gov.mg}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ta ba da gudummawa ga horar da ɗalibai da yawa da kuma yin bincike tun daga shekarar 2008 a Faculty of Law, Management, Economics, and Sociology of the University of Antananarivo kafin ta ƙirƙiri Cibiyar Harsuna da Wayewa a Jami'ar Mahajanga a shekarar 2011. Ta kuma jagoranci wannan Cibiyar, inda ta kafa ƙungiya mai fannoni daban-daban don haɓaka Ilimi Mai Girma da Bincike. Ta ci gaba da zama a matsayin shugabar Ma'aikatar Ilimi Mai Girma da Binciken Kimiyya a Madagascar dagajanvier 2020 yana dajanvier 2024 A wannan lokacin, ta aiwatar da sauye-sauye da dama kuma ta mai da hankali kan haɓaka ilimi mai zurfi ta hanyar kafa manufar buɗewa da jagoranci mai laushi don haɓaka zaman lafiya a zamantakewa. Tsakanin watan Mayu da [wata da ya rage]août 2020 An naɗa ta a matsayin Ministar Ilimi ta Ƙasa, Ilimin Fasaha da Horar da Sana'o'i, kuma a shekarar 2003, ta kasance memba a gwamnatin jami'a. A halin yanzu, ita ce Shugabar Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Zamantakewa da Bil Adama kuma Daraktar Makarantar Digiri na Biyu ta Injiniya da Tsarin Zane-zane ta Jami'ar Mahajanga.mars 2025 An zaɓe ta a matsayin Daraktar Makarantar Digiri na uku ta Injiniya da Tsarin Zane-zane ta Jami'ar Mahajanga.

An haife ta a cikin dangin sarautar Sakalava na Ambato Boeny, ga mahaifinta wanda malami ne kuma uwa ce mai ungozoma, ta halarci Makarantar Notre-Dame da ke Mahajanga kuma ta sami digirinta na farko a shekarar farko ta makarantar sakandare a 1998. Daga 2002 zuwa 2010 ta yi karatun ilimin zamantakewa a Faculty of Law, Economics, Management and Sociology a Jami'ar Antananarivo, inda ta sami digirinta na uku a fannin ilimin zamantakewa; daga 2008-2009, ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Horar da Malamai Masu Girma ta Fianarantsoa kuma ta sami difloma ta gaba a fannin Ilimin Manya da Horar da Manya, kafin ta ci gaba da karatun digirinta na uku a Ƙungiyar Masana Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Duniya da ke Lausanne, Switzerland da kuma horo kan Jinsi da Hulɗar Jinsi da Zamantakewa ta Jima'i a Jami'ar Rennes 2, Faransa. A shekarar 2019, ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin nazarin zamantakewa da zamantakewa (HDR) a Jami'ar Mahajanga, inda ta sake tsara matsayinta, sannan ta zama Farfesa mafi karancin shekaru a fannin ilimin zamantakewa da ilmin dan Adam a Madagascar.

A shekarar 2023, bayan sake tsara wasu matsayi, ta zama mace ta farko kuma musulma tilo da ke da matsayin cikakken farfesa a Madagascar.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
{{Liens}}{{Portail|politique|Madagascar}}</text>
      <sha1>akkqpnq0pg2iw88jgtwnrnlt4ngdu6v</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Rukuni:Masu rajin cigaban Afirka</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>839843</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:16:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Em-mustapha</username>
        <id>6594</id>
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      <comment>+ruk</comment>
      <origin>839843</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18" sha1="jkcpusd5f5su4mw27izeifz50pwpnin" xml:space="preserve">Rukuni a Wikipedia</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Shizaa88</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152140</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839845</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:23:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839845</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1187" sha1="sw558yh2kpto3cyya1qkz1g22nocr5x" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shizaa88! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shizaa88|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>sw558yh2kpto3cyya1qkz1g22nocr5x</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Chocquelaacar</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152141</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839846</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:23:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839846</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="0zhd4kf3wp0h5tyyrf4h26cq4u833ml" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Chocquelaacar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Chocquelaacar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0zhd4kf3wp0h5tyyrf4h26cq4u833ml</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Quentin Joachim Boyer</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152142</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839847</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:23:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839847</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1213" sha1="qooosyvvh4i9x1kyv13uz0u9xv4jeqg" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Quentin Joachim Boyer! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Quentin Joachim Boyer|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qooosyvvh4i9x1kyv13uz0u9xv4jeqg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Horchatamivida</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152143</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839848</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:23:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839848</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="5lxln9loee0yt21tby36tpe9soj6spg" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Horchatamivida! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Horchatamivida|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>5lxln9loee0yt21tby36tpe9soj6spg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Петя Саня и детское такси (Маньяк)</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152144</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839849</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:23:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839849</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1293" sha1="bd8csogmc7p56n8cnpmr4qdq6xeolbz" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Петя Саня и детское такси (Маньяк)! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Петя Саня и детское такси (Маньяк)|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>bd8csogmc7p56n8cnpmr4qdq6xeolbz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Trollmärchen</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152145</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839850</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:24:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839850</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="c3uvl3766z0qq01eichpkz368tsaj3q" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Trollmärchen! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Trollmärchen|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>c3uvl3766z0qq01eichpkz368tsaj3q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Prosperosuagwu</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152146</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839851</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:24:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839851</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="2xpl6k9b1rw1crai0ea7knmtbsnz590" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Prosperosuagwu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Prosperosuagwu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2xpl6k9b1rw1crai0ea7knmtbsnz590</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:RPetay</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152147</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839852</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:24:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839852</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1183" sha1="52mq8r9riljvryggbb5i4q9ctki09xy" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, RPetay! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/RPetay|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>52mq8r9riljvryggbb5i4q9ctki09xy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:NDA1997</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152148</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839853</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:24:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1185" sha1="b8whow6qk9wbu76fd5ok0qnljwll5s0" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, NDA1997! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/NDA1997|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>b8whow6qk9wbu76fd5ok0qnljwll5s0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:X-Wu-Z</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152149</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839854</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:24:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839854</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1183" sha1="imfhse5jlorhcdo4f8fn6mv4zx3wloe" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, X-Wu-Z! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/X-Wu-Z|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>imfhse5jlorhcdo4f8fn6mv4zx3wloe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Pittjentium</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152150</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839855</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:24:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839855</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="rhodwz1a6kd8f1mbiqtfb3jm47992cu" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pittjentium! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pittjentium|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>rhodwz1a6kd8f1mbiqtfb3jm47992cu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:أوس</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152151</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839856</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:25:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839856</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1183" sha1="r1x2xtxl8j3wy6bwspn6iij20m4kije" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, أوس! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/أوس|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>r1x2xtxl8j3wy6bwspn6iij20m4kije</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:ZhmoeDodoing</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152152</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839857</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:25:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839857</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="0lj8k6kkj7xrmapf0ttg5ecot00svrp" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ZhmoeDodoing! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ZhmoeDodoing|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0lj8k6kkj7xrmapf0ttg5ecot00svrp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Kudakwashenhema</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152153</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839858</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:25:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839858</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1201" sha1="7cur1o71p5wpgmu35j2fg7l012zz8sw" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kudakwashenhema! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kudakwashenhema|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7cur1o71p5wpgmu35j2fg7l012zz8sw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Patrick Awuah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152154</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839859</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:25:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
        <id>45024</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi:  {{Infobox person | name = Patrick Awuah | image =  | caption = Patrick Awuah | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1965}} | birth_place = [[Accra]], [[Ghana]] | nationality = Ɗan Ghana | occupation = Ɗan kasuwa, malami, injiniya, ɗan kasuwar zamantakewa | known_for = Kafa [[Ashesi University]] | alma_mater = [[Swarthmore College]]&lt;br&gt;[[University of California, Berkeley]] | spouse = Rebecca Awuah }}  '''Patrick Awuah''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1965) ɗan kasuwa ne, injiniya...</comment>
      <origin>839859</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4852" sha1="n8k7j036gvcyllrd201h2unurzbvn9i" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox person
| name = Patrick Awuah
| image = 
| caption = Patrick Awuah
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1965}}
| birth_place = [[Accra]], [[Ghana]]
| nationality = Ɗan Ghana
| occupation = Ɗan kasuwa, malami, injiniya, ɗan kasuwar zamantakewa
| known_for = Kafa [[Ashesi University]]
| alma_mater = [[Swarthmore College]]&lt;br&gt;[[University of California, Berkeley]]
| spouse = Rebecca Awuah
}}

'''Patrick Awuah''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1965) ɗan kasuwa ne, injiniya kuma malamin jami'a daga ƙasar [[Ghana]]. Ya shahara ne wajen kafa [[Ashesi University]], wata jami'a mai zaman kanta da ke kusa da birnin Accra a Ghana, wadda aka kafa domin horas da shugabanni masu nagarta da kishin ci gaban Afirka. Kafin kafa jami'ar, Awuah ya yi aiki a kamfanin [[Microsoft]] a matsayin manajan shirye-shirye na fasahar kwamfuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Patrick Awuah |url=https://www.iie.org/programs/national-academy-for-international-education/current-members/patrick-awuah/ |website=Institute of International Education |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da karatu ==
Patrick Awuah ya taso ne a birnin [[Accra]] na Ghana. A shekarar 1985 ya samu gurbin karatu a [[Swarthmore College]] da ke Amurka inda ya karanci Injiniya da Tattalin Arziki, sannan ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Maguire |first=Ken |title=A New Model of Leadership for Africa |work=The Huffington Post |date=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatu a makarantar kasuwanci ta Haas School of Business a [[University of California, Berkeley]], inda ya samu digirin MBA. A lokacin karatunsa ne ya fara tsara manufar kafa jami'ar Ashesi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Scaling A Non-Profit: The Case Study Of Ashesi |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/startupviews/2012/09/26/scaling-a-non-profit-the-case-study-of-ashesi/ |work=Forbes |date=26 September 2012 |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}

== Aiki ==
Bayan kammala karatu, Awuah ya yi aiki a kamfanin [[Microsoft]] daga shekarar 1989 zuwa 1997 a matsayin injiniyan software da manajan shirye-shirye. Ya taka rawa wajen haɓaka fasahar haɗa intanet ta dial-up a lokacin da intanet ke fara bunƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Patrick Awuah |url=https://www.iie.org/programs/national-academy-for-international-education/current-members/patrick-awuah/ |website=Institute of International Education |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1997 ya bar aikin Microsoft domin komawa Ghana da nufin taimaka wa ci gaban nahiyar Afirka ta hanyar ilimi. Ya kafa gidauniyar Ashesi University Foundation a shekarar 1999, sannan jami'ar ta fara ɗaukar ɗalibai a shekarar 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Educating A New Generation Of Ethical, Entrepreneurial Leaders In Africa |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/skollworldforum/2013/10/14/educating-a-new-generation-of-ethical-entrepreneurial-leaders-in-africa/ |work=Forbes |date=14 October 2013 |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}

Ashesi University ta samu karɓuwa sosai saboda tsarin koyarwarta wanda ya haɗa da shugabanci nagari, ɗabi'a da ƙwarewar kasuwanci. Jami'ar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin sanannun jami'o'i masu zaman kansu a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ashesi University |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashesi_University |website=Wikipedia |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==
Patrick Awuah ya samu lambobin yabo da dama saboda gudummawar da yake bayarwa a fannin ilimi da shugabanci. Daga cikin su akwai:

* '''MacArthur Fellowship''' a shekarar 2015
* '''Order of the Volta''' daga gwamnatin Ghana
* '''John P. McNulty Prize'''
* An saka shi cikin jerin '''World’s 50 Greatest Leaders''' na mujallar ''Fortune'' a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Patrick Awuah Jr. |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Awuah_Jr. |website=Wikipedia |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}

== Tasiri ==
Awuah ya zama abin koyi ga matasa masu sha’awar ilimi da kasuwanci a Afirka. An yaba masa saboda ƙoƙarinsa na gina shugabanni masu gaskiya da kishin al’umma ta hanyar ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=History Maker: Millionaire Who Quit Microsoft To Educate Africa’s Future Leaders |url=https://www.africancelebs.com/history-maker-millionaire-quit-microsoft-educate-africas-future-leaders/ |work=African Celebs |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/ Ashesi University]
* [https://www.iie.org/programs/national-academy-for-international-education/current-members/patrick-awuah/ Patrick Awuah profile at IIE]

[[Category:Mutanen Ghana]]
[[Category:'Yan kasuwa]]
[[Category:Malaman jami'a]]
[[Category:Masu ilimi daga Ghana]]
[[Category:Haihuwa a 1965]]</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 505noscope! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/505noscope|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
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        <username>AmmarBot</username>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839861</origin>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, クリュゼ! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/クリュゼ|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Nana Farida</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839862</origin>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nana Farida! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nana Farida|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
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        <username>AmmarBot</username>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839863</origin>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Diogenes99! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Diogenes99|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:26:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839864</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="fiozibnhdzypkgi56ilq1ch8ygj0nwv" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Marksmannas! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Marksmannas|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839865</origin>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Carking01! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Carking01|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Bxlibra</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:26:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839866</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1185" sha1="85td310h3yw420ldr4b9tica2owp34i" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bxlibra! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bxlibra|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Vanjari Valmik</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152163</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839867</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:26:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1215" sha1="5hhx3dlhf7yhicxus0mt5n32hma7lnj" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dr. Chandrakant Bangar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dr. Chandrakant Bangar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Mfield</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Mfield moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Dr. Chandrakant Bangar]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Vanjari Valmik]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Dr. Chandrakant Bangar|Dr. Chandrakant Bangar]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Vanjari Valmik|Vanjari Valmik]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>839867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1215" sha1="5hhx3dlhf7yhicxus0mt5n32hma7lnj" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dr. Chandrakant Bangar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dr. Chandrakant Bangar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>5hhx3dlhf7yhicxus0mt5n32hma7lnj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Aliyu salisu adam</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152164</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839868</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:26:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839868</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1205" sha1="5ci5e1ez9aqf9tv3i7nvn9pbk2an13u" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aliyu salisu adam! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aliyu salisu adam|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>5ci5e1ez9aqf9tv3i7nvn9pbk2an13u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Urban2328</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152165</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839869</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:27:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839869</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="izf5fqmy5i6p5dsnct7tewi2dquol0z" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Urban2328! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Urban2328|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>izf5fqmy5i6p5dsnct7tewi2dquol0z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Պողոսյան Արամայիս</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152166</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839870</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:27:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839870</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1237" sha1="39u14spkqhy4jiz4krrvq7q6qaydrmg" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Պողոսյան Արամայիս! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Պողոսյան Արամայիս|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>39u14spkqhy4jiz4krrvq7q6qaydrmg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:NeonƘarfi</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152167</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839871</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:27:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839871</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1191" sha1="2v14cxxbhs1wt40cmolpq6cq6e4rweu" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, NeonƘarfi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/NeonƘarfi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2v14cxxbhs1wt40cmolpq6cq6e4rweu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Toffee Dude</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152168</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839872</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:27:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839872</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="jqdmuxxgwndd6ci6s25fmxqy3ga0ccd" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Toffee Dude! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Toffee Dude|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jqdmuxxgwndd6ci6s25fmxqy3ga0ccd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Emanuel121xx</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152169</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839873</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:27:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839873</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="sbo97a2zh0dwqx8yq97tjq7u89j9cb6" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Emanuel121xx! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Emanuel121xx|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>sbo97a2zh0dwqx8yq97tjq7u89j9cb6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Yusuf Sani Buhari</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152170</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839874</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:27:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839874</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1205" sha1="ev6guhd15461tvli82gryuyqwf8lqkj" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yusuf Sani Buhari! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yusuf Sani Buhari|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ev6guhd15461tvli82gryuyqwf8lqkj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Chukwuma Tochukwu Emmanuel</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152171</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839875</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:28:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839875</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1223" sha1="55sfw5mglox9dmlpxp1exj8fftt9ek4" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Chukwuma Tochukwu Emmanuel! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Chukwuma Tochukwu Emmanuel|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>55sfw5mglox9dmlpxp1exj8fftt9ek4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Ilawa-Kataka</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152172</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839876</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:28:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839876</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="sfaabtye0ydhg8k4sefyin1o4qtwgr7" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ilawa-Kataka! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ilawa-Kataka|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>sfaabtye0ydhg8k4sefyin1o4qtwgr7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sa~eswiki</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>152173</id>
    <revision>
      <id>839877</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-24T21:28:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>839877</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="cxmpwhzzao5vxgjrbis51cl4jrludjk" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sa~eswiki! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sa~eswiki|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 24 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Swarthmore College</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox college | name            = Swarthmore College | image           = Swarthmore College logo.svg | motto           = ''Mind the Light'' | established     = 1864 | type            = Private liberal arts college | religious_affiliation = Quaker (historically) | president       = Valerie Smith | students         = Kimanin ɗalibai 1,700+ | undergrad       = Kimanin 1,700 | city            = Swarthmore | state           = Pennsylvania | country         = United States | cam...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6826" sha1="s1fxw95t3p8yb699bcy1t8zzug6hwy7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox college
| name            = Swarthmore College
| image           = Swarthmore College logo.svg
| motto           = ''Mind the Light''
| established     = 1864
| type            = Private liberal arts college
| religious_affiliation = Quaker (historically)
| president       = Valerie Smith
| students         = Kimanin ɗalibai 1,700+
| undergrad       = Kimanin 1,700
| city            = Swarthmore
| state           = Pennsylvania
| country         = United States
| campus          = Suburban
| colors          = Garnet
| nickname        = Garnet
| website         = {{URL|https://www.swarthmore.edu}}
}}

'''Swarthmore College''' jami'a ce mai zaman kanta da ke garin Swarthmore a jihar Pennsylvania, ƙasar Amurka. An kafa ta a shekarar 1864 ta hannun mabiya addinin Quaker (Society of Friends), kuma tana daga cikin manyan ''liberal arts colleges'' mafi daraja a Amurka. Jami'ar ta shahara wajen koyarwa mai zurfi, ƙaramin yawan ɗalibai a aji, bincike na ilimi, da kuma fitar da fitattun masana da masu lambar yabo ta Nobel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Swarthmore by the Numbers |url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/meet-swarthmore/swarthmore-numbers |website=Swarthmore College |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa Swarthmore College a shekarar 1864 domin samar da ilimi mai inganci ga maza da mata ba tare da bambanci ba. Wannan ya sanya ta cikin tsofaffin jami'o'in Amurka da suka fara tsarin ''coeducation'' wato koyar da maza da mata tare.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Swarthmore College founded as a Quaker institution |url=https://www.famousbirthdays.com/schools/swarthmore-college.html |work=Famous Birthdays |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jami'ar ta samo sunanta daga ''Swarthmoor Hall'' da ke Ingila, gidan George Fox wanda ya kafa kungiyar Quakers. A farkon ƙarni na 20, jami'ar ta rage alaƙarta kai tsaye da addini tare da mayar da hankali kan bincike da ilimin zamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Swarthmore College |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarthmore_College |website=Wikipedia |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1922, shugaban jami'ar Frank Aydelotte ya gabatar da tsarin ''Honors Program'' wanda aka kwaikwayi daga tsarin koyarwar Jami'ar Oxford. Wannan tsarin ya taimaka wajen ƙarfafa bincike mai zurfi da tattaunawa tsakanin ɗalibai da malamai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Swarthmore College history |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Swarthmore-College |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin karatu ==
Swarthmore College na bayar da digirin farko a fannoni daban-daban kamar:
* Humanities
* Social Sciences
* Natural Sciences
* Engineering
* Political Science
* Biology
* Computer Science
* Economics

Jami'ar tana da ƙaramin ''student-faculty ratio'' na kusan 8:1, wanda ke baiwa ɗalibai damar samun kulawa kai tsaye daga malamai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Swarthmore by the Numbers |url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/meet-swarthmore/swarthmore-numbers |website=Swarthmore College |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fiye da kashi 60% na ɗalibai suna shiga ayyukan bincike ko kirkire-kirkire kafin kammala karatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Swarthmore by the Numbers |url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/meet-swarthmore/swarthmore-numbers |website=Swarthmore College |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Harabar jami'a ==
Harabar jami'ar tana cikin wani yanki mai cike da bishiyoyi da lambuna a wajen birnin Philadelphia. A cikin harabar akwai:
* Scott Arboretum
* Friends Historical Library
* Sproul Observatory
* Peace Collection

Jami'ar na da dakunan kwanan ɗalibai 18, kuma mafi yawan ɗalibai suna zama a cikin harabar makarantar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Campus &amp; Student Life at Swarthmore College |url=https://www.collegefactual.com/colleges/swarthmore-college/student-life/ |website=College Factual |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar ɗalibai ==
Swarthmore College ta shahara da tsananin mayar da hankali ga karatu da bincike. Duk da haka, akwai ƙungiyoyi sama da 100 na ɗalibai da suka haɗa da:
* ƙungiyoyin siyasa
* kungiyoyin wasanni
* ƙungiyoyin fasaha
* ƙungiyoyin al'adu
* ƙungiyoyin sa-kai

A cewar tattaunawar ɗalibai a kafar Reddit, jami'ar tana da yanayi mai haɗin kai fiye da gasa, duk da cewa akwai matsin lambar karatu sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is Swarthmore Like? |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Swarthmore/comments/1jxrjcc/what_is_swarthmore_like/ |website=Reddit |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hada kai da wasu jami'o'i ==
Swarthmore memba ce ta ''Tri-College Consortium'' tare da:
* Haverford College
* Bryn Mawr College

Dalibai na iya yin kwasa-kwasai a waɗannan jami'o'i tare da amfani da kayan karatunsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=LAC Highlights #3: Swarthmore College |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/ApplyingToCollege/comments/hasaac/ |website=Reddit |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai ==
Swarthmore College ta fitar da fitattun mutane da dama ciki har da:
* '''David Baltimore''' – wanda ya lashe Nobel Prize a fannin kimiyya
* '''John Hopfield''' – masanin physics kuma gwarzon Nobel Prize
* '''Michael Dukakis''' – tsohon gwamnan Massachusetts
* '''Jonathan Franzen''' – fitaccen marubuci
* '''Christiana Figueres''' – tsohuwar shugabar UN Climate Change body
* '''Sally Ride''' – ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan sama jannati na Amurka&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Swarthmore College notable alumni |url=https://www.thefamouspeople.com/swarthmore-college.php |website=The Famous People |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimman al'amura ==
Jami'ar ta sha fitowa a kafafen yaɗa labarai saboda zanga-zangar ɗalibai da batutuwan adalci na zamantakewa. A shekarar 2025, jami'ar ta fuskanci zanga-zangar goyon bayan Falasdinu wanda ya jawo kama wasu masu zanga-zanga.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Police disband pro-Palestinian camp at Swarthmore College and arrest nine activists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/02/swarthmore-students-suspended-pro-palestinian-camp |work=The Guardian |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2026 kuma, jami'ar ta cire sunan wani tsohon malami daga wani gini bayan bincike ya nuna yana da alaƙa da tono kaburburan ‘yan asalin Amurka a karni na 19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Swarthmore College drops professor's name from campus building |url=https://nypost.com/2026/05/12/us-news/swarthmore-college-drops-professors-name-from-campus-building-after-he-excavated-native-american-burial-site/ |work=New York Post |access-date=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Haverford College]]
* [[Bryn Mawr College]]
* [[Liberal arts college]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1864]]
[[Category:Private universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:1864 establishments in the United States]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sauti Sol</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox musical artist | name            = Sauti Sol | image           = Sauti Sol 2013.jpg | caption         = Membobin Sauti Sol a shekarar 2013 | origin          = [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] | genre           = Afropop, Afro-fusion | years_active    = 2005–2023 | label           = Penya Africa, Sol Generation, Universal Music Africa | associated_acts = [[Burna Boy]], [[Patoranking]], [[Alikiba]] | website         = {{URL|https://www.sauti-sol.com}} | current_members = Bien-A...</comment>
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      <text bytes="4808" sha1="0qhdcs2pqtqsonrb2nmd3kec2s5xtim" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| name            = Sauti Sol
| image           = Sauti Sol 2013.jpg
| caption         = Membobin Sauti Sol a shekarar 2013
| origin          = [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]
| genre           = Afropop, Afro-fusion
| years_active    = 2005–2023
| label           = Penya Africa, Sol Generation, Universal Music Africa
| associated_acts = [[Burna Boy]], [[Patoranking]], [[Alikiba]]
| website         = {{URL|https://www.sauti-sol.com}}
| current_members = Bien-Aimé Baraza&lt;br&gt;Willis Chimano&lt;br&gt;Savara Mudigi&lt;br&gt;Polycarp Otieno
}}

'''Sauti Sol''' ƙungiyar mawakan Afropop ce daga ƙasar [[Kenya]] wadda aka kafa a birnin [[Nairobi]] a shekarar 2005. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi Bien-Aimé Baraza, Willis Chimano, Savara Mudigi da Polycarp Otieno. Sun shahara a nahiyar Afirka saboda haɗa salon Afro-pop da kiɗan gargajiyar Gabashin Afirka tare da waƙoƙin zamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/9920 |title=Sauti Sol |website=Music In Africa |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa Sauti Sol ne a shekarar 2005 bayan Bien-Aimé Baraza, Willis Chimano da Savara Mudigi sun haɗu a makarantar Upper Hill High School da ke Nairobi. Da farko sun kasance ƙungiyar ''a cappella'' kafin daga baya Polycarp Otieno ya shiga a matsayin mai kaɗa guitar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wearefika.org/kenyan-entertainment-music-art-and-culture-pactitioners/sauti-sol |title=Sauti Sol Biography |website=FIKA Filmmakers Association |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sun fitar da kundin waƙarsu na farko mai suna ''Mwanzo'' a shekarar 2008, wanda ya samu yabo sosai a Kenya da Gabashin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/9920 |title=Sauti Sol |website=Music In Africa |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2011, ƙungiyar ta sake fitowa da kundin ''Sol Filosofia'', wanda ya ƙara ɗaga martabarsu a masana’antar kiɗan Afirka. Waƙar “Coming Home” daga kundin ta lashe kyautar ''Best Music Video'' a Kisima Music Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauti_Sol |title=Sauti Sol |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2014, bidiyon waƙarsu ''Nishike'' ya jawo cece-kuce a Kenya saboda salon bidiyon, inda wasu tashoshin talabijin suka hana nuna shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.wearefika.org/kenyan-entertainment-music-art-and-culture-pactitioners/sauti-sol |title=Sauti Sol Biography |website=FIKA Filmmakers Association |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kundinsu na uku ''Live and Die in Afrika'' wanda aka saki a shekarar 2015 ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan kiɗan Afirka na lokacin. Sun bai wa masoya damar sauke kundin kyauta na tsawon sa’o’i 48.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://mybiohub.com/sauti-sol-biography-sauti-sol-band-members/ |title=Sauti Sol Biography |website=MyBioHub |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarori ==
Sauti Sol sun samu lambobin yabo da dama a Afirka da duniya. A shekarar 2014 sun zama ƙungiyar farko daga Kenya da ta lashe kyautar ''Best African Act'' a MTV Europe Music Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/node/9920 |title=Sauti Sol |website=Music In Africa |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sun kuma lashe:
* MTV Africa Music Awards
* AFRIMA Awards
* Soundcity Music Awards
* Kisima Music Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Sauti_Sol |title=List of awards and nominations received by Sauti Sol |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, Sauti Sol sun samu takardar yabo daga Grammy saboda gudummawar da suka bayar wajen samar da kundin ''Twice As Tall'' na [[Burna Boy]], wanda ya lashe Grammy Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://hapakenya.com/2021/10/14/sauti-sol-receives-grammy-certificate-for-producing-burna-boys-twice-as-tall-album/ |title=Sauti Sol receives Grammy Certificate for producing Burna Boy’s ‘Twice As Tall’ Album |website=HapaKenya |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon Kiɗa ==
Sauti Sol suna haɗa Afro-pop da Afro-fusion tare da sautukan gargajiyar Afirka. Sun bayyana cewa mawaka irin su Salif Keita, Fally Ipupa, Coldplay da Jason Mraz sun yi tasiri ga salon kiɗansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauti_Sol |title=Sauti Sol |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Membobi ==
* Bien-Aimé Baraza
* Willis Chimano
* Savara Mudigi
* Polycarp Otieno

== Kundin Waƙoƙi ==
=== Albums ===
* ''Mwanzo'' (2008)
* ''Sol Filosofia'' (2011)
* ''Live and Die in Afrika'' (2015)
* ''Afrikan Sauce'' (2019)
* ''Midnight Train'' (2020)

== Fitattun Waƙoƙi ==
* ''Sura Yako''
* ''Nishike''
* ''Melanin''
* ''Suzanna''
* ''Kuliko Jana''
* ''Unconditionally Bae''

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* {{Official website|https://www.sauti-sol.com}}</text>
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    <title>Tattaunawar user:Dr. Chandrakant Bangar</title>
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      <comment>Mfield moved page [[Tattaunawar user:Dr. Chandrakant Bangar]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Vanjari Valmik]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Dr. Chandrakant Bangar|Dr. Chandrakant Bangar]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Vanjari Valmik|Vanjari Valmik]]&quot;</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Dapo Adelugba</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326573304|Dapo Adelugba]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Adedapo Abayomi Adelugba''' listenⓘ (1939 - 2014) masanin kimiyya ne na Najeriya, mai sukar wasan kwaikwayo kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya shafe wani bangare mai yawa na aikinsa na ilimi a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] inda ya kasance darektan ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta jami'ar. Adelugba kuma ita ce darektan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya a bikin na biyu na duniya na fasaha da al'adu. Adelugba was born in Ondo, a town in Ondo State, his father Benjamin Adelugba was a native of Esa-Oke and his mother, Beatrice Adelugba was from Ibadan. Adelugba was a graduate of Government College, Ibadan from where he obtained a West African School Certificate, he later earned a Higher School Certificate in 1958 from the same institution. He completed his collegiate studies at University College, Ibadan with a degree in English and later obtained a master's degree in theatre arts from UCLA. While in America, he worked as an assistant at Lake Erie College and was an actor at Karamu House, Adelugba also studied at the Pasadena Playhouse. Upon his return to Nigeria, he briefly taught at Ibadan Grammar School before joining the academic staff of University in Ibadan. During the civil war, Wole Soyinka, the university's theatre troupe director was detained and responsibility fell on Adelugba to direct Orisun Theatre, the school's drama group.

A matsayinsa na masanin zane-zane da kuma mai sukar wasan kwaikwayo, ya yi aiki tare da sanannun masu wasan kwaikwayo da marubuta kamar su Wole Soyinka, Ola Rotimi, [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] da [[Abiola Irele]], daga baya ya shirya littattafan biki game da Wole Soinka mai taken Before our very eyes: tribute to Wole Soenka, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel don adabi da kuma wani ga [[Wale Ogunyemi]] mai taken Chief Wale Ogunayemi a hamsin: rubutun don girmama wani dan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya.

== Rayuwa ==
An haifi Adelugba a [[Ondo (birni)|Ondo]], wani gari a [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]], mahaifinsa Benjamin Adelugva ɗan asalin Esa-Oke ne kuma mahaifiyarsa, Beatrice Adelugga ta fito ne daga Ibadan . Adelugba ya kammala karatu a [[Kwalejin Gwamnati, Ibadan]] daga inda ya sami [[Jarabawar Kammala Makarantun Sakandare a Yammacin Afurka (WASSCE)|Takardar shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka]], daga baya ya sami Takaddar Makarantar Sakandare a 1958 daga wannan ma'aikatar.  Ya kammala karatunsa na kwaleji a Kwalejin Jami'ar, Ibadan tare da digiri a Turanci kuma daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin wasan kwaikwayo daga UCLA . Yayinda yake Amurka, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin a Kwalejin Lake Erie kuma ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Karamu House, Adelugba ya kuma yi karatu a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pasadena .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Willoughby News Herald Archives, Jan 25, 1965, p. 23 |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/willoughby-news-herald-jan-25-1965-p-23/ |access-date=2018-12-27 |website=newspaperarchive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya dawo Najeriya, ya koyar da ɗan gajeren lokaci a [[Ibadan Grammar School|Makarantar Ibadan Grammar]] School kafin ya shiga ma'aikatan ilimi na Jami'ar Ibadan. A lokacin yakin basasa, an tsare Wole Soyinka, darektan wasan kwaikwayo na jami'ar kuma alhakin ya fada kan Adelugba don jagorantar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Orisun, ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta makarantar.&lt;ref name=&quot;siyan&quot; /&gt;

A matsayinsa na mai sukar gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma masanin kimiyya, ya fara wata mujallar wallafe-wallafen da ake kira Literature, the Arts, Culture and Education (LACE lokaci-lokaci wallafe-finai), wanda ke ba da labarin mutane da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin masana'antar.

A shekara ta 1977, ya ba da umarnin Wale Ogunyemi's Langbodo a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya don Festac 77. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ofoelue |first=Onukwube |date=2009 |title=ADELUGBA @ 70 |url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/blog/adelugba-70/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227230353/http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/blog/adelugba-70/ |archive-date=2018-12-27 |access-date=2018-12-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Didessa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1259376710|Didessa River]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2937" sha1="7dudvqbmul3pnf2ju1p9092c45sixws" xml:space="preserve">'''Didessa''' (lafazi: ɗeɗ:e:s:a; Oromo   ) kogi ne a yammacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . Kogin Abay yana da rafukan kogin, yana tashi a tsaunukan Gomma, yana gudana a arewa maso yamma zuwa ga mahadar sa inda hanyar Abay ta karkata zuwa kudu kafin ta juya zuwa arewa. Yankin magudanar ruwa na Didessa yana da kimanin {{Cvt|25,800|km2}}  ,  wanda ya kunshi sassan yankin Benishangul-Gumuz da shiyyar Welega ta Yamma a yankin Oromia .

Kogin [[Enareya River|Enareya]], [[Aet River|Aet]], Wama, da [[Kogin Hanger|Angar]] ; a gefen hagu, mafi mahimmancin kogin shine [[Dobana River|Kogin Dobana]] . Yayin da yake binciken wannan kogin a tsakiyar shekarun 1890 da kuma daga hirarraki da mazauna yankin, Alexander Bulatovich ya tabbatar da cewa ƙasan inda ya haɗu da Angar, Didessa ba ta da sauri kuma tana iya tafiya da sauri . 

== Tarihin ɗan adam ==
Mai binciken farko na ƙarni na 20, Herbert Weld Blundell, ya yi hasashen cewa &quot;Didessa&quot; ya maye gurbin wani tsohon suna ga wannan kogin, bai sami amfani da shi a baya ba &quot;kafin 1861, lokacin da d'Abbadie ke tafiya a Yammacin Shoa kuma yana yin bincike.&quot;  A lokacin ziyararsa, a 1905, dajin Handak da ke gefen dama na Didessa &quot;ya shahara a matsayin wurin da giwaye suka fi so. Da alama suna zuwa Kogin Nilu ta kogin Didesa da [[Kogin Dabus|Dabus]], babu shakka, sun jawo hankalin, a cikin kogin na ƙarshe ta hanyar yawan girma na ƙananan bamboo.&quot;  Ya kuma lura cewa a haɗuwar Didessa da Abay, &quot;aikin wanke zinare mai mahimmanci ya fara, kuma yana ci gaba tare da Kogin Nilu da kuma hanyar Dabus da magudanar ruwa,&quot; ya ƙara da cewa:&lt;blockquote&gt;Zurfin lalacewar saman saman basalt da tarko, da kuma rugujewar da ta biyo baya, ya bayyana tsarin gneissic da hornblendic schist a ƙasa, ta yadda kusan dukkan ƙasar daga gindin Chochi zuwa kogin, nisan mil 15, an rufe ta da duwatsu masu siffar quartz da duwatsu, kuma tana nuna ɓurɓushin abubuwa da yawa. An watsa sassan da suka ruɓe a kan ƙasa, kuma zinaren da ke cikinsu ana wanke su cikin ƙananan rafuffuka, sannan a kai su cikin Abai. &lt;/blockquote&gt;Duk da ƙoƙarin waɗannan masu binciken, da kuma kasancewar mutane a yankin tun daga asalin nau'in, a bayyane yake cewa hanyar Didessa daga inda take kusa da Nekemte zuwa inda take haɗuwa da Abay an gano ta ne kawai a shekarar 1935 ta hannun Dunlop da Taylor. ''Dejazmach'' [[Habte Maryam]], jami'in yankin Nekemte, ya gaya musu cewa &quot;babu wanda, har ma da [[Shanqella|Shankallas]] na yankin, gwargwadon sani, ya taɓa bin hanyar kogin har zuwa inda take haɗuwa da Abbai.&quot;

== Madatsar Ruwa ta Fushi ==
A ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2021, Shugaban yankin Oromia, [[Shimelis Abdisa]], da Ministan Ruwa, Ban ruwa da Makamashi, Sileshi Bekele, sun kaddamar da aikin gina madatsar ruwa ta Anger Irrigation Dam a kogin Didessa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 June 2021 |title=Construction of 10 Bil Birr Worth Irrigation Dam Launched in Oromia |url=https://www.ena.et/en/?p=25424 |website=ENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Didessa''' (lafazi: ɗeɗ:e:s:a; Oromo   ) kogi ne a yammacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . Kogin Abay yana da rafukan kogin, yana tashi a tsaunukan Gomma, yana gudana a arewa maso yamma zuwa ga mahadar sa inda hanyar Abay ta karkata zuwa kudu kafin ta juya zuwa arewa. Yankin magudanar ruwa na Didessa yana da kimanin {{Cvt|25,800|km2}}  ,  wanda ya kunshi sassan yankin Benishangul-Gumuz da shiyyar Welega ta Yamma a yankin Oromia .

Kogin [[Enareya River|Enareya]], [[Aet River|Aet]], Wama, da [[Kogin Hanger|Angar]] ; a gefen hagu, mafi mahimmancin kogin shine [[Dobana River|Kogin Dobana]] . Yayin da yake binciken wannan kogin a tsakiyar shekarun 1890 da kuma daga hirarraki da mazauna yankin, Alexander Bulatovich ya tabbatar da cewa ƙasan inda ya haɗu da Angar, Didessa ba ta da sauri kuma tana iya tafiya da sauri . 

== Tarihin ɗan adam ==
Mai binciken farko na ƙarni na 20, Herbert Weld Blundell, ya yi hasashen cewa &quot;Didessa&quot; ya maye gurbin wani tsohon suna ga wannan kogin, bai sami amfani da shi a baya ba &quot;kafin 1861, lokacin da d'Abbadie ke tafiya a Yammacin Shoa kuma yana yin bincike.&quot;  A lokacin ziyararsa, a 1905, dajin Handak da ke gefen dama na Didessa &quot;ya shahara a matsayin wurin da giwaye suka fi so. Da alama suna zuwa Kogin Nilu ta kogin Didesa da [[Kogin Dabus|Dabus]], babu shakka, sun jawo hankalin, a cikin kogin na ƙarshe ta hanyar yawan girma na ƙananan bamboo.&quot;  Ya kuma lura cewa a haɗuwar Didessa da Abay, &quot;aikin wanke zinare mai mahimmanci ya fara, kuma yana ci gaba tare da Kogin Nilu da kuma hanyar Dabus da magudanar ruwa,&quot; ya ƙara da cewa:&lt;blockquote&gt;Zurfin lalacewar saman saman basalt da tarko, da kuma rugujewar da ta biyo baya, ya bayyana tsarin gneissic da hornblendic schist a ƙasa, ta yadda kusan dukkan ƙasar daga gindin Chochi zuwa kogin, nisan mil 15, an rufe ta da duwatsu masu siffar quartz da duwatsu, kuma tana nuna ɓurɓushin abubuwa da yawa. An watsa sassan da suka ruɓe a kan ƙasa, kuma zinaren da ke cikinsu ana wanke su cikin ƙananan rafuffuka, sannan a kai su cikin Abai. &lt;/blockquote&gt;Duk da ƙoƙarin waɗannan masu binciken, da kuma kasancewar mutane a yankin tun daga asalin nau'in, a bayyane yake cewa hanyar Didessa daga inda take kusa da Nekemte zuwa inda take haɗuwa da Abay an gano ta ne kawai a shekarar 1935 ta hannun Dunlop da Taylor. ''Dejazmach'' [[Habte Maryam]], jami'in yankin Nekemte, ya gaya musu cewa &quot;babu wanda, har ma da [[Shanqella|Shankallas]] na yankin, gwargwadon sani, ya taɓa bin hanyar kogin har zuwa inda take haɗuwa da Abbai.&quot;

== Madatsar Ruwa ta Fushi ==
A ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2021, Shugaban yankin Oromia, [[Shimelis Abdisa]], da Ministan Ruwa, Ban ruwa da Makamashi, Sileshi Bekele, sun kaddamar da aikin gina madatsar ruwa ta Anger Irrigation Dam a kogin Didessa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 June 2021 |title=Construction of 10 Bil Birr Worth Irrigation Dam Launched in Oromia |url=https://www.ena.et/en/?p=25424 |website=ENA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Graliwdo</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1258867110|Graliwdo]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Graliwdo''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Ya taso daga  a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa arewa har ya zama babu kowa a ƙarshe a Kogin Weri'i da Tekezé . 
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Halaye ==
Graliwdo wani kogi ne mai iyaka da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, [[Menander|wanda ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin fili mai faɗi, tare da matsakaicin gangara mai tsayin mita 78 a kowace kilomita. 

== Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa ==
An yi nazari kan tasirin madatsun ruwa masu duba ruwa kan amsawar kwarara a cikin wannan kogin. Ƙara yawan [[Rashin ƙarfi na ruwa|gurɓataccen ruwa]] ta hanyar madatsun ruwa masu duba ruwa da asarar watsa ruwa a cikin laka da aka ajiye sune ke haifar da jinkirin kwararar ruwa zuwa ƙasan hanyoyin kogin. Rage kwararar ruwa mai zurfi ya fi girma a ɓangaren kogin tare da madatsun ruwa masu duba ruwa da ciyayi (ban da 12%) fiye da ɓangaren da ba a yi magani ba (ban da 5.5%). Rage yawan kwararar ruwa shi ma ya fi girma a cikin kogin tare da madatsun ruwa masu duba ruwa fiye da na kogin da ba a yi magani ba. Aiwatar da madatsun ruwa masu duba ruwa tare da ciyayi ya rage fitar kwararar ruwa mai kololuwa da jimlar yawan kwararar ruwa yayin da manyan sassan kwararar ruwa suka shiga cikin laka da aka ajiye a bayan madatsun ruwa masu duba ruwa. Yayin da ake aiwatar da madatsun ruwa masu duba ruwa a manyan yankuna na arewacin Habasha, wannan yana taimakawa wajen sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma ƙara yawan kwararar ruwa a kogi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa |first=and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira ambaliyar ruwa ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da yawan fitar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya. [1] Duk da haka, girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin ya ragu saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa.

A saman magudanar ruwa, an kafa wani wurin rufewa ; ciyayi mai yawa suna taimakawa wajen haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa a tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Noma mai ban ruwa ==
Baya ga maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, ban ruwa ya dogara sosai kan kwararar ruwan kogin. Irin wannan noma mai ban ruwa yana da mahimmanci wajen biyan buƙatun samar da abinci da rage talauci.  An kafa wasu filayen ban ruwa kaɗan daga maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na Kolu Ba'alti. 

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Graliwdo''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Ya taso daga  a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa arewa har ya zama babu kowa a ƙarshe a Kogin Weri'i da Tekezé . 
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Halaye ==
Graliwdo wani kogi ne mai iyaka da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, [[Menander|wanda ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin fili mai faɗi, tare da matsakaicin gangara mai tsayin mita 78 a kowace kilomita. 

== Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa ==
An yi nazari kan tasirin madatsun ruwa masu duba ruwa kan amsawar kwarara a cikin wannan kogin. Ƙara yawan [[Rashin ƙarfi na ruwa|gurɓataccen ruwa]] ta hanyar madatsun ruwa masu duba ruwa da asarar watsa ruwa a cikin laka da aka ajiye sune ke haifar da jinkirin kwararar ruwa zuwa ƙasan hanyoyin kogin. Rage kwararar ruwa mai zurfi ya fi girma a ɓangaren kogin tare da madatsun ruwa masu duba ruwa da ciyayi (ban da 12%) fiye da ɓangaren da ba a yi magani ba (ban da 5.5%). Rage yawan kwararar ruwa shi ma ya fi girma a cikin kogin tare da madatsun ruwa masu duba ruwa fiye da na kogin da ba a yi magani ba. Aiwatar da madatsun ruwa masu duba ruwa tare da ciyayi ya rage fitar kwararar ruwa mai kololuwa da jimlar yawan kwararar ruwa yayin da manyan sassan kwararar ruwa suka shiga cikin laka da aka ajiye a bayan madatsun ruwa masu duba ruwa. Yayin da ake aiwatar da madatsun ruwa masu duba ruwa a manyan yankuna na arewacin Habasha, wannan yana taimakawa wajen sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma ƙara yawan kwararar ruwa a kogi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa |first=and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira ambaliyar ruwa ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da yawan fitar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya. [1] Duk da haka, girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin ya ragu saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa.

A saman magudanar ruwa, an kafa wani wurin rufewa ; ciyayi mai yawa suna taimakawa wajen haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa a tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Noma mai ban ruwa ==
Baya ga maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, ban ruwa ya dogara sosai kan kwararar ruwan kogin. Irin wannan noma mai ban ruwa yana da mahimmanci wajen biyan buƙatun samar da abinci da rage talauci.  An kafa wasu filayen ban ruwa kaɗan daga maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na Kolu Ba'alti. 

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Graa Adiam</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1258884558|Gra Adiam]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Gra Adiam''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Yana tasowa a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa kudu inda sunansa ya canza zuwa '''Bitchoqo''' . Ya kwarara a cikin Giba kuma a ƙarshe ya kwarara a Kogin Tekezé . 
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Halaye ==
Kogi ne mai iyaka da ba a saba gani ba, wanda [[Menander|ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin filin ruwansa, tare da matsakaicin gangara mai tsayin mita 74 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da yawan fitar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin ya ragu saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa.

A Ch'elaqo da sauran tsaunuka masu tsayi, an kafa wuraren ɓoyewa ; ciyayi masu yawa suna taimakawa wajen haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa a ƙasa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ga kwarin ==
Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwazazzabai suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa cancin ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuken da ba na halitta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa.</text>
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'''Gra Adiam''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Yana tasowa a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa kudu inda sunansa ya canza zuwa '''Bitchoqo''' . Ya kwarara a cikin Giba kuma a ƙarshe ya kwarara a Kogin Tekezé . 
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Halaye ==
Kogi ne mai iyaka da ba a saba gani ba, wanda [[Menander|ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin filin ruwansa, tare da matsakaicin gangara mai tsayin mita 74 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da yawan fitar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin ya ragu saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa.

A Ch'elaqo da sauran tsaunuka masu tsayi, an kafa wuraren ɓoyewa ; ciyayi masu yawa suna taimakawa wajen haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa a ƙasa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ga kwarin ==
Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwazazzabai suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa cancin ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuken da ba na halitta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa.

==manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Genfel</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345112144|Genfel]]&quot;</comment>
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Kogin '''Genfel''' kogi ne na arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . Yana tashi a ƙarƙashin dorinar Atsbi a tsawon mita 2,253 sama da matakin teku, yana kwarara zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa Kogin Giba wanda a ƙarshe ya cika kogin Tekezé .  Tafkin Giba na gaba zai mamaye filin da kogunan Sulluh, Genfel da Agula'i suka haɗu.
[[Fayil:Giba_drainage_network.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar magudanar ruwa ta Giba]]

== Hydrography ==
Kogi ne mai iyaka, wanda [[Menander|ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin filin ruwansa, tare da gangaren gangara na mita 9 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin. 

== Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa ==

=== Halayen Ruwa ===
Tafin ruwan ko kuma jimlar ruwan da ke kwarara a kowace shekara shine miliyan 76 &lt;sup&gt;m3&lt;/sup&gt; . Kololuwar fitar ruwa har zuwa mita &lt;sup&gt;300&lt;/sup&gt; a kowace daƙiƙa tana faruwa ne a kashi na biyu na lokacin damina (wata na watan Agusta) lokacin da ake samun ruwan sama mai ƙarfi kuma ƙasar ta cika da ruwa a wurare da yawa. Kashi na jimlar ruwan sama da ke barin magudanar ruwa kai tsaye a matsayin guguwa (wanda kuma ake kira da ƙimar kwarara) shine kashi 12%.  Jimlar adadin laka da wannan kogin ke jigilarwa ya kai tan 274,000 a kowace shekara. Matsakaicin yawan laka a cikin ruwan kogin shine gram 1.66 a kowace lita, amma yana iya kaiwa har zuwa 40 g/L. Mafi girman yawan laka yana faruwa ne a farkon lokacin damina, lokacin da ƙasa mai laushi da ƙura ta share ta hanyar kwararar ƙasa kuma ta ƙare a cikin kogin. &lt;ref name=&quot;matt&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vanmaercke |first=M. and colleagues |date=2010 |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka ruwa yana ɗauke da sinadarai masu gina jiki da yawa (a yankin ana kiransa &quot;aygi&quot;), manoma sun kiyasta cewa yana ƙarfafa shanunsu, wanda za su kawo wa kogin.  Gabaɗaya, matsakaicin [[Sediment yield|yawan amfanin ƙasa mai laka]] shine tan 497 a kowace kilomita &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; da kuma kowace shekara. An yi duk ma'aunin a wani tasha da aka sanya da gangan kusa da bakin kogin, a shekarar 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;matt&quot; /&gt;

=== Ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi ===
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da yawan fitar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya. Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa galibi suna faruwa ne da yamma ko dare, saboda ruwan sama mai ƙarfi yana faruwa da rana. 

=== Canje-canje a kan lokaci ===
Shaidun da aka samu daga hotunan sama na Italiya na magudanar ruwa, waɗanda aka ɗauka a shekarun 1930 sun nuna cewa kashi 40% na magudanar ruwa ta rufe da ciyayi masu kama da itace (idan aka kwatanta da kashi 34% a shekarar 2014). Wannan ciyayi zai iya rage kwararar ruwa kuma yawan kwararar ruwan ya yi ƙasa (11% a shekarar 1935 idan aka kwatanta da kashi 12% a shekarar 2014). Sakamakon haka, kwararar ruwa a kogin ya yi ƙasa da na yau.  Har zuwa shekarun 1980, akwai matsin lamba mai ƙarfi a kan muhalli, kuma ciyayi da yawa sun ɓace. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frankl |first=Amaury |last2=Nyssen |first2=Jan |last3=De Dapper |first3=Morgan |last4=Haile |first4=Mitiku |last5=Billi |first5=Paolo |last6=Munro |first6=R. Neil |last7=Deckers |first7=Jozef |last8=Poesen |first8=Jean |year=2011 |title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 |journal=Geomorphology |volume=129 |issue=3–4 |pages=238–251 |bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kogin yana da mafi girman kwararar ruwa da faɗinsa a wannan lokacin. Duk da haka, an rage girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda tsoma bakin da aka yi a magudanar ruwa. A kan gangaren tsaunuka masu tsayi, an kafa wuraren rufewa ; ciyayi masu yawa suna taimakawa wajen haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa a tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |bibcode=2015ZGm....59..477T |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x |s2cid=98547102}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |bibcode=2017JHyd..545..299G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Noma mai ban ruwa ==
[[Fayil:Wukro-Vue_depuis_l'église_(6).jpg|thumb|Madatsar ruwa ta Genfel don ban ruwa kusa da Wukro]]
Baya ga maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, ban ruwa ya dogara sosai kan kwararar ruwan kogin. Irin wannan noma na ban ruwa yana da mahimmanci wajen biyan buƙatun samar da abinci da rage talauci.  Ana samun filayen ban ruwa a cikin ƙananan filayen ruwa da ke gefen kogin, musamman sama da ƙasan Wukro .

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa kwarin kogin ==
An gano cewa ƙasan kwarin da ke cikin ƙananan kwarin wannan kogin a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa don canza ɗan adam. Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwarin suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa don canza ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuke marasa yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa.</text>
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Kogin '''Genfel''' kogi ne na arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . Yana tashi a ƙarƙashin dorinar Atsbi a tsawon mita 2,253 sama da matakin teku, yana kwarara zuwa kudu maso yamma zuwa Kogin Giba wanda a ƙarshe ya cika kogin Tekezé .  Tafkin Giba na gaba zai mamaye filin da kogunan Sulluh, Genfel da Agula'i suka haɗu.
[[Fayil:Giba_drainage_network.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar magudanar ruwa ta Giba]]

== Hydrography ==
Kogi ne mai iyaka, wanda [[Menander|ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin filin ruwansa, tare da gangaren gangara na mita 9 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin. 

== Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa ==

=== Halayen Ruwa ===
Tafin ruwan ko kuma jimlar ruwan da ke kwarara a kowace shekara shine miliyan 76 &lt;sup&gt;m3&lt;/sup&gt; . Kololuwar fitar ruwa har zuwa mita &lt;sup&gt;300&lt;/sup&gt; a kowace daƙiƙa tana faruwa ne a kashi na biyu na lokacin damina (wata na watan Agusta) lokacin da ake samun ruwan sama mai ƙarfi kuma ƙasar ta cika da ruwa a wurare da yawa. Kashi na jimlar ruwan sama da ke barin magudanar ruwa kai tsaye a matsayin guguwa (wanda kuma ake kira da ƙimar kwarara) shine kashi 12%.  Jimlar adadin laka da wannan kogin ke jigilarwa ya kai tan 274,000 a kowace shekara. Matsakaicin yawan laka a cikin ruwan kogin shine gram 1.66 a kowace lita, amma yana iya kaiwa har zuwa 40 g/L. Mafi girman yawan laka yana faruwa ne a farkon lokacin damina, lokacin da ƙasa mai laushi da ƙura ta share ta hanyar kwararar ƙasa kuma ta ƙare a cikin kogin. &lt;ref name=&quot;matt&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vanmaercke |first=M. and colleagues |date=2010 |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka ruwa yana ɗauke da sinadarai masu gina jiki da yawa (a yankin ana kiransa &quot;aygi&quot;), manoma sun kiyasta cewa yana ƙarfafa shanunsu, wanda za su kawo wa kogin.  Gabaɗaya, matsakaicin [[Sediment yield|yawan amfanin ƙasa mai laka]] shine tan 497 a kowace kilomita &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; da kuma kowace shekara. An yi duk ma'aunin a wani tasha da aka sanya da gangan kusa da bakin kogin, a shekarar 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;matt&quot; /&gt;

=== Ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi ===
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da yawan fitar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya. Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa galibi suna faruwa ne da yamma ko dare, saboda ruwan sama mai ƙarfi yana faruwa da rana. 

=== Canje-canje a kan lokaci ===
Shaidun da aka samu daga hotunan sama na Italiya na magudanar ruwa, waɗanda aka ɗauka a shekarun 1930 sun nuna cewa kashi 40% na magudanar ruwa ta rufe da ciyayi masu kama da itace (idan aka kwatanta da kashi 34% a shekarar 2014). Wannan ciyayi zai iya rage kwararar ruwa kuma yawan kwararar ruwan ya yi ƙasa (11% a shekarar 1935 idan aka kwatanta da kashi 12% a shekarar 2014). Sakamakon haka, kwararar ruwa a kogin ya yi ƙasa da na yau.  Har zuwa shekarun 1980, akwai matsin lamba mai ƙarfi a kan muhalli, kuma ciyayi da yawa sun ɓace. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frankl |first=Amaury |last2=Nyssen |first2=Jan |last3=De Dapper |first3=Morgan |last4=Haile |first4=Mitiku |last5=Billi |first5=Paolo |last6=Munro |first6=R. Neil |last7=Deckers |first7=Jozef |last8=Poesen |first8=Jean |year=2011 |title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 |journal=Geomorphology |volume=129 |issue=3–4 |pages=238–251 |bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kogin yana da mafi girman kwararar ruwa da faɗinsa a wannan lokacin. Duk da haka, an rage girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda tsoma bakin da aka yi a magudanar ruwa. A kan gangaren tsaunuka masu tsayi, an kafa wuraren rufewa ; ciyayi masu yawa suna taimakawa wajen haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa a tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |bibcode=2015ZGm....59..477T |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x |s2cid=98547102}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |bibcode=2017JHyd..545..299G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Noma mai ban ruwa ==
[[Fayil:Wukro-Vue_depuis_l'église_(6).jpg|thumb|Madatsar ruwa ta Genfel don ban ruwa kusa da Wukro]]
Baya ga maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, ban ruwa ya dogara sosai kan kwararar ruwan kogin. Irin wannan noma na ban ruwa yana da mahimmanci wajen biyan buƙatun samar da abinci da rage talauci.  Ana samun filayen ban ruwa a cikin ƙananan filayen ruwa da ke gefen kogin, musamman sama da ƙasan Wukro .

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa kwarin kogin ==
An gano cewa ƙasan kwarin da ke cikin ƙananan kwarin wannan kogin a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa don canza ɗan adam. Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwarin suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa don canza ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuke marasa yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa.

==manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Kogin Ch'eqofo</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352021713|Ch'eqofo River]]&quot;</comment>
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Kogin '''Ch'eqofo''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Yana tasowa a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa kudu maso yamma har ya zama babu kowa a kogin Giba da Tekezé . 

== Halaye ==
[[Korama|Kogi ne mai iyaka na ɗan lokaci]], wanda [[Menander|ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin filin ruwansa, tare da matsakaicin gangara na mita 39 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da kwararar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, an rage girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa. A kan gangaren tsaunuka, an kafa wuraren rufewa ; ciyayi mai yawa galibi yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa ta tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |url=https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/evolution-of-the-effectiveness-of-stone-bunds-and-trenches-in-red |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166 |url-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. 

* Ƙananan basalt
* [[Tsarin Amba Aradam]]
* Mekelle Dolerite
* Antalo Limestone
* Tufa mai ruwan sha na Quaternary &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moeyersons |first=J. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ga kwarin ==
Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwazazzabai suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa cancin ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuken da ba na halitta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafiya a gefen kogin ==
An kafa hanyoyin tafiya a fadin wannan kogin da kuma gefensa.  Ba a yi wa hanyoyin alama a ƙasa ba amma ana iya bin su ta amfani da fayilolin .GPX da aka sauke.  Tafiya ta '''24''' tana bin rabewar ruwan kudu, a layi ɗaya da kogin, kuma tana ba da ra'ayoyi masu ban mamaki game da kwarin Ch'eqofo. A lokacin damina, ambaliyar ruwa na iya faruwa kuma ana ba da shawarar kada a bi bayan kogin.</text>
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Kogin '''Ch'eqofo''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Yana tasowa a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa kudu maso yamma har ya zama babu kowa a kogin Giba da Tekezé . 

== Halaye ==
[[Korama|Kogi ne mai iyaka na ɗan lokaci]], wanda [[Menander|ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin filin ruwansa, tare da matsakaicin gangara na mita 39 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da kwararar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, an rage girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa. A kan gangaren tsaunuka, an kafa wuraren rufewa ; ciyayi mai yawa galibi yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa ta tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |url=https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/evolution-of-the-effectiveness-of-stone-bunds-and-trenches-in-red |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166 |url-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. 

* Ƙananan basalt
* [[Tsarin Amba Aradam]]
* Mekelle Dolerite
* Antalo Limestone
* Tufa mai ruwan sha na Quaternary &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moeyersons |first=J. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ga kwarin ==
Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwazazzabai suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa cancin ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuken da ba na halitta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafiya a gefen kogin ==
An kafa hanyoyin tafiya a fadin wannan kogin da kuma gefensa.  Ba a yi wa hanyoyin alama a ƙasa ba amma ana iya bin su ta amfani da fayilolin .GPX da aka sauke.  Tafiya ta '''24''' tana bin rabewar ruwan kudu, a layi ɗaya da kogin, kuma tana ba da ra'ayoyi masu ban mamaki game da kwarin Ch'eqofo. A lokacin damina, ambaliyar ruwa na iya faruwa kuma ana ba da shawarar kada a bi bayan kogin.


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    <title>Arwadito</title>
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'''Arwadito''' wani kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Yana tashi a kan tudun Ts'ats'en na Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa arewa har ya yi kaca-kaca a Kogin Giba da Tekezé . 

== Halaye ==
Kogi ne mai iyaka da dutse, tare da matsakaicin gangara mai tsayin mita 149 a kowace kilomita. Arwadito ta yanke kwazazzabo a cikin basalt da ke kewaye. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da yawan fitar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin ya ragu saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa.

Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar su tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x |s2cid=98547102}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Log_Dam_May_Qoqah.jpg|left|thumb|Madatsar ruwa ta katako a Kogin Arwadito]]
Ganin cewa, a cikin koguna masu nauyi, an lalata madatsun duba gabion sakamakon gogewa, an sanya madatsun katako masu fuskar dutse a fadin wannan rafin. An saka su a gefen rafin, mita 0.5-1 a saman gadon, kuma gefen sama suna fuskantar manyan duwatsu. Irin waɗannan madatsun suna haifar da tafkunan ruwa na ɗan lokaci, yaɗuwar kwararar kololuwa a faɗin dukkan faɗin magudanar, da kuma ajiyar laka. Bayan an gwada su a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai tsanani (gami da guguwa mai ƙarfi guda biyu), ya bayyana cewa kashi 60% na madatsun sun jure wa ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi, musamman a saman kogin. Manoman maƙwabta suna yaba da irin waɗannan gine-gine don sarrafa kwararar ruwa ta farko tare da ɗaukar gadaje masu nauyi saboda dabarar tana da arha kuma ana iya shigar da ita cikin sauƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;nyssen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Boulder-Faced Log Dams as an Alternative for Gabion Check Dams in First-Order Ephemeral Streams with Coarse Bed Load in Ethiopia |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/580811 |journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering |volume=143 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001217 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa.</text>
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'''Arwadito''' wani kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Yana tashi a kan tudun Ts'ats'en na Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa arewa har ya yi kaca-kaca a Kogin Giba da Tekezé . 

== Halaye ==
Kogi ne mai iyaka da dutse, tare da matsakaicin gangara mai tsayin mita 149 a kowace kilomita. Arwadito ta yanke kwazazzabo a cikin basalt da ke kewaye. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da yawan fitar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin ya ragu saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa.

Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar su tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x |s2cid=98547102}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Log_Dam_May_Qoqah.jpg|left|thumb|Madatsar ruwa ta katako a Kogin Arwadito]]
Ganin cewa, a cikin koguna masu nauyi, an lalata madatsun duba gabion sakamakon gogewa, an sanya madatsun katako masu fuskar dutse a fadin wannan rafin. An saka su a gefen rafin, mita 0.5-1 a saman gadon, kuma gefen sama suna fuskantar manyan duwatsu. Irin waɗannan madatsun suna haifar da tafkunan ruwa na ɗan lokaci, yaɗuwar kwararar kololuwa a faɗin dukkan faɗin magudanar, da kuma ajiyar laka. Bayan an gwada su a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai tsanani (gami da guguwa mai ƙarfi guda biyu), ya bayyana cewa kashi 60% na madatsun sun jure wa ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi, musamman a saman kogin. Manoman maƙwabta suna yaba da irin waɗannan gine-gine don sarrafa kwararar ruwa ta farko tare da ɗaukar gadaje masu nauyi saboda dabarar tana da arha kuma ana iya shigar da ita cikin sauƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;nyssen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Boulder-Faced Log Dams as an Alternative for Gabion Check Dams in First-Order Ephemeral Streams with Coarse Bed Load in Ethiopia |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/580811 |journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering |volume=143 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001217 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa.

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    <title>Kogin Amblo</title>
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'''Amblo''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Yana tasowa a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa arewa har ya zama babu kowa a ƙarshe a Kogin Weri'i da Tekezé . 
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Halaye ==
Kogin dutse ne mai iyaka na ɗan lokaci, tare da matsakaicin gangara mai tsayin mita 63 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da kwararar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, an rage girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa. A kan gangaren tsaunuka, an kafa wuraren rufewa ; ciyayi mai yawa galibi yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa ta tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |bibcode=2006JHyd..331..219D |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |bibcode=2015ZGm....59..477T |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |bibcode=2017JHyd..545..299G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ga kwarin ==
Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwazazzabai suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa cancin ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuken da ba na halitta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa.</text>
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'''Amblo''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Yana tasowa a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa arewa har ya zama babu kowa a ƙarshe a Kogin Weri'i da Tekezé . 
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Halaye ==
Kogin dutse ne mai iyaka na ɗan lokaci, tare da matsakaicin gangara mai tsayin mita 63 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da kwararar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, an rage girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa. A kan gangaren tsaunuka, an kafa wuraren rufewa ; ciyayi mai yawa galibi yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa ta tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |bibcode=2006JHyd..331..219D |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |bibcode=2015ZGm....59..477T |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |bibcode=2017JHyd..545..299G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ga kwarin ==
Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwazazzabai suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa cancin ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuken da ba na halitta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa.

==manqzarta==</text>
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'''Amblo''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Yana tasowa a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa arewa har ya zama babu kowa a ƙarshe a Kogin Weri'i da Tekezé . 
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Halaye ==
Kogin dutse ne mai iyaka na ɗan lokaci, tare da matsakaicin gangara mai tsayin mita 63 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da kwararar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, an rage girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa. A kan gangaren tsaunuka, an kafa wuraren rufewa ; ciyayi mai yawa galibi yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa ta tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |bibcode=2006JHyd..331..219D |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |bibcode=2015ZGm....59..477T |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |bibcode=2017JHyd..545..299G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ga kwarin ==
Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwazazzabai suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa cancin ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuken da ba na halitta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa.

==manqzarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dukkanin haka</title>
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    <redirect title="Kogin Amblo" />
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        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>Ibrahim abusufyan moved page [[Dukkanin haka]] to [[Kogin Amblo]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Akobo</title>
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        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342557042|Akobo River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Akobo''' kogi ne da ke kan iyakar [[Sudan ta Kudu]] da [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . Daga tushensa a tsaunukan Habasha kusa da [[Mizan Teferi]], yana kwarara zuwa yamma na tsawon {{Convert|434|km|mi}} don shiga [[Kogin Pibor]] .   Pibor yana kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Sobat]], wanda hakan ke kwarara zuwa cikin Farin Kogin .

Magudanan ruwan kogin Akobo sun hada da [[Cechi River|Cechi]], [[Chiarini River|Chiarini]], da Owag, a gefen dama (na Habasha); da kuma [[Neubari River|Neubari]], [[Ajuba River|Ajuba]] da [[Kaia River|Kaia]] a gefen hagu (na Sudan ta Kudu).

== Tarihi ==
An ayyana iyaka tsakanin [[Sudan]] da Habasha ga yankin da ke kusa da Kogin Akobo a shekarar 1899, ta hannun Manjo HH Austin da Manjo Charles W. Gwynn na Injiniyan Sarauta na Burtaniya. Ba su da masaniya game da ƙasar, mazaunanta, ko harsunansu, kuma suna da ƙarancin wadata. Maimakon ayyana layi bisa ga ƙabilu da yankunan gargajiya, musamman a gefen da ya raba tsaunuka da filayen, Manjo Austin da Gwynn kawai sun ba da shawarar zana layin a tsakiyar Kogin Akobo da sassan Kogin Pibor da [[Kogin Baro]] . An kammala wannan iyaka a cikin Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ethiopia ta 1902, wanda ya haifar da wani yanki a Yankin Gambela na Habasha mai suna [[Baro Salient]] . 

Baro Salient yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da Sudan ta Kudu fiye da Habasha, a fannin siffofi na halitta da kuma mutane. An yi amfani da Baro Salient a matsayin mafaka ga masu tayar da kayar baya na Sudan a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙen basasa na ƙasar na dogon lokaci . Ya yi wa Sudan wuya ta yi iko a kan yankin da ke cikin Habasha, kuma Habasha ta yi jinkirin sa ido kan wannan yanki mai nisa ta kuma shiga cikin siyasar rikice-rikicen cikin gida na Sudan. 

An yi bincike da dama kan haƙar ma'adinai a Akobo. A shekarar 1939, injiniyoyi na Companies Mineralia Ethiopia ( [[COMINA]] ) sun gudanar da bincike kan Akobo da magudanar ruwanta. Magudanar ruwan da ke kwarara daga arewa ta fi ta kudu kyau. An sami darajar har zuwa gram 10 na zinariya a kowace mita mai siffar cubic a kogin Chama, kuma matsakaicin ƙimar zai iya zama 0.7 g a kowace mita mai siffar cubic. A lokacin 1952-1954, [[Ministry of Mines (Ethiopia)|Ma'aikatar Ma'adinai]] ta ɗauki ma'aikata har zuwa 120 aiki a lokaci guda. Sun samar da matsakaicin gram 1.66 na zinariya a kowace rana. 

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'''Kogin Akobo''' kogi ne da ke kan iyakar [[Sudan ta Kudu]] da [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . Daga tushensa a tsaunukan Habasha kusa da [[Mizan Teferi]], yana kwarara zuwa yamma na tsawon {{Convert|434|km|mi}} don shiga [[Kogin Pibor]] .   Pibor yana kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Sobat]], wanda hakan ke kwarara zuwa cikin Farin Kogin .

Magudanan ruwan kogin Akobo sun hada da [[Cechi River|Cechi]], [[Chiarini River|Chiarini]], da Owag, a gefen dama (na Habasha); da kuma [[Neubari River|Neubari]], [[Ajuba River|Ajuba]] da [[Kaia River|Kaia]] a gefen hagu (na Sudan ta Kudu).

== Tarihi ==
An ayyana iyaka tsakanin [[Sudan]] da Habasha ga yankin da ke kusa da Kogin Akobo a shekarar 1899, ta hannun Manjo HH Austin da Manjo Charles W. Gwynn na Injiniyan Sarauta na Burtaniya. Ba su da masaniya game da ƙasar, mazaunanta, ko harsunansu, kuma suna da ƙarancin wadata. Maimakon ayyana layi bisa ga ƙabilu da yankunan gargajiya, musamman a gefen da ya raba tsaunuka da filayen, Manjo Austin da Gwynn kawai sun ba da shawarar zana layin a tsakiyar Kogin Akobo da sassan Kogin Pibor da [[Kogin Baro]] . An kammala wannan iyaka a cikin Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ethiopia ta 1902, wanda ya haifar da wani yanki a Yankin Gambela na Habasha mai suna [[Baro Salient]] . 

Baro Salient yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da Sudan ta Kudu fiye da Habasha, a fannin siffofi na halitta da kuma mutane. An yi amfani da Baro Salient a matsayin mafaka ga masu tayar da kayar baya na Sudan a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙen basasa na ƙasar na dogon lokaci . Ya yi wa Sudan wuya ta yi iko a kan yankin da ke cikin Habasha, kuma Habasha ta yi jinkirin sa ido kan wannan yanki mai nisa ta kuma shiga cikin siyasar rikice-rikicen cikin gida na Sudan. 

An yi bincike da dama kan haƙar ma'adinai a Akobo. A shekarar 1939, injiniyoyi na Companies Mineralia Ethiopia ( [[COMINA]] ) sun gudanar da bincike kan Akobo da magudanar ruwanta. Magudanar ruwan da ke kwarara daga arewa ta fi ta kudu kyau. An sami darajar har zuwa gram 10 na zinariya a kowace mita mai siffar cubic a kogin Chama, kuma matsakaicin ƙimar zai iya zama 0.7 g a kowace mita mai siffar cubic. A lokacin 1952-1954, [[Ministry of Mines (Ethiopia)|Ma'aikatar Ma'adinai]] ta ɗauki ma'aikata har zuwa 120 aiki a lokaci guda. Sun samar da matsakaicin gram 1.66 na zinariya a kowace rana. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kogin Agula'i</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291852402|Agula'i River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Agula'i''' kogi ne na arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . Yana tashi a tsaunukan Atsbi Wenberta (mita 2,676 sama da matakin teku), yana kwarara kudu maso yamma zuwa Kogin Giba wanda a ƙarshe ya cika Kogin Tekezé .  Tafkin Giba na gaba zai mamaye filin da kogunan Sulluh, Genfel da Agula'i suka haɗu.
[[Fayil:Giba_drainage_network.jpg|thumb|6Cibiyar magudanar ruwa ta Giba]]

== Hydrography ==
Kogi ne mai iyaka, wanda [[Menander|ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin filin ruwansa, tare da gangaren gangara na mita 8 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin. 

== Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa ==

=== Halayen Ruwa ===
Tafin ruwan ko kuma jimillar ruwan da ke kwarara a kowace shekara shine miliyan 115 m³. Kololuwar ruwan da ke kwarara har zuwa m³ 520 a kowace daƙiƙa yana faruwa ne a kashi na biyu na lokacin damina (wata na watan Agusta) lokacin da ake samun ruwan sama mai ƙarfi kuma ƙasa ta cika da ruwa a wurare da yawa. Kashi na jimillar ruwan da ke barin magudanar ruwa kai tsaye a matsayin guguwa (wanda kuma ake kira da magudanar ruwa) shine 12%. Ganin cewa dutse mai daraja yana cikin kashi 47% na magudanar ruwa, wannan ma'aunin ruwan ya yi ƙasa da na kogunan da ke makwabtaka da shi. 

Jimillar laka da wannan kogin ke jigilarwa ya kai tan miliyan 1.95 a kowace shekara. Matsakaicin yawan laka a cikin ruwan kogin shine gram 3.78 a kowace lita, amma yana iya kaiwa 97 g/L. Mafi girman yawan laka yana faruwa ne a farkon lokacin damina, lokacin da ƙasa mai laushi da ƙura suka watse ta hanyar kwararar ƙasa suka ƙare a cikin kogin, kuma zuwa ƙarshe lokacin da zaizayar ƙasa ke yawaita a gefen kogi. &lt;ref name=&quot;matt&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vanmaercke |first=M. and colleagues |date=2010 |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka ruwa yana ɗauke da sinadarai masu gina jiki da yawa (a yankin ana kiransa &quot;aygi&quot;), manoma sun kiyasta cewa yana ƙarfafa shanunsu, waɗanda za su kawo zuwa kogin.  Gabaɗaya, matsakaicin [[Sediment yield|yawan laka]] shine tan 3784 a kowace kilomita &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; da kowace shekara. An yi duk ma'auni a wani tasha da aka sanya da gangan kusa da bakin kogin, a shekarun 2005-2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;matt&quot; /&gt;

=== Ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi ===
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da yawan fitar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya. Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa galibi suna faruwa ne da yamma ko dare, saboda ruwan sama mai ƙarfi yana faruwa da rana. 

=== Canje-canje a kan lokaci ===
Shaidun da aka samu daga hotunan sama na Italiya na magudanar ruwa, waɗanda aka ɗauka a shekarun 1930 sun nuna cewa kashi 51% na magudanar ruwa ta rufe da ciyayi masu kama da itace (idan aka kwatanta da kashi 45% a shekarar 2014). Wannan ciyayi zai iya rage kwararar ruwa kuma ma'aunin kwararar ruwa ya yi ƙasa (8% a shekarar 1935 da kashi 12% a shekarar 2014). Sakamakon haka, kwararar ruwa a kogin ya yi ƙasa kuma kogin ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da na yau.  Har zuwa shekarun 1980, akwai matsin lamba mai ƙarfi a kan muhalli, kuma ciyayi da yawa sun ɓace. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frankl |first=Amaury |last2=Nyssen |first2=Jan |last3=De Dapper |first3=Morgan |last4=Haile |first4=Mitiku |last5=Billi |first5=Paolo |last6=Munro |first6=R. Neil |last7=Deckers |first7=Jozef |last8=Poesen |first8=Jean |year=2011 |title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 |journal=Geomorphology |volume=129 |issue=3–4 |pages=238–251 |bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kogin yana da mafi girman kwararar ruwa da faɗinsa a wannan lokacin. Duk da haka, an rage girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda tsoma bakin da aka yi a magudanar ruwa. A kan gangaren tsaunuka masu tsayi, an kafa wuraren ɓoyewa ; ciyayi masu yawa suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa a tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |bibcode=2015ZGm....59..477T |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x |s2cid=98547102}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |bibcode=2017JHyd..545..299G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Noma mai ban ruwa ==
Baya ga maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, ban ruwa ya dogara sosai kan kwararar ruwan kogin. Irin wannan noma na ban ruwa yana da mahimmanci wajen biyan buƙatun samar da abinci da rage talauci.  Ana kafa filayen ban ruwa a cikin ƙananan filayen ruwan da ke gefen kogin kuma ana amfani da ban ruwa na famfo.

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa kwarin kogin ==
An gano cewa ƙasan kwarin da ke cikin ƙananan kwarin wannan kogin a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa don canza ɗan adam. Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwarin suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa don canza ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuke marasa yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. 

== Tafiya a gefen kogin ==
An kafa hanyoyin tafiya a Dogu'a Tembien da ke kusa.  Ba a yi wa hanyoyin alama a ƙasa ba amma ana iya bin su ta amfani da fayilolin .GPX da aka sauke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiya ta '''24''' tana ratsawa tare da mahaɗar Agula'i da Kogin Giba . A lokacin damina, ambaliyar ruwa na iya faruwa kuma ana ba da shawarar kada a bi gefen kogin. Sau da yawa, to ba zai yiwu a ketare kogin ba.</text>
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'''Agula'i''' kogi ne na arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . Yana tashi a tsaunukan Atsbi Wenberta (mita 2,676 sama da matakin teku), yana kwarara kudu maso yamma zuwa Kogin Giba wanda a ƙarshe ya cika Kogin Tekezé .  Tafkin Giba na gaba zai mamaye filin da kogunan Sulluh, Genfel da Agula'i suka haɗu.
[[Fayil:Giba_drainage_network.jpg|thumb|6Cibiyar magudanar ruwa ta Giba]]

== Hydrography ==
Kogi ne mai iyaka, wanda [[Menander|ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin filin ruwansa, tare da gangaren gangara na mita 8 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin. 

== Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa ==

=== Halayen Ruwa ===
Tafin ruwan ko kuma jimillar ruwan da ke kwarara a kowace shekara shine miliyan 115 m³. Kololuwar ruwan da ke kwarara har zuwa m³ 520 a kowace daƙiƙa yana faruwa ne a kashi na biyu na lokacin damina (wata na watan Agusta) lokacin da ake samun ruwan sama mai ƙarfi kuma ƙasa ta cika da ruwa a wurare da yawa. Kashi na jimillar ruwan da ke barin magudanar ruwa kai tsaye a matsayin guguwa (wanda kuma ake kira da magudanar ruwa) shine 12%. Ganin cewa dutse mai daraja yana cikin kashi 47% na magudanar ruwa, wannan ma'aunin ruwan ya yi ƙasa da na kogunan da ke makwabtaka da shi. 

Jimillar laka da wannan kogin ke jigilarwa ya kai tan miliyan 1.95 a kowace shekara. Matsakaicin yawan laka a cikin ruwan kogin shine gram 3.78 a kowace lita, amma yana iya kaiwa 97 g/L. Mafi girman yawan laka yana faruwa ne a farkon lokacin damina, lokacin da ƙasa mai laushi da ƙura suka watse ta hanyar kwararar ƙasa suka ƙare a cikin kogin, kuma zuwa ƙarshe lokacin da zaizayar ƙasa ke yawaita a gefen kogi. &lt;ref name=&quot;matt&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vanmaercke |first=M. and colleagues |date=2010 |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka ruwa yana ɗauke da sinadarai masu gina jiki da yawa (a yankin ana kiransa &quot;aygi&quot;), manoma sun kiyasta cewa yana ƙarfafa shanunsu, waɗanda za su kawo zuwa kogin.  Gabaɗaya, matsakaicin [[Sediment yield|yawan laka]] shine tan 3784 a kowace kilomita &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; da kowace shekara. An yi duk ma'auni a wani tasha da aka sanya da gangan kusa da bakin kogin, a shekarun 2005-2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;matt&quot; /&gt;

=== Ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi ===
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da yawan fitar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya. Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa galibi suna faruwa ne da yamma ko dare, saboda ruwan sama mai ƙarfi yana faruwa da rana. 

=== Canje-canje a kan lokaci ===
Shaidun da aka samu daga hotunan sama na Italiya na magudanar ruwa, waɗanda aka ɗauka a shekarun 1930 sun nuna cewa kashi 51% na magudanar ruwa ta rufe da ciyayi masu kama da itace (idan aka kwatanta da kashi 45% a shekarar 2014). Wannan ciyayi zai iya rage kwararar ruwa kuma ma'aunin kwararar ruwa ya yi ƙasa (8% a shekarar 1935 da kashi 12% a shekarar 2014). Sakamakon haka, kwararar ruwa a kogin ya yi ƙasa kuma kogin ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da na yau.  Har zuwa shekarun 1980, akwai matsin lamba mai ƙarfi a kan muhalli, kuma ciyayi da yawa sun ɓace. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frankl |first=Amaury |last2=Nyssen |first2=Jan |last3=De Dapper |first3=Morgan |last4=Haile |first4=Mitiku |last5=Billi |first5=Paolo |last6=Munro |first6=R. Neil |last7=Deckers |first7=Jozef |last8=Poesen |first8=Jean |year=2011 |title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 |journal=Geomorphology |volume=129 |issue=3–4 |pages=238–251 |bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kogin yana da mafi girman kwararar ruwa da faɗinsa a wannan lokacin. Duk da haka, an rage girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda tsoma bakin da aka yi a magudanar ruwa. A kan gangaren tsaunuka masu tsayi, an kafa wuraren ɓoyewa ; ciyayi masu yawa suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa a tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |bibcode=2015ZGm....59..477T |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x |s2cid=98547102}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |bibcode=2017JHyd..545..299G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Noma mai ban ruwa ==
Baya ga maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, ban ruwa ya dogara sosai kan kwararar ruwan kogin. Irin wannan noma na ban ruwa yana da mahimmanci wajen biyan buƙatun samar da abinci da rage talauci.  Ana kafa filayen ban ruwa a cikin ƙananan filayen ruwan da ke gefen kogin kuma ana amfani da ban ruwa na famfo.

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa kwarin kogin ==
An gano cewa ƙasan kwarin da ke cikin ƙananan kwarin wannan kogin a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa don canza ɗan adam. Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwarin suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa don canza ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuke marasa yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. 

== Tafiya a gefen kogin ==
An kafa hanyoyin tafiya a Dogu'a Tembien da ke kusa.  Ba a yi wa hanyoyin alama a ƙasa ba amma ana iya bin su ta amfani da fayilolin .GPX da aka sauke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiya ta '''24''' tana ratsawa tare da mahaɗar Agula'i da Kogin Giba . A lokacin damina, ambaliyar ruwa na iya faruwa kuma ana ba da shawarar kada a bi gefen kogin. Sau da yawa, to ba zai yiwu a ketare kogin ba.

==manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Kogin Agefet</title>
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'''Agefet''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Yana tasowa a tsaunukan Gheralta a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa yamma don ya zama babu kowa a cikin Weri'i wanda da kansa yake kwarara zuwa Kogin Tekezé .
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Halaye ==
[[Fayil:Agefet_downstream.jpg|left|thumb|Agefet a ƙasan hanya]]
Agefet kogi ne mai iyaka da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, [[Menander|wanda ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin filinsa na ruwa, tare da matsakaicin gangara na mita 13 a kowace kilomita. A ƙarshen tafiyarsa, yana mamaye ƙasa mai yashi. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da kwararar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, an rage girman ambaliyar ruwa a cikin wannan kogin saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa. Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |bibcode=2015ZGm....59..477T |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |bibcode=2017JHyd..545..299G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kan tsaunuka masu tsayi da yawa, an kafa wuraren rufewa ; ciyayi mai yawa yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kutse, ƙarancin ambaliyar ruwa, da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa ta tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ga kwarin ==
Canjin yanayi (Transhumanism) yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin Agefet. Kwaruruka suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa don canza yanayin yanayi, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuken da ba na halitta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan raka'o'in lithological suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. 

* Matosai na Phonolite
* Babban basalt
* Adanar lacustrine mai alaƙa
* Ƙananan basalt
* [[Tsarin Amba Aradam]]
* Antalo Limestone
* Tufa mai ruwan sha na Quaternary &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moeyersons |first=J. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sandstone na Adigrat
* Edaga Arbi Glacials

A ma'ana, a saman kogin, duwatsu da duwatsun ƙananan rassan lithologies ne kawai za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da a ƙasa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye.

== Iyakar yanayi ==
A lokacin tafiyarsa, wannan kogin yana ratsawa ta cikin yankuna uku ( [[Kola Tembien]], Dogu'a Tembien da [[Kilte Awulaelo|Kilte Awula'ilo]] ) kuma ya ƙunshi iyaka tsakanin biyun na tsawon kilomita goma sha biyu.</text>
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'''Agefet''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Yana tasowa a tsaunukan Gheralta a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa yamma don ya zama babu kowa a cikin Weri'i wanda da kansa yake kwarara zuwa Kogin Tekezé .
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Halaye ==
[[Fayil:Agefet_downstream.jpg|left|thumb|Agefet a ƙasan hanya]]
Agefet kogi ne mai iyaka da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, [[Menander|wanda ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin filinsa na ruwa, tare da matsakaicin gangara na mita 13 a kowace kilomita. A ƙarshen tafiyarsa, yana mamaye ƙasa mai yashi. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da kwararar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, an rage girman ambaliyar ruwa a cikin wannan kogin saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa. Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |bibcode=2015ZGm....59..477T |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |bibcode=2017JHyd..545..299G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kan tsaunuka masu tsayi da yawa, an kafa wuraren rufewa ; ciyayi mai yawa yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kutse, ƙarancin ambaliyar ruwa, da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa ta tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ga kwarin ==
Canjin yanayi (Transhumanism) yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin Agefet. Kwaruruka suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa don canza yanayin yanayi, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuken da ba na halitta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan raka'o'in lithological suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. 

* Matosai na Phonolite
* Babban basalt
* Adanar lacustrine mai alaƙa
* Ƙananan basalt
* [[Tsarin Amba Aradam]]
* Antalo Limestone
* Tufa mai ruwan sha na Quaternary &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moeyersons |first=J. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sandstone na Adigrat
* Edaga Arbi Glacials

A ma'ana, a saman kogin, duwatsu da duwatsun ƙananan rassan lithologies ne kawai za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da a ƙasa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye.

== Iyakar yanayi ==
A lokacin tafiyarsa, wannan kogin yana ratsawa ta cikin yankuna uku ( [[Kola Tembien]], Dogu'a Tembien da [[Kilte Awulaelo|Kilte Awula'ilo]] ) kuma ya ƙunshi iyaka tsakanin biyun na tsawon kilomita goma sha biyu.

==manazarta==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kogin Afedena</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1259021969|Afedena River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Afedena''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Tana tasowa a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], tana kwarara zuwa kudu maso yamma har ta yi kaca-kaca a Kogin Giba da Tekezé . 
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Halaye ==
Afedena wani kogi ne mai iyaka da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, [[Menander|wanda ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin fili mai zurfi, tare da matsakaicin gangara na mita 35 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke kwazazzabo. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da kwararar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, an rage girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa. A Afedena, an kafa wuraren rufewa ; ciyayi mai yawa suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kutse, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa ta tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa.</text>
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'''Afedena''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Tana tasowa a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], tana kwarara zuwa kudu maso yamma har ta yi kaca-kaca a Kogin Giba da Tekezé . 
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Halaye ==
Afedena wani kogi ne mai iyaka da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, [[Menander|wanda ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin fili mai zurfi, tare da matsakaicin gangara na mita 35 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke kwazazzabo. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da kwararar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, an rage girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa. A Afedena, an kafa wuraren rufewa ; ciyayi mai yawa suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kutse, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa ta tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa.

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    <title>Kogin Addi Keshofo</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1259017978|Addi Keshofo River]]&quot;</comment>
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Kogin '''Addi Keshofo''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Yana tasowa a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a Arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa kudu don ya yi kaca-kaca kai tsaye a Giba da kuma gaba a Kogin Tekezé . 
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Halaye ==
Wannan kogi ne mai iyaka da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, [[Menander|wanda ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin filin da ke kewaye da ruwa, tare da matsakaicin gangara mai tsayin mita 50 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
[[Fayil:Upper_addi_keshofo.jpg|thumb|Saman kogin Addi Keshofo]]
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa suna da kwararar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, girman ambaliyar ruwa a cikin wannan kogin ya ragu saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa. A watan Mayu Genet da sauran gangaren tsaunuka masu tsayi, an kafa wuraren rufewa ; ciyayi mai yawa galibi yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa ta tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ga kwarin ==
Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwazazzabai suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa cancin ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuken da ba na halitta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama da yankin da ake samun ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi kusa da ƙasa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin wurin.</text>
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Kogin '''Addi Keshofo''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Yana tasowa a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a Arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa kudu don ya yi kaca-kaca kai tsaye a Giba da kuma gaba a Kogin Tekezé . 
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Halaye ==
Wannan kogi ne mai iyaka da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, [[Menander|wanda ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin filin da ke kewaye da ruwa, tare da matsakaicin gangara mai tsayin mita 50 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
[[Fayil:Upper_addi_keshofo.jpg|thumb|Saman kogin Addi Keshofo]]
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa suna da kwararar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, girman ambaliyar ruwa a cikin wannan kogin ya ragu saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa. A watan Mayu Genet da sauran gangaren tsaunuka masu tsayi, an kafa wuraren rufewa ; ciyayi mai yawa galibi yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa ta tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ga kwarin ==
Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwazazzabai suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa cancin ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuken da ba na halitta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama da yankin da ake samun ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi kusa da ƙasa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin wurin.

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  <page>
    <title>Aras (kogin)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352685130|Aras (river)]]&quot;</comment>
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Kogin '''Aras''' {{Efn|{{langx|grc|Αράξης}} {{translit|grc|Aráxēs}} {{IPA|grc|aráksɛːs|}}; {{langx|hy|Արաքս}} {{IPA|hy|ɑˈɾɑkʰs|}}; {{langx|az|Araz}} {{IPA|az|ɑˈɾɑz|}}; {{langx|fa|ارس}} {{IPA|fa|æˈɾæs|}}; {{langx|ka|არაქსი}} {{IPA|ka|aɾakʰsi|}}; {{langx|os|Аракс}} {{IPA|os|aˈrakʂ|}}; {{langx|tr|Aras}}}} wani kogi ne mai iyaka a yankin Caucasus . Yana tashi a gabashin [[Turkiyya]] kuma yana gudana a kan iyakokin Turkiyya da [[Armeniya|Armenia]], tsakanin Turkiyya da yankin Nakhchivan na [[Azerbaijan]], tsakanin [[Iran]] da Azerbaijan da Armenia, kuma, a ƙarshe, ta hanyar Azerbaijan inda yake kwarara zuwa kogin Kura a matsayin magudanar ruwa ta dama. Yana kwarara a gefen kudu na tsaunukan Ƙananan Caucasus, yayin da Kura ke kwarara a gefen arewa na Ƙananan Caucasus. Jimillar tsawon kogin shine {{Cvt|1072|km|mi}} kuma [[Ruwan ruwa|yankin ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi yanki na {{Cvt|102000|km2|mi2}}     . Aras yana ɗaya daga cikin koguna mafi tsayi a Caucasus.

== Sunaye ==
A zamanin da, Girkawa sun san kogin da '''Araxes''' ( Greek   ). Sunan Armeniya na zamani shine ''Arax'' ko ''Araks'' ( Armenian   ). A tarihi, ana kiransa {{Transl|xcl|Eraskh}} ( Old Armenian  , {{Transl|hy|Yeraskh}} a cikin lafazin zamani) na Armeniya kuma tsohon sunan Georgian shine ''Rakhsi'' ( {{Lang|sk|რახსი}} ) A Azerbaijan, ana kiran kogin ''Araz'', yayin da a [[Turkanci|Turkiyya]] ake kiransa ''Aras'' . A cikin [[Farisawa|Farisanci]] da Kurdanci sunansa {{Lang|fa|ارس}} ( ''Arasu'' ).

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Ana samun goyon bayan Aras ta hanyar rafin Kocagün, rafin Dallı da rafin Orman daga tsaunukan Bingöl a kan iyakokin gundumar Varto, waɗanda suka haɗu da shi a kusa da ƙauyen Kırıkhan na gundumar Tekman . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erzurum Mülkî İdare İl Haritası |url=https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files/products/erzurum-mulk-idare-il-haritasi-1423.pdf |website=harita.gov.tr |publisher=Harita Genel Müdürlüğü |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bingöl Dağları |url=https://www.dogadernegi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/dog016-bingol-daglari-onemli-doga-alanlari-kitabi.pdf |website=dogadernegi.org |publisher=Doğa Derneği |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duwatsun Aras suna kewaye da shi daga kudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aras Vadisi |url=https://www.dogadernegi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/dog027-aras-vadisi-onemli-doga-alanlari-kitabi.pdf |website=dogadernegi.org |publisher=Doğa Derneği |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aras suna haɗuwa da Kogin Akhuryan a kudu maso gabashin Digor . Daga Digor suna kwarara tare da iyakar Armenia da Turkiyya, sannan suna tafiya kusa da hanyar da ta haɗa Turkiyya da yankin Nakhchivan na [[Azerbaijan]], kuma suna ci gaba tare da iyakar Iran-Armeniya da Iran-Azerbaijani. &lt;ref name=&quot;IE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Araxes River |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517013151/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=3 May 2018 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aras suna samun abinci daga manyan magudanan ruwa da dama, ciki har da Arpa Çayı (wanda aka fi sani da Akhuryan), wanda ke tattara ruwan daga Kogin Kars da Tafkin Çıldır da ke Turkiyya, Kogin Hrazdan, wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tafkin Sevan a Armenia, da kuma Qareh Sū, wanda ya samo asali daga Dutsen Sabalān a arewa maso gabashin Azerbaijan na Iran. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aras River {{!}} river, Asia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aras-River |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etymology da tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Aras_River_in_Persian_(IRAN)_Empire_1747_map.JPG|alt=A map of the Aras from 1747.|thumb|260x260px|Kogin Aras a Daular Farisa a taswira daga 1747]]
[[Fayil:A_drawing_by_the_Russian_painter_Grigory_Grigorievich_Gagarin_(1810-1893)_of_a_young_Kurdish_notable_with_his_advisor_and_his_tribe_while_passing_through_Aras_River.jpg|thumb|Wani matashi ɗan [[Kurdawa]] mai suna tare da mai ba shi shawara da ƙabilarsa da ke ketare Kogin Aras.]]
A al'adar Armeniya, an sanya wa kogin suna ne bayan [[wiktionary:Արաստ|Arast]], jikan jikan babban basaraken Armeniya Haik .  Daga baya an mayar da sunan Hellenized zuwa ''Araxes'' kuma an yi amfani da shi ga al'adun Kura-Araxes, mutanen da suka yi fice a kwarurukan Kura da Aras. An kuma ambaci kogin a babi na ƙarshe na ''Aeneid'' VIII na Virgil, a matsayin &quot;mai fushi da gadar,&quot; tun lokacin da Romawa suka gina gada a kansa don a ci shi da yaƙi. An danganta kogin Aras da kogunan Littafi Mai Tsarki Gihon da Pishon .  Robert H. Hewsen ya bayyana Aras a matsayin &quot;kogi na gaskiya&quot; kawai na Armeniya kuma a matsayin &quot;Uwar Araxes,&quot; alamar alfahari ga mutanen Armeniya. 

A cewar wani tatsuniya da [[Strabo]] ya ambata, a zamanin da, kogin Araxes da ke [[Armeniya|Armenia]] ba shi da kwararar ruwa zuwa [[Tekun Caspian]], amma ya bazu a fili kuma ya samar da tafki ba tare da kwararar ruwa ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strabo, Geography, Book 11, chapter 14 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198:book=11:chapter=14&amp;highlight=plains |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730115443/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text%3Fdoc%3DPerseus:text:1999.01.0198:book%3D11:chapter%3D14%26highlight%3Dplains |archive-date=2019-07-30 |access-date=2018-01-15 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 589 a zamanin [[Daular Sasanian|Sasanian]], kogin ya kasance wurin yaƙi tsakanin Farisawa da [[Daular Rumawa|Byzantines]] . A zamanin Musulunci, an san Araxes a cikin harshen Larabci da '''al-Rass''' (ba za a rikita shi da Ar Rass na zamani ba) kuma a cikin mahallin Perso-Turkiyya da '''Aras''' . &lt;ref name=&quot;IE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Araxes River |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517013151/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=3 May 2018 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river &quot;Araxes River&quot;]. [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180517013151/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river Archived] from the original on 17 May 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 May&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A tarihin zamani, Aras ta sami mahimmanci a matsayin iyaka ta siyasa ta yanki. A ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Yarjejeniyar Gulistan da Yarjejeniyar Turkmenchay, an zaɓi kogin a matsayin iyaka tsakanin Daular Rasha da Qajar Iran, yayin da aka tilasta wa Rasha mika yankunan Caucasian nata.  Saboda waɗannan canje-canjen kan iyaka na ƙarni na 19, wani tsari na zamani, wanda ba a yarda da shi sosai ba, ya jawo Kogin Aras a matsayin layin iyaka tsakanin Turai da Asiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caucasus |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Caucasus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504123439/https://www.britannica.com/place/Caucasus |archive-date=2020-05-04 |access-date=2019-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakanin shekarun 1963-1970, Iran da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] sun gina madatsar ruwa ta Aras kusa da birnin Nakhchivan na Azerbaijan, inda suka samar da madatsar ruwa ta Aras. A tsakanin shekarun 1999-2008, Iran ta gina madatsar ruwa ta Khoda Afarin kusa da gadar Khudafarin mai tarihi, inda ta samar da [[Khoda Afarin Reservoir|madatsar ruwa ta Khoda Afarin]], da kuma madatsar ruwa ta Giz Galasi 12&amp;nbsp;kilomita a ƙarƙashin kogin, suna ƙirƙirar madatsar ruwa ta Giz Galasi . Iran da Armenia suna shirin gina madatsar ruwa ta Meghri kusa da garin Meghri na Armenia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2012 |title=News: Meghry Power Plant Kicks off |url=http://en.iwpco.ir/Lists/News/DispForm.aspx?ID=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313020814/http://en.iwpco.ir/Lists/News/DispForm.aspx?ID=151 |archive-date=13 March 2016 |publisher=Iran Water &amp; Power Resources Development Co.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarin Aras ==
A shekarar 2006, KuzeyDoğa, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Turkiyya don kare yanayi, ta kafa cibiyar bincike da ilimi ta tsuntsaye a kwarin Aras da ke ƙauyen Yukarı Çıyrıklı, a gundumar Tuzluca da ke Lardin Iğdır, Turkiyya. Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin sauro biyu na tsuntsaye na Turkiyya da ke ci gaba da aiki kowace shekara.  Tsakanin 2006 da 2021, an yi wa tsuntsaye sama da 145,000 na nau'ikan tsuntsaye 201 zobe, kuma an lura da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 306 a wannan tasha. Kashi sittin da uku cikin ɗari na nau'ikan tsuntsaye 489 da aka samu a Turkiyya an rubuta su a wannan dausayi, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ƙasa mafi wadata a gabashin Turkiyya ga tsuntsaye. Adadin nau'ikan tsuntsaye 306 da aka yi wa zobe da aka lura sun ƙunshi 90&amp;nbsp;Kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na nau'ikan tsuntsaye 340 a Lardin Iğdır, lardin Turkiyya mafi wadata a fannin tsuntsaye. An lura da sabbin nau'ikan tsuntsaye guda bakwai a lokacin ayyukan ƙarar tsuntsaye a shekarar 2012 kaɗai, ciki har da ɗan rago Shikra, ko Little Banded Goshawk ( ''Accipiter badius'' ), wanda sabo ne ga avifauna na Turkiyya.  

Wani farfesa a fannin ilmin halittu a Jami'ar Utah kuma shugaban ƙungiyar KuzeyDoğa, Çağan Şekercioğlu, ya yi kira ga Ma'aikatar Kula da Daji da Ruwa da ta yi watsi da aikin Madatsar Ruwa ta Tuzluca, wanda zai lalata dausayin da ke ɗauke da namun daji na tsuntsaye a kwarin Aras.   A shekarar 2013, ma'aikatar ta ba wurin matsayi mafi girma na kiyayewa (Yankin Kare Yanayi).</text>
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Kogin '''Aras''' {{Efn|{{langx|grc|Αράξης}} {{translit|grc|Aráxēs}} {{IPA|grc|aráksɛːs|}}; {{langx|hy|Արաքս}} {{IPA|hy|ɑˈɾɑkʰs|}}; {{langx|az|Araz}} {{IPA|az|ɑˈɾɑz|}}; {{langx|fa|ارس}} {{IPA|fa|æˈɾæs|}}; {{langx|ka|არაქსი}} {{IPA|ka|aɾakʰsi|}}; {{langx|os|Аракс}} {{IPA|os|aˈrakʂ|}}; {{langx|tr|Aras}}}} wani kogi ne mai iyaka a yankin Caucasus . Yana tashi a gabashin [[Turkiyya]] kuma yana gudana a kan iyakokin Turkiyya da [[Armeniya|Armenia]], tsakanin Turkiyya da yankin Nakhchivan na [[Azerbaijan]], tsakanin [[Iran]] da Azerbaijan da Armenia, kuma, a ƙarshe, ta hanyar Azerbaijan inda yake kwarara zuwa kogin Kura a matsayin magudanar ruwa ta dama. Yana kwarara a gefen kudu na tsaunukan Ƙananan Caucasus, yayin da Kura ke kwarara a gefen arewa na Ƙananan Caucasus. Jimillar tsawon kogin shine {{Cvt|1072|km|mi}} kuma [[Ruwan ruwa|yankin ruwansa]] ya ƙunshi yanki na {{Cvt|102000|km2|mi2}}     . Aras yana ɗaya daga cikin koguna mafi tsayi a Caucasus.

== Sunaye ==
A zamanin da, Girkawa sun san kogin da '''Araxes''' ( Greek   ). Sunan Armeniya na zamani shine ''Arax'' ko ''Araks'' ( Armenian   ). A tarihi, ana kiransa {{Transl|xcl|Eraskh}} ( Old Armenian  , {{Transl|hy|Yeraskh}} a cikin lafazin zamani) na Armeniya kuma tsohon sunan Georgian shine ''Rakhsi'' ( {{Lang|sk|რახსი}} ) A Azerbaijan, ana kiran kogin ''Araz'', yayin da a [[Turkanci|Turkiyya]] ake kiransa ''Aras'' . A cikin [[Farisawa|Farisanci]] da Kurdanci sunansa {{Lang|fa|ارس}} ( ''Arasu'' ).

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Ana samun goyon bayan Aras ta hanyar rafin Kocagün, rafin Dallı da rafin Orman daga tsaunukan Bingöl a kan iyakokin gundumar Varto, waɗanda suka haɗu da shi a kusa da ƙauyen Kırıkhan na gundumar Tekman . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Erzurum Mülkî İdare İl Haritası |url=https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files/products/erzurum-mulk-idare-il-haritasi-1423.pdf |website=harita.gov.tr |publisher=Harita Genel Müdürlüğü |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bingöl Dağları |url=https://www.dogadernegi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/dog016-bingol-daglari-onemli-doga-alanlari-kitabi.pdf |website=dogadernegi.org |publisher=Doğa Derneği |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duwatsun Aras suna kewaye da shi daga kudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aras Vadisi |url=https://www.dogadernegi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/dog027-aras-vadisi-onemli-doga-alanlari-kitabi.pdf |website=dogadernegi.org |publisher=Doğa Derneği |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aras suna haɗuwa da Kogin Akhuryan a kudu maso gabashin Digor . Daga Digor suna kwarara tare da iyakar Armenia da Turkiyya, sannan suna tafiya kusa da hanyar da ta haɗa Turkiyya da yankin Nakhchivan na [[Azerbaijan]], kuma suna ci gaba tare da iyakar Iran-Armeniya da Iran-Azerbaijani. &lt;ref name=&quot;IE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Araxes River |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517013151/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=3 May 2018 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aras suna samun abinci daga manyan magudanan ruwa da dama, ciki har da Arpa Çayı (wanda aka fi sani da Akhuryan), wanda ke tattara ruwan daga Kogin Kars da Tafkin Çıldır da ke Turkiyya, Kogin Hrazdan, wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tafkin Sevan a Armenia, da kuma Qareh Sū, wanda ya samo asali daga Dutsen Sabalān a arewa maso gabashin Azerbaijan na Iran. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aras River {{!}} river, Asia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aras-River |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etymology da tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Aras_River_in_Persian_(IRAN)_Empire_1747_map.JPG|alt=A map of the Aras from 1747.|thumb|260x260px|Kogin Aras a Daular Farisa a taswira daga 1747]]
[[Fayil:A_drawing_by_the_Russian_painter_Grigory_Grigorievich_Gagarin_(1810-1893)_of_a_young_Kurdish_notable_with_his_advisor_and_his_tribe_while_passing_through_Aras_River.jpg|thumb|Wani matashi ɗan [[Kurdawa]] mai suna tare da mai ba shi shawara da ƙabilarsa da ke ketare Kogin Aras.]]
A al'adar Armeniya, an sanya wa kogin suna ne bayan [[wiktionary:Արաստ|Arast]], jikan jikan babban basaraken Armeniya Haik .  Daga baya an mayar da sunan Hellenized zuwa ''Araxes'' kuma an yi amfani da shi ga al'adun Kura-Araxes, mutanen da suka yi fice a kwarurukan Kura da Aras. An kuma ambaci kogin a babi na ƙarshe na ''Aeneid'' VIII na Virgil, a matsayin &quot;mai fushi da gadar,&quot; tun lokacin da Romawa suka gina gada a kansa don a ci shi da yaƙi. An danganta kogin Aras da kogunan Littafi Mai Tsarki Gihon da Pishon .  Robert H. Hewsen ya bayyana Aras a matsayin &quot;kogi na gaskiya&quot; kawai na Armeniya kuma a matsayin &quot;Uwar Araxes,&quot; alamar alfahari ga mutanen Armeniya. 

A cewar wani tatsuniya da [[Strabo]] ya ambata, a zamanin da, kogin Araxes da ke [[Armeniya|Armenia]] ba shi da kwararar ruwa zuwa [[Tekun Caspian]], amma ya bazu a fili kuma ya samar da tafki ba tare da kwararar ruwa ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strabo, Geography, Book 11, chapter 14 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198:book=11:chapter=14&amp;highlight=plains |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730115443/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text%3Fdoc%3DPerseus:text:1999.01.0198:book%3D11:chapter%3D14%26highlight%3Dplains |archive-date=2019-07-30 |access-date=2018-01-15 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 589 a zamanin [[Daular Sasanian|Sasanian]], kogin ya kasance wurin yaƙi tsakanin Farisawa da [[Daular Rumawa|Byzantines]] . A zamanin Musulunci, an san Araxes a cikin harshen Larabci da '''al-Rass''' (ba za a rikita shi da Ar Rass na zamani ba) kuma a cikin mahallin Perso-Turkiyya da '''Aras''' . &lt;ref name=&quot;IE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Araxes River |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517013151/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=3 May 2018 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river &quot;Araxes River&quot;]. [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180517013151/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/araxes-river Archived] from the original on 17 May 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 May&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A tarihin zamani, Aras ta sami mahimmanci a matsayin iyaka ta siyasa ta yanki. A ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Yarjejeniyar Gulistan da Yarjejeniyar Turkmenchay, an zaɓi kogin a matsayin iyaka tsakanin Daular Rasha da Qajar Iran, yayin da aka tilasta wa Rasha mika yankunan Caucasian nata.  Saboda waɗannan canje-canjen kan iyaka na ƙarni na 19, wani tsari na zamani, wanda ba a yarda da shi sosai ba, ya jawo Kogin Aras a matsayin layin iyaka tsakanin Turai da Asiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Caucasus |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Caucasus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504123439/https://www.britannica.com/place/Caucasus |archive-date=2020-05-04 |access-date=2019-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakanin shekarun 1963-1970, Iran da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] sun gina madatsar ruwa ta Aras kusa da birnin Nakhchivan na Azerbaijan, inda suka samar da madatsar ruwa ta Aras. A tsakanin shekarun 1999-2008, Iran ta gina madatsar ruwa ta Khoda Afarin kusa da gadar Khudafarin mai tarihi, inda ta samar da [[Khoda Afarin Reservoir|madatsar ruwa ta Khoda Afarin]], da kuma madatsar ruwa ta Giz Galasi 12&amp;nbsp;kilomita a ƙarƙashin kogin, suna ƙirƙirar madatsar ruwa ta Giz Galasi . Iran da Armenia suna shirin gina madatsar ruwa ta Meghri kusa da garin Meghri na Armenia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2012 |title=News: Meghry Power Plant Kicks off |url=http://en.iwpco.ir/Lists/News/DispForm.aspx?ID=151 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313020814/http://en.iwpco.ir/Lists/News/DispForm.aspx?ID=151 |archive-date=13 March 2016 |publisher=Iran Water &amp; Power Resources Development Co.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarin Aras ==
A shekarar 2006, KuzeyDoğa, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Turkiyya don kare yanayi, ta kafa cibiyar bincike da ilimi ta tsuntsaye a kwarin Aras da ke ƙauyen Yukarı Çıyrıklı, a gundumar Tuzluca da ke Lardin Iğdır, Turkiyya. Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin sauro biyu na tsuntsaye na Turkiyya da ke ci gaba da aiki kowace shekara.  Tsakanin 2006 da 2021, an yi wa tsuntsaye sama da 145,000 na nau'ikan tsuntsaye 201 zobe, kuma an lura da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 306 a wannan tasha. Kashi sittin da uku cikin ɗari na nau'ikan tsuntsaye 489 da aka samu a Turkiyya an rubuta su a wannan dausayi, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ƙasa mafi wadata a gabashin Turkiyya ga tsuntsaye. Adadin nau'ikan tsuntsaye 306 da aka yi wa zobe da aka lura sun ƙunshi 90&amp;nbsp;Kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na nau'ikan tsuntsaye 340 a Lardin Iğdır, lardin Turkiyya mafi wadata a fannin tsuntsaye. An lura da sabbin nau'ikan tsuntsaye guda bakwai a lokacin ayyukan ƙarar tsuntsaye a shekarar 2012 kaɗai, ciki har da ɗan rago Shikra, ko Little Banded Goshawk ( ''Accipiter badius'' ), wanda sabo ne ga avifauna na Turkiyya.  

Wani farfesa a fannin ilmin halittu a Jami'ar Utah kuma shugaban ƙungiyar KuzeyDoğa, Çağan Şekercioğlu, ya yi kira ga Ma'aikatar Kula da Daji da Ruwa da ta yi watsi da aikin Madatsar Ruwa ta Tuzluca, wanda zai lalata dausayin da ke ɗauke da namun daji na tsuntsaye a kwarin Aras.   A shekarar 2013, ma'aikatar ta ba wurin matsayi mafi girma na kiyayewa (Yankin Kare Yanayi).
==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ab'aro</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1258858033|Ab'aro]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ab'aro''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Tana tashi a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], tana kwarara zuwa arewa maso yamma don ta kwarara cikin Weri'i, wanda ke ƙarƙashin kogin Tekezé .
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Yanayinsa ==
Kogin Ab'aro wani kogi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci a samansa, yayin da yake [[Menander|yawo]] a ƙananan filayen, tare da matsakaicin gangara na mita 60 a kowace kilomita. Zuwa ga gangaren ƙafa kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin (wani yanki ). 
[[Fayil:Abaro_Gorge.jpg|thumb|Kwarin Abaro]]

== Ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira ambaliyar ruwa). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa suna da kwararar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Sabanin kogunan da ke makwabtaka da su kamar May Meqa, [[May Shoate]] ko [[Giraliwdo]], girman ambaliyar ruwa a Ab'aro bai ragu ba saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa. Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |bibcode=2015ZGm....59..477T |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba waɗanda ke katse &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba ya nan. A kan gangaren tsaunuka, ba a kafa wuraren rufewa ba kuma babu wani ciyayi mai yawa da zai iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya ko ingantaccen kwararar ruwa ta tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |bibcode=2017JHyd..545..299G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;, yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan magudanan ruwa da za su iya zama abin koyi ga yanayi kafin fara manyan ayyukan kiyayewa na ɗan adam a yankin Tigray .

== Lithology ==
Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan raka'o'in lithological suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. 
[[Fayil:Abaro_church.jpg|thumb|Cocin dutsen Ab'aro, wanda aka kafa a cikin wani bututun tufa]]

* Matosai na Phonolite
* Babban basalt
* Adanar lacustrine mai alaƙa
* Ƙananan basalt
* [[Tsarin Amba Aradam]]
* Antalo Limestone
* Tufa mai ruwan sha na Quaternary &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moeyersons |first=J. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sandstone na Adigrat

A ma'ana, a saman kogin, duwatsu da duwatsun ƙananan rassan lithologies ne kawai za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da a ƙasa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye.

== Iyakar yanayi ==
A lokacin tafiyarsa, wannan kogin yana ratsawa ta cikin yankuna biyu kuma yana da iyaka ta tsawon kilomita 2.  A sassa daban-daban:

* Dogu'a Tembien zuwa kudu maso gabas
* [[Kola Tembien]] zuwa arewa maso yamma

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ga Ab'aro ==
An gano cewa ƙasan kwarin da ke tsakiyar Ab'aro a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa don canza ɗan adam. Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwazazzabai suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa don canza ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuke marasa yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafiya a gefen kogin ==
[[Fayil:Abaro_catchment.jpg|thumb|Magudanar ruwa ta sama ta Ab'aro, tana nuna hanyar tafiya '''Gh2''']]
Hanyoyin tafiya suna ratsawa ta wannan kogin.  Ba a yi wa hanyoyin alama a ƙasa ba amma ana iya bin su ta amfani da fayilolin .GPX da aka sauke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Trek '''Gh2''' yana bin kogin sosai, wani ɓangare yana mamaye hanyar wata tsohuwar hanya tun lokacin mamayar Italiya.  A lokacin damina, ambaliyar ruwa na iya faruwa kuma ana ba da shawarar kada a bi ta gefen kogin.</text>
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'''Ab'aro''' kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Tana tashi a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], tana kwarara zuwa arewa maso yamma don ta kwarara cikin Weri'i, wanda ke ƙarƙashin kogin Tekezé .
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Yanayinsa ==
Kogin Ab'aro wani kogi ne mai ɗan gajeren lokaci a samansa, yayin da yake [[Menander|yawo]] a ƙananan filayen, tare da matsakaicin gangara na mita 60 a kowace kilomita. Zuwa ga gangaren ƙafa kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin (wani yanki ). 
[[Fayil:Abaro_Gorge.jpg|thumb|Kwarin Abaro]]

== Ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira ambaliyar ruwa). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa suna da kwararar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Sabanin kogunan da ke makwabtaka da su kamar May Meqa, [[May Shoate]] ko [[Giraliwdo]], girman ambaliyar ruwa a Ab'aro bai ragu ba saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa. Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |bibcode=2015ZGm....59..477T |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba waɗanda ke katse &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; ba ya nan. A kan gangaren tsaunuka, ba a kafa wuraren rufewa ba kuma babu wani ciyayi mai yawa da zai iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya ko ingantaccen kwararar ruwa ta tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |bibcode=2017JHyd..545..299G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;, yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan magudanan ruwa da za su iya zama abin koyi ga yanayi kafin fara manyan ayyukan kiyayewa na ɗan adam a yankin Tigray .

== Lithology ==
Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan raka'o'in lithological suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. 
[[Fayil:Abaro_church.jpg|thumb|Cocin dutsen Ab'aro, wanda aka kafa a cikin wani bututun tufa]]

* Matosai na Phonolite
* Babban basalt
* Adanar lacustrine mai alaƙa
* Ƙananan basalt
* [[Tsarin Amba Aradam]]
* Antalo Limestone
* Tufa mai ruwan sha na Quaternary &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moeyersons |first=J. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sandstone na Adigrat

A ma'ana, a saman kogin, duwatsu da duwatsun ƙananan rassan lithologies ne kawai za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da a ƙasa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye.

== Iyakar yanayi ==
A lokacin tafiyarsa, wannan kogin yana ratsawa ta cikin yankuna biyu kuma yana da iyaka ta tsawon kilomita 2.  A sassa daban-daban:

* Dogu'a Tembien zuwa kudu maso gabas
* [[Kola Tembien]] zuwa arewa maso yamma

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ga Ab'aro ==
An gano cewa ƙasan kwarin da ke tsakiyar Ab'aro a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa don canza ɗan adam. Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwazazzabai suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa don canza ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuke marasa yanayi. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tafiya a gefen kogin ==
[[Fayil:Abaro_catchment.jpg|thumb|Magudanar ruwa ta sama ta Ab'aro, tana nuna hanyar tafiya '''Gh2''']]
Hanyoyin tafiya suna ratsawa ta wannan kogin.  Ba a yi wa hanyoyin alama a ƙasa ba amma ana iya bin su ta amfani da fayilolin .GPX da aka sauke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Trek '''Gh2''' yana bin kogin sosai, wani ɓangare yana mamaye hanyar wata tsohuwar hanya tun lokacin mamayar Italiya.  A lokacin damina, ambaliyar ruwa na iya faruwa kuma ana ba da shawarar kada a bi ta gefen kogin.

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Zarima</title>
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      <id>839983</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350878319|Zarima River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Zarima''' kogi ne na Habasha kuma mahadar Kogin Tekezé . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kassahun |first=Meaza |last2=Ture |first2=Kassahun |last3=Nedaw |first3=Dessie |date=2023-12-12 |title=Evaluation of CORDEX Africa regional climate models performance in simulating climatology of Zarima sub-basin northwestern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Systems Research |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=41 |bibcode=2023EnvSR..12...41K |doi=10.1186/s40068-023-00325-4 |issn=2193-2697 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin Ban Ruwa na Wolkayite ya dogara ne akan wani mahadar Kogin Zarima da aka sani da Kogin Dukoko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia- Feasibility Study and Detailed Designs of Wolkayite Irrigation Project |url=http://www.ictonline.com/water-ethiopia5.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713002105/http://www.ictonline.com/water-ethiopia5.html |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=21 August 2020 |website=ictonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin kogunan Habasha

== Manaazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>839984</id>
      <parentid>839983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-25T05:21:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <origin>839984</origin>
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      <text bytes="1027" sha1="i4hywiwhpzak21hasf34hr2td3oqo0y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Kogin Zarima''' kogi ne na Habasha kuma mahadar Kogin Tekezé . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kassahun |first=Meaza |last2=Ture |first2=Kassahun |last3=Nedaw |first3=Dessie |date=2023-12-12 |title=Evaluation of CORDEX Africa regional climate models performance in simulating climatology of Zarima sub-basin northwestern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Systems Research |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=41 |bibcode=2023EnvSR..12...41K |doi=10.1186/s40068-023-00325-4 |issn=2193-2697 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin Ban Ruwa na Wolkayite ya dogara ne akan wani mahadar Kogin Zarima da aka sani da Kogin Dukoko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia- Feasibility Study and Detailed Designs of Wolkayite Irrigation Project |url=http://www.ictonline.com/water-ethiopia5.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713002105/http://www.ictonline.com/water-ethiopia5.html |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=21 August 2020 |website=ictonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin kogunan Habasha

== Manaazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kogin Zeyi</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352021493|Zeyi River]]&quot;</comment>
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Kogin '''Zeyi''' kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] ne. Yana tasowa a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa kudu don ya yi kaca-kaca a Kogin Giba da Tekezé. 

Kogin Zeyi wani kogi ne mai iyaka, kogi mai dutse, tare da matsakaicin gangara na mita 68 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin . 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira ambaliyar ruwa). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da yawan fitar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin ya ragu saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa.

A [[Ziban Dake]] da sauran tsaunuka masu tsayi, an kafa wuraren ɓoyewa ; ciyayi masu yawa suna taimakawa wajen haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa a ƙasa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |url=https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/evolution-of-the-effectiveness-of-stone-bunds-and-trenches-in-red |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |bibcode=2015ZGm....59..477T |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166 |url-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma duba madatsun ruwa suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |bibcode=2017JHyd..545..299G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ga kwarin ==
Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwazazzabai suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa cancin ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuken da ba na halitta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854326 |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri a sama a cikin kwarin. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin kwarin kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. 

== Iyakar yanayi ==
A lokacin tafiyarsa, wannan kogin yana ratsa ƙananan hukumomi uku kuma yana da iyakokinsu.  A sassa daban-daban:

* Walta zuwa gabas
* Seret zuwa arewa maso yamma
* Simret zuwa yamma da kudu maso yamma

== Tafiya a gefen kogin ==
An kafa hanyoyin tafiya a fadin wannan kogin da kuma gefensa.  Ba a yiwa hanyoyin alama a ƙasa ba amma ana iya bin su ta amfani da fayilolin .GPX da aka sauke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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Kogin '''Zeyi''' kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] ne. Yana tasowa a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa kudu don ya yi kaca-kaca a Kogin Giba da Tekezé. 

Kogin Zeyi wani kogi ne mai iyaka, kogi mai dutse, tare da matsakaicin gangara na mita 68 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke wani babban kwarin . 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira ambaliyar ruwa). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da yawan fitar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin ya ragu saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa.

A [[Ziban Dake]] da sauran tsaunuka masu tsayi, an kafa wuraren ɓoyewa ; ciyayi masu yawa suna taimakawa wajen haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa a ƙasa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |url=https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/evolution-of-the-effectiveness-of-stone-bunds-and-trenches-in-red |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |bibcode=2015ZGm....59..477T |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166 |url-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma duba madatsun ruwa suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |bibcode=2017JHyd..545..299G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ga kwarin ==
Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwazazzabai suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa cancin ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuken da ba na halitta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854326 |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri a sama a cikin kwarin. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin kwarin kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. 

== Iyakar yanayi ==
A lokacin tafiyarsa, wannan kogin yana ratsa ƙananan hukumomi uku kuma yana da iyakokinsu.  A sassa daban-daban:

* Walta zuwa gabas
* Seret zuwa arewa maso yamma
* Simret zuwa yamma da kudu maso yamma

== Tafiya a gefen kogin ==
An kafa hanyoyin tafiya a fadin wannan kogin da kuma gefensa.  Ba a yiwa hanyoyin alama a ƙasa ba amma ana iya bin su ta amfani da fayilolin .GPX da aka sauke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Zigina</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1069985583|Zigina River]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="187" sha1="f5dhz6vldihytigoanlkyyse2ok971k" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Zigina''' kogi ne na kudancin Habasha. Madatsar ruwa ce da ke kwarara kudu ta [[Kogin Omo]], tana shiga ta gefen dama. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin kogunan Habasha

== Manazarta ==</text>
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''''''Kogin Zigina''' kogi ne na kudancin Habasha. Madatsar ruwa ce da ke kwarara kudu ta [[Kogin Omo]], tana shiga ta gefen dama. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin kogunan Habasha

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Zikuli</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1258882109|Zikuli River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Zikuli''', wanda kuma ake kira '''Gereb Awhi''' ko '''Kogin Mennewe''', kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Yana tasowa a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa kudu har ya zama babu kowa a kogin Giba da Tekezé . 
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]
[[Fayil:Zikuli_catchment.jpg|left|thumb|Babban magudanar ruwa ta Zikuli]]

== Yanayi ==
Zikuli kogi ne mai iyaka, wanda [[Menander|ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin filin ruwansa, tare da matsakaicin gangara na mita 37 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke kwazazzabo. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da kwararar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, an rage girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa. A kan gangaren tsaunuka, an kafa wuraren rufewa ; ciyayi mai yawa galibi yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa ta tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ƙananan kwari ==
Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwazazzabai suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa cancin ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuken da ba na halitta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa.</text>
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'''Zikuli''', wanda kuma ake kira '''Gereb Awhi''' ko '''Kogin Mennewe''', kogi ne na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Yana tasowa a tsaunukan Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], yana kwarara zuwa kudu har ya zama babu kowa a kogin Giba da Tekezé . 
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin da ke cikin [[Tsarin ruwa (geomorphology)|hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa]] ta Dogu'a Tembien]]
[[Fayil:Zikuli_catchment.jpg|left|thumb|Babban magudanar ruwa ta Zikuli]]

== Yanayi ==
Zikuli kogi ne mai iyaka, wanda [[Menander|ke yawo]] a cikin ƙaramin filin ruwansa, tare da matsakaicin gangara na mita 37 a kowace kilomita. Tare da magudanan ruwa, kogin ya yanke kwazazzabo. 

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kwararar ruwa mai yawa wanda ke faruwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]] ). Waɗannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa mai tsayi, galibi ƙarancin rufin ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Kololuwar irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa tana da kwararar ruwa sau 50 zuwa 100 fiye da kwararar ruwa ta baya.  Duk da haka, an rage girman ambaliyar ruwa a wannan kogin saboda tsoma baki a cikin magudanar ruwa. A kan gangaren tsaunuka, an kafa wuraren rufewa ; ciyayi mai yawa galibi yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka kutsewa, ƙarancin ambaliya da ingantaccen kwararar ruwa ta tushe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na zahiri kamar tarin duwatsu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da madatsun ruwa masu duba suma suna hana kwararar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Canza ɗan adam zuwa ƙananan kwari ==
Canjin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina na bazara, lokacin da filayen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka ke cike da amfanin gona. Matasan makiyaya za su kai shanun ƙauyen zuwa kwarin kuma su kwana a cikin ƙananan kogo. Kwazazzabai suna da kyau musamman a matsayin yankin da ake zuwa cancin ɗan adam, saboda akwai ruwa da kyakkyawan girma na shuke-shuken da ba na halitta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka ci karo da su a cikin kogin na iya fitowa daga kowane wuri sama a cikin magudanar ruwa. A saman kogin, gutsuttsuran duwatsu ne kawai na sassan lithologies na sama za su kasance a cikin gadon kogin, yayin da mafi nisa za a iya samun cakuda mafi cikakken bayani na dukkan lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan sassan lithologies suna faruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa.

==manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Abiodun Falodun</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person  | name = Abiodun Falodun | image =  | caption = Farfesa Abiodun Falodun | birth_place = Nijeriya | nationality = Ɗan Nijeriya | fields = Pharmaceutical Chemistry&lt;br&gt;Medicinal Chemistry&lt;br&gt;Natural Product Chemistry | workplaces = [[Jami'ar Benin]] | alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Benin]] | known_for = Bincike kan sinadarai daga tsirrai da magunguna | awards = Fulbright Scholar Award&lt;br&gt;May &amp; Baker Professional Service Award }} Fayil:Professor Abiodun Falodun.jpg|thu...</comment>
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      <text bytes="5338" sha1="jqpnn5zsnj1a4wet025u9l8tfupv723" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name = Abiodun Falodun
| image = 
| caption = Farfesa Abiodun Falodun
| birth_place = Nijeriya
| nationality = Ɗan Nijeriya
| fields = Pharmaceutical Chemistry&lt;br&gt;Medicinal Chemistry&lt;br&gt;Natural Product Chemistry
| workplaces = [[Jami'ar Benin]]
| alma_mater = [[Jami'ar Benin]]
| known_for = Bincike kan sinadarai daga tsirrai da magunguna
| awards = Fulbright Scholar Award&lt;br&gt;May &amp; Baker Professional Service Award
}}
[[Fayil:Professor Abiodun Falodun.jpg|thumb]]
'''Farfesa Abiodun Falodun''' farfesa ne ɗan Nijeriya a fannin Pharmaceutical Chemistry, masani a binciken magunguna, kuma jami'in gudanarwar jami'a. Ya shahara wajen bincike kan sinadarai da ake samu daga tsirrai domin samar da magunguna. Ya taba zama Mataimakin Shugaban [[Jami'ar Benin]] mai kula da harkokin ilimi sannan daga baya aka naɗa shi Rector na Edo State Polytechnic da ke Usen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Obaseki appoints new acting Rector for Edo Institute |url=https://newsverge.com/2018/04/03/obaseki-appoints-new-acting-rector-for-edo-institute/ |work=Newsverge |date=3 Afirilu 2018 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karatu ==
Falodun ya samu digirin farko na Pharmacy daga [[Jami'ar Benin]] a shekarar 1996. Daga baya ya samu digirin Masters a Pharmaceutical Chemistry a shekarar 2003 sannan ya samu digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin Pharmaceutical Chemistry a shekarar 2007 daga jami'ar guda ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Editor-in-Chief Profile |url=https://tjnpr.org/index.php/home/editorprofile |website=Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Falodun ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin malami a Sashen Pharmaceutical Chemistry na Jami'ar Benin a shekarar 1999. Ya zama Associate Professor a shekarar 2011 sannan aka ɗaga shi zuwa cikakken Farfesa a shekarar 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=DVC delivers UNIBEN’s 150th inaugural lecture |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/dvc-delivers-unibens-150th-inaugural-lecture/ |work=The Nation |date=11 Maris 2015 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya rike mukamai daban-daban a harkar ilimi da gudanarwa, ciki har da:
* Shugaban Sashen Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jami'ar Benin
* Jagoran farko na Cibiyar Distance Learning ta Jami'ar Benin
* Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Benin mai kula da harkokin ilimi
* Daraktan Benson Idahosa University Distance Learning School

A watan Afirilu na shekarar 2018, gwamnan Jihar Edo, Godwin Obaseki, ya naɗa shi mukaddashin Rector na Edo State Institute of Technology and Management da ke Usen, wanda daga baya aka sauya sunansa zuwa Edo State Polytechnic, Usen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Obaseki Appoints New Rector For Edo Institute |url=https://independent.ng/obaseki-appoints-new-rector-for-edo-institute/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=3 Afirilu 2018 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Edo Institute gets new acting Rector |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/04/03/edo-institute-gets-new-acting-rector/ |work=P.M. News |date=3 Afirilu 2018 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Farfesa Falodun ya kware a bincike kan magunguna da sinadarai daga tsirrai. Bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali wajen warewa, tantancewa, da kuma samar da sinadarai masu amfani daga tsirran magani. Ya gudanar da bincike tare da cibiyoyi da masana a ƙasashe kamar Amurka, Jamus, da China.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Editor-in-Chief Profile |url=https://tjnpr.org/index.php/home/editorprofile |website=Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jaridar ''The Nation'' ta ruwaito cewa a lokacin gabatar da laccarsa ta musamman ta 150 a Jami'ar Benin, Falodun ya bayyana cewa tawagarsa ta gano wani sinadari daga tsirrai mai taimakawa wajen yaƙi da cutar kansa wanda aka sanya masa suna “Abiodone”.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=DVC delivers UNIBEN’s 150th inaugural lecture |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/dvc-delivers-unibens-150th-inaugural-lecture/ |work=The Nation |date=11 Maris 2015 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya wallafa muƙalu da dama a mujallu na kimiyya tare da littattafai da bincike kan pharmaceutical sciences da natural product research. Haka kuma shi ne Edita-janar na ''Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Editor-in-Chief Profile |url=https://tjnpr.org/index.php/home/editorprofile |website=Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==
Daga cikin kyaututtuka da karramawar da ya samu akwai:
* Fulbright Senior Scholar Award
* May &amp; Baker Professional Service Award in Pharmaceutical Sciences
* ICCBS-TWAS Fellowship
* Karramawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Director, Centre for Artificial Intelligence, BIU |url=https://biu.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/BIU-Falodun-profile.pdf |website=Benson Idahosa University |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru ==
Falodun mamba ne a ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na masana kimiyya ciki har da:
* Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria
* American Chemical Society
* Swiss Chemical Society
* Phytochemical Society of Europe

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://tjnpr.org/index.php/home/editorprofile Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research]
* [https://edopoly.edu.ng Edo State Polytechnic]</text>
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    <title>Abosede George</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: [[Fayil:Abosede George.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox person  | name = Abosede George | caption = Abosede George | birth_place = Najeriya | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya-Amurka | fields = Tarihin Afirka, Nazarin jinsi, Tarihin birane | workplaces = Barnard College, Columbia University | education = Rutgers University, Stanford University | known_for = Bincike kan tarihin Lagos, yara mata a mulkin mallaka, da hijira a Afirka }} [[Fayil:Abosede George.jpg|thumb]] '''Abosede George''' malama...</comment>
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{{Infobox person 
| name = Abosede George
| caption = Abosede George
| birth_place = Najeriya
| nationality = 'Yar Najeriya-Amurka
| fields = Tarihin Afirka, Nazarin jinsi, Tarihin birane
| workplaces = Barnard College, Columbia University
| education = Rutgers University, Stanford University
| known_for = Bincike kan tarihin Lagos, yara mata a mulkin mallaka, da hijira a Afirka
}}
[[Fayil:Abosede George.jpg|thumb]]
'''Abosede George''' malamar jami'a ce kuma masaniya a fannin tarihin Afirka. Tana aiki a matsayin Farfesa mai haɗin gwiwa a sashen Tarihi da Nazarin Afirka a [[Barnard College]] da kuma [[Columbia University]] a ƙasar Amurka. Ta shahara wajen bincike kan tarihin birnin Lagos, tarihin yara mata da matasa a Afirka, nazarin jinsi, da tarihin hijira.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Abosede George |url=https://africana.barnard.edu/profiles/abosede-george |website=Barnard College |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da karatu ==
Abosede George ta samu digirinta na farko a fannin Tarihi da Kimiyyar Siyasa daga Rutgers University a shekarar 1998. Daga bisani ta wuce Stanford University inda ta samu digirin digirgir (M.A.) a Tarihi a shekarar 2002 sannan ta samu PhD a Tarihi a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Abosede George |url=https://africana.barnard.edu/profiles/abosede-george |website=Barnard College |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
George ta fara aikin koyarwa a Stanford University a matsayin Teaching Fellow a shekarar 2003. A shekarar 2006 ta koma Trinity College a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Tarihi da Nazarin Duniya. A shekarar 2007 ta shiga Barnard College da Columbia University inda take koyarwa har zuwa yau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Abosede George |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abosede_George |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bincikenta ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan:
* Tarihin biranen Afirka musamman Lagos
* Tarihin yara da matasa a Afirka
* Nazarin mata da jinsi
* Tarihin hijira da al'adun birane

A shekarar 2025 an nada ta Darakta na Institute of African Studies a Columbia University.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Meet Our New Director: Prof. Abosede George |url=https://ias.columbia.edu/news/meet-our-new-director-prof-abosede-george |website=Institute of African Studies, Columbia University |date=4 February 2025 |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
Abosede George ta wallafa littattafai da maƙalu masu yawa kan tarihin Afirka da zamantakewar al'umma. Fitaccen littafinta shi ne:

* ''Making Modern Girls: A History of Girlhood, Labor, and Social Development in Colonial Lagos'' (2014)

Wannan littafi ya lashe kyautar '''Aidoo-Snyder Book Prize''' a shekarar 2015 saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga nazarin mata a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Meet Our New Director: Prof. Abosede George |url=https://ias.columbia.edu/news/meet-our-new-director-prof-abosede-george |website=Institute of African Studies, Columbia University |date=4 February 2025 |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma rubuta maƙalu a mujallu da kafafen yaɗa labarai kamar:
* ''Journal of Social History''
* ''American Historical Review''
* ''The Washington Post''
* ''Women's Studies Quarterly''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Abosede George |url=https://africana.barnard.edu/profiles/abosede-george |website=Barnard College |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
A shekarar 2022 zuwa 2023, George ta zama Fellow in Residence a Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) inda ta gudanar da bincike kan yadda al'ummomin baƙi suka taimaka wajen gina al'adun birnin Lagos a ƙarni na 19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Abosede A. George |url=https://nias.knaw.nl/fellow/29464/ |website=Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kungiyoyi ==
George memba ce a kungiyoyi daban-daban na masana tarihi da nazarin Afirka, ciki har da:
* African Studies Association
* Nigerian Studies Association
* Lagos Studies Association

Ta kuma kasance cikin waɗanda suka kafa Lagos Studies Association.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Abosede George |url=https://africana.barnard.edu/profiles/abosede-george |website=Barnard College |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://africana.barnard.edu/profiles/abosede-george Barnard College Profile]
* [https://ias.columbia.edu/news/meet-our-new-director-prof-abosede-george Columbia University Profile]

[[Category:'Yan tarihin Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mata malaman jami'a]]
[[Category:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masana tarihin Afirka]]
[[Category:Mutanen Columbia University]]</text>
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{{Infobox person 
| name = Abosede George
| caption = Abosede George
| birth_place = Najeriya
| nationality = 'Yar Najeriya-Amurka
| fields = Tarihin Afirka, Nazarin jinsi, Tarihin birane
| workplaces = Barnard College, Columbia University
| education = Rutgers University, Stanford University
| known_for = Bincike kan tarihin Lagos, yara mata a mulkin mallaka, da hijira a Afirka
}}
'''Abosede George''' malamar jami'a ce kuma masaniya a fannin tarihin Afirka. Tana aiki a matsayin Farfesa mai haɗin gwiwa a sashen Tarihi da Nazarin Afirka a [[Barnard College]] da kuma [[Columbia University]] a ƙasar Amurka. Ta shahara wajen bincike kan tarihin birnin Lagos, tarihin yara mata da matasa a Afirka, nazarin jinsi, da tarihin hijira.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Abosede George |url=https://africana.barnard.edu/profiles/abosede-george |website=Barnard College |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da karatu ==
Abosede George ta samu digirinta na farko a fannin Tarihi da Kimiyyar Siyasa daga Rutgers University a shekarar 1998. Daga bisani ta wuce Stanford University inda ta samu digirin digirgir (M.A.) a Tarihi a shekarar 2002 sannan ta samu PhD a Tarihi a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Abosede George |url=https://africana.barnard.edu/profiles/abosede-george |website=Barnard College |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
George ta fara aikin koyarwa a Stanford University a matsayin Teaching Fellow a shekarar 2003. A shekarar 2006 ta koma Trinity College a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Tarihi da Nazarin Duniya. A shekarar 2007 ta shiga Barnard College da Columbia University inda take koyarwa har zuwa yau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Abosede George |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abosede_George |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bincikenta ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan:
* Tarihin biranen Afirka musamman Lagos
* Tarihin yara da matasa a Afirka
* Nazarin mata da jinsi
* Tarihin hijira da al'adun birane

A shekarar 2025 an nada ta Darakta na Institute of African Studies a Columbia University.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Meet Our New Director: Prof. Abosede George |url=https://ias.columbia.edu/news/meet-our-new-director-prof-abosede-george |website=Institute of African Studies, Columbia University |date=4 February 2025 |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
Abosede George ta wallafa littattafai da maƙalu masu yawa kan tarihin Afirka da zamantakewar al'umma. Fitaccen littafinta shi ne:

* ''Making Modern Girls: A History of Girlhood, Labor, and Social Development in Colonial Lagos'' (2014)

Wannan littafi ya lashe kyautar '''Aidoo-Snyder Book Prize''' a shekarar 2015 saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga nazarin mata a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Meet Our New Director: Prof. Abosede George |url=https://ias.columbia.edu/news/meet-our-new-director-prof-abosede-george |website=Institute of African Studies, Columbia University |date=4 February 2025 |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma rubuta maƙalu a mujallu da kafafen yaɗa labarai kamar:
* ''Journal of Social History''
* ''American Historical Review''
* ''The Washington Post''
* ''Women's Studies Quarterly''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Abosede George |url=https://africana.barnard.edu/profiles/abosede-george |website=Barnard College |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
A shekarar 2022 zuwa 2023, George ta zama Fellow in Residence a Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) inda ta gudanar da bincike kan yadda al'ummomin baƙi suka taimaka wajen gina al'adun birnin Lagos a ƙarni na 19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Abosede A. George |url=https://nias.knaw.nl/fellow/29464/ |website=Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kungiyoyi ==
George memba ce a kungiyoyi daban-daban na masana tarihi da nazarin Afirka, ciki har da:
* African Studies Association
* Nigerian Studies Association
* Lagos Studies Association

Ta kuma kasance cikin waɗanda suka kafa Lagos Studies Association.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Abosede George |url=https://africana.barnard.edu/profiles/abosede-george |website=Barnard College |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://africana.barnard.edu/profiles/abosede-george Barnard College Profile]
* [https://ias.columbia.edu/news/meet-our-new-director-prof-abosede-george Columbia University Profile]

[[Category:'Yan tarihin Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mata malaman jami'a]]
[[Category:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masana tarihin Afirka]]
[[Category:Mutanen Columbia University]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adamu Baikie</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person  | name         = Adamu Baikie | birth_date   = {{birth date|1931|10|2|df=y}} | birth_place  = [[Wusasa]], Northern Region, Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria | death_date   = {{death date and age|2025|12|12|1931|10|2|df=y}} | death_place  = [[Zaria]], Kaduna State, Nigeria | workplaces   = Ahmadu Bello University&lt;br&gt;University of Benin&lt;br&gt;National University of Lesotho&lt;br&gt;Nasarawa State University | alma_mater   = University of London&lt;br&gt;University of Wisconsi...</comment>
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      <text bytes="4217" sha1="nv55i9qtdiccnk5iig2hmk6yyuylnmy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name         = Adamu Baikie
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1931|10|2|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Wusasa]], Northern Region, Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
| death_date   = {{death date and age|2025|12|12|1931|10|2|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Zaria]], Kaduna State, Nigeria
| workplaces   = Ahmadu Bello University&lt;br&gt;University of Benin&lt;br&gt;National University of Lesotho&lt;br&gt;Nasarawa State University
| alma_mater   = University of London&lt;br&gt;University of Wisconsin–Madison
| known_for    = First Professor of Education from Northern Nigeria&lt;br&gt;Pioneer Vice-Chancellor of Nasarawa State University
}}
'''Farfesa Adamu Baikie''' ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi fice a fannin ilimi da gudanar da jami’o’i. An san shi a matsayin mutum na farko daga Arewacin Najeriya da ya zama farfesan ilimi (Professor of Education). Ya riƙe muƙamin shugaban jami’a (Vice-Chancellor) a jami’o’i daban-daban ciki har da Jami’ar Benin da kuma Jami’ar Lesotho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=UNIBEN mourns as former VC dies at 94 |url=https://punchng.com/uniben-mourns-as-former-vc-dies-at-94/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=2025-12-13 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da karatu ==
An haifi Adamu Baikie a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1931 a Wusasa da ke cikin tsohuwar Arewacin Najeriya, yanzu a jihar Kaduna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adamu Baikie |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamu_Baikie |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa ma’aikaci ne a Hukumar Jiragen Ƙasa ta Najeriya.

Ya yi karatu a makarantu daban-daban a Kano da Lokoja kafin ya wuce makarantar koyon manyan makarantu. Daga baya ya samu digiri a fannin ilimi daga Jami’ar London sannan ya yi digirin digirgir (PhD) a Jami’ar Wisconsin da ke Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adamu Baikie |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamu_Baikie |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin koyarwa ==
Baikie ya fara aiki a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya a shekarar 1964 a matsayin mataimakin malami. Daga baya ya zama shugaban tsangayar ilimi sannan kuma aka ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin farfesa a shekarar 1971, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama farfesan ilimi na farko daga Arewacin Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History - Ahmadu Bello University |url=https://abu.edu.ng/history/ |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shugabancin jami’o’i ==
Farfesa Adamu Baikie ya riƙe muƙamin shugaban jami’a a wurare daban-daban. Ya kasance shugaban Jami’ar Benin daga shekarar 1978 zuwa 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Former UNIBEN Vice-Chancellor Prof. Adamu Baikie dies |url=https://blueprint.ng/former-uniben-vice-chancellor-prof-adamu-baikie-des/ |work=Blueprint Newspapers |date=2025-12-14 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan haka ya zama shugaban National University of Lesotho daga shekarar 1988 zuwa 1996. Haka kuma ya kasance shugaban jami’a na farko a Jami’ar Jihar Nasarawa da ke Keffi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Tinubu mourns northern Nigeria’s first Professor of Education |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2025/12/26/tinubu-mourns-northern-nigerias-first-professor-of-education/ |work=PM News Nigeria |date=2025-12-26 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa ==
An yaba wa Farfesa Baikie saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen bunƙasa ilimi a Najeriya musamman a Arewacin ƙasar. Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello ta bayyana shi a matsayin mutum mai haɗa kan jama’a da shugabanci nagari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adamu Baikie widely respected for detribalized outlook – ABU Vice-Chancellor |url=https://abu.edu.ng/adamu-baikie-widely-respected-for-detribalized-outlook-abu-vice-chancellor/ |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rasuwa ==
Farfesa Adamu Baikie ya rasu a shekarar 2025 yana da shekaru 94 a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Breaking: Grief Again as First Professor of Education Dies |url=https://www.legit.ng/education/1687844-breaking-a-grief-professor-education-dies/ |work=Legit.ng |date=2025-12-13 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Malaman Najeriya]]
[[Category:Farfesoshi]]
[[Category:Mutanen jihar Kaduna]]
[[Category:Masanan ilimi]]
[[Category:Haihuwa a 1931]]
[[Category:Mutuwar 2025]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ade Ipaye</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-25T06:56:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
        <id>45024</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person  | name = Ade Ipaye | office = Mataimakin Shugaban Ma’aikatan Shugaban Ƙasa na Najeriya | president = Muhammadu Buhari | term_start = Satumba 2015 | term_end = 29 Mayu 2023 | predecessor = Ali Kachalla Abubakar | successor = Ibrahim Hadejia | office2 = Antoni Janar kuma Kwamishinan Shari’a na Jihar Legas | governor2 = Babatunde Fashola | term_start2 = Mayu 2011 | term_end2 = Mayu 2015 | predecessor2 = Supo Shasore | successor2 = Adeniji Kazeem | birth_name...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6555" sha1="1863ho7k8igqc846nlaq6zpqhp2j0qm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name = Ade Ipaye
| office = Mataimakin Shugaban Ma’aikatan Shugaban Ƙasa na Najeriya
| president = Muhammadu Buhari
| term_start = Satumba 2015
| term_end = 29 Mayu 2023
| predecessor = Ali Kachalla Abubakar
| successor = Ibrahim Hadejia
| office2 = Antoni Janar kuma Kwamishinan Shari’a na Jihar Legas
| governor2 = Babatunde Fashola
| term_start2 = Mayu 2011
| term_end2 = Mayu 2015
| predecessor2 = Supo Shasore
| successor2 = Adeniji Kazeem
| birth_name = Adeola Rahman Ipaye
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|6|8}}
| birth_place = Legas, Najeriya
| nationality = Dan Najeriya
| occupation = Lauya, ɗan siyasa
| alma_mater = Jami'ar Legas
| spouse = Olaitan Ipaye
| children = 3
}}

'''Adeola Rahman Ipaye''' (an haife shi ranar 8 ga Yunin 1963), wanda aka fi sani da '''Ade Ipaye''', lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya. Ya taba zama Mataimakin Shugaban Ma’aikatan Shugaban Ƙasa a ofishin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2023. Haka kuma ya kasance Antoni Janar kuma Kwamishinan Shari’a na Jihar Legas daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/local/buhari-re-appoints-ipaye-ojudu-ajuri-ngelale-as-deputy-chief-of-staff-aides-2024081402450651658 |title=Buhari re-appoints Ipaye, Ojudu, Ajuri Ngelale as deputy chief of staff, aides |website=Pulse Nigeria |date=22 August 2019 |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-buhari-approves-re-appointment-of-ade-ipaye-as-deputy-chief-of-staff-others/ |title=President Buhari Approves Re-Appointment of Ade Ipaye as Deputy Chief of Staff |website=State House Abuja |date=21 August 2019 |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Ade Ipaye ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar Ahmad Memorial Primary School da St. Saviours Primary School da ke Agege a jihar Legas tsakanin shekarun 1969 zuwa 1975. Daga baya ya halarci makarantar Lagos African Church Grammar School da ke Ifako, Agege inda ya samu shaidar kammala makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1979. Bayan haka ya shiga Igbobi College domin karatun A-Level wanda ya kammala a shekarar 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/interviews/ade-ipaye |title=Ade Ipaye Interview |website=Princeton University Innovations for Successful Societies |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya samu digirin farko a fannin Tarihi daga Jami'ar Legas a shekarar 1984 kafin daga bisani ya samu digirin LL.B da LL.M a fannin Shari’a daga wannan jami’a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/interviews/ade-ipaye |title=Ade Ipaye Interview |website=Princeton University Innovations for Successful Societies |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Ipaye ya fara aikinsa a kamfanin lauyoyi na Oditah Adebiyi &amp; Co. a matsayin lauya da mai gudanar da bincike. Daga baya ya koma aiki a Jami'ar Legas a matsayin mataimakin malami a tsangayar shari’a. Ya kai matsayin babban malami sannan ya zama mataimakin shugaban tsangayar shari’a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/interviews/ade-ipaye |title=Ade Ipaye Interview |website=Princeton University Innovations for Successful Societies |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2001, gwamnatin jihar Legas ƙarƙashin Bola Tinubu ta nada shi mataimaki na musamman kan harkokin shari’a. Ya yi aiki tare da Farfesa Yemi Osinbajo wanda a lokacin shi ne Antoni Janar na jihar Legas. Daga baya ya zama babban mataimaki na musamman kan harkokin shari’a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/interviews/ade-ipaye |title=Ade Ipaye Interview |website=Princeton University Innovations for Successful Societies |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwamishinan shari’a na Legas ==
A lokacin gwamnatin Babatunde Fashola, an nada Ade Ipaye a matsayin Antoni Janar kuma Kwamishinan Shari’a na jihar Legas. A lokacin mulkinsa, ya jagoranci wasu sauye-sauye a tsarin haraji da shari’a na jihar. Ya taimaka wajen ƙarfafa Hukumar Tara Haraji ta Jihar Legas da kuma faɗaɗa tsarin biyan haraji musamman a ɓangaren masu sana’o’in hannu da kasuwancin yau da kullum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/interviews/ade-ipaye |title=Ade Ipaye Interview |website=Princeton University Innovations for Successful Societies |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2014, Ipaye ya bayyana cewa yaƙi da rashin tsaro a Najeriya yana bukatar ingantaccen tsarin tattara bayanan jama’a da masu aikata laifi domin taimaka wa hukumomin tsaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2014/04/21/fighting-insecurity-you-need-to-know-who-you-are-fighting-ipaye/ |title=Fighting Insecurity: You Need To Know Who You Are Fighting – Ipaye |website=Channels Television |date=21 April 2014 |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki a gwamnatin tarayya ==
A watan Satumban shekarar 2015, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Ade Ipaye a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma’aikatan Shugaban Ƙasa a ofishin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa Yemi Osinbajo. An sake naɗa shi a wannan mukami a shekarar 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/local/buhari-re-appoints-ipaye-ojudu-ajuri-ngelale-as-deputy-chief-of-staff-aides-2024081402450651658 |title=Buhari re-appoints Ipaye, Ojudu, Ajuri Ngelale as deputy chief of staff, aides |website=Pulse Nigeria |date=22 August 2019 |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, ya bayyana cewa babu cigaba mai ɗorewa da za a samu a ƙasa ba tare da ingantaccen tsarin shari’a ba, yana mai jaddada muhimmancin bangaren shari’a wajen bunƙasa tattalin arziki da zaman lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/no-development-without-strong-judiciary-says-ipaye/ |title=No development without strong judiciary, says Ipaye |website=The Nation Newspaper |date=20 June 2019 |access-date=25 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar kai ==
Ade Ipaye ya auri Olaitan Ipaye kuma suna da yara uku.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://successfulsocieties.princeton.edu/interviews/ade-ipaye Tattaunawa da Ade Ipaye a Princeton University]
* [https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-buhari-approves-re-appointment-of-ade-ipaye-as-deputy-chief-of-staff-others/ Sanarwar sake nada Ade Ipaye daga State House Abuja]

[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nigerian lawyers]]
[[Category:Nigerian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Lagos]]
[[Category:University of Lagos alumni]]
[[Category:Yoruba politicians]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adekunle Ajayi</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-25T07:12:12Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
        <id>45024</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi:  '''Farfesa Adekunle Ebenezer Ajayi''' ɗan Najeriya ne, farfesa a fannin likitanci kuma ƙwararren likitan zuciya. Ya shahara ne saboda gudummawar da yake bayarwa wajen kula da cutukan zuciya da kuma shugabanci a fannin lafiya a Najeriya. Ya kasance Babban Daraktan Asibitin Koyarwa na Tarayya da ke Ido-Ekiti (Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adekunle_Ajayi |title=Adekunle Ajayi |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}...</comment>
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'''Farfesa Adekunle Ebenezer Ajayi''' ɗan Najeriya ne, farfesa a fannin likitanci kuma ƙwararren likitan zuciya. Ya shahara ne saboda gudummawar da yake bayarwa wajen kula da cutukan zuciya da kuma shugabanci a fannin lafiya a Najeriya. Ya kasance Babban Daraktan Asibitin Koyarwa na Tarayya da ke Ido-Ekiti (Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adekunle_Ajayi |title=Adekunle Ajayi |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://files.fethi.gov.ng/2019/11/20/chief-medical-directors-office/ |title=Chief Medical Director’s Office |website=Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Adekunle Ajayi a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1974 a garin Igogo-Ekiti da ke ƙaramar hukumar Moba a jihar Ekiti, Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://files.fethi.gov.ng/2019/11/20/chief-medical-directors-office/ |title=Chief Medical Director’s Office |website=Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi makarantar firamare a Emmanuel Anglican Primary School, Igogo-Ekiti, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1985. Bayan haka ya halarci Unity Secondary School (wanda yanzu ake kira Government College), Usi-Ekiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adekunle_Ajayi |title=Adekunle Ajayi |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya samu digirin MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery) daga Jami'ar Ilorin a shekarar 1998. Daga bisani ya yi horon ƙwarewa (residency) a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adekunle_Ajayi |title=Adekunle Ajayi |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Farfesa Ajayi ya yi suna a matsayin ƙwararren likitan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Ya kasance memba kuma ɗan uwa a ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ƙwararrun likitoci, ciki har da West African College of Physicians da American College of Physicians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://files.fethi.gov.ng/2019/11/20/chief-medical-directors-office/ |title=Chief Medical Director’s Office |website=Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An naɗa shi Babban Daraktan Asibitin Koyarwa na Tarayya da ke Ido-Ekiti, inda ya jagoranci shirye-shiryen bunƙasa ayyukan lafiya da ilimin likitanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nejo |first=Abiodun |title=How to reduce cardiovascular disease, sudden deaths – Hospital |url=https://punchng.com/how-to-reduce-cardiovascular-disease-sudden-deaths-hospital/ |newspaper=The Punch |date=2023-02-21 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya samu karramawa a duniya a fannin Angiology saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen kula da cutukan jijiyoyin jini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Nigerian doctor, Ajayi, is world champion in Angiology |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/nigerian-doctor-ajayi-is-world-champion-in-angiology/ |newspaper=Nigerian Tribune |date=2019-01-19 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike da wallafe-wallafe ==
Farfesa Ajayi ya wallafa muƙalu da dama a mujallun kimiyya na gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa musamman a fannin cutukan zuciya da hawan jini. Haka kuma ya gabatar da bincike a tarukan masana daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://files.fethi.gov.ng/2019/11/20/chief-medical-directors-office/ |title=Chief Medical Director’s Office |website=Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karramawa ==
Ya samu lambobin yabo da dama daga ƙungiyoyi da cibiyoyin lafiya saboda gudummawar da yake bayarwa wajen bunƙasa kiwon lafiya da ilimin likitanci a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://files.fethi.gov.ng/2019/11/20/chief-medical-directors-office/ |title=Chief Medical Director’s Office |website=Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Farfesoshin Najeriya]]
[[Category:Likitocin Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masana kimiyyar lafiya]]
[[Category:Mutanen Jihar Ekiti]]
[[Category:Haihuwa a 1974]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adelola Adeloye</title>
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        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
        <id>45024</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi:  '''Adelola Adeloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Yuli 1935 – ya rasu 6 ga Afrilu 2021) fitaccen likitan kwakwalwa ne (neurosurgeon), malami, marubuci kuma masanin tarihin magani daga Nijeriya. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin farko-farkon likitocin kwakwalwa na Nijeriya kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin tiyatar kwakwalwa a Afirka. Ya shahara ne musamman saboda gano cutar da aka fi sani da '''Adeloye–Odeku disease''' tare da Farfesa Emanuel Latunde Odeku a shek...</comment>
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'''Adelola Adeloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Yuli 1935 – ya rasu 6 ga Afrilu 2021) fitaccen likitan kwakwalwa ne (neurosurgeon), malami, marubuci kuma masanin tarihin magani daga Nijeriya. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin farko-farkon likitocin kwakwalwa na Nijeriya kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin tiyatar kwakwalwa a Afirka. Ya shahara ne musamman saboda gano cutar da aka fi sani da '''Adeloye–Odeku disease''' tare da Farfesa Emanuel Latunde Odeku a shekarar 1971.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Idowu |first=B. M. |title=Adelola Adeloye: Quintessential Neurological Surgeon, Neurologist, Distinguished Academic, Medical Historian, and Biographer |journal=Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine |year=2019 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=85–91 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31768163/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da karatu ==
An haifi Adeloye a garin Ilesa da ke jihar Osun, yayin da asalin danginsa ya fito daga Ikole-Ekiti a jihar Ekiti. Ya yi karatun firamare a St. Paul’s CMS Elementary School daga shekarar 1941 zuwa 1946 kafin ya wuce Christ’s School, Ado-Ekiti, inda ya kammala makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1952.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubmed&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Idowu |first=B. M. |title=Adelola Adeloye: Quintessential Neurological Surgeon, Neurologist, Distinguished Academic, Medical Historian, and Biographer |journal=Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine |year=2019 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=85–91 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31768163/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga shekarar 1953 zuwa 1960 ya yi karatun likitanci a University College Ibadan (wanda yanzu ake kira Jami'ar Ibadan), inda ya samu digirin MBBS. Bayan haka ya ci gaba da horo a Birtaniya da Amurka a fannin tiyatar kwakwalwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adelola Adeloye |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelola_Adeloye |website=Wikipedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin likitanci ==
A shekarar 1967 Adeloye ya zama likita na biyu ɗan Nijeriya da ya kware a fannin tiyatar kwakwalwa. Ya yi aiki a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Ibadan (UCH) a matsayin kwararren likitan kwakwalwa da malami daga 1968 zuwa 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubmed&quot; /&gt;

A shekarar 1971, tare da Farfesa E. Latunde Odeku, sun bayyana wani nau’in ciwon ƙurjin haihuwa da ke bayyana a saman fontanelle na yara. Daga baya aka sanya masa suna '''Adeloye–Odeku disease'''. Wannan bincike ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar Afirka ga ilimin tiyatar kwakwalwa a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Detchou |first=Donald |title=Adelola Adeyole (1935-2021): Early descriptor of congenital dermoid or epidermoid inclusion cyst over the anterior fontanelle and below the galea aponeurotica |journal=Neurosurgical Review |year=2024 |doi=10.1007/s10143-024-02860-9 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39256233/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan aikinsa a Nijeriya, ya kuma yi aiki a ƙasashe irin su Saudiyya, Kuwait da Malawi, inda ya taimaka wajen kafa da bunƙasa sassan tiyatar kwakwalwa da koyar da sababbin likitoci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Idowu |first=B. M. |title=Adelola Adeloye: Quintessential Neurological Surgeon, Neurologist, Distinguished Academic, Medical Historian, and Biographer |journal=Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine |year=2019 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=85–91}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa a ilimi da tarihi ==
Baya ga aikin likitanci, Adeloye ya kasance marubuci kuma masanin tarihin magani. Ya rubuta littattafai da dama kan tarihin likitanci a Nijeriya da Afirka, ciki har da tarihin fitattun likitocin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Mourns The Exit of A Truly Great Man |url=https://com.ui.edu.ng/index.php/the-college-of-medicine-university-of-ibadan-mourns-the-exit-of-a-truly-great-man |website=University of Ibadan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An bayyana shi a matsayin mutum mai rubuce-rubuce sosai, inda ya wallafa fiye da bincike da kasidu 400 a rayuwarsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PROFESSOR ADEOLA ADELOYE (1935-2021): AN ICON IN THE ANNALS OF MEDICINE |url=https://www.naijnewsalert.com.ng/2021/04/professor-adeola-adeloye-1935-2021-icon.html |website=Naij News Alert}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da muƙamai ==
Adeloye ya kasance memba kuma shugaban ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na likitocin kwakwalwa a Afirka da duniya. Ya zama Honorary President for Life na World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) da kuma Nigerian Society of Neurological Sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Society of Neurological Sciences |url=https://www.nsns.org.ng/ |website=NSNS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2010, Jami'ar Ibadan ta ba shi muƙamin Emeritus Professor saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fannin koyarwa da bincike.&lt;ref name=&quot;pubmed&quot; /&gt;

== Rasuwa ==
Farfesa Adelola Adeloye ya rasu a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 2021 yana da shekaru 85 bayan gajeruwar rashin lafiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Mourns The Exit of A Truly Great Man |url=https://com.ui.edu.ng/index.php/the-college-of-medicine-university-of-ibadan-mourns-the-exit-of-a-truly-great-man |website=University of Ibadan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31768163/ Adelola Adeloye a PubMed]
* [https://www.nsns.org.ng/ Nigerian Society of Neurological Sciences]

[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Nigerian neurosurgeons]]
[[Category:Nigerian academics]]
[[Category:People from Osun State]]
[[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]]
[[Category:Yoruba people]]</text>
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    <title>Ademola Adenle</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: [[Fayil:Prof. Ademola A Adenle.jpg|thumb]]  '''Farfesa Ademola Adelowo Adenle''' ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya shahara a fannin kimiyyar dorewar ci gaba, tsarin bunƙasa noma, sauyin yanayi da manufofin fasaha. Ya yi aiki a jami’o’i da cibiyoyin bincike daban-daban a Afirka, Turai da Asiya, tare da bayar da gudunmawa wajen bincike kan wadatar abinci, makamashi mai ɗorewa da sauyin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle |title=Ademola Adenle |w...</comment>
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'''Farfesa Ademola Adelowo Adenle''' ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya shahara a fannin kimiyyar dorewar ci gaba, tsarin bunƙasa noma, sauyin yanayi da manufofin fasaha. Ya yi aiki a jami’o’i da cibiyoyin bincike daban-daban a Afirka, Turai da Asiya, tare da bayar da gudunmawa wajen bincike kan wadatar abinci, makamashi mai ɗorewa da sauyin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle |title=Ademola Adenle |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da karatu ==
Ademola Adenle ya fito daga Najeriya. Ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Lagos]], sannan ya ci gaba da samun ƙarin ilimi a [[University of Sussex]], [[University of Nottingham]] da kuma [[University of Oxford]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle |title=Ademola Adenle |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki da bincike ==
Adenle ya yi aiki a matsayin malami da mai bincike a ƙasashe daban-daban da suka haɗa da Birtaniya, Amurka, Japan, Jamus da Najeriya. Ya kuma yi aiki a [[United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability]] (UNU-IAS) a Japan, inda ya gudanar da bincike kan tsarin kula da amfani da ''genetically modified organisms'' (GMOs) a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.glp.earth/people/ademola-adenle-0 |title=Ademola Adenle |website=Global Land Programme |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan:
* Tsaron abinci da bunƙasa noma
* Sauyin yanayi da hanyoyin daƙile tasirinsa
* Makamashi mai ɗorewa
* Manufofin kimiyya da fasaha
* Inganta amfani da ƙasa da albarkatun muhalli

Ya kuma taka rawa wajen tsara manufofin kula da ƙasar noma a Najeriya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen USAID Feed the Future.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Busari |first=Biodun |title=Nigerian scholar, Adenle emerges only African with Sustainability 2022 Carbon Neutrality Award |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/04/nigerian-scholar-adenle-emerges-only-african-with-sustainability-2022-carbon-neutrality-award/amp/ |work=Vanguard News |date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da yabo ==
A shekarar 2025, Farfesa Adenle ya zama mutum na farko da ya lashe lambar yabo ta ''TWAS–M.S. Swaminathan Award for Food and Peace'', wadda aka bayar domin girmama gudunmawarsa wajen bunƙasa tsaron abinci da zaman lafiya ta hanyar binciken noma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Nigeria’s Prof. Ademola Adenle wins inaugural global M.S. Swaminathan Award for Food and Peace |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/08/nigerias-prof-ademola-adenle-wins-inaugural-global-m-s-swaminathan-award-for-food-and-peace/amp/ |work=Vanguard News |date=2025-08-11 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2022 kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta ''Sustainability 2022 Carbon Neutrality Award'', inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana da suka bada gudunmawa wajen binciken dorewar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Busari |first=Biodun |title=Nigerian scholar, Adenle emerges only African with Sustainability 2022 Carbon Neutrality Award |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/04/nigerian-scholar-adenle-emerges-only-african-with-sustainability-2022-carbon-neutrality-award/amp/ |work=Vanguard News |date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wallafe-wallafe ==
Adenle ya wallafa bincike da dama a mujallu na kimiyya kamar:
* ''Nature Biotechnology''
* ''World Development''
* ''Ecological Economics''
* ''Food Policy''

Bincikensa ya fi karkata kan hanyoyin magance matsalolin ci gaba a Afirka ta hanyar amfani da kimiyya da fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle |title=Ademola Adenle |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://www.glp.earth/people/ademola-adenle-0 Global Land Programme Profile]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle Ademola Adenle a Wikipedia]</text>
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[[Fayil:Prof. Ademola A Adenle.jpg|thumb]]

'''Farfesa Ademola Adelowo Adenle''' ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya shahara a fannin kimiyyar dorewar ci gaba, tsarin bunƙasa noma, sauyin yanayi da manufofin fasaha. Ya yi aiki a jami’o’i da cibiyoyin bincike daban-daban a Afirka, Turai da Asiya, tare da bayar da gudunmawa wajen bincike kan wadatar abinci, makamashi mai ɗorewa da sauyin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle |title=Ademola Adenle |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da karatu ==
Ademola Adenle ya fito daga Najeriya. Ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Lagos]], sannan ya ci gaba da samun ƙarin ilimi a [[University of Sussex]], [[University of Nottingham]] da kuma [[University of Oxford]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle |title=Ademola Adenle |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki da bincike ==
Adenle ya yi aiki a matsayin malami da mai bincike a ƙasashe daban-daban da suka haɗa da Birtaniya, Amurka, Japan, Jamus da Najeriya. Ya kuma yi aiki a [[United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability]] (UNU-IAS) a Japan, inda ya gudanar da bincike kan tsarin kula da amfani da ''genetically modified organisms'' (GMOs) a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.glp.earth/people/ademola-adenle-0 |title=Ademola Adenle |website=Global Land Programme |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan:
* Tsaron abinci da bunƙasa noma
* Sauyin yanayi da hanyoyin daƙile tasirinsa
* Makamashi mai ɗorewa
* Manufofin kimiyya da fasaha
* Inganta amfani da ƙasa da albarkatun muhalli

Ya kuma taka rawa wajen tsara manufofin kula da ƙasar noma a Najeriya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen USAID Feed the Future.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Busari |first=Biodun |title=Nigerian scholar, Adenle emerges only African with Sustainability 2022 Carbon Neutrality Award |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/04/nigerian-scholar-adenle-emerges-only-african-with-sustainability-2022-carbon-neutrality-award/amp/ |work=Vanguard News |date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da yabo ==
A shekarar 2025, Farfesa Adenle ya zama mutum na farko da ya lashe lambar yabo ta ''TWAS–M.S. Swaminathan Award for Food and Peace'', wadda aka bayar domin girmama gudunmawarsa wajen bunƙasa tsaron abinci da zaman lafiya ta hanyar binciken noma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Nigeria’s Prof. Ademola Adenle wins inaugural global M.S. Swaminathan Award for Food and Peace |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/08/nigerias-prof-ademola-adenle-wins-inaugural-global-m-s-swaminathan-award-for-food-and-peace/amp/ |work=Vanguard News |date=2025-08-11 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2022 kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta ''Sustainability 2022 Carbon Neutrality Award'', inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana da suka bada gudunmawa wajen binciken dorewar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Busari |first=Biodun |title=Nigerian scholar, Adenle emerges only African with Sustainability 2022 Carbon Neutrality Award |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/04/nigerian-scholar-adenle-emerges-only-african-with-sustainability-2022-carbon-neutrality-award/amp/ |work=Vanguard News |date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wallafe-wallafe ==
Adenle ya wallafa bincike da dama a mujallu na kimiyya kamar:
* ''Nature Biotechnology''
* ''World Development''
* ''Ecological Economics''
* ''Food Policy''

Bincikensa ya fi karkata kan hanyoyin magance matsalolin ci gaba a Afirka ta hanyar amfani da kimiyya da fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle |title=Ademola Adenle |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://www.glp.earth/people/ademola-adenle-0 Global Land Programme Profile]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle Ademola Adenle a Wikipedia]</text>
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[[Fayil:Prof. Ademola A Adenle.jpg|thumb]]

'''Farfesa Ademola Adelowo Adenle''' [[ɗan Najeriya]] ne wanda ya shahara a fannin kimiyyar dorewar ci gaba, tsarin bunƙasa noma, sauyin yanayi da manufofin fasaha. Ya yi aiki a jami’o’i da cibiyoyin bincike daban-daban a [[Afirka]], [[Turai]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;da [[Asiya]], tare da bayar da gudunmawa wajen bincike kan wadatar abinci, makamashi mai ɗorewa da sauyin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle |title=Ademola Adenle |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da karatu ==
Ademola Adenle ya fito daga Najeriya. Ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Lagos]], sannan ya ci gaba da samun ƙarin ilimi a [[University of Sussex]], [[University of Nottingham]] da kuma [[University of Oxford]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle |title=Ademola Adenle |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki da bincike ==
Adenle ya yi aiki a matsayin malami da mai bincike a ƙasashe daban-daban da suka haɗa da Birtaniya, Amurka, Japan, Jamus da Najeriya. Ya kuma yi aiki a [[United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability]] (UNU-IAS) a Japan, inda ya gudanar da bincike kan tsarin kula da amfani da ''genetically modified organisms'' (GMOs) a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.glp.earth/people/ademola-adenle-0 |title=Ademola Adenle |website=Global Land Programme |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan:
* Tsaron abinci da bunƙasa noma
* Sauyin yanayi da hanyoyin daƙile tasirinsa
* Makamashi mai ɗorewa
* Manufofin kimiyya da fasaha
* Inganta amfani da ƙasa da albarkatun muhalli

Ya kuma taka rawa wajen tsara manufofin kula da ƙasar noma a Najeriya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen USAID Feed the Future.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Busari |first=Biodun |title=Nigerian scholar, Adenle emerges only African with Sustainability 2022 Carbon Neutrality Award |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/04/nigerian-scholar-adenle-emerges-only-african-with-sustainability-2022-carbon-neutrality-award/amp/ |work=Vanguard News |date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da yabo ==
A shekarar 2025, Farfesa Adenle ya zama mutum na farko da ya lashe lambar yabo ta ''TWAS–M.S. Swaminathan Award for Food and Peace'', wadda aka bayar domin girmama gudunmawarsa wajen bunƙasa tsaron abinci da zaman lafiya ta hanyar binciken noma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Nigeria’s Prof. Ademola Adenle wins inaugural global M.S. Swaminathan Award for Food and Peace |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/08/nigerias-prof-ademola-adenle-wins-inaugural-global-m-s-swaminathan-award-for-food-and-peace/amp/ |work=Vanguard News |date=2025-08-11 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2022 kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta ''Sustainability 2022 Carbon Neutrality Award'', inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana da suka bada gudunmawa wajen binciken dorewar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Busari |first=Biodun |title=Nigerian scholar, Adenle emerges only African with Sustainability 2022 Carbon Neutrality Award |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/04/nigerian-scholar-adenle-emerges-only-african-with-sustainability-2022-carbon-neutrality-award/amp/ |work=Vanguard News |date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wallafe-wallafe ==
Adenle ya wallafa bincike da dama a mujallu na kimiyya kamar:
* ''Nature Biotechnology''
* ''World Development''
* ''Ecological Economics''
* ''Food Policy''

Bincikensa ya fi karkata kan hanyoyin magance matsalolin ci gaba a Afirka ta hanyar amfani da kimiyya da fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle |title=Ademola Adenle |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://www.glp.earth/people/ademola-adenle-0 Global Land Programme Profile]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola_Adenle Ademola Adenle a Wikipedia]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adesoji Adelaja</title>
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        <id>45024</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi:  '''Adesoji O. Adelaja''' ɗan Najeriya ne masanin tattalin arziki kuma farfesa a fannin manufofin ƙasa, noma da tsaron abinci. Yana aiki a matsayin '''John A. Hannah Distinguished Professor in Land Policy''' a jami'ar ta Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://espp.msu.edu/directory/adelaja-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san shi da bincike da rubuce-rubucensa kan tattalin arzikin noma, manufofin abinci,...</comment>
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'''Adesoji O. Adelaja''' ɗan Najeriya ne masanin tattalin arziki kuma farfesa a fannin manufofin ƙasa, noma da tsaron abinci. Yana aiki a matsayin '''John A. Hannah Distinguished Professor in Land Policy''' a jami'ar ta Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://espp.msu.edu/directory/adelaja-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san shi da bincike da rubuce-rubucensa kan tattalin arzikin noma, manufofin abinci, rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya, amfani da ƙasa, da ci gaban tattalin arziki a Afirka musamman Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Obafemi Adelaja |url=https://msu.edu/honoredfaculty/directory/adelaja-obafemi-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da karatu ==
An haifi Adelaja a birnin Lagos na Najeriya a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 1956.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://business.wvu.edu/alumni/roll-of-distinguished-alumni/previous-inductees/adesoji-o-adelaja |website=West Virginia University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi karatun digiri na farko a jami'ar Pennsylvania State University inda ya samu digiri a fannin Agricultural Mechanization a shekarar 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesoji_Adelaja |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatu a :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} inda ya samu digirin M.S. a Agricultural Economics a shekarar 1980, sannan M.A. a Economics a shekarar 1981, kafin ya kammala digirin PhD a Economics a shekarar 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://business.wvu.edu/alumni/roll-of-distinguished-alumni/previous-inductees/adesoji-o-adelaja |website=West Virginia University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin koyarwa ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Adelaja ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2} a shekarar 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Adelaja |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesoji_Adelaja |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin yana ba da shawarar tattalin arziki ga ƙabilar Shoshone Bannock ta Amurka kan harkokin albarkatun ƙasa da kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://business.wvu.edu/alumni/roll-of-distinguished-alumni/previous-inductees/adesoji-o-adelaja |website=West Virginia University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1986 ya koma :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3} inda ya rike mukamai daban-daban ciki har da shugaban sashen Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, shugaban Food Policy Institute, da kuma shugaban Food Innovation Center.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://espp.msu.edu/directory/adelaja-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma kasance Dean na Cook College da shugaban New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Obafemi Adelaja |url=https://msu.edu/honoredfaculty/directory/adelaja-obafemi-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2004 ya shiga :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4} inda ya kafa '''Land Policy Institute''' a shekarar 2006 kuma ya jagorance shi har zuwa shekarar 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/people/adelaja_a/?roleURL=adelaja_a |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike da gudummawa ==
Binciken Adelaja ya fi mayar da hankali kan:
* Manufofin amfani da ƙasa
* Tsaron abinci
* Tattalin arzikin noma
* Rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya
* Sauyin tattalin arziki a Afirka
* Manufofin makamashi mai sabuntawa

Ya wallafa bincike da dama kan rikicin Boko Haram, rikicin Fulani makiyaya da manoma, da tasirin rikice-rikice ga noma da tattalin arziki a Najeriya da Afirka baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Adelaja |url=https://michiganstate.academia.edu/AdesojiAdelaja |website=Academia.edu |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daya daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa shi ne bincike kan yadda rikice-rikice ke rage samar da abinci da kuma hana ci gaban noma a yankin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Productivity Growth, Resilience and Economic Transformation in SSA |url=https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/BIFAD_Agricultural_Productivity_Growth_Resilience_and_Economic_Transformation_in_SSA_Final_Report_4.20.21_2_2.pdf |website=USAID |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo ==
A tsawon aikinsa, Adelaja ya samu lambobin yabo da dama daga jami'o'i da hukumomi saboda gudummawarsa a fannin bincike da manufofin jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Adelaja |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesoji_Adelaja |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5} ta saka sunansa cikin jerin fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai na jami'ar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://business.wvu.edu/alumni/roll-of-distinguished-alumni/previous-inductees/adesoji-o-adelaja |website=West Virginia University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Adesoji O. Adelaja''' ɗan Najeriya ne masanin tattalin arziki kuma farfesa a fannin manufofin ƙasa, noma da tsaron abinci. Yana aiki a matsayin '''John A. Hannah Distinguished Professor in Land Policy''' a jami'ar ta Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://espp.msu.edu/directory/adelaja-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san shi da bincike da rubuce-rubucensa kan tattalin arzikin noma, manufofin abinci, rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya, amfani da ƙasa, da ci gaban tattalin arziki a Afirka musamman Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Obafemi Adelaja |url=https://msu.edu/honoredfaculty/directory/adelaja-obafemi-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da karatu ==
An haifi Adelaja a birnin Lagos na Najeriya a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 1956.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://business.wvu.edu/alumni/roll-of-distinguished-alumni/previous-inductees/adesoji-o-adelaja |website=West Virginia University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi karatun digiri na farko a jami'ar Pennsylvania State University inda ya samu digiri a fannin Agricultural Mechanization a shekarar 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesoji_Adelaja |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatu a inda ya samu digirin M.S. a Agricultural Economics a shekarar 1980, sannan M.A. a Economics a shekarar 1981, kafin ya kammala digirin PhD a Economics a shekarar 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://business.wvu.edu/alumni/roll-of-distinguished-alumni/previous-inductees/adesoji-o-adelaja |website=West Virginia University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin koyarwa ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, Adelaja ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a shekarar 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Adelaja |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesoji_Adelaja |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin yana ba da shawarar tattalin arziki ga ƙabilar Shoshone Bannock ta Amurka kan harkokin albarkatun ƙasa da kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://business.wvu.edu/alumni/roll-of-distinguished-alumni/previous-inductees/adesoji-o-adelaja |website=West Virginia University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1986 ya koma inda ya rike mukamai daban-daban ciki har da shugaban sashen Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, shugaban Food Policy Institute, da kuma shugaban Food Innovation Center.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://espp.msu.edu/directory/adelaja-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma kasance Dean na Cook College da shugaban New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Obafemi Adelaja |url=https://msu.edu/honoredfaculty/directory/adelaja-obafemi-adesoji.html |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2004 ya shiga inda ya kafa '''Land Policy Institute''' a shekarar 2006 kuma ya jagorance shi har zuwa shekarar 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/people/adelaja_a/?roleURL=adelaja_a |website=Michigan State University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike da gudummawa ==
Binciken Adelaja ya fi mayar da hankali kan:
* Manufofin amfani da ƙasa
* Tsaron abinci
* Tattalin arzikin noma
* Rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya
* Sauyin tattalin arziki a Afirka
* Manufofin makamashi mai sabuntawa

Ya wallafa bincike da dama kan rikicin Boko Haram, rikicin Fulani makiyaya da manoma, da tasirin rikice-rikice ga noma da tattalin arziki a Najeriya da Afirka baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Adelaja |url=https://michiganstate.academia.edu/AdesojiAdelaja |website=Academia.edu |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daya daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa shi ne bincike kan yadda rikice-rikice ke rage samar da abinci da kuma hana ci gaban noma a yankin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Productivity Growth, Resilience and Economic Transformation in SSA |url=https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/BIFAD_Agricultural_Productivity_Growth_Resilience_and_Economic_Transformation_in_SSA_Final_Report_4.20.21_2_2.pdf |website=USAID |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo ==
A tsawon aikinsa, Adelaja ya samu lambobin yabo da dama daga jami'o'i da hukumomi saboda gudummawarsa a fannin bincike da manufofin jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji Adelaja |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesoji_Adelaja |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, ta saka sunansa cikin jerin fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai na jami'ar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adesoji O. Adelaja |url=https://business.wvu.edu/alumni/roll-of-distinguished-alumni/previous-inductees/adesoji-o-adelaja |website=West Virginia University |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person  | name = Afeosemime Unuose Adogame | occupation = Scholar of Religion | alma_mater = University of Bayreuth, Germany | discipline = Religion and Society | sub_discipline = World Christianity, African Christianity, African Christian diasporas, indigenous religions, new religious movements, migration and transnationalism | workplaces = Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria The University of Edinburgh University of...</comment>
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| name = Afeosemime Unuose Adogame
| occupation = Scholar of Religion
| alma_mater = University of Bayreuth, Germany
| discipline = Religion and Society
| sub_discipline = World Christianity, African Christianity, African Christian diasporas, indigenous religions, new religious movements, migration and transnationalism
| workplaces = Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
The University of Edinburgh
University of Bayreuth
Princeton Theological Seminary
}}
'''Afeosemime Unuose Adogame''' masanin addini ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya ƙware wajen nazarin addinan Afirka, Kiristancin Afirka, da kuma rayuwar addinai a tsakanin ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje. Yana aiki a matsayin farfesa a makarantar tauhidi ta Princeton Theological Seminary da ke ƙasar Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da karatu ==
An haifi Adogame a Najeriya. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Religious Studies a jami’ar Bendel State University, wadda yanzu ake kira Ambrose Alli University. Daga baya ya samu digirin digirgir (MA) a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife kafin ya yi digirin PhD a fannin History of Religions a Jami’ar Bayreuth da ke Jamus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Adogame ya koyar a jami’o’i daban-daban ciki har da University of Lagos da University of Bayreuth. A shekarar 2005 ya koma University of Edinburgh inda ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin World Christianity da Religious Studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=The Religious Studies Project |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya zama Maxwell M. Upson Professor of Religion and Society a Princeton Theological Seminary. Har ila yau ya kasance farfesa na musamman a Stellenbosch University da ke Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Binciken Adogame ya fi mayar da hankali kan:
* Kiristancin Afirka
* Addinan gargajiyar Afirka
* Hijira da addini
* Sabbin ƙungiyoyin addini
* Dangantakar addini da siyasa
* Addini da al’ummar ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje

An san shi sosai wajen bincike kan yadda addinan Afirka suka bazu zuwa Turai da Amurka ta hanyar hijirar ‘yan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://religionlink.com/database/afeosemime-adogame/ |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=ReligionLink |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wata fitacciyar kasidarsa mai suna ''How God became a Nigerian'', ya yi bayani kan yadda addini ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina siyasar Najeriya da rayuwar al’umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adogame |first=Afeosemime |title=How God became a Nigerian: Religious impulse and the unfolding of a nation |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |year=2010 |pages=479–498 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2010.512742}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Daga cikin manyan ayyukansa akwai:

* ''Celestial Church of Christ: The Politics of Cultural Identity in a West African Prophetic Charismatic Movement'' (1999)
* ''The African Christian Diaspora: New Currents and Emerging Trends in World Christianity'' (2013)
* ''Indigeneity in African Religions: Oza Worldviews, Cosmologies and Religious Cultures'' (2021)

Ya kuma shirya littattafai da dama kan addini, hijira, da al’adun Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa ==
Ana kallon Adogame a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana da suka taimaka wajen faɗaɗa nazarin Kiristancin Afirka da addinan Afirka a duniya. Rubuce-rubucensa sun taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda addini ke tasiri ga siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa a Afirka da diaspora.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://african.theologyworldwide.com/?catid=17&amp;id=207&amp;view=article |title=African Diaspora Christianity: Some Key Conversation Partners and Resources |website=Theology Worldwide |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ Shafin Afe Adogame a Princeton Theological Seminary]
* [https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ Afe Adogame a Religious Studies Project]

[[Category:Masana daga Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masanan addini]]
[[Category:Malaman jami'a]]
[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]</text>
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'''Afeosemime Unuose Adogame''' masanin addini ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ya ƙware wajen nazarin addinan Afirka, Kiristancin Afirka, da kuma rayuwar addinai a tsakanin ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje. Yana aiki a matsayin farfesa a makarantar tauhidi ta Princeton Theological Seminary da ke ƙasar Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da karatu ==
An haifi Adogame a Najeriya. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Religious Studies a jami’ar Bendel State University, wadda yanzu ake kira Ambrose Alli University. Daga baya ya samu digirin digirgir (MA) a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife kafin ya yi digirin PhD a fannin History of Religions a Jami’ar Bayreuth da ke Jamus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Adogame ya koyar a jami’o’i daban-daban ciki har da University of Lagos da University of Bayreuth. A shekarar 2005 ya koma University of Edinburgh inda ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin World Christianity da Religious Studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=The Religious Studies Project |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya zama Maxwell M. Upson Professor of Religion and Society a Princeton Theological Seminary. Har ila yau ya kasance farfesa na musamman a Stellenbosch University da ke Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Binciken Adogame ya fi mayar da hankali kan:
* Kiristancin Afirka
* Addinan gargajiyar Afirka
* Hijira da addini
* Sabbin ƙungiyoyin addini
* Dangantakar addini da siyasa
* Addini da al’ummar ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje

An san shi sosai wajen bincike kan yadda addinan Afirka suka bazu zuwa Turai da Amurka ta hanyar hijirar ‘yan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://religionlink.com/database/afeosemime-adogame/ |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=ReligionLink |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wata fitacciyar kasidarsa mai suna ''How God became a Nigerian'', ya yi bayani kan yadda addini ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina siyasar Najeriya da rayuwar al’umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adogame |first=Afeosemime |title=How God became a Nigerian: Religious impulse and the unfolding of a nation |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |year=2010 |pages=479–498 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2010.512742}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Daga cikin manyan ayyukansa akwai:

* ''Celestial Church of Christ: The Politics of Cultural Identity in a West African Prophetic Charismatic Movement'' (1999)
* ''The African Christian Diaspora: New Currents and Emerging Trends in World Christianity'' (2013)
* ''Indigeneity in African Religions: Oza Worldviews, Cosmologies and Religious Cultures'' (2021)

Ya kuma shirya littattafai da dama kan addini, hijira, da al’adun Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa ==
Ana kallon Adogame a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana da suka taimaka wajen faɗaɗa nazarin Kiristancin Afirka da addinan Afirka a duniya. Rubuce-rubucensa sun taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda addini ke tasiri ga siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa a Afirka da diaspora.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://african.theologyworldwide.com/?catid=17&amp;id=207&amp;view=article |title=African Diaspora Christianity: Some Key Conversation Partners and Resources |website=Theology Worldwide |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ Shafin Afe Adogame a Princeton Theological Seminary]
* [https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ Afe Adogame a Religious Studies Project]

[[Category:Masana daga Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masanan addini]]
[[Category:Malaman jami'a]]
[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]</text>
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'''Afeosemime Unuose Adogame''' masanin addini ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|dan Nijeriya]] wanda ya ƙware wajen nazarin addinan [[Afirka]], Kiristanci a Afirka, da kuma rayuwar addinai a tsakanin ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje. Yana aiki a matsayin farfesa a makarantar tauhidi ta Princeton Theological Seminary da ke ƙasar Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da karatu ==
An haifi Adogame a Najeriya. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Religious Studies a jami’ar Bendel State University, wadda yanzu ake kira Ambrose Alli University. Daga baya ya samu digirin digirgir (MA) a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife kafin ya yi digirin PhD a fannin History of Religions a Jami’ar Bayreuth da ke Jamus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Adogame ya koyar a jami’o’i daban-daban ciki har da University of Lagos da University of Bayreuth. A shekarar 2005 ya koma University of Edinburgh inda ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin World Christianity da Religious Studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=The Religious Studies Project |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya zama Maxwell M. Upson Professor of Religion and Society a Princeton Theological Seminary. Har ila yau ya kasance farfesa na musamman a Stellenbosch University da ke Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Binciken Adogame ya fi mayar da hankali kan:
* Kiristancin Afirka
* Addinan gargajiyar Afirka
* Hijira da addini
* Sabbin ƙungiyoyin addini
* Dangantakar addini da siyasa
* Addini da al’ummar ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje

An san shi sosai wajen bincike kan yadda addinan Afirka suka bazu zuwa Turai da Amurka ta hanyar hijirar ‘yan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://religionlink.com/database/afeosemime-adogame/ |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=ReligionLink |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wata fitacciyar kasidarsa mai suna ''How God became a Nigerian'', ya yi bayani kan yadda addini ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina siyasar Najeriya da rayuwar al’umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adogame |first=Afeosemime |title=How God became a Nigerian: Religious impulse and the unfolding of a nation |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |year=2010 |pages=479–498 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2010.512742}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Daga cikin manyan ayyukansa akwai:

* ''Celestial Church of Christ: The Politics of Cultural Identity in a West African Prophetic Charismatic Movement'' (1999)
* ''The African Christian Diaspora: New Currents and Emerging Trends in World Christianity'' (2013)
* ''Indigeneity in African Religions: Oza Worldviews, Cosmologies and Religious Cultures'' (2021)

Ya kuma shirya littattafai da dama kan addini, hijira, da al’adun Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa ==
Ana kallon Adogame a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana da suka taimaka wajen faɗaɗa nazarin Kiristancin Afirka da addinan Afirka a duniya. Rubuce-rubucensa sun taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda addini ke tasiri ga siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa a Afirka da diaspora.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://african.theologyworldwide.com/?catid=17&amp;id=207&amp;view=article |title=African Diaspora Christianity: Some Key Conversation Partners and Resources |website=Theology Worldwide |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ Shafin Afe Adogame a Princeton Theological Seminary]
* [https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ Afe Adogame a Religious Studies Project]

[[Category:Masana daga Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masanan addini]]
[[Category:Malaman jami'a]]
[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]</text>
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'''Afeosemime Unuose Adogame''' masanin addini ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|dan Nijeriya]] wanda ya ƙware wajen nazarin addinan [[Afirka]], Kiristanci a Afirka, da kuma rayuwar addinai a tsakanin ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje. Yana aiki a matsayin farfesa a makarantar tauhidi ta Princeton Theological Seminary da ke ƙasar [[Amurka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da karatu ==
An haifi Adogame a Najeriya. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Religious Studies a jami’ar Bendel State University, wadda yanzu ake kira Ambrose Alli University. Daga baya ya samu digirin digirgir (MA) a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife kafin ya yi digirin PhD a fannin History of Religions a Jami’ar Bayreuth da ke Jamus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Adogame ya koyar a jami’o’i daban-daban ciki har da University of Lagos da University of Bayreuth. A shekarar 2005 ya koma University of Edinburgh inda ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin World Christianity da Religious Studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=The Religious Studies Project |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya zama Maxwell M. Upson Professor of Religion and Society a Princeton Theological Seminary. Har ila yau ya kasance farfesa na musamman a Stellenbosch University da ke Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Binciken Adogame ya fi mayar da hankali kan:
* Kiristancin Afirka
* Addinan gargajiyar Afirka
* Hijira da addini
* Sabbin ƙungiyoyin addini
* Dangantakar addini da siyasa
* Addini da al’ummar ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje

An san shi sosai wajen bincike kan yadda addinan Afirka suka bazu zuwa Turai da Amurka ta hanyar hijirar ‘yan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://religionlink.com/database/afeosemime-adogame/ |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=ReligionLink |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wata fitacciyar kasidarsa mai suna ''How God became a Nigerian'', ya yi bayani kan yadda addini ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina siyasar Najeriya da rayuwar al’umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adogame |first=Afeosemime |title=How God became a Nigerian: Religious impulse and the unfolding of a nation |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |year=2010 |pages=479–498 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2010.512742}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Daga cikin manyan ayyukansa akwai:

* ''Celestial Church of Christ: The Politics of Cultural Identity in a West African Prophetic Charismatic Movement'' (1999)
* ''The African Christian Diaspora: New Currents and Emerging Trends in World Christianity'' (2013)
* ''Indigeneity in African Religions: Oza Worldviews, Cosmologies and Religious Cultures'' (2021)

Ya kuma shirya littattafai da dama kan addini, hijira, da al’adun Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa ==
Ana kallon Adogame a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana da suka taimaka wajen faɗaɗa nazarin Kiristancin Afirka da addinan Afirka a duniya. Rubuce-rubucensa sun taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda addini ke tasiri ga siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa a Afirka da diaspora.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://african.theologyworldwide.com/?catid=17&amp;id=207&amp;view=article |title=African Diaspora Christianity: Some Key Conversation Partners and Resources |website=Theology Worldwide |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ Shafin Afe Adogame a Princeton Theological Seminary]
* [https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ Afe Adogame a Religious Studies Project]

[[Category:Masana daga Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masanan addini]]
[[Category:Malaman jami'a]]
[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]</text>
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'''Afeosemime Unuose Adogame''' masanin addini ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|dan Nijeriya]] wanda ya ƙware wajen nazarin addinan [[Afirka]], Kiristanci a Afirka, da kuma rayuwar addinai a tsakanin ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje. Yana aiki a matsayin farfesa a makarantar tauhidi ta Princeton Theological Seminary da ke ƙasar [[Amurka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da karatu ==
An haifi Adogame a Najeriya. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Nazarin Addini a Jami’ar Jihar  Bendel, wadda yanzu ake kira Ambrose Alli University. Daga baya ya samu digirin Masters (MA) a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife kafin ya yi digirin PhD a fannin Tarihin Addinai a Jami’ar Bayreuth da ke [[Jamus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Adogame ya koyar a jami’o’i daban-daban ciki har da University of Lagos da University of Bayreuth. A shekarar 2005 ya koma University of Edinburgh inda ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin World Christianity da Religious Studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=The Religious Studies Project |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya zama Maxwell M. Upson Professor of Religion and Society a Princeton Theological Seminary. Har ila yau ya kasance farfesa na musamman a Stellenbosch University da ke Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Binciken Adogame ya fi mayar da hankali kan:
* Kiristancin Afirka
* Addinan gargajiyar Afirka
* Hijira da addini
* Sabbin ƙungiyoyin addini
* Dangantakar addini da siyasa
* Addini da al’ummar ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje

An san shi sosai wajen bincike kan yadda addinan Afirka suka bazu zuwa Turai da Amurka ta hanyar hijirar ‘yan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://religionlink.com/database/afeosemime-adogame/ |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=ReligionLink |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wata fitacciyar kasidarsa mai suna ''How God became a Nigerian'', ya yi bayani kan yadda addini ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina siyasar Najeriya da rayuwar al’umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adogame |first=Afeosemime |title=How God became a Nigerian: Religious impulse and the unfolding of a nation |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |year=2010 |pages=479–498 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2010.512742}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Daga cikin manyan ayyukansa akwai:

* ''Celestial Church of Christ: The Politics of Cultural Identity in a West African Prophetic Charismatic Movement'' (1999)
* ''The African Christian Diaspora: New Currents and Emerging Trends in World Christianity'' (2013)
* ''Indigeneity in African Religions: Oza Worldviews, Cosmologies and Religious Cultures'' (2021)

Ya kuma shirya littattafai da dama kan addini, hijira, da al’adun Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa ==
Ana kallon Adogame a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana da suka taimaka wajen faɗaɗa nazarin Kiristancin Afirka da addinan Afirka a duniya. Rubuce-rubucensa sun taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda addini ke tasiri ga siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa a Afirka da diaspora.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://african.theologyworldwide.com/?catid=17&amp;id=207&amp;view=article |title=African Diaspora Christianity: Some Key Conversation Partners and Resources |website=Theology Worldwide |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ Shafin Afe Adogame a Princeton Theological Seminary]
* [https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ Afe Adogame a Religious Studies Project]

[[Category:Masana daga Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masanan addini]]
[[Category:Malaman jami'a]]
[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]</text>
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      <id>840044</id>
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'''Afeosemime Unuose Adogame''' masanin addini ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|dan Nijeriya]] wanda ya ƙware wajen nazarin addinan [[Afirka]], Kiristanci a Afirka, da kuma rayuwar addinai a tsakanin ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje. Yana aiki a matsayin farfesa a makarantar tauhidi ta Princeton Theological Seminary da ke ƙasar [[Amurka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da karatu ==
An haifi Adogame a Najeriya. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Nazarin Addini a Jami’ar Jihar  Bendel, wadda yanzu ake kira Ambrose Alli University. Daga baya ya samu digirin Masters (MA) a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife kafin ya yi digirin PhD a fannin Tarihin Addinai a Jami’ar Bayreuth da ke [[Jamus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Adogame ya koyar a jami’o’i daban-daban ciki har da Jami'ar Lagos da Jami'ar Bayreuth. A shekarar 2005 ya koma Jami'ar Edinburgh inda ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin World Christianity da Religious Studies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=The Religious Studies Project |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya zama Maxwell M. Upson Professor of Religion and Society a Princeton Theological Seminary. Har ila yau ya kasance farfesa na musamman a Stellenbosch University da ke Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Binciken Adogame ya fi mayar da hankali kan:
* Kiristancin Afirka
* Addinan gargajiyar Afirka
* Hijira da addini
* Sabbin ƙungiyoyin addini
* Dangantakar addini da siyasa
* Addini da al’ummar ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje

An san shi sosai wajen bincike kan yadda addinan Afirka suka bazu zuwa Turai da Amurka ta hanyar hijirar ‘yan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://religionlink.com/database/afeosemime-adogame/ |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=ReligionLink |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wata fitacciyar kasidarsa mai suna ''How God became a Nigerian'', ya yi bayani kan yadda addini ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina siyasar Najeriya da rayuwar al’umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adogame |first=Afeosemime |title=How God became a Nigerian: Religious impulse and the unfolding of a nation |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |year=2010 |pages=479–498 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2010.512742}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Daga cikin manyan ayyukansa akwai:

* ''Celestial Church of Christ: The Politics of Cultural Identity in a West African Prophetic Charismatic Movement'' (1999)
* ''The African Christian Diaspora: New Currents and Emerging Trends in World Christianity'' (2013)
* ''Indigeneity in African Religions: Oza Worldviews, Cosmologies and Religious Cultures'' (2021)

Ya kuma shirya littattafai da dama kan addini, hijira, da al’adun Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa ==
Ana kallon Adogame a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana da suka taimaka wajen faɗaɗa nazarin Kiristancin Afirka da addinan Afirka a duniya. Rubuce-rubucensa sun taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda addini ke tasiri ga siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa a Afirka da diaspora.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://african.theologyworldwide.com/?catid=17&amp;id=207&amp;view=article |title=African Diaspora Christianity: Some Key Conversation Partners and Resources |website=Theology Worldwide |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ Shafin Afe Adogame a Princeton Theological Seminary]
* [https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ Afe Adogame a Religious Studies Project]

[[Category:Masana daga Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masanan addini]]
[[Category:Malaman jami'a]]
[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]</text>
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        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
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'''Afeosemime Unuose Adogame''' masanin addini ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|dan Nijeriya]] wanda ya ƙware wajen nazarin addinan [[Afirka]], Kiristanci a Afirka, da kuma rayuwar addinai a tsakanin ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje. Yana aiki a matsayin farfesa a makarantar tauhidi ta Princeton Theological Seminary da ke ƙasar [[Amurka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da karatu ==
An haifi Adogame a Najeriya. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Nazarin Addini a Jami’ar Jihar  Bendel, wadda yanzu ake kira Ambrose Alli University. Daga baya ya samu digirin Masters (MA) a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife kafin ya yi digirin PhD a fannin Tarihin Addinai a Jami’ar Bayreuth da ke [[Jamus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Adogame ya koyar a jami’o’i daban-daban ciki har da Jami'ar Lagos da Jami'ar Bayreuth. A shekarar 2005 ya koma Jami'ar Edinburgh inda ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin Kiristancin Duniya da Nazarin Addinai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=The Religious Studies Project |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya zama Maxwell M. Upson Professor of Religion and Society a Princeton Theological Seminary. Har ila yau ya kasance farfesa na musamman a Stellenbosch University da ke Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Binciken Adogame ya fi mayar da hankali kan:
* Kiristancin Afirka
* Addinan gargajiyar Afirka
* Hijira da addini
* Sabbin ƙungiyoyin addini
* Dangantakar addini da siyasa
* Addini da al’ummar ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje

An san shi sosai wajen bincike kan yadda addinan Afirka suka bazu zuwa Turai da Amurka ta hanyar hijirar ‘yan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://religionlink.com/database/afeosemime-adogame/ |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=ReligionLink |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wata fitacciyar kasidarsa mai suna ''How God became a Nigerian'', ya yi bayani kan yadda addini ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina siyasar Najeriya da rayuwar al’umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adogame |first=Afeosemime |title=How God became a Nigerian: Religious impulse and the unfolding of a nation |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |year=2010 |pages=479–498 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2010.512742}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Daga cikin manyan ayyukansa akwai:

* ''Celestial Church of Christ: The Politics of Cultural Identity in a West African Prophetic Charismatic Movement'' (1999)
* ''The African Christian Diaspora: New Currents and Emerging Trends in World Christianity'' (2013)
* ''Indigeneity in African Religions: Oza Worldviews, Cosmologies and Religious Cultures'' (2021)

Ya kuma shirya littattafai da dama kan addini, hijira, da al’adun Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa ==
Ana kallon Adogame a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana da suka taimaka wajen faɗaɗa nazarin Kiristancin Afirka da addinan Afirka a duniya. Rubuce-rubucensa sun taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda addini ke tasiri ga siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa a Afirka da diaspora.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://african.theologyworldwide.com/?catid=17&amp;id=207&amp;view=article |title=African Diaspora Christianity: Some Key Conversation Partners and Resources |website=Theology Worldwide |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ Shafin Afe Adogame a Princeton Theological Seminary]
* [https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ Afe Adogame a Religious Studies Project]

[[Category:Masana daga Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masanan addini]]
[[Category:Malaman jami'a]]
[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]</text>
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        <username>Uncle Bash007</username>
        <id>9891</id>
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'''Afeosemime Unuose Adogame''' masanin addini ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|dan Nijeriya]] wanda ya ƙware wajen nazarin addinan [[Afirka]], Kiristanci a Afirka, da kuma rayuwar addinai a tsakanin ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje. Yana aiki a matsayin farfesa a makarantar tauhidi ta Princeton Theological Seminary da ke ƙasar [[Amurka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da karatu ==
An haifi Adogame a Najeriya. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Nazarin Addini a Jami’ar Jihar  Bendel, wadda yanzu ake kira Ambrose Alli University. Daga baya ya samu digirin Masters (MA) a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife kafin ya yi digirin PhD a fannin Tarihin Addinai a Jami’ar Bayreuth da ke [[Jamus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Adogame ya koyar a jami’o’i daban-daban ciki har da [[Jami'ar Lagos]] da Jami'ar Bayreuth. A shekarar 2005 ya koma Jami'ar Edinburgh inda ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin Kiristancin Duniya da Nazarin Addinai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=The Religious Studies Project |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya zama Maxwell M. Upson Professor of Religion and Society a Princeton Theological Seminary. Har ila yau ya kasance farfesa na musamman a Stellenbosch University da ke Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Binciken Adogame ya fi mayar da hankali kan:
* Kiristancin Afirka
* Addinan gargajiyar Afirka
* Hijira da addini
* Sabbin ƙungiyoyin addini
* Dangantakar addini da siyasa
* Addini da al’ummar ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje

An san shi sosai wajen bincike kan yadda addinan Afirka suka bazu zuwa Turai da Amurka ta hanyar hijirar ‘yan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://religionlink.com/database/afeosemime-adogame/ |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=ReligionLink |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wata fitacciyar kasidarsa mai suna ''How God became a Nigerian'', ya yi bayani kan yadda addini ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina siyasar Najeriya da rayuwar al’umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adogame |first=Afeosemime |title=How God became a Nigerian: Religious impulse and the unfolding of a nation |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |year=2010 |pages=479–498 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2010.512742}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Daga cikin manyan ayyukansa akwai:

* ''Celestial Church of Christ: The Politics of Cultural Identity in a West African Prophetic Charismatic Movement'' (1999)
* ''The African Christian Diaspora: New Currents and Emerging Trends in World Christianity'' (2013)
* ''Indigeneity in African Religions: Oza Worldviews, Cosmologies and Religious Cultures'' (2021)

Ya kuma shirya littattafai da dama kan addini, hijira, da al’adun Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa ==
Ana kallon Adogame a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana da suka taimaka wajen faɗaɗa nazarin Kiristancin Afirka da addinan Afirka a duniya. Rubuce-rubucensa sun taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda addini ke tasiri ga siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa a Afirka da diaspora.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://african.theologyworldwide.com/?catid=17&amp;id=207&amp;view=article |title=African Diaspora Christianity: Some Key Conversation Partners and Resources |website=Theology Worldwide |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ Shafin Afe Adogame a Princeton Theological Seminary]
* [https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ Afe Adogame a Religious Studies Project]

[[Category:Masana daga Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masanan addini]]
[[Category:Malaman jami'a]]
[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]</text>
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        <id>9891</id>
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'''Afeosemime Unuose Adogame''' masanin addini ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|dan Nijeriya]] wanda ya ƙware wajen nazarin addinan [[Afirka]], Kiristanci a Afirka, da kuma rayuwar addinai a tsakanin ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje. Yana aiki a matsayin farfesa a makarantar tauhidi ta Princeton Theological Seminary da ke ƙasar [[Amurka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da karatu ==
An haifi Adogame a Najeriya. Ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Nazarin Addini a Jami’ar Jihar  Bendel, wadda yanzu ake kira Ambrose Alli University. Daga baya ya samu digirin Masters (MA) a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife kafin ya yi digirin PhD a fannin Tarihin Addinai a Jami’ar Bayreuth da ke [[Jamus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Aiki ==
Adogame ya koyar a jami’o’i daban-daban ciki har da [[Jami'ar Lagos]] da Jami'ar Bayreuth. A shekarar 2005 ya koma Jami'ar Edinburgh inda ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin Kiristancin Duniya da Nazarin Addinai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=The Religious Studies Project |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya ya zama Maxwell M. Upson Professor of Religion and Society a Princeton Theological Seminary. Har ila yau ya kasance farfesa na musamman a Stellenbosch University da ke Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afeosemime_Adogame |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Binciken Adogame ya fi mayar da hankali kan:
* Kiristancin Afirka
* Addinan gargajiyar Afirka
* Hijira da addini
* Sabbin ƙungiyoyin addini
* Dangantakar addini da siyasa
* Addini da al’ummar ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje

An san shi sosai wajen bincike kan yadda addinan Afirka suka bazu zuwa Turai da Amurka ta hanyar hijirar ‘yan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://religionlink.com/database/afeosemime-adogame/ |title=Afeosemime Adogame |website=ReligionLink |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wata fitacciyar kasidarsa mai suna ''How God became a Nigerian'', ya yi bayani kan yadda addini ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina siyasar Najeriya da rayuwar al’umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adogame |first=Afeosemime |title=How God became a Nigerian: Religious impulse and the unfolding of a nation |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |year=2010 |pages=479–498 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2010.512742}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafai ==
Daga cikin manyan ayyukansa akwai:

* ''Celestial Church of Christ: The Politics of Cultural Identity in a West African Prophetic Charismatic Movement'' (1999)
* ''The African Christian Diaspora: New Currents and Emerging Trends in World Christianity'' (2013)
* ''Indigeneity in African Religions: Oza Worldviews, Cosmologies and Religious Cultures'' (2021)

Ya kuma shirya littattafai da dama kan addini, hijira, da al’adun Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ |title=Afe Adogame |website=Princeton Theological Seminary |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa ==
Ana kallon Adogame a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana da suka taimaka wajen faɗaɗa nazarin Kiristancin Afirka da addinan Afirka a duniya. Rubuce-rubucensa sun taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda addini ke tasiri ga siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa a Afirka da diaspora.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://african.theologyworldwide.com/?catid=17&amp;id=207&amp;view=article |title=African Diaspora Christianity: Some Key Conversation Partners and Resources |website=Theology Worldwide |access-date=2026-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin waje ==
* [https://ptsem.edu/academics/faculty/afe-adogame/ Shafin Afe Adogame a Princeton Theological Seminary]
* [https://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/persons/afe-adogame/ Afe Adogame a Religious Studies Project]

[[Category:Masana daga Najeriya]]
[[Category:Masanan addini]]
[[Category:Malaman jami'a]]
[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]</text>
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