Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 12017 840116 583722 2026-05-25T19:06:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:The Government house round about.jpg|thumb|house government round about]] Wannan shine teburin dake nuna jerin '''gwamnonin''' [[Nijeriya]] na yanzu. Anayin zaben gwamnonin a [[Najeriya]] na tsawon lokacin da yakai shekaru hudu, kuma sukan yi zango biyu ne kawai. Sannan [[Gwamnatin tarayya]] ce kadai keda alhakin nada [[Ministotoci|Ministoci]] a [[Abuja|Birnin Taraiya]]. == Cancanta ko dacewa == Kafin mutum ya cancanci zama gwamna a Najeriya tofa dole ne sai ya zama haifaffen kasar, sannan sai ya kai shekaru 35, kuma sai yana da jam'iyyar siyasa. Kundin mulkin kasar ya ka'ide ma gwamna tsawon zaman sa a matsayin gwamna na Zango biyu ne kawai, (shekara hudu kowanne Zango). == Gwamnoni == [[File:Nigerian Governors map 2019.png|thumb| Taswirar Najeriya mai nuna juhohi da jam'iyyun siyasar dake da gwamnoni, a bayanin babban zaben kasar na shekarar 2019.1- Kore [[PDP]] 2- Bula [[APC]] 3- Ruwan kwai APGA]] A yanzu akwai Gwamnonin a jahohin Najeriya 36 * Jan'iyyar people Democratic Party (PDP) nada jiha 17. * Jam'iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC) nada jiha 18. * Jam'iyyar All Progressive Grand Alliance (APGA) nada jiha 1. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |- bgcolor=#e8e8e8 ! [[Jiha]] ! Gwamna ! Mataimakin Gwamna ! Jam'iyya ! Zabe/Shiga Ofishi |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Abiya]] | [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] | [[Ude Oko Chukwu]] | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Adamawa]] | [[Ahmadu Umaru Fintiri]] | [[Crowther Seth]] | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | 201 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Akwa Ibom]] | [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel]] | [[Moses Ekpo]] | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Anambra]] | [[Willie Obiano]] | [[Dr. Nkem Okeke]] | [[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]] | 2014 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Bauchi]] | [[Bala Muhammed]] | [[Baba Tela]] |[[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Bayelsa]] | [[Henry Dickson]] | [[Gboribiogha John Jonah]] | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | 2012 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Benue]] | [[Samuel Ortom]] | [[Benson Abounu]] | [[All Progressive Congress (Nigeria)|PDP]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/277737-breaking-benue-governor-ortom-defects-to-pdp.html|title=UPDATED: Benue governor, Ortom, defects to PDP|date=July 25, 2018|access-date=July 28, 2018}}</ref> | 2015 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Borno]] |[[Babagana Umara Zulum|BabaGana Umara]] | [[Umar Usman Kadafur]] | [[All Progressive Congress (Nigeria)|APC]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Cross River]] | [[Benedict Ayade]] | [[Ivara Esu]] | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Delta]] | [[Ifeanyi Okowa]] | [[Kingsley Otuaro]] | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Ebonyi]] | [[Dave Umahi]] | [[Eric Kelechi Igwe]] | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Edo]] | [[Godwin Obaseki]] | [[Philip Shaibu]] | [[All Progressive Congress|APC]] | 2016 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Ekiti]] | [[Kayode Fayemi]] | [[Kolapo Olushola]] | [[All Progressive Congress (Nigeria)|APC]] | 2014 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Enugu]] | [[Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi]] | [[Cecilia Ezeilo]] | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Gombe]] |[[Muhammad Inuwa Yahaya]] | [[Manasseh Daniel Jatau]] | [[All Progressive Congress|APC]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Imo]] |[[Chukwuemeka Ihedioha]] | [[Irona Alphonsus]] | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Jigawa]] | [[Badaru Abubakar]] | [[Umar Alhaji Namadi]] | [[All Progressive Congress|APC]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Kaduna]] | [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai]] | [[Yusuf Barnabas Bala]] | [[All Progressive Congress|APC]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Kano]] | [[Abdullahi Umar Ganduje]] | [[Hafiz Abubakar]] | [[All Progressive Congress (Nigeria)|APC]] | 2015 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Katsina]] | [[Aminu Bello Masari]] | [[Mannir Yakubu]] | [[All Progressive Congress|APC]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Kebbi]] | [[Abubakar Atiku Bagudu]] | [[Samaila Yombe Dabai]] | [[All Progressive Congress|APC]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Kogi]] | [[Yahaya Bello]] | [[Simon Achuba]] | [[All Progressives Congress (Nigeria)|APC]] | 2016 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Kwara]] |[[AbdulRahman AbdulRasaq]] | [[Kayode Alibi]] | [[All Progressive Congress|APC]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Lagos]] |[[Babajide Sanwo-Olu]] | [[Kadri Obafemi Hamzat]] | [[All Progressive Congress|APC]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Nasarawa]] |[[Abdullahi Sule]] | [[Emmanuel Agbadu Akabe]] | [[All Progressive Congress (Nigeria)|APC]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Neja]] | [[Abubakar Sani Bello]] | [[Ahmed Muhammad Ketso]] | [[All Progressive Congress (Nigeria)|APC]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Ogun]] |[[Dapo Abiodun]] | [[Salako-Oyedele Noimot Olurotimi]] | [[All Progressive Congress (Nigeria)|APC]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Ondo]] | [[Oluwarotimi Odunayo Akeredolu]] |[[Agboola Ajayi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/02/24/new-ondo-gov-akeredolu-deputy-sworn-in-promises-to-rebuild-state/|title=New Ondo Gov, Akeredolu, Deputy Sworn in, Promises to Rebuild State|first=Online|last=Editor|date=24 February 2017|publisher=}}</ref> | [[All Progressive Congress (Nigeria)|APC]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Nigerian State Governors, their Political Party and Year of Election|url=http://www.currentinall.com/2014/09/Nigerian-Governors-Political-Party-Year-of-Election.html#sthash.3QZB5MYi.dpufhttp://www.currentinall.com/2014/09/Nigerian-Governors-Political-Party-Year-of-Election.html|website=www.currentinall.com|access-date=2019-11-08|archive-date=2014-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903105300/http://www.currentinall.com/2014/09/Nigerian-Governors-Political-Party-Year-of-Election.html#sthash.3QZB5MYi.dpufhttp://www.currentinall.com/2014/09/Nigerian-Governors-Political-Party-Year-of-Election.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 2017 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Osun]] | [[Ademola Adeleke]]<ref>https://www.punchng.com/beyond-dancing-things-to-know-about-ademola-adeleke/</ref> | [[Kola Adewasu]] | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | 2022 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Oyo]] | [[Oluwaseyi Makinde]] | [[Engr. Rauf Aderemi Olaniyan]] | [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Plateau]] | [[Simon Bako Lalong|Simon Lalong]] | [[Sonni Gwanle Tyoden]] | [[All Progressive Congress (Nigeria)|APC]] | 2015 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Ribas]] | [[Ezenwo Nyesom Wike]] | [[Ipalibo Banigo]] | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Sokoto]] | [[Aminu Waziri Tambuwal]] | [[Ahmad Aliyu]] | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | 2015 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Taraba]] | [[Darius Ishaku|Arch. Darius Ishaku]] | [[Haruna Manu]] | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Yobe]] | [[Mai Mala Buni]] | [[Idi Barade Gubana]] | [[All Progressive Congress (Nigeria)|APC]] | 2019 |- | align="left" | [[Jihar Zamfara]] |[[Bello Matawalle]] | [[Mahdi Aliyu Gusau]] | [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | 2019 |- bgcolor=#e8e8e8 ! Birnin Tariya ! Minista ! Jam'iyya ! Karbar Ofishi |- !Abuja ![[Ramatu Tijjani Aliyu|Ramatu Tijani]] !APC !2019 ! | |- |} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nigeriaembassyusa.org/index.php?page=state-governors|title=Embassy of the Federal Republic of Nigeria - List of State Governors|website=www.nigeriaembassyusa.org|access-date=2019-11-08|archive-date=2021-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506041040/http://www.nigeriaembassyusa.org/index.php?page=state-governors|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naijadazz.com/nigerian-governors|title=List of newly elected governors in Nigeria 2019 with election statistics|website=www.naijadazz.com|access-date=2019-11-08|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305124037/https://www.naijadazz.com/nigerian-governors/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>https://punchng.com/inec-issues-certificate-of-return-to-zamfara-gov-elect-bello-matawalle/amp/</ref> == Manazarta == 9loc0ecjo2dunmp0pook35u08av118v 0 18194 840256 218617 2026-05-26T10:23:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thaalibia hurumi''' ( {{Lang-ar|المقبرة الثعالبية}} ) Ko '''Sidi Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi hurumi''' ( {{Lang-ar|مقبرة سيدي عبد الرحمان الثعالبي}} ) Ta kasan ce wani makabarta ce a cikin Casbah na Algiers a cikin garin Casbah a [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] . Sunan "Thaalibia" mai alaƙa da Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi . == Tarihi == Wannan hurumi na [[Musulunci]] an kafa shi a cikin 1490 a cikin Casbah na Algiers, kuma ya ƙunshi kaburburan da yawa na masana tauhidi na Aljeriya da mashahurai. Tana cikin cikin tarihin Zawiya Thaalibia, kusa da Thaalibi Mosque [ ar ] da Mausoleum na Sidi Abderrahmane Et-Thaalibi . == Sanannun maganganu == [[File:Cimetière_des_Thaalba_à_Alger.JPG|thumb| Kabbarori a kabarin Thaalibia]] * Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi * Abdelhalim Bensmaia * Abu Yaala az-Zawawi [ ar ] * Ahmed Bey ben Mohammad Chérif * Ali Ammali [ ar ] * Ali Ben El-Haffaf * Ali Khodja * Boudjemaa Maknassi * H'mida Ammali [ ar ] * Khidr Pasha [ ar ] * Mohamed Ammali [ ar ] * Mohammad Bencheneb * Mohamed Mechati [ ar ] * Mohammed Racim * Mustafa Pasha [ ar ] <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/40419 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-03-05 |archive-date=2022-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617230026/https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/40419 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Omar Agha * Omar Racim * Ouali Dada * Sidi Abd Youssef * Sidi Abdallah * Sidi Betqa * Sidi Bougdour * Sidi Flih * Sidi Hassan [ ar ] * Sidi Mansour * Sidi Ouadah * Yusuf Pacha == Hotuna == <gallery widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Cimetière des Thaalba à Alger 5.JPG|Kabbarori a kabarin Thaalibia File:Cimetière des Thaalba à Alger 2.JPG|Kabbarori a kabarin Thaalibia File:Sidi Abderrahmane At-Thaâlibi Tombe.jpg|[[Mausoleum of Sidi Abderrahmane Et-Thaalibi|Kabarin Sidi Abderrahmane Et-Thaalibi]] File:Cimetière des Thaalba à Alger 3.JPG|Kabbarori a kabarin Thaalibia File:Algiers, Tomb of Sidi Abderhaman (GRI) - Flickr - Getty Research Institute.jpg|[[Mausoleum of Sidi Abderrahmane Et-Thaalibi|Kabarin Sidi Abderrahmane Et-Thaalibi]] </gallery> == Duba kuma == * [[Cemeteries of Algiers|Makabartu na Algiers]] == Manazarta == 37e01j58k3xm0op8s31uunh9nxcwjxg 0 20080 840196 821963 2026-05-25T22:01:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abokai na Yankin Irish da Gwamnatin Ireland''', wanda aka sani da '''Halin Yanayin Ireland''',<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020|title=Friends of the Irish Environment v The Government of Ireland & Ors|url=https://www.courts.ie/view/judgments/681b8633-3f57-41b5-9362-8cbc8e7d9215/981c098a-462b-4a9a-9941-5d601903c9af/2020_IESC_49.pdf/pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> yanki ne na shari'ar canjin yanayi a Kotun Koli ta Irish.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oceanfdn.org/ha/tag/canjin-yanayi/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-28 |archive-date=2025-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905193823/https://oceanfdn.org/ha/tag/canjin-yanayi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A halin da ake ciki, Kotun Koli ta soke Tsarin Aiwatar da Ƙasa na Gwamnatin Ireland na 2017 bisa hujjar cewa ba ta da takamaiman abin da Dokar Yanayi ta Yankin Irish da Dokar Ci gaban Carbon ta shekarar 2015 ta tanada (Dokar canjin yanayi ta 2015). Kotun Ƙoli ta umarci gwamnati da ta ƙirƙiro da wani sabon tsari wanda ya dace da dokar [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] ta shekarar 2015. == Bayan fage == [[File:Irish_Department_of_the_Environment,_Climate_and_Communications.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irish_Department_of_the_Environment,_Climate_and_Communications.png|thumb|Sashen Kula da Muhalli, Yanayi da Sadarwa na Irish]] [[File:Ireland_cliffs_of_moher3_Pumbaa80.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ireland_cliffs_of_moher3_Pumbaa80.jpg|thumb|Gwanin Moher, Ireland]] Shari'ar ta shafi Tsarin Rage Kasa (Shirin), wanda aka buga a ranar 19 Yuli 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017|title=National Mitigation Plan 2017|url=https://static.rasset.ie/documents/news/national-mitigation-plan-2017.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2015 ta samar da tsari don kafa "karamin carbon, mai jure yanayin da kuma tattalin arzikin mai dorewa a karshen shekarar 2050" (makasudin mika mulki na ƙasa).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act 2015 - A Brief Overview|url=https://www.mccannfitzgerald.com/knowledge/construction-and-engineering/climate-action-and-low-carbon-development-act-2015-a-brief-overview|access-date=2020-11-16|website=www.mccannfitzgerald.com}}</ref> Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2015 tana bukatar hakan, don ba wa jihar damar bin manufar sauyin kasa, gwamnati ta samar tare da amincewa da wani shirin ragewa<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015|title=2015 Climate Act, section 3|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2015/act/46/section/3/enacted/en/html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> na kasa wanda ya kayyade "yadda ta gabatar da shi don cimma burin sauyin kasa".<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015|title=2015 Climate Act, section 4|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2015/act/46/section/4/enacted/en/html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2015, Ireland ta kasance ta uku mafi yawan iskar gas mai gurɓataccen iska a cikin EU.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change - CSO - Central Statistics Office|url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-eii/eii18/greenhousegasesandclimatechange/#:~:text=Ireland%20had%20the%20third%20highest,EU%20average%20of%208.8%20tonnes|access-date=2020-11-16|website=www.cso.ie|language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Majalisar Shawara kan Canjin Yanayi, wata hukuma mai zaman kanta a Ireland, ta gabatar da rahotonta ga gwamnati. Ya tsara cewa Ireland za ta rasa abubuwan da ta sa gaba na 2020 "ta hanyar tazara mai yawa".<ref>https://climate-calculator.climatehero.org/?source=GoogleKeywords&gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=12575203829&gclid=Cj0KCQjwkILEBhDeARIsAL--pjxuSoYxWcDyhR6rqcUfgkgDGV_PlC9o4VfAsHAMxpSNbmb6LvgjQ7IaAklFEALw_wcB</ref> Ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙarin manufofi da matakan suna da mahimmanci ga Ireland don cimma burinta na 2030 kuma aiwatar da "ingantattun ƙarin manufofi" ana "buƙatar" cikin gaggawa "don burin na Ireland na 2050.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017|title=Climate Change Advisory Council Periodic Review Report 2017|url=http://www.climatecouncil.ie/media/CCAC_REVIEWREPORT2017.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203095232/http://www.climatecouncil.ie/media/CCAC_REVIEWREPORT2017.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2019|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> Shugaban Majalisar, Farfesa John Fitzgerald, ya yi sharhi cewa Shirin yana dauke da "'yan shawarwari" kuma ba zai isa ya cika manufar mika mulki ta Ireland ba.<ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Sullivan|first=Kevin|title=Climate Change Advisory Council strongly criticises Government plan on climate|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/climate-change-advisory-council-strongly-criticises-government-plan-on-climate-1.3316390|access-date=2020-11-16|website=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyar masu rajin kare muhalli Abokai na Muhalli na Yankin Irish (FIE) ne suka kawo karar, wani kamfanin da ba na riba ba wanda aka iyakance shi ta hanyar garantin da kuma rajistar sadaka a cikin Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us - Friends of the Irish Environment|url=https://www.friendsoftheirishenvironment.org/aboutus|access-date=2020-11-16|website=www.friendsoftheirishenvironment.org}}</ref> FIE an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don kawo aikin ta sauran batutuwan yanayin duniya, gami da batun Urgenda da Juliana. v Amurka. FIE ta ce suna fatan shari'ar za ta kawo wani babban mataki na gwamnati kan canjin yanayi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Climate case|url=https://www.climatecaseireland.ie/climate-case/|access-date=2020-11-16|website=Climate Case Ireland|language=en-US}}</ref> An sami goyon bayan jama'a sosai ga shawarar FIE na daukar karar, kamar yadda takardar neman tallafi ga masu shigar da kara ta samu sa hannu sama da 20,000.<ref name=":2" /> == Babban Kotun == A cikin Babbar Kotun, FIE ta yi iƙirarin cewa Tsarin ya kasance mafi girman ƙira game da Dokar Yanayi na shekarar 2015 kuma Tsarin ya keta haƙƙoƙin ƙarƙashin ECHR da Tsarin Mulki na Ireland (Tsarin Mulki). Ta ce gwamnati, wajen amincewa da Tsarin, ta gaza yin komai don tabbatar da cewa an rage fitar da hayaki a cikin gajeren lokaci da matsakaita, don haka zai kasa cimma burin da kasashen duniya suka ga ya dace. Ya dogara ne da gaskiyar cewa, duk da shawarar da Interungiyar Gwamnati mai kula da Canjin Yanayi ta bayar cewa hayakin zai buƙaci ya ragu da aƙalla 25-40% tsakanin 1990-2020 don taimakawa iyakance ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 2°C sama da matakan kafin masana'antu, shirin yayi tsammanin karuwar hayaki 10% a wannan lokacin. FIE ta lura cewa mafi girman ragin zai zama dole don biyan manufar Yarjejeniyar [[Faris|Paris]] don takaita ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5°C sama da matakan kafin masana'antu. FIE ta nemi ganin an yanke hukuncin da gwamnati ta yi na amincewa da Tsarin tare da neman wani umarni da cewa a sake tsarin yadda ya kamata kamar yadda dokar sauyin yanayi ta 2015 ta tanada.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|title=Friends of the Irish Environment v. Ireland|url=http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/friends-of-the-irish-environment-v-ireland/|access-date=2020-11-16|website=Climate Change Litigation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Friends of the Irish Environment v. Ireland|url=http://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/friends-of-the-irish-environment-v-ireland/|access-date=2020-11-16|website=Climate Change Litigation|language=en-US}}</ref> Gwamnatin ta jayayya cewa Shirin, a matsayin manufofin gwamnati, ba mai adalci bane. Sun ci gaba da jayayya cewa, saboda FIE kamfani ne ba mutum ba ne, FIE ba ta da ikon neman haƙƙin mutum a ƙarƙashin ECHR ko Tsarin Mulki.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Carolan|first=Mary|title=Supreme Court to hear appeal over Government's 'flawed' climate change plan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/courts/high-court/supreme-court-to-hear-appeal-over-government-s-flawed-climate-change-plan-1.4176313|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> Mista Justice MacGrath ya gabatar da hukuncin ga Babbar Kotun a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2019. Babbar Kotun ta gano cewa FIE tana da damar gabatar da hujjoji game da haƙƙoƙin da aka yarda da su, don dalilan shari'ar, cewa akwai haƙƙin tsarin mulki wanda ba a ƙididdige shi ba na 'yanayin da ya dace da mutuncin ɗan Adam'. Koyaya, ta gano cewa Tsarin bai keta wannan haƙƙin ba ko haƙƙin tsarin mulki na rayuwa ko mutuncin jiki, kamar yadda FIE ta yi iƙirari. Babbar Kotun ta gano cewa Tsarin ba shi da wata illa ga dokar sauyin yanayi ta shekarar 2015, tana mai lura da "muhimmin gibin da ke cikin hankali" da gwamnati ta more. An ƙi ba da taimako da aka nema.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019|title=Friends of the Irish Environment CLG v The Government of Ireland|url=https://app-justis-com.jproxy.nuim.ie/case/friends-of-the-irish-enviroment-clg-v-the-government-of-ireland/fulltext-judgment/aXidm5udmWadl|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430083604/https://login.jproxy.nuim.ie/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fapp.justis.com%2Fcase%2Ffriends-of-the-irish-enviroment-clg-v-the-government-of-ireland%2Ffulltext-judgment%2FaXidm5udmWadl|archive-date=30 April 2021|access-date=16 November 2020|website=}}</ref> == Kotun Koli == Bayan da shari’ar tasu ba ta yi nasara ba a Babbar Kotun, Kotun Koli ta amince ta saurari karar kai tsaye, inda ta bai wa FIE damar “tsalle-tsalle” hanyar da ta saba zuwa Kotun Koli ta Kotun daukaka kara. A hukuncin da ta yanke, Kotun Koli ta lura cewa shari'ar ta "ta kowa ce kuma muhimmiyar doka" kuma babu wata takaddama tsakanin bangarorin game da mahimmancin canjin yanayi, kimiyyar yanayi da ke tallafawa Tsarin ko kuma yuwuwar ƙaruwar hayaki a yayin rayuwar Shirin.<ref name=":3" /> Kotun Koli ta kasance alkalai bakwai: Clarke CJ, Irvine P, O'Donnell J, MacMenamin J, Dunne J, O'Malley J da Baker J. Irin wannan abun an kebe shi ne don shari'oi na musamman mahimmancin abubuwa ko sarkakiya.<ref name=":4" /> An saurari karar har tsawon kwanaki biyu. Hukuncin, wanda ya samu goyon baya daga dukkan alkalan bakwai, ya gabatar da Babban Mai Shari'a Clarke a kan 31 Yuli, 2020.<ref name=":1" /> Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa Tsarin na karkashin tsarin shari'a ne, saboda Kotun ba ta yin nazari kan dacewar manufofin gwamnati sai dai kuma wajibin gwamnati ne na samar da wani shiri daidai da Dokar Yanayi na 2015.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Ryall|first=Áine|title=Supreme Court ruling a turning-point for climate governance in Ireland|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/supreme-court-ruling-a-turning-point-for-climate-governance-in-ireland-1.4323848|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> Kotun Koli ta soke Shirin, tana ganin yana da matukar wahala ga gwamnati saboda ba ta bi ka’idar dokar sauyin yanayi ta 2015 ba saboda ba ta ba da takamaiman bayanai game da yadda za a cimma burin mika mulki na kasa ba.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Kenny|first=David|title=Opinion: The Supreme Court's ruling on the government's climate plan is a watershed moment|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/readme/supreme-court-ruling-government-climate-plan-impact-5165222-Aug2020/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=TheJournal.ie|language=en}}</ref> Kotun ta gano cewa Tsarin ya faɗi "da gajarta sosai" na matakin daki-daki da ake buƙata a ƙarƙashin Dokar Yanayi na 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Boland|first=Lauren|title=Supreme Court finds government climate plan falls "well short"|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/supreme-court-climate-case-ireland-5164687-Jul2020/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=TheJournal.ie|language=en}}</ref> Clarke CJ ya kira sassan Tsarin "mara ma'ana ko buri". Ya bayyana cewa shirin ya kamata ya samu isassun bayanai don baiwa wani mai sha'awar jama'a fahimta da kimanta yadda gwamnati ke da niyyar cimma burinta na sauyin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Keena|first=Colm|title=Court’s quashing of climate plan a cause for international embarrassment|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/court-s-quashing-of-climate-plan-a-cause-for-international-embarrassment-1.4318932|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> Kotun ta ba da umarnin cewa gwamnati ta yi wani sabon shiri wanda zai yi aiki da dokar yanayi ta shekarar 2015 wanda kuma ya shafi cikakken lokacin da ya rage zuwa 2050. Kotun ta kuma yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a iya yin makamancin shirin ba a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=Supreme Court rules in favour of Climate Case Ireland|url=https://greennews.ie/supreme-court-rules-in-favour-of-climate-case/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Green News Ireland|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117000412/https://greennews.ie/supreme-court-rules-in-favour-of-climate-case/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Duk da yake FIE sun yi nasara a cikin hujjarsu game da haramtaccen Tsarin, amma ba su yi nasara ba a cikin hujjojin haƙƙinsu. Kotun ta gano cewa FIE, a matsayinta na kamfani, ba ta da 'yancin rayuwa ko mutuncin jiki don haka ba ta da tsayuwa dangane da haƙƙoƙin dama da take da shi da take neman gabatarwa a ƙarƙashin ECHR da Tsarin Mulki. Koyaya, Clarke CJ ya yarda da cewa haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki na iya tsunduma cikin shari'ar muhalli da ta dace a nan gaba, kodayake ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa ba za a iya samun haƙƙin kyakkyawan yanayi daga Tsarin Mulki ba.<ref name=":42" /><ref name=":5" /> == Amsawa == An yaba da shawarar a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Irish a matsayin "sauyin yanayin gudanar da yanayi a cikin Ireland"<ref name=":5" /> kuma "lokacin ruwa".<ref name=":6" /> Hakan kuma ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Frost|first=Rosie|date=2020-07-31|title=Irish citizens win case to force government action on climate change|url=https://www.euronews.com/living/2020/07/31/irish-citizens-win-case-to-force-government-action-on-climate-change|access-date=2020-11-15|website=living|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-08-01|title=Climate change: 'Huge' implications to Irish climate case across Europe|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53619848|access-date=2020-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=Los jueces reclaman al gobierno de Irlanda un plan de acción climática más exigente|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/natural/20200801/482593085953/irlanda-accion-climatica-emergencia-climatica.html|access-date=2020-11-15|website=La Vanguardia|language=es}}</ref> Ministan Ailan na Aiwatar da Yanayi, Hanyoyin Sadarwa da Sufuri, Eamon Ryan, ya ce ya "yi maraba" da hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke kuma yana taya Abokan Muhalli murnar daukar karar. Ya ce dole ne a yi amfani da hukuncin don "daukaka buri" da kuma "karfafa aiki".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minister Ryan welcomes the judgement of the Supreme Court today in relation to National Mitigation Plan|url=https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/410b1-minister-ryan-welcomes-the-judgement-of-the-supreme-court-today-in-relation-to-national-mitigation-plan/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=www.gov.ie|language=en}}</ref> == Tasiri == Shari'ar Yanayi ta Ireland ita ce shari'ar farko da kotunan Ireland suka gabatar wa gwamnati da lissafi game da rashin tasirinsu game da canjin yanayi.<ref name=":7" /> Shari'ar na daga cikin manyan kararraki guda uku makamantan haka, na "dabarun" yanayin kasa da kasa inda kotun kasa mafi girma ta gano cewa manufofin gwamnati na rage yanayi ba sa bin doka.<ref name=":4" /> Wannan shi ne karo na uku game da yanayin a duniya da ya kai babbar kotun ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-14|title=Supreme Court to hear Climate Case Ireland appeal|url=https://www.climatecaseireland.ie/supreme-court-to-hear-climate-case-ireland-appeal/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Climate Case Ireland|language=en-US}}</ref> Hukuncin ya zo ne bayan irin wannan hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta Dutch ta tabbatar a shari'ar Urgenda a cikin 2019. Tessa Khan, wani lauya ne mai kula da muhalli da ya yi aiki a kan wannan shari'ar, ya yi tsokaci cewa shawarar da Irish ta yanke ya saukaka wasu damuwar cewa shawarar Dutch za ta kasance ta kai tsaye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Activists took the Irish govt to court over its national climate plan — and won|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-08-13/activists-took-irish-govt-court-over-its-national-climate-plan-and-won|access-date=2020-11-15|website=The World from PRX|language=en}}</ref> Wakilin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na Musamman kan 'yancin dan adam da kuma muhalli, David R. Boyd, ya kira karar "yanke shawara mai muhimmanci" wanda "ya kafa misali ga kotuna a duk duniya su bi".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=Amidst a climate and biodiversity crisis, hope emerges: Friends of the Irish Environment win historic ‘Climate Case Ireland’ in the Irish Supreme Court|url=https://www.climatecaseireland.ie/amidst-a-climate-and-biodiversity-crisis-hope-emerges-friends-of-the-irish-environment-win-historic-climate-case-ireland-in-the-irish-supreme-court/|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Climate Case Ireland|language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 5jyos9zk8r487rzz65rs4seqliaufil 0 20665 840149 172246 2026-05-25T20:45:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hajar Am-Dhaybiyya''' ( [[Larabci]] : هجر امذيبية) wani yanki ne da aka kafa tun zamanin masarautar Hadramawt a gundumar Nisab ta lardin Shabwah a [[Yemen|Kasar Yemen]] . Gidan yanar gizon necropolis (100 m babba) ya bayyana abubuwa masu ban mamaki. Kodayake binciken ya tattara a cikin wani karamin yanki na yankin gaba ɗaya. An binne kaburbura guda huɗu kawai. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dasi.humnet.unipi.it/index.php?id=dasi_prj_sit&prjId=1&corId=0&colId=0&navId=36512484&recId=279/ |title=DASI: Hajar am-Dhaybiyya |access-date=2021-06-06 |archive-date=2021-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606233152/http://dasi.humnet.unipi.it/index.php?id=dasi_prj_sit&prjId=1&corId=0&colId=0&navId=36512484&recId=279/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shafin == [[File:Shabwa2.jpg|thumb|250x250px| An samo ladle na azurfa a ɗayan kabarin]] An rarraba jerin birni zuwa matakai guda 5 dangane da manyan canje-canje na ginin shafin. Yanayin farko a saman tsauni yawanci ana yinsa ne da ƙarni na farko AD kuma an mamaye shi ta hanyar gini guda ɗaya wanda aka gina ta amfani da dabarun halaye na kudancin Arabiya na pre-Islamic. Roomaki ɗaya ne kawai a cikin tsari da shimfidar ƙasa mai wanzuwa. Ya kuma bayyana, daga ciko daga ƙasan filastar, cewa a wani lokaci, an sabunta ginin. Glacis (4-6 m wide) an kuma gina shi a kan shafin, duk da haka ko ya kewaye duk abin da ya fada ba a bayyane yake ba. <ref>Two seasons at Hajar Am-Dhaybiyya, Yemen, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy (AEE): P.93</ref> Idan aka duba daga farfajiyar necropolis, kaburburan sun bayyana tsawon shekaru da yawa. Kabari na 3 yana da kimanin kwanannin tsakanin karni na 1 zuwa karni na 4 AD. Kuma kayan tarihin da aka samo a wurin suna nuna tasirin fasahar Roman. An binne kaburbura guda huɗu a cikin necropolis, amma kabari 3 guda ne kawai, kuma ya samar da kayan adon mai yawa. Wanda ya kasance na kowane mutum ne na sama, ko kuma soja kamar yadda aka ba da shawarar kasancewar makamai. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dasi.humnet.unipi.it/index.php?id=dasi_prj_sit&prjId=1&corId=0&colId=0&navId=36512484&recId=279/ |title=DASI: Hajar am-Dhaybiyya |access-date=2021-06-06 |archive-date=2021-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606233152/http://dasi.humnet.unipi.it/index.php?id=dasi_prj_sit&prjId=1&corId=0&colId=0&navId=36512484&recId=279/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Hadramitic_cup_Louvre_Inv31931.jpg|center|thumb|400x400px| An samo kofin Tripodic a cikin kabari 2. Kananan gilt da azurfa nielloed. Karni na 2 zuwa 3 Miladiyya]] == Manazarta == [[Category:Musulmai]] [[Category:Musulunci]] [[Category:Yamai]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nleiagdm9siijl482bdggnnu8uzwwcl 4 21908 840179 839878 2026-05-25T21:26:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 840179 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. 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|- |59 |[[User:SenoraPapaya|SenoraPapaya]] |[[Special:Contributions/SenoraPapaya|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |60 |[[User:Ebayavirip|Ebayavirip]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ebayavirip|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |61 |[[User:M.Muzakkir.BK|M.Muzakkir.BK]] |[[Special:Contributions/M.Muzakkir.BK|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |62 |[[User:Vivekkrishna Ramkumar|Vivekkrishna Ramkumar]] |[[Special:Contributions/Vivekkrishna Ramkumar|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |63 |[[User:Fahdal|Fahdal]] |[[Special:Contributions/Fahdal|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |64 |[[User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] |[[Special:Contributions/OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |65 |[[User:Na Karo Sachi|Na Karo Sachi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Na Karo Sachi|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |66 |[[User:Salis abba|Salis abba]] |[[Special:Contributions/Salis abba|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |67 |[[User:Adam884420|Adam884420]] |[[Special:Contributions/Adam884420|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |68 |[[User:Oguzhanogreden|Oguzhanogreden]] |[[Special:Contributions/Oguzhanogreden|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |69 |[[User:Youngbarrister|Youngbarrister]] |[[Special:Contributions/Youngbarrister|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |70 |[[User:Anti fati|Anti fati]] |[[Special:Contributions/Anti fati|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |71 |[[User:Suhaib0102|Suhaib0102]] |[[Special:Contributions/Suhaib0102|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |72 |[[User:Rhodospirillum|Rhodospirillum]] |[[Special:Contributions/Rhodospirillum|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |73 |[[User:Bappahumar|Bappahumar]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bappahumar|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |74 |[[User:Sairajgandhe|Sairajgandhe]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sairajgandhe|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |75 |[[User:Martijnk|Martijnk]] |[[Special:Contributions/Martijnk|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |76 |[[User:Asmau Abubakar|Asmau Abubakar]] |[[Special:Contributions/Asmau Abubakar|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 25 ga Mayu 2026 |- |} cebjpspoy8sp3v21u0zj2wxldvd1olf 0 22572 840200 834428 2026-05-26T00:16:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Harriet George Barclay''' (an haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1901 - ta mutu a ranar 25 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 1990) wata Ba'amurkiya ce, mai nazarin tsirrai da tsire-tsire, masanin kiyaye muhalli CE, kuma mai fasaha. The standard == Tarihin rayuwa == Barclay ta kasance Farfesa a Jami'ar Tulsa. Daga baya ta zama Shugabar Sashin Botany a shekara ta 1953. Ta kuma koyar a jami'o'in dake fadin Amurka: Colorado, [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]], [[Illinois]], da [[North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://utulsa.as.atlas-sys.com/repositories/2/resources/468 |title=The University of Tulsa Archival Catalog: Harriet George Barclay archive, 1921-1986 |website=utulsa.as.atlas-sys.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://utulsa.as.atlas-sys.com/repositories/2/resources/468 |title=The University of Tulsa Archival Catalog: Harriet George Barclay archive, 1921-1986 |website=utulsa.as.atlas-sys.com |access-date=2021-07-16 |archive-date=2021-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716161229/https://utulsa.as.atlas-sys.com/repositories/2/resources/468 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rmbl.org/diversity-at-rmbl/ |title=Diversity at RMBL|website=Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tulsaworld.com/archives/harriet-barclay-retired-botany-professor-dies/article_885d216a-a476-538f-a10c-44dd38285b68.html |title=Harriet Barclay, retired botany professor, dies |author=Spalding, Cathy |website=tulsaworld.com}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://oklahomahof.com/member-archives/b/barclay-harriet-1976 |title=Barclay, Harriet : 1976 |website=Oklahoma Hall of Fame}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oknativeplants.org/uploads/4/6/0/5/46053599/vol05no4_1990.pdf |title=In Memorium |author=Buck, Paul |website=oknativeplants.org |access-date=2021-07-16 |archive-date=2020-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903234446/https://www.oknativeplants.org/uploads/4/6/0/5/46053599/vol05no4_1990.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://esa.org/history/harriet-george-barclay-tributes-to-a-teacher/ |title= Harriet George Barclay, Tributes to a Teacher |author= ESA Historical Records Committee |website=Ecological Society of America}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.bionomia.net/Q21505656/specimens?page=1 |title=Harriet George Barclay: Specimens |website=bionomia.net }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bionomia.net/Q21505656 |title=Harriet George Barclay: Overview |website=bionomia.net }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Harriet George Barclay ta tattara daga nahiyoyi daban-daban guda 6, gami da samfuran daban-daban 15,000 daga Kudancin Amurka yayin gudanar da bincike a can. Tana kuma da samfuran sama da guda 2,000 a rubuce kamar yadda aka gano ko aka tattara. == Digiri == * BA, Botany, Jami'ar Minnesota, 1923 * MA, Botany, Jami'ar Minnesota, 1924 * Ph.D. Ilimin Ilimin Lafiya, Jami'ar Chicago, 1928 * BA Art, Jami'ar Tulsa, 1945. == Matsayi == * Shugaban Sashen Botany, Jami'ar Tulsa, Yayi * Amintacce, Philbrook Museum of Art, Yayi * Shugaba, Tulsa Garden Club, Yayi * Memba, Tulsa Artists Guild, Yayi == Nasarorin == Barclay ta taimaka kwarai da gaske wajen samun erabi'ar inabi'a a Washington, DC don ba da haya ga Jami'ar Tulsa don Redbud Valley Nature Preserve - aikin farko na irinsa a [[Oklahoma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxleynaturecenter.org/redbudhistory |title=Redbud Valley History: Redbud Valley Nature Preserve—–Dreams Do Come True! |website= oxleynaturecenter.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oklahomahof.com/member-archives/b/barclay-harriet-1976 |title=Barclay, Harriet : 1976 |website=Oklahoma Hall of Fame}}</ref> == Kyauta da girmamawa == * "Matar shekara," Matan Amurka a Rediyo da Talabijin, shekarar 1959 * "Mai kiyayewa na shekara," Oklahoma Wild Federation Federation, 1971 * "Gwargwadon Kyautar Sabis," Henry Kendall College of Arts and Sciences, Jami'ar Tulsa, a shekarar 1975 * " Oklahoma Hall of Fame ," 1976<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oklahomahof.com/member-archives/b/barclay-harriet-1976 |title=Barclay, Harriet : 1976 |website=Oklahoma Hall of Fame}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oklahomahof.com/member-archives/b/barclay-harriet-1976 |title=Barclay, Harriet : 1976 |website=Oklahoma Hall of Fame}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oknativeplants.org/uploads/4/6/0/5/46053599/vol05no4_1990.pdf |title=In Memorium |author=Buck, Paul |website=oknativeplants.org |access-date=2021-07-16 |archive-date=2020-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903234446/https://www.oknativeplants.org/uploads/4/6/0/5/46053599/vol05no4_1990.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tulsaworld.com/archives/harriet-barclay-retired-botany-professor-dies/article_885d216a-a476-538f-a10c-44dd38285b68.html |title=Harriet Barclay, retired botany professor, dies |author=Spalding, Cathy |website=tulsaworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://esa.org/history/harriet-george-barclay-tributes-to-a-teacher/ |title= Harriet George Barclay, Tributes to a Teacher |author= ESA Historical Records Committee |website=Ecological Society of America}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oklahomahof.com/member-archives/b/barclay-harriet-1976 |title=Barclay, Harriet : 1976 |website=Oklahoma Hall of Fame}}</ref> == Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa == * 10 suna suna bayan Barclay. == Bayani == "Tafiya ba ta da wata daraja idan ka dawo gida ka manta da shi" - Harriet George Barclay. == Duba kuma == * Jami'ar Minnesota * Jami'ar Chicago * Jami'ar Tulsa * Philbrook Museum of Art == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1901]] [[Category:Mutuwan 1990]] [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] fi5umjvpdbzva11b0yaoz8u7ee5xzda 0 29818 840071 685302 2026-05-25T13:21:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|name=Environmental Justice Foundation|revenue=[[GBP|£]]2 613 414 (2019)}} '''Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli''' ('''EJF''') kungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO) wacce Steve Trent da Juliette Williams suka kafa a cikin 2001 wanda ke haɓaka ƙudurin rashin tashin hankali na take haƙƙin ɗan adam da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a [[Kudanci|Kudancin Duniya]].  Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "Ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Burtaniya da ke aiki a duniya [[Kare Muhalli|kare muhalli]] da haƙƙin ɗan adam".<ref>https://oceanfdn.org/ha/lokacin-da-titans-suka-yi-karo-da-%C9%93oyayyun-farashin-muhalli-na-jigilar-bala%27i/{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Babban ka'idar EJF, kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Sanarwar Ofishin Jakadancinsa ya tabbatar da cewa rashin adalci da mutanen da ke zaune a cikin al'ummomin [[Talauci|matalauta]] da marasa 'yanci ke sha galibi suna da alaƙa da lalacewa, cin zarafi da sauran cin zarafin yanayin halitta na gida da waɗannan mutane suka dogara da su. EJF tana yin alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin buƙatun yammacin duniya don Abinci mai arha da sauran kayayyaki, musamman kifi, shrimp da auduga da kuma lalacewar yanayin halitta a ƙasashe masu tasowa. A cikin neman warware muhalli da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam, EJF tana aiki don ba da muryar ƙasa da ƙasa ga al'ummomi masu rauni waɗanda ke aiki don kare yanayin gida wanda ke ɗaukar ainihin buƙatun ɗan adam na matsuguni, abinci da shiga. Ayyukanta sun rufe manyan yankuna biyar na kamfen: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Justice Foundation EJF: Environmental Security is a Human Right |url=http://www.ejfoundation.org/page80.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625131400/http://www.ejfoundation.org/page80.html |archive-date=2011-06-25 |access-date=2011-06-27}}</ref> 'Ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a bayar da rahoto ba kuma ba a tsara shi ba (IUU); amfani da magungunan kashe kwari; samar da auduga; noma; da 'yan gudun hijira na yanayi. EJF ta kuma yi kamfen kan batun cinikayya a cikin dabbobi na daji tare da abokin tarayya WildAid . Yawancin ayyukan Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli sun haɗa da horo da kuma samar da al'ummomin adalci na muhalli da suka shafi a cikin ƙasashe masu samarwa don bincika, yin rikodin da fallasa cin zarafi sannan kuma ya yi kamfen yadda ya kamata don daidaitaccen warware batutuwan. An mayar da hankali kan ikon fim, don yin rikodin shaidar rashin adalci na muhalli da kuma ƙirƙirar saƙonnin kamfen mai ƙarfi. Yana ganin rawar da yake takawa a matsayin mai haɓaka da ke aiki don cimma canji na dogon lokaci, ta hanyar faɗakar da gwamnatoci, masu tsara manufofi na duniya, masu amfani da kamfanoni game da lalacewar tasirin ɗan adam da muhalli da buƙatun yamma ke da shi a kan yanayin halitta da al'ummomin gida, da farko a kudancin duniya. EJF tana da niyyar karfafa aiki daga manyan masu yanke shawara a harkokin kasuwanci da siyasa, tare da aikin mutum daga masu amfani da mutane masu damuwa. == Tarihi == An kafa Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli a London, Burtaniya a cikin 2000 kuma ta zama Mai ba da agaji a watan Agustan 2001 ta Steve Trent da Juliette Williams. Halitta ta EJF ta kasance martani ga wahalar ɗan adam da lalacewar muhalli wanda masu kafa ta suka shaida a cikin aikinsu a matsayin masu fafutukar muhalli. Wannan gogewa ta haifar da masu kafa biyu su kammala cewa ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam na mutane a cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci a duniya galibi sun dogara da damar mutanen zuwa yanayi mai kyau don abinci, mafaka da hanyar samun rayuwa. EJF ta gudanar da kamfen dinta na farko a shekara ta 2001: kare haƙƙin kamun kifi na al'umma a Cambodia. A sakamakon shirye-shiryen horo da rubuce-rubuce, an kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta kasa - Kungiyar Kayan Kayan Kudancin Kifi. The Fisheries Action Coalition Team hadin gwiwar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ne wadanda suka hada da kungiyoyi masu ba da agaji 12, na cikin gida da na duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.forumsyd.org/templates/FS_ArticleTypeA.aspx?id=3694 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318040215/https://www.forumsyd.org/templates/FS_ArticleTypeA.aspx?id=3694 |archive-date=2012-03-18 |access-date=2011-06-27}}</ref> wanda aka samo daga kungiyar kungiyoyi masu kula da agaji. An samar da rahoton kamfen din da ake kira Feast or Famine kuma an gabatar da shi ga masu tsara manufofi a taron da Jakadan Burtaniya ya shirya a Cambodia, wanda ya tabbatar da zama mai haɓaka batun a cikin ƙasar da kuma tabbatar da goyon bayan duniya. EJF ta fadada aikinta don haɗawa da endosulfan (2002), fataucin namun daji (2003), kiwon kifi da kiwon kifin kifi (2003), ba bisa ka'ida ba, kifi ba tare da rahoto ba (2004), samar da auduga (2004) da 'yan gudun hijirar yanayi (2009). == Yankunan aiki da tsarin EJF == Dangane da Rahoton Tasirin 2008/09, Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli tana bin burinta ta hanyar: bincike, kamfen, taimakawa ayyukan al'ummomi a cikin ƙasashe masu samarwa da kuma haɓaka masu amfani, kasuwanci da ayyukan gwamnati a duniya. Tana aika da 'yan jaridarta don bincika, rubuta da tattara rahotanni game da cin zarafin muhalli da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Kudancin Duniya. Har ila yau, yana aiki a ƙasa don taimakawa horar da kungiyoyin cikin gida a cikin ingantaccen bincike da dabarun bayar da rahoto don tallata cin zarafi a yankinsu sannan ya ba da shawara kan waɗannan batutuwan a cikin ƙasa da duniya. Ayyukan EJF sau da yawa yana ɗaukar shi cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gwamnatocin ƙasa da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kasuwanci da kamfanoni. Yana aiki tare da fitattun jakadun don tallata kamfen ɗin sa wanda ya haɗa da Patrons - ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Rachel Whiteread, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Emilia Fox, marubuci Iain Banks, mai bincike Benedict Allen da abin ƙira, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai fafutuka Lily Cole. Wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Harold Pinter, CH, CBE ya kasance Mataimaki na EJF daga 2003 zuwa 2008. == Kamfen ɗin == EJF tana kamfen kai tsaye a masu tsara manufofi ciki har da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Majalisar Dokoki da kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A watan Janairun 2011 EJF ta gabatar da takarda na sa hannu 10,000 ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a 2011 tana kira ga rikodin duniya kan jiragen kamun kifi. == Ƙarshen Hanyar Endosulfan == Ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen farko na EJF shine kamfen ɗin ta na ƙasa kuma a ƙarshe haramtacciyar duniya kan ƙerawa da amfani da maganin ƙwayoyin cuta endosulfan. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta tsara shi a matsayin abu mai haɗari sosai, an kwatanta endosulfan da DDT a cikin yiwuwar cutar muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.landscapeonline.com/research/article/13556 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928155252/http://www.landscapeonline.com/research/article/13556 |archive-date=2011-09-28 |access-date=2011-07-04}}</ref> EJF ta nuna cewa magungunan kashe kwari irin su endosulfan, waɗanda aka haramta ko kuma aka ƙuntata a cikin EU, Amurka da sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa, ana amfani da su sosai a ƙasashe masu ci gaba, inda za a iya ƙara ƙarfin haɗarin su ta hanyar ƙarancin tsaro, rashin isasshen lakabi, jahilci da rashin samun damar yin amfani da kayan tsaro. Endosulfan yana cikin sauƙi ta hanyar ciki, huhu da fata inda zai iya haifar da rushewar hormone da kuma kasancewa neurotoxin, haemotoxin da nephrotoxin. A lokacin bincikensa, EJF ta rubuta a cikin jerin rahotanni na alamun kiwon lafiya masu tsanani da ke da alaƙa da endosulfan tsakanin manoma da jama'ar yankin. Wadannan alamun sun hada da ciwon kai, ƙishirwa, matsalolin numfashi, matsalolin koda, asarar sani, da fashewa; an rubuta mutuwar mutane da yawa, musamman a Yammacin Afirka . A cikin rahotonta EJF ta nuna damuwa cewa, kamar DDT, endosulfan yana ci gaba a cikin muhalli, inda yake da lahani ga dabbobi masu shayarwa, kifi, ƙudan zuma, tsuntsaye da sauran namun daji. Amfani da endosulfan ya haifar da gurɓata da watsar da ƙasar noma kuma an nuna shi don tarawa da tafiya mai nisa ta iska da ruwa. A cikin 2009 Kwamitin Kimiyya na Yarjejeniyar Stockholm ya amince da endosulfan a matsayin mai gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta. EJF ta fara yin rubuce-rubuce game da amfani da endosulfan a Cambodia a 2002 kuma ta buga wani rahoto mai suna Death in Small Doses a 2003. Mutuwa a cikin ƙananan allurai, rahoto kan matsalolin da sauran hanyoyin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a Cambodia, an gabatar da shi ga ma'aikatu a Cambodia, hukumomin ba da agaji na duniya, kafofin watsa labarai, kasuwanci da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a wani bangare na dabarun bayar da shawarwari don wayar da kan jama'a da siyasa Yin aiki tare da CEDAC (Centre d'Etude et de Développement Agricole Cambodgien), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Kambodiya, EJF ta rubuta amfani da endosulfan da manoman Kambodiya suka yi kuma ta rubuta damuwa da yawa na tsaro, gami da rashin kayan kariya da fallasa yara, gidaje, dabbobi da amfanin abinci na iyali. Rashin isasshen lakabi inda ake shigo da endosulfan zuwa Kambodiya daga [[Vietnam]] da [[Tailan|Thailand]] an kuma nuna su a cikin takardar EJF ta 2004 "End of the Road for Endosulfan". A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin EJF a Cambodia a cikin 2002, ƙungiyar agajin ta yi aiki tare da manoman Cambodia don haɓaka aikin noma mai ɗorewa da ilmantar da su game da haɗarin magungunan kashe qwari.  An yi amfani da ɗan taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayani mai taken Ƙarshen Hanya don Endosulfan[1] don shawo kan Ministan Muhalli na Kambodiya don hana endosulfan a cikin ƙasar. Daga baya aka ambaci wannan bayanin a cikin shawarar [[Tarayyar Turai]] ta 2008 don hada endosulfan a cikin Annexes na [[Yarjejeniyar Stockholm akan Abubuwan gurɓataccen Halittu na dindindin|Yarjejeniyar Stockholm]] . A cikin shekara ta 2007, EJF ta samar da rahoto, Deadly Chemicals in Cotton biyo bayan binciken da ya tattara shaidar amfani da magungunan kashe kwari masu haɗari a kan amfanin auduga a Mali da Indiya a cikin shekara ta 2006, wanda ya haɗa da yin rikodin tasirin kiwon lafiya na sinadarin. Rahoton, Deadly Chemicals in Cotton, an samar da shi tare da Cibiyar Ayyukan Pesticide ta Burtaniya don wayar da kan jama'a game da farashin ɗan adam da na muhalli na amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], [[Uzbekistan]] da [[Indiya]]. Rahoton ya kuma yi nuni da yadda noman auduga ke dogaro da magungunan kashe kwari da kwari: an kiyasta yawan amfanin gonakin auduga sau takwas a kowace hekta fiye da kowace hekta na abinci.  EJF ta bayar da rahoton cewa ana amfani da dalar Amurka biliyan 2 (2007) kan noman auduga a kowace shekara, dalar Amurka miliyan 819 da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ware a matsayin masu hadari a cewar rahoton.  EJF ya kwatanta auduga a matsayin amfanin gona mafi ƙazanta a duniya. A cikin 2009 EJF ta ƙaddamar da sabon rahoto tare da wannan sunan kamar takardar bayani ta 2004, 'End of the Road for Endosulfan'. Wannan takaddun tasirin kiwon lafiya da muhalli da ke da alaƙa da bayyanar endosulfan kuma yana ba da shawarar wasu hanyoyin da ake samu don duk amfanin sa, amfanin gona na kwayoyin halitta da guje wa taki na sinadarai da magungunan kashe kwari. A cikin 2009/10 EJF ta dauki manyan fitattun 'yan Indiya, ciki har da daraktocin fina-finai Deepa Mehta da M Night Shyamalan, da mawaƙa Ravi Shankar, don ba da goyon baya ga kamfen ɗin. A cikin 2010, EJF ta shiga cikin tabbatar da sadaukarwa daga Bayer Cropscience don kawo karshen masana'antar endosulfan a ƙarshen wannan shekarar. A cikin 2011, EJF ta sanar a shafin yanar gizon su cewa sun "yi farin ciki da sanar da cewa, bayan bita mai zurfi da muhawara, a ƙarshe mun kai ƙarshen hanyar maganin ƙwayoyin cuta na endosulfan" biyo bayan labarai cewa a ranar Jumma'a 29 ga Afrilu, 2011, wakilan ƙasa a taron jam'iyyun na biyar (COP5) sun amince da lissafin endosul fan a ƙarƙashin Ƙaddamarwa A na Yarjejeniyar Stockholm kan Masu Tsayawa (POPs). == Dabbobi na daji == Manufar EJF na yaƙin neman zaɓe na namun daji shine horarwa da tallafawa masu bincike da masu ba da shawara ga namun daji a mahimman wuraren kiyayewa a duniya. Yana da matukar damuwa cewa fataucin shuke-shuke da dabbobi ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dabbobi, kofuna, abinci da magungunan gargajiya, wanda aka kiyasta kudinsu ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 20 a shekara, yana da illa ga nau'o'in halittu da halittu kuma yana tura wasu nau'ikan zuwa ga halaka.]<ref name="An International Trade">[http://www.ejfoundation.org/page123.html An International Trade ] {{Webarchive}}</ref> Ya zuwa yanzu yaƙin neman zaɓe ya mayar da hankali kan yin aiki a Vietnam inda EJF ya ba da rahoton cewa ɗimbin nau'ikan namun daji na fuskantar barazana daga saurin sauye-sauyen da aka samu zuwa aikin noma da bunƙasa gini.  EJF ta yi imanin cewa, Vietnam, ko da yake ta rattaba hannu kan CITES, ba ta da ƙarfin aiki da tsarin doka don aiwatar da dokar namun daji na cikin gida.. [ ] EJF ta fara hada kai da kungiyar NGO Education for Nature Vietnam (ENV) a shekara ta 2003 wacce aka kafa a shekara ta 2000 a matsayin kungiyar farko da ba ta gwamnati ba ta Vietnam da ta mai da hankali kan kiyaye yanayi da namun daji, don yaki da aikin kiwon bear ba bisa ka'ida ba. EJF ta ba da rahoton cewa an kiyasta baƙar fata 4000 na Asiya da sun bear ana kiyaye su ba bisa ka'ida ba a gonakin beyar Vietnam. Ana ɗaure bears masu girma kuma ana cire bile a kai a kai don ursodeoxycholic acid da yake ƙunshe wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin magungunan gargajiya da kayan gargajiya. A shekara ta 2003, EJF ta ba da ENV tare da bidiyo, kafofin watsa labarai da horar da shawarwari, kyamarar dijital da kwamfuta don gyaran fim da ƙira. Ya kuma ba da shawara da tallafi kan ci gaban gidan yanar gizon. A cikin 2004 EJF ya taimaka wa ENV don gudanar da bincike a ɓoye a cikin gonakin bear a ciki da wajen Hanoi tare da gudanar da binciken mabukaci a shirye-shiryen yaƙin neman zaɓen tasiri ga halayen mutane don ɗaukar noma.  Wannan ya haɗa da ɗaukar mawaƙin Vietnamese My Linh zuwa gaban sanarwar sabis na jama'a (PSA) da aka nuna a gidan talabijin na Vietnamese.. [ ] A cikin 2006-07, EJF ta ci gaba da horar da ENV a cikin amfani da fim don samar da wani PSA, samar da mai daukar hoto da edita don ba da taimako. Kungiyar agaji ta yi amfani da kudade daga World Society for the Protection of Animals don samar da ENV tare da sabbin kayan aiki na kwamfuta da fim da kuma software na gyare-gyare. An kammala ƙarin horo na bidiyo da kafofin watsa labarai don ENV a cikin 2008-09. A matsayin wani bangare na daban na kamfen din namun daji, EJF ta himmatu ga tallafawa babbar kungiyar agaji ta namun daji WildAid a cikin aikinsu don tallafawa yankunan da aka kare, bincika cinikin namun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma rage bukatar masu amfani. EJF da WildAid UK suna da ofishin London kuma Steve Trent, Babban Darakta na EJF shine Shugaban WildAid. == Kyaututtuka == Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli ta sami lambar yabo ta SeaWeb Seafood Champion don bayar da shawarwari a cikin 2015 don aikinta na yaki da kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a bayar da rahoto ba, da ba a tsara su ba (IUU) a cikin kamun kifi na Yammacin Afirka. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 83382fiywgxsls3784wnr0dnlrrnjo7 0 29998 840233 674872 2026-05-26T04:38:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Odar magada''' Ko '''hakkin magaji''' sh ine layin mutanen da suke da hakkin su rike wani babban mukami idan ya sauka kamar [[shugaban kasa]] ko girma kamar muƙami . <ref name="definition">[http://www.royal.gov.uk/ThecurrentRoyalFamily/Successionandprecedence/Overview.aspx UK Royal Web site] "The order of succession is the sequence of members of the Royal Family in the order in which they stand in line to the throne. This sequence is regulated not only through descent, but also by Parliamentary statute."</ref> Ana iya tsara wannan jeri ta hanyar zuriya ko ta ƙa'ida. <ref name="definition" /><ref>https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/order-of-succession</ref><ref>https://www.askdifference.com/succession-vs-inheritance/</ref><ref>https://www.upcounsel.com/law-of-succession-definition</ref><ref>https://max-eup2012.mpipriv.de/index.php/Succession_Law</ref> Tsarin gwamnati na gado ya bambanta da [[Zaɓe|gwamnatin da aka zaɓa]] . Tsarin da aka kafa na magaji shine hanyar da aka saba kaiwa ga mukamai na gado, kuma yana ba da cigaba nan da nan bayan guraben da ba za a yi tsammani ba a lokuta da aka zaɓi masu rike da mukamai ta hanyar [[zaɓe]] : ofishin ba dole ba ne ya kasance a sarari har sai an zaɓi wanda zai gaje shi<ref>https://oceanfdn.org/ha/ha%C6%99%C6%99in-%C9%97an-adam-akan-adalcin-tekun-teku/{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. A wasu lokuta magajin ya dauki cikakken aikin wanda ya gabata, kamar yadda yake a cikin shugabancin kasashe da yawa; a wasu lokuta da ba na gado ba babu cikakken gado, amma mai rikon da aka zaɓa ta hanyar ma'auni na gado yana ɗaukar wasu ko duk wani nauyi, to amman ba ofishi na yau da kullum kullun ba, na matsayin. Misali, lokacin da mukamin shugaban kasar Indiya ya zama babu kowa, mataimakin shugaban kasar Indiya yana gudanar da muhimman ayyuka na shugaban kasa har sai an zabi wanda zai gaje shi; Sabanin haka, lokacin da mukamin shugaban ƙasar Philippines ba shi da kowa, mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Philippines gaba daya ya karbi shugabancin da kansa na sauran wa'adin.<ref>https://thisvsthat.io/king-vs-president</ref><ref>https://www.politicalscienceview.com/succession-of-governmental-forms/</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-system/Hereditary-succession</ref><ref>https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/order-of-succession</ref><ref>https://legalresource.ph/succession-rules-constitutional-law/</ref> Ƙungiyoyin da ba su da tsarin gado ko na wata ka'ida na buƙatar tsarin maye idan ana son a guje wa gwagwarmayar wutar lantarki ta hanyar rashin wutar lantarki . == Bayanin == A lokuta da dama ba a raba gadon gadon gado, ofis ko makamancin haka, watau wanda ya gabata ya daina rike wannan mukami da dai sauransu, mutum daya ne ya gada. Mukamai da ofisoshi da yawa ba na gado ba ne (kamar ofisoshin mulkin dimokuradiyya) kuma suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodi daban-daban na gado.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-system/Hereditary-succession</ref><ref>https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/order-of-succession</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://notes.saralupsc.com/article-65-of-the-indian-constitution-upsc-2025-notes/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-26 |archive-date=2025-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626061207/https://notes.saralupsc.com/article-65-of-the-indian-constitution-upsc-2025-notes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://legalresource.ph/succession-rules-constitutional-law/</ref><ref>https://theleaflet.in/executive-incapacitation-and-the-constitution/</ref><ref>https://theleaflet.in/executive-incapacitation-and-the-constitution/</ref> Layin gado yana iya iyakance ga magada na jiki, ko kuma yana iya wucewa zuwa layukan lamuni, idan babu magada na jiki, ya danganta da ƙa'idodin gada. Ana kuma amfani da waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin dokar gadon a Ingilishi. Dokokin na iya yin ƙayyadaddun cewa magada masu cancanta su ne ''magada maza'' ko ''magada gabaɗaya'' - duba ƙarin primogeniture (agnatic, cognatic, da kuma dai-dai). Wasu nau'ikan kadarorin suna wucewa zuwa zuriya ko dangi na ainihin majiɓinci, mai karɓa ko wanda aka bayar bisa ƙayyadadden tsari na dangi . Bayan mutuwar wanda aka bayar, gadon da aka keɓance kamar ɗan'uwa, ko masarauta, ya wuce kai tsaye zuwa ga waccan mai rai, halal, dangi mara riko na wanda aka ba da wanda ya fi girma a zuriya (watau mafi girma a cikin layin magaji, ba tare da la'akari da shi ba. shekaru); sannan kuma a ci gaba da mika wa magada na gaba na wanda aka bayar, bisa ga ka’idoji guda, bayan mutuwar kowane magaji na gaba.<ref>https://thelegalquorum.com/family-law-succession-and-inheritance/</ref><ref>https://www.angliaresearch.co.uk/legal-services/intestacy-rules/</ref><ref>https://blanchardslaw.co.uk/the-order-of-inheritance/</ref><ref>https://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/heir.asp</ref><ref>https://sphereoflaw.com/inheritance-laws-and-succession/</ref> Duk mutumin da ya ci gado bisa ga waɗannan ka'idoji ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin magaji a dokar wanda aka ba shi kuma gadon ba zai iya kaiwa ga wanda ba na halitta ba, halayya ko dangi na wanda aka ba shi. ’Yan’uwan juna, waɗanda suka yi tarayya da wasu ko duka zuriyar wanda aka ba da kyauta, amma ba su kai tsaye daga wanda aka ba su ba, za su iya gado idan babu wata iyaka ga “magada na jiki”. Akwai wasu nau'o'in ka'idojin gado idan za a iya raba gadon: masu rabon gado da gadon rabo . == Sarauta da masu martaba == A cikin masarautu na gado tsarin gado yana ƙayyade wanda zai zama sabon sarki lokacin da mai mulki ya mutu ko kuma ya bar gadon sarauta. Irin waɗannan umarni na gado, waɗanda suka samo asali daga ƙa'idodin da doka ko al'ada suka kafa, yawanci suna ƙayyadaddun tsari na girma, wanda aka yi amfani da su don nuna ko wane dangin sarki da ya gabata, ko wani mutum, wanda ya fi ƙarfin da'awar ya hau kan karagar mulki lokacin da mukami ya zo masa.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/succession-monarchy</ref> Sau da yawa, layin magaji yana iyakance ga mutane na jini na sarauta (amma duba auren morganatic ), wato, ga waɗanda aka amince da su bisa doka a matsayin waɗanda aka haifa a cikin ko Kuma a zuriyarsu daga daular mulki ko kuma wani sarki da ya gabata. Mutanen da za su ci sarautar ana kiransu da suna “ daular ”. Kundin tsarin mulki, dokoki, dokokin gida, da ƙa'idodi na iya tsara tsari da cancantar waɗanda za su gaje gadon sarauta. A tarihance za'aga, wani lokaci ana maye gurbin tsarin gado ko kuma an ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar nadin wani zaɓaɓɓen magaji a matsayin babban masarautu a lokacin rayuwar sarki. Misalai sune Henry the Young King da kuma magadan zaɓaɓɓun masarautu, kamar amfani da taken Sarkin Romawa ga sarakunan Habsburg . A cikin tsarin zaɓi na ɗan takara na tanistry, an zaɓi magaji ko ''tanist'' daga ƙwararrun maza na dangin sarauta. Masarautu daban-daban suna amfani da ka'idoji daban-daban don tantance layin gado. Sarakunan gado sun yi amfani da hanyoyi da dabaru iri-iri don samun tsari na gado tsakanin masu neman takara da suka shafi jini ko aure. Fa'idar yin amfani da irin waɗannan ka'idoji shine cewa daular za su iya, tun daga farkon matasa, su sami adon ado, ilimi, kariya, albarkatu da masu riƙewa da suka dace da martaba da nauyin da kuma ke cikin gaba da ke da alaƙa da rawanin wata ƙasa ko al'umma. Irin waɗannan tsare-tsare kuma na iya haɓaka kwanciyar hankali ta siyasa ta hanyar kafa fayyace, tsammanin jama'a game da jerin masu mulki, mai yuwuwar rage gasa da shigar da ƴan makaranta cikin wasu ayyuka ko hidindimu. Wasu masarautu na gado sun sami tsarin zaɓi na musamman, musamman bayan hawan sabuwar daular. Daular Faransa ta kafa mazaje na farko a cikin zuriyar [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]], to amma gazawar batun maza tsarin mulki ya baiwa sarakuna damar zabar wanda zai bi su a kan karagar mulki. An sanya Masarautar Italiya a matsayin mai ba da izini ga ɗan Napoleon I Bonaparte na biyu mai rai amma, rashin haka, an tanada wa ɗan sarki Eugène de Beauharnais, don yin nasara, kodayake ƙarshen ba shi da alaƙar jini da gidan Bonaparte . Sarautar Serbia ta gado ce ta asali ga zuriyar maza a cikin zuriyar Yarima Alexander I, amma bayan ƙarewar wannan layin, sarki mai mulki zai iya zaɓar kowane daga cikin danginsa maza na Gidan Karađorđević . A Romania, a daya hannun, a kan bacewar layin maza ya fito daga Carol I na Romania, tsarin mulki ya nuna cewa layin namiji na ɗan'uwansa, Leopold, Yariman Hohenzollern, zai gaji kursiyin kuma, rashin nasarar sauran batutuwan layin maza. Wannan dangin, sarkin daular Romania ne za a zaɓe yarima na daular “Yammacin Turai”. Akasin haka, tsofaffin masarautun Turai sun kasance sun dogara da ka'idojin maye gurbin da kawai ake kira ga karagar zuriyar sarakunan da suka gabata bisa ga ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi waɗanda suka samo asali daga ɗaya ko wani tsarin dokoki ko al'adu su. == Gado na tsaye == A cikin gadon, an ƙayyade magada ta atomatik ta wasu ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodin da aka riga aka ayyana. Ana iya ƙara rarraba shi zuwa hanyoyi a kwance da kuma a tsaye, tsoffin ƴan'uwan da ke son juna, yayin da a tsaye ke fifita 'ya'ya da jikoki na mai riƙe. === Farko === [[File:Male-preference_primogeniture_diagram.svg|thumb| Zane-zane na fifikon maza]] A cikin primogeniture (ko fiye da ainihin ''mazaje'' na farko), babban ɗan sarki da zuriyarsa suna kan gaba a kan ƴan uwansa da zuriyarsu. Manyan 'ya'ya maza suna kan gaba a kan 'ya'ya maza, amma dukan 'ya'ya maza sun fi 'ya'ya mata. Yara suna wakiltar kakanninsu da suka rasu, kuma manyan zuriyar su koyaushe suna kan gaba a kan ƙaramin layi, a cikin kowane jinsi. Haƙƙin magaji na babban ɗan sarki ne (duba magaji ), kuma kusa da babban ɗan babban ɗa. Wannan shine tsarin a [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da [[Monaco]], kuma shine tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙasashen Commonwealth ga waɗanda aka haifa kafin shekarata 2011. Fiefs ko lakabin da aka ba da "a cikin jetsiya gabaɗaya" ko kuma ga "magada gabaɗaya" suna bin wannan tsarin don 'ya'ya maza, amma ana ɗaukar 'ya'ya mata daidai da magada juna, aƙalla a cikin aikin Burtaniya na baya-bayan nan. Wannan na iya haifar da yanayin da aka sani da abeyance . To A cikin tsakiyar zamanai, ainihin aiki ya kuma bambanta da al'adar gida. Yayin da mata za su iya gadon mazaje, mazajensu ( ''jure uxoris'' ) ko 'ya'yansu ( ''jure matris'' ) ne ke amfani da iko. ==== Cikakken cognatic primogeniture ==== [[File:Absolute_cognatic_primogeniture_diagram.svg|thumb| Cikakken zane-zane na farko]] Cikakken primogeniture wata doka ce wadda babban ɗan sarki zai gaji gadon sarauta, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba, kuma mata (da zuriyarsu) suna da haƙƙin maye kamar na maza. Wannan shine tsarin a halin yanzu a [[Sweden]] ( tun a shekarata 1980 ), [[Holand|Netherlands]] ( tun a shekarata 1983 ), [[Norway]] ( tun a shekarata 1990 ), [[Beljik|Belgium]] ( tun Shekarar 1991 ), [[Denmark]] ( tun 2009 ), [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]] ( tun shekarata 2011 ), <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Ducal succession rights for Grand Duchy |url=http://www.wort.lu/en/view/new-ducal-succession-rights-for-grand-duchy-4f60cf15e4b047833b93fca0 |access-date=2022-03-12 |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222205312/http://www.wort.lu/en/luxembourg/new-ducal-succession-rights-for-grand-duchy-4f60cf15e4b047833b93fca0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma a cikin [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] da Ƙasar Commonwealth ( tun shekarata 2013 ). <ref>[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/cbill/2012-2013/0110/en/130110en.htm Explanatory note to the UK bill], paragraph 42: "There is power to specify the time of day of commencement. Assuming that the other Realms make the same provision, this will enable the changes on succession to be brought into force at the same time – but at different local times – in all sixteen Commonwealth Realms." UK parliament official website. (Retrieved 30 March 2015.)</ref> ==== Agnatic-cognatic maye ==== [[File:Agnatic_primogeniture_diagram.svg|thumb| Agnatic primogeniture zane]] Magajin Agnatic-Cognatic (ko Semi-Salic), wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin Turai tun zamanin da, shine ƙuntatawa ga waɗanda suka fito daga ko kuma suna da alaƙa da wani sarki na baya ko na yanzu kawai ta hanyar zuriyar maza : zuriya ta hanyar mata ba su cancanta ba. don a gaji sai dai idan babu wani mazan da ya rage daga zuriyarsu . A cikin wannan nau'i na gado, ana ba da gado da farko ga dukan maza na zuriyar daular da suka cancanta bisa ga tsari na farko, sa'an nan kuma idan zuriyar maza ta ƙare gaba ɗaya ga mace daga cikin daular. <ref>SOU 1977:5 ''Kvinnlig tronföljd''.</ref> Sarauta daya tilo da ta yi aiki a karkashin dokar Semi-Salic har zuwa kwanan nan ita ce [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]], wacce ta canza zuwa cikakkiyar matsayi a cikin shekarata 2011. Tsofaffin masarautun da suka yi aiki a ƙarƙashin dokar salin-arki sun haɗa da Austria (daga baya Austria-Hungary ), Bavaria, [[Hanover]], Württemberg, [[Rasha]], Saxony, Tuscany, da Masarautar Sicilies Biyu . Idan zuriyar mace ta hau gadon sarauta, ba lallai ba ne ta zama babbar magaji ta farko, amma yawanci dangi mafi kusanci ga sarki namiji na ƙarshe na daular ta kusancin jini . Misalai su ne magajin Kirista I na Denmark ga Schleswig-Holstein, Maria Theresa ta Ostiriya (ko da yake an tabbatar da haƙƙinta a ƙarshe sakamakon nasarar da ta samu a Yaƙin Nasarar Austrian da aka ƙaddamar da hawanta), Marie-Adelaide da Charlotte na Luxembourg., Anne na Brittany, da kuma Kirista na IX na Danmark a matsayi Na hakkin matarsa, Louise na Hesse . ==== Magajin Matrilineal ==== Wasu al'adu sun wuce daraja ta layin mata. Dukiyar mutum da matsayinsa 'ya'yan 'yar uwarsa ne suke gadarsu, 'ya'yansa kuma suna karbar gadonsu daga wajen kawunsu na uwa. A Kerala, kudancin Indiya, ana kiran wannan al'ada da Marumakkathyam . Sarakunan Nair ne da iyalan gidan sarauta suke yi. Maharajah na Travancore saboda haka ɗan 'yar uwarsa ne ya gaje shi, kuma ɗan nasa yana samun lakabi na ladabi amma ba shi da wuri a cikin layin magaji. Tun da Independence na Indiya da zartar da ayyuka da yawa kamar Dokar Nasara ta Hindu shekarata (1956), wannan nau'i na gado ba a iya gane shi ta hanyar doka. Ko da kuwa, mai yin riya ga kursiyin Travancore har yanzu ana ƙaddara ta maye gurbin matrilinear. [[Mutanen Akan|Akans]] na Ghana da Ivory Coast, Afirka ta Yamma suna da irin wannan gado na matrilineal kuma kamar yadda Otumfour Osei-Tutu II, Asantehene ya gaji [[Kujera na Zinariya|Golden Stool]] ( kursiyin ) ta wurin mahaifiyarsa ( Asantehemaa ) Nana Afia Kobi Serwaa Ampem II . ==== Dokar Salic ==== [[File:Agnatic-cognatic_primogeniture_diagram.svg|thumb| Agnatic-cognatic primogeniture zane]] Dokar Salic, ko maye gurbin agnatic, ta iyakance yawan magada ga maza na zuriyarsu, kuma gaba ɗaya ta ware matan daular da zuriyarsu daga magaji. Dokar Salic ta shafi tsoffin gidajen sarauta ko na sarauta na [[Albaniya]], [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]], [[Romainiya|Romania]], Yugoslavia, da Prussia / Daular Jamus . To A halin yanzu ya shafi gidan Liechtenstein, da kuma Chrysanthemum Throne na [[Japan]] . A cikin shekarar 1830 a Spain tambayar ko dokar Salic ta yi aiki ko a'a - don haka, ko Ferdinand VII ya kamata 'yarsa Isabella ta bi shi ko kuma ɗan'uwansa Charles - ya haifar da jerin yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa da kafa daular kishiya mai ƙiyayya wanda har yanzu akwai. Gabaɗaya, masarautun gado waɗanda ke aiki ƙarƙashin dokar Salic suma suna amfani da primogeniture tsakanin zuriyar maza a cikin layin maza don tantance magajin da ya cancanta, kodayake a cikin tarihi na farko agnatic babba ya saba da na farko. Fiefs da lakabin da aka ba "a namiji wutsiya " to Amman ko ga "majiyin magadan" suna bin wannan tsari na farko na gado. (Wadanda aka ba wa "magada maza na jiki" an iyakance su ne ga zuriyar maza na wanda aka ba da kyauta; waɗanda zuwa "magada janar na maza" za a iya gadonsu, bayan bacewar zuriyar mazan da aka ba da kyauta, ta hanyar jinsin maza. zuriyar mahaifinsa, kakansa na uba, da sauransu. ) === Ultogeniture === [[File:Agnatic_ultimogeniture_diagram.svg|thumb| Agnatic ultimogeniture zane]] Ultimogeniture tsari ne na maye inda batun ya gaje shi da ƙaramin ɗa (ko ƙaramin yaro). Duk Wannan yana hidimar yanayin da ƙaramin ke "kiyaye murhu", kula da iyaye da ci gaba a gida, yayin da manyan yara sun sami lokacin yin nasara "fita a cikin duniya" da kuma azurta kansu. === kusancin jini === [[File:Proximity_of_blood_diagram.svg|thumb|Proximity of blood diagram]] Kusancin jini wani tsari ne wanda mafi kusancin dangi da mai mulki ke samun nasara, yana fifita maza fiye da mata da babba akan kanne. Ana amfani da wannan wani lokaci azaman mai sheki don maye gurbin "pragmatic" a Turai; yana da ɗan ƙara tsayawa a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya ko'ina cikin Turai. A cikin Outremer an yi amfani da shi sau da yawa don zaɓar masu mulki, kuma ya kasance a cikin wasu rigingimu na gado game da Mulkin Urushalima . Kuma An kuma gane shi a cikin wannan masarauta don maye gurbin fiefs, a cikin yanayi na musamman: idan fief ya ɓace ga Saracens kuma daga baya aka sake cin nasara, za a ba da shi ga magaji a kusancin jinin na ƙarshe. ==== Gado mai rabo ==== A wasu al'ummomi, an gaji sarauta ko na fiffike ta hanyar da duk wanda yake da hakkin ya sami rabo daga cikinsa. To Amman Fitattun misalan wannan ɗabi'a su ne rarrabuwar kawuna na Daular Faransa a ƙarƙashin daular Merovingian da Carolingian, da makamantansu Gavelkind a cikin Tsibirin Biritaniya. == Gadon kwance == === babba === [[File:Agnatic_seniority_diagram.svg|thumb| Jadawalin manyan mutane]] A cikin manyan mukamai, dangin sarki ko mai rike da sarauta na gaba (kusan ko da yaushe ''ɗan'uwa)'', yana yin nasara; ba 'ya'yansa ba. To Kuma, idan gidan sarauta ya fi yawa, ’yan uwan (maza) da sauransu sun yi nasara, bisa ga girman girma, wanda zai iya dogara da ainihin shekaru ko kuma ga girma tsakanin ubanninsu. ==== Rota tsarin ==== [[File:Rota_system_diagram.svg|thumb| Tsarin tsarin Rota]] The '''rota tsarin''', daga Old Church Slavic kalmar for "tsani" ko "matakin hawa", wani tsarin jingina gada yi (ko da yake ba daidai ba) a Kievan Rus ' da kuma daga baya Appanage da farkon Muscovite Rasha. A cikin wannan tsarin sarautar ba ta layi ba daga uba zuwa ɗa, amma daga baya daga ɗan'uwa zuwa ɗan'uwa sannan Kuma zuwa ga babban ɗan babban ɗan'uwa wanda ya rike sarauta. Yaroslav mai hikima ne ya fara tsarin, wanda ya ba wa kowane ɗayan 'ya'yansa mazauni bisa ga girma. Lokacin da Grand Prince ya kuma mutu, babban yarima na gaba ya koma Kiev kuma duk sauran sun koma babban sarki kusa da tsani. <ref>Nancy Shields Kollmann, “Collateral Succession in Kievan Rus’.” ''Harvard Ukrainian Studies'' 14 (1990): 377–87; Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980–1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 27–29.</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓen magaji == === Nadawa, zaɓe, ɗan takara, da juyawa === Ana iya shirya odar magaji ta hanyar alƙawari: ko dai sarkin da ke kan gado ko kuma wata [[Zaɓe|hukumar zaɓe]] ta nada magaji ko jerin sunayen magada kafin a samu gurbi. Masarautar na iya zama zaɓaɓɓu gabaɗaya, kodayake ta hanyar da za a zaɓi wanda zai gaje shi ne bayan ya zama Na fanko. A cikin tarihi, sau da yawa, amma ba koyaushe ba, alƙawura da zaɓe sun fi so, ko an iyakance su ga membobin wata daula ko dangi. Ana iya samun ƙa’idodin zuriyarsu don sanin duk waɗanda suke da hakkin yin nasara, kuma waɗanda za a yi musu alheri. Wannan ya haifar da wani lokaci zuwa tsarin maye wanda ke daidaita rassan daular ta hanyar juyawa. A halin yanzu yana aiki, tare da bambance-bambance, ga Mai Tsarki See, [[Maleziya|Malaysia]], [[Kambodiya|Cambodia]], [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]], [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|UAE]], [[Andorra]], [[ESwatini|Swaziland]] da [[Samoa]] . Ana kuma amfani da shi a Ife, [[Masarautar Oyo|Oyo]] da sauran jahohin da ke yankin [[Kasar Yarbawa|Yarbawa]] . === Na gaba === '''Tsarin gado''' na baya ko '''na 'yan uwantaka yana''' wajabta ka'idodin girma a tsakanin 'ya'yan daular daular ko daular daular, tare da manufar zaɓe mafi cancantar ɗan takara don jagoranci. An zabi shugabannin a matsayin dattawan da suka fi balaga a dangi, wadanda suka riga sun mallaki karfin soja da cancantar. An fi son gadon 'yan'uwa don tabbatar da cewa shugabanni balagagge sun jagoranci, cire buƙatar masu mulki. Tsarin '''gado na gefe yana''' iya ko ba zai iya cire zuriyar maza a cikin layin mata daga magajiya ba. A aikace, lokacin da babu wani magajin da ya balaga, Kuma yawanci ana tantance magajin mace "a zahiri", ta kusanci da sarki na ƙarshe, kamar Boariks na Caucasian Huns ko Tamiris na Massagetes a Asiya ta Tsakiya an zaɓi. Gabaɗaya ana zaɓen sarki na gefe bayan sarautar shugabanci ta zama fanko. A farkon shekarun daular Mongol, mutuwar sarakunan da ke mulki, Genghis Khan da Ögedei Khan, nan da nan ya dakatar da yakin yammacin Mongols saboda zabuka masu zuwa. A gabashin Asiya, an fara rubuta tsarin gadon bayan fage ne tun kafin tarihi ya fara da Wai Bing na daular Shang wanda ya gaji dan uwansa Da Ding, sannan kuma dangane da mamayar da Zhou na Shang ya yi, lokacin da Wu Ding ya yi nasara. Dan uwansa Zu Geng ya gaje shi a shekara ta 1189 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, sannan wani dan'uwansa Zu Jia ya gaje shi a shekara ta shekarar 1178 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Wani koma baya na gajeriyar hanya ita ce, yayin da ake tabbatar da mafi cancantar jagoranci a halin yanzu, tsarin ya haifar da rugujewar layukan sarauta waɗanda ba su cancanci a maye gurbinsu ba. Duk wani magajin da ya cancanta wanda bai yi tsayin daka ba har ya hau kan karagar mulki, an jefar da shi a gefe kamar yadda bai cancanta ba, yana haifar da tafki na masu riya da rashin gamsuwa da ake kira ''Tegin'' a cikin Turkic da ''Izgoi'' a cikin layin daular Rus. Rikicin da ba a daidaita ba na sarakunan da ba a san shi ba zai kawo cikas ga tsarin gado da rugujewar jihar. == Rikicin nasara == Sa’ad da sarki ya mutu ba tare da bayyanannen magaji ba, ana samun rikicin magaji sau da yawa, wanda yakan haifar da yaƙin gado . Alal misali, sa’ad da Sarki Charles na huɗu na Faransa ya mutu, yaƙin shekara ɗari ya barke tsakanin ɗan’uwan Charles, Philip VI na Faransa, da ɗan’uwan Charles, Edward III na Ingila, don sanin wanda zai gaji Charles a matsayin Sarkin Faransa . Kuma Inda layin magaji ya tabbata, wani lokaci yakan faru cewa mai yin riya mai rauni ko da'awar amma soji ko na siyasa ya kwace mulki. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan masu bincike sun sami alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin nau'ikan ƙa'idodin da ke tafiyar da gado a cikin masarautu da mulkin kama-karya da kuma yawaitar juyin mulki ko rikicin maye. <ref>Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter (2000). "The constitutional economics of autocratic succession," ''Public Choice'', 103(1/2), pp. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005078532251 63–84].</ref> == Addini == A cikin addinin Buddha na Tibet, an yi imanin cewa masu rike da wasu manyan ofisoshi irin su Dalai Lama sune reincarnations na mai ci: tsari na gado shi ne kawai cewa mai ci yana biye da sake reincarnation na kansa. Lokacin da mai mulki ya mutu, ana neman magajinsa a cikin jama'a ta hanyar wasu sharuɗɗa da aka yi la'akari da su don nuna cewa an sami Dalai Lama mai reincarnated, wani tsari wanda yawanci yana ɗaukar shekaru biyu zuwa hudu don nemo yaron. A cikin Cocin Katolika, an tsara hanyoyin da za a bi game da matsayin Paparoma ko bishop . == Jamhuriya == A cikin jumhuriya, buƙatar tabbatar da ci gaba da ayyuka a kowane lokaci ya haifar da yawancin ofisoshi suna samun tsari na tsari. A cikin ƙasar da ke da ƙayyadaddun zaɓe, [[Shugaban kasa|shugaban ƙasa]] (shugaban ƙasa) wani lokaci ana samun nasara bayan mutuwa ko murabus daga mataimakin shugaban kasa, kansila, ko firayim minista, sannan kuma masu rike da mukamai daban-daban na majalisar dokoki ko wasu ministocin gwamnati . To A jamhuriyoyin da dama, an yi sabon zaɓe na ɗan lokaci bayan da “shugaban kasa” ya zama babu zato ba zato ba tsammani. A jahohi ko lardunan da ke cikin kasa, ana yawan zabar laftanar gwamna ko mataimakin gwamna don cike gurbi a ofishin gwamna. ; Misalin magaji * Idan Shugaban Amurka ba zai iya yin aiki ba, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa zai karbi ragamar idan ya iya yin hidima. Idan ba haka ba, tsarin maye gurbin shine Kakakin Majalisa, Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai, Sakataren Gwamnati, da sauran jami'an majalisar ministoci kamar yadda aka jera a cikin labarin ''layin shugaban kasa na Amurka'' . * A [[Finland]], magajin shugaban na wucin gadi shine Firayim Minista sannan kuma ministoci a cikin kwanakin da aka yi a ofis, maimakon tsarin ma'aikata. Babu mataimakin shugaban kasa, kuma dole ne a zabi sabon shugaban kasa idan shugaban ya mutu ko ya yi murabus. * A [[Isra'ila]], magajin shugaban na wucin gadi shine kakakin majalisar Knesset (majalisar dokokin Isra'ila), tare da sabon shugaban da majalisar za ta zaba idan shugaban ya mutu ko ya yi murabus. == Duba wasu abubuwan == === Layukan maye gurbin zababbun masu rike da mukamai === (Jerin da bai cika ba) * Cabinet of Mauritius § Alawus da layin gado * Governor of Oklahoma § Layin magaji * Dokar Magajin Shugaban Kasa * Sede vacante (Fafaroma Katolika da bishops) Duba kuma labaran kan ofisoshin daban-daban (misali, President of the United States § Nasara da nakasa ). === Daban-daban === * Saduwa * Baya * Ci gaba da mulki * Sarkin sarakuna * Sarauta * Gado * Jerin masarautu bisa tsari na gado * Tsarin fifiko * Haihuwar bayan mutuwa * kusancin jini * Gidan sarauta * Dokar Salic * Inuwar gwamnati (rashin gaskiya) * Tanistry == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tr6y127akhyg1pshhco1l1hzn1ry6rt 0 30389 840235 791418 2026-05-26T04:45:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An yi Allah-wadai da matakin kare haƙƙin bil adama a Sudan. Wasu kungiyoyin [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|kare hakkin bil adama]] sun tattara bayanai iri-iri na cin zarafi da cin zarafi da gwamnatin Sudan ta yi cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata ƙarƙashin mulkin Omar al-Bashir<ref>https://oceanfdn.org/ha/ha%C6%99%C6%99in-%C9%97an-adam-akan-adalcin-tekun-teku/{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Rahoton Kare [[Hakkokin Dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya|Hakkokin Dan Adam]] na 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya nuna damuwa sosai game da take hakin bil'adama daga gwamnati da kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154656/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135978.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Sudan]</ref> Ana kuma amfani da hukuncin kisa, gami da gicciye, don laifuka da yawa. A watan Satumban shekarar 2019, gwamnatin Sudan ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da hukumar kare haƙƙin bil adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya domin buɗe ofishin kare haƙƙin bil adama na MDD a birnin Khartoum da ofisoshin fage a Darfur, Blue Nile, Southern Kordofan da kuma gabashin Sudan.<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/duniya/20241210-yau-duniya-ke-bikin-ranar-kare-ha%C6%99%C6%99in-%C9%97an-adam</ref> A watan Yulin 2020, a lokacin mika mulkin Sudan zuwa mulkin dimokuradiyya a 2019-2021, Ministan Shari'a Nasredeen Abdulbari ya bayyana cewa "dukkan dokokin da suka keta hakkin bil'adama a Sudan" za a soke su, kuma saboda wannan dalili ne majalisar ta zartar da wasu dokoki a farkon Yuli. 2020.<ref name="2009 Human Rights Report"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1047482|title='Milestone agreement' paves the way for new UN Human Rights Office in Sudan|date=2019-09-25|website=UN News|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26|archive-date=2019-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926052626/https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1047482|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BBC Sudan">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53379733 |title=Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims |work=BBC News |date=12 July 2020 |access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> == Cin zarafi a cikin saitunan rikici == Rikici tsakanin gwamnati da kungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye— yakin basasar da ya shafi rikicin arewa-kudanci, rikicin Darfur da ya hada da rikicin kabilanci tsakanin Larabawa da Larabawa a yankin Darfur da ke yammacin kasar—ya haifar da fyade, azabtarwa, kisa, da kuma gudun hijirar jama’a da yawa (wanda aka kiyasta ya wuce). miliyan 2 a cikin 2007), wanda ya sami Sudan idan aka kwatanta da [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] a cikin jaridu.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}}An kuma sami na gicciye da aka yi a Sudan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}} A cewar ''The Christian Science Monitor'' a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2004:{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}}<blockquote>Yakin yankin na Darfur dai ya taso ne a kan haka: Kabilun Afrika sun dade suna takun saka da kungiyoyin Larabawa a yankin kan samun fili mai kyau. Sannan a shekarar da ta gabata wasu kungiyoyin Afirka biyu dauke da makamai sun fara tawaye ga gwamnatin Khartoum. Gwamnati ta mayar da martani da ga alamu tana baiwa mayakan sa kai na Larabawa tallafin soji. Akwai rahotannin cewa jiragen yakin Sudan sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a kauyuka, inda daga bisani mayakan Larabawa suka shiga suka yi fyade tare da kashe wadanda suka tsira.</blockquote> === Tsaftar kabilanci a Darfur === Mukesh Kapila, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|jami'in Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDD) a Sudan ya bayyana rikicin a matsayin kawar da kabilanci, yayin da mayakan sa kai na Larabawa bakar fata ke aiwatar da kisan kiyashi ga 'yan kabilar a yankin Darfur. A cewar Kapila, "Gwamnati na da masaniyar abin da ke faruwa - kuma za ta iya yin tasiri ga mayakan Larabawa." Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa an kashe fararen hula 300,000 a yankin Darfur tsakanin shekarar 2003 zuwa 2010.<ref name="UN2010">{{cite web|title=Fresh clashes in Darfur kill dozens of civilians, UN-African Union mission reports|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=35847#.V6qLFygrKUk|website=UN.org|access-date=10 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810020505/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=35847|archive-date=10 August 2016|date=7 September 2010}}</ref> == Bauta == Wasu ƙungiyoyi, musamman Christian Solidarity Worldwide da Kungiyoyi masu alaƙa, suna jayayya cewa bautar tana wanzu a Sudan kuma tana samun kwarin gwiwa daga gwamnatin Sudan. A matsayin misalin irin waɗannan zarge-zargen, a cikin ''The Wall Street Journal'' a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2001, Michael Rubin ya ce:<blockquote>. . . [O] a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, Mataimakin Shugaban Sudan Ali Uthman Taha ya bayyana, "Jihadi hanya ce ta mu kuma ba za mu yi watsi da shi ba kuma za mu ci gaba da daukaka tutarsa.</blockquote>A tsakanin ranakun 23 zuwa 26 ga watan Oktoba, sojojin gwamnatin Sudan sun kai hari a kauyukan da ke kusa da garin Aweil da ke kudancin kasar, inda suka kashe maza 93 tare da bautar da mata da yara 85. Sai kuma a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, sojojin Sudan sun kai hari a kauyukan da ke kusa da garin Nyamlell, tare da daukar wasu mata da yara 113. An kuma sace wata ma'aikaciyar agaji ta Kenya, kuma tun daga lokacin ba a ganta ba.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2012}}<blockquote>Yaya bautar Sudan take? Wani yaro Kirista ɗan shekara 11 ya gaya mani game da kwanakinsa na farko da aka yi garkuwa da shi: “An gaya mini sau da yawa cewa ni Musulmi ne, kuma na ƙi, shi ya sa suka yanke yatsana. Alokor Ngor Deng dan shekara goma sha biyu an dauke shia matsayin bawa a 1993. Ba ta ga mahaifiyarta ba tun lokacin da barayin suka sayar da su biyu ga iyayengiji daban-daban. Sojojin Sudan sun kama Akon mai shekaru 13 a kauyensu shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Sojojin gwamnati shida ne suka yi mata fyade tare da yi mata fyade, kuma ta shaida hukuncin kisa guda bakwai kafin a sayar da ita ga wani Balarabe dan kasar Sudan.</blockquote><blockquote>Yawancin bayi da aka 'yanta sun sami alamun duka, konewa da sauran azabtarwa. Fiye da kashi uku cikin hudu na mata da 'yan mata da aka bautar da su a baya da rahoton fyade.</blockquote><blockquote>Yayin da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke jayayya kan yadda za a kawo karshen bautar, kadan ne ke musun wanzuwar hakan. . . . [E] ƙididdiga na adadin baƙar fata da ake bautar da su a Sudan sun bambanta daga dubun dubatar zuwa ɗaruruwan dubbai (ba a ƙidaya waɗanda aka sayar a matsayin aikin tilastawa a Libiya). . . .</blockquote>A daya bangaren kuma, an riga an rubuta zamba da sunan “fansar bayi”. == Haƙƙoƙin mata == Sudan ƙasa ce mai tasowa da ke fuskantar ƙalubale da dama dangane da rashin daidaiton jinsi. Freedom House ta baiwa Sudan matsayi mafi karanci a tsakanin gwamnatocin danniya a shekarar 2012. Sudan ta Kudu ta sami wani matsayi mafi girma amma kuma an kiyasta ta a matsayin "ba kyauta ba". A cikin rahoton shekara ta 2013 na bayanan shekara ta 2012, Sudan ta kasance ta 171 a cikin ƙasashe guda 186 a kan ƙididdiga ci gaban bil'adama (HDI). Kasar Sudan kuma tana daya daga cikin kasashe kalilan da ba su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata ba (CEDAW). Duk da wannan, an sami sauye-sauye masu kyau dangane da daidaiton jinsi a Sudan. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, mata sun ƙunshi kashi 24.1% na Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar Sudan. Matan Sudan sun fi yawan kaso mafi yawa na majalisar dokokin kasar fiye da yawancin kasashen yammacin duniya. Duk da haka, rashin daidaiton jinsi a Sudan, musamman dangane da kaciyar mata da kuma banbance-banbance tsakanin mata da maza a kasuwar kwadago, ya dauki hankula a kasashen duniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2020}} Sudan ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin mata a Afirka (Maputo Protocol) a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2008, amma har zuwa Yuli 2020 ba ta amince da ita ba tukuna. <ref name="African Union website">[https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/37077-sl-PROTOCOL%20TO%20THE%20AFRICAN%20CHARTER%20ON%20HUMAN%20AND%20PEOPLE%27S%20RIGHTS%20ON%20THE%20RIGHTS%20OF%20WOMEN%20IN%20AFRICA.pdf African Union website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022014443/https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/37077-sl-PROTOCOL%20TO%20THE%20AFRICAN%20CHARTER%20ON%20HUMAN%20AND%20PEOPLE%27S%20RIGHTS%20ON%20THE%20RIGHTS%20OF%20WOMEN%20IN%20AFRICA.pdf |date=2019-10-22 }}. Retrieved 13 July 2020.</ref> === Canjin Demokradiyya (2019-yanzu) === A lokacin da aka fara mika mulki ga dimokradiyya a shekarar 2019 bayan zanga-zangar da mata 'yan Sudan suka yi, a hankali gyaran shari'a ya inganta matsayin 'yancin mata a ƙasar. A karshen shekara ta 2019, an soke dokar ba da odar jama’a; ya haifar da cece-kuce saboda dalilai daban-daban, kamar sashe na 152 na dokar, wanda ya nuna cewa a yi wa matan da suka sanya wando a bainar jama’a bulala har sau 40. <ref name="Ahmed" /> Sauran takunkumin da aka yi wa mata da aka soke sun hada da rashin 'yancin sanya tufafi (ta hanyar hijabi na wajibi da sauran matakan), motsi, tarayya, aiki da karatu. Laifukan da ake zargin (yawancinsu da masu fafutuka ke daukarsu da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba) an hukunta su ta hanyar kamawa, duka da kuma tauye hakkin jama'a kamar 'yancin walwala da fadin albarkacin baki. A cewar Ihsan Fagiri, shugabar kungiyar No to zalunci a kan mata Initiative, kusan mata 45,000 ne aka gurfanar da su a karkashin dokar odar jama’a a shekarar 2016 kadai. A watan Afrilun 2020, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulki kwaskwarima don hukunta kaciyar mata (FGM), wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin tara da ɗaurin shekaru 3 a gidan yari. A watan Yulin 2020, an soke buƙatun neman izinin mata daga wurin wani ɗan'uwa namiji don yin tafiya, da bulala a matsayin hukunci. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata irin su editan mujallar ''Words 500'' Ola [[Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan'adam|Diab]] da mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a Charlie Loudon sun yaba da soke matakan danniya da takurawa mata a matsayin 'manyan matakai na farko'. Sun jaddada cewa dole ne a aiwatar da sabbin dokokin sannan kuma a yi watsi da dokokin da aka soke a aikace, wanda zai bukaci sake fasalin manufofin cikin gida na hukumomin gwamnati kamar 'yan sanda, sojoji da jami'an leken asiri. Wasu dokoki da dama da masu fafutuka suka bukaci a cire sun hada da gurfanar da wadanda aka yi wa fyade saboda ‘zina’, da kuma na mata masu juna biyu na ‘karuwanci’, wasu labaran da ke bayyana ka’idojin shigar mata, da kuma wargaza tsarin jama’a. 'yan sanda da kotuna masu sadaukarwa waɗanda ke cikin 'tsarin doka na jama'a'.<ref name="Salih">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/29/sudan-dissolves-ex-ruling-party-and-repeals-morality-law |title=Sudan 'on path to democracy' as ex-ruling party is dissolved |author=Zeinab Mohammed Salih & Jason Burke |work=The Guardian |date=29 November 2019 |access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/16/thank-you-our-glorious-revolution-activists-react-as-sudan-ditches-islamist-laws |title='Thank you, our glorious revolution': activists react as Sudan ditches Islamist laws |author=Kaamil Ahmed |work=The Guardian |date=16 July 2020 |access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="NYT Sudan">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/30/world/africa/sudan-outlaws-female-genital-mutilation-.html |title=In a Victory for Women in Sudan, Female Genital Mutilation Is Outlawed |author=Declan Walsh |work=The New York Times |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> == Yaran sojoji == A cewar Rory Mungoven, mai magana da yawun kungiyar hadin gwiwa don dakatar da amfani da yara sojoji, Sudan na daya daga cikin mafi munin matsalolin sojan yara a duniya. Akwai sama da yara ƙanana 17,000 da ke fafatawa a bangaren gwamnati ko kuma na dakarun ‘yan tawaye ko da bayan an kori tsofaffin yara sojoji 25,000 daga ƙungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye a Kudancin Sudan a shekara ta 2001. Suna ɗauke da AK-47 da M-16 a fagen daga, yayin da suke aiki a matsayin masu gano nakiyoyin mutane, suna shiga ayyukan kunar bakin wake, da kuma yin aikin leken asiri. Da yawa ana sacewa ko daukar su aiki da karfi, kuma galibi ana tilasta musu su bi umarni a karkashin barazanar kisa. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2001-04-08|title=Child soldiers in the firing line|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1266534.stm|access-date=2021-02-19}}</ref>Wasu kuma suna shiga kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai ne saboda rashin bege ko kuma bayan an yi musu karya da wanke kwakwalwa. An yi wa yara da dama alkawarin cewa za su je makaranta, wanda a zahiri wuraren horar da sojoji ne da aka yi kama da makaranta. Wuraren, duk da kasancewar suna karkashin jagorancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, inda aka wankar da yara kanana suka zama masu kisan kai. Ingantattun fasahar kere-kere sun samar da makaman da ba su da nauyi, ba su da tsada, kuma yaro da bai iya karatu ba zai iya harhadawa, lodinsa, da harbe shi, wanda hakan ya kara jawo hankalin yara sojoji. == Cin zarafin fursunoni == An daure manya da yara dari da dama bayan da 'yan kungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Adalci da Daidaito|Adalci da daidaito suka]] kai hari a birnin Khartoum a watan Mayun 2008, adadin da bai dace ba daga yankin Darfur. [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch]] ta soki gwamnatin Sudan da kin bayar da wani bayani kan inda suke. An samu shaidun [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da cin zarafi ga fursunonin da aka saki kuma an tattara su a cikin tambayoyi da yawa da Human Rights Watch ta rubuta. A cikin Yuli 2020, an soke bulala a matsayin wani nau'i na hukunci.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/06/17/sudan19149.htm | title = Sudan: Account for Civilians Arrested in Khartoum | publisher = [[Human Rights Watch]] | date = 17 June 2008 | access-date = 22 June 2008 | archive-date = 19 June 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080619032547/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/06/17/sudan19149.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="AI">{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/actioncenter/actions/uaa26610.pdf |title=Further information on UA 266/10 (23 December 2010) – Prisoner of conscience/Unfair trial |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=24 April 2011 |archive-date=18 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218052011/http://www.amnestyusa.org/actioncenter/actions/uaa26610.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="AI2">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr54/026/2005/en/ |title=UA 47/05 Detention without charge/Fear for safety/Prisoner of conscience/Possible prisoner of conscience |date=24 February 2005 |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2004/03/08/sudan-rights-defenders-darfur-detained |title=Sudan: Rights Defenders in Darfur Detained |date=8 March 2004 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="FL">{{cite web |url=http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/14110 |title=Sudan – Human rights defender Dr Mudawi Ibrahim Adam imprisoned in latest clampdown on human rights defenders and civil society activists. |author=Jim Loughran |publisher=[[Front Line (NGO)|Front Line]] |access-date=24 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603132311/http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/14110 |archive-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=http://kristof.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/sudan-closes-a-domestic-aid-group/ |title=Sudan closes a domestic aid group |author=Nicholas Kristof |date=5 March 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref> <ref name="SUDO">{{cite web |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/SUDO-denounces-Sudan-s-murky,37762 |title=MURKY JUSTICE: AFTER RELEASE OF SUDO CHAIR, APPEAL AGAINST CONVICTION MUST BE ALLOWED AND SUDO PERMITTED TO OPERATE NORMALLY |date=26 January 2011 |publisher=Sudan Social Development Organization |access-date=24 April 2011 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213911/http://www.sudantribune.com/SUDO-denounces-Sudan-s-murky,37762 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Zaluntar masu kare hakkin dan adam == A tsakanin shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2011, an kama Mudawi Ibrahim Adam akai-akai bisa zarginsa da aikin kare hakkin bil'adama da kungiyar Sudan Social Development Organization. Kungiyoyin da suka hada da [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]], Front Line, da [[Amnesty International]] ne suka nuna rashin amincewarsu da wadannan kamen, wadanda karshensu ya ba shi suna " fursuna na lamiri ." <ref name="AI2" /> A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2009, a daidai ranar da kotun ICC ta gurfanar da Shugaba Omar al-Bashir, gwamnatin Sudan ta ba da umarnin rufe SUDO, kuma jami'an tsaron kasar sun karbe ofisoshinta. Jaridar ''New York Times'' ta ruwaito cewa, wasikar rufe ofisoshin ta fito ne daga hukumar kula da ayyukan jin kai da Ahmed Haroun, daya daga cikin mutanen da ke fuskantar sammacin kamawa daga [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa]] da kasa kan kisan gilla a Darfur. <ref name="NYT" /> A lokaci guda gwamnatin Sudan ta kori " Kwamitin ceto na kasa da kasa, Oxfam UK, [[Hadin Gwiwa Don Taimakawa A Ko Ina|CARE]], Mercy Corps da kuma sashen Dutch na Doctors Without Borders. <ref name="NYT" /> Mudawi da SUDO sun daukaka kara game da rufe su a kotu, inda suka yi nasara a karar a watan Afrilun 2010. <ref name="SUDO" /> Duk da haka, bisa ga sanarwar SUDO na 2011, ƙungiyar ta kasance a rufe yadda ya kamata: "A Sudan za ku iya cin nasara a shari'ar amma babu wani canji. Ofisoshin SUDO sun kasance a kulle, kadarorinta sun kasance a daskare, kuma ba a bar kungiyar a Sudan ta ci gaba da aiki ba.” == Zaluntar addini == Hukumar leken asiri ta ƙasar Sudan (NISS) ta tsare Fasto Michael Yat da Peter Yan daga ranar 14 ga watan Disamba 2014 da 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, a ranar 1 ga watan Maris, an tuhume su da laifuka takwas karkashin kundin laifuffuka na shekarar 1991, biyu daga cikinsu na dauke da laifuka. hukuncin kisa. An ruwaito cewa an kama Peter Yan a lokacin da yake neman jindadin Michael Yat, kuma an kama Michael Yat bayan wa'azin bishara. A cikin Yulin shekara ta 2020, an soke hukuncin (kisa) na yin ridda ga Musulmai (Mataki na 126 na kundin hukunta laifukan Sudan), da kuma haramcin barasa ga waɗanda ba musulmi ba. Hukumar ‘Yancin Addinin Duniya ta Amurka (USCIRF) ta yaba da sauye-sauyen da aka yi a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2020, tare da kawar da Sudan daga cikin jerin ‘kasashen da suka damu musamman’ (inda ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 2000-2019), amma ya bukaci ‘yan majalisar Sudan da su soke wannan sabo. doka (Mataki na 125 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Sudan) kuma. == Halin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Sudan tun shekara ta 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1 == Haƙƙin LGBT == 'Yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, bisexual, da transgender (LGBT) a Sudan suna fuskantar ƙalubalen shari'a waɗanda ba mazauna LGBT ba. Namiji da mata duka{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2020}} maza da mata ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba a Sudan, tare da hukunce-hukuncen da suka hada da amma ba'a iyakance ga hukuncin kisa ba . Sai dai a watan Yulin 2020 an soke dokar luwadi da a baya ta hukunta mazan luwadi da bulala 100 a laifin farko, ɗaurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari na biyu da kuma hukuncin kisa a karo na uku, inda sabuwar dokar ta rage hukuncin zuwa gidan yari. sharuddan jere daga shekaru biyar zuwa rayuwa. Masu fafutukar LGBT+ na Sudan sun yaba da sake fasalin a matsayin 'babban mataki na farko', amma sun ce bai isa ba tukuna, kuma ƙarshen burin ya kamata ya zama haramta ayyukan lalata da 'yan luwadi baki daya. == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Sudan game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka. == Duba kuma == * 1998 Sudan yunwa * Aegis Students, ƙungiyar kare kisan kare dangi ta ɗalibai ta duniya, ta mai da hankali kan Sudan. * Aegis Trust * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Sudan * Satellite Sentinel Project == Bayanan kula == : 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Tun daga 1 ga Janairu. : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar cirewa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * ''Rahoton na musamman: Sudan'' in ''The Economist'' 15 Mayu 2004 * ''Side Dark Islam - The Orwellian State of Sudan'', The Economist, 24 Yuni 1995. * ''Sharia da IMF: Shekaru uku na juyin juya hali'', SUDANOW, Satumba 1992. * ''Takardun ƙarshe na Majalisar Dattijan Katolika ta Khartoum'', 1991. [ lura da "zalunci da tsananta wa Kiristoci"] * ''Muryar [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|kare hakkin dan Adam]]'', wanda Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Sudan ta buga, juzu'i na 1, fitowa ta 3, Yuli/Agusta 1992 [cikakkun rufe majami'u da karfi, korar limaman coci, tilasta wa jama'a gudun hijira, tilasta musulunta da kuma Larabawa, da sauran matakan danniya na Gwamnati. ]. * ''Sudan - Cry for Peace'', wanda Pax Christi International ya buga, Brussels, Belgium, 1994 * ''Sudan - 'Yan Gudun Hijira a ƙasarsu: Tilastawa 'Yan Kwango da Muhallansu Daga Khartoum'', a Juzu'i na 4, fitowa ta 10, na Labarai daga Africa Watch, 10 ga Yuli 1992. * ''take hakkin Dan Adam a Sudan'', ta Sudan Human Rights Organisation, Fabrairu 1994. * ''Bayanin Pax Romana na Macram Max Gassis, Bishop na El Obeid, zuwa taro na hamsin na Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam, Geneva, Fabrairu 1994. na mutanen Nuba, na yau da kullun na fyade ga mata, bautar da yara, azabtar da firistoci da malamai, kona fastoci da masu koyarwa da rai, gicciye da yankan firistoci]'' == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://sudan-forall.org/iht.htm Girmamawa (IHTIRAM), Jaridar Sudan don Al'adun 'Yancin Dan Adam da Batutuwan Banbancin Al'adu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122175237/http://sudan-forall.org/iht.htm |date=2022-01-22 }} * [http://www.ryanspencerreed.com/ Asusun mai daukar hoto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121105820/http://www.ryanspencerreed.com/ |date=2021-01-21 }} - Hotunan gudun hijirar Sudan * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231085238/http://www.insightnewstv.com/refugees/ Rayuwa da 'Yan Gudun Hijira] * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/sudan/report-2011 Rahoton shekara ta 2011 na Amnesty International kan Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201215045/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/sudan/report-2011 |date=2015-02-01 }} * [https://www.hrw.org/doc?t=africa&c=sudan Human Rights Watch ta yi rahoto kan Sudan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051214065150/http://www.fmreview.org/sudan.htm Sharhin Hijira Tilastawa] * [https://archive.today/20040812084144/http://www.persecution.org/newsite/countryinfodetail.php?countrycode=11 Damuwa Kirista ta Duniya] * [http://www.colorq.org/HumanRights/ LauniQ 1996-1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225180814/http://www.colorq.org/humanrights/ |date=2022-02-25 }} * [http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/commission/country52/62-sdn.htm An yi wa yarinya ‘yar shekara 12 fyade kafin a kashe ta] * [http://www.colorq.org/HumanRights/article.aspx?d=Sudan&x=famine Yunwar da dan Adam ya jawo: an lalata amfanin gona, an kai harin bam a cibiyoyin rarraba abinci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625051017/http://www.colorq.org/HumanRights/article.aspx?d=Sudan&x=famine |date=2022-06-25 }} * Musayar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ta kasa da kasa ta [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615185039/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/42/ sa ido kan hare-haren da ake kaiwa 'yan jarida a Sudan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001032809/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article204708.ece] * [http://www.johndaufoundation.org John Dau Sudan Foundation: Canjin kiwon lafiya a Kudancin Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906142908/http://www.johndaufoundation.org/ |date=2015-09-06 }} * [http://www.hiwaar.org Hiwaar Human Rights Advocacy Organisation: Yin aiki don daidaito] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324114921/http://www.hiwaar.org/ |date=2019-03-24 }} [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]] [[Category:Dokoki]] [[Category:Dokar Najeriya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] hnrnmpuaonnk6046qj39yi5daf4maof 0 30466 840236 540676 2026-05-26T04:55:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840236 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Dasrizal juara 1 MTQ Internasional Kuwait.jpg|thumb|Masu Kare yan ci Dan adam]] Haƙƙoƙin ɗan Adam a [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] wani batu ne mai matukar damuwa. Musamman ma yadda Kuwait ke tafiyar da rikicin Bedoon na rashin zaman lafiya ya fuskanci babban suka daga ƙungiyoyin [[Ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan'adam|kare hakkin bil'adama]] na ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . Ƙasar Kuwait ce ta fi kowacce ƙasa yawan mutanen da ba su da jiha a ɗaukacin yankin. <ref name="una" /> <ref name="new" /> Har ila yau Kuwait na fuskantar babban suka game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam ga ƴan kasashen waje, mata, da mutanen LGBT . Ko kuma da yake dokar Kuwaiti (ciki har da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kuwait ) a ka'idar ta yi alkawarin kare duk 'yancin ɗan adam; Hanyoyin aiwatar da ayyukan da aka tsara don taimakawa kare haƙƙin ɗan adam suna da iyaka sosai a Kuwait.<ref name="unitednations" /><ref name="una"/><ref name="new" /><ref name="una"/><ref name="new" /> == Yarjejeniyoyi == Kuwait jam'iyya ce ga yawancin yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya, ciki har da.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/ratification-kuwait.html |title=Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties - Kuwait |publisher=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library |access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref> * Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu * Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan 'Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa * Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariyar launin fata * Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata * Ƙarin Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Bauta, Cinikin Bayi, da Cibiyoyi da Ayyuka makamantan Bauta * Yarjejeniya Ta Yakar Cin Hanci da Jama'a da Cin Hanci da Karuwancin Wasu. * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa * Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara * Yarjejeniya Game da Hani da Matakin Gaggawa don Kawar da Mafi Mummunan Siffofin Yin Aikin Yara * Yarjejeniya game da Tilastawa ko Aikin Tilas * [[Ƴancin Ƙungiya da Kariya na Haƙƙin Shirya Yarjejeniya|'Yancin Ƙungiya da Kare Haƙƙin Shirya Yarjejeniya]] * Soke Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikata Ta Tilas * Yarjejeniyar Wariya (Aiki da Sana'a). * Yarjejeniyar Yaki da Wariya a Ilimi == Badon == === Tarihi === Ƙasar Kuwait ce ta fi kowacce kasa yawan mutanen da ba su da jiha a ɗaukacin yankin. Mafi akasarin Bedoon na Kuwait marasa galihu na ƙabilar Arewa ne, musamman ƙungiyar Al-Muntafiq . Wasu tsirarun Bedoon marasa jiha a Kuwait na cikin al'ummar Ajam . Ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Dokar Ƙasa ta Kuwait 15/1959, duk Bedoon a Kuwait sun cancanci zama ɗan ƙasar Kuwait ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa. A aikace, an yi imanin cewa Ahlus-Sunnah na zuriyar Farisa ko kuma Saudiyya na kabila za su iya samun zama na Kuwaiti cikin hanzari yayin da Bedoon na zuriyar ƙabilar Iraqi ba zai iya ba. Sakamakon haka, Bedoon da yawa a Kuwait suna jin an matsa musu su ɓoye tarihinsu.<ref name="largest">{{cite news|url=https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/2012/11/28/the-gulf%25e2%2580%2599s-stateless-people-without-rights-decades-after-independence|title=The Gulf's Stateless People without Rights Decades after Independence|work=[[Human Rights First]]|language=en|access-date=2022-03-21|archive-date=2022-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113115346/https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/2012/11/28/the-gulf%25e2%2580%2599s-stateless-people-without-rights-decades-after-independence|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elaph.com/amp/Web/NewsPapers/2007/4/229670.html|title=بدون الكويت: كرة ثلج تتدحرج منذ 40 عاماً|work=[[Elaph]]|date=2007|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://platformpost.net/article/-27|title=أزمة الهوية الوطنية - د. فايز الفايز|work=Platform Post|author=Fayez Alfayez|date=February 26, 2021|language=ar|access-date=March 21, 2022|archive-date=February 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227125059/http://platformpost.net/article/-27|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="alarabi">{{Cite web|url=https://assafirarabi.com/ar/3094/2012/09/19/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%80%D9%80%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%88%D9%8A/|title=البدون فــي الكويـــت.. مواطنون بلا هوية|work=As-Safir Al-Arabi|author=Eman Shams Aldeen|date=September 19, 2012|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://law.unimelb.edu.au/centres/statelessness/critical-statelessness-studies-blog/critical-sociolinguistic-ethnography-as-a-lens-to-statelessness-a-case-from-the-bidoon-community-in-kuwait|title=Critical sociolinguistic ethnography as a lens to statelessness: a case from the Bidoon community in Kuwait|author=Ahmad Jaber|date=February 2021}}</ref><ref name="s" /><ref name="ohchr">{{Cite thesis|url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/Call/KuwaitBedoonCase.pdf|title=Report to the UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples - Annual Study. Bedoon Indigenous Rights in the Context of Borders, Migration and Displacement|publisher=[[OHCHR]]|page=1–63|year=2019}}</ref><ref name="csm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1991/0820/20051.html|title=Stateless Bedoons Are Shut Out of Kuwait|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|year=1991}}</ref><ref name="north">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1947-94172018000200006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|title=The Bedoun Archive: A public archive created for the northern tribes Bedouin of Kuwait|author=Susan Kennedy Nour al Deen|year=2018|access-date=2022-03-21|archive-date=2021-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817194044/http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1947-94172018000200006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ajam">{{Cite web|url=https://ajammc.com/2018/03/01/two-deserts-kuwaiti-bidoon/|title=Between Two Deserts: Visual Vignettes from an Iranian-Kuwaiti Bidoon in New Mexico|author=Ajam Media Collective|year=2018}}</ref> Daga shekara t 1965 har zuwa shekara ta 1985, Bedoon ana kula da su a matsayin ƴan ƙasar Kuwaiti kuma an ba su tabbacin zama ɗan ƙasa: suna da damar samun ilimi kyauta, kiwon lafiya da duk sauran gata na zama ɗan ƙasa. Bedoon mara ƙasa ya ƙunshi 80-90% na Sojojin Kuwaiti a cikin shekara ta 1970s da shekara ta 1980s har zuwa Yaƙin Gulf.<ref name="rights">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4somFYg1REC&pg=PA98|title=The Human Rights of Non-citizens|author=David S. Weissbrodt|year=2008|page=98|isbn=9780199547821}}</ref><ref name="dis">{{Cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/03/kuwait-bedoon-naturalization.html|title=Is Kuwait Serious About Bedoon Naturalization?|author=[[Mona Kareem]]|year=2013}}</ref><ref name="un">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/Call/KuwaitBedoonCase.pdf|title=The National Project to Resolve the Kuwaiti Bedoon Case (Kuwait) End Statelessness Foundation (Australia) - 1 February, 2019 Report to the UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples - Annual Study - Bedoon Indigenous Rights in the Context of Borders, Migration and Displacement|page=23}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1985 a tsayin yaƙin Iran-Iraki, Bedoon an sake sanya su a matsayin "mazauna ba bisa ka'ida ba" kuma an hana su zama 'yan ƙasa na Kuwaiti da kuma abubuwan da ke tare da shi. Yakin Iran-Iraki ya yi barazana ga zaman lafiyar cikin Kuwait kuma hukumomi na fargabar asalin kungiyar Bedoon maras kasa. <ref name="refworld" /> Batun Bedoon a Kuwait "ya ci karo da abubuwan tarihi game da tasirin Iraqi a cikin Kuwait", tare da da yawa daga cikin waɗanda aka hana 'yan asalin Kuwaiti an yi imanin sun fito ne daga Iraki.<ref name="una" /><ref name="refworld" /><ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/31/world/kuwait-city-journal-the-bedoons-outcasts-in-the-land-they-served.html|title=Kuwait City Journal; The Bedoons: Outcasts in the Land They Served|work=[[The New York Times]]|year=1991}}</ref> The Iran–Iraq War threatened Kuwait's internal stability and the authorities feared the sectarian background of the stateless Bedoon.<ref name="refworld" /> The Bedoon issue in Kuwait “overlaps with historic sensitivities about [[Iraqis|Iraqi]] influence inside Kuwait”, with many of those denied Kuwaiti nationality being believed to have originated from Iraq.<ref name="aus">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1144440/1930_1302700136_kwt37495.pdf|title=Australian Government - Bedoon|page=3}}</ref> A cikin 1985, sarki Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, ya tsallake rijiya da baya a yunkurin kisa . Bayan yunkurin kisan gillar, gwamnati ta canza matsayin Bedoon daga na mazauna doka zuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba . A shekara ta 1986, Bedoon an cire su gaba ɗaya daga haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin na ƴan Kuwaiti.<ref name="newyorktimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/26/world/car-bomber-fails-in-attempt-to-kill-leader-of-kuwait.html|title=CAR BOMBER FAILS IN ATTEMPT TO KILL LEADER OF KUWAIT|work=[[The New York Times]]|year=1985}}</ref><ref name="washingtinpost">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/05/26/kuwaiti-ruler-eludes-attack-by-car-bomber/62972d81-e59e-47eb-9f57-80370819610f/|title=Kuwaiti Ruler Eludes Attack By Car-Bomber|work=[[The Washington Post]]|year=1985}}</ref> Tun 1986, gwamnatin Kuwaiti ta ƙi ba da kowane nau'i na takaddun shaida ga Bedoon, gami da takaddun haihuwa, takaddun mutuwa, katunan shaida, takaddun aure, da lasisin tuƙi. Bedoon kuma yana fuskantar hani da yawa a aikin yi, balaguro da ilimi. Ba a ba su izinin koyar da 'ya'yansu a makarantun jiha da jami'o'i. A cikin shekara ta 1995, [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai Bedoon 300,000 da ba su da ƙasa, kuma gwamnatin Burtaniya ta maimaita wannan adadin a hukumance. A cewar wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama, kasar Kuwait na aikata kisan kiyashi na kabilanci da kuma kisan kiyashi ga Bedoon mara kasar. Rikicin Bedoon na Kuwaiti yayi kama da rikicin Rohingya a [[Myanmar]] . A shekara ta 1995, an ba da rahoto a majalisar dokokin [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] cewa, dangin da ke mulkin Al Sabah sun kori Bedoon 150,000 da ba su da jiha zuwa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a cikin hamadar Kuwaiti da ke kusa da kan iyakar Iraki da karancin abinci, rashin isasshen abinci da matsuguni, kuma an yi musu barazanar kisa. idan sun koma gidajensu a birnin Kuwait. Sakamakon haka, da yawa daga cikin Bedoon da ba su da ƙasa sun yi gudun hijira zuwa Iraki, inda har yau suke zama marasa gida. Ana kuma zargin gwamnatin Kuwaiti da yunkurin karya kasarsu a cikin takardun hukuma. An samu rahotannin bacewar tilas da manyan kaburburan Bedoon. <ref name="new" /> <ref name="north" /> Rahoton Human Rights Watch na 1995 ya ce:<blockquote>“Jimillar abin da ake yi wa Bedoons ya yi daidai da manufar mayar da su zama kamar wariyar launin fata a cikin ƙasarsu. Manufar gwamnatin Kuwaiti na cin zarafi da tursasawa Bedoons da hana su yancin zama na halal, aiki, tafiye-tafiye da motsi, ya saba wa ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ƙin zama ɗan ƙasa ga Bedoon a fili ya keta dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Hana Bedoons ‘yancin kai ƙarar kotu don ƙalubalantar hukuncin gwamnati game da iƙirarinsu na zama ɗan ƙasa da zama na halal a ƙasar ya saba wa ’yancin duniya na bin doka da daidaito a gaban doka.” </blockquote>Dan majalisar dokokin Burtaniya George Galloway ya ce:<blockquote>“Daga cikin duk ta’asar da ake ta’addancin da ‘yan uwa masu mulki suka yi a kasar Kuwait, mafi muni kuma mafi girma shi ne wanda aka fi sani da Bedoon. Akwai Bedoons sama da 300,000 - kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar ƙasar Kuwait. Rabin su—150,000—aka kai su sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira da ke cikin hamadar da ke kan iyakar Iraqi da gwamnatin ta bar su su gasa su kuma su rube. Sauran 150,000 ba a kula da su a matsayin masu aji na biyu ko ma ƴan aji biyar, amma ba kamar kowane ɗan ƙasa ba. Ba su da wani hakki. Abin kunya ne cewa kusan babu wani a duniya da ya damu da halin da mutane 300,000 ke ciki, 150,000 daga cikinsu sun kori daga ƙasar da suka zauna a cikinta [lokacin da] da yawa suka zauna a yankin Kuwaiti shekaru da yawa. </blockquote>A shekara ta 2004, Bedoon ya kai kashi 40% na Sojojin Kuwaiti, babban raguwa daga kasancewarsu a shekarun 1970 da 1980. A shekara ta 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kiyasta cewa akwai 110,729 <nowiki>''</nowiki>takardu<nowiki>''</nowiki> Bedoon a Kuwait, ba tare da bayar da jimillar kiyasin ba, amma lura da cewa duk mutanen da ba su da kasa a Kuwait na ci gaba da fuskantar barazanar tsanantawa da take hakin bil'adama. An rarraba Bedoon gabaɗaya zuwa rukuni uku: kabilu marasa jiha, ƴan sanda/soja marasa jiha da kuma yaran matan Kuwaiti waɗanda suka auri maza Bedoon. A cewar gwamnatin Kuwait, akwai "Bodocument" 93,000 a Kuwait. <ref name="ukgove" /> A cikin 2018, gwamnatin Kuwaiti ta yi iƙirarin cewa za ta ba da Bedoon har 4,000 marasa jiha a kowace shekara amma ana ganin hakan ba zai yuwu ba. A cikin 2019, ofishin jakadancin Iran a Kuwait ya sanar da cewa yana ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Iran ga Bedoon wanda ba shi da ƙasa na zuriyar Iran. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawan [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]] a tsakanin Bedoon ya karu sosai.<ref name="hrw">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Kuwait.htm|title=THE Bedoons of Kuwaiy Citizens without Citizenship|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref name="british">{{Cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199495/cmhansrd/1995-10-23/Debate-14.html|title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 23 Oct 1995 - Parliament Publications|work=[[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|date=Oct 23, 1995}}</ref><ref name="new">{{Cite web|url=https://uprdoc.ohchr.org/uprweb/downloadfile.aspx?filename=7585&file=EnglishTranslation|title=Kuwait's humanitarian disaster Inter-generational erasure, ethnic cleansing and genocide of the Bedoon|publisher=[[OHCHR]]|year=2019}}</ref><ref name="s">{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/43213716|title=Kuwait's Laws and Policies of Ethnic Discrimination, Erasure and Genocide Against The Bedoon Minority Submission on 'Human Rights Protections for Minorities Recognised in the UN System'|work=Susan Kennedy Nour al Deen|year=2020}}</ref><ref name="ir">{{cite web|title=EASO Country of Origin Information Report Iraq Targeting of Individuals|work=[[European Asylum Support Office]]|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Iraq_targeting_of_individuals.pdf|pages=149–150}}</ref><ref name="iraq">{{Cite web|author=Charlie Dunmore and Edith Champagne in Basra, Iraq|date=10 October 2019|title=Citizenship hopes become reality for Iraq's Bidoon minority|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2019/10/5d9eda154/citizenship-hopes-become-reality-iraqs-bidoon-minority.html|work=[[UNCHR]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Response%20of%20the%20Kuwaiti%20Government%20to%20HRW_0.pdf|title=Report on the Human Rights Watch Report and Response to its Questions and Inquiries|author=Human Rights Watch, 350 Fifth Avenue 34th Floor, New York|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref name="united_nations2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-185085/|title=Mideast situation – Middle East Watch Report – Letter from Palestine|year=1991|work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><ref name="mass_graves_bedoon">{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca75227.html|title=Human Rights Watch World Report 1993 - Kuwait|work=Human Rights Watch|year=1993}}</ref><ref name="mass_graves_bedoon2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca5a23.html|title=Human Rights Watch World Report 1992 - Kuwait|year=1992|work=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref name="mass_graves_bedoon4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/14/opinion/l-in-kuwait-no-human-rights-progress-020591.html|title=In Kuwait, No Human-Rights Progress|year=1991|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="mass_graves_bedoon3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Mew-06.htm|title=Human Rights Developments Kuwait|year=1993|work=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2022-03-21|archive-date=2021-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817194751/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Mew-06.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="armytwo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dcaf.ch/content/download/33690/522597/version/1/file/ev_geneva_04071113_Alnajjar.pdf|title=Challenges of Security Sector Governance in Kuwait|pages=5–6|author=Ghanim Al-Najjar|year=2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417031049/https://www.dcaf.ch/content/download/33690/522597/version/1/file/ev_geneva_04071113_Alnajjar.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-17}}</ref><ref name="ukgove">{{cite web|title=United Kingdom Government - Bedoon|url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/51f7b27b4.pdf|pages=2}}</ref><ref name="refworld">{{cite web|title=United Kingdom Government - Bedoon|url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/51f7b27b4.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtimesonline.com/news/assembly-oks-bill-on-number-of-people-to-be-granted-kuwaiti-citizenship-in-18/|title=Assembly OKs bill on number of people to be granted Kuwaiti citizenship in '18|date=2018-03-21|website=ARAB TIMES - KUWAIT NEWS|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2019/09/09/Iran-offers-citizenship-to-stateless-people-with-Iranian-roots-in-Kuwait|title=Iran offers citizenship to stateless people with 'Iranian roots' in Kuwait|date=September 9, 2019|work=[[Al Arabiya]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alraimedia.com/article/861319/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86|title=طهران: مُستعدّون لتجنيس "البدون" الإيرانيين|date=September 8, 2019|work=Al Rai|language=ar}}</ref><ref name="una">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/39817003|title=Kuwait Bedoon - Special Rapporteurs, United Nations, Requesting Investigation of Kuwait's Treatment of the Bedoon|journal=Un Special Procedures Request}}</ref> === Injiniyan alƙaluma === Rashin ikon tsarin shari'ar Kuwaiti na yanke hukunci kan zama dan kasa ya kara dagula rikicin Bedoon, wanda hakan ya sa Bedoon ba shi da damar zuwa bangaren shari'a don gabatar da shaidu da kuma ɗaukaka ƙarar su na zama ɗan ƙasa. Duk da cewa waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasar ba su ne kashi 70% na yawan al'ummar Kuwaiti, dangin da ke mulkin Al Sabah sun ci gaba da kin amincewa da zama dan ƙasa ga mafi yawan wadanda ba 'yan kasar ba, gami da waɗanda suka cika sharuddan neman zama dan kasa kamar yadda aka tanada a cikin dokar ƙasa. Bisa ƙididdigar da ba a hukumance ba, kashi 60-80% na Bedoon na Kuwait Musulmi ne [[Shi'a|‘yan Shi’a]] kuma, a sakamakon haka, an yi imani da cewa batun Bedoon a Kuwait shine. mazhaba a yanayi. <ref name="sect" /> <ref name="shia" /> <ref name="sha" /> <ref name="alarabi" /> <ref name="edcoh" /> Hukumomin Kuwaiti sun ba da izinin ƙirƙira ɗaruruwan dubban ɗaruruwan dalilai na siyasa <ref name="unitednations" /> yayin da suke hana Bedoon zama ɗan ƙasa a lokaci guda. <ref name="unitednations" /> <ref name="alshahed" /> [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], masu fafutukar siyasa, malamai, masu bincike har ma da dangin Al Sabah ne suka lura da abubuwan da suka shafi siyasa. <ref name="unitednations" /> <ref name="alshahed" /> An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani nau'i na injiniyan alƙaluma da gangan kuma an kwatanta shi da manufofin ba da izini na siyasa na [[Baharen|Bahrain]] . <ref name="politicalnaturalization" /> <ref name="herb" /> A cikin }asashen GCC, ana kiran manufofin ba da ha}i}a na siyasa da ake kira “Nationalization” (التجنيس السياسي). <ref name="politicalnaturalization" /> Rashin ikon tsarin shari'ar Kuwaiti na yanke hukunci kan zama dan kasa ya kara dagula rikicin Bedoon, wanda hakan ya sa Bedoon ba shi da damar zuwa bangaren shari'a don gabatar da shaidu da kuma daukaka karar su na zama dan kasa. Duk da cewa wadanda ba 'yan kasar ba su ne kashi 70% na yawan al'ummar Kuwaiti, dangin da ke mulkin Al Sabah sun ci gaba da kin amincewa da zama dan kasa ga mafi yawan wadanda ba 'yan ƙasar ba, gami da wadanda suka cika sharuddan neman zama dan kasa kamar yadda aka tanada a cikin dokar ƙasa. Bisa kididdigar da ba a hukumance ba, kashi 60-80% na Bedoon na Kuwait Musulmi ne [[Shi'a|‘yan Shi’a]] kuma, a sakamakon haka, an yi imani da cewa batun Bedoon a Kuwait shine. mazhaba a yanayi. <ref name="sect" /> <ref name="shia" /> <ref name="sha" /> <ref name="alarabi" /> <ref name="edcoh" /> Hukumomin Kuwaiti sun ba da izinin ƙirƙira ɗaruruwan dubban ɗaruruwan dalilai na siyasa <ref name="unitednations" /> yayin da suke hana Bedoon zama ɗan ƙasa a lokaci guda. <ref name="unitednations" /> <ref name="alshahed" /> [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], masu fafutukar siyasa, malamai, masu bincike har ma da dangin Al Sabah ne suka lura da abubuwan da suka shafi siyasa. <ref name="unitednations" /> <ref name="alshahed" /> An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani nau'i na injiniyan alƙaluma da gangan kuma an kwatanta shi da manufofin ba da izini na siyasa na [[Baharen|Bahrain]] . <ref name="politicalnaturalization" /> <ref name="herb" /> A cikin }asashen GCC, ana kiran manufofin ba da ha}i}a na siyasa da ake kira “Nationalization” (التجنيس السياسي). <ref name="politicalnaturalization" /> === Masu neman mafaka a Turai === Yawancin Bedoon marasa gida a kai a kai suna ƙaura zuwa Turai a matsayin masu neman mafaka. Ƙasar Ingila ita ce mafi shaharar makoma ga masu neman mafakar Bedoom. A cewar ma'aikatar cikin gida Kuwait ita ce ƙasa ta takwas mafi yawan masu neman mafaka da ke tsallakawa tashar Ingilishi a kan kananan jiragen ruwa . == Yan uwa musulmi yan shia == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, 'yan Shi'a da yawa sun ba da rahoton shari'o'in [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]], bacewar tilastawa, [[Ƴancin gwaji|shari'ar rashin adalci]], [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba]], hukuncin kisa, da sauran cin zarafin bil'adama. <ref name="kidnapped_shia" /> <ref name="gchr" /> <ref name="gchr1" /> <ref name="torture" /> <ref name="un12" /> <ref name="un13" /> <ref name="zuhair" /> [[Kungiyar Kula Da Lafiya Ta Kasa Dan Wa'inda Aka Azabtar|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims]] da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] sun soki yadda hukumomin Kuwaiti ke mu'amala da abin da ake kira Abdali Cell. Tun daga Nuwambar shekara ta 2021, Kuwait ta tsare fiye da tsofaffi maza 'yan Shi'a Kuwaiti 18 ba bisa ka'ida ba ba tare da wani tuhuma ba. == 'Yan ƙasashen waje == Ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil'adama suna yawan sukar kasar Kuwait saboda take Haƙƙin dan adam da ake yi wa 'yan ƙasashen waje. 'Yan ƙasashen waje ke da kashi 70% na yawan al'ummar Kuwait. Tsarin kafala yana barin ’yan kasashen waje da dama da yin amfani da su. Korar gwamnati ta zama ruwan dare a Kuwait saboda ƙananan laifuffuka, gami da ƙananan keta haddi. Kuwait na daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi aikata laifukan safarar mutane a duniya. Dubban daruruwan 'yan kasashen waje ne ake fuskantar cin zarafi da dama na cin zarafin bil'adama da suka haɗa da rashin aikin yi na rashin son rai daga ma'aikata a Kuwait. Ana cin zarafinsu ta jiki da ta jima'i, rashin biyan albashi, rashin aikin yi, barazana, tsare gida, da hana fasfo don tauye musu 'yancin yin motsi. Masu cin zarafi da aka yi ta maimaitawa sun hada da MA Al-Kharafi &amp;amp; Sons da reshensa na Kharafi National wanda ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil'adama da rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta Kasa kan Hakkokin Dan Adam suka gabatar ga Kuwait. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da dama sun zargi Kuwaiti da manufofin wariyar launin fata ga 'yan kasashen waje. Ana daukar Kuwait ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi kyamar baki a duniya. === Rikicin diflomasiyya === A cikin shekara ta 2018, an sami rikicin diflomasiyya tsakanin Kuwait da Philippines saboda musgunawa ma'aikatan Philippines a Kuwait. Akwai kusan 241,000 Filipinos a Kuwait. Yawancin ma'aikatan baƙi ne, kuma kusan kashi 60% na Filipinos a Kuwait ana ɗaukarsu aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan gida . A cikin watan Yulin 2018, 'yar fashionista 'yar Kuwaiti Sondos Alqattan ta fitar da wani faifan bidiyo mai cike da cece-kuce yana sukar ma'aikatan gida daga Philippines. Da yawa daga cikin abokan cinikinta sun yi gaggawar tsine mata. A shekara ta 2020, an sami rikicin diflomasiyya tsakanin Kuwait da Masar saboda musgunawa ma'aikatan Masar a Kuwait. A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Ma'aikacin Ƙasashen waje na Masar Samih Maurice Bowles ya shigar da ƙararrakin hukuma game da Kuwait a gaban Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin tausayi ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa don azabtarwa, bacewar tilastawa, tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da sauran cin zarafin bil'adama<ref name="humanrightwatch" /><ref name="humanrightwatch" /><ref name="politicalnaturalization" /><ref name="unitednations">{{Cite web|work=[[United Nations]]|url=https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en%2FA%2FHRC%2F46%2FNGO%2F33|title=Human Rights Council, Forty-sixth session, 22 February–19 March 2021, Agenda item 3, Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development. Written statement* submitted by International Council. Supporting Fair Trial and Human Rights, a nongovernmental organization in special consultative status. The Secretary-General has received the following written statement which is circulated in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31.|date=17 February 2021|page=2|access-date=21 March 2022|archive-date=5 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405164006/https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en%2FA%2FHRC%2F46%2FNGO%2F33|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="politicalnaturalization" /><ref name="politicalnaturalization" /><ref name="extralegal" /><ref name="naturalize" /><ref name="rivka" /><ref name="herb">{{Cite book |author=[[Michael Herb]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laODBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT59|title=The Wages of Oil: Parliaments and Economic Development in Kuwait and the UAE|date = 18 December 2014|isbn = 9780801454684|quote=How then do we explain the naturalizations that have occurred in the Gulf states in the past, such as the granting of citizenship to thousands of bedu (bedouin) by Kuwait in the 1960s and 1970s? Typically these naturalizations were imposed by the ruling families and were designed to alter the demographic makeup of the citizen society in a way that made the power of the ruling families more secure}}</ref><ref name="unitednations" /><ref name="foreignpolicy" /><ref name="carn">{{Cite web|author=Justin Gengler|work=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/08/29/political-economy-of-sectarianism-in-gulf-pub-64410|title=The Political Economy of Sectarianism in the Gulf|date=August 29, 2016}}</ref><ref name="jadaliyya" /><ref name="rivka">{{Cite book |author=Rivka Azoulay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gurvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|title=Kuwait and Al-Sabah: Tribal Politics and Power in an Oil State|page=21|year=2020|isbn = 9781838605063}}</ref><ref name="pl" /><ref name="politicalnaturalization">{{Cite book |author=Rivka Azoulay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gurvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100|title=Kuwait and Al-Sabah: Tribal Politics and Power in an Oil State|pages=100–110|year=2020|isbn = 9781838605063|quote=Political naturalizations of tribesmen}}</ref><ref name="foreignpolicy">{{Cite web|author=Gwenn Okruhlik|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/02/08/the-identity-politics-of-kuwaits-election/|title=The identity politics of Kuwait's election|date=February 8, 2012}}</ref><ref name="extralegal">{{Cite web|author=Claire Beaugrand|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46519156.pdf|title=Statelessness and Transnationalism in Northern Arabia: Biduns and State Building in Kuwait, 1959-2009|page=137|quote=Extra-Legal Naturalisations and Population Statistics}}</ref><ref name="carn" /><ref name="naturalize">{{Cite book |editor=[[Frederic Wehrey]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5NODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186|title=Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East|date = February 2018|page=186|isbn = 9780190911195|quote=To counter the strong influence of Arab nationalism in the decades after independence in 1961, Kuwait naturalized more than 200,000 Bedouin tribesmen to serve as a reliable pro-government bloc in parliament.}}</ref><ref name="unitednations" /><ref name="jadaliyya" /><ref name="alshahed" />.<ref name="pl" /><ref name="politicalnaturalization" /><ref name="politicalnaturalization" /><ref name="extralegal" /><ref name="rivka" /><ref name="alshahed" /><ref name="alshahed">{{Cite web|url=https://alshahedkw.com/182290|title=اتقوا الله وجنِّسوا الكويتيين البدون|work=Al-Shahed Newspaper|author=Sheikh Sabah Al-Mohammad Al-Sabah|date=February 10, 2018|language=ar}}</ref><ref name="herb" /><ref name="politicalnaturalization" /><ref name="extralegal" /><ref name="rivka" />.<ref name="unitednations" /><ref name="pl" /><ref name="pl">{{Cite web|author=Andrzej Kapiszewski|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/214930677.pdf|title=Non-indigenous citizens and "stateless" residents in the Gulf monarchies. The Kuwaiti bidun.|page=70|year=2005}}</ref><ref name="jadaliyya" /><ref name="rivka" /><ref name="extralegal" /><ref name="extralegal" /><ref name="sect">{{Cite web|url=https://tribunalsdecisions.service.gov.uk/utiac/38287|title=Government of United Kingdom|quote=“The Kuwaiti Bedoon`s continued exclusion from nationality can only be understood in the light of the power struggle in a system which was largely based on [[sectarianism]] and tribalism within newly emerging emirates striving to assert their legitimacy and authority. The majority of the Bedoon are in fact an extended branch of tribes across the borders between Iraq, Iran, Syria and Saudi Arabia and are largely of the [[Shia Islam|Muslim Shi'ite faith]]”.}}</ref><ref name="sha">{{Cite web|url=http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612890/index.pdf|title=State formation of Kuwait|page=83}}</ref><ref name="shia">{{Cite web|url=https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/assets/hull:16877a/content|title=Exploring the perceptions of informed individuals about the education provisions of Bidoun in Kuwait|page=13}}</ref><ref name="alarabi" /><ref name="edcoh">{{Cite web |url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/interactive/amp/article/834567|title=כוויית: עושר רב לצד מתחים אתניים ודיכוי|work=[[Israel Hayom]]|language=he}}</ref><ref name="clive">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZ93Usv6ni4C&pg=PA99|title=Arabic Dialectology: In Honour of Clive Holes on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday|editor=Enam al-Wer, Rudolf Erik de Jong|volume=53|pages=99–100 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789047425595|year=2009}}</ref><ref name="sect" /><ref name="shia" /><ref name="sha" /><ref name="ran">{{Cite web|url=https://www.matthewteller.com/2013/01/14/stateless-in-kuwait/|title=Stateless in Kuwait|date=14 January 2013|quote=The Sunni ruling elite discriminate against the bidoon, many of whom are Shia.}}</ref><ref name="alarabi" /><ref name="pp">{{Cite web|url=http://platformpost.net/article/-16|title=خمسة أسباب لاستمرار قضية البدون - جابر الشريفي|work=Platform Post|author=Jaber Al-Sharefee|date=January 26, 2021|language=ar|access-date=March 21, 2022|archive-date=February 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227000439/http://platformpost.net/article/-16|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="edcoh" /><ref name="unitednations" /><ref name="alshahed" /><ref name="unitednations" /><ref name="alshahed" /><ref name="unitednations" /><ref name="politicalnaturalization" /><ref name="extralegal" /><ref name="rivka" /><ref name="herb" /><ref name="naturalize" /><ref>{{cite thesis|url=http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=history_theses |title=The Shia Migration from Southwestern Iran to Kuwait: Push-Pull Factors during the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries |publisher=[[Georgia State University]] |year=2010|author=Mohammad E. Alhabib |page=46}}</ref><ref name="foreignpolicy" /><ref name="pl" /><ref name="carn" /><ref name="alshahed" /><ref name="politicalnaturalization" /><ref name="herb" /><ref name="jadaliyya">{{cite web|url=https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/28458/Questioning-Sectarianism-in-Bahrain-and-Beyond-An-Interview-with-Justin-Gengler|title=Questioning Sectarianism in Bahrain and Beyond: An Interview with Justin Gengler|publisher=[[Jadaliyya]]|date=April 17, 2013 |author=John Warner}}</ref> == Raƙumi jockey == Wasan tseren raƙuma shahararriyar wasa ne a yawancin ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya. A da, ana ɗaukar yara aikin ’yan wasa kuma an ɗauke su da kyau kamar dabbobi. == Yaƙin Gulf == A cikin shekara ta 1990, [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] ta mamaye Kuwait; Sojojin Iraqi sun aikata laifukan take hakin bil adama da dama akan 'yan kasar Kuwaiti, Bedoon, da 'yan ƙasashen waje a Kuwait. An mayar da wasu zuwa Iraki kuma aka sake su daga baya. == Haƙƙoƙin mata == Ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin dan adam sun ci gaba da sukar rashin daidaiton matsayin mata a Kuwait. Kungiyar Ma'aikata [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta]] yi gargadi game da shingayen dagewa, na doka da kuma a aikace, kan turbar neman mata na samun cikakken daidaito. Alda Facio da Kamala Chandrakirana kwararu a fannin kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce duk da gagarumin nasarorin da aka samu, ana ci gaba da nuna wariya ga mata a cikin doka da kuma a aikace, musamman ta fuskar dokokin iyali da kabilanci, bisa tunanin dogaro da mace ga maza, wanda ya saba wa doka. ka’idar daidaito”. <ref name="auto" /> Ana cin zarafin mata musulmi a Kuwait a ƙarƙashin dokar iyali . Yaran da mahaifiyar Kuwaiti suka haifa, kuma uba wanda ba dan Kuwaiti ba, ba sa samun shaidar zama dan kasar Kuwait, sai dai idan ministan cikin gida ya zartar da doka. Matsayin Kuwait a cikin kima na duniya ya bambanta a tsawon shekaru. A cikin 2014, Kuwait ta kasance a matsayi na 113 na 142 a duniya a cikin Rahoton Gap na Duniya na Gender, ƙasar ta inganta matsayinta saboda karuwar yawan adadin kuɗin shiga. A cikin 2015, Kuwait ta kasance a matsayi na 117 daga cikin 145 a duniya a cikin Ƙididdigar Jinsi ta Duniya. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Kuwait ta kasance matsayi na 122 cikin 153 na duniya a cikin Rahoton Gap na Duniya. Game da GGGR subindex, Kuwait ta yi matsayi na 142 na 152 akan ƙarfafa siyasa 143 na 153 akan lafiya da rayuwa, 120 na 153 akan damar tattalin arziki, da 57 na 153 akan samun ilimi. A cikin 2021, Kuwait ta kasance 143 cikin 156 a duniya a cikin Rahoton Gap na Duniya . Game da GGGR subindex, Kuwait ya zabi 153 na 156 kan karfafa siyasa, 94 na 156 kan lafiya da rayuwa, 137 na 156 kan damar tattalin arziki, da 59 na 156 kan samun ilimi. <ref name="www3.weforum.org" /> A cikin 2013, 53% na matan Kuwaiti sun shiga aikin ma'aikata. Matan Kuwait sun zarce maza a ma'aikata. == Hakkin LGBT == Mutanen LGBT da ke zaune a Kuwait suna fuskantar dokokin wariya da halayen jama'a. Dokar hukunta laifuka ta ƙunshi wasu ƙa'idodi na gaba ɗaya game da [[wiktionary:debauchery|lalata]] da lalata waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don hukunta mutanen LGBT. * Mataki na 193 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka ya ladabtar da "mummunan jima'i tsakanin maza da suka cika shekaru (daga shekaru 21)" tare da daurin shekaru har zuwa shekaru bakwai. * Mataki na 198 ya haramta fasikanci na jama'a. A shekara ta 2008, an faɗaɗa dokar zuwa kuma ta haramta "koyi kamannin kamannin ɗan jinsi" tare da tara ko ɗauri. Ana fitar da 'yan kasashen waje da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau. == Yancin yada labarai == Ka'idar Muryar Intanet ta halatta a Kuwait. A cewar wani rahoto na 2009 daga Reporters without Borders, Kuwait ta tsunduma cikin aikin tacewa ta Intanet da kuma zaɓin zaɓi a wuraren tsaro. Babban manufar tacewa ta Intanet shine batsa. Ma’aikatar Sadarwa ta Kuwait ce ke sarrafa ISPs, inda ta sa su toshe hotunan batsa da gidajen yanar gizo na hana tsaro. <ref>[http://www.menassat.com/?q=en/media-landscape/state-media-5 "Kuwait: State of the media"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105051705/http://www.menassat.com/?q=en%2Fmedia-landscape%2Fstate-media-5 |date=2016-11-05 }}, Menassat</ref> == Duba kuma == * Siyasar Kuwait == Manazarta == {{Reflist|4}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070202223656/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/225/ Latsa a Kuwait] - IFEX * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070527162118/http://www.q8health.org/ Kiwon Lafiyar Kuwait - Inganta gyaran lafiya] * [http://www.iv-university.org/human-rights-court-protects-foreign-workers-in-kuwait/ Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam Ta Kare Ma'aikatan Kasashen Waje a Kuwait] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320172616/https://www.iv-university.org/human-rights-court-protects-foreign-workers-in-kuwait/ |date=2020-03-20 }} [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]] [[Category:Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki]] [[Category:Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m7opc3bj0quofl1ki3vwf7ji4l7mf2y 840237 840236 2026-05-26T04:56:02Z KiranBOT 35988 cire bin AMP daga URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|cikakkun bayanai]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|rahoton kuskure]]) v2.2.9s 840237 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Dasrizal juara 1 MTQ Internasional Kuwait.jpg|thumb|Masu Kare yan ci Dan adam]] Haƙƙoƙin ɗan Adam a [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] wani batu ne mai matukar damuwa. Musamman ma yadda Kuwait ke tafiyar da rikicin Bedoon na rashin zaman lafiya ya fuskanci babban suka daga ƙungiyoyin [[Ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan'adam|kare hakkin bil'adama]] na ƙasa da ƙasa da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . Ƙasar Kuwait ce ta fi kowacce ƙasa yawan mutanen da ba su da jiha a ɗaukacin yankin. <ref name="una" /> <ref name="new" /> Har ila yau Kuwait na fuskantar babban suka game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam ga ƴan kasashen waje, mata, da mutanen LGBT . Ko kuma da yake dokar Kuwaiti (ciki har da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kuwait ) a ka'idar ta yi alkawarin kare duk 'yancin ɗan adam; Hanyoyin aiwatar da ayyukan da aka tsara don taimakawa kare haƙƙin ɗan adam suna da iyaka sosai a Kuwait.<ref name="unitednations" /><ref name="una"/><ref name="new" /><ref name="una"/><ref name="new" /> == Yarjejeniyoyi == Kuwait jam'iyya ce ga yawancin yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya, ciki har da.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/ratification-kuwait.html |title=Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties - Kuwait |publisher=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library |access-date=25 June 2012}}</ref> * Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu * Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan 'Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa * Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariyar launin fata * Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata * Ƙarin Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Bauta, Cinikin Bayi, da Cibiyoyi da Ayyuka makamantan Bauta * Yarjejeniya Ta Yakar Cin Hanci da Jama'a da Cin Hanci da Karuwancin Wasu. * Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa * Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara * Yarjejeniya Game da Hani da Matakin Gaggawa don Kawar da Mafi Mummunan Siffofin Yin Aikin Yara * Yarjejeniya game da Tilastawa ko Aikin Tilas * [[Ƴancin Ƙungiya da Kariya na Haƙƙin Shirya Yarjejeniya|'Yancin Ƙungiya da Kare Haƙƙin Shirya Yarjejeniya]] * Soke Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikata Ta Tilas * Yarjejeniyar Wariya (Aiki da Sana'a). * Yarjejeniyar Yaki da Wariya a Ilimi == Badon == === Tarihi === Ƙasar Kuwait ce ta fi kowacce kasa yawan mutanen da ba su da jiha a ɗaukacin yankin. Mafi akasarin Bedoon na Kuwait marasa galihu na ƙabilar Arewa ne, musamman ƙungiyar Al-Muntafiq . Wasu tsirarun Bedoon marasa jiha a Kuwait na cikin al'ummar Ajam . Ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Dokar Ƙasa ta Kuwait 15/1959, duk Bedoon a Kuwait sun cancanci zama ɗan ƙasar Kuwait ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa. A aikace, an yi imanin cewa Ahlus-Sunnah na zuriyar Farisa ko kuma Saudiyya na kabila za su iya samun zama na Kuwaiti cikin hanzari yayin da Bedoon na zuriyar ƙabilar Iraqi ba zai iya ba. Sakamakon haka, Bedoon da yawa a Kuwait suna jin an matsa musu su ɓoye tarihinsu.<ref name="largest">{{cite news|url=https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/2012/11/28/the-gulf%25e2%2580%2599s-stateless-people-without-rights-decades-after-independence|title=The Gulf's Stateless People without Rights Decades after Independence|work=[[Human Rights First]]|language=en|access-date=2022-03-21|archive-date=2022-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113115346/https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/2012/11/28/the-gulf%25e2%2580%2599s-stateless-people-without-rights-decades-after-independence|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elaph.com/Web/NewsPapers/2007/4/229670.htm|title=بدون الكويت: كرة ثلج تتدحرج منذ 40 عاماً|work=[[Elaph]]|date=2007|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://platformpost.net/article/-27|title=أزمة الهوية الوطنية - د. فايز الفايز|work=Platform Post|author=Fayez Alfayez|date=February 26, 2021|language=ar|access-date=March 21, 2022|archive-date=February 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227125059/http://platformpost.net/article/-27|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="alarabi">{{Cite web|url=https://assafirarabi.com/ar/3094/2012/09/19/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%80%D9%80%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%88%D9%8A/|title=البدون فــي الكويـــت.. مواطنون بلا هوية|work=As-Safir Al-Arabi|author=Eman Shams Aldeen|date=September 19, 2012|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://law.unimelb.edu.au/centres/statelessness/critical-statelessness-studies-blog/critical-sociolinguistic-ethnography-as-a-lens-to-statelessness-a-case-from-the-bidoon-community-in-kuwait|title=Critical sociolinguistic ethnography as a lens to statelessness: a case from the Bidoon community in Kuwait|author=Ahmad Jaber|date=February 2021}}</ref><ref name="s" /><ref name="ohchr">{{Cite thesis|url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/Call/KuwaitBedoonCase.pdf|title=Report to the UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples - Annual Study. Bedoon Indigenous Rights in the Context of Borders, Migration and Displacement|publisher=[[OHCHR]]|page=1–63|year=2019}}</ref><ref name="csm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1991/0820/20051.html|title=Stateless Bedoons Are Shut Out of Kuwait|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|year=1991}}</ref><ref name="north">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1947-94172018000200006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|title=The Bedoun Archive: A public archive created for the northern tribes Bedouin of Kuwait|author=Susan Kennedy Nour al Deen|year=2018|access-date=2022-03-21|archive-date=2021-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817194044/http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1947-94172018000200006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ajam">{{Cite web|url=https://ajammc.com/2018/03/01/two-deserts-kuwaiti-bidoon/|title=Between Two Deserts: Visual Vignettes from an Iranian-Kuwaiti Bidoon in New Mexico|author=Ajam Media Collective|year=2018}}</ref> Daga shekara t 1965 har zuwa shekara ta 1985, Bedoon ana kula da su a matsayin ƴan ƙasar Kuwaiti kuma an ba su tabbacin zama ɗan ƙasa: suna da damar samun ilimi kyauta, kiwon lafiya da duk sauran gata na zama ɗan ƙasa. Bedoon mara ƙasa ya ƙunshi 80-90% na Sojojin Kuwaiti a cikin shekara ta 1970s da shekara ta 1980s har zuwa Yaƙin Gulf.<ref name="rights">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4somFYg1REC&pg=PA98|title=The Human Rights of Non-citizens|author=David S. Weissbrodt|year=2008|page=98|isbn=9780199547821}}</ref><ref name="dis">{{Cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/03/kuwait-bedoon-naturalization.html|title=Is Kuwait Serious About Bedoon Naturalization?|author=[[Mona Kareem]]|year=2013}}</ref><ref name="un">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/Call/KuwaitBedoonCase.pdf|title=The National Project to Resolve the Kuwaiti Bedoon Case (Kuwait) End Statelessness Foundation (Australia) - 1 February, 2019 Report to the UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples - Annual Study - Bedoon Indigenous Rights in the Context of Borders, Migration and Displacement|page=23}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1985 a tsayin yaƙin Iran-Iraki, Bedoon an sake sanya su a matsayin "mazauna ba bisa ka'ida ba" kuma an hana su zama 'yan ƙasa na Kuwaiti da kuma abubuwan da ke tare da shi. Yakin Iran-Iraki ya yi barazana ga zaman lafiyar cikin Kuwait kuma hukumomi na fargabar asalin kungiyar Bedoon maras kasa. <ref name="refworld" /> Batun Bedoon a Kuwait "ya ci karo da abubuwan tarihi game da tasirin Iraqi a cikin Kuwait", tare da da yawa daga cikin waɗanda aka hana 'yan asalin Kuwaiti an yi imanin sun fito ne daga Iraki.<ref name="una" /><ref name="refworld" /><ref name="nytimes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/31/world/kuwait-city-journal-the-bedoons-outcasts-in-the-land-they-served.html|title=Kuwait City Journal; The Bedoons: Outcasts in the Land They Served|work=[[The New York Times]]|year=1991}}</ref> The Iran–Iraq War threatened Kuwait's internal stability and the authorities feared the sectarian background of the stateless Bedoon.<ref name="refworld" /> The Bedoon issue in Kuwait “overlaps with historic sensitivities about [[Iraqis|Iraqi]] influence inside Kuwait”, with many of those denied Kuwaiti nationality being believed to have originated from Iraq.<ref name="aus">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1144440/1930_1302700136_kwt37495.pdf|title=Australian Government - Bedoon|page=3}}</ref> A cikin 1985, sarki Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, ya tsallake rijiya da baya a yunkurin kisa . Bayan yunkurin kisan gillar, gwamnati ta canza matsayin Bedoon daga na mazauna doka zuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba . A shekara ta 1986, Bedoon an cire su gaba ɗaya daga haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin na ƴan Kuwaiti.<ref name="newyorktimes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/26/world/car-bomber-fails-in-attempt-to-kill-leader-of-kuwait.html|title=CAR BOMBER FAILS IN ATTEMPT TO KILL LEADER OF KUWAIT|work=[[The New York Times]]|year=1985}}</ref><ref name="washingtinpost">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/05/26/kuwaiti-ruler-eludes-attack-by-car-bomber/62972d81-e59e-47eb-9f57-80370819610f/|title=Kuwaiti Ruler Eludes Attack By Car-Bomber|work=[[The Washington Post]]|year=1985}}</ref> Tun 1986, gwamnatin Kuwaiti ta ƙi ba da kowane nau'i na takaddun shaida ga Bedoon, gami da takaddun haihuwa, takaddun mutuwa, katunan shaida, takaddun aure, da lasisin tuƙi. Bedoon kuma yana fuskantar hani da yawa a aikin yi, balaguro da ilimi. Ba a ba su izinin koyar da 'ya'yansu a makarantun jiha da jami'o'i. A cikin shekara ta 1995, [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai Bedoon 300,000 da ba su da ƙasa, kuma gwamnatin Burtaniya ta maimaita wannan adadin a hukumance. A cewar wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama, kasar Kuwait na aikata kisan kiyashi na kabilanci da kuma kisan kiyashi ga Bedoon mara kasar. Rikicin Bedoon na Kuwaiti yayi kama da rikicin Rohingya a [[Myanmar]] . A shekara ta 1995, an ba da rahoto a majalisar dokokin [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] cewa, dangin da ke mulkin Al Sabah sun kori Bedoon 150,000 da ba su da jiha zuwa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a cikin hamadar Kuwaiti da ke kusa da kan iyakar Iraki da karancin abinci, rashin isasshen abinci da matsuguni, kuma an yi musu barazanar kisa. idan sun koma gidajensu a birnin Kuwait. Sakamakon haka, da yawa daga cikin Bedoon da ba su da ƙasa sun yi gudun hijira zuwa Iraki, inda har yau suke zama marasa gida. Ana kuma zargin gwamnatin Kuwaiti da yunkurin karya kasarsu a cikin takardun hukuma. An samu rahotannin bacewar tilas da manyan kaburburan Bedoon. <ref name="new" /> <ref name="north" /> Rahoton Human Rights Watch na 1995 ya ce:<blockquote>“Jimillar abin da ake yi wa Bedoons ya yi daidai da manufar mayar da su zama kamar wariyar launin fata a cikin ƙasarsu. Manufar gwamnatin Kuwaiti na cin zarafi da tursasawa Bedoons da hana su yancin zama na halal, aiki, tafiye-tafiye da motsi, ya saba wa ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ƙin zama ɗan ƙasa ga Bedoon a fili ya keta dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Hana Bedoons ‘yancin kai ƙarar kotu don ƙalubalantar hukuncin gwamnati game da iƙirarinsu na zama ɗan ƙasa da zama na halal a ƙasar ya saba wa ’yancin duniya na bin doka da daidaito a gaban doka.” </blockquote>Dan majalisar dokokin Burtaniya George Galloway ya ce:<blockquote>“Daga cikin duk ta’asar da ake ta’addancin da ‘yan uwa masu mulki suka yi a kasar Kuwait, mafi muni kuma mafi girma shi ne wanda aka fi sani da Bedoon. Akwai Bedoons sama da 300,000 - kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar ƙasar Kuwait. Rabin su—150,000—aka kai su sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira da ke cikin hamadar da ke kan iyakar Iraqi da gwamnatin ta bar su su gasa su kuma su rube. Sauran 150,000 ba a kula da su a matsayin masu aji na biyu ko ma ƴan aji biyar, amma ba kamar kowane ɗan ƙasa ba. Ba su da wani hakki. Abin kunya ne cewa kusan babu wani a duniya da ya damu da halin da mutane 300,000 ke ciki, 150,000 daga cikinsu sun kori daga ƙasar da suka zauna a cikinta [lokacin da] da yawa suka zauna a yankin Kuwaiti shekaru da yawa. </blockquote>A shekara ta 2004, Bedoon ya kai kashi 40% na Sojojin Kuwaiti, babban raguwa daga kasancewarsu a shekarun 1970 da 1980. A shekara ta 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kiyasta cewa akwai 110,729 <nowiki>''</nowiki>takardu<nowiki>''</nowiki> Bedoon a Kuwait, ba tare da bayar da jimillar kiyasin ba, amma lura da cewa duk mutanen da ba su da kasa a Kuwait na ci gaba da fuskantar barazanar tsanantawa da take hakin bil'adama. An rarraba Bedoon gabaɗaya zuwa rukuni uku: kabilu marasa jiha, ƴan sanda/soja marasa jiha da kuma yaran matan Kuwaiti waɗanda suka auri maza Bedoon. A cewar gwamnatin Kuwait, akwai "Bodocument" 93,000 a Kuwait. <ref name="ukgove" /> A cikin 2018, gwamnatin Kuwaiti ta yi iƙirarin cewa za ta ba da Bedoon har 4,000 marasa jiha a kowace shekara amma ana ganin hakan ba zai yuwu ba. A cikin 2019, ofishin jakadancin Iran a Kuwait ya sanar da cewa yana ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Iran ga Bedoon wanda ba shi da ƙasa na zuriyar Iran. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawan [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]] a tsakanin Bedoon ya karu sosai.<ref name="hrw">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Kuwait.htm|title=THE Bedoons of Kuwaiy Citizens without Citizenship|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref name="british">{{Cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199495/cmhansrd/1995-10-23/Debate-14.html|title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 23 Oct 1995 - Parliament Publications|work=[[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|date=Oct 23, 1995}}</ref><ref name="new">{{Cite web|url=https://uprdoc.ohchr.org/uprweb/downloadfile.aspx?filename=7585&file=EnglishTranslation|title=Kuwait's humanitarian disaster Inter-generational erasure, ethnic cleansing and genocide of the Bedoon|publisher=[[OHCHR]]|year=2019}}</ref><ref name="s">{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/43213716|title=Kuwait's Laws and Policies of Ethnic Discrimination, Erasure and Genocide Against The Bedoon Minority Submission on 'Human Rights Protections for Minorities Recognised in the UN System'|work=Susan Kennedy Nour al Deen|year=2020}}</ref><ref name="ir">{{cite web|title=EASO Country of Origin Information Report Iraq Targeting of Individuals|work=[[European Asylum Support Office]]|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Iraq_targeting_of_individuals.pdf|pages=149–150}}</ref><ref name="iraq">{{Cite web|author=Charlie Dunmore and Edith Champagne in Basra, Iraq|date=10 October 2019|title=Citizenship hopes become reality for Iraq's Bidoon minority|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2019/10/5d9eda154/citizenship-hopes-become-reality-iraqs-bidoon-minority.html|work=[[UNCHR]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Response%20of%20the%20Kuwaiti%20Government%20to%20HRW_0.pdf|title=Report on the Human Rights Watch Report and Response to its Questions and Inquiries|author=Human Rights Watch, 350 Fifth Avenue 34th Floor, New York|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref name="united_nations2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-185085/|title=Mideast situation – Middle East Watch Report – Letter from Palestine|year=1991|work=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><ref name="mass_graves_bedoon">{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca75227.html|title=Human Rights Watch World Report 1993 - Kuwait|work=Human Rights Watch|year=1993}}</ref><ref name="mass_graves_bedoon2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca5a23.html|title=Human Rights Watch World Report 1992 - Kuwait|year=1992|work=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref name="mass_graves_bedoon4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/14/opinion/l-in-kuwait-no-human-rights-progress-020591.html|title=In Kuwait, No Human-Rights Progress|year=1991|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="mass_graves_bedoon3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Mew-06.htm|title=Human Rights Developments Kuwait|year=1993|work=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2022-03-21|archive-date=2021-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817194751/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Mew-06.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="armytwo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dcaf.ch/content/download/33690/522597/version/1/file/ev_geneva_04071113_Alnajjar.pdf|title=Challenges of Security Sector Governance in Kuwait|pages=5–6|author=Ghanim Al-Najjar|year=2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417031049/https://www.dcaf.ch/content/download/33690/522597/version/1/file/ev_geneva_04071113_Alnajjar.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-17}}</ref><ref name="ukgove">{{cite web|title=United Kingdom Government - Bedoon|url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/51f7b27b4.pdf|pages=2}}</ref><ref name="refworld">{{cite web|title=United Kingdom Government - Bedoon|url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/51f7b27b4.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtimesonline.com/news/assembly-oks-bill-on-number-of-people-to-be-granted-kuwaiti-citizenship-in-18/|title=Assembly OKs bill on number of people to be granted Kuwaiti citizenship in '18|date=2018-03-21|website=ARAB TIMES - KUWAIT NEWS|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2019/09/09/Iran-offers-citizenship-to-stateless-people-with-Iranian-roots-in-Kuwait|title=Iran offers citizenship to stateless people with 'Iranian roots' in Kuwait|date=September 9, 2019|work=[[Al Arabiya]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alraimedia.com/article/861319/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86|title=طهران: مُستعدّون لتجنيس "البدون" الإيرانيين|date=September 8, 2019|work=Al Rai|language=ar}}</ref><ref name="una">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/39817003|title=Kuwait Bedoon - Special Rapporteurs, United Nations, Requesting Investigation of Kuwait's Treatment of the Bedoon|journal=Un Special Procedures Request}}</ref> === Injiniyan alƙaluma === Rashin ikon tsarin shari'ar Kuwaiti na yanke hukunci kan zama dan kasa ya kara dagula rikicin Bedoon, wanda hakan ya sa Bedoon ba shi da damar zuwa bangaren shari'a don gabatar da shaidu da kuma ɗaukaka ƙarar su na zama ɗan ƙasa. Duk da cewa waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasar ba su ne kashi 70% na yawan al'ummar Kuwaiti, dangin da ke mulkin Al Sabah sun ci gaba da kin amincewa da zama dan ƙasa ga mafi yawan wadanda ba 'yan kasar ba, gami da waɗanda suka cika sharuddan neman zama dan kasa kamar yadda aka tanada a cikin dokar ƙasa. Bisa ƙididdigar da ba a hukumance ba, kashi 60-80% na Bedoon na Kuwait Musulmi ne [[Shi'a|‘yan Shi’a]] kuma, a sakamakon haka, an yi imani da cewa batun Bedoon a Kuwait shine. mazhaba a yanayi. <ref name="sect" /> <ref name="shia" /> <ref name="sha" /> <ref name="alarabi" /> <ref name="edcoh" /> Hukumomin Kuwaiti sun ba da izinin ƙirƙira ɗaruruwan dubban ɗaruruwan dalilai na siyasa <ref name="unitednations" /> yayin da suke hana Bedoon zama ɗan ƙasa a lokaci guda. <ref name="unitednations" /> <ref name="alshahed" /> [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], masu fafutukar siyasa, malamai, masu bincike har ma da dangin Al Sabah ne suka lura da abubuwan da suka shafi siyasa. <ref name="unitednations" /> <ref name="alshahed" /> An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani nau'i na injiniyan alƙaluma da gangan kuma an kwatanta shi da manufofin ba da izini na siyasa na [[Baharen|Bahrain]] . <ref name="politicalnaturalization" /> <ref name="herb" /> A cikin }asashen GCC, ana kiran manufofin ba da ha}i}a na siyasa da ake kira “Nationalization” (التجنيس السياسي). <ref name="politicalnaturalization" /> Rashin ikon tsarin shari'ar Kuwaiti na yanke hukunci kan zama dan kasa ya kara dagula rikicin Bedoon, wanda hakan ya sa Bedoon ba shi da damar zuwa bangaren shari'a don gabatar da shaidu da kuma daukaka karar su na zama dan kasa. Duk da cewa wadanda ba 'yan kasar ba su ne kashi 70% na yawan al'ummar Kuwaiti, dangin da ke mulkin Al Sabah sun ci gaba da kin amincewa da zama dan kasa ga mafi yawan wadanda ba 'yan ƙasar ba, gami da wadanda suka cika sharuddan neman zama dan kasa kamar yadda aka tanada a cikin dokar ƙasa. Bisa kididdigar da ba a hukumance ba, kashi 60-80% na Bedoon na Kuwait Musulmi ne [[Shi'a|‘yan Shi’a]] kuma, a sakamakon haka, an yi imani da cewa batun Bedoon a Kuwait shine. mazhaba a yanayi. <ref name="sect" /> <ref name="shia" /> <ref name="sha" /> <ref name="alarabi" /> <ref name="edcoh" /> Hukumomin Kuwaiti sun ba da izinin ƙirƙira ɗaruruwan dubban ɗaruruwan dalilai na siyasa <ref name="unitednations" /> yayin da suke hana Bedoon zama ɗan ƙasa a lokaci guda. <ref name="unitednations" /> <ref name="alshahed" /> [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], masu fafutukar siyasa, malamai, masu bincike har ma da dangin Al Sabah ne suka lura da abubuwan da suka shafi siyasa. <ref name="unitednations" /> <ref name="alshahed" /> An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani nau'i na injiniyan alƙaluma da gangan kuma an kwatanta shi da manufofin ba da izini na siyasa na [[Baharen|Bahrain]] . <ref name="politicalnaturalization" /> <ref name="herb" /> A cikin }asashen GCC, ana kiran manufofin ba da ha}i}a na siyasa da ake kira “Nationalization” (التجنيس السياسي). <ref name="politicalnaturalization" /> === Masu neman mafaka a Turai === Yawancin Bedoon marasa gida a kai a kai suna ƙaura zuwa Turai a matsayin masu neman mafaka. Ƙasar Ingila ita ce mafi shaharar makoma ga masu neman mafakar Bedoom. A cewar ma'aikatar cikin gida Kuwait ita ce ƙasa ta takwas mafi yawan masu neman mafaka da ke tsallakawa tashar Ingilishi a kan kananan jiragen ruwa . == Yan uwa musulmi yan shia == A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, 'yan Shi'a da yawa sun ba da rahoton shari'o'in [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]], bacewar tilastawa, [[Ƴancin gwaji|shari'ar rashin adalci]], [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba]], hukuncin kisa, da sauran cin zarafin bil'adama. <ref name="kidnapped_shia" /> <ref name="gchr" /> <ref name="gchr1" /> <ref name="torture" /> <ref name="un12" /> <ref name="un13" /> <ref name="zuhair" /> [[Kungiyar Kula Da Lafiya Ta Kasa Dan Wa'inda Aka Azabtar|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims]] da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] sun soki yadda hukumomin Kuwaiti ke mu'amala da abin da ake kira Abdali Cell. Tun daga Nuwambar shekara ta 2021, Kuwait ta tsare fiye da tsofaffi maza 'yan Shi'a Kuwaiti 18 ba bisa ka'ida ba ba tare da wani tuhuma ba. == 'Yan ƙasashen waje == Ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil'adama suna yawan sukar kasar Kuwait saboda take Haƙƙin dan adam da ake yi wa 'yan ƙasashen waje. 'Yan ƙasashen waje ke da kashi 70% na yawan al'ummar Kuwait. Tsarin kafala yana barin ’yan kasashen waje da dama da yin amfani da su. Korar gwamnati ta zama ruwan dare a Kuwait saboda ƙananan laifuffuka, gami da ƙananan keta haddi. Kuwait na daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi aikata laifukan safarar mutane a duniya. Dubban daruruwan 'yan kasashen waje ne ake fuskantar cin zarafi da dama na cin zarafin bil'adama da suka haɗa da rashin aikin yi na rashin son rai daga ma'aikata a Kuwait. Ana cin zarafinsu ta jiki da ta jima'i, rashin biyan albashi, rashin aikin yi, barazana, tsare gida, da hana fasfo don tauye musu 'yancin yin motsi. Masu cin zarafi da aka yi ta maimaitawa sun hada da MA Al-Kharafi &amp;amp; Sons da reshensa na Kharafi National wanda ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil'adama da rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta Kasa kan Hakkokin Dan Adam suka gabatar ga Kuwait. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da dama sun zargi Kuwaiti da manufofin wariyar launin fata ga 'yan kasashen waje. Ana daukar Kuwait ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi kyamar baki a duniya. === Rikicin diflomasiyya === A cikin shekara ta 2018, an sami rikicin diflomasiyya tsakanin Kuwait da Philippines saboda musgunawa ma'aikatan Philippines a Kuwait. Akwai kusan 241,000 Filipinos a Kuwait. Yawancin ma'aikatan baƙi ne, kuma kusan kashi 60% na Filipinos a Kuwait ana ɗaukarsu aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan gida . A cikin watan Yulin 2018, 'yar fashionista 'yar Kuwaiti Sondos Alqattan ta fitar da wani faifan bidiyo mai cike da cece-kuce yana sukar ma'aikatan gida daga Philippines. Da yawa daga cikin abokan cinikinta sun yi gaggawar tsine mata. A shekara ta 2020, an sami rikicin diflomasiyya tsakanin Kuwait da Masar saboda musgunawa ma'aikatan Masar a Kuwait. A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Ma'aikacin Ƙasashen waje na Masar Samih Maurice Bowles ya shigar da ƙararrakin hukuma game da Kuwait a gaban Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin tausayi ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa don azabtarwa, bacewar tilastawa, tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da sauran cin zarafin bil'adama<ref name="humanrightwatch" /><ref name="humanrightwatch" /><ref name="politicalnaturalization" /><ref name="unitednations">{{Cite web|work=[[United Nations]]|url=https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en%2FA%2FHRC%2F46%2FNGO%2F33|title=Human Rights Council, Forty-sixth session, 22 February–19 March 2021, Agenda item 3, Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development. Written statement* submitted by International Council. Supporting Fair Trial and Human Rights, a nongovernmental organization in special consultative status. The Secretary-General has received the following written statement which is circulated in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31.|date=17 February 2021|page=2|access-date=21 March 2022|archive-date=5 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405164006/https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en%2FA%2FHRC%2F46%2FNGO%2F33|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="politicalnaturalization" /><ref name="politicalnaturalization" /><ref name="extralegal" /><ref name="naturalize" /><ref name="rivka" /><ref name="herb">{{Cite book |author=[[Michael Herb]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laODBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT59|title=The Wages of Oil: Parliaments and Economic Development in Kuwait and the UAE|date = 18 December 2014|isbn = 9780801454684|quote=How then do we explain the naturalizations that have occurred in the Gulf states in the past, such as the granting of citizenship to thousands of bedu (bedouin) by Kuwait in the 1960s and 1970s? Typically these naturalizations were imposed by the ruling families and were designed to alter the demographic makeup of the citizen society in a way that made the power of the ruling families more secure}}</ref><ref name="unitednations" /><ref name="foreignpolicy" /><ref name="carn">{{Cite web|author=Justin Gengler|work=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/08/29/political-economy-of-sectarianism-in-gulf-pub-64410|title=The Political Economy of Sectarianism in the Gulf|date=August 29, 2016}}</ref><ref name="jadaliyya" /><ref name="rivka">{{Cite book |author=Rivka Azoulay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gurvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|title=Kuwait and Al-Sabah: Tribal Politics and Power in an Oil State|page=21|year=2020|isbn = 9781838605063}}</ref><ref name="pl" /><ref name="politicalnaturalization">{{Cite book |author=Rivka Azoulay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gurvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100|title=Kuwait and Al-Sabah: Tribal Politics and Power in an Oil State|pages=100–110|year=2020|isbn = 9781838605063|quote=Political naturalizations of tribesmen}}</ref><ref name="foreignpolicy">{{Cite web|author=Gwenn Okruhlik|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/02/08/the-identity-politics-of-kuwaits-election/|title=The identity politics of Kuwait's election|date=February 8, 2012}}</ref><ref name="extralegal">{{Cite web|author=Claire Beaugrand|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46519156.pdf|title=Statelessness and Transnationalism in Northern Arabia: Biduns and State Building in Kuwait, 1959-2009|page=137|quote=Extra-Legal Naturalisations and Population Statistics}}</ref><ref name="carn" /><ref name="naturalize">{{Cite book |editor=[[Frederic Wehrey]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5NODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186|title=Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East|date = February 2018|page=186|isbn = 9780190911195|quote=To counter the strong influence of Arab nationalism in the decades after independence in 1961, Kuwait naturalized more than 200,000 Bedouin tribesmen to serve as a reliable pro-government bloc in parliament.}}</ref><ref name="unitednations" /><ref name="jadaliyya" /><ref name="alshahed" />.<ref name="pl" /><ref name="politicalnaturalization" /><ref name="politicalnaturalization" /><ref name="extralegal" /><ref name="rivka" /><ref name="alshahed" /><ref name="alshahed">{{Cite web|url=https://alshahedkw.com/182290|title=اتقوا الله وجنِّسوا الكويتيين البدون|work=Al-Shahed Newspaper|author=Sheikh Sabah Al-Mohammad Al-Sabah|date=February 10, 2018|language=ar}}</ref><ref name="herb" /><ref name="politicalnaturalization" /><ref name="extralegal" /><ref name="rivka" />.<ref name="unitednations" /><ref name="pl" /><ref name="pl">{{Cite web|author=Andrzej Kapiszewski|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/214930677.pdf|title=Non-indigenous citizens and "stateless" residents in the Gulf monarchies. The Kuwaiti bidun.|page=70|year=2005}}</ref><ref name="jadaliyya" /><ref name="rivka" /><ref name="extralegal" /><ref name="extralegal" /><ref name="sect">{{Cite web|url=https://tribunalsdecisions.service.gov.uk/utiac/38287|title=Government of United Kingdom|quote=“The Kuwaiti Bedoon`s continued exclusion from nationality can only be understood in the light of the power struggle in a system which was largely based on [[sectarianism]] and tribalism within newly emerging emirates striving to assert their legitimacy and authority. The majority of the Bedoon are in fact an extended branch of tribes across the borders between Iraq, Iran, Syria and Saudi Arabia and are largely of the [[Shia Islam|Muslim Shi'ite faith]]”.}}</ref><ref name="sha">{{Cite web|url=http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612890/index.pdf|title=State formation of Kuwait|page=83}}</ref><ref name="shia">{{Cite web|url=https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/assets/hull:16877a/content|title=Exploring the perceptions of informed individuals about the education provisions of Bidoun in Kuwait|page=13}}</ref><ref name="alarabi" /><ref name="edcoh">{{Cite web |url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/interactive/amp/article/834567|title=כוויית: עושר רב לצד מתחים אתניים ודיכוי|work=[[Israel Hayom]]|language=he}}</ref><ref name="clive">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZ93Usv6ni4C&pg=PA99|title=Arabic Dialectology: In Honour of Clive Holes on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday|editor=Enam al-Wer, Rudolf Erik de Jong|volume=53|pages=99–100 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789047425595|year=2009}}</ref><ref name="sect" /><ref name="shia" /><ref name="sha" /><ref name="ran">{{Cite web|url=https://www.matthewteller.com/2013/01/14/stateless-in-kuwait/|title=Stateless in Kuwait|date=14 January 2013|quote=The Sunni ruling elite discriminate against the bidoon, many of whom are Shia.}}</ref><ref name="alarabi" /><ref name="pp">{{Cite web|url=http://platformpost.net/article/-16|title=خمسة أسباب لاستمرار قضية البدون - جابر الشريفي|work=Platform Post|author=Jaber Al-Sharefee|date=January 26, 2021|language=ar|access-date=March 21, 2022|archive-date=February 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227000439/http://platformpost.net/article/-16|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="edcoh" /><ref name="unitednations" /><ref name="alshahed" /><ref name="unitednations" /><ref name="alshahed" /><ref name="unitednations" /><ref name="politicalnaturalization" /><ref name="extralegal" /><ref name="rivka" /><ref name="herb" /><ref name="naturalize" /><ref>{{cite thesis|url=http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=history_theses |title=The Shia Migration from Southwestern Iran to Kuwait: Push-Pull Factors during the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries |publisher=[[Georgia State University]] |year=2010|author=Mohammad E. Alhabib |page=46}}</ref><ref name="foreignpolicy" /><ref name="pl" /><ref name="carn" /><ref name="alshahed" /><ref name="politicalnaturalization" /><ref name="herb" /><ref name="jadaliyya">{{cite web|url=https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/28458/Questioning-Sectarianism-in-Bahrain-and-Beyond-An-Interview-with-Justin-Gengler|title=Questioning Sectarianism in Bahrain and Beyond: An Interview with Justin Gengler|publisher=[[Jadaliyya]]|date=April 17, 2013 |author=John Warner}}</ref> == Raƙumi jockey == Wasan tseren raƙuma shahararriyar wasa ne a yawancin ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya. A da, ana ɗaukar yara aikin ’yan wasa kuma an ɗauke su da kyau kamar dabbobi. == Yaƙin Gulf == A cikin shekara ta 1990, [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] ta mamaye Kuwait; Sojojin Iraqi sun aikata laifukan take hakin bil adama da dama akan 'yan kasar Kuwaiti, Bedoon, da 'yan ƙasashen waje a Kuwait. An mayar da wasu zuwa Iraki kuma aka sake su daga baya. == Haƙƙoƙin mata == Ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin dan adam sun ci gaba da sukar rashin daidaiton matsayin mata a Kuwait. Kungiyar Ma'aikata [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta]] yi gargadi game da shingayen dagewa, na doka da kuma a aikace, kan turbar neman mata na samun cikakken daidaito. Alda Facio da Kamala Chandrakirana kwararu a fannin kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce duk da gagarumin nasarorin da aka samu, ana ci gaba da nuna wariya ga mata a cikin doka da kuma a aikace, musamman ta fuskar dokokin iyali da kabilanci, bisa tunanin dogaro da mace ga maza, wanda ya saba wa doka. ka’idar daidaito”. <ref name="auto" /> Ana cin zarafin mata musulmi a Kuwait a ƙarƙashin dokar iyali . Yaran da mahaifiyar Kuwaiti suka haifa, kuma uba wanda ba dan Kuwaiti ba, ba sa samun shaidar zama dan kasar Kuwait, sai dai idan ministan cikin gida ya zartar da doka. Matsayin Kuwait a cikin kima na duniya ya bambanta a tsawon shekaru. A cikin 2014, Kuwait ta kasance a matsayi na 113 na 142 a duniya a cikin Rahoton Gap na Duniya na Gender, ƙasar ta inganta matsayinta saboda karuwar yawan adadin kuɗin shiga. A cikin 2015, Kuwait ta kasance a matsayi na 117 daga cikin 145 a duniya a cikin Ƙididdigar Jinsi ta Duniya. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Kuwait ta kasance matsayi na 122 cikin 153 na duniya a cikin Rahoton Gap na Duniya. Game da GGGR subindex, Kuwait ta yi matsayi na 142 na 152 akan ƙarfafa siyasa 143 na 153 akan lafiya da rayuwa, 120 na 153 akan damar tattalin arziki, da 57 na 153 akan samun ilimi. A cikin 2021, Kuwait ta kasance 143 cikin 156 a duniya a cikin Rahoton Gap na Duniya . Game da GGGR subindex, Kuwait ya zabi 153 na 156 kan karfafa siyasa, 94 na 156 kan lafiya da rayuwa, 137 na 156 kan damar tattalin arziki, da 59 na 156 kan samun ilimi. <ref name="www3.weforum.org" /> A cikin 2013, 53% na matan Kuwaiti sun shiga aikin ma'aikata. Matan Kuwait sun zarce maza a ma'aikata. == Hakkin LGBT == Mutanen LGBT da ke zaune a Kuwait suna fuskantar dokokin wariya da halayen jama'a. Dokar hukunta laifuka ta ƙunshi wasu ƙa'idodi na gaba ɗaya game da [[wiktionary:debauchery|lalata]] da lalata waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don hukunta mutanen LGBT. * Mataki na 193 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka ya ladabtar da "mummunan jima'i tsakanin maza da suka cika shekaru (daga shekaru 21)" tare da daurin shekaru har zuwa shekaru bakwai. * Mataki na 198 ya haramta fasikanci na jama'a. A shekara ta 2008, an faɗaɗa dokar zuwa kuma ta haramta "koyi kamannin kamannin ɗan jinsi" tare da tara ko ɗauri. Ana fitar da 'yan kasashen waje da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau. == Yancin yada labarai == Ka'idar Muryar Intanet ta halatta a Kuwait. A cewar wani rahoto na 2009 daga Reporters without Borders, Kuwait ta tsunduma cikin aikin tacewa ta Intanet da kuma zaɓin zaɓi a wuraren tsaro. Babban manufar tacewa ta Intanet shine batsa. Ma’aikatar Sadarwa ta Kuwait ce ke sarrafa ISPs, inda ta sa su toshe hotunan batsa da gidajen yanar gizo na hana tsaro. <ref>[http://www.menassat.com/?q=en/media-landscape/state-media-5 "Kuwait: State of the media"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105051705/http://www.menassat.com/?q=en%2Fmedia-landscape%2Fstate-media-5 |date=2016-11-05 }}, Menassat</ref> == Duba kuma == * Siyasar Kuwait == Manazarta == {{Reflist|4}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070202223656/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/225/ Latsa a Kuwait] - IFEX * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070527162118/http://www.q8health.org/ Kiwon Lafiyar Kuwait - Inganta gyaran lafiya] * [http://www.iv-university.org/human-rights-court-protects-foreign-workers-in-kuwait/ Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam Ta Kare Ma'aikatan Kasashen Waje a Kuwait] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320172616/https://www.iv-university.org/human-rights-court-protects-foreign-workers-in-kuwait/ |date=2020-03-20 }} [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]] [[Category:Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki]] [[Category:Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bt97e0mfaf4r5kbus53vszzprg1o0mg 0 30821 840251 523873 2026-05-26T09:17:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Hukumar kula da ƴan Gudun Hijira da baƙin haure da ƴan Gudun hijira ta ƙasa''' ( '''NCFRMI''' ), wacce a da aka fi sani da '''Hukumar ƴan Gudun Hijira''' ( '''NCFR''' ), hukuma ce ta [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya]], wacce aka kafa ta a ƙarƙashin doka ta hamsin da biyu 52 ta shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da tamanin da tara 1989 a yanzu Cap.N21, Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya, shekarar alif dubu biyu da huɗu 2004 (NCFRMI Act) don gudanar da al'amuran ƴan gudun hijira, da ƴan ci-rani a cikin Najeriya.Hukumar na ɗaya daga cikin hukumomi shida da ke ƙarƙashin kulawar ma’aikatar kula da jin ƙai da kula da bala’o’i da ci gaban al’umma ta tarayya Najeriya. Babban Kwamishinan tarayya ne yake jagorantar Hukumar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quadri |first=Ope |date=2019-10-29 |title=List Of 6 Agencies Under The Ministry Of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management, And Social Development (FMHDS) |url=https://infomediang.com/list-of-agencies-under-ministry-of-humanitarian-affairs-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127053919/https://infomediang.com/list-of-agencies-under-ministry-of-humanitarian-affairs-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-25 |title=Before Refugees Commission goes from bad to worse |url=https://www.thecable.ng/before-refugees-commission-goes-from-bad-to-worse |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=TheCable |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517082903/https://www.thecable.ng/before-refugees-commission-goes-from-bad-to-worse |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-22 |title=NCFRMI/UNHCR and Task of managing Refugees in Nigeria |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/02/ncfrmi-unhcr-and-task-of-managing-refugees-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=Nigerian govt to provide 350,000 IDPs with start-up skills, capital |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/420500-nigerian-govt-to-provide-350000-idps-with-start-up-skills-capital.html |access-date=2022-03-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Asali == Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ce ta kafa hukumar kula da ƴan gudun hijira da baƙin haure da ƴan gudun hijira ta ƙasa domin cika ƙudurin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai lamba ɗari uku da goma sha tara 319(IV) a ƙarƙashin sashe na talatin da biyar 35 na yarjejeniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da hamsin da ɗaya 1951.A da dai an san hukumar ce ta ke gudanar da al’amuran ƴan gudun hijira kawai amma daga baya tsohon shugaban Najeriya [[Olusegun Obasanjo|Cif Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya faɗaɗa ta a shekarar dubu biyu da biyu 2002. A shekara ta alif dubu biyu da ashirin da ɗaya 2021, Shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa Hon.Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim a matsayin kwamishinan tarayya na hukumar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=editor |date=2022-01-24 |title=Migration Policy to be Reviewed Soon, Says Commissioner |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/01/24/migration-policy-to-be-reviewed-soon-says-commissioner/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> == Jerin Kwamishinan dake wakiltar Hukumar == Tsofin kwamishinonin tarayya na hukumar da sabbin sun haɗa da: * [[Basheer Garba Mohammed|Senata Bashir Garba Mohammed (Lado)]] * Mai girma. [[Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim|Iman Sulaiman Ibrahim]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=editor |date=2022-01-24 |title=Migration Policy to be Reviewed Soon, Says Commissioner |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/01/24/migration-policy-to-be-reviewed-soon-says-commissioner/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> * Hajiya Hadiza Sani Kangiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Commission for Refugees, Migrants and Internally Displaced Persons to Partner with NIMC |url=https://nimc.gov.ng/national-commission-for-refugees-migrants-and-internally-displaced-persons-to-partner-with-nimc/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=National Identity Management Commission |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} q2q8p0p7ot7plz6o6fbq9que8wi7506 0 36806 840250 534290 2026-05-26T08:44:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:National Commission for Museum and Monument. Ticket.jpg|thumb|Hukumar kula da tahiri]] '''Hukumar kula da gidajen tarihi da tarihi ta kasa (NCMM)''', wacce kuma ake kira da '''National Museum''' of Nigeria an kafa ta ne a shekara ta 1979, da gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta kafa tare da doka 77, na shekara ta 1979, don kula da tattarawa, takardu, adanawa da gabatar da kayan tarihi na kasa. Kayayyakin al'adu ga jama'a don dalilai na Ilimi, Fadakarwa da Nishadantarwa. Wannan doka ta amince da hukumar kula da gidajen tarihi da tarihi ta kasa a matsayin maye gurbin duka ma’aikatar adana kayan tarihi ta Najeriya da hukumar kula da kayayyakin tarihi. Tun daga shekara ta 1990, aka sauya dokar da NCMM ACT, CAP 242 na dokar Tarayyar Najeriya 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 1979 |title=Nigeria, National Commission for Museums and monuments, Decree n° 77 |url=http://www.african-archaeology.net/heritage_laws/nigeria_28091979.html |url-status=live |access-date=May 12, 2022 |website=The World Wide Web Library of AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Commission for Museums and Monuments Act |url=http://www.commonlii.org/ng/legis/num_act/ncfmama499/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=www.commonlii.org |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171133/http://www.commonlii.org/ng/legis/num_act/ncfmama499/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hedkwata da kantuna. == Hukumar kula da gidajen tarihi ta kasa (NCMM) tana da hedkwatar ta a Abuja, kuma hukumar tana kula da gidajen tarihi guda 52, dakunan karatu 10, cibiyoyin ilimi 1, lambun dabbobi 1, da kuma Monuments guda 65, wadanda suka hada da wuraren tarihi da na gine-gine da kuma na zahiri. kayan tarihi na al'adu da ke nuna wayewar farko akan [[Najeriya]]. Wadannan gidajen tarihi na kasa guda hamsin da biyu ne(52) sun bazu a fadin kasar nan, sun hada da National Museum of Colonial History Aba, National Museum Abakaliki, National Museum Abeokuta, National Museum Akure, National Museum Asaba, National Museum of Bauchi, National Museum Benin, National Museum of Birnin Kudu., National Museum Calabar, Gidan tarihin bayi Calabar, National Museum Damaturu, Museum of National Unity Enugu, National Museum Esie, National Museum of Gombe, National Museum of Hong, Museum of National Unity Ibadan, National Museum of National Unity Ibadan, National Museum Oko-Surulere, National Museum Igbo-Ukwu, National Museum Ile-Ife, National Museum Ilorin, National Museum Jos, National Museum Kanta, National Museum Kaduna, Gidan Makama National Museum Kano, National Museum Katsina, National Museum Koko, National Museum Lafia, National Museum of Lagos, National Museum Lokoja, National Museum Maiduguri, National Museum Makurdi, National Museum Minna, National Museum Nok, National Museum Ogbomosho, National Museum Oron, National Museum Osogbo, National Museum Owerri, National Museum Owo, National Museum Oyo, National Museum Port-Harcourt, National Museum Sokoto, Interpretation Center Sukur, National Museum War Umuahia, National Museum Uyo, National Museum Yenagoa da National Museum Yola. == Rukunan da NCMM ke gudanarwa. == Hukumar kula da gidajen tarihi ta kasa (NCMM) ta kuma kula da wuraren tarihi na UNESCO guda biyu wato Osun Osogbo Sacred Grove a jihar Osun. == Shugaba. == Darakta-Janar/Babban Babban Jami'in Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Tarihi (NCMM) shi ne Abba Isa Tijani, farfesa ne a fannin ilmin tarihi da al'adu, wanda [[Muhammadu Buhari|Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari]] ya nada shi a ranar 26 ga Agusta, 2020 a matsayin ɗan asalin ƙasa na bakwai. babban darakta-janar/Shugaba na hukumar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webadmin |date=Dec 5, 2020 |title=The Director General |url=https://museum.ng/the-director-general/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 12, 2022 |website=National Commission for Museums and Monuments}}</ref> == Jerin gidajen tarihi na kasa. == {| class="wikitable" |'''S/N''' |'''NAME OF MUSEUM''' |'''ADDRESS/PHYSICAL LOCATION''' |- |1 |National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Abuja (Headquarters) |Office of Head of Service, Federal Secretariat Complex, Block C, First Floor, Shehu Shagari Way, Abuja FCT. PMB, 171, Garki – Abuja |- |2 |National Museum of Colonial History, Aba |No. 6 Ikot Ekpene Road, Aba,Abia State. |- |3 |National Museum, Abakaliki |No. 6 St. Patrick Road, Kiriri, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State. |- |4 |National Museum, Abeokuta |Baptist Girls College, Idi-Aba, Abeokuta, Ogun State |- |5 |National Museum, Akure |Opposite Post Office, Oba Adesida Road, Akure, Ondo |- |6 |National Museum, Asaba |Mungo House Park, Asaba, Delta State. |- |7 |Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Mausoleum, Bauchi |Kofar Ran Road, Bauchi, Bauchi State |- |8 |National Museum, Benin |Ring Road, Benin City, Benin City, Edo State |- |9 |Rock Art Interpretive Centre, Birnin- Kudu |Kano-Bauchi Road, Birnin Kudu, Jigawa State |- |10 |National Museum, Calabar |Ekpo Eyo Drive, Calabar, Cross River State |- |11 |Slave History Museum, Calabar |Marina Resort, Calabar, CRS |- |12 |National Museum, Damaturu |Opposite Ben Kadio Housing Estate, Maiduguri Road, Damaturu, Yobe State |- |13 |National Museum of Unity, Enugu |65 Abakaliki Road, Enugu |- |14 |National Museum, Esie |Esie, Kwara State |- |15 |National Museum Gombe |Gombe Federal Secretariat Complex, Gombe City Centre, Gombe State. |- |16 |National Museum, Hong |Local Govt. Secretariat Complex, Hong, Adamawa State |- |17 |Institute of Archaeology & Museum Studies (I.A.M.S) |Opposite Central Bank Parking Space, Jos, Plateau State. |- |18 |National Museum of Unity, Ibadan |Alesinloye Area, Ibadan, Oyo State |- |19 |National Museum ICT Centre, Oko Surulere |National Museum, Oko Surulere, Ogbomosho, Oyo State. |- |20 |National Museum, Igbo-Ukwu |Km. 4, Umudege Ezinifite Road, Igbo-Ukwu, Aguata LGA, Anambra |- |21 |National Museum, Ile-Ife |Enuwa Square, Enuwa Ile-Ife, Osun State |- |22 |National Museum, Ilorin |14 Abdulkadri Road, GRA Ilorin, Kwara State |- |23 |National Museum, Jalingo |Besides Taraba State Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Jalingo |- |24 |National Museum, Jos |Jos, Plateau State |- |25 |National Museum, Kanta |Kanta Museum, Argungu, Kebbi State. |- |26 |Museum of Traditional Nigerian Architecture (MOTNA), Jos |Opposite High Court, Jos Plateau State |- |27 |Zoological Garden, Jos |Opposite Jos Museum Jos Plateau State |- |28 |Centre for Earth Construction Technology (CECTECH) |Opposite Jos Museum, Jos, Plateau State |- |29 |National Museum, Kaduna |No. 33, Ali Akilu Road, Kaduna, Kaduna State |- |30 |Gidan Makama, Museum, Kano |Opposite Emir’s Palace, Kano city, Kano State. |- |31 |National Museum, Katsina |Kofa Uku, along Mohamadu Dikko Road, Katsina State. |- |32 |National Museum, Koko |Nana Living Spring Museum, Koko, Delta State |- |33 |National Museum, Lafia |Behind Deputy Governor’s Office, Shendam Road, Lafia, Nasarawa State |- |34 |National Museum, Lagos |King George V. Road, Onikan, Lagos State. |- |35 |National Museum of Colonial History, Lokoja |Lokoja, Kogi State. |- |36 |National Museum, Maiduguri |Custom Area, Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State |- |37 |National Museum, Makurdi |GP 4, Ahmadu Bello, Opp. Deputy Governor’s Office, Makurdi, Benue State. |- |38 |National Museum, Minna |Federal Secretariat Complex, Minna, Niger State |- |39 |National Museum, Nok |Kwoi-Jaba LGA, Kwoi, Kaduna State. |- |40 |National Museum, Ogbomosho |No. 3 Museum Street, Ogbomoso, Oyo State. |- |41 |National Museum, Oron |Oron, Akwa Ibom State |- |42 |National Museum, Osogbo |Ataoja’s Palace, Osogbo, Osun State. |- |43 |National Museum, Owerri |B65 Shell Camp, Off Orlu Road, Owerri Imo State. |- |44 |National Museum, Owo |Olowo’s Palace, Owo, Ondo State |- |45 |National Museum, Oyo |No.1 Palace Road, Aafin Oyo, Oyo State |- |46 |National Museum, Port Harcourt |Near No. 2 Hairle Street, Old GRA, Opp Delta Hotel, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. |- |47 |National Museum, Sokoto |Federal Secretariat Complex, Sokoto, Sokoto, Sokoto State. |- |48 |Interpretation Centre, Sukur |Mubi-Maiduguri Road, Sukur, Madagali Local Government, Adamawa State. |- |49 |National War Museum, Umuahia |War Museum Road, Ebite-Amafor, Isingwu by Ugwunchara, Umuahia, Abia State. |- |50 |National Museum, Uyo |Ring Road II, Aka Offot (Behind Ibom Hall), Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. |- |51 |National Museum, Yenagoa |Ijaw House, Sani Abacha Express Way, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. |- |52 |National Museum, Yola |No. 2 Mohammed, Tukur Road, Off Ahmadu Bello Way, Jimeta, Jimeta-Yola, Adamawa State. |} == Manazarta. == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje. == * [http://www.ncmm.gov.ng Hukumar kula da gidajen tarihi da tarihi ta kasa] [[Category:Tarihi]] [[Category:Tarihin 'yancin dan adam]] [[Category:Tarihin Arewacin Najeriya]] [[Category:Tarihin Hausawa]] [[Category:Tarihin Afrika]] onvxrdv07ly7d29pysjfrl17k2hja3y 0 47310 840263 355390 2026-05-26T11:04:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox generic}} '''Ibe Zito Ogbonna''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar 1983, a [[Sokoto (birni)|Sokoto]], [[Najeriya]]) tsohon ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke zaune a Ashdod, Isra'ila. == Sana'ar wasa == Zito ya bugawa Hapoel Tel Aviv daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2007. A cikin shekaru huɗu ya sami damar ci gaba da riƙe matsayinsa na 'sarkin kwallaye' na kulob ɗin. Bayan ya shafe shekaru huɗu a [[Isra'ila]] tare da Hapoel Tel Aviv, Ogbonna ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da CFR Cluj a Romania. Ya kuma samu buga wasanni biyu ne kawai ga ƴan ƙasar Romania, duk da cewa ya samu rauni a farkon kakar wasa ta bana, wanda hakan ya sa ya yi jinyar shekara guda. Daga nan sai aka sake Ogbonna akan kyauta ta CFR Cluj. Ya rattaɓa hannu a kulob ɗin [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Kaizer Chiefs|Kaizer Chiefs]] na Premier League a cikin watan Nuwamban 2008. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2012 zai je tattaunawa da FK Vardar. Ya sanya hannu tare da FK Vardar Skopje a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu. Ya koma [[Isra'ila]] a cikin shekarar 2017. == Iyali == Ya yi aure da Katia Ogbonna tun shekarar 2016. Ma'auratan suna da ƴaƴa mata biyu. == Girmamawa == * '''Kofin Kasar Isra'ila (2):''' ** 2006, 2007 * '''Laliga I (1):''' ** 2008 * '''Cupa Romaniei (1):''' ** 2008 * '''Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Macedonia ta farko (1):''' ** 2011-12 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{In lang|he}} [http://www.one.co.il/c.aspx?target=%2Fsitectr2%2Easp%3FCategoryID%3D1%26TableID%3D1%26TeamID%3D5%26PlayerID%3D31315%26Season%5FID%3D06%2D07%26nocache%3D1 Profile and statistics of Ibezito Ogbonna on One.co.il] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626140452/http://www.one.co.il/c.aspx?target=%2Fsitectr2%2Easp%3FCategoryID%3D1%26TableID%3D1%26TeamID%3D5%26PlayerID%3D31315%26Season%5FID%3D06%2D07%26nocache%3D1 |date=2007-06-26 }} * [http://www.nigerianplayers.com/player.asp?pID=336 Profile and statistics of Ibezito Ogbonna on NigerianPlayers.com] * [http://www.kaizerchiefs.com/default.asp?des=article&aid=278090 Interview]{{Dead link|date=January 2020}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 1l7r4lpcyzkj7vaklofqo1hbj6wkb1o 0 52733 840265 479526 2026-05-26T11:30:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sultan Ibrahim ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar''' (Jawi: {{Lang|ms-arab|{{Script|Arab|سلطان إبراهيم ابن المرحوم سلطان إسکندر}}}}; an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1958) shi ne Sultan na 25 na Johor kuma Sultan na 5 na Johor na zamani tun daga watan Janairun 2010. Shi ɗan Sultan Iskandar ne. Mai sha'awar babur, Sultan Ibrahim shine wanda ya kafa taron yawon shakatawa na babur na shekara-shekara, Kembara Mahkota Johor .<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110608160122/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F7%2F16%2Fnation%2F21830766&sec=nation Tunku Mahkota to lead tour for 10th year], 16 July 2008, ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]''</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === [[File:Sultan Ibrahim Ismail (48400998097) (cropped).jpg|border|thumb|438x438px|Ambasada Kamala Lakhdhir ta ziyarci Johor ]] An haifi Tunku Ibrahim Ismail a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1958 a asibitin Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaya a lokacin mulkin kakansa, Sultan Ibrahim . Shi ne ɗan fari na Sultan Iskandar da matarsa ta farko [[:ms:Khalsom binti Abdullah|Josephine Ruby Trevorrow]] (2 Disamba 1935 - 1 Yuni 2018), wata mace ta Ingila daga Torquay, wanda Sultan Iskandar (sa'an nan Tunku Mahmood) ya sadu da shi yayin da yake karatu a [[Ingila]].<ref>Facts on File Yearbook, Published by Facts on File, inc., 1957, Phrase: "Married: Prince Tengku Mahmud, 24, grandson of the Sultan of Johore, & Josephine Ruby Trevorrow, 21, daughter of an English textile..."</ref><ref>Morris (1958), pg 244</ref><ref>Information Malaysia: 1985</ref><ref>The International Who's Who 2004, pp. 827</ref> Trevorrow, mai mallakar sana'a, ta ɗauki sunan "Kalsom binti Abdullah" na wani lokaci bayan aurenta da Tunku Iskandar.<ref name="Morais(1967)">Morais (1967), pg 198</ref> Mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure kuma ta zauna a [[Ingila]].<ref>Rahman, Solomon (1985), pg 21</ref> Kakansa, Sultan Ibrahim ya mutu a London a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1959, don haka, kakan Tunku Ibrahim Ismail, Ismail na Johor ya gaji shi a matsayin Sultan na Johor. Ibrahim Ismail ya koma na biyu a layin kursiyin, bayan mahaifinsa. [[File:Ambassador Kamala Lakhdhir visit Johor (48400998097).jpg|thumb|370x370px|Ambasada Kamala Lakhdhir ta ziyarci Johor ]] [[File:Sultan Ibrahim Ismail Johor.jpg|thumb|342x342px|Sultan Ibrahim Ismail Johor]] Marigayi Sultan Iskandar ya tura shi don kammala karatun sakandare a Trinity Grammar School a [[Sydney]], Australia daga 1968 har zuwa 1970. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare, an tura shi zuwa Pusat Latihan Tentera Darat (PULADA) a Kota Tinggi don horo na soja na asali. Ya kuma sami horo na soja a Amurka-a Fort Benning, [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]] kuma daga baya a Fort Bragg, North Carolina .<ref name="Info1989">Karim, Tate (1989), pp. 572</ref> An nada Tunku Ibrahim a matsayin Tunku Mahkota na Johor a ranar 3 ga Yulin 1981, kuma ya kasance yana zaune a Istana Pasir Pelangi tun daga lokacin.<ref name="Info1989">Karim, Tate (1989), pp. 572</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015164059/http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F10%2F15%2Fsouthneast%2F19170015&sec=southneast Day of fun and feasting], TEH ENG HOCK and MEERA VIJAYAN, 15 October 2007, ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]''</ref> Tunku Ibrahim ya kasance mai mulki na Johor tsakanin 26 ga Afrilu 1984 da 25 ga Afrilu 1989 lokacin da mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin Yang di-Pertuan Agong na Malaysia .<ref name="Info1989" /> A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Tunku Ibrahim a hankali ya karɓi wasu ayyukan jihar da ayyuka daga mahaifinsa da ya tsufa; waɗannan sun haɗa da Taron 211, inda Tunku Ibrahim da Tengku Abdullah, Tengku Mahkota na Pahang suka wakilci iyayensu a cikin tarurruka, da wasu ayyukan jihar.<ref name="Thanam Visvanathan">Thanam Visvanathan, ''Ruler with deep concern for people&#x2013;Sultan Iskandar revered as protective guardian and helpful to all his subjects'', pg 1, 8 April 2001, ''[[New Straits Times|New Sunday Times]]'' ''Special'' (Sultan of Johor's Birthday)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110608160708/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F7%2F26%2Fnation%2F18405871&sec=nation Conference of Rulers meeting begins], 26 July 2007, ''[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]''</ref> [[Fayil:Ambassador Kamala Lakhdhir visit Johor (48400998097).jpg|thumb|Ibrahim Ismail na Johor]] Ba da daɗewa ba kafin a kashe dan siyasar adawa na [[Filipin|Filipino]] Benigno Aquino Jr. a Filin jirgin saman Manila a ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1983, Tunku Ibrahim ya sadu da Aquino a lokacin da ya isa [[Singafora|Singapore]] kuma daga baya ya kawo shi don saduwa da wasu shugabannin Malaysia a fadin Causeway.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05E6DF153BF935A25753C1A965948260&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=all AQUINO'S FINAL JOURNEY], [[Ken Kashiwahara]], 16 October 1983, [[The New York Times]]</ref> Da zarar a Johor, Aquino ya sadu da mahaifin Ibrahim, Sultan Iskandar, wanda babban aboki ne.<ref>''Towards Relevant Education: A General Sourcebook for Teachers'' (1986), Education Forum, pg 305</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan kula ==   == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160427084148/http://www.johor.gov.my/kerajaan/page/dymm_sultan_johor Bayanan hukuma] * [http://kemahkotaan.johor.gov.my/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na naɗa shi a ranar 23 ga Maris 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112748/http://kemahkotaan.johor.gov.my/ |date=2021-01-28 }} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1958]] hbpihd5o9yjk146neylzhshzs20n1yn 0 53973 840211 576310 2026-05-26T03:26:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hashim bin Aman''' (1 ga Satumba 1929 - 21 ga Mayu 2018) ya kasance ma'aikacin gwamnati na Malaysia wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na 7 ga Gwamnatin Malaysia daga 1982 zuwa 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mantan Ketua Setiausaha Negara|url=https://www.ksn.gov.my/mengenai-pejabat/mantan-ksn|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127161049/https://www.ksn.gov.my/mengenai-pejabat/mantan-ksn|archive-date=27 January 2021|access-date=27 January 2021|website=Pejabat Ketua Setiausaha Negara|language=ms}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1929 a Kampung Chembong, Rembau, Negeri Sembilan . Ya sami karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta King George V, Seremban, kafin ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Malaya, Singapore, kuma ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a shekara ta 1957. == Ayyuka == Hashim ya yi aiki a bangaren gwamnati na tsawon shekaru 27, a cikin sassan gwamnati da hukumomi daban-daban, ciki har da Sakatare Janar na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ma'aikatu ta Tsaro, da kuma Darakta Janar na Sakatare janar na Ma-aikatar kafin a nada shi a matsayin Sakatare Jeneraal daga 1982 zuwa 1984. == Gaggawa ta Kelantan == Ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Gwamnatin Jihar Kelantan lokacin da aka ayyana Kelantan a matsayin gaggawa a ƙarshen 1977. Ya yi aiki tare da shugabannin siyasa da gwamnatin Kelantan da kuma Tarayyar don ci gaba da wadatar jihar Kelantan. Bayan watanni da yawa, jam'iyyar UMNO / Barisan Nasional ta hambarar da gwamnatin da PAS ke jagoranta a karkashin Menteri Besar bayan samun rinjaye a lokacin zaben 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hashim_Aman|url=https://malay.wiki/content/Hashim_Aman/Laman_Utama.html#cite_ref-1|access-date=8 July 2020|website=malay.wiki|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710130657/https://malay.wiki/content/Hashim_Aman/Laman_Utama.html#cite_ref-1|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Yin ritaya == Hashim Aman ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1984 kuma an gudanar da bikin ban kwana a Banquet Hall, House of Parliament, [[Kuala Lumpur]] a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1984 tare da kasancewar Firayim Minista [[Mahathir Mohamad]] na musamman.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Koleksi Arkib Ucapan Ketua Eksekutif|url=http://www.pmo.gov.my/ucapan/?m=p&p=mahathir&id=235|access-date=8 July 2020|website=www.pmo.gov.my}}</ref> Bayan ya yi ritaya, an nada Hashim a matsayin shugaban PERNAS. == Mutuwa == Hashim Aman ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Mayu 2018 yayin da yake karbar magani a asibitin Kuala Lumpur, yana da shekaru 89.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Siti Nur Mas Erah Amran|date=21 May 2018|title=Ex-chief secretary to the government Hashim Aman dies|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/371602/ex-chief-secretary-government-hashim-aman-dies|url-status=live|access-date=27 January 2021|website=[[New Straits Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 May 2018|title=Former KSN Hashim Aman dies|url=https://www.thesundaily.my/archive/former-ksn-hashim-aman-dies-GUARCH549261|url-status=dead|access-date=27 January 2021|website=[[The Sun Daily]]|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711165922/https://www.thesundaily.my/archive/former-ksn-hashim-aman-dies-GUARCH549261}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Siti Nur Mas Erah Amran|date=21 May 2018|title=Bekas KSN meninggal dunia|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2018/05/428421/bekas-ksn-meninggal-dunia|url-status=live|access-date=27 January 2021|website=[[Berita Harian]]|language=ms}}</ref> An gudanar da addu'o'in jana'izarsa a masallacin Saidina Umar al-Khattab a Bukit Damansara kuma an kwantar da shi a Kabari na Musulmi na Bukit Kiara a Kuala Lumpur bayan addu'o-rikicen Asar. == Daraja == * {{Flag|Malaysia}} : ** [[File:MY_Darjah_Yang_Mulia_Pangkuan_Negara_(Defender_of_the_Realm)_-_SMN.svg|50x50px]] Companion of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (JMN) (1973) ** Kwamandan Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) - '''Tan Sri''' (1978)[[File:Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia_-_PSM.svg|50x50px]] ** Kwamandan Order of the Defender of the Realm (PMN) - '''Tan Sri''' (1981)[[File:MY_Darjah_Yang_Mulia_Pangkuan_Negara_(Defender_of_the_Realm)-_PMN.svg|50x50px]] * {{Flag|Negeri Sembilan}} : ** [[File:MY-NEG_Order_of_Loyalty_to_Negeri_Sembilan.svg|50x50px]] Knight Companion of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (DSNS) – '''Dato'''' (1980) ** Babban Babban Knight na Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (SUNS) - '''Dato' Seri Utama''' (2015)[[File:MY-NEG_Order_of_Loyalty_to_Negeri_Sembilan.svg|50x50px]] * {{Flag|Selangor}} : ** [[File:MY-SEL_Order_of_Sultan_Salahuddin_Abdul_Aziz_Shah_-_Knight_Grand_Companion_-_SSSA.svg|50x50px]] Knight Grand Companion of the Order of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah (SSSA) – '''Dato' Seri''' (1985) * {{Flag|Kelantan}} : ** [[File:MY-KEL_Order_of_the_Crown_of_Kelantan_-_Star_of_Muhammad.svg|50x50px]] Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Kelantan (DPMK) – '''Dato'''' (1978) * {{Flag|Johor}} : ** [[File:Order of the Crown of Johor ribbon bar.svg|50x50px]] Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (DPMJ) – '''Dato'''' (1979) * {{Flag|Malacca}} : ** [[File:MY-MAL_Exalted_Order_of_Malacca.svg|50x50px]] Knight Commander of the Exalted Order of Malacca (DCSM) – '''Datuk Wira''' (1983) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1929]] tszocw0equwga3piv1svtrd9kpynmie 0 55054 840245 677466 2026-05-26T06:31:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hewlett-Packard''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Hewlett-Packard''' ko HP, wani kamfani ne na fasahar watsa labarai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Amurka wanda ke da hedikwata a Palo Alto, California. HP ta haɓaka tare da samar da nau'ikan kayan masarufi iri-iri, gami da software da sabis masu alaƙa ga masu amfani, ƙanana da matsakaitan masana'antu (SMBs), da manyan kamfanoni, gami da abokan ciniki a cikin gwamnati, kiwon lafiya, da sassan ilimi<ref>"History and Facts: The beginning". www.hpmemoryproject.org. Retrieved January 20, 2023.</ref>. An kafa kamfanin a cikin garejin mota guda daya a Palo Alto ta Bill Hewlett da David Packard a cikin 1939, kuma da farko ya samar da layin gwajin lantarki da kayan aunawa. Garage na HP a 367 Addison Avenue yanzu an ayyana shi a matsayin Alamar Tarihi ta [[California]], kuma an yi masa alama da wani allo mai suna "Wurin Haihuwar [[Silicon Valley]]. Kamfanin ya lashe babban kwangilarsa na farko a shekarar 1938 don samar da HP 200A, ƙaramin oscillator na mitar murdiya don samar da Walt Disney na fim ɗin mai rai Fantasia, wanda ya ba Hewlett da Packard damar kafa Kamfanin Hewlett-Packard a hukumance a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1939. Kamfanin ya girma ya zama kamfani na ƙasa da ƙasa da ake mutuntawa da samfuransa. HP ita ce babbar masana'antar PC ta duniya daga 2007 har zuwa kwata na biyu na 2013, lokacin da Lenovo ya yi gaba da HP <ref>"Our History". Hewlett-Packard Enterprise. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved June 27, 2021.</ref>. HP ƙwararre a haɓakawa da kera kwamfuta, adana bayanai, da kayan aikin sadarwar; zayyana software; da kuma isar da sabis. Manyan layukan samfur sun haɗa da na'urorin ƙididdiga na sirri, masana'anta da daidaitattun sabar masana'antu, na'urorin ajiya masu alaƙa, samfuran sadarwar, software, da kewayon firintocin da sauran samfuran hoto. Kamfanin kai tsaye ya sayar da kayayyakinsa ga gidaje;<ref>Kobie, Nicole (January 14, 2013). "HP regains PC lead over Lenovo". PC Pro. Archived from the original on April 10, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013.</ref> kanana-zuwa matsakaitan kasuwanci da masana’antu, da kuma ta hanyar rarraba kan layi; mabukaci-lantarki da masu sayar da kayan ofis; abokan aikin software;<ref>Vance, Ashlee; Wortham, Jenna (April 28, 2010). "H.P. to Pay $1.2 billion for Palm". The New York Times.</ref> da manyan dillalan fasaha. Hakanan ya ba da sabis da kasuwancin tuntuɓar samfuransa da samfuran abokan hulɗa. ==Tarihi== [[Bill Hewlett]] da [[David Packard]] sun kammala karatun digiri a fannin injiniyan lantarki daga Jami'ar Stanford a 1935. Kamfanin ya fara ne a gareji a Palo Alto a lokacin zumuncin da suka yi da Farfesa Frederick Terman a Stanford a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali, wanda suka dauka shi ne mai ba da shawara wajen kafawa. kamfanin. A shekarar 1938, Packard da Hewlett sun fara aikin ɗan lokaci a cikin garejin haya tare da saka hannun jari na farko na dalar Amurka 538 (daidai da $11,185 a shekarar 2022). A cikin 1939, Hewlett da Packard sun yanke shawarar tsara haɗin gwiwarsu. Sun jefar da tsabar kudi don yanke shawarar ko kamfanin da suka kafa za a kira Hewlett-Packard (HP) ko Packard-Hewlett <ref>Malone, Michael (2007). Bill & Dave: How Hewlett and Packard Built the World's Greatest Company. Portfolio Hardcover. pp. 39–41. ISBN 978-1-59184-152-4.</ref>. Samfurin farko na nasara na kuɗi na Hewlett da Packard shine ingantaccen oscillator audio wanda aka sani da HP 200A, wanda yayi amfani da ƙaramin kwan fitila mai ƙyalli (wanda aka sani da "hasken matukin jirgi") azaman mai tsayayya da yanayin zafi a cikin wani yanki mai mahimmanci na kewaye, kuma mara kyau. madauki martani don daidaita girman girman siginar igiyar ruwa na sinusoidal. Wannan ya ba da damar siyar da HP 200A akan $89.40 lokacin da masu fafatawa ke siyar da ƙarancin barga oscillators sama da $200. Jerin 200 na janareta ya ci gaba da samarwa har zuwa aƙalla 1972 a matsayin 200AB, har yanzu tushen tube amma ya inganta cikin ƙira cikin shekaru <ref>Packard, David (1995). The HP Way. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 44-46. ISBN 9780060845797.</ref>. ===Shekarun 1960s=== [[File:HP garage front.JPG|thumb|left|Ofishin HP na farko]] HP aka gane a matsayin alama kafa Silicon Valley, ko da yake shi bai rayayye bincika semiconductor na'urorin har sai da 'yan shekaru bayan da "maci amana takwas" watsi William Shockley ya halicci Fairchild Semiconductor a 1957. Hewlett-Packard ta HP Associates division, kafa a kusa da 1960. ɓullo da na'urorin semiconductor da farko don amfanin ciki. HP Associates wani tsohon mai binciken Bell Labs ne ya kafa shi, MOSFET mai kirkiro Mohamed Atalla, <ref>"Martin Atalla in Inventors Hall of Fame, 2009". Retrieved June 21, 2013.</ref> wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Binciken Semiconductor.[17] Kayan aiki da ƙididdiga wasu samfuran ne da ke amfani da na'urorin semiconductor daga HP Associates. A shekaru 1960, HP ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Sony da Yokogawa Electric a Japan don haɓaka samfura masu inganci da yawa. Samfuran ba su yi wata babbar nasara ba, saboda akwai tsadar tsadar kayayyaki da ake kashewa wajen gina samfuran masu kama da HP a Japan. A cikin 1963, HP da Yokogawa sun kafa haɗin gwiwar Yokogawa-Hewlett-Packard don tallata samfuran HP a Japan. HP ta sayi kason Yokogawa Electric na Hewlett-Packard Japan a 1999 <ref>"Yokogawa Electric Corporation and Hewlett-Packard Company Announce "Hewlett-Packard Japan to become Wholly Owned HP Subsidiary" HP and Yokogawa Sign Agreement". Yokogawa Electric Corporation (Press release). July 7, 1999. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2011.</ref>. HP ta ƙaddamar da ƙaramin kamfanin Dynac don ƙware a kayan aikin dijital. An zabi sunan ne domin a iya juyar da tambarin HP ya zama hoton tambarin sabon kamfani. Dynac daga ƙarshe an sake masa suna Dymec kuma ya koma cikin HP a 1959 <ref>"Dynac Model DY-2500 Computing Digital Indicator, c. 1956". Hewlett Packard Enterprise. Retrieved October 7, 2020.</ref>. HP ta yi gwaji da amfani da na'urori na dijital na Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) tare da kayan aikinta, amma ya shiga kasuwar kwamfuta a cikin 1966 tare da jerin ƙananan na'urori na HP 2100 / HP 1000 bayan ya yanke shawarar cewa zai fi sauƙi a gina wani ƙaramin ƙungiyar ƙira fiye da mu'amala da DEC. . Ƙananan kwamfutoci suna da ƙira mai sauƙi na tushen tarawa tare da rijistar tarawa guda biyu kuma, a cikin ƙirar HP 1000, rijistar fihirisa biyu. An samar da silsilar tsawon shekaru 20 duk da yunƙurin maye gurbinsa da yawa, kuma ya kasance magabatan HP 9800 da HP 250 na jerin kwamfutocin tebur da na kasuwanci. A karshen 1968, Packard ya mika ayyukan Shugaba ga Hewlett don zama Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro na Amurka a cikin gwamnatin Nixon mai zuwa. Ya ci gaba da shugabancin a 1972 kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa 1993, amma Hewlett ya kasance Shugaba <ref>"HP History: 1960s". Hewlett-Packard. March 17, 1961. Archived from the original on December 31, 2002. Retrieved July 7, 2011.</ref>. ===Shekarun 1970s=== [[File:Hp200a-front-panel.JPG|thumb|left|Product din HP na farko na'urar precision audio oscillator ]] HP 3000 wani ci gaba ne na ƙira mai tushe don uwar garken kwamfuta na kasuwanci, daga baya aka sake tsara shi da fasahar RISC. Jerin HP 2640 na tashoshi masu kaifin basira da fasaha sun gabatar da musaya na tushen tsari zuwa tashoshin ASCII, kuma sun gabatar da maɓallan ayyuka masu alamar allo, yanzu ana amfani da su akan famfunan gas da ATM na banki. Jerin HP 2640 ya haɗa da ɗayan farkon nunin zane mai taswira wanda, lokacin da aka haɗa shi da HP 2100 21MX F-Series microcoded Scientific Instruction Set, <ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/full_list/ |title=Global 500 2009: Global 500 1-100 – FORTUNE on CNNMoney.com |publisher=CNN |date=July 20, 2009 |access-date=May 9, 2010 |archive-date=September 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929153956/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/full_list/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>ya kunna shirin gabatarwa na farko na WYSIWYG, BRUNO, wanda daga baya ya zama shirin HP- Zana kan HP 3000. Ko da yake an yi masa ba'a a zamanin da ake ƙirƙira kwamfuta, HP ta zarce IBM a matsayin babban mai siyar da fasaha a duniya ta fuskar tallace-tallace <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2000/12/the-first-pc/ |title=The First PC |magazine=Wired |date=December 1, 2000 |access-date=February 29, 2020}}</ref>. ===Shekarun 1980s=== [[File:HP0100A 1.jpg|thumb|left|Na'urar Kwamfuta ta Farko ta HP a shekaran 1968]] Mujallar Wired ta bayyana HP a matsayin wadda ta fara samar da na'urar farko a duniya da ake kiranta da na'urar kwamfuta: Hewlett-Packard 9100A, wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 1968 <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2000/12/the-first-pc/ |title=The First PC |magazine=Wired |date=December 1, 2000 |access-date=February 29, 2020}}</ref>. HP ta kira ta da ma’aunin lissafi, domin kamar yadda Hewlett ya ce: “Da a ce mun kira ta kwamfuta, da masu amfani da kwamfutocin abokan cinikinmu sun ƙi ta saboda ba ta yi kama da IBM ba, don haka muka yanke shawarar kiran ta da kalkuleta. , kuma duk irin wannan shirmen ya bace." Nasarar aikin injiniya a lokacin, an samar da da'irar dabaru ba tare da haɗaɗɗun da'irori ba, kuma an aiwatar da taron CPU gaba ɗaya a cikin sassa daban-daban. Tare da nunin CRT, ajiyar katin maganadisu, da firinta, farashin ya kusan $5,000. Maballin injin ɗin ya kasance giciye tsakanin madannai na lissafin kimiyya da madannai na injin ƙara. Babu madannin haruffa haruffa <ref name="AI">{{cite web |last=Ong |first=Josh |url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/10/12/06/apple_co_founder_offered_first_computer_design_to_hp_5_times |title=Apple co-founder offered first computer design to HP 5 times |website=appleinsider.com |date=December 7, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2023 |archive-date=June 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618142905/http://appleinsider.com/articles/10/12/06/apple_co_founder_offered_first_computer_design_to_hp_5_times |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Wanda ya kafa kamfanin Apple Steve Wozniak da farko ya kera kwamfutar Apple I ne a lokacin da yake aiki a HP kuma ya ba su a karkashin hakkinsu na kin fara aikin nasa; ba su ɗauke shi kamar yadda kamfanin ke son ci gaba da zama a kasuwannin kimiyya, kasuwanci da masana'antu ba. Wozniak ya ce HP "ya yi watsi da shi sau biyar", amma amincinsa ga HP ya sa ya yi shakka ya fara [[Apple]] tare da [[Steve Jobs]]. Kamfanin ya sami daraja a duniya don samfurori iri-iri. Sun gabatar da kalkuleta na kimiyyar lantarki na hannu na farko a duniya a cikin 1972 (HP-35), shirye-shiryen hannu na farko a 1974 (HP-65), haruffan farko, wanda za'a iya tsarawa, wanda za'a iya fadadawa a 1979 (HP-41C), kuma na farko. Kalkuleta na alama da zane, HP-28C. Kamar masu lissafin kimiyya da kasuwancin su, HP oscilloscopes, masu nazarin dabaru, da sauran kayan aikin aunawa sun yi suna don ƙarfi da amfani. HP ta gabatar da keɓaɓɓiyar keɓancewar kwamfuta ta Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus (HPIB) (daga baya ta rufe ta National Instruments a matsayin GPIB kuma IEEE ta daidaita kamar IEEE-488) akan samfuran kayan aikin su na relay a 1973; Daga baya an haɗa HPIB cikin mafi girman gwajin ƙarshe & kayan aunawa wanda ya samar daga 1980 gaba <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hpmuseum.net/exhibit.php?class=1&cat=9 |title=HP Computer Museum |website=HP Museum |access-date=May 9, 2010}}</ref>. Tun daga shekarar 1977 HP ta fara samar da na'urorin nazarin bakan HP856x don dacewa da mita wutar lantarki ta RF da na'urori masu auna firikwensin da ke iya auna sigina sama da 20 GHz. Har ila yau, HP ta samar da na'urorin da za a iya daidaita su ta chassis masu iya samar da sigina zuwa 20GHz. Sauran samfuran T&M na lokacin sun haɗa da multimeters masu daraja, ƙididdiga na mitar microwave, RF amplifiers, manyan injin gano injin na'ura mai inganci, kayan wutar lantarki da ƙari. Waɗannan samfuran sun sami nasara ta nau'ikan da aka sabunta tare da ƙaddamar da layukan samfur na scalar da vector cibiyar nazarin hanyoyin sadarwa kafin a juye kasuwancin zuwa Agilent Technologies. ===Shekaran 2000 zuwa 2005=== [[File:Hp Deskjet 3845.jpg|thumb|left|Printer kirar HP]] A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2001, HP ta ba da sanarwar cewa an cimma yarjejeniya da Compaq don haɗa kamfanonin biyu <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2001/010904a.html |title=HP Press Release: Hewlett-Packard and Compaq Agree to Merge, Creating $87&nbsp;billion Global Technology Leader |publisher=Hewlett-Packard |access-date=May 9, 2010}}</ref>. A cikin Mayu 2002, bayan ƙaddamar da ƙuri'ar masu hannun jari, HP a hukumance ta haɗu da Compaq. Kafin wannan, an yi shiri don haɗa ƙungiyoyin samfuran kamfanoni da layin samfuran <ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www8.hp.com/us/en/hp-news/press-release.html?id=302442#.X36bCi9h1VQ|title=HP Closes Compaq Merger|publisher=Hewlett-Packard|access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref>. Kamar yadda Compaq ya karɓi Tandem Computers a 1997 da Digital Equipment Corporation a 1998, HP yana ba da tallafi ga tsohon dangin Tandem NonStop da samfuran Kayan Aiki na Dijital PDP-11, VAX da AlphaServer. Hadakar ta faru ne bayan fadan wakili da dan Bill Hewlett Walter, wanda ya ki amincewa da hadewar. HP ya zama babban mai samarwa a cikin kwamfutocin tebur, kwamfyutoci, da sabar don kasuwanni daban-daban. Bayan hadewa da Compaq, sabuwar alamar alamar ta zama "HPQ", hade da alamomin biyu na baya, "HWP" da "CPQ", don nuna mahimmancin haɗin gwiwar da ma mahimman haruffa daga kamfanonin biyu Hewlett-Packard da Compaq (kamfanin na ƙarshe ya shahara da tambarin "Q" akan duk samfuransa). A shekarar 2004, HP ta fitar da jerin DV 1000, gami da HP Pavilion dv 1658 da 1040. A cikin Mayu 2006, HP ta fara yaƙin neman zaɓe, "Computer is Personal Again"; An tsara kamfen don dawo da kwamfuta ta sirri azaman samfur na sirri. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi amfani da tallace-tallace na hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri, ƙayyadaddun abubuwan gani, da gidan yanar gizon sa. Wasu tallace-tallacen sun nuna Pharrell, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www8.hp.com/za/en/hp-news/press-release.html?id=859724#.WOKRdBLytTY|title=HP News - HP Launches "Everybody On" Global Marketing Campaign|website=www8.hp.com|language=en|access-date=April 3, 2017}}</ref> [[Jay-Z]],<ref>{{Citation|last=mikehoho|title=HP Personal - Jay-Z (CEO of Hip-Hop)|date=September 5, 2006|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XyI5OnECBoM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/XyI5OnECBoM |archive-date=December 15, 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=April 3, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Petra Nemcova, Mark Burnett, Mark Cuban, Alicia Keys,,<ref>{{Citation|last=youthconnectionss|title=05 HP - the Computer is Personal Again - Pharrell|date=January 15, 2009|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2HkcHWh3XOM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/2HkcHWh3XOM |archive-date=December 15, 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=April 3, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Jay-Z, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2005/02/09/technology/hp_fiorina/index.htm|title=Fiorina out, HP stock soars|last=La Monica|first=Paul|website=money.cnn.com|publisher=CNN Money|date=February 10, 2005|access-date=February 12, 2018|archive-date=February 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213080056/http://money.cnn.com/2005/02/09/technology/hp_fiorina/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gwen Stefani, da Shaun White. A watan Janairu 2005, bayan shekaru na rashin aiki, wanda ya haɗa da haɗin gwiwar HP's Compaq wanda ya ragu da rahotanni masu ban sha'awa, hukumar ta nemi Fiorina ta yi murabus a matsayin shugaba da babban jami'in kamfanin, kuma ta yi a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu. , 2005. Bayan tafiyar ta, hajar HP ta haura kashi 6.9. Robert Wayman, babban jami'in kudi na HP, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in rikon kwarya yayin da hukumar ta gudanar da aikin neman wanda zai maye gurbinsa. ==Kayayyaki== ==Tsarin tafiyar da Kamfanin== ==Ma'aikata da Al'adu== ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Hewlett-Packard logo 1979 blue.svg|Tambarin HP File:HP Headquarters Palo Alto.jpg|Babban Ofishin HP dake Palo Alto File:Antonio Neri, Hewlett Packard Enterprise.jpg|Ma'aikacin HP, Antonio Neri. File:HP-HP9000-735-125-Workstation-SystemBoard-A2095-66533 01.jpg|Injin HP Workstation File:HP-HP9000-C360-Workstation 01.jpg|Kwamfutar Teburi Kirar HP File:HP10s scientific calculator.jpg|Na'urar Lissafi Kirar HP File:Hewlett Packard HP Photosmart C200.jpg|HP Photosmart File:Hewlett-Packard ThinkJet 2225AB in the Tekniska museet.jpg|HP ThinkJet 2225AB File:Hewlett-Packard booth, Taipei IT Month 20171209a.jpg|HP Booth, Taipei Month File:Hewlett-Packard barcode reader 'Optical Wand' for HP-41 calculators.jpg|HP Barcode Reader </gallery> ==Manazarta== nj9rd0w8m42v64sucvnz0uhxs042ht9 0 68542 840252 636086 2026-05-26T09:29:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Kano State, road in Kano 27.jpg|thumb|Garin jahar kano]] '''Hukumar Korafe-korafe da Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Jihar Kano''' (PCACC) hukuma ce da aka kafa a shekarar 2005 domin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma warware korafe-korafen al’umma a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kanon]] [[Najeriya]] . PCACC tana da wa'adi biyu na yin aiki a matsayin mai shigar da ƙara da kuma ƙungiyar yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 20, 2020 |title=Kano state government adopts anti-corruption strategy |url=https://www.justice-security.ng/kano-state-government-adopts-anti-corruption-strategy |website=Justice, conflict and security in Nigeria |access-date=February 9, 2024 |archive-date=January 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125123457/https://www.justice-security.ng/kano-state-government-adopts-anti-corruption-strategy |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WPS 365 |url=https://eu.docs.wps.com/module/common/loadPlatform/?sid=sIMmUi86bAf6Qya0G&v=v2 |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=eu.docs.wps.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About PCACC |url=https://pcacc.kn.gov.ng/about-pcacc/ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Public Complaints and Anti-Corruption Commission |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125114911/https://pcacc.kn.gov.ng/about-pcacc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Zauren yan majalisar dokokin Jihar Kano|Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kano]] ce ta kafa PCACC a shekarar 2005, bayan kafa dokar Hukumar Korafe-korafe da Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Jihar Kano a shekarar 2005. An gyara dokar a cikin 2008 da 2016 don ƙarfafa iko da ayyuka na PCACC. PCACC kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ba ta karkashin iko ko shugabanci ko wani mutum ko wata hukuma, sai Gwamnan Jihar Kano wajen yin amfani da ikonsa na tsarin mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kano State Public Complaints and Anti-Corruption Commission Archives |url=https://gazettengr.com/tag/kano-state-public-complaints-and-anti-corruption-commission/ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Peoples Gazette Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hukumar Karbar Korafe-Korafe Ta Jihar Kano |url=https://hausa.allnews.ng/tag/hukumar-karbar-korafe-korafe-ta-jihar-kano |website=All News Hausa }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hukumar ta PCACC dai tana karkashin jagorancin shugaban zartaswa ne, wanda gwamnan jihar Kano ne ke nada shi tare da amincewar majalisar dokokin jihar Kano. Shugaban zartaswa yana da kwamishinoni hudu ne ke taimaka wa, wadanda ke da alhakin gudanarwa, bincike, gabatar da kara, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a. [[Muhuyi Magaji Rimin Gado]] shine shugaban riko na hukumar PCACC, wanda aka nada a shekarar 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Wane ne Muhuyi Magaji Rimin Gado? |url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-57726788 |access-date=2024-01-25 |work=BBC News Hausa |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-21 |title=Governor Abba Kabir Reinstates Barr. Muhuyi Magaji as Kano Anti Corruption Boss - Nigerian Television Authority --Africa's Largest TV Network |url=https://nta.ng/2023/06/21/governor-abba-kabir-reinstates-barr-muhuyi-magaji-as-kano-anti-corruption-boss/ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=nta.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125114912/https://nta.ng/2023/06/21/governor-abba-kabir-reinstates-barr-muhuyi-magaji-as-kano-anti-corruption-boss/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Odogwu |first=Ted |date=2023-08-28 |title=Kano committed to anti-corruption war despite criticism, says anti-graft boss |url=https://punchng.com/kano-committed-to-anti-corruption-war-despite-criticism-says-anti-graft-boss/ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa|EFCC]] * ICPC == Nassoshi == [[Category:Jihar Kano]] 6s7lfvtytud01vealjfqxir4u33itac 0 70860 840204 723778 2026-05-26T00:43:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{fassara}} '''Alu''' shine yaren Kasar sin Wanda ba 'a rarabashi ba na yankin[[Yunnan]], Kasar sin . Ana yin yaren a yankin [[Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County]], [[Lüchun County]], [[Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County]], and [[Yuanyang County, Yunnan]]. The Alu are also referred to by other ethnic groups as Luwu 鲁乌 or Luowu 倮乌. There are also 500 to 600 Alu people in two villages of Ou Tay District, [[Phongsali Province]], [[Laos]]. {{''Rubutun tsutsa''}} Alu kuma suna da kwayar baki tare da bututu biyar da suke kunnawa a lokacin "Abei festival 阿卑节" ("maiden festival"). == Rarraba == Hsiu (2017) <ref>Hsiu, Andrew. 2017. ''[https://www.academia.edu/35542553/The_Lawu_languages_footprints_along_the_Red_River_valley_corridor The Lawu languages: footprints along the Red River valley corridor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019071012/https://www.academia.edu/35542553/The_Lawu_languages_footprints_along_the_Red_River_valley_corridor |date=2019-10-19 }}''. {{Doi|10.5281/zenodo.1249178}}</ref> ya nuna cewa Alu na iya [[kasancewa]] da alaƙa da Lalo, amma wannan ba shi da tabbas saboda rashin bayanai. == Rarraba == cikin Gundumar [[Jinping]], ana [[magana]] da Alu a ƙauyen Yakouzhe, ƙauyen Laojizhai 老集寨乡 (a cikin ƙauyukan Luopan 罗盘, Tiantou 田头, Huilongzhai 回龙寨, Laozhai 老寨, Zhongzhai 中寨, Xihadi 西哈底, Heishan 黑山, [5] Amilong阿咪, [5] Kabianzhai 边卡寨, [5] Anlezhai寨, [5] Nanlu 南鲁, [5] da dai sauransu [5] ) (''Jinping County Ethnic Gazetteer'' 2013:101). Akwai gidaje 1,264 da mutane 5,307 a shekarar dubu biyu da biyar 2005. Ana kuma magana da Alu a [[Ƙauyen Andes|ƙauyen]] Hama 哈馬村 na garin Huangcaoling 黄草́乡, da kuma garin Xinjie 新街镇, <ref>[http://www.360doc.com/content/16/0609/03/15656160_566192144.shtml 哈尼族支系及服饰] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223124100/http://www.360doc.com/content/16/0609/03/15656160_566192144.shtml |date=2024-02-23 }} (2016)</ref> Yuanyang County. Ana kuma magana da shi a Dashuigou 大水沟, Lüchun County . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsuna]] oc71n5jn1ru3wm4w2krvwn3249hlpb1 0 71220 840125 812863 2026-05-25T19:50:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habib Ayyoub (20e Maghreb des Livres, Paris, 8 février 2014).jpg|thumb|Habib Ayyoub]] '''Habib Ayyoub''' (ainihin suna '''Abdelaziz Benmahdjoub''', an haife shi a ranar 15 Oktoba 1947 a [[Takdempt|Takdemp]]) marubuci ɗan Aljeriya ne, ɗan jarida, kuma mai shirya fina-finai, sananne ga littattafansa na Faransanci. Yana zaune a Dellys. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dzlit.fr/vuauteur.php?aut=0000336 |title=DZLit: Habib Ayyoub |access-date=2024-02-24 |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319043718/http://dzlit.fr/vuauteur.php?aut=0000336 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Bayan karatun ilimin zamantakewa, sannan yin fim a INSAS a Brussels, <ref>[http://www.africine.org/?menu=fiche&no=5103 Africiné : Habib Ayyoub]</ref> ya zama wakilin ''Le Jeune Indépendant'', sannan ɗan jaridar tattalin arziki a ''Liberté''. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dzlit.fr/vuauteur.php?aut=0000336 |title=DZLit: Habib Ayyoub |access-date=2024-02-24 |archive-date=2017-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319043718/http://dzlit.fr/vuauteur.php?aut=0000336 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga nan ya yi ‘yan gajerun fina-finai kafin ya ci gaba da buga littattafansa na farko: ''Le Désert et après'' da ''Le Gardien'' (wanda Barzakh Editions <ref>[http://www.editions-barzakh.com/auteurs/habib-ayyoub Barzakh: Habib Ayyoub]</ref> ya buga) a cikin shekarar 2002. ''Le Gardien'' ya ba da labarin wani soja da aka saka a wani yanki mai nisa a cikin hamada. An fassara guda biyu daga cikin ayyukansa zuwa Italiyanci: ''Il guardiano'' (''Le gardien'') da ''Il regolatore di orologi'' (''Le remonteur d'horloge''). <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.besaeditrice.it/component/virtuemart/?page=shop.product_details&category_id=36&flypage=flypage_new.tpl&product_id=1097 |title=Besa Editrice |access-date=2024-02-24 |archive-date=2024-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224121514/http://www.besaeditrice.it/component/virtuemart/?page=shop.product_details&category_id=36&flypage=flypage_new.tpl&product_id=1097 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.dzlit.fr/vuauteur.php?aut=0000336 DZLit: Habib Ayyoub] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319043718/http://dzlit.fr/vuauteur.php?aut=0000336 |date=2017-03-19 }} * [http://www.univ-bejaia.dz/dspace/handle/123456789/1381 Le remonteur d'horloge de Habib Ayoub : un récit absurde ?] [http://www.univ-bejaia.dz/dspace/handle/123456789/1381 (Siham Benniche, karatun MA, Jami'ar Bejaia 2015)] == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 7hf37cqc36hl4h5uzc6e9vqze9fvks4 0 71522 840243 827421 2026-05-26T05:44:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Helena Moreno.jpg|thumb|Helena Moreno]] '''Helena Moreno''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Helena Morena''', 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Angola|Angolan]] wacce ta bayyana a cikin jerin shirye shiryen telenovela na Angola da yawa. Baya ga nishaɗi, ta yi aiki a matsayin malamin [[Harshen Portuguese]]. == Ayyuka == An haifi Helena Moreno a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 1989 a [[Luanda]], [[Angola]] . Iyalinta matalauta ne, kuma gidanta na yarinta wani shago ne ba tare da windows ba a cikin wani gari mai zaman kansa. Duk haka, ta bayyana cewa yarinta ya kasance mai farin ciki.<ref>{{cite web|title="Houve uma vez que eu mijei-me, porque não conseguia pedir ao professor para ir a casa de banho" – Helena Moreno|url=https://angorussia.com/entretenimento/famosos-celebridades/houve-uma-vez-que-eu-mijei-porque-nao-conseguia-pedir-ao-professor-para-ir-casa-de-banho-helena-moreno/|publisher=AngoRussia|access-date=8 November 2017|language=Portuguese|date=7 April 2014}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Farkon bayyanarta a talabijin ya kasance a shekara ta 2002, lokacin da ta yi tafiya a wani bangare a cikin telenovela na Angola ''Revira Volta'' . Ta sake bayyana a cikin wani telenovela, amma a wannan lokacin a matsayin Weza Henriques Pereira a Sweet Pitanga . Wannan ya haifar da aikin rediyo a matsayin mai gabatarwa ga wasan kwaikwayon Bombástico . Ƙarin aikin jinsi ya biyo baya, lokacin da a cikin 2012 aka jefa ta a matsayin Marisa Lemos a cikin ''Windeck'' . <ref name=bio>{{cite web|title=Helena Moreno Uma Talentosa Actriz|url=http://platinaline.com/helena-moreno-uma-talentosa-actriz/|publisher=PlatinaLine|access-date=8 November 2017|language=Portuguese|date=4 April 2014|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108210132/http://platinaline.com/helena-moreno-uma-talentosa-actriz/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Ta girmama ta a lokacin bikin mata na Angola na 2014, tare da [[Maria do Rosário Amadeu]] da [[Nadir Taty]] don aiki don inganta al'adun Angola a cikin zane-zane. Baya nishaɗi, Moreno ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami a cikin [[Harshen Portuguese]] a makarantar Amurka a duka matakan firamare da sakandare. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Moreno ta sanar a shekarar 2016 cewa tana da [[ciki]] da saurayinta Milton Miguel, kuma a lokacin wanka a watan Agusta, tana tsammanin yaro. ce sunan yaron, Helton, ya kasance nau'i ne na Helena da Milton.<ref>{{cite web|title=Actriz Helena Moreno realiza chá de bebé do primeiro filho|url=http://platinaline.com/actriz-helena-moreno-realiza-cha-de-bebe-do-primeiro-filho/|publisher=PlatinaLine|access-date=8 November 2017|language=Portuguese|date=3 August 2016|archive-date=4 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104010033/http://platinaline.com/actriz-helena-moreno-realiza-cha-de-bebe-do-primeiro-filho/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Helena MorenoaIMDb [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] cdsxczmaqn6lsvy72m73o4wn73s9xvo 0 73091 840209 509509 2026-05-26T03:00:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Nubian houses.jpg|thumb|Mutanan Harsunan Nubian na sudan]] [[Fayil:Art on Nubian house, Nagaa Suhayl Gharb, Egypt.jpg|thumb|tsrin gidajan Nubian]] '''Harsunan Nubian''' (Arabic) rukuni ne na harsuna masu alaƙa da Nubians ke magana. A baya, ana magana da yarukan Nubian a ko'ina cikin [[Sudan]], amma a sakamakon Arabisation a yau galibi an iyakance su ne ga [[Nil|Kwarin Nilu]] tsakanin Aswan (kudancin Masar) da Al Dabbah. A cikin ƙididdigar Sudan ta 1956 akwai masu magana da yarukan Nubian 167,831. za a rikita Nubian da Harsunan Nuba daban-daban da ake magana a ƙauyuka a cikin yankunaan Nuba da Darfur ba. Ƙarin rarrabuwa na baya-bayan nan, kamar waɗanda ke cikin Glottolog, suna la'akari da cewa yarukan Nubian sun zama dangin harshe na farko. Tsoffin rarrabuwa suna la'akari da Nubian a matsayin reshe na phylum na Nilo-Sahara, wani tsari wanda ke rasa goyon baya tsakanin masu ilimin harshe saboda rashin bayanan tallafi. == Tarihi ==   [[Tsohon yaren Nubian|Tsohon Nubian]] an adana shi a cikin akalla shafuka ɗari na takardu, wanda ya ƙunshi matani biyu na yanayin addini na [[Kiristanci|Kirista]] da matani na takardun da ke hulɗa da al'amuran jihar da shari'a. Tsohon Nubian an rubuta shi tare da nau'ikan haruffa na Coptic, tare da ƙarin haruffa da aka samo daga Meroitic. Wadannan takardun sun kasance daga karni na 8 zuwa 15 AD. Tsohon Nubian a halin yanzu ana ɗaukar kakanninmu ga Nobiin na zamani, duk da cewa yana nuna alamun hulɗa mai yawa tare da Dongolawi. Wani, wanda har yanzu ba a bayyana shi ba, an adana yaren Nubian a cikin wasu rubuce-rubuce da aka samu a Soba, babban birnin [[Alodia]]. Tun lokacin da Adolf Ermann ya buga su a 1881, ana kiransu 'Alwan inscriptions' ko 'Alwan Nubian'. Claude Rilly ya ba da shawarar sake gina Proto-Nubian (2010: 272-273). <ref>Rilly, Claude. </ref> == Harsunan yau == [[File:Old_Nubian_manuscript.jpg|thumb|Shafin daga fassarar [[Tsohon yaren Nubian|Tsohon Nubian]] na Investiture na Babban Mala'ika Mika'ilu, daga karni na 9-10th, wanda aka samo a Qasr Ibrim, yanzu a Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya. Sunan Michael ya bayyana a ja: Nubians a lokacin sau da yawa suna amfani da sunayen sirri na Girkanci, sau da yawa tare da ƙarshen ‐ʹ.]] [[File:Marble_stone_with_southern-Nubian_inscription,_Soba.jpg|thumb|Abin tunawa na Marmara da aka samo a Soba tare da rubutun da ba a bayyana ba a Alwan Nubian]] Rilly (2010) ya bambanta harsunan Nubian masu zuwa, waɗanda kusan masu magana 900,000 ke magana: # {{Sfn|Bechhaus-Gerst|1996}}'''[[Harshen Nobin|Nobiin]]''', ita ce yaren Nubian na biyu mafi girma tare da masu magana 545,000 a [[Misra|Misira]], [[Sudan]], da Nubian diaspora. A baya an san shi da kalmomin ƙasa Mahas da Fadicca / Fiadicca . A ƙarshen 1863 wannan yaren, ko kuma yaren da ke da alaƙa da juna, an san shi da ƙabilar Nubian Shaigiya ta Larabawa. # '''Kenzi''' (endonym: Mattokki) tare da masu magana 865,000 a [[Misra|Misira]] da '''Dongolawi''' (endonym) tare da mai magana 180,000 a [[Sudan]]. Ba a sake la'akari da su a matsayin yare ɗaya ba, amma suna da alaƙa da juna. Rarraba tsakanin Kenzi da Dongolawi an tsara shi kwanan nan zuwa karni na 21. # '''[[Harshen Midob|Midob]]''' (Meidob) tare da masu magana 50,000. Ana magana da yaren da farko a ciki da kewayen rami na dutsen wuta na Malha a Arewacin Darfur. # {{Sfn|Spaulding|2006}}'''[[Harshen Birgid|Birgid]]''', wanda yanzu ya ƙare, ana magana da shi a arewacin Nyala a kusa da Menawashei, tare da masu magana na ƙarshe da aka sani da rai a cikin shekarun 1970. Ita ce babbar yaren tsakanin hanyar Nyala da al-Fashir a arewa da Bahr al-Arab a kudu a kwanan nan a 1860. [1] # Hill Nubian ko Kordofan Nubian, rukuni na harsuna masu alaƙa da juna ko yaruka da ake magana a ƙauyuka daban-daban a arewacin '''[[Harsunan Hill Nubian|Dutsen Nubian]]'''; musamman ta Dilling, Debri, da Kadaru. harshe <ref>Herman Bell (1975) "[http://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=191308412&DB=p Documentary Evidence on the Haraza Nubian Language] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303102612/https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=191308412&DB=p |date=2024-03-03 }}"</ref> ya ƙare, Haraza, an san shi ne kawai daga 'yan kalmomi da dattawan ƙauyen suka tunatar da su a cikin 1923. Binciken lokaci-lokaci kan harsunan Nubian ya fara ne a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na karni na sha tara, na farko ya mai da hankali kan yarukan Nubian na Nilu Nobiin da Kenzi-Dongolawi. Yawancin sanannun 'yan Afirka sun shagaltar da kansu tare da Nubian, musamman Lepsius (1880), Reinisch (1879) da Meinhof (1918); wasu malaman Nubian na farko sun haɗa da Almkvist da Shäfer . Bugu da ƙari, Thelwall, Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst a rabi na biyu na karni na ashirin da Claude Rilly da George Starostin a cikin ashirin sun gudanar da muhimmiyar aikin kwatankwacin a kan yarukan Nubian. == Rarraba == [[File:Nubian-tree3.png|thumb|500x500px|Dangantaka tsakanin yarukan Nubian. Lines suna nuna dangantakar asali, layin layi na tasirin harshe; asterisks (*) alama harsuna da ba a tabbatar da su ba a rubuce, daggers (†) alama harsunan da suka mutu.]] A al'ada, an raba yarukan Nubian zuwa rassa uku: Arewa (Nile), Yamma (Darfur), da Tsakiya. ''Ethnologue's'' ta rarraba harsunan Nubian kamar haka:   Ƙungiyoyin Glottolog duk rassan da ba na Arewacin Nubian ba a cikin rukuni ɗaya mai suna West-Central Nubian. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin Hill Nubian, Glottolog ya sanya Dair a cikin wannan reshe kamar Kadaru . Dangantaka tsakanin Dongolawi da Nobiin ya kasance batun muhawara a cikin Nazarin Nubian. Rarrabawar Ethnologue ta dogara ne akan binciken glotto-chronological na Thelwall (1982) da Bechhaus-Gerst (1996), wanda ke ɗaukar Nobiin reshe na farko daga Proto-Nubian. Sun danganta kusanci na yanzu da na sauti tsakanin Nobiin da Dongolawi ga hulɗar harshe mai yawa. Da yake jayayya cewa babu wata hujja ta archaeological don ƙaura ta daban zuwa Kogin Nilu na masu magana da Dongolawi, Rilly (2010) ya ba da shaida cewa bambancin ƙamus tsakanin Nobiin da Dongolaui galibi saboda tushen Nubian ne a ƙarƙashin Nobiin, wanda ya danganta da [[Yaren meroitic|Meroitic]]. Da yake kusantar ƙamus na proto-Nubian da aka gada a cikin dukkan harsunan Nubian a hankali ta hanyar kwatanta harshe, Rilly ya isa ga wannan rarrabuwa:   == Rubutun kalmomi == Akwai shawarwari guda uku a halin yanzu don haruffa Nubian: bisa ga Rubutun Larabci, Rubutun Helenanci, Rubutun Latin da [[Tsohon yaren Nubian|Tsohon haruffa na Nubian]]. A cikin wallafe-wallafen littattafai daban-daban na karin magana, ƙamus, da litattafai tun daga shekarun 1950, marubuta huɗu sun yi amfani da Latin, Larabci ta marubuta biyu, da Tsohon Nubian ta marubuta uku. Ga Larabci, ana iya amfani da tsarin ISESCO mai tsawo don nuna wasula da ƙamus da ba a samu a cikin haruffa Larabci kanta ba. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Halinsa |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |- !Romanized |{{Transl|fia|a}} |{{Transl|fia|b}} |{{Transl|fia|g}} |{{Transl|fia|d}} |{{Transl|fia|e}} |{{Transl|fia|z}} |{{Transl|fia|ē}} |{{Transl|fia|th}} |{{Transl|fia|i}} |{{Transl|fia|ï}} |{{Transl|fia|k}} |{{Transl|fia|l}} |{{Transl|fia|m}} |{{Transl|fia|n}} |{{Transl|fia|o}} |- !Arabiya |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |- !Darajar sauti |{{IPA|/a,&nbsp;aː/}} |{{IPA|/b/}} |{{IPA|/ɡ/}} |{{IPA|/d/}} |{{IPA|/e,&nbsp;eː/}} |{{IPA|/z/}} |{{IPA|/ə,&nbsp;əː/}} |{{IPA|/θ/}} |{{IPA|/i, iː/}} |{{IPA|/j/}} |{{IPA|/k/}} |{{IPA|/l/}} |{{IPA|/m/}} |{{IPA|/n/}} |{{IPA|/o/}} |- | | | | | | | | | |- !Halinsa |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |- !Romanized |{{Transl|fia|p}} |{{Transl|fia|r}} |{{Transl|fia|s}} |{{Transl|fia|t}} |{{Transl|fia|u}} |{{Transl|fia|f}} |{{Transl|fia|ō}} |{{Transl|fia|š}} |{{Transl|fia|h}} |{{Transl|fia|c}} |{{Transl|fia|j}} |{{Transl|fia|ç}} |{{Transl|fia|ŋ}} |{{Transl|fia|ñ}} |{{Transl|fia|w}} |- !Arabiya |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |<big> </big> |- !Darajar sauti |{{IPA|/p/}} |{{IPA|/r/}} |{{IPA|/s/}} |{{IPA|/t/}} |{{IPA|/u, uː/}} |{{IPA|/f/}} |{{IPA|/oː/}} |{{IPA|/ʃ/}} |{{IPA|/h/}} |{{IPA|/ç/}} |{{IPA|/ɟʝ/}} |{{IPA|/cç/}} |{{IPA|/ŋ/}} |{{IPA|/ɲ/}} |{{IPA|/w/}} |} == Dubi kuma ==   * [[wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Nubian reconstructions|Jerin sake ginawa na Proto-Nubian]] (Wiktionary) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushen ==   == Haɗin waje == * [http://starling.rinet.ru/new100/nub.pdf Swadesh Jerin kwatanta kalmomin asali na yarukan Nubian] * Shafin ganowa na Panafrican a kan Nubian (taƙaitaccen bayani, hanyoyin haɗi) * [http://zeroblue2.tripod.com/lango.htm Misalan haruffa na Nubian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303102611/https://zeroblue2.tripod.com/lango.htm |date=2024-03-03 }} {{In lang|ar}} * Lucky Bilingual: Ethnography na Factors Tasiri Code-switching Tsakanin Nubian Community a Kudancin Masar An adana shi 2021-01-17 a * Bidiyo na kiɗa na ƙungiyar mata ta Sudan Al Balabil, wanda ke nuna [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WknfIVt2_d4 Waƙar Nubian "The Boat Set Sail" ("بابور كسونا")] tare da fassarar Turanci * Bidiyo na kiɗa wanda ke nuna mawaƙin Nubian Hamza El Din waƙar ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuBe8Xjud6E&list=OLAK5uy_m6TNZvvidxOKIoALsdTaTdK79fK-Ku_fM Helalisa]'' [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3up666vdjo6k6v3onfedhtbqo1k8qx0 0 73111 840082 827170 2026-05-25T14:45:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840082 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:SPIRAL.jpg |thumb|Girl group]] [[Fayil:SPIRAL.jpg|thumb|kungiyar yan mata musu wasan kwaikwayo ]] A '''girl group''' '''Ƙungiyar 'yan mata''' wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na kiɗa da ke nuna mawaƙa mata da yawa waɗanda suka dace da juna. Ana kuma amfani da kalmar "ƙungiyar 'yan mata" a cikin ma'ana mai zurfi a cikin Amurka don nuna alamar ƙungiyoyin mawaƙan mata na Amurka, waɗanda yawancinsu Doo-wop suka rinjayi su kuma suka bunƙasa a ƙarshen 1950s da farkon 1960 tsakanin shekarun 1960 . raguwar dutsen farko da birgima da fara mamayewar Burtaniya<ref>{{cite web|last=Rutledge|first=Meredith E.|url=http://rockhall.com/blog/post/6655_the-fabulous-girl-groups-women-who-rock/|title=The Fabulous Girl Groups &#124; The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum|publisher=Rockhall.com|date=15 April 2013|access-date=4 June 2014|archive-date=29 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629172820/http://www.rockhall.com/blog/post/6655_the-fabulous-girl-groups-women-who-rock/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history-of-rock.com/g_g-history.htm|title=Girl Groups - A Short History|publisher=History-of-rock.com|access-date=4 June 2014|archive-date=17 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917011426/http://www.history-of-rock.com/g_g-history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin mata duka, waɗanda mambobi kuma suke yin kida, yawanci ana ɗaukarsu wani sabon abu ne daban. Ana kiran waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a wasu lokuta "Ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata" don bambanta,<ref name="30m2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arQy0v_PBx4C&q=difference+girl+bands+girl+group+instruments&pg=PA306|author=Claudia Mitchell, Jacqueline Reid-Walsh|title=Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Greenwood Press|date=1 January 2008|access-date=9 March 2017|isbn=9780313339080}}</ref> ko da yake wannan kalma ba a bin duniya. [[Fayil:Spice Girls in Toronto, Ontario.jpg|thumb|Girl group]] Tare da zuwan masana'antar kiɗa da watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo, ƙungiyar 'yan mata da yawa sun fito, irin su Andrews Sisters . Ƙarshen shekarun 1950 ya ga bullar ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa na mata duka a matsayin babban ƙarfi, tare da ƙungiyoyin mata daban-daban 750 suna fitar da waƙoƙin da suka kai ginshiƙi na kiɗan Amurka da na Burtaniya daga 1960 zuwa 1966. Mahukunta kadai sun gudanar da 12 lamba-daya a kan BillboardHot 100 a lokacin tsayin raƙuman ruwa kuma a cikin yawancin mamayewar Birtaniyya sun yi hamayya da Beatles a cikin shahara. <ref>As evidence of the popularity of the Supremes, during and after the British Invasion, on 21 May 1977 edition of ''[[American Top 40]]'', [[Casey Kasem]] noted that the Supremes, more than any other act, dethroned the Beatles from the Hot 100's summit three times.</ref><ref name="girl-groups.com2" /><ref name="girl-groups.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.girl-groups.com/groups.htm|title=Girl Groups|publisher=Girl Groups|access-date=4 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529185656/http://www.girl-groups.com/groups.htm|archive-date=29 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Supremes2">{{cite book|first=Joel|last=Whitburn|year=2003|title=Top Pop Singles 1955-2002|pages=[https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbur/page/950 950, 959, 964, 967, 969, 970, 983, 984, 988–990]|publisher=Record Research, Inc.com|location=Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin|isbn=978-0-89820-155-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbur/page/950}}</ref><ref>As evidence of the popularity of the Supremes, during and after the British Invasion, on 21 May 1977 edition of ''[[American Top 40]]'', [[Casey Kasem]] noted that the Supremes, more than any other act, dethroned the Beatles from the Hot 100's summit three times.</ref> A cikin zamani na gaba, za a yi amfani da samfurin ƙungiyar 'yan mata zuwa disco, R&amp;amp;B na zamani, da tsarin ƙasa, da kuma pop . Ingantacciyar masana'antar kiɗa ta duniya ta haifar da shaharar kidan pop mai dogaro da raye-raye wanda manyan lakabin rikodin ke jagoranta. Wannan fitowar, wacce Amurka, Burtaniya, [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da [[Japan]] suka jagoranta, ta haifar da shahararrun ayyukan, tare da ƙungiyoyi takwas da suka fara muhawara bayan 1990 sun sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 15 na kundin su . Tare da Spice Girls, 1990s kuma sun ga kasuwar da aka yi niyya don kungiyoyin 'yan mata sun canza daga masu sauraron maza zuwa ƙarar mace. A cikin 2010s, al'amarin K-pop ya haifar da haɓaka ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata masu nasara ciki har da 'Yan Mata, Blackpink, da Sau Biyu.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBXvvo4Vo-oC&pg=PA352|title=Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture - Google Books|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=4 June 2014|isbn=9780804736275|last1=Held|first1=David|year=1999|publisher=Stanford University Press}}</ref> <ref name="johnharlow2">{{cite news|title=Wannabe like me?|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|first=John|last=Harlow|page=16|date=27 October 1996|accessdate=30 March 2021|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/320504889|id={{ProQuest|320504889}}|url-access=subscription|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref><ref name="andrewsmith2">{{cite news|title=Girls on top. After Spice, all-girl groups are dominating the charts. They're successful, but who's got the power?|work=[[The Observer]]|page=7|first=Andrew|last=Smith|date=22 August 1999|accessdate=30 March 2021|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/250362717|id={{ProQuest|250362717}}|url-access=subscription|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/billboard-explains-girl-groups-1235078184/|title=Billboard Explains: The Evolution of Girl Groups|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=May 27, 2022|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=May 30, 2023|archive-date=May 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527174015/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/billboard-explains-girl-groups-1235078184/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:"Imperial Girls Band, Reding, Mich." LCCN2007678602.jpg|thumb|Girl group]] Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin mata na farko shine Hamilton Sisters da Fordyce, 'yar Amurka uku da suka yi nasarar zagayawa Ingila da sassa na Turai a 1927, nadi kuma sun bayyana a gidan rediyon BBC.{{Spaced en dash}}sun zagaya iri-iri na Amurka da manyan gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, kuma daga baya sun canza sunan wasan su zuwa Uku X Sisters . Ƙungiyar ta kasance tare daga 1923 har zuwa farkon 1940s, kuma an san su da haɗin kai na kusa, da kuma salon wanzami ko sabbin wakoki, kuma sun yi amfani da nasarar da suka samu a rediyo na 1930. Sisters Uku su ma sun kasance sanannen ƙari ga wurin kiɗan, kuma sun annabta nasarar ƙungiyar 'yan mata daga baya ta hanyar ci gaba da shahararsu a cikin [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin hali]] . Sisters Boswell, waɗanda suka zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa daga 1930 zuwa 1936, sun sami nasara sama da ashirin. Sisters Andrews sun fara ne a cikin 1937 a matsayin ƙungiyar harajin Boswell kuma sun ci gaba da yin rikodi da yin aiki a cikin 1940s zuwa ƙarshen 1960s, suna samun ƙarin tallace-tallacen rikodin, ƙarin hits Billboard, ƙarin masu siyarwa miliyan, da ƙarin fitowar fim fiye da kowace ƙungiyar 'yan mata zuwa yau. . <ref>''Swing It! The Andrews Sisters Story'', John Sforza, University Press of Kentucky, 2000</ref> 'Yan'uwan Andrews suna da kida sauƙaƙe a fadin nau'ikan galibi, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga yadudduka da shahararrun ƙungiyar' yan matan. Kamar yadda zamanin dutsen ya fara, haɗin kai yana aiki kamar Chordettes, Fontane Sisters, McGuire Sisters da DeCastro Sisters sun kasance masu shahara, tare da ayyuka uku na farko da suka wuce taswirar pop da na karshe mai lamba biyu, a karshen 1954 zuwa farkon 1955. Hakanan, 'Yan uwan Lennon sun kasance babban jigo a ''Nunin Lawrence Welk'' daga 1955 zuwa gaba. A farkon 1956, doo-wop daya-buga abin mamaki yayi kama da Bonnie Sisters tare da "Cry Baby" da Teen Queens tare da " Eddie My Love "ya nuna farkon alkawari don tashi daga jituwa na gargajiya. Tare da " Mr. Lee ", Bobbettes ya daɗe  watanni akan ginshiƙi a cikin 1957, haɓaka haɓakawa da samun ƙarin karbuwa ga duka-mace, ƙungiyoyin murya [[Bakar fata|baki ɗaya]] . <ref>Alan Betrock ''Girl groups: the story of a sound'' 1982 p.148</ref> Duk da haka, waƙar Chantels '1958 " Wataƙila " ta zama "ba shakka, farkon sauti na ƙungiyar yarinya". The "cakuda na black doo-wop, rock and roll, and white pop" ya kasance mai jan hankali ga matasa masu sauraro kuma ya girma daga abin kunya da ya shafi payola da kuma tasirin zamantakewa na kiɗan rock . Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin farko irin su Chantels sun fara haɓaka ƙarfin kiɗan ƙungiyoyin su bisa ga al'ada, ta hanyar matsakaici kamar Latin da kiɗan mawaƙa. Nasarar Chantels da sauran sun biyo bayan babban haɓaka a cikin ƙungiyoyin' yan mata tare da ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa daban-daban, tare da alamun wariyar launin fata na masana'antar kiɗa na R&B da fashe a hankali suna watsewa. <ref name="smithsonianmag.com" /> Wannan tashin ya kuma ba da damar kamannin motsi na aji ga ƙungiyoyin mutanen da galibi ba za su iya samun irin wannan nasarar ba, kuma "kafa ƙungiyoyin murya tare da yanke bayanan ya ba su damar samun wasu damammaki zuwa ci gaban ƙwararru da ci gaban mutum, faɗaɗa ra'ayin yarinya kamar yadda ya kamata. ainihi a tsakanin jinsi da layin aji." Ƙungiyar sau da yawa ana la'akari da cewa ta sami nasarar ci gaba ta farko a cikin nau'in 'yan mata shine Shirelles, wanda ya fara kaiwa Top 40 tare da " Daren Yau ", kuma a cikin 1961, ya zama rukuni na farko na yarinya. don isa lamba ɗaya akan Hot 100 tare da " Za Ku So Ni Gobe ", da mawallafin mawaƙa Gerry Goffin da Carole King suka rubuta a 1650 Broadway . Shirelles sun ƙarfafa nasarar su tare da ƙarin manyan hits 10 guda biyar, musamman ma lamba ɗaya ta 1962 ta buga " Yaron Soja ", a cikin shekaru biyu da rabi masu zuwa. " Don Allah Mista Postman " ta Marvelettes ya zama babban nuni na haɗin kai tsakanin launin fata na shahararrun kiɗa, saboda ita ce waƙa ta farko a Amurka don lakabin mallakar Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka, Motown Records . Motown zai mallaki manyan kungiyoyin 'yan mata da yawa, ciki har da Martha da Vandellas, da Velvelettes, da kuma Supremes . <ref name="turner" /> [[File:Please_Mr._Postman_album.JPG|left|thumb|100x100px]] [[Fayil:Tripura girls in their traditional attire.jpg|thumb|Girl group]] Sauran marubutan waƙa da furodusoshi a Amurka da Burtaniya da sauri sun gane yuwuwar wannan sabuwar hanyar kuma sun ɗauki ayyukan da ake da su (ko, a wasu lokuta, sun ƙirƙiri sababbi) don yin rikodin waƙoƙin su a cikin salon ƙungiyar 'yan mata. Phil Spector ya dauki Crystals, Blossoms, da Ronettes, yayin da Goffin da King suka rubuta wakoki guda biyu don Kukis . Phil Spector ya yi tasiri mai yawa a ko'ina cikin rukunin 'yan mata, tare da kawo shahara da shahara ga manyan kungiyoyin 'yan mata. Phil Spector's abin da ake kira Wall of Sound, wanda ya yi amfani da yadudduka na kayan aiki don ƙirƙirar sauti mai ƙarfi ya ba wa ƙungiyoyin yarinya damar yin waƙa da ƙarfi kuma a cikin salo daban-daban fiye da al'ummomin da suka gabata. Jerry Leiber da Mike Stoller suma zasu inganta Exciters, Kofin Dixie, da Shangri-Las . Shangri-Las' ya buga guda ɗaya, " Shugaban Kunshin ", ya misalta " nau'in "digen mutuwa " wanda wasu ƙungiyoyin mata suka ɗauka. Wadannan wakoki galibi suna ba da labarin soyayyar samari da mutuwar daya daga cikin matasan masoyan. Sisters na Paris sun sami nasara daga 1961 zuwa 1964, musamman tare da " Ina son yadda kuke sona ". Chiffons, Mala<nowiki>'iku, da Orlons suma sun shahara a farkon shekarun 1960. A farkon kaka 1963 abin mamaki daya buga Jaynetts '' Sally Go' Round the Roses '' sun sami sauti mai ban mamaki sabanin na kowace kungiyar 'yan mata. A cikin 1964, ƙungiyar al'ajabi guda ɗaya ta Murmaids ta ɗauki David Gates '' Popsicles da Icicles '' zuwa saman 3 a cikin Janairu, Masu Kula da ' Mu Love You Beatles ' sun kori saman 40 a cikin Afrilu, da Jewels ' ''Dama''</nowiki> ya kasance dan kadan a watan Disamba. Sama da ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata 750 sun sami damar tsara waƙa tsakanin 1960 da 1966 a cikin Amurka da Burtaniya, kodayake ba a jin isar nau'in a cikin masana'antar kiɗa na wasu yankuna. Kamar yadda al'adun matasa na yammacin Nahiyar Turai ta nutsar da su sosai a cikin Yé-yé, masu yin rikodin rikodi na Gabashin Asiya galibi sun bambanta daga mawaƙa na gargajiya, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta gwamnati, <ref>Category:Maoist_China_propaganda_songs</ref> ko masu solo na al'adu da yawa da makada, yayin da bossa nova ya kasance mai salo a Latin Amurka. Tasirin kiɗan na duniya a ƙarshe ya fitar da ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata a matsayin nau'in kuma, sai dai kaɗan na ƙungiyoyin da aka ambata da yuwuwar Toys and the Sweet Inspirations, ƙungiyar 'yan mata guda ɗaya tare da kowane muhimmin ginshiƙi tun farkon mamayewar Burtaniya. a cikin 1970 kungiyoyin 'yan mata na Motown tare da Supremes su ne kawai ƙungiyar 'yan mata da suka ci lambar farko. Ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta musamman ba za ta sake fitowa ba har sai karni na 21, inda zai rinjayi masu magana da harshen Ingilishi na zamani waɗanda suka sami nasara a duniya, irin su Amy Winehouse, [[Adele]], Duffy da Melanie Fiona da sauransu. . Baya ga yin tasiri ga mawaƙa guda ɗaya, wannan rukunin 'yan mata sun haɓaka tsari da ra'ayi na 'yan mata tare da ba da kwarin gwiwa ga ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa. === 1966-1989: Canje-canje a cikin tsari da nau'o'i === [[File:Labelle_1975.JPG|right|thumb| Ƙungiyar Waƙa Labelle, {{Circa|1975}}]] Shigar da 1970s, Supremes sun ci gaba da samun nasara tare da manyan 10 hits " Up the Ladder to Roof "da" Ƙaunar Dutse " tare da wasu 'yan wasa guda shida da ke nunawa a kan manyan 40 na Billboard. Wasu kungiyoyin 'yan mata guda biyu ne kawai suka yi manyan zane-zane 10 ta hanyar 1974 tare da " Son Tallace-tallace " ta Honey Cone da " Yaushe zan sake ganin ku " ta hanyar digiri uku (wanda ya samo asali a cikin 1960s da 1970, kamar Chantels a ciki). 1958, sun fara manyan ayyukan pop 40 tare da "Wataƙila"). Patti LaBelle da Bluebelles wata ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Amurka ce ta 1960s wacce hotonta Vicki Wickham, manajan su, ya taimaka a sake gyarawa a farkon 1970s, ya sake sunan kungiyar Labelle kuma yana tura su zuwa glam rock . Labelle ita ce ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta farko da ta yi watsi da kayan da suka dace da kayan kida iri ɗaya, a maimakon haka suna sanye da manyan rigunan sararin samaniya da riguna masu fuka-fuki. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma bayan haka, ayyukan mata sun haɗa da Zaɓin Farko, Yarjejeniyar Azurfa, Hot, Emotions, High Inergy, Odyssey, Sister Sledge, Mary Jane Girls, Belle Epoque, Frantique, Luv', da Baccara . Ƙungiyoyi na shekarun 1980 kamar Sisters Sisters, Exposé, da Bananarama sun sabunta ra'ayi. A cikin Latin Amurka, an sami ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata da yawa da suka dace da raye-raye a lokacin, waɗanda suka haɗa da Flans, Pandora da Fandango. In Japan, all-female idol groups Candies and Pink Lady made a series of hits during the 1970s and 1980s as well. The Japanese music program ''Music Station'' listed Candies and Pink Lady in their Top 50 Idols of All Time (compiled in 2011), placing them at number 32 and number 15, with sales exceeding 5 and 13 million in Japan, respectively. With the single "Kiss in the Dark", Pink Lady was also one of only two Japanese artists to have reached the Billboard Top 40. === 1990-yanzu: Zaman ƙungiyar 'yan mata na rawa === ==== American R&B da hip hop ==== Tare da haɓaka sabon jack swing, R &amp;amp; B na zamani da hip hop, Ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata na Amurka irin su En Vogue, Exposé da Sweet Sensation duk suna da 'yan wasa waɗanda suka buga lamba ɗaya a kan sigogi. Ƙungiyoyi a cikin waɗannan nau'o'in, irin su SWV, Xscape, 702, Total, Zhane, Blaque, da 3LW, sun yi nasarar samun ginshiƙi na waƙoƙi a kan duka US Hot 100 da US R & B charts. Koyaya, TLC ta sami mafi girman nasara ga ƙungiyar 'yan mata a cikin zamanin da R&B na zamani zai zama karɓuwa ta duniya. TLC ta kasance ƙungiyar 'yan matan Amurka mafi siyar da rikodin miliyan 65, kuma kundi na biyu na studio, ''CrazySexyCool'' (1994), ya kasance mafi kyawun kundi na wata ƙungiyar yarinya a Amurka (shaidar Diamond), yayin siyar da sama da miliyan 14. kwafi a duniya. Destiny's Child ya fito a ƙarshen 1990s kuma ya sayar da fiye da miliyan 60. A tsakiyar-zuwa ƙarshen-2000s, an sami farfaɗowar ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata. Ƙungiyar 'yan matan Amurka da ƙungiyar raye-rayen Pussycat Dolls sun sami nasara a duniya tare da ƙwararrun su. Ƙungiyar 'yan mata Danity Kane kuma ta zama ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta farko a tarihin Billboard don samun kundi guda biyu a jere-ɗaya, a matsayin kundi na farko mai suna (2006) da kundinsu na biyu ''Barka da zuwa Dollhouse'' (2008) duka biyun sun kasance a kan Billboard na Amurka 200 . <ref name="MtV.CoM">''[[Making the Band]]''/''The Rise and Fall of Danity Kane'', ''[[MTV]]'' (30 April 2009). Retrieved on 2009-04-30.</ref> Kungiyoyin 'yan mata yanzu sun fi shahara idan aka kwatanta da farkon 2000s. Kungiyoyin 'yan mata sun ci gaba da samun nasarar su a cikin 2010s. Ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta [[Miami]] ta Fifth Harmony ta kafa a 2012 akan ''The X Factor USA'' . Sun kai ga nasara na kasa da kasa tare da kundi na farko da suka fara ''Tunani'', wanda ya fito da bugu mai suna " Worth It ". ==== Mamaye na Biyu na Burtaniya da Turai ==== [[File:Spice_Girls_in_Toronto,_Ontario.jpg|thumb| Watsawa cikin tsakiyar 1990s, 'yan matan Spice sun zama ƙungiyar 'yan mata mafi siyar da kowane lokaci .]] A farkon shekarun 1990, makada maza ne suka mamaye fagen wakokin Burtaniya. Ƙungiyar 'yan mata kawai da ke yin tasiri a kan ginshiƙi na Birtaniya a lokacin shine Madawwami, amma har ma sun kasance "sun kasance marasa fuska". A cikin mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa tsarin kungiyar 'yan mata, mamayar Burtaniya ta biyu ta ga ' yan matan Spice Girls na Burtaniya sun juya halin da ake ciki a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, inda suka kai lamba 1 guda goma a Burtaniya da Amurka. Tare da sayar da kide kide da wake-wake, tallace-tallace, tallace-tallace, tallace-tallacen rikodin rikodin miliyan 86 a duk duniya, kundi mafi kyawun siyarwa na kowane lokaci ta ƙungiyar mata, <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6251176.stm Timeline: Spice Girls] BBC News, 28 June 2007</ref> da fim, 'Yan matan Spice sun zama ƙungiyar Birtaniyya mafi cin kasuwa ta kasuwanci tun lokacin. [[The Beatles|Beatles]] . Ba kamar magabata ba waɗanda aka sayar da su ga masu siyan rikodin maza, Spice Girls sun sake fasalta ra'ayin ƙungiyar yarinya ta hanyar bin matashiyar fanbase maimakon. Ƙungiyar al'adun da Spice Girls ta fara ta haifar da wasu ayyuka masu kama da juna, waɗanda suka haɗa da kayan aikin Birtaniya-Kanada All Saints, Irish girl group B * Witched, Atomic Kitten da Honeyz, waɗanda duk sun sami matakan nasara daban-daban a cikin shekaru goma. A cikin shekarun 2000, ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata daga Burtaniya sun kasance sananne, tare da Girls Aloud 's " Sound of the Underground " da Sugababes " Round Round " ana kiransu "manyan manyan hits biyu" da aka lasafta tare da sake fasalin kiɗan kiɗan Burtaniya don wasan. 2000s. Duk da kasancewarta mai zane-zane, Kundin Amy Winehouse na 2006 ''Back to Black'' ya ƙunshi babban tasiri daga ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata na 1960 da kuma kwatankwacin kwatancen Winehouse zuwa Ronettes. Ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Birtaniya ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin 2000s da 2010s, tare da ayyuka irin su Mis-Teeq, Asabar, StooShe da Little Mix, waɗanda su ne rukuni na farko da suka taba lashe kyautar Birtaniya ta ''X Factor'' . ==== Fitowar kungiyoyin 'yan matan Asiya na rawa-pop ==== Ko da yake fitowar ayyukan rawa-pop a Asiya ya yi daidai da takwarorinsu na Biritaniya a cikin 1990s, ƙungiyoyin mata a Asiya sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin nasara a cikin 2010s. Japan tana da kasuwa mafi girma na biyu mafi girma na masana'antar kiɗa gabaɗaya kuma mafi girman kasuwar kiɗan ta zahiri a duniya, tare da siyar da siyar da Oricon Singles Chart wanda ƙungiyoyin 'yan matan tsafi J-pop ke mamaye su. A cikin ƙarshen 1990s, ƙwararrun ‘yan mata Speed da Max sun sami shahara a Asiya, kuma sun ba da dama ga ƙungiyoyin ‘yan mata na Japan da suka ci nasara, irin su Morning Musume, AKB48, Turare, da Momoiro Clover Z. Speed ya sayar da jimillar kwafi miliyan 20 a Japan cikin shekaru uku, tare da ''Iri-iri'' yana kiran su "Ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Japan", yayin da Max har yanzu yana riƙe da rikodin ƙungiyar 'yan mata tare da na biyu mafi girma a jere 10 a Japan. A cikin shekarun 2010, an ƙaddamar da ƙungiyoyin 'yan'uwa AKB48 ko za a ƙaddamar da su a Indonesia, China, Thailand, Taiwan, Philippines, da [[Vietnam]]. Sabbin ƙungiyoyin tsafi na Japan da yawa sun bayyana a cikin 2010s kuma sun haifar da yanayi mai zafi a cikin masana'antar kiɗa, wanda ake kira "Idol ''sengoku jidai'' " (アイドル戦国時代; lit. Age of the Idol Warring States).   Tun daga 2009, Hallyu (Korean wave) da K-pop sun zama mafi mahimmanci a cikin masana'antar nishaɗi. Tasirinsa ya bazu ko'ina cikin Asiya kuma ya fara isa Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka, Turai da Amurka. Tun da farko, kungiyoyin 'yan mata irin su 'yan mata, 2NE1 da Wonder Girls suna daga cikin shugabannin wannan "Hallyu". Tasirin ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata na asali na Amurka ba a rasa ba a wannan zamanin na masu fasaha, saboda mutane da yawa sun karɓi tasirin gani ta hanyar tunaninsu na "retro", kamar na 2008 na duniya ya buga " Babu wanda " ta Wonder Girls. Daga rabin na biyu na shekarun 2010, sabbin tsararru na kungiyoyin 'yan matan Koriya sun fito kuma sun sami babban nasara yayin da ake ci gaba da habaka duniya ta igiyar ruwan Koriya. Waɗannan sabbin ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata sun ƙaura sannu a hankali zuwa ƙarin ra'ayoyin "murkushe yarinya" kuma ya zama ruwan dare ga membobin su shiga rubuce-rubuce ko samarwa. Shahararrun kungiyoyin 'yan matan Koriya ta Kudu sun hada da Blackpink, Sau biyu, Aespa, NewJeans, IVE da Red Velvet da sauransu. (((others. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-27|title=Top 15 Most Popular K-Pop Girl Groups (2023)|url=https://omfoo.com/en/blog/kpop-idols/top-15-most-popular-k-pop-girl-groups-2023/|access-date=2023-12-14|website=OMFOO}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Jigogi == [[Fayil:Taiwan girls group HUR.jpg|thumb|Girl group]] Ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata suna da nau'o'in batutuwa masu yawa a cikin waƙoƙin su, dangane da lokaci da wuri da kuma wanda ke tsarawa. Har ila yau, waƙoƙin suna da sha'awar nuna yanayin siyasa da al'adun da ke kewaye da su. Alal misali, waƙoƙin da ke da zagi sun kasance da yawa a cikin shekarun 1950-1970. Wani sanannen misali shine waƙar " Ya Buga Ni (Kuma Ya Ji Kamar Sumba) " ta Crystals . A lokacin "zuriyar zinare na kungiyoyin 'yan mata", waƙoƙin sun bambanta, kama daga waƙoƙi game da karnuka masu ma'ana zuwa ciki marasa haihuwa. Duk da haka, an kuma sami ra'ayoyin gama gari a cikin ra'ayoyi kamar sabon soyayya, jin daɗi bayan murkushe ko masoyi, da ɓacin rai. Wasu waƙoƙin suna jin daɗi ko farin ciki kuma suna rera waƙa game da soyayya, yayin da wasu suka ɗauki juzu'i mai mahimmanci. Ƙungiyoyi kamar Shangri-Las, tare da waƙar " Ba zan iya komawa gida ba " sun raira waƙa game da gefen duhu na kasancewa cikin soyayya. ((love. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/jul/23/girl-groups-10-of-the-best-ronettes-supremes-shangri-las|title=60s girl groups: 10 of the best|last=Jonze|first=Tim|date=23 July 2014|website=The Guardian|access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> ()) === samartaka === Babban jigo na musamman shine samartaka. Tun da yawancin kungiyoyin <nowiki>'yan mata sun ƙunshi matasa mawaƙa, sau da yawa har yanzu a makarantar sakandare, waƙoƙin da aka ambata iyaye a lokuta da yawa. Har ila yau samartaka ya kasance abin farin ciki saboda fitowar masu sauraro na yara mata masu sauraro da siyan bayanai. Ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata sun ƙarfafa samartaka don haɓaka hoton matasa, tun da "wani misalin da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba na 'yan mata matasa sun mamaye matakin al'adun kasuwanci na yau da kullum". Misali na wannan alamar matasa na iya zama Baby Spice daga Spice Girls . An nuna wannan ta hanyar bunƙasa kamar yawancin kayan da suka dace da ƙungiyoyin mata na tsakiyar ƙarni da abubuwan samari a cikin waƙoƙi. Kungiyoyin 'yan mata na zamanin 1950 su ma suna ba wa wasu 'yan mata nasiha, ko kuma su rera waka game da shawarar da iyayensu mata suka ba su, wanda ya yi kama da wasu kungiyoyin mawakan maza na lokacin (misali, Miracles '' '' Shop Around ''</nowiki>). Har ila yau, samartaka yana da mahimmanci (musamman farawa a cikin 1950s) daga sauran ƙarshen: masu amfani sun kasance "matasa (masu samun kudin shiga), shirye-shiryen damar yin amfani da motoci, da kuma haɗakar da manyan makarantun da suka fallasa su ga adadi mai yawa na sauran matasa. Al'adun matasa sun kasance. haihuwa." ((born." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thelearnedfangirl.com/2016/04/sisters-with-voices-a-brief-history-of-girl-groups/|title=Sisters With Voices: A Brief History of Girl Groups|date=7 April 2016|website=The Learned Fangirl|language=en-US|access-date=23 May 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513030505/http://thelearnedfangirl.com/2016/04/sisters-with-voices-a-brief-history-of-girl-groups/|url-status=dead}}</ref> )) === Ƙaunar mata === Yayin da tsarin ƙungiyar 'yan mata ya ci gaba har zuwa tsararraki masu zuwa, an shigar da shahararrun al'adun gargajiya a cikin kiɗan. An kara bayyanar da " ikon yarinya " da kuma mata, kodayake ƙungiyoyin farawa sun kasance da tsari sosai a cikin mata. Zai zama mai sauƙi a nuna cewa ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata sun rera waƙa ne kawai game da soyayya; akasin haka, kungiyoyi da dama sun bayyana ra’ayoyi masu sarkakiya a cikin wakokinsu. Akwai wakokin goyon baya, wakoki masu gulma da sauransu; kamar kowane motsi na kiɗa, akwai bambanci sosai a cikin abin da ake rerawa. Babban jigo sau da yawa shi ne koyar da "abin da ake nufi da zama mace". Ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata za su nuna yadda mace ta kasance daga tufafin da suke sanye da ainihin kalmomin da ke cikin waƙoƙin su. Tabbas wannan ya canza tsawon shekaru (abin da Manyan Manyan suke sawa ya bambanta da Spice Girls), amma ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata har yanzu suna zama tashoshi da misalan wasu nau'ikan ainihi ga masu sauraron su tsawon shekaru. A cikin 1990s zuwa yanzu, tare da yawaitar kungiyoyi irin su Spice Girls, an ba da muhimmanci sosai ga 'yancin kai na mata da kuma irin nau'in mata. A taƙaice, waƙar ta fi ƙwaƙƙwaran waƙa kuma ba ta dogara da ɓarna ba. Wannan rukunin 'yan mata na baya-bayan nan ya fi tsokanar jima'i kuma, wanda ke da ma'ana a cikin kiɗan pop a cikin wannan lokacin kuma. ==Hotuna== <gallery> </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kungiyoyin 'yan mata * Jerin kungiyoyin 'yan mata da aka fi siyar * Jerin tafiye-tafiyen kide-kide da suka fi girma na kungiyoyin 'yan mata * Band-mace duka * Mata a cikin kiɗa * Yaro band * ''Dreamgirls'', fim ɗin kiɗa na 1981 da fim ɗin 2006 wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwarewar ƙungiyoyin 'yan mata a yankin Motown == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/womens-history/the-real-dreamgirls-147452817/?no-ist 2007 Smithsonian yanki na tasirin tarihi na Ƙungiyoyin Mata na Amurka] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150522114204/http://www.girl-groups.com/ Wurin da aka yi fan da aka keɓe ga faɗin Ƙungiyoyin Mata na Amurka na tsakiyar ƙarni] (an adana 22 Mayu 2015) [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rv3dutqv8c8invrb3b9m8ijrn2n2uf4 0 76984 840215 505149 2026-05-26T03:37:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hassan Benabicha''' ( {{Lang-ar|حسن بنعبيشة}} ; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1964) manajan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Morocco kuma tsohon ɗan wasa. [[Fayil:حسن بنعبيشة.jpg|thumb|Hassan Benabicha]] == Tarihin Rayuwa == Benabicha ya buga wa [[Wydad AC|Wydad Casablanca]] shekaru da yawa kuma ana lissafta shi cikin manyan 'yan wasan kulob din. Da zarar wasansa ya kammala, Benabicha ya jagoranci ƙungiyoyin Moroccan da yawa, ciki har da FAR Rabat, [[KAC Marrakech|Kawkab Marrakesh]] da JS Massira . A cikin 2008, an nada Benabicha a matsayin manajan riko na [[KAC Marrakech|Kawkab Marrakech]] . <ref>[http://aujourdhui.ma/sports/chabab-houara-elimine-le-wydad-55980 Chabab Houara élimine le Wydad], aujourdhui.ma, 8 April 2008</ref> A cikin Afrilu 2010, ya dauki nauyin tawagar 'yan wasan Moroccan U18 . <ref>[https://www.maghress.com/fr/lopinion/17486 Pim Verbeek, Directeur des équipes nationales des jeunes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127122231/https://www.maghress.com/fr/lopinion/17486 |date=2024-11-27 }}, maghress.com, 30 April 2010</ref> A shekara ta 2011, Benabicha ya zama kocin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Morocco, wanda ya bar kungiyar na wucin gadi don jagorantar 'yan wasan cikin gida na kasar Morocco a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na 2014 da ke gudana a Afirka ta Kudu. Tawagar ta bar gasar ne a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe bayan ta sha kashi a hannun [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] da ci 4-3 . Bayan korar kocin Rachid Taoussi, Benabicha ya zama kocin rikon kwarya na Morocco. Ya jagoranci kungiyar a wasan sada zumunci da Gabon a [[Marrakesh]], inda aka tashi kunnen doki 1-1. Benabicha ya bar mukamin ne a shekarar 2014. Daga karshe ya maye gurbinsa da [[Gwarzon ɗan Wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafar Afirka na Shekara|Gwarzon dan kwallon Afrika na]] shekarar 1986 da tsohon dan wasan Morocco [[Ezzaki Badou|Badou Ezzaki]], wanda ya jagoranci tawagar kasar zuwa wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika a 2004 . == Girmamawa == === A matsayin manaja === '''Morocco U20''' * Wasannin Bahar Rum : 2013 * Wasannin Hadin Kai na Musulunci : 2013 * Jeux de la Francophonie : 2013 * Gasar Toulon ta zo ta biyu: 2015 == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1964]] eo2q9q7kfq39tam8la3f64unh1b8o8e 0 80478 840258 725121 2026-05-26T10:32:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Habayeb in Oslo for Viewing Palestine event.JPG|thumb|Huzama Habayeb a cikin mutane ]] '''Huzama Habayeb''' (Arabic) marubuciya ce na [[Falasdinawa|Palasdinawa]], [[Gajeren labari|Mai bada labari]], marubuciya, mai fassara, kuma mawakiya wanda ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa kamar Mahmoud Seif Eddin Al-Erani Award for Short Stories, Jerusalem Festival of Youth Innovation in Short Stories, da Naguib Mahfouz Medal for Literature. Bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Kuwait a shekara ta 1987 tareda digiri na farko afannin Ingilishi da wallafe-wallafen, tabi aikin jarida, koyarwa, da fassara kafin tafara rubutu a matsayin marubuciyar da aka buga. Ita memba ce aduka Ƙungiyar Marubutan Jordan da Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta [[Larabawa]] . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=List of the winners of JWA's awards |url=http://www.jo-writers.org/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9 |access-date= |website=Jo-Writers |publisher= |archive-date=2019-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316044858/http://www.jo-writers.org/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwarta ta sirri == [[Fayil:Huzama Habayeb receives the 2017 naguib mahfouz medal for literature.jpg|thumb|Huzama Habayeb]] An haifi Habayeb a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1965, a [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]], inda ta girma kuma tayi karatu. Ta sami B.A. a cikin Harshen Ingilishi da Littattafai daga Jami'ar Kuwait a shekara ta 1987. Yakin Gulf wanda ya ɓarke 'yan shekaru bayan kammala karatunta, Habayeb - tare da danginta - sun koma Jordan kuma sun zauna a can shekaru da yawa kafin ta koma [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]], inda take zaune a halin yanzu.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Palestinian author in UAE stops US book project |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/palestine/palestinian-author-in-uae-stops-us-book-project-1.1027666 |access-date=2015-10-30 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref> == Aikin yinta == Kafin rubuce-rubuce ya zama ainihin sana'arta, Habayeb tayi aiki a fannoni daban-daban. Tafara aikin jarida a Kuwait kuma tayi aiki a matsayin malama da mai fassara bayan ta koma Jordan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Information about Huzama Habayeb |url=http://culture.gov.jo/new/%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D9%2588-%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D9%2591%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8/7158-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25A8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324142939/http://culture.gov.jo/new/%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D9%2588-%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D9%2591%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8/7158-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25A8 |archive-date=March 24, 2016 |access-date=2015-10-30 |website=culture.gov.jo}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> Amma har ma bayan samun karbuwa a matsayin fitacciyar marubuciya, tazaɓi ta kasance a cikin fannonin aikin jarida da fassara. Ta fassara littattafan Ingilishi da yawa zuwa Larabci.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title="The Discovery of the Germ" By John Waller |url=http://rasseen.com/art.php?id=82977300ff806588636c06c032a3a86c50501695 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> == Ayyukan rubuce-rubucenta == Rubutun Habayeb galibi fiction ne, kodayake ta kuma rubuta wadanda ba fiction ba. Manyan nau'ikan wallafe-wallafen guda uku data wallafa sun hada da shayari, [[Gajeren labari|gajerun labaru]], da litattafai. === Waƙoƙinta === Kodayake an san Habayeb amatsayin marubuciya, farkonta ta kasance tare da shayari - musamman, aya kyauta. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1990, an wallafa tarin waƙoƙi goma sha huɗu na Habayeb - a ƙarƙashin taken "Images" - a cikin fitowar 23 na mujallar An-Naqid, mujallar dake London wacce ta rufeta.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Closure of An-Naqid magazine |url=http://www.alarab.co.uk/m/?id=12152 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20151108121628/http://www.alarab.co.uk/m/?id=12152 |archive-date=November 8, 2015 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Available issue of An Naqid magazines on PDF |url=http://maktabat-ach3b-alkarim.blogspot.com/2011/09/24.html |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> Mafi shahararren aikin waka na Habayeb shine tarin shayari da ake kira "Begging," wanda '''Cibiyar Nazarin Larabawa da Buga [AIRP]''' tabuga a shekara ta 2009, wanda shine gidan bugawa wanda ya buga mafi yawan ayyukanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=:: Arab Institute for Research and Publishing :: |url=http://www.airpbooks.com/En/About.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828030231/http://www.airpbooks.com/En/About.php |archive-date=August 28, 2015 |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=:: المؤسسة العربيـة للدراسـات و النشـر :: |url=http://airpbooks.com/Ar/Publications.php?CatId=55&page=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323103626/http://airpbooks.com/Ar/Publications.php?CatId=55&page=11 |archive-date=March 23, 2016 |access-date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> Tasamu tarin ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa daga masu sukar. Jaridar Al Ghad, a cikin wata kasida da aka buga a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2009, ta yaba da sabon fitowar Habayeb kuma ta kammala da cewa "ta hanyar wannan rubuce-rubucen-daban na ita, Huzama Habayeb bata neman sanar da wani bangare na kwarewarta, ta hanyar tafiya zuwa ga shayari bayan rubuta gajerun labaru da litattafai da kuma fita da karfi a duk abubuwan da suka damu da matar da ke kusa da ita, wanda keson haifar da kalmomi masu haske, don rubuta wani bangare ne kawai ceto mai ban tsoro a nan ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Review of "Begging" |url=http://alghad.com/articles/673755-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D9%86%D8%B5-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85?s=7b2cae261d7d0a89e3676f37beaa2a4c |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> Wadannan sune fassarar wani sashi daga tarin "Begging": {{Quote box|quote=Contemplate me... I walk on water, buttressed by transparent gravel; I braid the air, making plaits you climb on to reach my heart; I spin the clouds, weaving a pillow for your elbow; I embroider lit moons onto the sky's sheet that I unfold and lay out above your image; and yet.. Am I still unworthy of your love?|author=Huzama Habayeb|source=''Begging''|quoted=1|align=left}} === Gajerun labarunta === [[Fayil:Cover_of_A_Form_of_Absence.jpg|thumb|Rufin tarin gajeren labari na uku na Habayeb, "A Form of Absence"]] Mafi kyautatuwan gajeru labaran Wanda shine taƙaitaccen labari, wandaya ƙare shekara ta a 1992 lokacinda ta sami lambar yabota farko ta rubuce-rubuce: Bikin Urushalima na Innovation a cikin gajerun Labarai don tarin gajerun labaran na farkorko, "Mutumin da ke Magana" (''الرَّجُل يَتَكرَّر) '' wanda '''AIRP''' ta buga <ref name=":0"/> ''.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=member page |url=http://www.jo-writers.org/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9/358-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8 |access-date= |website= |publisher= |archive-date=2019-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151655/http://www.jo-writers.org/%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B6%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2587%25D9%258A%25D8%25A6%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9/358-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25A8 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Habayeb's short-story collections by AIRP |url=http://airpbooks.com/Ar/Publications.php?CatId=56&page=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225504/http://airpbooks.com/Ar/Publications.php?CatId=56&page=7 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka - bayan da aka buga tarin gajeren labaruntana biyu, "The Faraway Apples" (التُفَّاحات البَعيدَة) a cikin 1shekara ta 994 ta '''Gidan wallafe-wallafen Al-Karmel''' - Ƙungiyar Marubutan Jordan ta a Habayeb lambar yabo ta gajeren labarin a biyu, Mahmoud Seif Eddin Al-Erani Award . <ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The Faraway Apples |url=https://bibliotek.dk/da/work/810010-katalog:007421599 |access-date= |website= |publisher= |archive-date=2017-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026001838/https://bibliotek.dk/da/work/810010-katalog:007421599 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1997, wanda '''AIRP''' ta bugaga a, Habayeb ta fitar da tarin gajeren labarinta na uku: "A Form of Absence" (شَكْلٌِما,) wanda shine "maɓallin juyawa" a cikin Habayeb's "writing technique, " kamar yada ta ce da kata a cikin wani shirin talabijin na al'adu da aka watsa a Al Jazeera a ranar watan 4 ga Mayshekara ta u, shekara ta 2004. Ta bayyana cewa duk halayen mta a cikin labarun daban-daban na iya zama mutum ɗaya; duk waɗannan mutane un ji kamar dai "''na mace daya'' ne," wanda shine daliln ''s'' ya sa "masu sukar da yawa suka ga a cikin wannan tarin tsakiya ko iri don littafi" <ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Al-Jazeera Interview |url=http://www.aljazeera.net/programs/culturalforum/2005/1/10/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%8C-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> "Sweeter Night" (لَيْلٌ أحْلَى,) wanda aka saki a shekara ta 2002 - kuma ta '''AIRP''' - itace ta huɗu kuma ta ƙarshe da aka bugata Habayeb kafin tayi canji zuwa littafi.<ref name=":3"/> Tarin ya haifar da karin ra'ayoyi masu kyau daga masu sukar. Wani bita da aka buga a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, a shekara ta 2002, acikin Al-Hayat, jaridar dake [[Landan]], ya yaba da tarin yana cewa "yana tono wuraren da labarun ta saba amfani dasu, amma tonowa a cikin wannan sabon tarin ya fi zurfi,yafi wadata kuma yafi ƙarfin zuciya fiye da yadda ya taɓa kasancewa. Bugu da ƙari, labaran nan - dangane da labarun da fasaha na harshe - sun fi fermented kuma suna da hangen nesa da kayan aiki a lokaci guda. "<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=A review of "Sweeter Nighter" |url=http://daharchives.alhayat.com/issue_archive/Hayat%20INT/2002/2/1/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%94%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%94%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9.html |access-date= |website= |publisher= |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323152158/http://daharchives.alhayat.com/issue_archive/Hayat%20INT/2002/2/1/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%94%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%94%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Littattafai === Bayan tarin gajerun labarai guda huɗu, Habayeb ta rubuta littafinta na farko, "The Origin of Love" (أصْل الهَوَى,) wanda AIRP tabuga a shekara ta 2007. <ref name="Habayeb's novels">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Habayeb's novels |url=http://airpbooks.com/Ar/Publications.php?CatId=53&page=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305001954/http://airpbooks.com/Ar/Publications.php?CatId=53&page=13 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> Littafin ya haifar da rikice-rikice saboda yawan abubuwan da keciki, masu girman kai, jima'i a ciki; wanda aka gabatar ta hanyar nunawa da bayyanawa. Wannan abun ciki yasa aka dakatar da littafin a Jordan, inda aka buga shi, a kan umarnin da Ma'aikatar Labarai da Littattafai ta yi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Banning of "Origin of Love" |url=http://www.addustour.com/14623/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA+*++++%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B9+%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%C2%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85%C2%BB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9++%C2%AB%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%89%C2%BB.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065015/http://www.addustour.com/14623/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA+*++++%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B9+%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%C2%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85%C2%BB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9++%C2%AB%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%89%C2%BB.html |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> A cikin shirin da tashar talabijin ta Norway NRK2 ta watsa, Habayeb tayi magana game da yaren jima'i da lalata da take amfani dashi a wasu lokuta a cikin rubuce-rubucenta tana jaddada cewa "dole ne mu sanya as a shi yadda yake".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=NRK2 Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lk0V5YvXI4 |access-date= |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[NRK2]]}}</ref> Lokacin da aka tambaye ta awata hira da jaridar Al Ghad a ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2008, game da ra'ayinta game da shawarar haramtacciyar doka, Habayeb tace "magana ta kafofin watsa labarai tana nuna goyon bayan 'yancin jama'a - kuma a samansu 'yancin magana da rubutu - amma gaskiyar tace akwai rashin haƙuri na ilimi; da ƙuduri' da kuma ƙaddamar da hankali kan hankali iyakance 'don' yanci, kwace alkawari, kuma ya haifar da abo a kan hakikanin' yan jarda ba ta hanyar haramtacciya ba' al' yan jaridu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Interview with Al Ghad |url=http://www.alghad.com/articles/699033-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1?search=%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9%20%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> Halin da aka yi game da "''Asalin Ƙauna"'' (أصْلُ الهَوَى,) ya kasance mai kyau sosai. Mawallafin litattafai kuma mai sukar wallafe-wallafen Palasdinawa, Waleed Abu Bakr, ya rubuta wani muhimmin labarin game da littafin a watan Agustan shekara ta 2007, inda ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wani labari mai mahimmanci dangane da dabarun bada labari ko mahimmancin batutuwan da yake magancesu. " Ya kuma kara dacewa "dukkanin da aka tsara da kyau, al'amuran jima'i masu yawa ba kawai suna da niyya ba - wanda wani abune mai karatu zai iya ji batare da wani tuhuma ba saboda rashin jima'i ba a cikin nau'i ba - amma don cimma daidaito tsakanin jinsi".<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Abu Bakr on The Origin of Love |url=http://www.jehat.com/Jehaat/ar/JanatAltaaweel/maqalatNaqadeya/waleed_abu_baker.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305023803/http://www.jehat.com/Jehaat/ar/JanatAltaaweel/maqalatNaqadeya/waleed_abu_baker.htm |archive-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref> Kuma acikin labarinta a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2007, jaridar [[Asharq Al-Awsat]] ta ce "Huzama Habyeb ya rubuta wani labari na siyasa ba tare da rubuta wasika ɗaya a siyasa ba; kuma daga nan ne kyawawan abubuwan wannan rubutun suka fito; rubutun da aka nutsar dashi a cikin jarabawar jiki da cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwar yau da kullun na maza waɗanda marubucin bai bayyana siffofin waje ba. "Wannan labarin ya ƙare ta hanyar yabon hanyar Habayeb ta harshe: "Dole ne mai mahimmanci dake nuna alamar da ke nunawa da ke nuna tasirin Palasdinawa, wanda ya fitowa daga ƙamus mai kyau, wanda ya zama mai kyau wanda ya fitoda ƙamus mai suna".<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Critical Article on "The Origin of Love" |url=http://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=19&article=406273&issueno=10305#.VjkEMLcrLIV}}</ref> Shekaru hudu bayan littafinta na farko, littafin Habayeb na biyu "''Kafin Sarauniya ta yi Barci''" (قَبْلَ أن تَنامَ المَلِكَة) an bugashi.<ref name="Habayeb's novels"/> Littafin, tare da yabo mai mahimmanci da kuma kasancewa "tsalle mai yawa" acikin rubuce-rubucenta, ya sami nasarar da aka samu bisa ga Goodreads.com.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Before the Queen Falls Asleep |url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/16150861 |access-date= |website=[[Goodreads]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2011-07-18 |title=Release of "Before the Queen Falls Asleep" |url=http://www.alrai.com/article/475120.html |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=[[Al Ra'i (Jordanian newspaper)|Al Ra'i]] |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 9, 2014 |title=About "Before the Queen Falls Asleep" |url=http://www.azzaman.com/?p=78865 |access-date=March 31, 2021 |website=[[Azzaman]] |language=ar |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235350/http://www.azzaman.com/?p=78865 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Before the Queen Falls Asleep |url=http://www.al-watan.com/viewnews.aspx?cat=culture&d=20120322 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122222713/http://www.al-watan.com/viewnews.aspx?cat=culture&d=20120322 |archive-date=November 22, 2015 |website=Al Watan |language=ar}}</ref> A cikin wani shirin talabijin da aka watsa a tashar talabijin ta Sharjah a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2013, Huzama Habayeb ta bayyana cewa "wannan labari - a cikin labarin, tsarin ba da labari; kuma ba tare da wani rarrabuwa ko wani la'akari da fassarar ko mahimmancin fassarar ba - labarin mace ce dake gaya wa 'yarta labarin dake shirin karatu a kasashen waje" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharjah Media Corporation |url=http://www.smc.ae/ar/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206234124/http://www.smc.ae/ar/default.aspx |archive-date=February 6, 2015 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Habayeb on Sharjah TV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bByxbeg9TkE |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Sabry Hafez, sanannen marubucin Masar kuma mai sukar, ya bayyana "Kafin Sarauniya Falls Asleep" (قَبْلَ تَنامَ المَلِكَة) a matsayin "wani labari mai mahimmanci, watakila mafi mahimmanci, littafin Palasdinawa na ƙarni na biyuna marubutan Falasdinu bayan manyan litattafan Palasdinu da [[Ghassan Kanafani]], Emile Habibi, da Jabra Ibrahim Jabra suka yibarci a cikin wannan hali mai zurfin ɗan adam; kuma tabada yarda da irin wannan hali bata yarda ba ta yardawar Palasdinuwar .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hafez |first=Sabry |title=Before the Queen Falls Asleep |url=http://nooralmsbah.0wn0.com/t5031-topic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042301/http://nooralmsbah.0wn0.com/t5031-topic |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |language=ar}}</ref> Wannan labari, wanda ke magana game da rikice-rikicen Palasdinawa, shine "littafin Palasdinawa mafi ƙarfin zuciya da wata mace ta rubuta wanda ta kalubalanta da gaskiya, da taurin kaida kai tsaye ta bayyana abin da matar ke haifar dashi a lokacin wahalar ƙaura, " a cewar jaridar Falasdinu, Assafir . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Before the Queen Falls Asleep |url=http://palestine.assafir.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2345 |access-date= |website=Assafir |language=ar |archive-date=2016-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804030752/http://palestine.assafir.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2345 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Littafin ya kasance daga cikin jerin "Littattafan Shekara ta 2012" na [[The Guardian]], kamar yadda Ahdaf Soueif ya zaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 23, 2012 |title=Books of the year 2012: authors choose their favourites |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/nov/23/books-of-the-year-2012-authors-favourites |access-date=2015-11-05 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> Mai sukar Mohammed Baradah, a cikin wata kasida a cikin jaridar Al Hayat, ya yaba da Habayeb ta "kyakkyawan, fasahar da harshe mai yawa; iyawar bayyanawa; da kuma ban dariya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baradah |first=Mohammed |date= |title=Al Hayat on Before the Queen Falls Asleep |url=http://daharchives.alhayat.com/issue_archive/Hayat%20INT/2011/7/8/%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%94%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%BE-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A8-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86.html |access-date= |website= |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193803/http://daharchives.alhayat.com/issue_archive/Hayat%20INT/2011/7/8/%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%94%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%BE-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A8-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waleed Abu Bakr ya bayyana shi a matsayin wani labari na "mahaifiyar da ta wuce gona da iri. " Ya kammala cewa "marubucin yana da ra'ayin asarar - wanda ke mamaye yanayin wannan littafin - kuma tana wakiltar dalilin tsammanin a ciki; don haka tana kusantar abinda take nema tunda daɗewa; kuma tayi ƙoƙari ta rubuta game da rayuwa yayin da tayi ƙoƙari don rayuwa; kuma a lokuta biyu ta cancanci girmamawa" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Waleed Abu Bakr |date= |title=Abu Bakr on Before the Queen Falls Asleep |url=http://alghad.com/articles/635485-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%91-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B8%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7 |access-date= |website=Al Ghad |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waleed Abu Bakr |date= |title=Abu Bakr on Before the Queen Falls Asleep |url=http://www.addustour.com/16198/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF%20%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%20%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1%20:%20%C2%AB%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84%20%D8%A3%D9%86%20%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9%C2%BB%20%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%20%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B6%D8%A9.html_1 |access-date= |website=Addustour |publisher= }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin "''Kafin Sarauniya ta yi Barci''" (قَبْلَ أنْ تَنامَ المَلِكَة,) a cewar jaridar Al Ghad, "Habayeb tazana shafuka masu ƙaya da damuwa waɗanda ke cike da ciwo da damuwa game da manufar asarar ga mace wacce ke ƙoƙarin yin tambaya game da ƙauna, kusantar rayuwa a cikin mafi ƙarancin matakin mutum da cin nasara gaba ɗaya, ta bayyana ma'anar da ita ba ta kwatancin wanzuwar kanta, kuma yana rokon gida; a matsayin yiwuwar mahaifiyarta ta hanyar gayawa kowace mace wannan labarin.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Before the Queen Falls Asleep |url=http://www.alghad.com/articles/638477-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85?search=%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9%20%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8 |access-date= |website=Al Ghad |publisher=}}</ref> Wadannan sune fassarar Turanci na wani sashi da aka karɓa daga "''Kafin Sarauniya ta yi Barci''" (قَبْلَ أنْ تَنامَ المَلِكَة): {{Quote box|quote=And when we're caught by the night, and the sorrows betake themselves to their bedchambers, you come to me barefoot with half of your hair falling down your face; giving off the aromas of fresh perspiration from your reckless daydreams, the remnants of the chocolate you're masticating in your mouth without a considerable sense of guiltiness over betraying your fragile diet, and the bread that has been toasted to the limit of burning and whose crumbs bombard the blouse of your pajamas. You tuck yourself in bed beside me. You sniff my naked arm, saying you love the smell of my flesh; and that you're seeking it or something that resembles it in your faraway city, but you don't find it. You plunge your nose in my neck, saying to me: 'Tell me your story!'|author=Huzama Habayeb|source=''Before the Queen Falls Asleep''|quoted=1|align=center}} A watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, kuma ta hanyar '''AIRP''', Huzama Habayeb ta sami littafinta na uku da aka buga. Littafin, wanda ake kira "Velvet" (مُخْمَل), ya nuna yanayin sansanonin Palasdinawa ba tareda neman gafara ba, mai zurfi, mai gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Habayeb's third novel "Velvet" |url=http://www.addustour.com/17816/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8+%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9+%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%8F%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%C2%BB.html |access-date= |website=Addustour }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yana nuna sansanin Palasdinawa a cikin siffarsa kuma yana fallasa gaskiyar da ba ataɓa bayyanawa ba, ba tareda wani kayan ado ko rufewa da abin daya fi dacewa da Palasdinawa. Yana magance matsalolin "al'umma, tattalin arziki, harma da al'adu" da damuwa ba tare da ka'idojin ɗabi'a ba, guje wa manufofi masu banƙyama da ka'idodin da aka saba amfani da su.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=About "Velvet" in Al-Ghad Newspaper |url=http://alghad.com/articles/912852-%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8?s=7442a06abea53d156629a08b99a85c25 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Naguib Mahfouz ta 2017 don wallafe-wallafen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammed Saad |date=December 11, 2017 |title=Palestinian writer Huzama Habayeb wins 2017 Naguib Mahfouz Medal for Literature |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/18/285186/Books/Palestinian-writer-Huzama-Habayeb-wins--Naguib-Mah.aspx |access-date=December 12, 2017 |website=Ahram}}</ref> "Velvet" (مُخْمَل) tana nuna wani abu mai ban mamaki na mace ta gaskiya, ta hanyar babban hali wanda sunansa shine "Hawwa" (daidai da "Haw" acikin harshen Ingilishi,) kamar yadda Habayeb ke amfani da wannan mutum mai ban sha'awa don rufe rayuwa a cikin sansanonin Palasdinawa; yana nuna nau'o'i daban-daban, jin dadi, da ji. Labari ne na wata mace mai ban mamaki wacce ke gwagwarmaya don tsira da ƙauna, tana farfado da kanta aduk lokacin data rushe, kuma tana cika burinta ta hanyar juriya duk da al'ummartada batada tausayi da ke murkushe ta. Wannan labari wuri ne inda soyayya, ƙyamar, ƙetare da runguma suka haɗu; haɓaka wani yanayi na mummunar gaskiyar ta hanyar labari mai ban sha'awa wanda ke nuna lokutan da ke ban sha'a da ban tsoro da kuma ainihin mutane, na nama da jini, tare da jiye-jiye na idiosyncratic Habayeb ba tare da jinkiri baya bayyana.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Habayeb's "Velvet" |url=http://www.eremnews.com/entertainment/culture/408928 |access-date= |website= |publisher= |language=ar |archive-date=2016-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106081726/http://www.eremnews.com/entertainment/culture/408928 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-01-04 |title=Habayeb's third novel "Velvet" |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/?id=214745 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054941/http://www.middle-east-online.com/?id=214745 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |website=Middle East Online |language=ar}}</ref> Wadannan sune fassarar Turanci na wani sashi da aka karɓa daga "''Velvet''" (مُخْمَل):   === Ba tatsuniyoyi ba === A duk rayuwarta, Habayeb ta rubuta wa jaridu da mujallu da yawa na yau da kullun da na lokaci-lokaci kamar su ''Al Ra'i'', Ad-Dustour, [[Doha]] Magazine, Al-Qafilah Magazine, da [[:ar:مجلة دبي الثقافية|Dubai Al-Thakafiya]], mujallar kowane wata inda take da nata shafi a halin yanzu. Habayeb ta yi magana game da batutuwa da yawa a cikin abubuwan da bana almara ba - siyasa, adabi, batutuwan zamantakewa, fasaha, [[ilimin ɗan adam]] da abubuwan da suka faru.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Habayeb's articles in Al-Rai |url=http://www.alrai.com/advanced_search?content_filters%5Btitle%5D%5Btext%5D=%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Addoustor Article |url=http://www.addustour.com/16506/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9%20%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%20:%20%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AA%20%C2%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%C2%BB%20%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9.html |access-date= |website= |publisher= |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305062604/http://www.addustour.com/16506/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9%20%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%20:%20%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AA%20%C2%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%C2%BB%20%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Al-Qafilah Articles |url=http://qafilah.com/ar/writers/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8/ |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Dubi Al-Thakafiya |url=http://dubai-althakafiya.com/?s=%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8&f=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323171939/http://dubai-althakafiya.com/?s=%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8&f=2 |archive-date=March 23, 2016 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Jehat (Habayeb's article) |url=http://www.jehat.com/Jehaat/ar/SardYab3athAldef/8-09-095.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323224038/http://www.jehat.com/Jehaat/ar/SardYab3athAldef/8-09-095.htm |archive-date=March 23, 2016 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref>   [[Fayil:Habayeb_in_Oslo_for_Viewing_Palestine_event.JPG|left|thumb|'''Huzama Habayeb''' a lokacin taron "Ganin Falasdinu" a Oslo.]] Duk da kasancewa marubucin Larabawa wanda aka rubuta dukkan tarihin da aka buga a Larabci, Habayeb ta sami nasarar bunkasa sunanta a duniya ta hanyar shiga cikin al'adu da yawa da suka faru a waje da Larabawa, da kuma fassara wasu sassanta zuwa Turanci. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2011, Habayeb ta shiga cikin "Ganin Falasdinu;" wani al'adu, taron wallafe-wallafen game da wallafe-walaren Falasdinu da aka gudanar a [[Oslo]]. Taron ya hada da tarurruka na tattaunawa da karatu tare da marubutan Palasdinawa da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai Habayeb . <ref>{{Cite web |title=TrAP |url=http://www.trap.no/en/project/viewing-palestine-reading-sessions |access-date=2015-11-07 |website=TrAP |language=nb-NO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Palestinian Literature in Oslo |url=http://www.safsaf.org/word/2011/sep/61.htm |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> Ta kuma shiga cikin wani taron al'adu wanda Jami'ar Hankuk ta Nazarin Kasashen Waje ta shirya a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2012, inda ta - tare da wasu marubuta biyu batada lacca game da nuna bambanci wanda Palasdinawa a cikin jihohin Larabawa ke ƙarƙashinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=HUFS Event |url=http://arabic.yonhapnews.co.kr/Diplomatic%20Pouch/2012/04/26/1100000000AAR20120426000700885.HTML |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin labarun Habayeb an fassara su cikin Turanci, wanda ya taimaka wa muryarta ta wallafe-wallafen ta kai ga yawancin masu karatu a duk duniya. Mujallar da ke Landan Banipal ta buga abubuwa da yawa da Habayeb ta fassara zuwa Turanci kamar gajeren labarin "Sweeter Night" (لَيلٌ أحلْى) daga tarin da sunan iri ɗaya, da kuma babi na goma sha biyu na littafin "''Kafin Sarauniya ta yi Barci''" (قَبْلَ أنْ تَامَنََََ).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banipal (UK) Magazine of Modern Arab Literature - Selections - Banipal No 15 - Huzamah Habayeb |url=http://www.banipal.co.uk/selections/25/112/huzamah-habayeb/ |access-date=2015-11-07 |website=www.banipal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Banipal (UK) Magazine of Modern Arab Literature - Selections - Banipal No 44 - Huda al-Jahouri |url=http://www.banipal.co.uk/selections/82/257/huzamah-habayeb/ |access-date=2015-11-07 |website=www.banipal.co.uk}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da gudummawa a cikin "''Qissat''," wani tarihin gajerun labaru da mata marubutana Palasdinawa suka rubuta wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2006. Labarin Habayeb shine "Thread Snaps" (خَيْطٌ يَنْقَطِع) daga tarin gajerun labarai na huɗu, "Sweeter Night" (لَيْلٌ أحْلَى).<ref>{{Cite web |title=the short review: Qissat: Short Stories by Palestinian Women |url=http://www.theshortreview.com/reviews/Qissat.htm |access-date=2015-11-07 |website=www.theshortreview.com }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2006 |title=the tanjara: palestinian women writers launch 'qissat' in London |url=http://thetanjara.blogspot.ae/2006/09/palestinian-women-writers-launch.html |access-date=2015-11-07 |website=thetanjara.blogspot.ae}}</ref> == Tasirin siyasa == A kusan kowane aikin Huzama Habayeb, ko littafi ne ko ɗan gajeren labari, akwai cikakkiyar bin asalinsa na Palasdinawa; kuma wannan yana bayyane a cikin litattafansa biyu na farko da kuma kisan labaran daga tarin ta huɗu.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5"/><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Critical article on "Sweeter Night" collection |url=http://almadapaper.net/sub/11-252/10.pdf |access-date= |website= |publisher= |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025446/http://almadapaper.net/sub/11-252/10.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma nuna cewa ta hanyar fassarorin ta, yayin da take zabar littattafan da abubuwan da keciki ke nuna rikicin Palasdinawa da manufofi marasa adalci da [[Isra'ila]] ke yi da kuma shafar Palasdinawa, kamar The Wandering Who? ta Gilad Atzmon, wanda ta fassara zuwa Larabci kuma an buga shi a wannan nau'in a watan Yunin shekara ta 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Habayeb translates "The Wandering Who?" |url=http://alghad.com/articles/584790-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85-%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%87-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title="The Wandering Who?" Al-Akhbar newspaper |url=http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/192570 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title="The Wandering Who?" Assafir |url=http://palestine.assafir.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2530 |access-date= |website= |publisher= |archive-date=2016-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921011528/http://palestine.assafir.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2530 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Babban abin da Habayeb tafi shahara dangane da kalubalantar addinin Zionism, duk da haka, kamfen ne da ta kaddamar dashi game da buga wani tarihin gajerun labaru daga mata na Gabas ta Tsakiya saboda hada labarun marubutan Isra'ila. Habayeb da farko ta amince da ba da gudummawa ga tarihin, amma ta janye ta bayan ta san cewa an haɗa gudummawar marubutan Isra'ila biyu a cikin tarihin; sannan ta tuntubi duk sauran marubutan Larabawa kuma ta shawo kansu su bi jagorancinta. Kamfen ɗin ya ci nasara, yayin da yawancin marubutan suka janye rubuce-rubucen su, wanda ya tilasta Jami'ar [[Texas]] a Austin - ma'aikatar da ke karɓar aikin - don soke tarihin. Habayeb ta tabbatar da ayyukanta a cikin wani edita da aka buga a cikin Gulf News a ranar 25 ga Mayu, shekara ta 2012, tana cewa "Bazan iya yarda ba, ta hanyar ɗabi'a da ɗabi'aa, cewa za a raba muryata daidai da marubutan da ke nuna muryar mai cin zarafi. "<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=My 'no' says more and matters more |url=http://gulfnews.com/opinion/thinkers/my-no-says-more-and-matters-more-1.1027463 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arab Author Cancels Book on Women's Voices Due to Israeli Involvement |url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2012/05/31/arab-author-cancels-book-on-womens-voices-due-to-israeli-involvement/ |access-date=2015-11-05 |website=Algemeiner.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Palestinian author in UAE stops US book project |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/palestine/palestinian-author-in-uae-stops-us-book-project-1.1027666 |access-date=2015-11-05 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement on the Cancellation of "Memory of a Promise: Short Stories by Middle Eastern Women," in Honor of Elizabeth Fernea – Campus Watch |url=http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/12423 |access-date=2015-11-05 |website=www.campus-watch.org |archive-date=2017-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128204434/http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/12423 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UT Austin Cancels Anthology When Palestinian Author Demands Censorship of Jewish Author – Campus Watch |url=http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/12449 |access-date=2015-11-05 |website=www.campus-watch.org |archive-date=2017-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128204412/http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/12449 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title="My 'no' says more" Arabic translation |url=http://www.addustour.com/16506/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9%20%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%20:%20%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AA%20%C2%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%C2%BB%20%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9.html#.T87_vo4VufR |access-date= |website= |publisher= |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305062604/http://www.addustour.com/16506/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9%20%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%20%3A%20%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AA%20%C2%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%C2%BB%20%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9.html#.T87_vo4VufR |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2012 |title='Memory of a Promise' Anthology Reportedly Cancelled After Boycott |url=http://arablit.org/2012/05/26/memory-of-a-promise-anthology-reportedly-cancelled-after-boycott/ |access-date=2015-11-05 |website=Arabic Literature (in English)}}</ref> Matsayin Habayeb, kokarin daba a daina ba, da kuma jaruntaka mutane da yawa a duniyar Larabawa sun yaba da su; kuma ta sami goyon baya da yabo da yawa daga kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban na Larabci.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=News about the campaign |url=http://www.almustaqbal.com/v4/Article.aspx?Type=np&Articleid=525312 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20151108121631/http://www.almustaqbal.com/v4/Article.aspx?Type=np&Articleid=525312 |archive-date=2015-11-08 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=A Thank You note to Habayeb |url=http://www.addustour.com/16487/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003445/http://www.addustour.com/16487/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8.html |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=About the cancelled anthology |url=http://www.alwatan.com.sa/Local/News_Detail.aspx?ArticleID=102627 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031208/http://www.alwatan.com.sa/Local/News_Detail.aspx?ArticleID=102627 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Appreciation for Habayeb's stance |url=https://addustour.com/16513/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84+%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B6+%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305190126/https://addustour.com/16513/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84+%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B6+%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3.html |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date= |website= |publisher=}}</ref> == Bayanan littattafai == Wadannan sune jerin dukkan ayyukan Habayeb da aka buga; kuma duk an rubuta su da Larabci: * "Mutumin da ke maimaitawa" (الرَّجُل الذي يَتَكرَّر) Tarin gajeren labari da aka buga a shekara ta 1992 ta Cibiyar Nazarin Larabawa da Buga. * "The Faraway Apples" (التُفَّاحات البَعِيدَة) Tarin gajeren labari da aka buga a shekara ta 1994 ta Al-Karmel Publishing House. * "A Form of Absence" (شَكْلٌِما) Tarin gajeren labari da aka buga a shekara ta 1997 ta Cibiyar Nazarin Larabawa da Bugawa. * "Sweeter Night" (لَيْلٌ أحْلَى) Tarin gajeren labari da aka buga a shekara ta 2002 ta Cibiyar Nazarin Larabawa da Bugawa. * "The Origin of Love (أصْلُ الهَوَى) Wani littafi da aka buga a shekara ta2007 ta Cibiyar Nazarin Larabawa da Bugawa. * "Begging" (اسْتِجْداء) Tarin shayari da aka buga a shekara ta 2009 ta Cibiyar Nazarin Larabawa da Bugawa. * "Daga Bayan Windows" (مِنْ وَراء النَّوافِذ) Tarihin gajerun labaru da Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Palasdinawa ta buga a shekara ta 2010. * "Kafin Sarauniya ta yi barci" (قَبْلَ أن تَنامَ المَلِكَة) Wani littafi da Cibiyar Nazarin Larabawa ta buga a shekara ta 2011. * "Velvet" (مُخْمَل) Wani littafi da aka buga a cikin shekara ta 2016 ta Cibiyar Nazarin Larabawa da Bugawa.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2023}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|3}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7rl2j5t0laf76ilfeibj4ooig091a9u 0 80791 840182 687104 2026-05-25T21:35:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:2010-victims-rights-event 4565914433 o.jpg|thumb|hakin wnada akayiwa barns a kotu]] [[Fayil:Massachusetts Office for Victim Assistance 2023 Victim Rights Award Ceremony 343210096.jpg|thumb|hakin Wanda aka cuta]] '''Haƙƙoƙin waɗanda aka azabtar,''' haƙƙoƙin doka ne da aka bawa waɗanda aka yi wa laifi. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da '[['Yancin Dan Adam a Belarus|yancin]] ramawa, haƙƙin mai ba da shawara ga wanda abin ya shafa, 'yancin kada a keɓe shi daga shari'ar aikata laifuka, da 'yancin yin magana a shari'ar aikata laifuka. <ref>For a description of typical U.S. victim's rights, see {{Cite web |title=About Victims' Rights |url=https://www.victimlaw.org/victimlaw/pages/victimsRight.jsp |access-date=1 October 2017 |website=VictimLaw |publisher=Office for Victims of Crime Training and Technical Assistance Center}}</ref> <ref>For statutory protection of victim's rights, see, e.g., {{Cite web |title=18 U.S. Code § 3771 - Crime victims' rights |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/3771 |access-date=October 1, 2018 |publisher=[[Cornell Law School]] [[Legal Information Institute]]}}</ref> == Amurka == === Tarihi === A lokacin mulkin mallaka da juyin juya hali, tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka na [[Amurka]] ya kasance mai kula da wadanda aka zalunta, a yayin da ake gudanar da bincike kan laifuka da kuma gurfanar da su gaban wadanda abin ya shafa. A cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20, duk da haka, an rage matsayin wanda aka azabtar a cikin shari'ar laifuka, saboda sauye-sauyen halaye a yadda ake gane laifuka; tsarin shari'ar laifuka ya zama wani kayan aiki don magance illolin zamantakewa maimakon hanyar magance cutar da mutum Yunkurin kare hakkin wadanda aka azabtar na zamani ya fara ne a cikin 1970s, a wani bangare a matsayin martani ga hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta 1973 ''Linda RS v. Richard D.'' (410 US 614). A ''Linda RS'', kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa wanda ya shigar da karar ba shi da hurumin hana ofishin masu gabatar da kara daga yin amfani da dokar nuna wariya da laifin rashin biyan kudin tallafin yara. A bisa doka, kotu ta bayyana ra'ayin da ake yi a lokacin na cewa wadanda aka kashe masu zaman kansu ba su da hurumin yanke hukunci kan tsarin gurfanar da masu laifi. <ref name="ncvli_hist_rights">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=History of victims' rights |url=https://law.lclark.edu/centers/national_crime_victim_law_institute/about_ncvli/history_of_victims_rights/ |access-date=October 1, 2018 |publisher=National Crime Victim Law Institute}}</ref> Wannan hukuncin ya kasance alamar ruwa mai girma a cikin sauye-sauye daga tsarin da aka zalunta zuwa ga shari'ar aikata laifuka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rule 615. Excluding Witnesses |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/fre/rule_615 |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref> mayar da matsayin wadanda aka azabtar a cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka zuwa zama shaida ga masu gabatar da kara. <ref>NCVLI Bulletin, "Fundamentals of Victims' Rights: A Brief History of Crime Victims' Rights in the United States," available at ncvli.org</ref> The Linda R.S. ruling, notwithstanding, stated that Congress could create legislation that safeguards victims' rights and provides standing to victims where they would otherwise not have any.<ref name="hist_ncvli">{{Cite web |title=History of NCVLI |url=http://law.lclark.edu/centers/national_crime_victim_law_institute/about_ncvli/history_of_ncvli/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126005857/https://law.lclark.edu/centers/national_crime_victim_law_institute/about_ncvli/history_of_ncvli/ |archive-date=26 November 2018 |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=National Crime Victim Law Institute}}</ref> At the same time, social consciousness about victims' rights surged. Supporters of the law and order, [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|civil rights]], and feminist movement challenged conventional views of the criminal justice system on the role of the victim. By providing educational resources and legal assistance and establishing the country's first hotlines and shelters for victims of crime, much of the movements' work later became the grassroots foundation of the modern victims' rights movement. A cikin 1982, Kwamitin Shugaba [[Ronald Reagan]] kan wadanda aka azabtar ya fitar da rahotonsa na karshe wanda yayi cikakken bayani game da damuwar masu kare hakkin wadanda abin ya shafa, yana mai cewa "an yi watsi da wadanda ba su ji ba ba su gani ba, ba a kula da rokonsu na neman adalci ba, kuma raunukan da suka samu. - na sirri, na tunani, kudi - sun tafi ba tare da kulawa ba. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-10-01 |title=Office for Victims of Crime |url=http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/publications/presdntstskforcrprt/welcome.html |access-date=2014-01-02 |publisher=Ojp.usdoj.gov}}</ref> Rahoton ya ƙunshi shawarwari 68 ga masu ba da sabis da jami'an gwamnati, yawancinsu an ba da su ta hanyar dokokin haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa a yau, <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Retrospective of the 1982 President's Task Force on Victims of Crime |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/ncvrw/2005/pg4d.html |access-date=2014-01-02 |publisher=Ncjrs.gov |archive-date=2021-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403070740/https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/ncvrw/2005/pg4d.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma shawarwarin gyaran haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Issues: Constitutional Amendments |url=http://victimsofcrime.org/our-programs/public-policy/amendments |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217015930/https://victimsofcrime.org/our-programs/public-policy/amendments |archive-date=17 December 2019 |access-date=1 October 2017 |website=[[National Center for Victims of Crime]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, masu fafutukar kare hakkin wadanda abin ya shafa sun sami gagarumar nasara a majalisa . A yau, yunƙurin kare hakkin waɗanda abin ya shafa na ci gaba da ƙara samun hanyoyin da abin ya shafa don aiwatar da haƙƙoƙinsu da haɓaka dokar da ta tabbatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin haƙƙoƙi. <ref name="ncvli_mission">{{Cite web |title=Mission & values |url=http://law.lclark.edu/centers/national_crime_victim_law_institute/about_ncvli/mission_and_values/ |access-date=19 April 2013 |publisher=National Crime Victim Law Institute}}</ref> Kungiyoyin haƙƙin haƙƙin nan wadanda suka shafa na zamani sun hada da dokar kare 'yan ta'adda na kasa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page &#124; NAVRA |url=https://navra.org/ |website=navra.org}}</ref> Kungiyar Kamfanin Kamfanin Kamfanin <ref>{{Cite web |title=NOVA: Home |url=https://www.trynova.org/ |website=www.trynova.org}}</ref> da Cibiyar da Kamfanonin Kamfani ta Zamani, [2] Kungiyar Nationalungiyar Kasa <ref>"[https://victimsofcrime.org/about-us About Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818140956/https://victimsofcrime.org/about-us/ |date=2019-08-18 }}". ''National Center for Victims of Crime''.</ref> === Dokokin haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa === Tun daga shekarar 1982, jihohi talatin da uku ne suka yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin su gyaran fuska domin magance ‘yancin wadanda abin ya shafa, kuma dukkan jihohin sun zartar da dokar hakkin wadanda abin ya shafa. A waccan shekarar, Majalisa ta zartar da yanki na farko na dokokin haƙƙin waɗanda aka azabtar da laifukan tarayya, Dokar Kariyar Wanda aka azabtar da Shaidu. A cikin 1984, an zartar da Dokar Laifukan Laifuka . Bayan shekaru goma, a cikin 1994, dokar cin zarafi ga mata ta zama doka. A shekara ta 2004, an zartar da dokar haƙƙin waɗanda aka azabtar da manyan laifuka, tare da baiwa waɗanda aka azabtar da su takamaiman haƙƙi guda takwas, da ba da tsayawa ga waɗanda aka azabtar don tabbatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a kotu. === Dokar tarayya === ==== Dokar Laifin Laifuka (VOCA) ==== VOCA ta kafa Asusun Masu Laifukan Laifuka, wanda ke ba da kyauta ga shirye-shiryen diyya wanda aka azabtar, tsarin sanarwar wanda aka azabtar, da shirye-shiryen taimakon wanda aka azabtar. Ana samun kuɗin kuɗin ta hanyar kuɗin masu laifi. ==== Dokar Haƙƙin Masu Laifuka ta 2004 ==== The Crime Victims' Rights Act, wani ɓangare na Adalci ga Duk Dokar ta 2004, ta ƙididdige haƙƙoƙin da aka ba wa waɗanda aka azabtar a cikin laifuka na tarayya. Dokar ta baiwa wadanda abin ya shafa hakki masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2004 |title=H.R. 5107 |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-108hr5107enr/pdf/BILLS-108hr5107enr.pdf |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Government Printing Office}}</ref> # Kariya daga wanda ake tuhuma, # Sanarwa, # Kada a cire shi daga shari'a, # Da yake magana a gaban shari'ar laifuka, # Tuntubar da lauya mai gabatar da kara, # Maidawa, # [[Tabbatar da mai laifi cikin sauri|Abubuwan da ba su dace ba ba tare da jinkiri ba]] , # Mu'amala mai adalci, da mutunta mutuncin wadanda abin ya shafa da kebantattun su === Dokar jiha === Duk jihohi sun zartar da dokar da ta kare haƙƙin waɗanda aka yi wa laifi, <ref name="staterights">{{Cite web |title=Victims' Rights |url=http://victimsofcrime.org/help-for-crime-victims/get-help-bulletins-for-crime-victims/victims%27-rights |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201034102/https://victimsofcrime.org/help-for-crime-victims/get-help-bulletins-for-crime-victims/victims%27-rights |archive-date=1 February 2020 |access-date=1 October 2017 |website=National Center for Victims of Crime}}</ref> kuma galibi sun zartar da gyare-gyaren tsarin mulki wanda ke ba da kariya ga waɗanda aka yi wa laifi. <ref name="ncvli_hist_rights"/> Wasu dokokin jihohi suna aiki ne ga waɗanda aka yi musu laifi kawai, yayin da wasu jihohin kuma suna ba da haƙƙin waɗanda aka azabtar da ƙananan laifuka . <ref name="staterights" /> Lokacin da wanda aka azabtar ya kasance ƙarami, naƙasasshe, ko mamaci, wasu jihohi suna ba da izini ga ƴan uwa su yi amfani da haƙƙi a madadin wanda aka azabtar. <ref name="staterights" /> Dokokin gama gari sun haɗa da haƙƙoƙin zuwa: <ref name="staterights"/> * Magani cikin mutunci da girmamawa, * Bayani game da gabatar da ƙara, tayin ƙara, shari'ar kotu, da yanke hukunci, * Yi magana a kotu lokacin yanke hukunci. * Kariya, * Nemi diyya daga asusun haƙƙin wanda aka azabtar na jiha, * Maidawa daga wanda ya aikata laifin, * Komawar dukiya, da * Bayani game da shari'ar sakin fursunonin ko sakewa daga gidan yari, da kuma yin bayani ga hukumar yin afuwa, * Tabbatar da hakkin wanda aka azabtar. Yawancin ofisoshin lauyoyi masu gabatar da kara suna da jami'in kare hakkin wanda aka azabtar ko kuma ma'aikata da yawa wadanda ke taimakawa wadanda aka yi wa laifi a lokacin da kuma bayan gabatar da kara. A shekara ta 2008, Human Rights Watch ta buga wani rahoto da ya kwatanta dokokin Amurka da aka azabtar da ka'idojin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa, wanda ya gano cewa "yayin da hukunce-hukuncen Amurka, na tarayya da na jihohi, suka samu gagarumin ci gaba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, za a iya yin fiye da haka don tabbatar da hakan. cewa ana kiyaye haƙƙin waɗanda aka zalunta da halaltacciyar maslaha”. Rahoton ya ce ya kamata Amurka ta yi amfani da ka'idojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin jagora don sanar da dokokinsu da manufofinsu. Bugu da kari, yana ba da shawarar cewa Amurka ta ɗauki manufofin da ke ayyana “wanda aka azabtar” ba bisa ka’ida ba; fadada damar yin amfani da sabis na wanda aka azabtar da diyya; da "kulla da aiwatar da ka'idoji don tattarawa da adana shaidu, musamman shaidar kayan aikin fyade." Rahoton kuma ya ba da shawarar amincewa da Amurka na CEDAW da CRC. == Tarayyar Turai == Shirin na Stockholm ya ba wa duk wanda aka samu da laifin cin zarafin jinsi, cin zarafi a cikin gida, da ta'addanci, samun kariya iri daya da wadanda aka aikata laifuka, domin ana ganin ire-iren wadannan mutanen suna da rauni musamman kuma suna bukatar tallafi da kariya ta musamman daga gwamnati, ba tare da la'akari da hakan ba. na kasarsu. Umarnin waɗanda aka azabtar da su (Directive 2012/29/EU) sun fahimci cewa akwai damuwa game da yancin motsi a cikin EU da tasirinsa ga waɗanda aka yi musu laifi, kuma sun ba da shawarar ƙarfafa haƙƙin waɗanda aka azabtar a matsayin magani. Umarnin yana buƙatar sanin waɗanda abin ya shafa kuma a kula da su cikin mutuntawa da mutuntawa, kiyaye su daga ci gaba da cin zarafi daga mai laifi ko cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka, kuma a sami tallafin da ya dace kuma a sami damar samun diyya. Ana buƙatar duk ƙasashe membobin EU, ban da Denmark, su sanya hannu da aiwatar da Umarnin Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ce za a tantance duk wadanda abin ya shafa daban-daban domin gano raunin da ya faru. Musamman ma, matasan da aka zalunta ko da yaushe ana zaton su ne masu rauni, tare da wasu nau'o'in mutane kamar wadanda aka yi wa ta'addanci, kungiyoyin laifuka, fataucin bil'adama, cin zarafin jinsi, cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafi, da kuma wadanda ke fama da nakasa, ana lura da su a matsayin karuwa. na rauni. === Austria === Ostiriya ta kafa kariya ga waɗanda aka yi wa laifi da ke zaune a yankin EEA da kuma 'yan ƙasar Ostiriya da mazaunan dindindin. Ayyukan da aka azabtar sun haɗa da samun damar samun shawarwari na doka da wakilci kyauta, shawarwari da kuma biyan diyya ga waɗanda aka aikata laifukan da ke haifar da aƙalla watanni shida a gidan yari. Ana biyan diyya ta hanyar tarar da aka yi wa wadanda aka yanke wa hukunci, da dai sauransu. Ko da yake Ostiriya ta kasance mai sa hannu ga umarnin waɗanda aka yi wa laifi, ba ta cika bin ƙa'idodin ba. Ɗaya daga cikin keta umarnin shine waɗanda abin ya shafa dole ne su yi magana da jami'ai a cikin Ingilishi ko Jamusanci, wanda zai iya hana haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa ba tare da taimakon ofishin jakadancin ba. Wani cin zarafi ya ƙunshi fa'idodi da yawa da ake bayarwa ga 'yan ƙasar Ostiriya kawai, gami da diyya idan ɗan ƙasa ya kasance wanda aka yi masa laifi ko da an sami rauni a wata ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasar EEA ba ba su cancanci samun tallafin jihohi da yawa kuma dole ne a maimakon haka su dogara da gudummawar da ake bayarwa na Weissering, wanda kuma yana ɗaukar shari'o'i bisa ga ra'ayi kuma bayan gwaji. === Bulgaria === Ƙoƙarin Bulgaria na karewa da tallafawa haƙƙoƙin waɗanda aka yi musu laifi ana ɗaukarsu gabaɗaya. Wadanda aka azabtar suna da damar shiga cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka a matsayin shaidu, masu tuhuma ko masu korafi, tare da taimako daga lauyan doka. Bugu da ƙari, doka ta tanadi kariya ga masu rauni (misali yara, waɗanda aka yi wa laifin jima'i) yayin gwajin shaida da tambayoyin 'yan sanda. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan na kasa da kasa da aka yi wa laifukan ya nuna cewa kashi 40% na wadanda abin ya shafa a kasar ne kawai suka gamsu da yadda ‘yan sanda ke tafiyar da al’amuransu. Wani rahoton kwamitin game da yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata, ya yi nuni da yadda gwamnatin kasar ta saba wa yarjejeniyar, tare da yin suka kan gazawar Bulgaria wajen samar da isassun diyya ga wadanda aka yi wa fyade da kuma dogaro da ra'ayoyin jinsi a yayin da ake tsarawa. doka. Dokokin fyade na Bulgeriya ma na da cece-kuce game da yadda suke mu'amala da wadanda aka zalunta. A cikin MC da Bulgaria, ECJ ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a gurfanar da wata yarinya 'yar shekara 14 da aka yi wa fyade ba, a karkashin wata doka da ta tanadi cewa za a gurfanar da fyade ne kawai inda aka samu shaidar karfin jiki da juriya, ya keta ta. haƙƙoƙin da aka bayar a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 3 da 8. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne a yi amfani da dokokin fyade ga duk nau'ikan ayyukan jima'i da ba a yarda da su ba. Wani kwamiti na kwanan nan na yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan matakin yaƙi da fataucin bil adama ya gano cewa babu wani baligi da aka yi fataucin bil adama da ya sami kowane irin taimako daga Gwamnatin Bulgaria. Hakkokin wadanda aka zalunta a Croatia na ci gaba da inganta tun bayan da Croatia ta zama 'yar takarar Tarayyar Turai a shekara ta 2004. Croatia, don cika sharuddan shiga EU, ta fara sauye-sauye a tsarin shari'ar laifukansu dangane da haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa. Ɗaya daga cikin canje-canjen da gwamnati ta haifar shine ta hanyar Sashen Tallafawa ga Shaidu da Sauran Masu shiga cikin Gwajin Laifukan Yaƙi (2005). [ bayani da ake buƙata ] A matakin majalisa, Dokar Tsarin Laifuka (2008) ta ƙara haƙƙoƙin waɗanda aka azabtar da kuma gane waɗanda aka azabtar a matsayin wata ƙungiya ta daban a cikin kotu ban da rawar da suke takawa a matsayin shaida da ƙungiyar da suka ji rauni. Waɗannan haƙƙoƙi sun haɗa da haƙƙin tallafin tunani da kuma biyan diyya. Dokar Rayya ta Masu Laifuka (2008) ta ƙyale 'yan ƙasar Croatia su karɓi diyya idan sun sami mummunan rauni na mutum. === Cyprus === Kasar Cyprus ta ba da diyya ga wadanda aka samu tashe-tashen hankula wadanda suka yi mummunar cutar da jiki ko kuma suka mutu a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Turai kan ramuwa ga wadanda aka samu da laifukan tashin hankali . Duk da haka, yawancin 'yan kasashen waje ba su cancanci wannan diyya ba. === Denmark === Ana aiwatar da haƙƙin waɗanda aka azabtar a Denmark galibi ta hanyar dokokin cikin gida ba dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ba. <ref name="EU Justicia :: Welcome">{{Cite web |title=EU Justicia :: Welcome |url=http://eujusticia.net/images/uploads/pdf/Victims_Directive_36_page |access-date=2016-07-13 |website=eujusticia.net |archive-date=2018-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116045116/http://eujusticia.net/images/uploads/pdf/Victims_Directive_36_page/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Denmark ba ta kasance mai sanya hannu kan kowane umarni na Tarayyar Turai kan haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa ba, kasancewar ita kaɗai ce ƙasa memba wacce ba a buƙata ta sanya hannu ko aiwatar da Dokar 2012/29/EU. <ref name="EU Justicia :: Welcome" /> Duk da haka, Denmark har yanzu tana riƙe da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun haƙƙoƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa ta hanyar dokokinta na cikin gida, tana ba da diyya ga waɗanda aka aikata laifukan da suka ji munanan raunuka ga dukkan 'yan ƙasarta da kuma 'yan ƙasashen waje da ke zaune a Denmark. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Compensation to Crime Victims – Denmark |url=http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/judicialatlascivil/html/pdf/manual_cv_den_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817010344/http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/judicialatlascivil/html/pdf/manual_cv_den_en.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-17}}</ref> Ana kuma ba da diyya ga waɗanda aka kashe da aka kashe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victim Compensation Programs: Denmark |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/intdir2005/denmark.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525225442/https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/intdir2005/denmark.html |archive-date=2017-05-25 |access-date=2016-07-13 |website=www.ncjrs.gov}}</ref> Diyya da aka bayar don kuɗin likita da asarar kuɗin shiga ba shi da iyaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Europe European Committee on Legal Co-operation - European Committee on Legal Co-operation - www.coe.int |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/cdcj |website=European Committee on Legal Co-operation}}</ref> Doka tana buƙatar 'yan sandan Danish su karɓi duk wani rahoton aikata laifuka ba tare da la'akari da yaren da ake amfani da su ba. Sauran sabis na tallafi ga waɗanda aka yi wa laifi a cikin Denmark sun haɗa da taimakon shari'a kyauta na hankali don laifukan tashin hankali da taimakon shari'a kyauta ta atomatik ga waɗanda aka yi wa lalata. Bugu da kari, kowane wanda aka azabtar yana da hakkin samun fassara da fassarar takaddun doka kyauta. Ana samun damar sabis na tallafin waɗanda abin ya shafa ga mazauna ko da ba a sami rahoton wani laifi ba kuma ba a gudanar da shari'ar laifi ba. A inda aka yi sulhu tsakanin mai laifi da wanda aka azabtar, tare da mai laifin ya nemi afuwa tare da sulhuntawa da wanda aka azabtar, kotu na iya zartar da hukunci mafi ƙanƙanta don samar da ƙarfafawa da rufewa wanda aka azabtar. <ref name="European e-Justice Portal">{{Cite web |title=European e-Justice Portal |url=https://e-justice.europa.eu/content_rights_of_victims_of_crime_in_criminal_proceedings-171-DK-maximizeMS-en.do?clang=en&idSubpage=1&member=1#n11 |access-date=2016-07-13 |website=e-justice.europa.eu}}</ref> Wadanda abin ya shafa kuma na iya yanke shawarar ’yan sanda na kin gurfanar da wani mai gabatar da kara na yanki, wanda za a iya kara daukaka kararsa ga daraktan kararrakin jama’a. <ref name="European e-Justice Portal" /> === Estoniya === A Estonia, kashi 43 cikin 100 ne kawai na wadanda aka samu da munanan laifuka suka gabatar da rahoton ‘yan sanda, inda kashi 17% na masu korafin suka ce sun gamsu da yadda ‘yan sanda ke kula da su. A cikin 2002, Ƙungiyar Tallafawa Masu Laifukan Laifukan Estoniya ta Estoniya ta fitar da wata takarda da ta jagoranci muhawara game da dokar da ta shafi batutuwan tallafin da abin ya shafa. Wannan a ƙarshe an tattara shi a cikin Dokar Tallafawa waɗanda aka azabtar na 2003, wanda ke nuna canji a cikin tsarin shari'ar laifuka na Estoniya daga adalcin ramuwa zuwa adalci mai gyarawa. Sakamakon haka, gwamnatin Estoniya ta fara ba da fifiko kan ba da taimako na zahiri da na kayan aiki ga waɗanda aka yi wa laifi. Duk da haka, tallafin da abin ya shafa na jihar yana magance wasu nau'ikan laifuka ne kawai, tare da yawancin waɗanda abin ya shafa ba su da daɗi shiga. <ref name="University of Applied Sciences">{{Cite web |last=Lummer |first=Ricarda |last2=Hagemann |first2=Otmar |last3=Nahrwold |first3=Mario |title=Improving Knowledge and Practice of Restorative Justice |url=http://www.thamesvalleypartnership.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/RJ-Final-Report-EU-Project.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215101406/http://www.thamesvalleypartnership.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/RJ-Final-Report-EU-Project.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-15 |access-date=2020-07-25 |publisher=University of Applied Sciences}}</ref> Wadanda aka yi wa manyan laifuka na tashin hankali, da masu dogaro da su, a Estonia suna da hakkin samun diyya ta jiha a karkashin Dokar Tallafawa Wanda aka azabtar. Irin wannan ramuwa yana da iyaka kuma ya haɗa da asarar kuɗi, diyya saboda mutuwa, kuɗin jana'izar, da sauran diyya. <ref name="riigiteataja.ee">{{Cite web |last=Republic of Estonia: Social Insurance Board |title=State compensation of victims of crime |url=https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/521122013001/consolide |access-date=8 July 2015 |website=Republic of Estonia: Social Insurance Board}}</ref> <ref name="Victim Support Act">{{Cite web |title=Victim Support Act |url=https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/521122013001/consolide |access-date=8 July 2015 |website=Riigi Teataja}}</ref> === Faransa === Faransa ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan umarnin EU na masu fama da laifuka kuma tana da har zuwa Nuwamba 2015 don aiwatar da shi. Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2016, ta kasa sanar da EU manufofin da ta aiwatar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-22 |title=Victim Support Europe |url=http://victimsupport.eu/news/the-eu-victims-directive-on-eu-day-for-victims-of-crime-2016-infringement-cases-opened-against-16-member-states/ |access-date=2016-07-12}}</ref> Wadanda aka aikata laifuka a Faransa suna da hakkin shiga cikin shari'a da samun lauyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=European Justice (2012): My Rights During the Trial |url=https://e-justice.europa.eu/contentMaximisation.do?clang=en&idTaxonomy=171&idCountry=FR&idSubpage=2&member=1&action=maximizeMS&vmac=EjFQo72az24McyD895MPv1dXhu53NMU7uYQSZOp00j09rJNRaWI9sUnmTPuC_eDD1Nu0_7BEN_zEYe0s2vCM-AAABZUAAACU |access-date=2016-07-12}}</ref> Hakanan suna da hakkin biyan diyya, tare da wajabcin 'yan sanda su sanar da wadanda abin ya shafa hakkinsu na biyan diyya a karkashin Tsarin Adalci na Tsarin Mulki (2002). 'Yan sanda kuma na iya yin rajistar neman biyan diyya a madadin wadanda abin ya shafa don haka babu bukatar zuwa kotu. Akwai asusu na jiha don biyan diyya ga wadanda aka yi wa laifukan tashin hankali da ake kira The State Fund for the Victim of Crime. Wannan wani bangare na kudade ne daga kudade daga masu aikata laifuka. <ref>The Reform Act 1990</ref> Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Faransa tana ba da wani ɓangare na tallafin Cibiyar Tallafawa da Sasanci na Ƙasa, wanda ke ba da taimako ga waɗanda abin ya shafa da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=European Justice (2012): Rights of Victims in Criminal Proceedings |url=https://e-justice.europa.eu/content_rights_of_victims_of_crime_in_criminal_proceedings-171-FR-maximizeMS-en.do?clang=en&idSubpage=4&member=1 |access-date=2016-07-12}}</ref> Kungiyar ta bukaci gwamnatin Faransa ta aiwatar da wannan umarni, inda ta ba da shawarwari bisa tantance bukatun da abin ya shafa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victims' Support Europe (2015): French INAVEM Presentation |url=http://victimsupport.eu/activeapp/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/5_12_14_Presentation-French-MinistryJustice1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011144835/http://victimsupport.eu/activeapp/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/5_12_14_Presentation-French-MinistryJustice1.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-11 |access-date=2016-07-12}}</ref> === Jamus === Ka'idar Tsarin Laifuka ta Jamus ta 1987 tana ba waɗanda abin ya shafa haƙƙoƙi da dama, gami da haƙƙin shiga cikin shari'a, na ɗaukaka, da kuma na diyya don hasara. Ba kamar sauran hukunce-hukuncen da yawa ba, waɗanda aka yi wa laifi a Jamus na iya shiga cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka akan wanda ake tuhuma. Ga wadanda aka azabtar da wasu laifuka na sirri, kamar cin mutunci, rauni na jiki, da lalacewar dukiya, <ref>For full list, see s 374 German Code of Criminal Procedure</ref> wadanda abin ya shafa suna da damar shiga wani mai gabatar da kara mai zaman kansa kai tsaye wanda zai wakilci bukatunsu a gaban shari'a. Wadanda abin ya shafa kuma suna da hakkin shigar da wakilin doka don tabbatar da bukatunsu lokacin, alal misali, ana tambayar su a matsayin shaida. <ref>Braun, K 2014, 'Legal Representatives for Sexual Assault Victims – Possibilities for Law Reform?', Current Issues in Criminal Justice, Vol 25, No 3, p 828.</ref> === Girka === Ana iya ba wa waɗanda aka zalunta laifuffuka a Girka ƙarin haƙƙoƙi, tallafi da kariya a takamaiman yanayi, gami da abubuwan cin zarafin jima'i da kuma inda wanda aka zalunta yake ƙarami. Babu wariya ta ayyukan tallafi ga baki. <ref name="fra.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Victim Support Services in the EU: An overview and assessment of victims’ rights in practice |url=http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/country-study-victim-support-services-el.pdf |access-date=2023-12-28}}</ref> Kasashen waje da abin ya shafa suna da damar yin fassara yayin da suke ba da shaida ga 'yan sanda. <ref name="fra.europa.eu" /> An soki kasar Girka saboda rashin kiyaye hakkin tsirarun wadanda abin ya shafa dangane da laifukan kiyayya. Domin shigar da ƙarar laifin ƙiyayya, doka ta yanzu tana buƙatar biyan kuɗi, ta hana waɗanda abin ya shafa rahoton laifuka. Wannan rashi ya ta'azzara saboda rashin kariya ga bakin hauren da ba su da takardun izini da ke fuskantar laifukan ƙiyayya. Kotun kare hakkin bil'adama ta Turai ta kuma yi Allah wadai da kasar Girka sau 11 saboda yadda 'yan sanda suka yi amfani da makamai ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma rashin gudanar da bincike mai inganci, inda 'yan ci-rani ko kuma 'yan tsiraru ke fama da su a cikin goma daga cikin wadannan al'amura. <ref name="hrw.org1">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2015 |title=Greece: Address Longstanding Rights Issues |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/02/19/greece-address-longstanding-rights-issues |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816131350/https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/02/19/greece-address-longstanding-rights-issues |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> Kasar Girka na daya daga cikin kasashe 16 da ke fuskantar shari'ar cin zarafi saboda rashin sadarwa da umarnin wadanda aka ci zarafinsu na EU. <ref name="victimsupport.eu">{{Cite web |date=22 February 2016 |title=The EU Victims' Directive on EU Day for Victims of Crime 2016: Infringement cases opened against 16 Member States – Victim Support Europe |url=http://victimsupport.eu/news/the-eu-victims-directive-on-eu-day-for-victims-of-crime-2016-infringement-cases-opened-against-16-member-states/}}</ref> Ga wadanda aka samu tashe-tashen hankula a cikin gida da wasu laifuffuka kamar cin zarafin yara, idan wanda ya aikata laifin bai da hanyar da za a biya diyya ba, ko kuma idan wanda ya aikata laifin ya kasance ba a san sunansa ba, jihar Girka, a ƙarƙashin Dokar Rayya ta 2004/80/EC ta wajaba ta ba da diyya. ga wadanda aka aikata da gangan laifuffukan tashin hankali. <ref name="loc.gov">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2009 |title=Greece: Draft Law on Compensation of Victims of Intentional Violence – Global Legal Monitor |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/greece-draft-law-on-compensation-of-victims-of-intentional-violence/ |website=www.loc.gov}}</ref> Diyya da wanda ya aikata laifin ko kuma jihar Girka ta bayar dole ne ya rufe asarar kuɗi da ke da alaƙa da lalacewa ta jiki sakamakon mummunan laifi; wannan ya haɗa da kuɗaɗen likita, asarar kuɗin shiga da farashin jana'izar, amma ba lalacewar tunani da rauni ba. <ref name="loc.gov" /> Wadanda aka aikata laifuka a Girka suna da kwanaki biyar don ba da rahoton laifin; idan ba a ba da rahoton laifin a cikin wannan lokacin ba, waɗanda abin ya shafa ba su cancanci diyya ba. <ref name="loc.gov" /> Hukumar Kula da Rayya ta Hellenic tana aiwatar da da'awar diyya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Δικαιοσύνης |first=Υπουργείο |title=Υπουργείο Δικαιοσύνης > Hellenic Compensation Authority |url=http://www.ministryofjustice.gr/site/en/HellenicCompensationAuthority.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713123658/http://www.ministryofjustice.gr/site/en/HellenicCompensationAuthority.aspx |archive-date=2016-07-13 |access-date=2016-07-13 |website=www.ministryofjustice.gr}}</ref> === Hungary === Har sai da aka gabatar da sabuwar doka a cikin 2013, ba a rarraba tashin hankalin cikin gida a matsayin wani laifi dabam da sauran nau'ikan hari, wanda ke nufin cewa wadanda rikicin cikin gida ya shafa a Hungary ana samun hakkinsu iri daya da sauran wadanda aka kai hari. A cewar [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]], 'yan sanda a Hungary sun yi watsi da raunin da aka samu a cikin mummunan tashin hankali na gida, a wasu lokuta suna ƙin gabatar da masu cin zarafi a gaban kuliya. <ref name="hrw.org">{{Cite journal |last=Gall |first=Lydia |date=6 November 2013 |title=Unless Blood Flows |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/11/06/unless-blood-flows/lack-protection-domestic-violence-hungary |journal=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A cikin shari'ar ECtHR [[Kalucza v. Hungary 2012]], mai nema ya yi korafin cewa hukumomin Hungary sun kasa kare cin zarafinta daga mijinta a gidanta. ECthHR ta kammala cewa an keta Mataki na 8 (ba da hakkin mutunta rayuwar sirri da ta iyali). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Domestic violence |url=http://echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Domestic_Violence_ENG.pdf |access-date=2023-12-28}}</ref> Canje-canje na doka da aka yi a cikin 2013 sun sanya hukunci mai tsauri akan masu aikata laifukan cikin gida tare da sanya hanu a kan masu gabatar da kara, ba wanda aka azabtar ba, don ci gaba da shari'a. <ref name="hrw.org" /> === Italiya === Ana tsare hakkin wadanda aka azabtar a cikin kundin tsarin hukunta laifuka, wanda ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da ake tuhuma da yanke hukunci, wadanda aka azabtar suna da hakkin a sanar da su ci gaban shari'a kuma suna iya samar da shaida a kowane mataki na shari'a. Wadanda aka zalunta kuma suna da hakkin yin adawa da alkali a hukuncin da suka yanke kan bukatar sallamar kuma suna iya shigar da nasu lauya idan ya cancanta. <ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |title=NCJRS Abstract – National Criminal Justice Reference Service |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=169641 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709172117/https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=169641 |archive-date=2015-07-09 |access-date=2015-07-08 |website=www.ncjrs.gov}}</ref> Wadanda aka azabtar da suka mutu sakamakon wani laifi na iya samun hakkinsu na kusa da wanda aka azabtar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Codice di procedura penale – La Persona Offesa |url=http://www.studiocataldi.it/codiceprocedurapenale/personaoffesa.asp |website=www.studiocataldi.it}}</ref> Wadanda abin ya shafa suna da hakkin samun diyya dangane da yanayi da girman laifin. Musamman wadanda abin ya shafa za a iya ba da taimakon shari'a kyauta. Hukumomin taimakon wadanda abin ya shafa na iya raka wadanda abin ya shafa a gwaji tare da yardarsu. <ref name="ReferenceB" /> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke fama da rauni a Italiya ita ce yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 16. Wasu daga cikin ƙalubalen da yara ke fuskanta a Italiya sun haɗa da yin aiki da yara, tilastawa shiga cikin manyan laifuka da kuma zama 'yan gudun hijira bayan sun tsere daga ƙasarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Children of Italy |url=https://www.humanium.org/en/europe-caucasus/italy/ |website=Humanium}}</ref> Yara da abin ya shafa suna da wasu haƙƙoƙin da aka bayyana a sarari a cikin Tsarin Laifin Italiya; alal misali, yaron da aka yi lalata da shi za a taimaka a duk lokacin da ake gudanar da laifuka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Justice_in_matters...pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211180657/http://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Justice_in_matters...pdf |archive-date=2014-02-11 |access-date=2015-07-08}}</ref> kuma binciken binciken yaron dole ne shugaban tambayoyi ya gudanar da shi kuma wani dangi ko masanin ilimin halayyar yara ya taimaka masa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2007 |title=Giudizio - Dibattimento, Codice di procedura penale, Libro VII, Titolo II |url=https://www.altalex.com/documents/news/2014/10/28/giudizio-dibattimento |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Altalex |language=it}}</ref> Duk da haka, tsarin shari'ar laifuka na Italiya ba shi da albarkatun tallafi mai gudana don kare hakkin yara. === Lithuania === Lithuania tana da hanyoyin ƙasa da yawa da suka shafi haƙƙoƙi da tallafi ga waɗanda aka yi wa laifi. Ma'aikatar shari'a, ma'aikatar harkokin waje, da kuma 'yan sanda na ma'aikatar cikin gida kowannensu yana ba da sabis na ba da agajin doka kuma sun kafa matakan kariya ga wadanda aka aikata laifuka. <ref name="e-justice.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=European e-Justice Portal |url=https://e-justice.europa.eu/content_rights_of_victims_of_crime_in_criminal_proceedings-171-LT-maximizeMS-en.do?clang=en&idSubpage=4&member=1 |website=e-justice.europa.eu}}</ref> Lithuania ta ba da damar biyan diyya na son rai ga wadanda aka aikata laifuka, wanda, idan ba a yi ba, yana ba wanda aka azabtar damar kawo karar farar hula a kan mai laifin. Idan mai laifin ba zai iya ba da diyya ga wanda aka azabtar ba, jihar za ta ba da diyya a madadin. Akwai ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa da ke aiki a cikin Lithuania waɗanda ke ba da kayan aiki da tallafi ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Kula da Laifukan Laifuka na Lithuania, Caritas Lithuania, Cibiyar Tallafawa Mutum da Ya Bace, Cibiyar Tallafawa Jama'a da Ilimin halin ɗabi'a ta Klaipeda, Gidan Yara, da Ƙungiyar Hijira ta Duniya. <ref name="e-justice.europa.eu"/> === Latvia === Latvia tushe ne na Tier 2 kuma ƙasar da ake fataucin mutanen da aka yi safarar su don yin lalata da su da kuma aikin tilastawa. <ref name="USSD">{{Cite web |title=Country Narratives -- Countries H through R |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/105388.htm |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> Don kiyaye haƙƙin waɗanda ke fama da fataucin mutane, gwamnatin Latvia ta ƙara samun damar samun kariyar da gwamnati ke bayarwa, gami da baiwa waɗanda ke fama da fataucin wurin zama na wucin gadi don musanya shiga cikin tsarin shari'a kan masu safarar mutane. <ref name="USSD" /> <ref name="pdf">{{Cite web |title=Sile, S., & Ziedina, D., (2015). "Improving Protection of Victims' Rights in Latvia – Access to Legal Aid and Mediation as a Toll to Settle the Conflict" |url=https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/jspui/bitstream/10593/12051/1/Projekt_4.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709083004/https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/jspui/bitstream/10593/12051/1/Projekt_4.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-09 |access-date=2015-07-08}}</ref> A cikin wannan lokacin bincike, ana ba wa waɗanda abin ya shafa tallafin taimako. <ref name="Likumi">{{Cite web |title=Par valsts kompensāciju cietušajiem |url=http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=136683 |website=LIKUMI.LV}}</ref> Wadanda abin ya shafa da ba su cika ka'idojin cancanta ba ana tura su zuwa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don taimako. <ref name="USSD" /> Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda abin ya shafa waɗanda ƙila sun shiga ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba sakamakon fataucin su na iya guje wa gurfanar da su. <ref name="USSD" /> <ref name="Likumi" /> Har ila yau, gwamnatin Latvia tana tabbatar da kyautata zamantakewar mutanen da aka yi musu fataucin mutane. <ref name="providus">{{Cite web |title=Zavackis, A., Judins, A., Dzenovska, I., Kronberga, I., & Sile, S. (2013). Provision for the Needs of Crime Victims: Support to Prevention of Victimisation in Latvia |url=http://providus.lv/upload_file/Projekti/Kriminalitesibas/Victim%20support/ANG_105_finish_doc.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709165529/http://providus.lv/upload_file/Projekti/Kriminalitesibas/Victim%20support/ANG_105_finish_doc.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-09 |access-date=2020-07-25}}</ref> === Luxembourg === Luxembourg tana da ingantaccen shiri na ayyukan tallafawa waɗanda abin ya shafa ta hanyar Sabis na Tallafi na Jiha (ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Shari'a). Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyar na EU waɗanda ma'aikatar shari'a ke da alhakin rarraba waɗannan ayyuka. <ref name="fra.europa.eu"/> Har ila yau, jihar na hada kai da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ciki har da ta hanyar samar da tallafin kudi, don taimakawa wajen inganta harkokin shari'a da kuma daidaitawa a matakin farko. <ref name="europa.eu1">{{Cite web |title=Victims of crime in the EU: the extent and nature of support for victims |url=http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2015-victims-crime-eu-support_en_0.pdf |access-date=2023-12-28}}</ref> Misali, daya daga cikin irin wannan kungiyar, Matan da ke cikin damuwa, tana aiki don samarwa mata, 'ya'yansu da kananan 'yan mata ingantaccen kariya daga tashin hankali ta hanyar mafaka da cibiyoyin bayanai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women in Distress |url=http://www.justarrived.lu/en/i-am-in-luxembourg/practical-and-useful/associations-2/women-in-distress |website=justarrived.lu |access-date=2024-07-07 |archive-date=2017-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917075904/http://www.justarrived.lu/en/i-am-in-luxembourg/practical-and-useful/associations-2/women-in-distress |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta hanyar wannan tsari, Luxembourg ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe tara kawai na EU don cika shawarar Majalisar Turai na cibiyar ba da shawara ɗaya ga mata 50,000. <ref name="europa.eu1" /> Wadanda aka yi wa laifi za su iya kai rahoton laifin ga 'yan sanda ko kai tsaye ga mai gabatar da kara na gwamnati. <ref name="europa.eu2">{{Cite web |title=European e-Justice Portal |url=https://e-justice.europa.eu/content_rights_of_victims_of_crime_in_criminal_proceedings-171-LU-maximizeMS-en.do?clang=en&idSubpage=1&member=1 |website=e-justice.europa.eu}}</ref> Dole ne a gabatar da rahotanni a cikin ɗayan yarukan hukuma na Luxembourg: Luxembourgish, Faransanci da Jamusanci. Akwai mai fassara, kyauta, ga mutanen da ba sa jin waɗannan harsuna. Ana amfani da lokacin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin doka don bayar da rahoto. Wadanda abin ya shafa za su iya shiga cikin tsarin ta yin aiki a matsayin shaidu da bayar da shaida, tare da sabis na fassarar kyauta da wadanda abin ya shafa suna da damar samun wakilcin lauyoyi. Dole ne 'yan sanda su yi wani kwas na tilas a kan ilimin halin da ake ciki kuma suna wajaba su sanar da wadanda abin ya shafa hakkinsu na samun taimako, diyya, taimakon shari'a, da bayanai game da shari'arsu. Idan har shari'a ba ta kai ga kotu ba, dole ne a bayar da dalilan wannan sakamakon domin a taimaka wa wanda aka azabtar ya yanke shawarar ko zai daukaka kara kan wannan hukuncin. <ref name="fra.europa.eu"/> Luxembourg tana ba da diyya ga wadanda abin ya shafa da suka ji rauni ta jiki daga aikata laifuka. Ana biyan diyya ne kawai a lokuttan da wadanda abin ya shafa suka kasa samun isasshiyar diyya daga inshora, tsaro na zamantakewa ko kuma daga wanda ya yi laifi. A cikin 2012, an biya fiye da Yuro 405,000 a matsayin diyya, wanda ya zarce adadin da aka tsara na 350,000. Dole ne a fara buƙatar biyan diyya a cikin shekaru biyu na wani laifi da ya faru kuma a aika da shi ga ma'aikatar shari'a. Kwamitin da alkali ya kafa, babban ma'aikacin ministan shari'a da kuma lauya za su hadu a cikin mai nema don tantance idan takardar ta yi nasara. Matsakaicin adadin da za a iya bayarwa kamar na 2009 shine Yuro 63.000. Ta hanyar ɗaukaka ƙara, ana iya gabatar da ƙarar shari'a a kan Jiha a gaban' kotun shari'a' na Luxembourg ko Diekirch. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministère de la Justice – FAQ – Compensation for victims of crime |url=http://www.mj.public.lu/services_citoyens/indemnisation/en_faq.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822052018/http://mj.public.lu/services_citoyens/indemnisation/en_faq.html |archive-date=2020-08-22 |access-date=2020-07-25 |website=www.mj.public.lu}}</ref> Luxembourg tana da Doka guda ɗaya na 2012/29/EU da ke buɗe shari'ar cin zarafi a kanta. <ref name="victimsupport.eu"/> === Malta === A cikin 2015, tsohon ministan shari'a na Malta Chris Said ya fitar da wani rahoto da ke sukar yanayin 'yancin wadanda abin ya shafa a Malta, yana mai jaddada bukatar kara yawan albarkatun da aka ba ofishin agajin shari'a da kuma ofishin don fadada tanadi ga wadanda abin ya shafa. <ref name="timesofmalta.com">{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Allied Newspapers |date=20 April 2015 |title=New law gives crime victims legal aid right |url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150420/local/new-law-gives-crime-victims-legal-aid-right.564676}}</ref> Bayan fitar da rahoton, Malta ta gabatar da Dokar Laifuka (2015) a ranar 2 ga Afrilu na wannan shekarar. <ref name="timesofmalta.com" /> Dokar na nufin baiwa wadanda abin ya shafa damar surutu mai girma, tare da ba da damar yin sulhu tsakanin wanda aka azabtar da mai laifi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Allied Newspapers |date=24 March 2015 |title=Bill increasing rights of victims of crime |url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20150324/local/bill-increasing-rights-of-victims-of-crime.561249}}</ref> A cewar Roberta Lepre, darektan Tallafin Malta wanda aka azabtar, dokar ta mai da hankali kan faɗaɗa bayanai, tallafi, da kariya ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. <ref name="timesofmalta.com"/> Dangane da bayanai, waɗanda abin ya shafa yanzu suna da haƙƙin sauƙi don samun cikakkun bayanai game da hanyoyin aikata laifuka masu dacewa, sabis na tallafi, sabis na taimakon shari'a kyauta, hanyoyin samun ramuwa, da yadda ake samun sabis ɗin fassara. <ref name="justiceservices.gov.mt">{{Cite web |title=Victims of Crime Act |url=http://justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lp&itemid=26766&l=1 |access-date=2019-08-27 |website=justiceservices.gov.mt}}</ref> Wadanda abin ya shafa kuma suna da hakkin samun amincewar wani korafi da kuma ci gaba da bayani game da lamarin. <ref name="justiceservices.gov.mt" /> Bugu da ƙari, idan 'yan sanda ba su gurfanar da wanda ake tuhuma ba, wanda aka azabtar yana da damar a sanar da shi shawarar a rubuce. <ref name="justiceservices.gov.mt" /> Idan ya zo ga tallafi, waɗanda abin ya shafa suna samun damar yin amfani da sabis na tallafi kyauta biyo bayan buƙatu da kimanta haɗarin. <ref name="justiceservices.gov.mt" /> Ayyukan tallafi sun haɗa da shawarwari da bayanai kan yadda za a hana ƙarin haɗarin cin zarafi. <ref name="justiceservices.gov.mt" /> Hakanan wajibi ne hukumomin da abin ya shafa su sanar da wadanda abin ya shafa hanyoyin da za a iya kare su, kamar neman odar kariya. <ref name="justiceservices.gov.mt" /> === Netherlands === A cikin 1987, an yi wani sabon gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa wanda aka azabtar a cikin Netherlands, inda za a yi la'akari da bukatun wanda aka azabtar a duk matakai na tsarin shari'ar laifuka, kuma inda aka amince da hakkokin wadanda aka azabtar a cikin doka. Abubuwa daban-daban na tsari suna ba da izinin diyya wanda aka azabtar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=European Commission - European Judicial Network - Compensation to crime victims - Netherlands |url=http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/comp_crime_victim/comp_crime_victim_net_en.htm |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Idan wadanda aka yi wa laifi suna ganin an yi musu rashin adalci kuma ba a aiwatar da dokokin da suka shafi wadanda abin ya shafa ba, za su iya gabatar da kara ga Ombudsman. Don ƙarin tallafin wanda aka azabtar, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai daban-daban suna aiki a cikin Netherlands a matakin gida kuma suna kula da waɗanda aka aikata laifuka ta hanyar ba da tallafi na tunani, shawarwari masu amfani da shawarwarin shari'a. Ana ganin misalin wannan tallafin a cikin hukumar Slachtofferhulp na ƙasar baki ɗaya gwamnati ce ke ba da tallafi ga waɗanda abin ya shafa a takamaiman ƙungiyoyi da waɗanda aka yi wa laifi gabaɗaya. === Poland === Masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama sun yi iƙirarin cewa tsarin shari'ar laifuka na ƙasar Poland ya kasa taimaka wa waɗanda rikicin cikin gida ya rutsa da su yadda ya kamata kuma baya ɗaukar shari'o'insu da muhimmanci. Yawancin masu aikata ta'addanci a cikin gida a Poland kawai suna samun hukuncin dakatarwa ne kawai, tare da abokan zamansu mata galibi suna dogara da su na kuɗi kuma suna ci gaba da zama tare da su. <ref name="theadvocatesforhumanrights.org">{{Cite web |title=The Advocates for Human Rights |url=https://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/poland_domestic_violence_2002_10-18-2002_2.PDF |website=www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org}}</ref> Domin inganta haƙƙin waɗanda rikicin cikin gida ya rutsa da su a Poland, an ƙaddamar da shirin Blue Card a matsayin wata hanya ta daidaita hulɗar 'yan sanda da mutanen da ke da hannu a cikin rikicin cikin gida. <ref name="Poland 2013">{{Cite web |title=Assistance to Victims of Crime in Poland, 2013. (8 July 2015) |url=http://providus.lv/upload_file/Projekti/Kriminalitesibas/Victim%20support/5.%20PL.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709133018/http://providus.lv/upload_file/Projekti/Kriminalitesibas/Victim%20support/5.%20PL.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2015 |access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref> Wannan shirin yana bawa waɗanda ke fama da tashin hankalin gida damar samun shawarwari, tallafi da diyya. <ref name="providus.lv">{{Cite web |title=Assistance to Victims of Crime in Poland, 2013. (8 July 2015) |url=http://providus.lv/upload_file/Projekti/Kriminalitesibas/Victim%20support/5.%20PL.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709133018/http://providus.lv/upload_file/Projekti/Kriminalitesibas/Victim%20support/5.%20PL.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2015 |access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref> A cikin 2000 Ma'aikatar Shari'a a Poland ta ƙaddamar da Makon Tallafawa waɗanda abin ya shafa, wanda aka yi wahayi daga ranar waɗanda aka yi wa laifi na duniya. <ref name="providus.lv" /> A cikin 2012, umarnin Ma'aikatar Shari'a ya haɓaka tsarin tallafi ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Wadanda abin ya shafa yanzu suna da haƙƙin wasu farashin sabis na kiwon lafiya, samfuran likita, karatun sakandare ko na sana'a, masauki na wucin gadi, da sauran wurare. Duk da haka, wasu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da shirin ya kasance ba daidai ba kuma ba a tallafa masa ba. <ref name="Poland 2013"/> === Portugal === A Portugal, duk waɗanda aka yi wa laifi suna da haƙƙin gaggawa guda shida: bayanai, karɓar korafin sanarwa, fassarar, diyya don shiga cikin tsari da kuma biyan kuɗi, diyya daga wanda ya aikata laifin, da diyya daga jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Francisco |title=APAV - May I Help You |url=http://apav.pt/mihy/index.php/know-your-rights |website=apav.pt |access-date=2024-07-07 |archive-date=2015-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709102038/http://apav.pt/mihy/index.php/know-your-rights |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin shari'ar shari'a, wanda aka azabtar a Portugal zai iya ɗaukar matsayi guda biyu: a matsayin mataimaki, inda suke ba da haɗin kai tare da mai gabatar da kara a cikin shari'ar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victim |url=http://www.infovitimas.pt/pt_en/004_quem/paginas/004_005.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808055158/http://www.infovitimas.pt/pt_en/004_quem/paginas/004_005.html |archive-date=2016-08-08 |access-date=2020-12-13 |website=infovitimas.pt}}</ref> ko a matsayin ƙungiya ta farar hula, inda suke aiki kawai don ba da shaida don tallafawa da'awar diyya. . <ref>{{Cite web |title=European Commission - European Judicial Network - Compensation to crime victims - Portugal |url=http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/comp_crime_victim/comp_crime_victim_por_en.htm |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Gwamnatin Portuguese tana ba da hanyoyi da dama na taimako da tallafi ga wadanda aka yi wa laifi, ciki har da Hukumar Kare Yara da Matasa a Hadarin, Babban Darakta na Harkokin Jama'a, Ƙungiyar Portuguese don Tallafawa wanda aka azabtar, Hukumar Daidaitawa da Gabatar da Wariyar launin fata, da kuma Bude Taga. <ref>{{Cite web |title=European e-Justice Portal |url=https://e-justice.europa.eu/content_rights_of_victims_of_crime_in_criminal_proceedings-171-PT-maximizeMS-en.do?clang=en&idSubpage=5&member=1 |website=e-justice.europa.eu}}</ref> === Romania === Ana ba da shawarwari ga waɗanda aka yi ƙoƙarin kisan kai, kisan kai, hari da sauran munanan laifuka. Ana ba da shawarwari kyauta har zuwa watanni 3 ga manya, da watanni 6 ga waɗanda abin ya shafa a ƙasa da 18. <ref name="Romania, 2006, p.1">Ministry of Justice of Romania, '27th Conference of European Ministers of Justice. Victims: Place, Rights and Assistance', Yerevan, 2006, p.1</ref> Bayan aikace-aikacen, ana ba da taimakon shari'a kyauta ga nau'ikan waɗanda abin ya shafa. Abubuwan da suka dace wajen ba da taimako sun haɗa da girman laifin da aka aikata da kuma buƙatun abin wanda aka azabtar. <ref name="Romania, 2006, p.1" /> Kafin fara Dokar 211/2004, lokacin da wanda ya aikata wani laifi ya kasance ba a sani ba, ya warware, ko ya ɓace, wanda aka azabtar bai sami diyya ba. A halin yanzu, akan aikace-aikacen, ana iya ba wanda aka azabtar da shi diyya ta kuɗi don manyan laifukan tashin hankali da jima'i. <ref>Ministry of Justice of Romania, '27th Conference of European Ministers of Justice. Victims: Place, Rights and Assistance', Yerevan, 2006, p.3</ref> Haihuwar [[National Agency for Family Protection|Hukumar Kare Iyali ta ƙasa]] ta ƙara tallafi ga waɗanda rikicin cikin gida ya rutsa da su, yana taimakawa wajen kafa matsuguni ga waɗanda rikicin cikin gida ya rutsa da su, cibiyoyin warkarwa ga waɗanda tashin hankali ya rutsa da su, da cibiyoyin taimako ga masu tada zaune tsaye. <ref>Ministry of Justice of Romania, '27th Conference of European Ministers of Justice. Victims: Place, Rights and Assistance', Yerevan, 2006, p.4</ref> === Slovakia === Slovakia wata ƙasa ce da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da aka yi niyya, musamman mata matasa da maza, naƙasassu, marasa ilimi da marasa aikin yi, ke fuskantar ƙagaggun ƙwararrun guraben ayyukan yi na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke cikin ainihin tsare-tsaren fataucin mutane. <ref name="endslavery.va">{{Cite web |title=Human Trafficking in Slovakia |url=http://www.endslavery.va/content/endslavery/en/publications/youth_symposium_2014/slovakia.html}}</ref> Yawancin 'yan Slovakian sun ƙare ana jigilar su zuwa ƙasashen fataucin masu himma kamar, Jamus, Austria, UK, Ireland, Switzerland da Poland. <ref name="endslavery.va" /> Slovakia kuma tana da gidaje da dama da aka yi safarar su daga Bulgaria, Romania, Vietnam, Ukraine da Moldova. <ref name="endslavery.va" /> Shirin Kasa na 2011 don Yaki da Fataucin Bil Adama na tsawon shekaru 2011-2014 ya ba da fifiko kan tabbatar da isasshen tallafi da kulawa ga wadanda abin ya shafa, gami da wadanda ke samun cikakkiyar kulawa da shirye-shiryen komawa kasarsu ta asali. <ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Together Against Trafficking in Human Beings - European Commission |url=https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/content/nip/slovakia_en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207063029/https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/content/nip/slovakia_en |archive-date=2018-02-07 |access-date=2018-12-20 |website=Together Against Trafficking in Human Beings}}</ref> === Slovenia === Slovenia tana tsara haƙƙoƙin waɗanda aka yi wa laifi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsarin Laifuka, Dokar Kariya ta Shaidu, Dokar Laifin Laifin Laifin, da ƙudurin Hanawa da Yaƙi da Laifi. Wadanda abin ya shafa a Slovenia suna da hakkin a saurare su yayin shari'a, ba da shaida, gabatar da tambayoyi ga shaidu da ƙwararrun da abin ya shafa, sanin haƙƙinsu, bincika shaidar kayan da aka kawo, da karɓar taimako daga mai fassara. A wasu laifuffuka, kamar cin zarafin yara, rashin kula da yara, da fataucin mutane, ana buƙatar wanda aka ji rauni ya kasance yana da takamaiman ikon kula da haƙƙoƙinsa, kuma wasu sharuɗɗa sun shafi hanyoyin bincike, kamar hana wanda ya aikata laifin kasancewa a ciki. dakin shari'a a daidai lokacin da wanda aka azabtar yayin shari'a. Idan yayin shari'ar aikata laifuka, lafiyar jikin wanda aka azabtar da danginsu na cikin haɗari, suna da haƙƙin kariya. Sashin Kariya na Mutanan da ke Kashe Kashewa yana sa ido musamman akan kariyar shedu a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kariyar Shaidu. Ƙungiyar kuma tana hulɗa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don ba da taimako na tunani da shari'a ga mutane masu kariya. Ƙungiyar kuma tana ba da wasu matakai daban-daban yayin gudanar da shari'a, misali samar da shaida ta hanyar taron bidiyo.  === Spain === Wadanda aka aikata laifuka a Spain suna da hanyoyi da yawa da za su iya neman diyya ko taimako na diyya da suka sha. <ref name="europa.eu3">{{Cite web |title=European e-Justice Portal – Victims of crime |url=https://e-justice.europa.eu/content_rights_of_victims_of_crime_in_criminal_proceedings-171-es-en.do?member=1 |website=e-justice.europa.eu}}</ref> Ma’aikatar shari’a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministerio de Justicia |url=https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/cs/Satellite/Portal/es/inicio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211154922/https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/cs/Satellite/Portal/es/inicio |archive-date=2021-02-11 |access-date=2019-08-27 |website=www.mjusticia.gob.es |language=es}}</ref> ita ce hukumar da ke kula da bayar da diyya ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Har ila yau, tana da alhakin ba da agajin shari'a na jihohi, kuma tana da wani sashe na daban na kare waɗanda aka yi wa laifukan da suka shafi ta'addanci. <ref name="europa.eu4">{{Cite web |title=European e-Justice Portal |url=https://e-justice.europa.eu/content_rights_of_victims_of_crime_in_criminal_proceedings-171-ES-maximizeMS-en.do?clang=en&idSubpage=4&member=1 |website=e-justice.europa.eu}}</ref> Bayan Ma'aikatar Shari'a, wasu kungiyoyi suna ba da agaji ga wadanda abin ya shafa, kamar Ofishin Taimakon Masu Laifuka na Barcelona, Ƙungiyar Masu Ta'addanci, Ƙungiyar 11-M na wadanda ke fama da ta'addanci da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa. <ref name="europa.eu4" /> A cikin shari<nowiki>'ar mai laifi a Spain, wanda aka azabtar na iya zaɓar shiga cikin shari'ar ko kuma a matsayinta na '' ususación su ƙarin '</nowiki>yanci <ref name="europa.eu3" /> A cikin yanayi na musamman, wanda aka azabtar zai iya neman diyya ta gaggawa kafin a kammala shari'ar, saboda yanayin kuɗin su, bisa ga shawarar hukuma. <ref name="ncjrs.gov1">{{Cite web |title=Victim Compensation Programs: Spain |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/intdir2005/spain.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525231037/https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/intdir2005/spain.html |archive-date=2017-05-25 |access-date=2016-07-13 |website=www.ncjrs.gov}}</ref> An kafa dokoki daban-daban masu kare haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa daga tsakiyar 1980 zuwa gaba a Sweden. A cikin 1988, Sweden ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Turai game da biyan diyya ga waɗanda aka azabtar da laifuffuka na tashin hankali kuma ta zartar da Dokar hana Ziyarar Ziyara kan Shawarwari ga Jam'iyyar da suka ji rauni a 1988. A halin yanzu, masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na iya wakilta waɗanda aka azabtar da su a duk lokacin aikin shari'a a ƙarƙashin tanadin dokar ta ƙarshe. Asusun wanda aka azabtar da laifi, wanda aka kafa tare da Hukumar Tallafawa Masu Laifin Laifin Laifin, yana ba da damar samar da diyya na jihohi da tallafin tattalin arziki don bincike, ilimi da tallafi kan wadanda aka yi wa laifi. Wadanda aka azabtar da laifuka sun zama nau'in alhakin alhakin ayyukan zamantakewa na Sweden a cikin 2001 ta hanyar Dokar Sabis na Jama'a. Duk da cewa ba a haƙiƙa ƙarfafa haƙƙoƙin waɗanda aka yi wa laifi a cikin doka ba, ya zama tsarin sake fasalin Dokar Sabis na Jama'a ga waɗanda aka yi wa laifi. <ref name="su.diva-portal.org">{{Cite journal |last=Ljungwald |first=Carina |title=The Emergence of the Crime Victim in the Swedish Social Services Act |url=http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:406201/FULLTEXT01 |url-status=dead |journal=Stockholm Studies in Social Work |volume=28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709062402/http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:406201/FULLTEXT01 |archive-date=2015-07-09 |access-date=2015-07-08}}</ref> Yawancin Sweden suna wajaba su ba da sasantawa, dangane da ka'idodin adalci na maidowa, ga masu laifi a ƙasa da shekaru 21, tare da manufar rage lamuran sake maimaitawa. Sasanci ɗaya ne daga cikin tsare-tsare da dama da ake samu ga mai gabatar da ƙara, kuma ana iya yin sulhu a matsayin hukunci mai sauƙi ga mai laifi. Wasu sun soki hanyar shiga tsakani, suna masu cewa sasanci na iya kara keta mutunci da jin dadin wanda aka azabtar. <ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal |last=Jacobsson |first=Maritha |last2=Wahlin |first2=Lottie |last3=Andersson |first3=Tommy |date=2012 |title=Victimoffender mediation in Sweden: Is the victim better off? |journal=International Review of Victimology |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=229–249 |doi=10.1177/0269758012446985 |s2cid=146551513}}</ref> == Kasashen Turai da ba na EU ba == A cikin 1974, an kafa ƙungiyar agajin wanda aka azabtar a Bristol, da nufin ba da taimako da tallafi ga waɗanda aka yi wa laifi a matakin gida da na ƙasa. Masu aikin sa kai da aka horar da su suna ba da tallafi na sirri, na sirri, na zahiri da na tausayawa ga mutanen da laifi ya shafa a Ingila da Wales. Ƙungiyoyin agaji suna ba da tallafi ga kusan mutane miliyan ɗaya waɗanda aka yi wa laifi a kowace shekara. Mutane na iya neman taimako na zahiri ko na motsin rai, misali, tabbatar da gidansu bayan an yi sata, neman diyya daga Hukumar Kula da Raunukan Laifuka, sake dawo da su, ko neman shawara ta hanyar GP. == Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya == A cikin 1985, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ''Sanarwar Babban Ka'idodin Adalci ga wadanda aka azabtar da Laifuka da Zagin Wuta'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=1985-11-29 |title=A/RES/40/34. Declaration of basic principles of justice for victims of crime and abuse of power |url=https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/40/a40r034.htm |access-date=2014-01-02 |publisher=Un.org}}</ref> wanda ke fayyace mafi kyawun ayyuka na kasa da kasa don kula da wadanda ke fama da aikata laifuka. Rahoton ya amince da wajibcin mai laifin da ya rataya a wuyansa na yin adalci ga wanda aka azabtar, ya kuma yarda cewa wadanda abin ya shafa na da hakkin yin adalci da kuma samun hanyoyin yin adalci, kuma gaba daya ya ja hankali kan bukatar hakkin wadanda abin ya shafa a cikin tsarin shari’ar aikata laifuka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=National Crime Victim Law Institute (NCVLI) |date=2011-09-23 |title=This Month in Rights: Victims' Rights are Human Rights: News |url=http://law.lclark.edu/live/news/13337-this-month-in-rights-victims-rights-are-human |access-date=2014-01-02 |publisher=Law.lclark.edu}}</ref> == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h42u1ujq6827anowfprl66mfiyruujq 0 80964 840090 727185 2026-05-25T17:06:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An raba nau'in samar da ruwa a Najeriya tsakanin matakai uku (3) na gwamnati; – tarayya, jiha da [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]]. Gwamnatin tarayya ce ke da alhakin kula da albarkatun ruwa; gwamnatocin jihohi ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha na gari; kuma Ƙananan hukumomi tare da al’umma ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha na karkara. Ba a fayyace alhakin tsaftar muhalli a fili ba. An raba nauyin samar da ruwa a Najeriya tsakanin matakai uku (3) na gwamnati; – tarayya, Jiha da ƙananan hukumomi. Gwamnatin tarayya ce ke da alhakin kula da albarkatun ruwa; Gwamnatocin jihohi ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha na gari; kuma ƙananan hukumomi tare da al’umma ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha na karkara. Ba a fayyace alhakin tsaftar muhalli a fili ba. [[Fayil:Ningi_built_borehole.jpg|thumb|Ningi ya gina bursta sati.]] Ingancin sabis na samar da ruwa da dawo da farashi ba su da yawa. Farashin kuɗin ruwa yana da ƙasa kuma yawancin masu amfani da ruwa ba sa biyan kuɗinsu. Don haka masu ba da sabis sun dogara galibi akan tallafin lokaci-lokaci don biyan kuɗin aikin su<ref>{{Cite web |title=Addressing the social consequences of tariffs for water supply |url=http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=ENV/WKP(2020)13&docLanguage=En}}</ref>. Manufofi da Ƙaddamarwa na ƙasa suna ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da sake fasalin manufofi a matakin Jiha. Hukumar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kasa ta fahimci mahimmancin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli kasancewar shi ne jigon samar da lafiya da ci gaban ƙasa kasa..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adeoti |first=O. |date=2007-02-01 |title=Challenges to managing water resources along the hydrological boundaries in Nigeria |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.002 |journal=Water Policy |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=105–118 |doi=10.2166/wp.2006.002 |issn=1366-7017}}</ref> == Samun dama == [[Fayil:Community_service_carried_out_on_sanitation_day.jpg|left|thumb|Masu sa kai suna share bututun ruwa a [[Ilorin|Ilorin, Najeriya]] a lokacin ranar tsabtace jiki. Ko da lokacin da akwai isasshen ababen more rayuwa don kula da tsabtace muhalli da inganci bazai kasance a koyaushe a Najeriya ba. Rashin gurɓataccen filastik yana tsoma baki da samar da datti a duniya.]] Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, kashi 67 cikin 100 na al'ummar Najeriya sun samu akalla ruwan sha. Wannan shine kashi 82% na mazauna birni da kashi 54% na mazauna karkara. Galibin mutane a Najeriya ba sa samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha, Musamman a yankunan karkara. Kididdigar tsaftar ruwa da tsafta a duniya ta nuna cewa kashi 79 cikin 100 na ‘yan Najeriya na fuskantar kalubalen karancin ruwa. A cikin 2015, Kusan mutane miliyan 60 ba su da damar samun "aƙalla na asali" ruwa. Dangane da tsaftar muhalli, kashi 33 ne kawai na yawan jama'a ke da damar samun "aƙalla na asali" tsaftar muhalli. Wannan shine kashi 39% na mazauna birni da kashi 27% na mazauna karkara. Kimanin mutane miliyan 122 har yanzu ba su da damar samun “aƙalla na asali” tsaftar muhalli.<ref name="WASHwatch">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/nigeria/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin birane, samun damar yin amfani da bututu ya maye gurbin sosai ga samun damar yin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2000-10-05 |title=UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU/Wider) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0198292686.001.0001.002.002 |journal=Poverty and Undernutrition |pages=ii |doi=10.1093/0198292686.001.0001.002.002 |isbn=0198292686}}</ref> Isasshen tsabtace muhalli yawanci a cikin nau'in tankuna, saboda babu tsarin datti na tsakiya. Ƙididdiga kan samun ruwa da tsaftar ruwa suna cin karo da juna saboda bambance-bambancen ma'anoni, alamomi da hanyoyin da hukumomi daban-daban ke amfani da su. Da kyar babu wani sa ido na sashe.<ref>John Gambo Laah, Ph.D., Water and Sanitation Monitoring Platform (WSMP), Nigeria: [http://www.nwri.gov.ng%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2FWS_Summary_Sheet-Nigeria.ppt&ei=jUmFT8CNGcic8gOizrzYBw&usg=AFQjCNHHEQ5e5ZlcUhiTNcyRx8lQNKtXnQ&cad=rja Nigeria Water and Sanitation Summary Sheet], no date</ref> Kamar yadda jaridar Guardian ta ruwaito: “Shugaban fa’ida, manufofi da sadarwa na Water Aid a Najeriya, Kolawole Banwo, ya ce a cikin kananan hukumomi 774 da ke Najeriya, 76 ne kawai ba su da halin yin bahaya a fili a ƙasar nan, wannan matsalar tsaftar muhalli. ya kasance wani muhimmin batu da ke bukatar daukar matakin gaggawa".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-06 |title=40% of FCT residents into open defecation |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/40-of-fct-residents-into-open-defecation/ |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |archive-date=2022-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301105621/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/40-of-fct-residents-into-open-defecation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wani rahoto da Amnesty International ta wallafa a watan Satumba, kamfanin mai na Shell da gwamnatin jihar Ribas da ke kudancin Najeriya ba sa kokarin samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha a yankin Ogale da ke wajen babban birnin jihar. Ana tilastawa mazauna wurin sayen ruwa akan farashi maras tsada ko kuma su sha daga rijiyoyin da suka gurbata da benzene..<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMMUNITY IN NIGERIA DRINKING POLLUTED WATER |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AFR4491722018ENGLISH.pdf |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Common Water Issues {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/common-water-issues |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=www.usgs.gov}}</ref> == Ingancin sabis == A cewar Bankin Duniya, a shekarar 2010, wuraren samar da ruwa a Najeriya ba kasafai suke yin aiki yadda ya kamata ba saboda karyewar kayan aiki, ko rashin samar da wutar lantarki ko man fetir. Kudin gudanar da ayyukan hukumomin ruwa yana ƙaruwa ne ta hanyar bukatar dogaro da injinan dizal ko ma su gina nasu wutar lantarki, tunda ba a kula da kayan aiki da bututun da ba su da kyau, lamarin da ke kawo tsaiko da rashin samun kudaden shiga ruwa.<ref name="WB 2010">World Bank:[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/NIGERIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:22553025~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:368896,00.html New Project to Bring Clean Water to 50,000 Households], 22 April 2010</ref> Ya zuwa 2000, kusan kashi 80% na duk tsarin ruwa mallakar gwamnati (wanda jama'a ke sarrafa) a cikin ƙananan garuruwa ba sa aiki. Ta hanyar saka hannun jari da haɓaka iya aiki ga al'ummomi, ana iya haɓaka ayyukan wuraren ruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Misali, a cikin al'ummomin da UNICEF ke tallafawa a jihar Kwara, ayyuka sun inganta daga kashi 53% zuwa 98%, kuma a [[Kebbi|jihar Kebbi]], aikin rijiyoyin burtsatse ya inganta daga kashi 12% zuwa 88%. Duk da haka, ba a bayyana yadda waɗannan wuraren za su ci gaba da aiki cikin dogon lokaci ba, bayan an kawo ƙarshen tsoma bakin ƙasashen duniya.<ref name="worldbank.org">{{Cite web |title=New Project to Bring Clean Water to 50,000 Households |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2010/04/22/new-project-to-bring-clean-water-to-50000-households |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=World Bank}}</ref> A cikin shekaru goma na biyu na 2000s, an auna ta da kasancewar ƙarfe a cikin ruwan da aka keɓe ga ɗan adam da amfanin gona, a wasu lokuta da darajar ta wuce iyakokin duniya na WHO (misali a yankunan da ke kewaye da [[Zariya|Zaria]], Abakaliki, Ibadan da Onitsha, gurɓatar ƙarfe na ƙarfe musamman na arsenic ya bambanta a daidai lokacin rani da damina, saboda ma'adinan rijiyoyi da rijiyoyi da kuma wani ɓangare na ayyukan ma'adinai na arsenic a cikin tsokoki na nau'in kifin demersal don haka, matsalar gurɓataccen abu ba a warware ta ba har ma da masana'antar kamun kifi ta Najeriya kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin karatu (ko ƙa'idodi). == Inganci == Ba a samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli yadda ya kamata a Najeriya. Misali, hukumomin ruwa na jihar sun cika ma’aikata da yawa. A cikin 2000, akwai kusan ma'aikata 70 a cikin kowane kwastomomi 1,000 a cikin hukumomin ruwa na jihar, idan aka kwatanta da mafi kyawun tsarin aiki na 3.5. Ruwan da ba ruwansa yakan wuce kashi 50 cikin ɗari.<ref name="USAID">USAID: [http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO937.pdf Nigeria Water and Sanitation Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929081512/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO937.pdf |date=2020-09-29 }}, ca. 2007</ref> == Ruwa ta hanyar birane == === Abuja === [[Fayil:Millennium_Park_Abuja.jpg|right|thumb|Millennium Park a Abuja, wanda ake fadada samar da ruwa]] Babban birnin Najeriya, [[Abuja]], na karbar wani bangare na ruwan sha daga madatsar ruwa ta Usuma ta kasa. A watan Satumbar 2013 ne Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCTWB) wacce ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha a babban birnin tarayya ta kaddamar da kashi na 3 da na 4 na aikin samar da magunguna na karamar hukumar Usman (LUDWTP) wanda aka fara a watan Nuwamba 2011. Dukkanin matakai na aikin (phase 1, 2, 3, and 4) da kuma Tafkin Gurara Dam na samar da danyen ruwa daga madatsar ruwa ta Usuma ta Lower Usuma wadda idan aka hada ta za ta iya sarrafa lita miliyan 720 na ruwa mai tsafta a kullum zuwa Abuja. da makwabtanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics {{!}} Dailytrust |url=https://dailytrust.com/ |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=Daily Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lower Usuma Dam Water Treatment Plant Expansion, Abuja - Water Technology |url=https://www.water-technology.net/projects/lower-usuma-dam-water-treatment-plant-expansion-abuja/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=www.water-technology.net}}</ref> Ana kula da ruwa mai guba a Cibiyar Kula da Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa da ke cikin gundumar Wupa ta Abuja, SCC Nigeria Limited ce ta gina ta kuma Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ne ya ba da izini.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-23 |title=Abuja Sewage Treatment Plant runs on generators for 13 years |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/01/abuja-sewage-treatment-plant-runs-on-generators-for-13-years/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> === Enugu === [[Fayil:Enugu_panorama1.jpg|thumb|Bayani game da birnin Enugu]] Babban birnin Najeriya, Abuja, na karbar wani bangare na ruwan sha daga madatsar ruwa ta Usuma ta kasa. A watan Satumbar 2013 ne Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCTWB) wacce ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha a babban birnin tarayya ta kaddamar da kashi na 3 da na 4 na aikin samar da magunguna na karamar hukumar Usman (LUDWTP) wanda aka fara a watan Nuwamba 2011. Dukkanin matakai na aikin (phase 1, 2, 3, and 4) da kuma Tafkin Gurara Dam na samar da danyen ruwa daga madatsar ruwa ta Usuma ta Lower Usuma wadda idan aka hada ta za ta iya sarrafa lita miliyan 720 na ruwa mai tsafta a kullum zuwa Abuja. da makwabtanta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-28 |title=Enugu Assembly passes bill to improve water supply, sanitation |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/enugu-assembly-passes-bill-to-improve-water-supply-sanitation/ |access-date=2022-02-17 |website=Vanguard News}}</ref> Gwamnatin [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]] ta fara farfado da Shirin Kashewar Mile na 9 a watan Nuwamba 2021 bayan an watsar da aikin sama da shekaru 30. FordMarx Nigeria Limited ce ta aiwatar da wannan aikin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-11-03 |title=Changing the Narrative on Enugu Water Problem from the Root |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/11/03/changing-the-narrative-on-enugu-water-problem-from-the-root/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> === Legas === [[Fayil:Cms,_Lagos.jpg|thumb|Cms Legas]] An kaddamar da mafi girma [[shuka]] zuwa yanzu a cikin 1991 a Adiyan tare da karfin galan 70m kowace rana. Har ila yau, yana ciro daga kogin Owo. Har ila yau, Akwai zane-zanen ƙaramin ruwa guda bakwai daga maɓuɓɓugar gida tare da haɗakar ƙarfin galan 18m kowace rana. Hukumar kula da ruwa ta Legas ta bayyana cewa ruwan da ake samu a masana’antar ya dace da mafi girman matsayi, kuma yana samar da “tsaftataccen ruwan sha a isasshe kuma a kai a kai ga sama da mutane miliyan 12.5 a jihar Legas”. An kaddamar da mafi girma shuka zuwa yanzu a cikin 1991 a Adiyan tare da karfin galan 70m kowace rana. Har ila yau, yana ciro daga kogin Owo. Har ila yau, akwai zane-zanen ƙaramin ruwa guda bakwai daga maɓuɓɓugar gida tare da haɗakar ƙarfin galan 18m kowace rana. Hukumar kula da ruwa ta Legas ta bayyana cewa ruwan da ake samu a masana’antar ya dace da mafi girman matsayi, kuma yana samar da “tsaftataccen ruwan sha a isasshe kuma akai-akai ga mutane sama da miliyan 12.5 a jihar Legas..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lagos State Water Corporation |title=Welcome to the Official Website of the LSWC. |url=http://www.lagoswater.org/index.php |access-date=12 April 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> LASWARCO (Lagos Water Corporation) ta kuma kaddamar da wani rangadin nazari na hukumar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta kasa a kasar Zambiya domin warware muhimman abubuwan da ke haddasa matsalar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da kuma hanyoyin da ake bukata don magance matsalar. Duk da haka, sau da yawa ruwa yana gurɓata a cikin hanyar rarraba kuma mutane sun ƙi yarda da ingancin ruwan famfo. Katsewar samar da wutar lantarki yana hana cibiyoyin kula da aikin ci gaba da aiki. Sai dai kuma ana kan gina wata tashar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin megawatt 12.15 a shekarar 2012 domin samar da wutar lantarki ga cibiyoyin kula da ruwan Adiyan da Iju da kuma Akute.<ref name="Vanguard">{{Cite web |date=3 April 2012 |title=Lagos: Water everywhere but none to drink |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/04/lagos-water-everywhere-but-not-to-drink/ |access-date=12 April 2012 |website=Vanguard}}</ref> Iyalai kuma suna samun ruwa daga rijiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa. Ko kuma gidaje sun dogara ga masu siyar da titi, suna samar da kasuwa mai albarka don "ruwan jakunkuna", ruwa mai tsafta wanda aka kunshe a cikin buhunan polyethylene. Masu sayar da ruwa da ake kira Mairuwa suna sayar da ruwa daga tankuna da ganguna a kan kuloli, wanda a wasu lokutan ana sayar da su ga wasu masu sayar da ruwa a cikin bokiti ko gwangwani. Samun damar samun ruwan da Hukumar Ruwa ta jihar ta samar shine 'metropocentric' watau, yana tsakiyar babban birni..<ref>Kunnuji, Michael O. N. (2014). Spatial variations in access to improved sanitation and water in Lagos state. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 4(4), 612 – 619.</ref> Saboda rashin wadataccen wadataccen wadataccen abinci a cikin al'umma, mutane sun yi tawaye kan samun ruwa daga kowace hanya don amfanin gida. 40% na gidaje sun dogara da kyau don amfanin gida; 32% akan masu siyar da ruwan su; Kashi 7% na gidajen sun dogara ne akan rijiyoyin burtsatse na jama'a da kuma kashi 19% akan tankunan ruwa, kogi/rafuka da ruwan sama wanda ba a samu a lokacin rani. === Makurdi === [[Fayil:River_Benue_(in_Makurdi).jpg|thumb|Kogin Benue (Makurdi) ]] A Makurdi, babban birnin jihar Binuwai, kusan kashi 25-30% na al’ummar kasar ne kawai ake yi wa hidima, kuma mazauna yankin suna diban danyen ruwa a cikin bokiti daga gurbataccen kogin Benue. A shekara ta 2008 ba a kammala aikin ginin matatar ruwa ba kuma jami'ai sun kasa yin lissafin dalar Amurka miliyan 6. Tun daga shekara ta 2012, ana kan gina wata masana'antar sarrafa ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban Aikin Ruwa na Makurdi. A cewar Nat Apir, wata mai ba da shawara kan harkokin ruwa, rashin tsarin rarraba na zamani zai haifar da fashe bututun da kuma karfin masana'antar na cikin hadarin rashin amfani da shi sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PBS / Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting |date=15 March 2012 |title=What's Causing Water Shortages in Ghana, Nigeria? |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/globalhealth/jan-june12/westafrica_03-15.html |access-date=1 August 2012 |website=[[PBS]] |pages=Minutes 1–4 of the video |archive-date=1 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801000146/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/globalhealth/jan-june12/westafrica_03-15.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Koguna/koguna suna ba da gudummawar kashi 27.89% a lokacin rani da 24.16% a lokacin damina, ruwan sama kamar 0.00% a lokacin rani da 27.22% a lokacin damina. A cikin al'ummar Ugbokolo, buƙatun ruwa ya fi girma (155,788 lpd) fiye da wadata (113,249 lpd) a cikin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aper |first=J. A. |last2=Agbehi |first2=S. I. |date=2011-04-06 |title=The Determining Factors of Rural Water Supply Pattern in Ugbokolo Community, Benue State- Nigeria |url=https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/10182 |journal=Journal of Sustainable Development |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=225 |doi=10.5539/jsd.v4n2p225 |issn=1913-9063 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Owerri === Bayan shafe shekaru 24 yana aiki ba tare da ruwan sha ba, a shekarar 2020, gwamnatin jihar Imo a karkashin gwamnatin Sanata Hope Uzodinma, gwamnan jihar Imo, ta fitar da kudade don farfado da harkar WASH a birane, lamarin da ya sa mazauna Imo ke samun ruwan sha mai tsafta. ayyukan tsafta da tsafta. A karkashin Engr Emeka Celestine Ugoanyanwu, kamfanin ruwa da magudanan ruwa na jihar Imo ya gudanar da gagarumin sauyi a hukumomi, manufofi da tsare-tsare, wanda ya kai ga gyara kamfanin Otammiri Waterworks da sauran tsare-tsare na ruwa a karkashin hukumar. Don haka gwamnan ya kuma ba da umarnin a yi gyara na tsafta a fannin WASH daidai da fasahar zamani..<ref name="USAID"/> A cewar USAID, Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Jihar Imo (ISWSC) yana ba da ruwa ga 'yan Najeriya miliyan 3 a jihar Imo.<ref name="Ngene e05955">{{Cite journal |last=Ngene |first=Ben U. |last2=Nwafor |first2=Christiana O. |last3=Bamigboye |first3=Gideon O. |last4=Ogbiye |first4=Adebanji S. |last5=Ogundare |first5=Jacob O. |last6=Akpan |first6=Victor E. |date=2021-01-01 |title=Assessment of water resources development and exploitation in Nigeria: A review of integrated water resources management approach |journal=Heliyon |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=e05955 |bibcode=2021Heliy...705955N |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05955 |issn=2405-8440 |pmc=7820563 |pmid=33521352 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ibadan === Ya zuwa 2000, kusan kashi 80% na duk tsarin ruwa mallakar gwamnati (wanda jama'a ke sarrafa) a cikin ƙananan garuruwa ba sa aiki. Ta hanyar saka hannun jari da haɓaka iya aiki ga al'ummomi, ana iya haɓaka ayyukan wuraren ruwa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Misali, a cikin al'ummomin da UNICEF ke tallafawa a jihar Kwara, ayyuka sun inganta daga kashi 53% zuwa 98%, kuma a jihar Kebbi, aikin rijiyoyin burtsatse ya inganta daga kashi 12% zuwa 88%. Duk da haka, ba a bayyana yadda waɗannan wuraren za su ci gaba da aiki cikin dogon lokaci ba, bayan an kawo ƙarshen tsoma bakin ƙasashen duniya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-02 |title=Public water system fails as government spends billions. |url=https://guardian.ng/news/public-water-system-fails-as-government-spends-billions/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> === Benin === Tsarin samar da ruwan sha a birnin, wanda ya dogara da madatsar ruwan kogin Ikpoba, ya shafi kusan kashi 30% na al'ummar kasar. Sauran kashi 70% suna samun ruwansu ne daga rijiyoyin burtsatse masu yawa da aka nutse don zaman kansu, noma da masana'antu. === Sauran birane === [[Fayil:KanofromDalaHill.jpg|left|thumb|Birnin Arewacin Kano yana fama da karancin ruwa.]] Ana samun Kano daga koguna na gida da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa wanda ake amfani da shi fiye da kima. Samar da ruwan sha na jama'a ya yi karanci, ta yadda wuraren sayar da ruwa masu zaman kansu ke karuwa da samun riba ga masu gudanar da ayyukansu. Kogin Kaduna shine babban hanyar samar da ruwan sha ga garin Kaduna da masana'antu da dama. A lokacin rani manoma manoma na amfani da ruwan kogin wajen shayar da amfanin gonakinsu na abinci. Kaduna na samun ruwan sha ne daga kogin Kaduna. Asa Dam ta zama babbar hanyar samar da ruwa ga babban birnin Ilorin.. <ref>[https://harmonymagzn.wordpress.com/2021/02/06/sights-and-sounds-of-kwara-asa-dam/ Asa Dam]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-13 |title=Kwara meets stakeholders over Asa Dam equipment damage |url=https://punchng.com/kwara-meets-stakeholders-over-asa-dam-equipment-damage/ |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=Punch Newspapers}}</ref> == Manufofin kasa da shirye-shirye == Manufar samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta Najeriya, wacce aka amince da ita a shekarar 2000, tana karfafa gwiwar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma yin hasashen sake fasalin hukumomi da manufofi a matakin jiha. Duk da haka, kadan ya faru ta bangarorin biyu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, jihohi hudu ne kawai daga cikin 37 da suka hada da Legas, Cross River, Kaduna da Ogun suka fara bullo da kawancen jama’a da masu zaman kansu (PPP) ta hanyar kwangilar hidima, wani nau’i na PPP inda alhakin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne. iyakance ga ababen more rayuwa na aiki ba tare da abubuwan ƙarfafawa ba. Yayin da gwamnati ke da manufar raba kan jama'a, ƙananan haƙiƙanin rarrabawa ya faru. Ƙarfin ƙananan hukumomi don tsarawa da aiwatar da saka hannun jari, ko gudanar da aiki da kuma kula da tsarin, ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa duk da ƙoƙarin haɓaka iya aiki. Bugu da ƙari kuma, manufar ƙasa ta mayar da hankali kan samar da ruwa tare da yin watsi da tsafta.<ref name="USAID" /> A shekara ta 2003, an kaddamar da wani shiri mai suna "Presidential Water Initiative (PWI): Water for People, Water for Life" wanda shugaban kasar na wancan lokacin Olusegun Obasanjo ya kaddamar. Shirin dai yana da muradin bunkasa hanyoyin samun ruwa, wanda ya hada da shirin samar da ruwa kashi 100 cikin 100 a manyan biranen Jihohi, kashi 75 cikin 100 a sauran garuruwa, da kuma kashi 66 cikin 100 a yankunan karkara. An yi kadan don aiwatar da shirin kuma ba a cimma burin da aka sa gaba ba.<ref name="USAID"/> A shekara ta 2011, gwamnati ta kada kuri'a a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] don amincewa da ƙudurin da ya sa ruwa da tsabtace muhalli haƙƙin ɗan adam. Koyaya, ba ta zartar da doka don tsarkake haƙƙin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta a cikin dokar ƙasa ba. Kasar ba ta kan hanyar isa ga Millennium Development Goal don ruwa da tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="Vanguard"/> T un daga shekara ta 2008, an gabatar da Cikakken tsabtace muhalli a cikin jihohi shida, tare da goyon bayan [[UNICEF]] da EU. Duk da yake ba manufofin kasa ba ne, a bayyane yake wannan shirin na asali ya sami nasara. Fiye da latrines 17,000 an gina su a cikin al'ummomi 836, kuma fiye da 100 daga cikin waɗannan al'ummomin sun cimma burin da za a ayyana su ba tare da zubar da ciki ba.<ref>Greg Marinovich:[http://www.unicef.org/health/nigeria_56209.html Community-led water and sanitation projects take root in Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055655/https://www.unicef.org/health/nigeria_56209.html |date=2017-11-07 }}, UNICEF, 23 September 2010</ref> == Ayyuka == Matakan gwamnati uku ne ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyukan samar da ruwan sha. Misali, gwamnatin tarayya ce ke da alhakin kula da yadda ake tafiyar da albarkatun ruwa, gwamnatin jiha ce ke samar da ruwan sha a birane yayin da kananan hukumomi ke hada kai da al’umma domin samar da ruwan sha a karkara. Alhaki na tsafta ba a koyaushe yake bayyana ba, amma tsaftar birane wani nauyi ne na jiha.<ref name="Ngene e05955"/> === Gwamnatin Tarayya === Ma’aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Tarayya, wadda ta kasance cikin ma’aikatar noma na tsawon lokaci har zuwa 2010, ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da manyan ayyukan raya albarkatun ruwa da rabon ruwa a tsakanin jihohi. Akwai hukumomi 12 na raya rafuka da ke karkashin ma’aikatar, wadanda ke da alhakin tsarawa da bunkasa albarkatun ruwa, aikin ban ruwa da tattara bayanan ruwa, yanayin ruwa. Suna kuma samar da ruwa da yawa ga garuruwa daga madatsun ruwa. An kafa hukumar cajin kayan aiki a cikin 1992 don sa ido da daidaita farashin kayan aiki, gami da na Hukumomin Ruwa na Jiha..<ref name="WB 2000"/> === Gwamnatocin jihohi === An ba da alhakin samar da ruwan sha ga Hukumomin Ruwa na Jiha (SWAs) ko sassan ruwa na jihohi a cikin jihohin Najeriya 36. SWAs suna da alhakin gwamnatocin jihohin su, gabaɗaya ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Jiha. SWAs ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha a birane, kuma a wasu jihohin ma na samar da ruwan sha na karkara. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2000, jihohi 22 na da hukumomin ruwa da tsaftar yankunan karkara na daban, wadanda aka kafa akasarinsu domin aiwatar da shirin UNICEF. A shekarar 2010, jihar Legas ta kafa ofishin kula da ruwan sha a karkashin hukumar kula da ruwan sha ta jihar Legas. Ta dauki nauyin tsaftar muhalli daga ma'aikatar muhalli ta jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagos Wastewater Management Office |url=http://www.lagoswastewater.org/ |access-date=12 April 2012 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726141019/http://www.lagoswastewater.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === kananon hukumomi === Kananan Hukumomin da ke da 774 ne ke da alhakin samar da ruwan sha na karkara da kuma tsaftar muhalli a yankunansu duk da cewa wasu kalilan ne ke da wadata da basirar magance matsalar. Ƙananan ƙananan hukumomi ne kawai ke da sassan samar da ruwan sha na karkara [[Fayil:Suffering and smiling.jpg|thumb|Al'umma na gwagwarmaya don samun bokiti daya na uwa]] === Al'ummomi === A wasu al'ummomi a yankunan karkara, an kafa kwamitocin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli (WASCOs) don gudanar da ayyukan ruwa. Ya kamata wadannan kwamitoci su karbi nasu kudin ruwa. Masu ba da tallafi irin su Bankin Raya Afirka sun gindaya sharuɗɗan cewa dole ne aƙalla kashi 30% na membobin WASCO su zama mata. A cikin 1993, Gwamnati ta himmatu don ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar al'umma a cikin samar da ruwan sha na karkara a cikin takardar manufofin. A cikin shekara ta 2000, ba a yada ko aiwatar da manufar ba a cikin duk shirye-shiryen gwamnati- ko masu ba da tallafi..<ref name="WB 2000"/> [[Fayil:Borehole water supply.jpg|thumb|Haɗin kan al'umma ta samar musu da borehole]] === Jama'a === Bangaren ruwa da tsaftar mahalli a Najeriya yana da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙungiyoyin farar hula da ke aiwatar da tsare-tsare da dama don magance rikicin sassa. Society for Water and Sanitation (NEWSAN) kungiya ce ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na WASH, yayin da kungiyar ta Water and Sanitation Media Network ta kunshi ‘yan jarida masu bayar da rahoto a fannin. Wata babbar kungiya mai zaman kanta a wannan fanni ita ce gidauniyar Bread of Life Development Foundation wacce ke kula da gidan yanar gizon eWASH kan labaran ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Najeriya. == Abubuwan kudi == === Farashin haraji da farfadowa === Matsakaicin ƙima don haɗin da ba a aunawa ba. Yawancin hanyoyin samar da ruwa a Najeriya ba su da mitoci. Matsakaicin mitar ya bambanta daga kashi 7% a Katsina zuwa kashi 16% a Kaduna da kuma kashi 24% a Legas a 2007. Abokan cinikin da ba su da mita ana cajin farashi mai tsada ba tare da amfani ba. Ga abokan cinikin mazaunin da ba su da mita, farashin fakitin ya kasance dalar Amurka $3 a kowane wata a Legas, dalar Amurka 5 a Katsina da dalar Amurka 11 a Kaduna. A jihar Yobe Naira 100 (US$0.60) ne kawai a kowane wata, matakin mafi karanci a kasar nan a cewar kamfanin samar da ruwa na jihar Yobe. Kudaden kuɗin fiton sun rufe kashi 2 cikin ɗari ne kawai na farashin samar da ruwa..<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2010 |title=Yobe charges least water tariff in Nigeria |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4108:yobe-charges-least-water-tariff-in-nigeria&catid=10:environment&Itemid=11 |access-date=12 April 2012 |publisher=Daily Trust}}</ref> Tariffs don haɗin haɗin mita. Masu amfani da mita ko dai ana biyansu kudin fito ne na layi, kamar yadda ake yi a Legas, ko kuma a kara harajin haraji kamar yadda ake yi a Katsina da Kaduna. Karkashin jadawalin kuɗin fito-block, jadawalin kuɗin fito kowane mita cubic yana ƙaruwa tare da amfani da farawa daga amfani da 30m3 kowane wata tare da jimlar 3 zuwa 6 tubalan. Farashin mazaunin kason farko na cin abinci shine dalar Amurka 0.19 a kowace m3 a Kaduna da dalar Amurka 0.44 a kowane m3 a Katsina. Tariffs ga masu amfani da kasuwanci da masana'antu sun fi girma. Matsakaicin farashin ruwa ga abokan cinikin mitoci shine Naira 50 akan kowace m3 (US$0.30) a jihar Oyo da Naira 16 akan kowace m3 (US$0.10) a jihar Taraba a shekarar 2009..<ref>{{Cite web |last=African Development Bank |title=Urban Water Supply and Sanitation for Oyo And Taraba States, Project Appraisal Report |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/AR%20Nigeria002En.pdf |access-date=12 April 2012 |page=16}}</ref> '''Tarin haraji'''. Tsare-tsaren bayanai da suka wuce da kuma tsarin lissafin kuɗi marasa daidaituwa suna haifar da ƙarin asarar kudaden shiga. Adadin kudaden shiga ya ragu sosai. A wasu wuraren bai kai kashi 10% na adadin da aka biya ba. Akwai bashi mai yawa, musamman daga hukumomin gwamnati. '''Canjin haraji'''. Daidaita jadawalin kuɗin fito. Kowace jiha ta kafa nata kudin ruwa. Majalissar zartaswa ta Jiha ta amince da gyare-gyaren haraji ta hanyar dogon lokaci. Kasancewar ba za su iya biyan kuɗin gudanar da ayyukansu ba, kuma ba za su iya tabbatar da sake fasalin jadawalin kuɗin fito na yau da kullun ba, Hukumomin Ruwa na Jiha suna samun tallafin kuɗi daga gwamnatocin jihohi.<ref name="WB 2000">World Bank/Federal Republic of Nigeria:[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NIGERIAEXTN/Resources/wss_1100.pdf Water Supply & Sanitation Interim Strategy Note], November 2000, retrieved on April 11, 2012</ref> Farashin mai siyarwa. Binciken masu sayar da tituna a Legas, Kaduna da Katsina ya nuna cewa suna karban kudin da ya ninka har sau 20 fiye da Hukumar Ruwa ta Jihar. Adadin da aka biya, don ƙayyadaddun adadin wadatar ruwa daga masu siyar da ruwa masu zaman kansu, na iya ninka sau huɗu zuwa goma na wata ɗaya mafi girma na yawan ruwan famfo.<ref name="WB 2000"/> === Zuba jari === Domin Najeriya ta cimma burin ci gaban karni na samar da ruwa nan da shekarar 2015, kasar na bukatar zuba jarin kusan Naira biliyan 215 (dalar Amurka biliyan 1.3) a duk shekara. A halin yanzu Najeriya na zuba jarin da bai wuce Naira biliyan 82.5 kwatankwacin dalar Amurka biliyan 0.5 ba a fannin. Ana buƙatar yawancin waɗannan saka hannun jari don gyara abubuwan more rayuwa waɗanda ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba. Ba a bayyana ko kiyasin ya hada da tsafta ko a'a ba. === Kuɗi === Yayin da ya kamata dukkan matakan gwamnati guda uku su taka rawar gani wajen samar da kudaden zuba jari na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kananan hukumomi ba su da karfin yin hakan. Matakan Jihohi da na tarayya suma suna ba da tallafi kaɗan ne kawai. Don haka, mafi yawan zuba jarin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Najeriya, masu hannu da shuni ne ke samun kudaden shiga. Raba kudin man fetur da kudaden haraji a tsakanin matakan gwamnati daban-daban lamari ne da ke da nasaba da siyasa a Najeriya, wanda ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin Musulmin Arewa da na Kudancin kasar Kirista, inda wani yanki a Kudancin kasar ke da duk kudin shigar mai. Tsakanin 1948 da 2001, kwamitoci tara, hukunce-hukuncen soja guda shida, dokar majalisa daya da kuma hukunce-hukuncen kotun koli guda biyu sun yi yunkurin fayyace alakar kasafin kudi tsakanin sassan tarayyar ba tare da warware matsalar ba. Kudaden shigar da gwamnatin tarayya ke samu sun hada da kusan kashi 90 na kudaden shiga da gwamnati ke samu, da suka hada da kudaden shiga na mai da harajin shigo da kaya. Ana tattara waɗannan tare da mafi ƙarancin kudaden shiga na jihohi da na gida, sannan matakan da gwamnatoci uku za su raba abubuwan da aka tara bisa tsarin da aka amince da su. Bayan samun ‘yancin kai, gwamnatin tarayya ta samu kashi 40% na kudaden shiga, ita ma gwamnatin jahohi ta samu kashi 60%, tsarin da zai amfanar da yankin da ake hako mai a yankin Neja Delta. Kananan hukumomi ba su da wani kaso. Bayan yakin Biafra an kara kason gwamnatin tarayya zuwa kashi 80 cikin dari a shekarar 1968, amma daga baya aka sake raguwa. Tun bayan sake fasalin ƙananan hukumomi na 1976, ƙananan hukumomi suna karɓar kaso na kudaden shiga. Ya zuwa shekarar 1999, kaso 20% na kananan hukumomi, kaso 24% na jiha, sai kuma kason gwamnatin tarayya da na ayyuka na musamman kashi 56%..<ref>Akindele S.T and Olaopa : [http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan008121.pdf Fiscal federalism and local Government finance in Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020195704/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/CAFRAD/UNPAN008121.pdf |date=2019-10-20 }}, 2002</ref> == Haɗin kai na waje == Muhimman abokan huldar waje a fannin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Najeriya sune Bankin Raya Afirka, Tarayyar Turai, Japan JICA, UNICEF, USAID, WaterAid mai zaman kanta, Action Against Hunger (NGO) da Bankin Duniya. Bankin Raya Afirka da Bankin Duniya na bayar da lamuni ga gwamnati; Tarayyar Turai, JICA da USAID suna ba da tallafi ga gwamnati; UNICEF da WaterAid suna samun tallafi daga gwamnatoci da kuma tallafi daga jama'a don aiwatar da ayyukansu tare da haɗin gwiwa, amma ba ta hannun gwamnati ba. === Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka === A watan Fabrairun 2012, Bankin Raya Afirka ya amince da ba da lamuni mai sauƙi dalar Amurka miliyan 100 don inganta ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a arewacin birnin Zariya. Hukumar ruwa ta jihar Kaduna ce za ta gudanar da aikin. Har ila yau, ta amince da aikin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a biranen Ibadan da Jalingo a cikin jihohin Oyo da Taraba a shekarar 2009. Duka ayyukan biyu na biranen sun hada da nada injinan ruwa, da inganta tsafta da kuma gina bandakuna a makarantu, dakunan shan magani, wuraren kasuwa da wuraren shakatawa. Ba kamar sabon aikin da aka yi a Zariya ba, tsohon aikin yana goyon bayan gyare-gyare a matakin jiha don raba ka'idoji da ayyukan aiki, da bullo da hadin gwiwar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Bankin Raya Afirka ya kuma ba da tallafin ruwa da tsaftar yankunan karkara a jihohin Yobe da Osun da aka amince da shi a shekarar 2007. Aikin na da nufin kara ayyukan samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a yankunan karkara a jihohin biyu, wanda aka kiyasta ya kai kasa da kashi 50% a shekarar 2006, zuwa 100. % a cikin 2012. Wuraren tsaftar da aka gina sune ɗakunan wanka na sanplat da kuma ingantattun ɗakunan ramin.<ref name="AfDB 2012">African Development Bank:[http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/NIGERIA_profile_March%202012.pdf The African Development Bank in Action. Activities in the Water and Sanitation Sector in the Federal Republic of Nigeria], February 2012, retrieved on April 11, 2012</ref> Bankin Raya Afirka yana ba da kuɗin duk kuɗin waɗannan ayyukan ba tare da buƙatar gudummawa daga jihar Najeriya ba. Bankin Raya Afirka ya saka dala miliyan 905 a bangaren tun shekara ta 1971.<ref name="AfDB 2012"/> === China === A shekara ta 2005, kasar Sin ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafi tare da Najeriya don hako ramuka 598 a jihohi 18 da FCT. <ref>Forum on China-Africa Cooperation: [http://www.focac.org/eng/jmhz/t217231.htm China and Nigeria Sign Water Supply Project Agreement], 19 October 2005</ref> Ba a ƙayyade adadin tallafin da hukumar aiwatarwa ba. EU na goyon bayan shirin gyara bangaren samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a jihohi shida (Anambra, Cross River, Jigawa, Kano, Osun da Yobe) tare da tallafin Euro miliyan 87. Ana sa ran jihar Najeriya a dukkan matakai uku na gwamnati da na kananan hukumomi za su ba da gudunmowar wasu Yuro miliyan 31.<ref>[http://www.wsssrp.org/about-wsssrp Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reform Programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213064844/http://www.wsssrp.org/about-wsssrp |date=2012-12-13 }}, retrieved on April 11, 2012</ref> === JICA === JICA gajarta ce ga Hukumar Hadin Kan Kasa da Kasa ta Japan kuma suna bayar da tallafi don samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a jihohi uku, Oyo, Kano da Yobe. <ref>JICA: [http://www.jica.go.jp/nigeria/english/activities/water.html Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Nigeria], retrieved on April 11, 2012</ref> === UNICEF === UNICEF (Asusun Kula da Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) wanda a da aka sani da Asusun Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tallafawa samar da ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da tsafta a yankunan karkara a cikin al'ummomi da makarantu a fadin kasar tun daga 2002. DFID da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ne suka dauki nauyin aiwatar da shi. An gina sabbin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa guda 6,960 ( rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka tona da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu kariya) da kuma bandakunan gidaje sama da 19,100. Sama da makarantu 400 ne aka samar musu da dakunan wanka tare da tanadi na musamman ga yara maza da mata da wuraren wanke hannu.<ref>UNICEF:[http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/WCARO_Nigeria_Factsheets_WASH.pdf Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030749/http://www.unicef.org/wcaro/WCARO_Nigeria_Factsheets_WASH.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}, February 2007</ref> === USAID === Hukumar USAID (Hukumar Cigaban Ƙasa ta Amurka) tana tallafa wa yankunan karkara samar da ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli da ilimin tsafta a Arewacin Najeriya, a cikin al'ummomi 46 a jihohin Bauchi, Kano da Sokoto. Hukumar USAID na hadin gwiwa ne da hukumar da ba ta gwamnati ba ta Najeriya Women Farmers Advancement Network (WOFAN), Action Against Hunger (NGO) da WaterAid..<ref>USAID:[http://nigeria.usaid.gov/access-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash Access to Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215153430/http://nigeria.usaid.gov/access-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |date=2013-02-15 }}, no date, retrieved on April 11, 2012</ref><ref>USAID:[http://nigeria.usaid.gov/newsroom/success-story/sokoto-water-life In Sokoto, Water is Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218231338/http://nigeria.usaid.gov/newsroom/success-story/sokoto-water-life |date=2013-02-18 }}, 16 December 2011</ref> === Taimako na Ruwa === WaterAid, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Biritaniya, ta inganta hadewar tsaftar muhalli, samar da ruwa da kuma ilimin tsafta ta hanyar amfani da tsarin al'umma da fasahohin da suka dace da rahusa. Yana aiki kafada da kafada da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Najeriya, ciki har da Benue NGO Network (BENGONET), Society for Water and Sanitation in Nigeria (NEWSAN), Justice Development and Peace Initiative (JDPI), Community Based Development - NGO (CBD-NGO), Women Empowerment In Najeriya (WEIN) da kuma Bol Development Association (BOLDA). Yana aiki a cikin al'ummomi sama da 100 a jihohin Bauchi, Benue da Plateau. Ya samar da kima mai rauni, bisa ka'idojin da al'ummomin da kansu suka ba da shawarar, don taimakawa al'ummomin wajen zabar kansu inda ya kamata a ware albarkatun. Irin wannan tsarin yanke shawara na gaskiya da gaskiya yana da mahimmanci musamman a yanayin rashin amincewa da rashin shugabanci nagari.<ref>WaterAid Nigeria:[http://www.wateraid.org/nigeria/what_we_do/where_we_work/default.asp Where we work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108070404/http://www.wateraid.org/nigeria/what_we_do/where_we_work/default.asp |date=2012-01-08 }}, retrieved on April 11, 2012</ref> A watan watannin 2012, gwamnati ta ba da umarni tare da aikin aikin sa ido da aikin noma ruwa, hotuna, da cire a Najeriya. A matsayin matsayin ruwa, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan yana da sha'awar gabatarwa mai zaman kanta game da aikin bangaren kuma masu zaman kansu suna da kyau don taimaka da wannan aikin.<ref>WaterAid Nigeria: [http://www.wateraid.org/nigeria/news/10358.asp Federal Government tasks WaterAid in Nigeria to lead monitoring and evaluation of WASH projects]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 17 January 2012</ref> === Bankin Duniya === [[Bankin Duniya]] ya kammala ayyukan samar da ruwa guda bakwai tun daga shekarar 1985 kuma yana da ayyuka uku da ke kan gaba a shekarar 2010. Jimillar jarin ayyukan 10 ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1.4. Shirin Gyaran Ruwan Ruwa na Farko (Dalar Amurka miliyan 120) ya shafi garuruwa 13 a jihohin Kaduna, Ogun da Enugu. Har ila yau, aikin yana da nufin kafa manufofin ruwa na jihohi, da kuma inganta haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Shirin sake fasalin ruwa na Birane na biyu da ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 200, ya tallafa wa tsawaita bututun da za a yi a Calabar, da kuma gyara matatun ruwa da na’urorin rarraba ruwa a Legas da kuma wasu garuruwa uku na Jihar Kuros Riba. A Karkashin Shirin Bada Hannu, Ana Taimakawa Hukumar Ruwa ta Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCT) da dalar Amurka miliyan 25. A shekarar 2012, Bankin Duniya ya amince da shirin sake fasalin Bangaren Ruwan Birane na Kasa na Dalar Amurka miliyan 400 ga Jihohin Legas, Kaduna, Ogun, Enugu da Kuros Riba. A shekarar 2021, Bankin Duniya ya amince da ba da lamuni na dala miliyan 700 don samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a wani bangare na wani shiri mai suna SURWASH.<ref>[https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria-secures-700m-world-bank-loan-for-water-projects/ $700 million]</ref><ref>[https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P170734 SURWASH]</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a3aueytnpkjvl8y891frej6oka3xm85 0 81086 840234 820347 2026-05-26T04:43:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Children of Iran Of qom کودکان ایرانی، کودکان قمی 24.jpg|thumb|250|Children_of_Iran_Of_qom_کودکان_ایرانی،_کودکان_قمی_24]] [[Iran|Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran]] ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam (2018)|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan]] '[[Yancin yara|Yancin Yara]] (CRC) a shekarar 1991 kuma ta tabbatar da ita a 1994. Bayan tabbatarwa, Iran ta yi ajiya mai zuwa: "Idan rubutun Yarjejeniyar ya kasance ko ya zama ba dai-dai ba da dokokin cikin gida da ka'idodin Islama a kowane lokaci ko a kowane hali, Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Islama ba za ta bi shi ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2011 |title=Children's Rights: Iran |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/iran.php |access-date=28 May 2012 |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Kodayake Yarjejeniyar ta ɗaure Iran a ƙarƙashin dokar kasa da kasa, ƙungiyoyin kare [[Hakkin Dan Adam a Zambia|hakkin dan adam]] na duniya <ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/duniya/20241210-yau-duniya-ke-bikin-ranar-kare-ha%C6%99%C6%99in-%C9%97an-adam</ref>da gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje sun soki ta akai-akai saboda rashin tabbatar da wajibai a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar.<ref name="outrightinternational.org">{{Cite web |last=kmills |date=2015-03-06 |title=Rights of the Child in Iran |url=https://outrightinternational.org/content/rights-child-iran |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=OutRight Action International |language=en |archive-date=2020-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920111319/https://outrightinternational.org/content/rights-child-iran |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Babban Taron Kungiyar Al'ummai, wanda Iran ta kasance memba mai kafa, ta amince da [[Sanarwar 'Yancin Yara]] a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba shekarar 1924. A shekara ta 1959 Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da sanarwar 'Yancin Yara ba tare da kuri'a ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNBISnet |url=http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=voting&index=.VM&term=ares1386(xiv) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505025008/http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=voting |archive-date=2017-05-05 |access-date=2017-02-18}}</ref> Iran ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara a ranar 5 ga Satumba 1991. Majalisar dokokin Iran ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar a ranar 13 ga Yulin 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |title=- OHCHR Dashboard |url=http://indicators.ohchr.org/ |access-date=2017-03-16 |website=indicators.ohchr.org |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da kari, Iran ta sanya hannu kuma ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Sayar da Yara, Karuwanci na Yara da Batsa na Yara kuma ta sanya hannu (amma ba ta tabbatar da) Yarjejeniyar Shaɓuɓɓugar kan Shigawar Yara a Rikicin Makamai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratification status of the Optional Protocol {{!}} United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict |url=https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/mandate/country-status-2/ |access-date=2017-03-16 |website=United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021075205/https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/zh/about-us/engagement-of-neral-assembly/%E9%9B%B6%E4%B8%AA%E6%9C%AA%E6%BB%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E5%B2%81/country-status-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har yanzu Iran ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara a kan Hanyar Sadarwa ba. A cikin 2016, Iran ta gabatar da rahotonta na uku da na huɗu game da aiwatar da tanadin CRC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Committee on the Rights of the Child examines the report of Iran |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=16940&LangID=E |access-date=2017-03-16 |website=www.ohchr.org |language=en-US}}</ref> === Aiwatarwa === A ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, Iran ta kafa Hukumar Kasa don Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Yara (NBCRC) a karkashin Ma'aikatar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNICEF Iran (Islamic Republic of) - Media center - Children's Rights is Everyone's Responsibility, says UNICEF Iran Representative on CRC Anniversary |url=https://www.unicef.org/iran/media_6303.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021236/https://www.unicef.org/iran/media_6303.html |archive-date=2019-02-18 |access-date=2017-03-17 |website=www.unicef.org}}</ref> NBCRC tana da alhakin sa ido, shirya, da daidaita duk batutuwan da suka shafi yara a Iran, a matakin kasa ta hanyar ma'aikatu da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kuma a matakin gida ta hanyar kafa ofisoshin gida da gwamnonin larduna ke gudanarwa. NBCRC ta kafa kungiyoyi hudu na musamman don cika ayyukanta: Kungiyar Kulawa da Kulawa, Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Shari'a da Shari'a, Kungiyar Koyarwa da Bayanai, da Kungiyar Kariya da Gudanarwa.<ref name="Refugees">{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} The Third Periodic Report on the Convention on the Rights of the Child: The Islamic Republic of Iran |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/51efa15a4.html |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Duk da yake an kafa shi a matsayin mataki mai kyau, tasirin NBCRC ya kasance cikin tambaya daga kungiyoyin waje.<ref name="outrightinternational.org"/> Musamman, rashin 'yancin kai da iyakantaccen ikonta na rinjayar manufofin gwamnati a waje da ikon ba da shawara an tashe shi. A halin yanzu babu Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa (NHRI) a Iran tare da ikon yin la'akari da korafe-korafe na mutum da gudanar da bincike a madadin yara.<ref name="outrightinternational.org" /> == Matsayi na shari'a na yara a Iran == Kodayake Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta tabbatar da CRC, <ref>Access to Justice for Children: Islamic Republic of Iran, Child Rights International Network (CRIN), Feb 2015, 1</ref> doka a Iran tana aiki kuma tana samun halatta ne kawai a cikin tsarin Musulunci, wanda ke nuna cewa duk wata doka dole ne ta dace da wasu "ka'idodin Musulunci". <ref>Constitution, Islamic Republic of Iran, Article 4</ref> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yaro ya bukaci Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran sau da yawa don janye ajiyar ta zuwa Yarjejeniyar, a cewar CRC, wanda ya bayyana cewa "Ba za a ba da izinin ajiyar da ba ta dace da manufar Yarjejeniyar ta yanzu ba. " A sakamakon haka, yara suna ƙarƙashin hanyar da ta dace wanda Hukumomin Jiha ke fassara "ka'idar Islama", wato Majalisar Dattijai (Majlis), Shugaba Mai Girma da Majalisar Mai Tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty bodies Download |url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC/C/15/Add.254&Lang=en |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=tbinternet.ohchr.org}}</ref><ref>Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 51, point 2</ref><ref>Birnbaum Lili, Cetinkaya Hasret, Harper Elizabeth, Legal Research Series. Legal Status of the Child: Iran’s International Human Rights Obligations, University of Essex, June 2014, 16-18</ref> Yana yiwuwa ga kowane yaro ya kawo shari'o'in cin zarafin da suka fuskanta a kotu. Koyaya, wannan bai shafi shari'o'in laifi ba. Yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru goma sha biyar galibi suna buƙatar gabatar da shari'arsu a kotu ta hanyar mai kula da su.<ref>Access to Justice for Children: Islamic Republic of Iran, Child Rights International Network (CRIN), Feb 2015, 2</ref> A cewar Dokar Jama'a ta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, "Kariya ga mutumin da ke ƙarƙashin kulawa da wakilcin shari'a a duk batutuwan da suka shafi dukiyarsa da haƙƙin kuɗi, an danƙa wa mai kula. " Wannan ya sa samar da adalci ga yara ba zai yiwu ba lokacin da mai aikata tashin hankali shine mai kula, yawanci mahaifiyar.<ref>Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1235</ref> Dokar Iran ba ta ɗaukar yaro a matsayin ƙungiya tare da hakkinsu da amincewar doka ba, sabili da haka ba ta girmama Janar Comment No.12 (2009) a cikin CRC game da haƙƙin yaron na jin sa. <ref>Legal Research Series. Legal Status of the Child: Iran’s International Human Rights Obligations, 20</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/AdvanceVersions/CRC-C-GC-12.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2013, an ba da rahoton sace yara sama da 2,400 ga Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Yara a Iran. Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Yara, wacce ke kula da layin ba da shawara ta tarho, (Sedayeh Yara) ta ce kashi 55 cikin dari na yara an azabtar da su ta hanyar tunani da motsin rai kuma kashi 45 cikin dari suna fuskantar azabtarwa ta jiki. Dangane da kididdigar da Shirin Sadr Nuri, memba na Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Yara, ya ambaci kamfanin dillancin labarai na ISNA, kashi 93% na waɗanda suka tuntubi kungiyar a cikin 2013, su ne mahaifiyar yara, kuma kashi uku cikin dari yara da kansu. Kashi biyu cikin dari na kiran sun fito ne daga iyayensu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=آمار یکساله "صدای یارا"/ ثبت تنبیه ۲۶۳۴ کودک درسالی که گذشت - ﺟﺒﻬﻪ ﻣﻠﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ - Jebhe Melli Iran – Europe |url=http://www.jebhemelli.info/?p=2146 |access-date=8 May 2018 |website=www.jebhemelli.info |language=Persian}}</ref> == Yara a cikin tsarin adalci == === Shekarar alhakin aikata laifuka === Game da ma'anar "yaro", yanayin da ke cikin dokar kasa da kasa shine na kafa ƙofar tsakanin ƙuruciya da balaga a shekara goma sha takwas. Misali, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Yara ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai kamata mutane su kasance a kurkuku ba a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 <ref>Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 37 (a)</ref> kuma bai kamata su shiga cikin rikice-rikice ba a ƙarƙashin shekara 15. <ref>Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 38</ref> Shekarar alhakin aikata laifuka tana da alaƙa kai tsaye da shekarun mafi girma. A ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2012, majalisar dokokin Iran ta canza dokar da ake jayayya da ita ta kashe yara. A cikin sabuwar doka, shekaru 18 (shekara ta rana) za a dauke su mafi ƙarancin shekaru don girma kuma masu laifi a ƙarƙashin wannan shekarun za a yanke musu hukunci a ƙarƙashin doka daban.<ref name="iranwpd.com">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2012 |title=Iran changes law for execution of juveniles |url=http://iranwpd.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=3066:iran-changes-law-for-execution-of-juveniles&Itemid=64 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211072623/http://iranwpd.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=3066%3Airan-changes-law-for-execution-of-juveniles&Itemid=64 |archive-date=11 February 2012 |website=Iran Independent News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2012 |title=Death penalty for people under 18 is prohibited |url=http://www.ghanoononline.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Serv=19&Id=16270 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213111337/http://www.ghanoononline.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Serv=19&Id=16270 |archive-date=13 February 2012 |website=Ghanoon Online (in Persian)}}</ref> === Hukuncin jiki === Ba a ba da izinin azabtar da yara a cibiyoyin kula da yara ba bisa ga Mataki na 8 (23) na Dokokin da aka gyara don Kafawa, Gudanarwa, da kuma Rushe Dukkanin Cibiyoyin Kula da Rana (2008). Dokar iri ɗaya ta shafi cibiyoyin gyara yara. A zahiri, bisa ga Dokokin Zartarwa na Kungiyar Kurkuku, Gyara da Matakan Tsaro (2005), "An haramta halayyar tashin hankali, cin zarafin da ake tuhuma da masu laifi ko gudanar da tsauraran matakai na horo a kowace hanya a cibiyoyi da kurkuku".<ref>Sharon Owen, Corporal punishment of children in Iran: Briefing for the Universal Periodic Review, Global Initiative, 2014, 3</ref> A cewar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Iran, "duk nau'ikan azabtarwa don manufar cire ikirari ko samun bayanai an haramta su", <ref>Iranian Constitution (1979) amended 1989, Article 38</ref> wanda ya dace da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa. <ref>International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), Article 7</ref> Koyaya, akwai rahotanni na baya-bayan nan game da azabtarwa da cin zarafin yara masu laifi, waɗanda aka tilasta su furta ta hanyar tilasta wa jiki. Alireza Tajiki ne ya ba da rahoton daya daga cikin sabbin shari'o'in, wanda aka kama shi yana da shekaru goma sha biyar kuma aka yanke masa hukunci bayan ya furta a karkashin azabtarwa da fyade da kisan aboki, laifukan da ya janye a kotu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2016 |title=Iran: Teenager tortured into 'confessing' days away from execution |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/05/iran-teenager-tortured-into-confessing-days-away-from-execution/ |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Har yanzu ana amfani da Flogging a matsayin hukunci na laifi a cikin tsarin Shari'a na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran. Dangane da dokar da ta bayyana shekarun aikata laifuka, ana hukunta 'yan mata sama da tara da maza sama da goma sha biyar kuma ana hukunta su bisa ga Dokar Shari'a ta Iran, wanda kuma ya nuna azabtar da jiki don laifuka game da jima'i, zargi na ƙarya, amfani da barasa, da kuma haifar da rauni.<ref>Corporal Punishment of Children in Iran, Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, last updated 2016, 3-4</ref> Sabili da haka, 'yan mata sama da shekaru tara da maza sama da shekaru goma sha biyar na iya fuskantar bulala.<ref>Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 26</ref> Koyaya, idan an gane cewa masu laifi "ba su fahimci yanayin laifin da aka aikata ko haramta shi ba, ko kuma idan akwai rashin tabbas game da cikakken ci gaban hankalinsu", ba za a iya amfani da horo na jiki ba kuma za a tsare mai laifi ko kuma a tuhume shi da tarar.<ref>Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 91</ref> Koyaya, don a yi la'akari da Mataki na 91 kuma a yi amfani da shi, ana buƙatar mai laifin matasa da kansu su yi ikirarin haƙƙin sake shari'ar da aka ba da izinin labarin da aka ambata. Masu laifi a ƙasa da goma sha takwas da iyalansu galibi ba su san wannan yiwuwar ba kuma ba za su iya samun lauya wanda zai iya sanar da su game da hakkinsu ba, kaɗan daga cikinsu suna neman sake shari'a.<ref>Growing Up On Death Row: The Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, Amnesty International (2016), 53</ref> ==== Hukuncin jiki a gida ==== A cewar Dokar Jama'a ta Iran, "yaro dole ne ya yi biyayya da iyayensa kuma dole ne ya girmama su ba tare da la'akari da shekarunsu ba" <ref>Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1177</ref> kuma idan akwai rashin biyayya ko don dalilai na ilimi, dokar Iran ta ba da izinin azabtar da jiki a cikin gida muddin mai aikata laifin shine mai kula da yaron. A cewar Dokar Jama'a ta Iran, "iyaye suna da damar azabtar da yaransu, amma dole ne ba su yi amfani da wannan haƙƙin ba ta hanyar azabtar da 'ya'yansu fiye da iyakar gyara".<ref>Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1179</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Dokar Shari'ar Musulunci ta bayyana cewa "ayyukan da iyaye da masu kula da yara da mahaukaci suka aikata don azabtarwa ko kare su idan aka yi irin waɗannan ayyukan a cikin iyakokin al'ada, da iyakokin addini don azabtar da kariya".<ref>Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 158 (d)</ref> === Kashe yara masu laifi === Ana amfani da hukuncin kisa a halin yanzu a Iran, kuma yawan kashe-kashen ya karu da kashi 300% daga 2008 zuwa 2015.<ref>Iran Human Rights, Annual Report on the Death Penalty in Iran (2015), 6</ref> Har ila yau, Iran ta ba da cikakken bayani game da rikodin duniya na kasar da ke aiwatar da mafi yawan masu aikata laifuka.<ref>Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 39; Iran Human Rights, Annual Report on the Death Penalty in Iran (2015), 22</ref> Kashi na kashe kananan yara ya karu sosai kuma daga baya ya sauka a cikin 2015. Koyaya, a farkon shekara ta 2016, masu laifi 160 suna kan layin mutuwa a Iran saboda laifukan da suka aikata kafin su cika shekaru 18.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2016 |title=Iran: Hanging of teenager shows authorities' brazen disregard for international law |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/08/iran-hanging-of-teenager-shows-brazen-disregard-for-international-law/ |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara ya bukaci Iran da ta kawo karshen kashe yara da mutanen da suka aikata laifi ba tare da shekaru 18 ba. A ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2017, masana da dama na kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun bayyana cewa "Iran na ci gaba da kashe masu aikata laifuka. " <ref>[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22258&LangID=E UN rights experts urge Iran to halt the imminent execution of juvenile Amirhossein Pourjafar]</ref> Masana Majalisar Dinkinobho sun yi nadama game da ci gaba da kisan yara a Iran. Masana Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce, "Ya kamata Iran nan da nan kuma ba tare da wani sharadi ba ta soke hukuncin kisa ga yara, kuma ta shiga cikin cikakken tsari na sauya dukkan hukuncin kisa da aka bayar akan yara, daidai da ka'idodin adalci na yara. " An ruwaito cewa Iran ta kashe akalla yara huɗu masu laifi daga Janairu zuwa Oktoba 2017, kuma aƙalla an san wasu 86 a kan layin mutuwa a lokacin, kodayake ainihin adadi na iya zama mafi girma. <ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57913#.WeesXFu0Ndg UN rights experts urge Iran to halt the imminent execution of juvenile Amirhossein Pourjafar]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UN RIGHTS EXPERTS URGE IRAN TO HALT IMMINENT EXECUTION OF JUVENILE AMIRHOSSEIN POURJAFAR |url=http://www.publicnow.com/view/2D8743BED11AE2CAADE79B90187CD90D1DF459B0?2017-10-18-17:00:10+01:00-xxx6769 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019062055/http://www.publicnow.com/view/2D8743BED11AE2CAADE79B90187CD90D1DF459B0?2017-10-18-17:00:10+01:00-xxx6769 |archive-date=2017-10-19 |access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref> Dalilan da ya sa masu laifin yara suka kasance ƙarƙashin hukuncin kisa galibi kisan kai ne da fyade amma "ƙiyayya da Allah" (''Moharebeh''), sata da laifuka da suka shafi kwayoyi sun kasance daga cikin dalilan hukuncin kisa na yara.<ref>Amnesty International, Growing up on Death Row: the Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, 2016, 30</ref> Wani hali na baya-bayan nan game da hukuncin kisa a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran shine tsare masu laifi har sai sun cika shekaru goma sha takwas kuma kawai su kashe su a wannan lokacin. Koyaya, babu wani wajibi na doka wanda ya kamata a jinkirta kisa har sai mai laifin ya kai shekaru goma sha takwas.<ref>Amnesty International, Growing up on Death Row: the Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, 2016, 31</ref> Sabuntawa na Dokar Shari'ar Musulunci ta 2013 ya haɗa da cewa matasa tsakanin goma sha biyar zuwa goma sha takwas waɗanda suka aikata laifuka da za a hukunta su da ta'zir <ref>The list of crimes that fall into ''ta'zir'' category is included in the Article 18 and 19 of the Iranian Penal Code</ref> za a cire su daga kisa. Za a tsare su na tsawon lokaci daban-daban, ko tarar dabi'u daban-daban.<ref>Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 89</ref> Koyaya, lokacin da aka rarraba laifin da aka aikata a ƙarƙashin hudud da qisas, masu laifi a ƙarƙashin shekaru goma sha takwas ana ɗaukar su a matsayin doka. Ko da a cikin yanayin ''hudud'' da ''qisas'', lokacin da ake zaton masu laifi a ƙarƙashin shekara goma sha takwas ba su san tsananin laifin ba, ana iya amfani da Mataki na 91 na Dokar Shari'ar Iran, kuma mai laifi na iya zama ba tare da hukuncin kisa ba. Ragewa shine mafi yawan nau'in hukuncin kisa a Iran, kuma ana gudanar da shi a kurkuku ko a fili a cikin murabba'i. Ayyukan dutse sun iyakance a cikin sake fasalin Dokar Shari'a ta Iran (2013). Koyaya, sabon sigar Dokar Shari'a ta riƙe amfani da dutse a matsayin azabtarwa ta ''hadd''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-03 |title=Iran: Proposed Penal Code Retains Stoning |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/06/03/iran-proposed-penal-code-retains-stoning |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Mataki na 225 ya bayyana cewa "hukuncin ''hadd'' ga Zina na namiji da mace waɗanda suka cika yanayin ''ihsan'' zai zama dutse har zuwa mutuwa".<ref>Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013</ref> Duk da gaskiyar cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi Allah wadai da kisa a matsayin hukunci na laifi a Iran kuma ta jaddada tsananin aiwatar da kisa a bainar jama'a, <ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} UN rights experts condemn recent upsurge in executions in Iran, many of them unreported |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?LangID=E&NewsID=15937 |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> an ba da rahoton aikata wannan aikin a Iran. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-15 |title=Iran's children look on and families cry for pardons at daily hangings |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/16/iran-public-executions-hangings-human-rights |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun 2019, wata kungiya ta masana kare hakkin dan adam ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Iran da ta dakatar da kisan gillar da ke gabatowa na Mohammad Kalhory, wanda ke da shekaru 15 lokacin da ya aikata laifin.<ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24188&LangID=E Iran must halt execution of child offender, say UN human rights experts]</ref> == 'Yancin jama'a da na siyasa == === Nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi === Mataki na 20 na kundin tsarin mulkin Iran ya ba da tabbacin daidaitattun kariya ga doka ga maza da mata.<ref>Iranian Constitution (1979) amended 1989, Article 20</ref> Duk da haka, dokokin Iran sun ƙunshi ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke ƙarfafa nuna bambancin jinsi a cikin ƙasar. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, Dokokin Shari'a da na Jama'a na Iran sun bayyana yaro yana da shekaru 9 ga 'yan mata, da shekaru 15 ga yara maza.<ref>Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 146</ref> Wannan yana ba da ƙarancin shekaru na kariya ga yara mata fiye da yara maza, kuma yana hana su wasu kariya na Yarjejeniyar.<ref>Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2015, p. 14</ref> Mataki na 907 na Dokar Jama'a, kan gado, ya kuma nuna bambanci bisa ga jinsi ta hanyar ba da magada maza sau biyu fiye da magada mata a yanayin yara da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, Mataki na 911 na Dokar Jama'a ya bayyana cewa idan marigayi ba shi da yara masu rai, jikoki suna gadon bisa ga yawan abin da iyayensu za su samu. Yaran 'ya'ya maza suna gaji fiye da' ya'yan mata.<ref>Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2015, p. 15</ref> === 'Yan ƙasa da' yancin zama ɗan ƙasa === Da yake fahimtar wannan, a cikin Rahoton Lokaci na Uku kan CRC gwamnatin Iran ta nuna Dokar Mataki guda ɗaya ta 2006 kan yanke shawara kan Kasar Yara da aka haifa a matsayin Sakamakon Aure na Mata na Iran da Maza na Ƙasashen Waje, wanda ya bayyana cewa yaran da aka haife a Iran "a sakamakon auren matan Iran ga maza na ƙasashen waje, na iya, bayan sun kai shekaru 18, su nemi samun 'yancin ƙasar Iran. " <ref name="Refugees"/> Wannan za a ba su ba da labarin cewa ba su da laifi ko rikodin tsaro, kuma sun soke duk wani ɗan ƙasa wanda ba na Iran ba. Majles na Iran sun kiyasta cewa dokar za ta taimaka wa kimanin yara 120,000 da suka rage a cikin "limbo na 'yan ƙasa".<ref>Nikou, Semira N., "Iran: Discrimination Through Citizenship", p. 2</ref> An soki wannan dokar saboda ba ta isa ta kare haƙƙin yara ba. Yawancin iyayen da ba 'yan Iran ba ne 'yan gudun hijira ko 'yan guduniritura marasa takardar shaidar.<ref>Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, p. 21</ref> Dokar Iran ta buƙaci mace ta Iran ta sami izinin auren ɗan ƙasar waje, kuma kamar yadda masu neman mafaka galibi ba a yi rajista da doka ba, ba za a iya yin rajistar aurensu ba kuma saboda haka 'ya'yansu ba za su iya samun takardar shaidar haihuwa ba. === Ilimi === Tsarin mulki na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya bayyana cewa gwamnati tana da alhakin samar da dukkan 'yan ƙasa kyauta har zuwa makarantar sakandare <ref>Iranian constitution (1979), article 30.</ref> Gwamnatin tsakiya, ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Ilimi, tana da alƙawarin tallafawa da gudanar da ilimin K-12. Yana kula da jarrabawar kasa, saka idanu kan ka'idoji, shirya tsarin karatu da horar da malamai, samar da kayan ilimi, da kuma tallafawa da haɓaka ababen more rayuwa. Ana kula da ilimi ta hanyar hukumomin lardin da ofisoshin gundumar a matakin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-07 |title=Education in Iran - WENR |url=http://wenr.wes.org/2017/02/education-in-iran |access-date=2017-03-16 |website=wenr.wes.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Kudin da Iran ke kashewa a kan ilimi ya fi matsakaicin duniya. A cewar UNESCO, kashi 17% na kudaden da gwamnati ke kashewa a Iran sun tafi ilimi, adadi mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya na 14.3%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expenditure on education as % of total government expenditure (%) {{!}} Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GB.ZS |access-date=2017-03-16 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Aure na farko yana daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga yawan barin makaranta, kamar yadda ka'idojin Iran ke iyakance damar zuwa makaranta ga yara masu aure, saboda ana ba su damar shiga jarrabawar ƙarshe, kuma ba su cancanci halartar azuzuwan ko makarantun dare ba.<ref>Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 29.</ref> == Aikin Yara == Dokar Aiki ta Iran ta haramta daukar ma'aikata ga yara a karkashin shekaru 15.<ref>Iranian Labor Law (1991), sec. 79.</ref> Yara masu shekaru 15-18, waɗanda ake kira "ma'aikata matasa", ana buƙatar su yi gwajin likita na yau da kullun ta Ma'aikatar Ayyuka don su cancanci shiga cikin ma'aikata. Bugu da ƙari, an hana ma'aikata sanya matasa zuwa "aiki na karin lokaci, aiki, ko aiki mai wahala, mai cutarwa ko aiki mai haɗari".<ref>Iranian Labor Law (1991), sec. 80, 81, 82, 83, 84.</ref> Koyaya, Dokar Aiki ta ba da damar kasuwancin da ke da ƙasa da ma'aikata 10 su keɓe daga wasu tanadi na doka, gami da mafi girman buƙatun sa'a na aiki, biyan kuɗi na ƙarin lokaci, da fa'idodin nakasassu.<ref>Iranian Labor Law (1991), amended 2003, sec. 119</ref><ref name="Iran 2015">Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 46.</ref> Iran ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar Ofishin Ma'aikata na Duniya (ILO) kan Mafi Girma na Ayyukan Yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Iran (Islamic Republic of) |url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11200:0::NO::P11200_COUNTRY_ID:102800 |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=www.ilo.org}}</ref> Duk da wasu kariya na shari'a don hana cin zarafin yara, an soki Iran saboda yawan ma'aikatan yara, kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun bayar da rahoton shari'o'i da yawa na cin zarafi.<ref>Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 45-47.</ref> Adadin da suka shafi yawan ma'aikatan yara da matasa sun bambanta. Dangane da ƙididdigar ƙasa ta 2011, fiye da 900,000 ba su cikin makarantu tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 14 ba. Wasu daga cikin dalilan da suka fi dacewa da rashin zuwa makaranta an ruwaito su ne saboda auren da aka yi da wuri da kuma aikin yara, wanda ya haifar da barin makaranta. A halin yanzu babu wani bayanan hukuma game da yawan ma'aikatan yara, tare da adadi na hukuma na baya-bayan nan daga ƙididdigar ƙasar Iran ta 2011. Dangane da ƙidayar shekara ta 2011, akwai yara masu aiki 68,558 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14, da 696,700 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 18.<ref name="Iran 2015">Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 46.</ref> A cewar Majalisar Tsayayya ta Kasa ta Iran (NCRI), har zuwa yara miliyan 3.1 na Iran ba sa makaranta, wanda rabi na cikin ma'aikata.<ref>National Council of Resistance of Iran. Available at: http://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/human-rights/12893-a-fifth-of-children-in-iran-living-on-the-streets-or-forced-into-child-labor</ref> A cikin ƙididdigar hukuma ta Iran a cikin 1996, fiye da 4% na yawan ma'aikata na Iran suna tsakanin shekaru 10 - 14. A cikin waɗannan kididdigar, yawan ma'aikata na Iran ya kai mutane miliyan 14.5, don haka yawan yara da ke aiki masu shekaru 10-14, wanda ya kasance 4%, kusan dubu 600 ne. A shekara ta 1996, akwai kimanin yara 380,000 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14 a Iran waɗanda ke da aiki mai kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=کودکان کار |url=http://www.beytoote.com/baby/psychology-baby/child1-labor.html |access-date=8 May 2018 |website=www.beytoote.com}}</ref> Yara da yawa a birane daban-daban suma suna da hannu a cikin masu sayar da titi. Iyayen mafi yawansu suna shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, kuma waɗannan yara suna fuskantar cin zarafin yara da cin zarafin jima'i.<ref>{{Cite web |last=آفتاب |title=فروش و استفاده جنسی از كودكان كار دروازه ‌غار! |url=http://aftabnews.ir/vdcdfk0fjyt0sj6.2a2y.html |access-date=8 May 2018 |website=آفتاب |language=Persian}}</ref> == Cinikin yara == Ana amfani da Iran a matsayin tushen wucewa, da kuma ƙasar da za a yi amfani da ita don fataucin yara.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2016/index.htm Trafficking in Persons Report report 2016], The United States State Department.</ref> Matasan 'yan mata na Iran suna da matukar damuwa ga fataucin mutane, wanda aka yi jayayya da wani bangare saboda talauci da dokokin gwamnati waɗanda ke warewa ga mata. Ma'aikata sun fi yawan maza, saboda kashi 15 cikin 100 na dukkan mata suna da aiki.<ref>A Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women, and Children, Protection Project, July 2011. Available at: http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Iran.pdf</ref> Ana ganin 'yan mata masu gudu musamman masu saukin kamuwa da fataucin mutane da karuwanci.<ref name="Persons 2011">A Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, July 2011.</ref> A wata hira da BBC ta yi a shekara ta 2005, Dokta Hadi Motamedi, shugaban sashin rigakafin zamantakewar al'umma na Ma'aikatar Lafiya, ya ce yawancin 'yan mata masu gudu suna fuskantar fyade a cikin sa'o'i 24 na farko. A cewar Motamedi, yawancin wadanda aka yi wa fyade an ƙi su lokacin da suka koma iyalansu.<ref>“Most Runaway Girls in Iran Raped Within First 24 Hours” Iran Focus, London, 12 July 2005. available at: http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Iran.htm</ref> Gidajen da aka kafa don masu gudu sun zama sanannun tushen neman karuwanci da yara don siyarwa. A cewar shugaban shari'a na lardin Tehran, masu fataucin mutane galibi suna da niyya ga 'yan mata tsakanin 13 zuwa 17, kodayake akwai wasu rahotanni game da' yan mata masu shekaru 8 zuwa 10 da ake fataucin su. Har ila yau, an sami rahotanni game da shari'o'in fataucin jarirai da yawa a Iran.<ref name="Persons 2011" /> == Aure na farko == A halin yanzu, ƙaramin shekarun aure ga 'yan mata a Iran shine shekaru goma sha uku na wata yayin da yake da shekaru goma sha biyar na wata ga yara maza. Koyaya, ga namiji, har yanzu yana yiwuwa a nemi kotu ta auri yaro a ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin shekarun aure kamar yadda yanke shawara ko yaron ya kamata ya yi aure har yanzu yana hannun mai kula da su.<ref>Iranian Civil Code (1928), Amended 2006, Article 1041.</ref> Dangane da Dokar Jama'a ta Iran, bayan ta cika goma sha uku, budurwa budurwa da ke yin aure a karo na farko suna buƙatar izinin uba ko kakan kawai.<ref>Iranian Civil Code (1928), Amended 2006, Article 1043.</ref> A baya, mafi ƙarancin shekaru don aure shine shekaru 15 ga 'yan mata da shekaru 18 ga yara maza, kuma a yanayi na musamman kuma tare da gabatar da takardar shaidar kotu,' yan mata masu shekaru 13 da yara maza masu shekaru 15 zasu iya yin aure; Saboda haka, an haramta auren a ƙarƙashin shekaru 13.<ref name="parstoday.com">{{Cite web |date=25 November 1395 |title=سن قانونی ازدواج و ثبت نکاح در قوانین ایران |url=http://parstoday.com/dari/radio/uncategorised-i30855 |access-date=8 May 2018 |website=parstoday.com |language=Persian}}</ref> Dokar Karewa ta Yara ba tare da Guardian ba, wadda Iran ta karɓa a 1975, ta sami canje-canje a cikin 2013. A cikin sabon sigar, Mataki na 27 ya bayyana cewa "Idan shugaban iyali yana so ya auri yaron da aka karɓa, ya kamata ya aika mata da cikakkun bayanai ga kotu don amincewa. Idan auren ya riga ya faru, Kungiyar Welfare State dole ne ta kai rahoton ga kotu, inda za a yanke shawarar ci gaba da kulawa da iyali ɗaya ko soke shi". <ref>Elham Namdari, “Legalizing Marriage with Stepchild in Iran and Human Rights”, Journal of Social Welfare and Human Rights (2015), Vol.3, No.1, 45</ref> Dangane da kididdigar da UNICEF ta bayar, tsakanin 2008 da 2014, kashi 3% na matasa na Iran sun yi aure tun suna da shekaru goma sha biyar, kuma kashi 17% tun suna da shekara goma sha takwas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/UNICEF_SOWC_2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920001238/http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/UNICEF_SOWC_2016.pdf |archive-date=2016-09-20 |access-date=2017-03-15}}</ref> Kididdigar 2010 ta nuna cewa an yi rajistar shari'o'i 43, 457 na yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 15 don aure. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=افزایش نگران‌کننده ازدواج و طلاق کودکان در ایران - DW - 22.08.2012 |url=http://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%88-%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/a-16184597 |access-date=8 May 2018 |website=DW.COM |language=Persian}}</ref> Kashi 90 cikin dari na kididdigar suna da alaƙa da 'yan mata. Amma bincike ya nuna cewa yawan auren yara ba'a iyakance shi da kididdiga ba, tunda a yankunan karkara yara suna da aure kuma suna rayuwa shekaru da yawa ba tare da aure ba.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2018}}Har ila yau, bisa ga kididdigar a cikin 2012, yara 37,000 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 18 sun sake aure ko gwauruwa. Kowace shekara, 'yan mata 800 daga shekaru 10 zuwa 14 da' yan mata 15,000 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 19 sun sake aure a Iran. Talauci da imani na gargajiya sune dalilin waɗannan auren farko.<ref name="auto" />A mafi yawan lokuta, dangin surukin suna biyan kuɗi ga dangin amarya, waɗanda galibi matalauta ne don auren 'yarsu mara shekaru. Sakamakon auren farko sun hada da karuwar jahilci da rashin kulawa tsakanin mata, auren mata da yawa, zubar da gida, da abubuwan da suka faru na aure.<ref name="parstoday.com"/> == Dubi kuma == * Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara * [[Sanarwar 'Yancin Yara]] * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Iran * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran == Bayani == : 1.    Shekarar wata, wanda shine ma'auni wanda Kalandar wata ta dogara da shi, bambance-bambance a tsawon daga shekara ta rana ta kwana goma sha ɗaya zuwa goma sha biyu.  Sabili da haka, shekaru tara na wata sun dace da kimanin shekaru takwas na rana da watanni takwas kuma shekaru goma sha biyar na wata kusan shekaru goma sha huɗu ne na rana da wata bakwai. : 2.   <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span> ''Ihsan'' shine matsayin mutumin da ya yi aure wanda zai iya yin jima'i da matarsa "duk lokacin da yake so".<span> </span>''Ihsan'' kuma yana nufin matsayin mace wacce za ta iya yin jima'i da mijinta. (Kundin Shari'a na Iran, Mataki na 226) : 3.   <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana ma'aikacin yaro a matsayin ko dai a) yaro mai shekaru 5-11 wanda ko dai yana shiga cikin akalla awa 1 na ayyukan tattalin arziki ko akalla awanni 28 na ayyukan gida a kowane mako ko b) yaro mai shekara 12-14 wanda ke shiga cikin akasin haka awanni 14 na ayyukan tattalin arziƙi ko akalla sa'o'i 28 na ayyukan iyali a kowane mako. <span> </span> (UNICEF, A State of the World Children 2016). Wani ma'anar da ILO ta bayar ta hanyar Bayanai da Kula da Ayyukan Yara (SIMPOC) ya bayyana yaro a matsayin ma'aikacin yara idan yana da hannu a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki, bai kai shekara 12 ba, kuma yana aiki daya ko fiye da sa'o'i a kowane mako, ko yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'o-i 14 a kowane mako a cikin ayyukan haɗari, ko kuma yana aiki 17 ko ƙasa da aiki a cikin "mafi mafi munin aikin yara" (karuwanci, yara, rikice-rikice-rikici, wallafe-karuwanci ko aiki na tilastawa, wallafe, wallafe. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Asia topic|Children's rights in}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mvdesr1181sp3mf7d9p8llbqoq5pk6g 0 84075 840107 566254 2026-05-25T18:48:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gustavo Ramón Mencia Ávalos''' an haife shi 6 Yuli na shekara ta 1988, Dan wasan kwalon kafa ne na ƙasar [[Paraguay]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin Dan[[tsakiya]] a [[Club Rubio Ñu| Rubio Ñu]] a cikin [[Paraguayan División Intermedia]]. ==Tarihi da Aikin Kulob na Kwalon Kafa== An haifi Mencia a [[Presidente Franco District | Shugaban Franco]], Paraguay. Ya fara aikinsa da [[Club Libertad|Libertad]]. Daga baya, ya buga wa [[Club Atlético 3 de Febrero|3 de Febrero]], [[Sportivo Luqueño]] da [[Club Olimpia|Olimpia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gustavo Mencia, el cuarto refuerzo decano |url=https://www.hoy.com.py/deportes/gustavo-mencia-el-cuarto-refuerzo-decano/amp |access-date=8 May 2024 |work=Diario HOY |date=18 December 2015 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SU OFICINA ES EL CAMPO DE JUEGO |url=https://www.cronica.com.py/2020/10/17/oficina-campo-juego/ |website=Crónica |access-date=8 May 2024 |language=es |date=17 October 2020}}</ref> Daga shekara ta 2017 zuwa 2021, ya buga wasa a Chile don [C.D. Universidad de Concepción|Universidad de Concepción]] (2017–2019) da [[Deportes Antofagasta]] (2020-2021) a cikin [[Chilean Primera División| babban rabo]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Velozo |first1=Pablo |title=Defensor paraguayo Gustavo Mencia se convirtió en nuevo refuerzo de la UdeC |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/deportes/futbol/futbol-nacional/2017/01/24/gustavo-mencia-a-detalles-de-convertirse-en-fichaje-de-la-universidad-de-concepcion.shtml |access-date=8 May 2024 |work=BioBioChile |publisher=[[Radio Bío-Bío]] |date=24 January 2017 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gustavo Mencia posa oficialmente con la camiseta de Antofagasta |url=https://tntsports.cl/nacional/Las-primeras-palabras-del-nuevo-zaguero-20200206-0024.html |access-date=8 May 2024 |work=[[TNT Sports (Chile)|TNT Sports Chile]] |date=6 February 2020 |language=es |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326150227/https://tntsports.cl/nacional/Las-primeras-palabras-del-nuevo-zaguero-20200206-0024.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan Komawa Paraguay, ya taka leda a [[Club Sol de América | Sol de América]] <ref>{{cite news |title=Sol de América renueva con Rodrigo Rojas y Gustavo Mencia |url=https://elnacional.com.py/deportes/2022/07/21/sol-de-america-renueva-con-rodrigo-rojas-y-gustavo-mencia/ |access-date=8 May 2024 |work=elnacional.com.py |date=21 July 2022 |language=es}}</ref> and [[Sportivo Trinidense]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sportivo Trinidense: Gustavo Mencia se une al “Triqui” |url=https://www.abc.com.py/deportes/futbol/2023/01/23/sportivo-trinidense-gustavo-mencia-se-une-al-triqui/ |access-date=8 May 2024 |work=www.abc.com.py |date=23 January 2023 |language=es}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 649l8bo1r02pwtkx798xdm14tcg1lsg 0 84406 840089 611761 2026-05-25T16:09:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840089 wikitext text/x-wiki    {{Infobox person | name = Grace Alache Jerry | citizenship = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Mai fafutuka akan hakkin Dan Adam, beauty pageant, Mawakiya. | awards = Miss wheelchair Nigeria }} '''Grace Alache Jerry''' 'yar Najeriya ce [[Fafutukar hakkin nakasasu|mai fafutukar nakasassu]], mai ba da shawara kan hakkin dan adam, mawakiya kuma sarauniya mai kyau wacce aka ba ta kyautar Miss Wheelchair Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2015 |title=NPR profiles precinct Yali fellow Grace Jerry on her disability advocacy work in Nigeria |url=https://presidentialprecinct.org/npr-profiles-precinct-yali-fellow-grace-jerry-on-her-disability-advocacy-work-in-nigeria/ |website=Presidential Precinct}}</ref> Jerry ita ce babban darakta na Inclusive Friends Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of trustees |url=http://inclusivefriends.org/board-of-trustees/ |access-date=30 August 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin gida da waje da [[Najeriya]]. Ta kasance memba na Mandela Washington Fellow acikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar 2015 kuma [[Barack Obama|Shugaba Barack Obama]] ya girmama ta. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya masu nakasa]] 6ml9sjzohlpip5mak173a1oxoqo44o2 0 92444 840079 587564 2026-05-25T14:26:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Virginia "Ginni" Rometty (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1957) ita ce shugabar kasuwanci ta Amurka wacce ta kasance shugabar zartarwa ta IBM bayan ta sauka a matsayin Shugaba a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2020. Ta kasance shugabar, shugaban kasa da Shugaba na IBM a baya, ta zama mace ta farko da ta jagoranci kamfanin. Ta yi ritaya daga IBM a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2020, bayan kusan shekaru 40 a can.[1][2][3] Kafin ta zama shugaban kasa da Shugaba a watan Janairun 2012, ta fara shiga IBM a matsayin injiniya ta tsarin a 1981 kuma daga baya ta jagoranci tallace-tallace na duniya, tallace-tafiye, da dabarun. Yayinda take janar manajan sashen sabis na duniya na IBM, a cikin 2002 ta taimaka wajen tattauna sayen IBM na kasuwancin shawarwari na IT na PricewaterhouseCoopers, ta zama sananne ga aikinta na haɗa kamfanonin biyu.<ref name="SORORITY">{{Cite journal |last=Hempel |first=Jessi |date=October 8, 2012 |title=IBM's Ginni Rometty looks ahead |url=http://fortune.com/2012/09/20/ibms-ginni-rometty-looks-ahead/ |journal=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}}</ref> A matsayinta na Shugaba, ta mayar da hankali ga IBM kan nazari, lissafin girgije, da tsarin lissafin fahimta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bellstrom |first=Kristen |date=September 15, 2015 |title=Fortune's Most Powerful Women List |journal=Fortune}}</ref> Matsayin Rometty a matsayin Shugaba na IBM ya kasance alama ce ta kyaututtuka ciki har da Bloomberg's 50 Most Influential People in the World, Fortune's "50 Most Powerful Women in Business", Time's 20 Most Important People in Tech da ''Forbes''<nowiki/>' America's Top 50 Women In Tech. Har ila yau, an sadu da tsananin zargi game da kariyar biyan diyya, sallamar, fitarwa, da kuma shugabanci sama da kashi 24 a jere na raguwar kudaden shiga.<ref name="Fortune Magazine">{{Cite web |title=Fortune Magazine |url=http://fortune.com/2016/01/29/ibm-ginni-rometty-bonus/ |website=Gets a Raise Despite Tumbling Stock Price}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ginni Rometty a ranar 29 ga Yuli, 1957, a Birnin [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], a matsayin Virginia Nicosia . <ref name="FT">{{Cite web |last=Waters |first=Richard |date=October 28, 2011 |title=More than a big smile on Big Blue's face |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/53160726-008b-11e1-ba33-00144feabdc0.html#axzz37erUoLRr |access-date=July 16, 2014 |website=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> <ref name="dailynw2010">{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2010 |title=NU appoints 5 new members to Board of Trustees |url=http://www.dailynorthwestern.com/nu-appoints-5-new-members-to-board-of-trustees-1.2276760 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629040428/http://www.dailynorthwestern.com/nu-appoints-5-new-members-to-board-of-trustees-1.2276760 |archive-date=June 29, 2010 |access-date=October 26, 2011 |publisher=[[Northwestern University]]}}</ref><ref name="INVESTORPLACE">{{Cite web |last=Aluise |first=Susan J. |date=May 10, 2012 |title=America's 10 Most Powerful Female CEOs |url=http://investorplace.com/2012/05/the-top-10-female-ceos/10/#.U76npbErh9l |access-date=July 10, 2014 |website=InvestorPlace}}</ref> Tana girma a wajen Chicago, ita ce babba cikin yara huɗu a cikin iyalin Italiyanci-Amurka. Iyayenta sun sake aure kuma mahaifinta ya tafi lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma sha biyar, kuma mahaifiyarta ta dauki ayyuka da yawa don tallafa wa iyalin yayin da Rometty ke kula da gidan da yamma.<ref name="dailynw2010" /><ref name="FT" /> Ta fara halartar Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma a Illinois a 1975 a kan tallafin karatu daga Janar Motar, inda ta yi aiki tsakanin ƙaramar shekarunta da manyan shekarunta. Rometty ta kuma kasance memba na ƙungiyar Kappa Kappa Gamma, daga ƙarshe ta zama shugabanta.<ref name="SORORITY"/> Ta kammala karatu tare da manyan girmamawa daga Makarantar Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Robert R. McCormick a Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma a 1979, tana karɓar digiri na farko a kimiyyar kwamfuta da injiniyan lantarki. <ref name="dailynw2010"/> Ta sami digiri na digiri na girmamawa daga Cibiyar Rensselaer Polytechnic (2014) da Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma (2015). <ref name="RENSSELAER">{{Cite web |title=Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Graduates 1,613 in 208th Commencement Ceremony |url=http://news.rpi.edu/content/2014/05/24/rensselaer-graduates-1613-208th-commencement-ceremony |access-date=April 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name="NORTHWESTERN">{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2015 |title=IBM executive, Northwestern alumna Virginia Rometty to speak at 2015 commencement |url=http://dailynorthwestern.com/2015/03/05/campus/ibm-executive-northwestern-alumna-virginia-rometty-to-speak-at-2015-commencement/ |access-date=April 4, 2015}}</ref> Ta kuma sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 15, 2019 |title=NC State Commencement |url=https://news.ncsu.edu/2019/04/ibm-ceo-to-give-nc-state-spring-commencement-speech/ |access-date=January 31, 2020 |website=news.ncsu.edu}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === 1979-1990s: Matsayi na fasaha na GM da IBM === === 2000–2011: IBM management === Yayinda take janar manajan sashen sabis na duniya na IBM, <ref name="SORORITY"/> a shekara ta 2002 ta goyi bayan kuma ta taimaka wajen tattauna sayen Litinin, hannun shawarwari na kamfanin sabis na kwararru PricewaterhouseCoopers don dala biliyan 3.5. Samun shi ne "mafi girma a tarihin ayyukan kwararru" kuma ya ƙaddamar da IBM a cikin kasuwancin sabis. <ref name="CNN" /> Yayinda yake babban mataimakin shugaban IBM Global Business Services, Rometty ta sami "babban hutu" a IBM lokacin da aka ba ta aikin haɗa PricewaterhouseCoopers da masu ba da shawara tare da IBM.<ref name="INVESTORPLACE"/><ref name="LACCcouncil" /><ref name="FT"/> A shekara ta 2002, Time ya sanya mata suna a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka shafi Kasuwancin Duniya na 2002. Daga 2005 har zuwa 2009, ta kasance babban mataimakin shugaban Ayyukan Kasuwanci na Duniya a IBM, kuma ta zama babban mataimaran shugaban Ayyukan Masana'antu-IBM Global Services a watan Yulin 2005. Daga cikin sauran matsayi, ta kasance janar manajan IBM Global Services, Amurka, da kuma janar manaja na IBM's Global Insurance and Financial Services Sector.<ref name="BLOOMBERGbio" /><ref name="LACCcouncil" /> Ta kuma kasance manajan abokin tarayya a IBM Business Consulting Services, Inc. da kuma janar manajan kungiyar masana'antar inshora. <ref name="BLOOMBERGbio" /> Ta sami lambar yabo ta Carl Sloane a shekara ta 2006 daga kungiyar masu ba da shawara kan gudanarwa. <ref name="BLOOMBERGbio" /><ref name="LACCcouncil" /> Rometty da sauran shugabannin IBM ne suka fitar da su, <ref name="SORORITY"/> <ref name="INVESTORPLACE"/> a cikin 2007 IBM ta sanar da shirin ci gaban shekaru biyar game da ci gaban kudaden shiga da rarraba kudade. Daga cikin sauran dabarun, "2015 Roadmap" <ref name="SORORITY" /> ya tsara motsa IBM daga masana'antar kayan aiki don mayar da hankali kan kasuwanci kamar software da ayyuka. <ref name="INVESTORPLACE" /> Ta zama babban mataimakin shugaban kasa da kuma zartarwa na rukuni don tallace-tallace, tallace-tafiye da dabarun a cikin shekara ta 2009, tana mai da hankali kan kamfanin na "sashin nazari mai saurin girma. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, an sanya ta a matsayin mai kula da rundunar tallace-tallace ta IBM, a matsayin babban mataimakin shugaban tallace-tafiye da rarraba duniya har zuwa shekara ta 2010. A wannan lokacin, ta tura ci gaban rukunin kasuwannin ci gaban IBM, wanda aka kirkira a 2008 don mayar da hankali kan kasuwannin da ke tasowa kamar [[Brazil]] da [[Vietnam]].<ref name="WALLSTREETante" /> Daga 2010 har zuwa 2012 ta kasance babban mataimakin shugaban IBM, kuma daga 2010 har zuwa 2012, ta kasance Babban Jami'in Tallace-tallace, Tallace da Dabarun IBM.<ref name="BLOOMBERGbio" /> A cikin shekara ta 2011, [[CNN]] ta ba da rahoton cewa an "creded tare da jagorantar dabarun ci gaban IBM ta hanyar shigar da kamfanin cikin kasuwancin lissafin girgije da nazari. Ta kuma kasance a kan jagorancin shirya Watson, Jeopardy! yana wasa da kwamfuta, don amfani da kasuwanci".<ref name="CNNpalmisano">{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2011 |title=IBM CEO Sam Palmisano to step down |url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/10/25/technology/ibm_ceo_palmisano_steps_down/?source=cnn_bin |access-date=October 25, 2011 |publisher=[[CNN]] |archive-date=April 25, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425112801/https://money.cnn.com/2011/10/25/technology/ibm_ceo_palmisano_steps_down/?source=cnn_bin |url-status=dead }}</ref> === 2012-2020: Jagorancin IBM === A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2011, IBM ta sanar da cewa za ta zama shugabar kamfanin kuma Shugaba na gaba, [6] ta zama shugabar zartarwa ta tara a tarihinta.[15][1] Matsayinta a matsayin shugabar mace ta farko ta IBM ta sami sanarwa a cikin manema labarai, tare da tsohon Shugaba Sam Palmisano ya amsa cewa zaɓin nata ba shi da alaƙa da manufofin ci gaba na zamantakewa. Ta zama shugaba da Shugaba a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2012, kuma ta ɗauki ƙarin aikin shugaban IBM a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2012, lokacin da Palmisano ya yi ritaya. Tare da shirye-shiryen cire IBM daga layin kasuwanci mara riba da kuma ambaton manyan bayanai da nazari a matsayin "na'ura mai girma mai girma na gaba" IBM, a cikin 2014 ta kulla haɗin gwiwa don Apple don tsara aikace-aikacen abokan ciniki na IBM. Daga baya waccan shekarar, ta sanar da cewa IBM za ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da SAP akan ƙididdigar girgije da kuma tare da Twitter akan ƙididdigar bayanai kuma, a cikin 2015, ta kuma kulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Box. Rometty ta kashe dala biliyan 8.5 wajen samun kusan kamfanoni 30 tsakanin 2012 da 2015, [2] kuma a shekarar 2016 ta kula da karkatar da kusan dala biliyan 7 a cikin kadarorin da aka kera kamar su masana'anta.[3]. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017, Austin Business ta ba da rahoton cewa Rometty ta samu nasarar motsa IBM daga "ƙananan kasuwancin kamar kwamfutoci da software na tsarin aiki, kuma zuwa yankuna masu girma kamar fasaha na wucin gadi. " <ref name=":0"/> A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2017, an ba ta lambar yabo ta KPMG Inspire Greatness . [3] A watan Janairun 2018, ta sanar da karuwar kudaden shiga na IBM na shekara-shekara tun daga shekarar 2012, tare da ci gaba ta musamman a fannoni kamar bayanai, blockchain, da girgije. A shekara ta 2018, ta bayyana cewa kusan rabin takardun shaida 9,043 na IBM a cikin 2017 sun kasance a cikin AI, lissafin girgije, tsaro na yanar gizo, blockchain da lissafin lissafi. Koyaya, kyaututtuka da kyaututtaka ba su fassara zuwa nasarar kasuwa ba, kuma a ƙarƙashin mulkin Rometty, kudaden shiga na IBM sun ragu sama da 40%, daga sama da $ 100b a cikin 2011 zuwa ƙasa da $ 60b a cikin 2019. A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa Rometty za ta sauka a matsayin Shugaba na IBM don Arvind Krishna ya maye gurbinsa. Ta kasance shugabar zartarwa har zuwa 31 ga Disamba, 2020, lokacin da Arvind Krishna ya maye gurbin ta. == Kwamitoci da kwamitoci == [[Fayil:The_American_Workforce_Policy_Advisory_Board_Meeting_(40344753173).jpg|thumb|Rometty ta shiga cikin kwamitin Fadar White House kan ci gaban ma'aikata a watan Maris na shekara ta 2019]] Darakta a IBM tun 2012, Rometty ta kuma shiga cikin kungiyoyin IBM kamar su Majalisar Mata a Fasaha, Majalisar Zartarwa ta Mata, da Majalisar Jagoran Mata. Tsohuwar darakta a APQC, ta kuma yi aiki a kwamitin daraktocin AIG daga 2006 har zuwa 2009. Ta kasance a cikin kwamitin masu sa ido da kwamitin manajoji <ref name="BLOOMBERGbio" /> don Cibiyar Tunawa da Ciwon daji ta Sloan Kettering, kuma tun daga 2013 ta kasance memba na majalisa a Majalisar Kula da Latin Amurka. <ref name="LACCcouncil" /><ref name="MSKCC">{{Cite web |title=2010 Annual Report |url=http://www.mskcc.org/annualreport/2010/pdfs/MSK_AR2010_board.pdf |access-date=October 26, 2011 |publisher=[[Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center]]}}</ref><ref name="CONSERVATIONC">{{Cite web |title=LACC Members |url=http://www.nature.org/latin-america-conservation-council/about-us/lacc-members.xml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318022815/http://www.nature.org/latin-america-conservation-council/about-us/lacc-members.xml |archive-date=March 18, 2014 |access-date=April 25, 2014 |website=Latin America Conservation Council website |publisher=[[The Nature Conservancy]]}}</ref> Rometty tana aiki a Majalisar kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje kuma tana cikin kwamitin amintattu na Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma, <ref name="BLOOMBERGbio" /> inda ta kasance mai magana da farko don karatun digiri na 2015.<ref name="LACCcouncil" /><ref name="NORTHWESTERN"/> Ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kasuwanci na Fadar White House na yawancin shekara ta 2017, kafin kwamitin ya rushe kansa a wannan watan Agusta. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, ta kasance shugabar WEF Davos. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin co-shugaban kungiyar Cyber Group ta Cibiyar Aspen, memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa ta Jami'ar Tsinghua, kuma memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Duniya na Hukumar Raya Tattalin Ruwa ta Singapore . A watan Mayu 2020, an zabe ta a cikin kwamitin JPMorgan Chase . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dabaie |first=Michael |date=May 19, 2020 |title=JPMorgan Says IBM Executive Chairman Rometty Elected to Board |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/JPMORGAN-CHASE-CO-37468997/news/JPMorgan-Says-IBM-Executive-Chairman-Rometty-Elected-to-Board-30636256/ |access-date=December 29, 2020 |website=MarketScreener}}</ref> == Karɓar masana'antu == Matsayin Rometty a matsayin Shugaba na IBM an yi masa alama da matsayi mai daraja, gami da <nowiki><i id="mwAjw">Bloomberg</i></nowiki>, wanda ya sanya ta cikin mutane 50 mafi tasiri a duniya a shekarar 2012. An kuma sanya mata suna a cikin jerin Time 100 a cikin 2012, kuma a cikin 2014 an nuna Rometty a cikin shirin PBS The Boomer List . <ref name="PBSBOOMER">{{Cite web |title=The Boomer List |url=http://video.pbs.org/video/2365327830/ |access-date=October 9, 2014 |publisher=[[PBS]] |pages=Rometty starting at 1 hr 6 min |archive-date=September 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926083939/http://video.pbs.org/video/2365327830/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2005 an jera ta a cikin Fortune's "50 Most Powerful Women in Business", matsayi a saman 10 tun daga shekara ta 2010. Bayan matsayi na No. 7 a cikin 2011, ta kasance No. 1 daga 2012 har zuwa 2014, No. 3 a cikin 2015, No. 4 a cikin 2016, da No. 7 da 2017.<ref name="CNN" /><ref name="Fortune Magazine"/><ref name="SORORITY"/><ref name="FORTUNERometty" /><ref name=":0"/> An sanya mata suna a cikin mujallar ''Forbes'' ta "Mutanen 100 mafi iko a duniya" a cikin 2014, kuma ta kuma kasance No. 11 a cikin jerin ''Forbes'' na 2016 na Mata 100 mafi iko. A shekara mai zuwa ta kasance No. 10. An kira ta mutum na shida mafi muhimmanci a cikin fasaha ta mujallar Time a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018. Lokacin da Rometty ta yi a matsayin Shugaba ya sadu da zargi, a lokacin da take aiki, kudaden shiga na IBM sun sauka daga dala biliyan 104 a 2012 zuwa dala biliyan 60 a 2020. <ref name="Fortune Magazine"/>A shekara ta 2016, an ambaci sunanta daga cikin manyan Shugabannin da suka hada da ''Motley Fool'', ''Forbes'', Wall Street Journal, da kuma ''24/7 Wallstreet''. Masu saka hannun jari sun soki ta <ref name="Fortune Magazine" /> don raguwar kudaden shiga 22 a jere tsakanin 2012 da lokacin rani na 2017, da kuma ma'aikatan IBM don karɓar kari na albashi a lokacin sallami da kuma kashewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM: Employees React to Rometty, Exec Bonuses as Layoffs Reach 5K |url=http://thevarguy.com/business-technology-solution-sales/020315/ibm-employees-react-rometty-exec-bonuses-layoffs-reach-5k |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023110313/http://thevarguy.com/business-technology-solution-sales/020315/ibm-employees-react-rometty-exec-bonuses-layoffs-reach-5k |archive-date=October 23, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2017 |website=The Var Guy}}</ref><ref name="247WALLGO" /> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, Rometty ta sami lambar yabo ta Edison Achievement Award saboda jajircewarta ga kirkire-kirkire a duk lokacin da take aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trustee and alumna Ginni Rometty honored with Edison Achievement Award |url=https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2019/05/trustee-and-alumna-ginni-rometty-honored-with-edison-achievement-award/ |access-date=July 25, 2019 |publisher=Northwestern University}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Virginia Nicosia ta auri Mark Anthony Rometty, mai saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa, a shekara ta 1979. Ba tare da yara ba, sun raba lokacin su tsakanin New York da Bonita Springs, Florida.<ref name="TIMEShusband" /> Ta tafi wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway kuma tana shiga cikin nutsewa a matsayin abin sha'awa.<ref name="SORORITY"/> A shekara ta 2014, ta zama mace ta uku a cikin kungiyar Golf ta Augusta, bayan jagorancin Condoleezza Rice . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 13, 2014 |title=Virginia Rometty becomes 3rd female member of Augusta National |url=https://www.espn.com/golf/story/_/id/11871158/virginia-rometty-becomes-3rd-female-member-augusta-national |access-date=November 17, 2014 |website=ESPN}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commons category-inline|Ginni Rometty}}   * "Ginni Rometty - Shugaban, Shugaban, da Shugaba", IBM * Appearancesa kanC-SPAN {{S-start}} {{s-bus}} {{Succession box}} {{Succession box}} {{Succession box}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6ntluf59ncybfw411n08842qamg48ro 0 93314 840141 804801 2026-05-25T20:37:09Z A Salisu 14655 840141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''The Witch Elm''' (wanda aka buga a matsayin The '''''Wych Elm''''') littafi ne na 2018 na Tana French . Littafin yana da alaƙa da litattafan Dublin Murder Squad. == Rubuce-rubuce da ci gaba == French was motivated to write the novel as an exploration of the connection between luck and an individual's ability to feel empathy for others.[1] French was also inspired by Bella in the Wych Elm, an unidentified woman found in a wych elm in Hagley in the 1940s.[1] French does not find true crime any more recent than the Bella case interesting, partially due to the ongoing impacts on living people caused by more recent crimes.[2] To accurately depict the protagonist's experience after a traumatic event, French conducted research about PTSD.[3] Har ila yau, an motsa Faransanci don rubuta littafin saboda sha'awar bincika wani laifi daga wani hangen nesa ban da na mai bincike, ra'ayi na farko da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin litattafan Dublin Murder Squad . == Karɓar baƙi == Littafin ya sami mafi yawan bita mai kyau daga masu sukar. Marubucin Amurka [[Stephen King]], a cikin wani bita da aka rubuta don The New York Times, ya kuma yaba da littafin a matsayin "mai ban mamaki". == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Litattafai]] g7310qru22aaoq15z8dd9k3f76sb2jo 0 93786 840206 594101 2026-05-26T01:45:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Maranao''' ( Filipino {{Refn|Mëranaw is the spelling recommended by the [[Commission on the Filipino Language]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino |url=http://www.kwf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Ortograpiyang-Pambansa1.pdf |title=Ortograpiyang Pambansa |language=fil |trans-title=National Orthography |access-date=2013-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012055004/http://www.kwf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Ortograpiyang-Pambansa1.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-12 |url-status=dead |date=2013}}</ref>}} ; Jawi : {{Lang|mrw-Arab|باسا أ مراناو}} ), wani lokacin ana rubuta shi da '''Maranaw, Meranaw''' ko '''Mëranaw''', yaren Australiya ne da mutanen Maranao ke magana a cikin lardunan Lanao del Sur da Lanao del Norte da garuruwansu na Marawi da Iligan da ke cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]], kuma ana samun su a Sabah, [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] . Ana magana tsakanin Moros a cikin yankin Bangsamoro mai cin gashin kansa a cikin Mindanao na musulmi . Ya fi kusa da [[Harshen Iranun|Iranun]] fiye da [[Danao languages|Danao]]_language" Maguindanao a cikin ƙungiyar Danao. == Rarraba == Ana magana da Maranao a cikin larduna masu zuwa: • Dukan Lanao del Sur da Lanao del NorteLanao na Arewa • Gundumar Arewa maso yammacin Maguindanao del Norte: Barira, Buldon, Parang, Matanog, Sultan Mastura, da Sultan Kudarat • Gundumar Arewa maso yammacin Cotabato: Alamada, Banisilan, Carmen, Libungan, da Pigcawayan • Gundumar Arewa maso yammacin Bukidnon: Talakag da Kalilangan • Ƙananan sassa a bakin tekun Zamboanga del Sur dukansu suna cikin tsibirin Mindanao a kudancin Philippines. == Tsarin rubuce-rubuce == An rubuta Maranao a tarihi a cikin haruffa na Perso-Arabic da ake kira Jawi, waɗanda aka sani da ''Batang-a-Arab'' ko ''Batang Arab''. Yanzu an rubuta shi da haruffa na Latin.<ref name="Omniglot">{{Cite web |title=Maranao Language and Alphabet |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/maranao.htm |access-date=2018-09-23 |website=Omniglot}}</ref> Kodayake babu wani tsari na yau da kullun da aka ayyana a hukumance, Maranao an rubuta shi kamar yadda ya rinjayi tarurrukan Filipino na zamani. Wadannan sune haruffa da aka yi amfani da su wajen rubuta kalmomin asali: A, B, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, NG, O, P, R, S, T, U, W, Y <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rubino |first=Carl |title=Maranao |url=http://iloko.tripod.com/Maranao.htm |website=iloko.tripod.com |language=en |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2025-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218124045/https://iloko.tripod.com/Maranao.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ana furta sautuna biyu daban, alal misali, ana furtawa {{Lang|mrw|kapaar}} a matsayin {{IPA|/kapaʔaɾ/}} . Sautin {{IPA|/w/}} na ƙarshe a cikin diphthongs da "w" an yi musu alama da "-o" a cikin tsofaffin rubutun, kamar yadda yake a wasu harsunan Philippine, amma dukansu biyu a yau ana rubuta su a matsayin "w". Har ila yau, an yi amfani da "i" a cikin tsofaffin rubutun don fassara {{IPA|/j/}}, wanda a halin yanzu ana rubuta shi a matsayin "Y". "H" is only used for Malay loanwords,<ref name="Omniglot"/> and "sh" (pronounced as {{IPA|/ʃ/}}) is normally used for Arabic loanwords and names such as {{Lang|mrw|Ishak}} ([[Ishaaq|Isaac]]). Ana amfani da "Di" ko "j" don fassara sauti {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}, kamar radia /{{Lang|mrw|raja}} (daga kalmar [[Sanskrit]] don 'sarki', "Rāja") ko sunan Ingilishi John. A wakiltar tsakiyar wasali (ko schwa) {{IPA|/ə/}}, marubuta daban-daban sun yi amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don wakiltar wannan sauti (misali "E" ko "U"). A cikin kafofin {{Lang|mrw|sakn}} zumunta, masu magana suna amfani da ko dai daga cikin haruffa biyu ko kuma kawai su bar shi babu komai (misali seud kuma ana iya rubuta {{Lang|mrw|saken}} da {{Lang|mrw|sakun}} akan intanet). A halin yanzu, Hukumar kan Harshen Filipino ta ba da shawarar rubuta wannan sauti ta amfani da "Ë" don harsunan Philippine daban-daban a cikin 2013 ''Ortograpiyang Pambansa'' . A cikin wani bita na Maranao Dictionary da McKaughan da Macaraya suka yi a cikin 1996, an gabatar da digraph "'ae" kuma an yi amfani da shi don wakiltar kasancewar wasula {{IPA|/ɨ/}}. Koyaya, bincike na Lobel (2009, 2013 <ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b">{{Cite journal |last=Lobel |first=Jason William |last2=Riwarung |first2=Labi Hadji Sarip |date=2009 |title=Maranao Revisited: An Overlooked Consonant Contrast and its Implications for Lexicography and Grammar |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=403–438 |doi=10.1353/ol.0.0040 |jstor=40783537 |s2cid=145549504}}</ref>) ya nuna cewa wannan na iya zama allophone na {{IPA|/ə/}} bayan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden. McKaughan da Macaraya sun kuma yi amfani da "q" don tsayawar baki ba tare da la'akari da matsayi ba. Diphthongs kamar {{IPA|[aw, aj, oi]}} an rubuta su a matsayin "ao, ai, oi". Rubutun da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin binciken da Lobel (2009) shine wanda Aleem Abdulmajeed Ansano na Taraka (1943-2008), Sanata Ahmad Domocao "Domie" Alonto na Ramain (1914-2002), da Shaiekh Abdul Azis Guroalim Saromantang na Tugaya (1923-2003) suka haɓaka. A cikin wannan rubutun, an rubuta "masu amfani da wuya" /ph, th, kh, sh/ a matsayin "ph, th", kh, z". == Fasahar sauti == Da ke ƙasa akwai tsarin sauti na Maranao ciki har da siffofin sauti. === Sautin sautin === Maranao yana da sautin sautin guda huɗu waɗanda zasu iya zama kusa ko mafi girma lokacin da suke cikin wasu mahalli (duba ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙasa). <ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b"/> Sakamakon tasowa na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadada na iya haifar da binciken da ya gabata zuwa Kodayake binciken da ya yi a baya ya bincika sauti {{IPA|[ɨ]}} a matsayin sauti daban (an rubuta shi da ''ae'') maimakon allophone da aka ɗaga na {{IPA|/ə/}}. {| class="wikitable" |+Sautin<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b"/> ! !A gaba !Tsakiya !Komawa |- style="text-align:center;" !Kusa |/i/ <nowiki>[i" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ɪ"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mw1w" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ɪ ~ ni]</nowiki> | | |- style="text-align:center;" !Tsakanin | |/ə/ [ə ~ ɨ] |/o/ <nowiki>[ku="#mwt125" class="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"o"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mw5w" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">o ~ u]</nowiki> |- style="text-align:center;" !Bude | |/a/ [a ~ ɤ] | |} Vowel [e] kawai yana faruwa a cikin kalmomin aro daga Mutanen Espanya ta hanyar Tagalog ko Cebuano da kuma daga Malay. === Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi === A cewar Lobel (2013), Maranao yana da waɗannan ƙwayoyin: {| class="wikitable" |+Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi ! colspan="2" | !Biyuwa !Dental !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Gishiri |- ! colspan="2" |Hanci | align="center" |m | | align="center" |n | | align="center" |ŋ | |- ! rowspan="3" |Dakatar da ! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |Rashin murya | align="center" |p | align="center" |t | | | align="center" |k | align="center" |ʔ |- ! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |Mai nauyi | align="center" |pʰ | align="center" |tʰ | | | align="center" |kʰ | |- ! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |Magana | align="center" |b | | align="center" |d | | align="center" |ɡ | |- ! rowspan="2" |Fricative ! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |Rashin murya | | | align="center" |s | | | |- ! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |Mai nauyi | | | align="center" |sʰ | | | align="center" | (h) |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | | | align="center" |ɾ | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Hanyar gefen | | | align="center" |l | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Kusanci | align="center" |w | | | align="center" |j | | |} A cikin Maranao, {{IPA|/ʔ/}} ba kalma ce ta phonemic-da farko (kamar Ingilishi wanda ba na Philippines ba). Saboda haka, {{Lang|mrw|layok aken}} ('aboki na') ana furta shi a hankali [la.jo.ka. klen]. Tun lokacin da manyan ƙwayoyin suka samo asali ne daga ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin, ana samun su ne kawai a cikin kalma. Ana amfani da "r" don {{IPA|/ɾ/}}, ana amfani da "y" don {{IPA|/j/}}, kuma ana amfani da ""ng" don {{IPA|/ŋ/}} ==== Rashin jituwa [h] ==== A cewar Lobel (2013), {{IPA|[h]}} kawai yana faruwa a cikin 'yan kalmomin aro na [[Harshen Malay|Malay]] na baya-bayan nan: * {{Lang|mrw|to'''h'''an}} 'Allah' * {{Lang|mrw|ta'''h'''on}} 'alamu na taurari' * Tunanin 'a gaban Allah' ''k'' aro na Larabci da suka gabata tare da "h" waɗanda suka shiga Proto-Danao ko Maranao a baya an gane su a matsayin k. * {{Lang|mrw|kalal}} 'halal (duk abin da aka yarda da shi a Islama) ' * {{Lang|mrw|karam}} 'haram (duk abin da ba a yarda da shi a cikin Islama ba) ', * {{Lang|mrw|kadî}} 'hadji (sunan mutumin da ya yi aikin hajji zuwa Makka) ' * {{Lang|mrw|Kadis}} 'Hadith' ==== Tsawon ma'anar ==== Ana kuma furta ma'anar ma'ana idan an riga su da schwa {{IPA|/ə/}} . Koyaya, wannan tsari ba wani nau'i ne na gemination ba tunda tsawo na consonant a Maranao ba ya bambanta kamar yadda aka gani a wasu Harsunan Philippine kamar Ilokano da Ibanag. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sune: * {{Lang|mrw|tepad}} {{IPA|[təpːad]}} 'ka fita daga abin hawa' * {{Lang|mrw|tekaw}} {{IPA|[təkːaw]}} 'mai mamaki; mai ban mamaki' ==== Harshen harsashi da haɓaka wasula ==== Tun daga shekara ta 2009, an ba da shawarar cewa binciken da ya gabata game da ilimin sauti na Maranao ya yi watsi da kasancewar "mai nauyi", <ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lobel |first=Jason William |last2=Riwarung |first2=Labi Hadji Sarip |date=2011 |title=Maranao: A Preliminary Phonological Sketch With Supporting Audio |journal=Language Documentation & Conservation |language=en |volume=5 |pages=31–59 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> waɗannan "mai nauyi" guda huɗu sun kasance /p" t" k" s. Ana ɗaga sautin da ke biye da waɗannan ƙwayoyin a matsayi. [[Fayil:Mrw4.svg|none|thumb|Ana ɗaga wasula huɗu na Maranao (a, ə, i, o) lokacin da suka bi ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden <ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b">{{Cite journal |last=Lobel |first=Jason William |last2=Riwarung |first2=Labi Hadji Sarip |date=2009 |title=Maranao Revisited: An Overlooked Consonant Contrast and its Implications for Lexicography and Grammar |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=403–438 |doi=10.1353/ol.0.0040 |jstor=40783537 |s2cid=145549504}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLobelRiwarung2009">Lobel, Jason William; Riwarung, Labi Hadji Sarip (2009). </cite></ref>]] Akwai yanayi huɗu masu yiwuwa don wannan ya ƙayyade ko za a ɗaga wasula ko a'a: # Non-raising – {{IPA|/p t k s m n ŋ r w y/}} # Obligatory raising – {{IPA|/p’ t’ k’ s’ (h)/}} #* {{Lang|mrw|Tohan}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[t̪o.hɤn]}} instead of {{IPA|[to.han]}} # Optional raising – {{IPA|/b d g/}} #* Evidenced by some younger speakers writing {{Lang|mrw|gagaan}} as {{Lang|mrw|gegaan}}. # Transparent – {{IPA|/l ʔ/}} – the raising from the consonant before it will "pass through" and affect the following vowel. Hakanan ana iya samun irin wannan sautin a cikin Madurese. ==== Ci gaban tarihi ==== Haɗakarwar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta faru ne a cikin Danao da Subanon da suka gabata, inda maganganun ƙididdigari na farko suka biyo bayan na biyu (Fitowa: '''*-gp-''' > '''*-bp-'''). Wani binciken da Allison ya yi ya lura cewa Proto-Danao *b, *d, g * sun ɓace a cikin Maranao na zamani lokacin da aka samo su a gaban wasu ƙwayoyin da ke da wuri ɗaya na magana (Misali: '''*bp''' > '''*p'''), amma an kiyaye su a wasu wurare. Lobel <ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b"/> ya lura cewa wannan canjin sauti a zahiri ya haifar da siffofi biyu na ilimin sauti na Maranao: ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadada (*{{IPA|[-bpa-]}} > [-phɤ-]). Har ila yau, ƙididdigar ƙira ta haɓaka ta irin wannan hanyar a Kudancin (Lapuyan) Subanon, amma ba tare da ɗaga wasula ba. {| class="wikitable" |+Canjin sauti !Babban Babban Babban Tsakiyar Philippine !Proto-Danao !Maguindanaon !Maranao |- |*-gp-, *-dp-, * -bp- |*-bp- | -bp- | -ph- |- |*-gt-, *-dt-, *-bt- |*-da- | -D. | -th- |- |*-gs-, *-ds-, *-bs- |*-da- | -ds- | -z- |- |*-gk-, *-dk-, *-bk- |*-gk- | -gk- | -kh- |} == Harshen harshe == === Alamun shari'a === Ya bambanta da [[Harshen Tagalog|Tagalog]] wanda ke da alamomi uku (ang / ng / sa), da Iloko wanda ke da biyu (ti /iti), Maranao yana da hudu: (so / ko / sa). {| class="wikitable" |+Alamun shari'ar Maranao ! ! colspan="2" |Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su ! colspan="2" |Na Mutum |- !Shari'a !Ba tare da iyaka ba !Tabbatacce !Mai banbanci !Yawancin mutane |- |'''Nominative''' (Maganar) |{{Lang|mrw|so}} |{{Lang|mrw|i}} |{{Lang|mrw|si}} |{{Lang|mrw|siki}} |- |'''Ergative''' (Abin kai tsaye) | rowspan="2" |{{Lang|mrw|sa}} |{{Lang|mrw|o}} |{{Lang|mrw|i}} |{{Lang|mrw|i kisi}} |- |'''Rubuce-rubuce / Wurin''' (Benefactor / Wurin) '''Halitta''' (Yana da sha'awa) |{{Lang|mrw|ko}} |{{Lang|mrw|ki}} |{{Lang|mrw|sa kisi}} |} Abin sha'awa, {{Lang|mrw|sa}} ba shi da iyaka a Maranao, yayin da yake da iyaka / takamaiman a Cebuano da Tagalog. === Wakilan sunaye === Wakilan Maranao na iya zama kyauta ko ɗaure zuwa kalma / morpheme a gabanta. {| class="wikitable" !Ma'anar !Nominative (ba tare da kyauta ba) !Nominative (an ɗaure shi) !Genitive / Ergative (an ɗaure shi) !Rashin amincewa (ba tare da kyauta ba) |- |Na |{{Lang|mrw|saken}} |{{Lang|mrw|(a)ko}} |{{Lang|mrw|aken}} |{{Lang|mrw|raken}} |- |kai (mutum ɗaya) |{{Lang|mrw|seka}} |{{Lang|mrw|ka}} |{{Lang|mrw|(ng)ka}}{{Efn|May actually be {{Lang|mrw|eka}},<ref name="Lobel and Riwarung 2009b"/> and assimilates with the vowel before it, as in {{Lang|mrw|batî ika}} {{IPA|[ba.ti.ʔ=i.ka]|lang=mrw}} 'your brother-in-law', and {{Lang|mrw|babô oka}} {{IPA|[bɤ.bu.ʔ=u. ka]|lang=mrw}} 'your aunt'.}} |{{Lang|mrw|reka}} |- |shi/ta/shi |{{Lang|mrw|sekaniyan}} |{{Lang|mrw|sekaniyan}} |{{Lang|mrw|(n)iyan}} |{{Lang|mrw|rekaniyan}} |- |mu (dual) |{{Lang|mrw|sekta}} |{{Lang|mrw|ta}} |{{Lang|mrw|ta}} |{{Lang|mrw|rekta}} |- |mu (ciki har da ku) |{{Lang|mrw|sektano}} |{{Lang|mrw|tano}} |{{Lang|mrw|tano}} |{{Lang|mrw|rektano}} |- |mu (ba tare da ku ba) |{{Lang|mrw|sekami}} |{{Lang|mrw|kami}} |{{Lang|mrw|(a)mi}} |{{Lang|mrw|rekami}} |- |kai (da yawa) |{{Lang|mrw|sekano}} |{{Lang|mrw|kano}} |{{Lang|mrw|(n)iyo}} |{{Lang|mrw|rekano}} |- |su |{{Lang|mrw|siran}} |{{Lang|mrw|siran}} |{{Lang|mrw|(i)ran}} |{{Lang|mrw|kiran}} |} <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> === Kalmomin da aka saba amfani da su === Da ke ƙasa akwai kalmomin da aka saba samu a cikin jimloli na Maranao, fassarorin su a Turanci, Cebuano, da Tagalog, da makamantansu kalmomi a cikin harsunan Philippine masu nisa. {| class="wikitable" !Maranao !Cebuano !Tagalog !Sauran yaren yankin PH ko yaren !Turanci |- |{{Lang|mrw|na}} |{{Lang|ceb|kay}} |{{Lang|tl|ay}} | |shine |- |{{Lang|mrw|na}} |{{Lang|ceb|dayon}} |{{Lang|tl|tápos}} |Alpa (Tausug) |sa'an nan |- |{{Lang|mrw|a}} |{{Lang|ceb|nga}} |{{Lang|tl|na}} | |wannan shine |- |{{Lang|mrw|timan}} |{{Lang|ceb|buok}} |{{Lang|tl|piraso}} | |yanki |- |{{Lang|mrw|den}} |{{Lang|ceb|na}} |{{Lang|tl|na}} |<span data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" karay-a_language="" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Karay-a language">Kinaray-a-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">''ren''</span> (Kinaray-a) |tuni |- |{{Lang|mrw|pen}} |{{Lang|ceb|pa}} |{{Lang|tl|pa}} | |zai yi, nan ba da daɗewa ba |- |{{Lang|mrw|di}} |{{Lang|ceb|dili}} |{{Lang|tl|hindi}} | |Ba zai yi ba, ba |- |{{Lang|mrw|da}} |{{Lang|ceb|wala}} |{{Lang|tl|hindi}} | |bai yi ba |- |{{Lang|mrw|da}} |{{Lang|ceb|wala}} |{{Lang|tl|wala}} | |ba tare da wani abu ba |- |{{Lang|mrw|aden}} |{{Lang|ceb|adunay}} |{{Lang|tl|mayroon}} |Dawn (Tausug), adda (Ilocano) |akwai... |- |{{Lang|mrw|ino}} |{{Lang|ceb|mao}} | |{{Lang|bcl|iyo}} ([[Central Bikol|Bikol-Naga]]) |haka ne |- |{{Lang|mrw|ago}} |{{Lang|ceb|ug}} |{{Lang|tl|at}} |Iban (Tausug) |da kuma |- |{{Lang|mrw|atawa}} |Ya kasance, ya{{Lang|ceb|o}}''o''="#mwt321" data-ve-ignore="true" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Cebuano-language_text" id="mwA7s" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/> |{{Lang|tl|o}} |Sa'an nan kuma (Tausug) |ko kuma |- |{{Lang|mrw|ogaid}} |An ɗauke shi, amma |Ya kamata, ya yi, amma |sa'/sagawa'/saga'/ malayngkan (Tausug) |duk da haka, amma |- |{{Lang|mrw|o di}} |Dili pud, Dili Sab |Hindi rin | |ko kuma (?) |- |{{Lang|mrw|langun}} |{{Lang|ceb|tanan}} |{{Lang|tl|lahat}} |Katān (Tausug) |duk |- |Imanto |shiga |Yanayin |Mazaun (Tausug) |yanzu |- |hanyar da za a iya |oo |oo/opo |Huun (Tausug) |eh ne |- |sabap |Ya yi watsi da shi |Sa'an nan kuma |sabab, kalna' ko karna' (Tausug) |saboda |- |siliki |Isada |Isada |ta' (Tausug) |kifi |- |sapi' |baka |baka |sapi' (Maguindanaon & Tausug) |saniya |- |pagari |igsuon |Girma |langgung, taymanghud (Tausug) |ɗan'uwa |- |Baago |bag-o |Baago |bagu (Tausug), baro (Ilocano) |sabon abu |- |tahon |Birni |Uwargidan |Wahu (Tausug) |shekara |- |koda' |Kabayo |Kabayo |kura' (Tausug) |doki |- |sorab |suwab |tamil |sulab (Tausug) |takobi |- |Don'ya' |A cikinta |Duniya |Duniya' (Tausug) |duniya |- |dalendeg |dalugdog |kulog |dawgdug (Tausug) |tsawa |- |sorga' |sama |sama |sulga' (Tausug) |sama |- |narka', diyahanam |maras kyau |maras kyau |nalka'/narka', jahanam (Tausug) |jahannama |- |An kashe shi |Sannu, tsada |Matsayi |ciwon daji (Tausug) |kyakkyawa, kyakkyawa |- |otin |otin |titi, kayan aiki |Utin (Tausug) |Jinin namiji, azzakari |- |Mutanen da ke cikin gida |langgam |ibon |Manuk-manuk (Tausug) |tsuntsaye |- |diyandi' |kasabotan, saad |Sojojin da suka yi |Yarinya' (Tausug) |yarjejeniya, alkawari |} == Rubutun samfurin == === Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya === Maranao:<blockquote style="font-weight:600">{{Font color|red|Langon a taw}} {{Font color|orange|na inimbawata}} {{Font color|#880|a ndudon so kapaar}} {{Font color|#cc0|ago ndatadatar}} {{Font color|yellowgreen|sa bantogan ago kabnar}}. {{Font color|forestgreen|Bigan}} {{Font color|teal|siran}} {{Font color|#008|sa kabnar ago gagaw}} {{Font color|#80f|na aya patot a di kapakasusurota}} {{Font color|magenta|o omani isa}} {{Font color|#f08|ko kapakiphapagariya.}}</blockquote>Cebuano:<blockquote style="font-weight:600">{{Font color|red|Ang tanáng tawo}} {{Font color|orange|kay gipakatawo}} {{Font color|#880|nga may kagawasan}} {{Font color|#cc0|ug managsama}} {{Font color|yellowgreen|sa kaligdong}}. {{Font color|teal|Silá}} {{Font color|forestgreen|gigasahan}} {{Font color|#008|og pangisip ug tanlag}} {{Font color|#80f|ug mag-ilhanáy}} {{Font color|magenta|sa usá'g usá}} {{Font color|#f08|sa diwà managsoon.}}</blockquote> ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Harsuna]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o7y7o41muxm0c4bnirhojh3edav8zyk 0 94965 840207 597691 2026-05-26T02:27:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Harshen Y'''Inggarda'''''' (wanda aka rubuta '''Yingkarta''' da Inggarda) yare ne na asalin ƙasarAustraliya. Harshen yana cikin haɗari, amma ana yin ƙoƙari don farfado da harshe. == Sunan == "Yinggarda" an rubuta shi a hanyoyi da yawa, wasu masana harsuna (ciki har da Dench) sun rubuta shi a matsayin "Yingkarta". == Rarraba == Yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Kartu na Iyalin Pama-Nyungan . Ethnologue ya daidaita Yinggarda da Pulinya <ref name="AIATSISW43">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2019 |title=W43: Pulinya |url=https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/w43 |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=Austlang |publisher=AIATSIS}}</ref> amma ba a san abin da tushen wannan haɗin yake ba kamar yadda Wilfrid Douglas, wanda ya rubuta sunan 'Pulinya,' ya bayyana shi a matsayin sunan tsohuwar yaren Geraldton.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (May 2024)">specify</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> An bayar da rahoton Maya mara shaida (Maia) ya kasance "kamar" Yinggarda kuma mai yiwuwa ya kasance yare. == Fasahar sauti == === Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi === {| class="IPA wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Yankin waje ! colspan="2" |Laminal ! colspan="2" |Abinda ke da ban sha'awa |- !Labari !Velar !Dental !Palatal !Alveolar !Retroflex |- style="text-align: center;" !Dakatar da |p |k |t̪ |ɟ |t |Sanya |- style="text-align: center;" !Hanci |m |ŋ |n̪ |ɲ |n |Ƙarshen |- style="text-align: center;" !Hanyar gefen | | |l̪ |ʎ |l |Sanya |- style="text-align: center;" !Rhotic | | | | |ɾ~r | |- style="text-align: center;" !Kusanci | colspan="2" |w | |j | |Sanya |} * /ɾ/ ana Kuma iya jin sautin [r] lokacin da ya gabata, kuma ana iya jin shi azaman sautin [ɹ] lokacin da yake cikin matsayi. * Ana jin sautin /k, t̪, ːa/ a matsayin [ɣ, ð, ː a] lokacin da suke cikin matsayi. === Sautin sautin === {| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center" ! !A gaba !Komawa |- align="center" !Babba |i iː |u uː |- align="center" !Ƙananan | colspan="2" |a aː |} == Yankin == Kasar Yinggarda tana kusa da Carnarvon, a tsakiyar yammacin gabar tekun Yammacin Ostiraliya, kuma ta kai cikin ƙasa zuwa kusa da Gascoyne Junction da kudu zuwa kusa da bakin Kogin Wooramel. == Farfado da harshe == An buga ƙamus na Yinggarda ta [[Peter Austin (masanin harshe)|Peter K. Austin]] a cikin shekara ta 1992. Alan Dench ne ya rubuta rubutun zane a cikin shekarar 1998, wanda ya yi aiki tare da wasu daga cikin masu magana na ƙarshe kuma ya gudanar da bincikensa galibi a cikin shekarar 1970s da 1980s. Cibiyar Harshen Yamaji, yanzu Cibiyar Harshe ta Irra Wangga, tana ci gaba da aiki a kan yaren Yinggarda tun 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irra Wangga Language Centre: Mid West languages: Yingkarta |url=http://www.bundiyarra.com.au/index.php?page=mid_west_languages#section8 |access-date=14 January 2020 |website=Bundiyarra Aboriginal Community Aboriginal Corporation }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Yinggarda na ɗaya daga cikin harsuna 20 da aka ba da fifiko a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Taimako na Harsuna na Farko na Ostiraliya kuma [[Department of Communications and the Arts|Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Fasaha]] ce ke tallafawa. Shirin yana da niyyar "bayyanawa da kuma rubuta harsunan da ke cikin haɗari - waɗancan harsunan waɗanda kaɗan ko babu takardun da suka wanzu, inda ba a taɓa yin rikodin ba, to amma inda akwai masu magana da rai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priority Languages Support Project |url=https://www.firstlanguages.org.au/projects/plsp |access-date=13 January 2020 |website=First Languages Australia |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224021102/https://firstlanguages.org.au/projects/plsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 0anptn26n7zgvswvvhbmqxuazphi08e 0 95020 840203 594362 2026-05-26T00:40:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language|name=Adnyamathanha-Kuyani|nativename={{lang|adt|yura ngarwala}}|region=[[South Australia]]|ethnicity=[[Adnyamathanha]], [[Kuyani]], [[Wailpi]]|speakers=262|date=2021 census, Adnyamathanha|ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/|title=Cultural diversity: Census|author=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=13 October 2022|date=2021}}</ref>|familycolor=Australian|fam1=[[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]|fam2=[[Thura-Yura languages|Thura-Yura]]|fam3=Yura|lc1=adt|ld1=Adnyamathanha|lc2=gvy|ld2=Guyani|aiatsis=L10|aiatsisname=Adnyamathanha|aiatsis2=L9|aiatsisname2=Kuyani|glotto=adny1235|glottoname=Adnyamathanha|glotto2=guya1249|glottoname2=Guyani|map=Aboriginal Tribes near Adelaide.png|mapcaption={{center|Traditional lands of [[Aboriginal Australian|Aboriginal peoples]] near [[Adelaide]]}}|map2=Lang Status 40-SE.svg|mapcaption2={{center|{{small|Adnyamathanha is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}|notice=IPA|states=[[Australia]]|script=[[Latin script]]}} '''Harshen Adnyamathanha''' (mai suna /ˈɑːdnjəmʌ testemunə/), wanda aka fi sani da '''Yura ngarwala''' da kuma '''Kuyani''', wanda aka fi saninsa da '''Guyani''' da sauran bambance-bambance, harsuna biyu ne na Aboriginal na Australiya. Su ne yarukan gargajiya na Adnyamathanha na mutanen Kuyani, na Flinders Ranges da yammacin Flinders bi da bi, a Kudancin ƙasar Australia. Ya zuwa Ƙididdigar ƙasar Australiya ta shekarar 2016, akwai kusan masu magana da Adnyamathanha 140, wanda ya sa ya zama harshen da ke cikin haɗari; babu masu magana da Kuyani da aka rubuta tun a shekarar 1975. An buga ƙamus na farko na harshe biyu na yaren a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2020. Sunan maƙaryaci grub ya fito ne daga Adnyamathanha . == Sunayen == Wannan harshe an san shi da sunaye da yawa da bambancin rubutun sunaye, gami da: * ''Adnyamathanha'', ''Adynyamathanha'', ''Adjnjamathanha'', ''Atynyamat̪an̪a'', ''Adnjamathanha'' da ''Adnyamathana'', ''Anyamathana'', ''Ad'n'amadana'', ''Anjimatana'', ''Anjiwatana'', ''Unyamootha'' * ''Wailpi'', ''Wailbi'', ''Waljbi'', ''Wipie'', sunan yaren * ''Archualda'' * ''Benbakanjamata'' * ''Binbarnja'' * ''Gadjnjamada'', ''Kanjimata'', ''Keydnjmarda'' * ''Jandali'' * ''Mardala'' * ''Nimalda'' * ''Nuralda'' * ''Umbertana'' * ''Yura ngarwala'' {{Lang|adt|Yura ngarwala}} is a widely used term for the Adnyamathanha language. It translates literally to 'people speak'. However, in modern times {{Lang|adt|yura}} has come to mean 'Adnyamathanha person', rather than 'person' generally, and thus the term translates to 'Adnyamathanha person speak'. Guyani kuma ana rubuta shi ''Kijani, Kuyani, Kwiani'' . == Rarraba == Yayinda [[Robert M. W. Dixon|R. M. W. Dixon]] ya rarraba Adnyamathanha da Guyani a matsayin yare ɗaya, Ethnologue, Glottolog da AIATSIS suna bi da su a matsayin harsuna daban-daban, L10: Adnyamathamha da L9: Kuyani. <ref name="l9">{{AIATSIS|L9|Kuyani}}</ref> == Masu magana == Kimanin yawan mutanen da ke magana da Adnyamathanha ya bambanta, kodayake harshe ne mai haɗari sosai. A cewar Oates (1973) akwai masu magana 30 kawai, kusan 20 a cewar Schmidt a cikin shekarar 1990, 127 a cikin Ƙididdigar ƙasar Australiya ta 1996, kuma kimanin 140 sun ƙidaya a cikin ƙidayar shekarar 2016. == Fasahar sauti == Adjnjamathanha da Guyani suna da nau'ikan sauti iri ɗaya. === Sautin sautin === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! !A gaba !Komawa |- !Babba |{{IPA|i iː}} |{{IPA|u uː}} |- !Ƙananan | colspan="2" |{{IPA|a aː}} |} === Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi === Yawancin hanci da gefen suna da allophonically prestopped. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Yankin waje ! colspan="2" |Laminal ! colspan="2" |Abinda ke da ban sha'awa ! |- !Labari !Velar !Palatal !Dental !Alveolar !Retroflex !Gishiri |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !<small>ba tare da murya ba</small> |{{IPA|p}} |{{IPA|k}} |{{IPA|c}} |{{IPA|t̪}} |{{IPA|t}} |{{IPA|ʈ}} |{{IPA|(ʔ)}} |- !<small>murya</small> | | | | | |{{IPA|(ɖ&thinsp;)}} | |- !Fricative !<small>murya</small> |{{IPA|(v)}} | | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Hanci |{{IPA|m ~ bm}} |{{IPA|ŋ}} |{{IPA|ɲ ~ ɟɲ}} |{{IPA|n̪ ~ d̪n̪}} |{{IPA|n ~ dn}} |{{IPA|ɳ ~ ɖɳ}} | |- ! colspan="2" |Hanyar gefen | | |{{IPA|ʎ ~ ɟʎ}} |{{IPA|l̪ ~ d̪l̪}} |{{IPA|l ~ dl}} |{{IPA|ɭ ~ ɖɭ}} | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | | | | |{{IPA|ɾ}} |{{IPA|ɽ}} | |- ! colspan="2" |Trill | | | | |{{IPA|r}} | | |- ! colspan="2" |Kusanci | colspan="2" |{{IPA|w}} |{{IPA|j}} | | |{{IPA|ɻ}} | |} {{IPA|[v]}} na iya zama allophone na {{IPA|/p/}}. === Tarihi === Duk da yake Guyani mai alaƙa da shi yana riƙe da tsayawar farko na kalma, Adnyamathanha ya sha wahala a cikin tsari na tsayawa a wannan matsayi. Tsohon *p ya zama [v], tsohon *t̪ kuma mai yiwuwa kuma *c sun zama /j/, kuma tsohon *k ya ɓace gaba ɗayan{{IPA|*p}} {{IPA|[v]}}{{IPA|*t̪}} {{IPA|*c}}{{IPA|/j/}} {{IPA|*k}} == Harshen harshe == Adnyamathanha yana da tsarin rikitarwa na sunayen mutum. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban 10 na cewa mu "kai da ni" (mutum na farko), dangane da dangantakar da ke tsakanin mai magana da mai karɓa. == Kalmomin farko (2020) == Masanin harshe [[Bernhard Schebeck]] ya yi tafiya zuwa yankin Nepabunna a cikin shekarar 1970s, kuma ya rubuta An Adnyamathanha-English Research Dictionary a cikin shekarar 2000, wanda shine "Don masu zaman kansu, ko na ciki, amfani kawai - ba don bugawa ba". [[Dorothy Tunbridge]], masanin harshe daga [[Kanberra|Canberra]] kuma marubucin Flinders Ranges Dreaming ya ziyarci yankin a cikin shekarun 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Austlit |date=18 February 2011 |title=Dorothy Tunbridge |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A124173 |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=AustLit |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112201249/https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A124173 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dukansu sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga ilimin harshe, amma babu wanda ya rubuta duk kalmomin da aka sani ga masu magana da yankin.<ref name="citymag">{{Cite web |last=Skujins |first=Angela |date=9 November 2020 |title=The first Adnyamathanha dictionary, 40 years in the making |url=http://citymag.indaily.com.au/culture/the-first-adnyamathanha-dictionary-40-years-in-the-making/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=CityMag}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2020 an buga [[Nahawu|ƙamus]] na farko na Adnyamathanha / Ingilishi da ƙamus, tare da fassarori daga da zuwa kowane harshe. [[Terrence Coulthard]] da matarsa Josephine ne ''Mufa'' tattara shi, littafin Adnyamathanha Culture Guide and Language Book mai shafi 400 ya haɗa da bayanin ayyukan al'adu, waƙoƙi (muda), tsarin dangin Adnyamathamha da Tarihin zamantakewa. <ref name="mltbook">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2020 |title=Adnyamathanha Dictionary Launched in Adelaide |url=https://mobilelanguageteam.com.au/adnyamathanha-dictionary-launched-in-adelaide/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Mobile Language Team}}</ref> Terrence, mai magana da Adnyamathanha, ya kasance yana tattara bayanai game da al'adu da harshe na tsawon shekaru 40, yana gina kan aikin da Schebeck da Tunbridge suka yi a baya.<ref name="citymag"/> Masana harsuna da sauransu daga Jami'ar Adelaide's Mobile Language Team sun taimaka wa ma'auratan su kammala aikin a kan littafin a cikin watanni 18 zuwa shekaru biyu kafin bugawa.<ref name="mltbook" /><ref name="citymag" /> Coulthards suna gudanar da Iga Warta, wani kamfani na yawon bude ido na al'adu, wanda ke kusa da Nepabunna a cikin Gammon Ranges, shafin yanar gizon inda Terrence ya girma.<ref name="citymag"/> Iga Warta na nufin "orange na asali", wanda masanin ilimin tsire-tsire na Ingila na ƙarni na 19 John Lindley ya kira shi ''Capparis mitchelii''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Iga Warta: The Place of the Native Orange |url=http://www.igawarta.com/documents/Iga%20Warta%20cultural%20awareness%20package%20info.pdf |access-date=12 November 2020 |publisher=Iga Warta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plants Used by the Adnjamathanha |url=http://www.australianplantssa.asn.au/pages/australian-plants/general-articles/plants-used-by-the-adnjamathanha.php |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=Australian Plants Society}}</ref> == Kalmomi == [[Fayil:Witchetty_grub.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Wasu magunguna masu sihiri.]] * "Witchetty grub": Kalmar witchetty ta fito ne daga kalmar Adynyamathanha {{Lang|adt|witjuri}}, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bock |first=David |last2=Atkins |first2=Brendan |date=11 Nov 2018 |title=Witchetty grubs |url=https://australian.museum/learn/teachers/learning/bugwise/witchetty-grubs/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=The [[Australian Museum]]}}</ref> daga {{Lang|adt|wityu}}, ma'ana 'sandan da aka ƙugiya' da {{Lang|adt|vartu}}, ma'anar 'grub'. A al'ada yana da wuya ga maza su tono musu. Witchetty grubs suna nunawa a matsayin Dreamings a cikin zane-zanen Aboriginal da yawa.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * ''Mufa'' - waƙar waƙa == Bayani == {{Reflist|30em}} == Manazarta == * {{Cite book|last3=R. M. W. Dixon}} *   == Haɗin waje == * Littattafan albarkatun Adnyamathanha An adana su , a Cibiyar Nazarin Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander ta Australiya [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ovfvshuhq78rcixozuen00jzhi98in6 0 99334 840078 635832 2026-05-25T14:19:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ginin Naldurg''' wani sansani ne na tarihi a '''Ginin Naldurg''' na Gundumar Dharashiv a jihar [[Maharashtra]] ta [[Indiya]] . <ref name="Osmanabad">{{Cite web |title=Naldurg Fort |url=https://Osmanabad.gov.in/tourist-place/naldurg-fort-naldurg/ |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=official government website of [[Osmanabad district]]}}</ref> An sanya sunan Naldurg Fort ne bayan Nalraja wanda ya gina sansanin a cikin tsarin gine-gine na zamani. Abu na musamman na sansanoni shi ne cewa yana kewaye da dutsen basalt wanda ke fitowa cikin kwarin karamin Kogin Bori da kuma doguwar bango mai garu tare da bastions da yawa.<ref name="IndTr">{{Cite web |title=Naldurg Fort |url=http://www.indiatourmate.com/dharashiv-tourist-places/item/1167-naldurg-fort-dharashiv.html |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=IndiaTour }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="OsOn">{{Cite web |title=Naldurg Fort |url=http://www.dharashivline.in/city-guide/naldurg-fort |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=Dharashiv Online }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=TOI>{{cite news|title=Govt to launch new scheme to promote tourism in every district|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Govt-to-launch-new-scheme-to-promote-tourism-in-every-district/articleshow/17577885.cms|access-date=19 July 2015|newspaper=The Times of India|date=12 December 2012}}</ref> Ginin Naldurg yana daya daga cikin muhimman sansanoni a Yankin Marathwada . == Zane da gine-gine == Yana nuna salon gine-gine na zamani, wanda ke kewaye da dutsen basalt wanda ke fitowa cikin kwarin kogin Bori. An gina sansanoni a bangarori uku tare da bastions da aka gina daga basalt mai ƙarfi, wanda zai iya tallafawa manyan bindigogi. Yankin ya kai kimanin mil da rabi, tare da ganuwar da aka rushe da kuma hanya mai faɗi da ke kaiwa tsakiya. Shahararrun sansanoni a ciki sun hada da Upli Buruj, Paranda Buruj, Nagar Buruj, Sangram Buruj, Bands Buruj, da Poone Buruj . Duk da rushewar, ragowar kamar Barood Kotha, Baradari, Ambarkhana, Rangaan Mahal, da Jali suna nuna girman da ya gabata. Ginin yana da tankuna biyu, tare da sanannun bindigogi ciki har da "Hathi Toph" da "Magar Toph". Wani sanannen tsari da ke haɗa sansanin da Ranmandala shine madatsar ruwa a fadin kogin Bori, tare da "Pani Mahal" da aka gina a ciki. An gina wannan a lokacin mulkin Ibrahim Adil Shah II a cikin 1613. == Tarihi == An yi imanin cewa Nalaraja (Sarkin Nala) ne ya gina sansanin kuma daga baya ya sanya masa suna, tare da birnin. An gina shi a lokacin mulkin Yammacin Chalukya, daga baya ya ga sauye-sauyen iko a ƙarƙashin sarakuna daban-daban. Daga 1351 zuwa 1480, ya fada ƙarƙashin Bahmani Sultanate, kuma a cikin 1558, ya zo ƙarƙashin Daular Adil Shahi. Bayan faduwar Adil Shahi Kingdom a 1686 AD, Naldurg ya shiga hannun Mughal Empire. Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I, an nada shi a matsayin Gwamna na Dukan yankin Deccan, gami da Tsakiyar Indiya da Gujarat har zuwa Kanyakumari. Bayan mutuwar Aurangzeb, Nawab Nizam ul Mulk Asif Jah Bahadur ya kafa Nizam Dominion . A lokacinsa, tawaye ya haifar da nadin Nawab Mohammed Dulah Khan Bahadur a matsayin Gwamna. Daga baya, ɗansa, Nawab Amir Nawazul Mulk Bahadur, ya yi mulki cikin nasara, yana nuna karimci ta hanyar ba da zinariya don rama sata daga Haikali na Tulja Bhawani. Abubuwan tarihi masu ban sha'awa sun haɗa da auren Chand Bibi Sultana a Naldurg Fort da wuraren binne Nawab Amir Nawazul Mulk Bahadur da Princess Fakharunnisa Begam, 'yar Nizam ul Mulk II. Bayan mutuwar Nawab, magajinsa sun yi mulki har zuwa 1948, tare da magada na yanzu da ke zaune a [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, suna nuna alaƙa da Naldurg da mutanenta. Da yake a kan hanyar daga Solapur zuwa Bijapur-Bidar, sansanin yana alfahari da gine-gine na zamani da fasahar injiniya, yana nuna salon sa hannu na zamanin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ImageWrighter |date=2020-06-13 |title=Naldurg Fort, Maharashtra, India |url=https://imagewrighter.com/naldurg-fort-maharashtra-india/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=ImageWrighter |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naldurg Fort – Naldurg {{!}} Dharashiv District {{!}} India |url=https://dharashiv.gov.in/tourist-place/naldurg-fort-naldurg/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Naldurg wanda a baya hedikwatar gundumar yana da nisan kilomita 50 kudu maso gabashin Dharashiv. Ana iya isa ta hanyar babbar hanyar Pune-Hyderabad (Hanyar Kasa ta 65 (India) ).<ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=25 December 2016|title=The impregnable Naldurg Fort in Maharashtra|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/the-impregnable-naldurg-fort-in-maharashtra-566267.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} m4ji7713rnfm1ekj4quaqo6et547z7u 0 107554 840120 671508 2026-05-25T19:26:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Gypsy International Recognition and Compensation Action kungiya ce ta kare hakkin dan adam da ke neman adalci a madadin [[Mutanen Romani]] (Gypsies) don laifukan Porajmos . <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, ta shigar da kara a kan [[IBM]] saboda shigar IBM cikin [[Laifin Yaƙi|Laifukan yaki]] na [[Nazism|Nazi]]. <ref>{{cite news |date=August 19, 2006 |title=Swiss high court rejects Gypsy Holocaust suit versus IBM, cites time limit |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/Technology/Swiss-high-court-rejects-Gypsy-Holocaust-suit-versus-IBM-cites-time-limit/2006/08/19/1155408031630.html |accessdate=April 13, 2010 |publisher=The [[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> An shigar da karar ne bayan marubucin [[Edwin Black]] ya ba da takardu a cikin littafinsa ''[[IBM and the Holocaust|IBM da Holocaust]]'' cewa an tsara injunan IBM don Nazis su bi diddigin wadanda abin ya shafa, gami da [[Mutanen Romani|Gypsies]]. A shekara ta 2006, alƙalai na Kotun Koli na Switzerland sun yi watsi da karar saboda lokaci mai yawa ya wuce.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gypsy International Recognition and Compensation Action (GIRCA) v. International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) |url=http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/1022/GIRCA-v-IBM/ |access-date=28 December 2014 |publisher=International Crimes Database |archive-date=29 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229040138/http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/1022/GIRCA-v-IBM/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wata kotun Switzerland da ta gabata ta ce ana iya ci gaba da tuhumar da aka yi wa IBM. == Dubi kuma == [[Environmental racism in Europe|Nuna wariyar launin fata a Turai]] jxcl9dpcqfysc1cs8sruwohk7aio7dq 0 110189 840248 722637 2026-05-26T08:29:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam''' ( Māori ) ita ce cibiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa (NHRI) don New Zealand, tana aiki ba tare da izini daga majalisar ministocin ba. An kafa shi a cikin 1977, hukumar ta magance batutuwan wariya, daidaito, da haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar ilimi, shawarwari, da warware korafe-korafe. Yana ba da jagora kan dokar hana wariya . == Dokoki da ayyuka == Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ƙungiya ce ta Crown. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1977, kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a karkashin Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1993. Ofishin Mai sulhu na dangantakar kabilanci ya karfafa tare da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta hanyar gyare-gyare ga [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|Dokar Kare Hakkin dan Adam]] a shekara ta 2001. Ayyukan farko na hukumar shine "tabbatarwa da inganta girmamawa, da fahimta da godiya ga, haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin al'ummar New Zealand, da kuma ƙarfafa kiyayewa da ci gaban dangantaka mai jituwa tsakanin mutane da tsakanin kungiyoyi daban-daban a cikin al-ummar New Zealand". == Kwamishinoni == '''Babban Kwamishinan''' - Dokta Stephen Rainbow Kwamishinan Dangantaka na Tsaro - Dokta [[Melissa Derby]] EEO (Hanyar Daidaitawa) Kwamishinan: Dokta Gail Pacheco <ref> name="2024apt">{{Cite web |last=Goldsmith |first=Paul |date=16 August 2024 |title=New Chief Human Rights Commissioner appointed |url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/new-chief-human-rights-commissioner-appointed |publisher=New Zealand Government}}</ref> Kwamishinan Hakkin nakasassu - Prudence Walker Jeremy Pope ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishina har zuwa mutuwarsa a watan Agusta 2012. === Jerin manyan Kwamishinoni === * Pat Downey (1977-1983) * John Wallace (1983-1989) * Margaret Mulgan (1989-1994) * Pamela Jefferies (1994-2001) * Ros Noonan (2001-2011) * David Rutherford (2011-2018) * Paula Tesoriero (aikin 2018-2019) * Paul Hunt (2019-2024) * Karanina Sumeo (yana aiki a 2024) * Stephen Rainbow (2024-yanzu) == Dangantakar launin fata == Dokar 1993 ta canza mai sulhu na dangantakar kabilanci na baya zuwa Kwamishinan dangantakar kabalanci. Wadanda ke riƙe da matsayin sun kasance: <ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Race Relations Conciliators Interviewed |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0410/S00250.htm |access-date=12 October 2011 |website=scoop.co.nz |quote=The first Conciliator, Sir Guy Powles, was appointed in December 1971 and held the post for 18 months. He was succeeded by Harry Dansey. Subsequent Conciliators have been Hiwi Tauroa, Walter Hirsh, Chris Laidlaw, John Clarke, Rajen Prasad, Gregory Fortuin and Joris de Bres. The current Race Relations Commissioner is Susan Devoy.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Race Relations Commissioners and Conciliators mark significant anniversary |url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/news/race-relations-commissioners-and-conciliators-mark-significant-anniversary |access-date=25 March 2015 |publisher=Human Rights Commission}}</ref> * Sir Guy Powles (1972-1973) <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Powles, Guy Richardson – Biography – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5p37/1 |access-date=12 October 2011 |website=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |quote=Government confidence in the office became such that the ombudsman's responsibilities were extended to cover hospital boards and education authorities (1968) and territorial and other local government authorities (1975). From 1971 to 1973 Powles was also race relations conciliator. He undertook special inquiries into the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service (SIS) and the Auckland maximum security prison at Paremoremo. Designated chief ombudsman in 1975, he retired on 5 April 1977. In September 1976 the International Ombudsman Conference, meeting at Edmonton, Canada, carried a unanimous vote of appreciation and respect for Sir Guy Powles. From May to October 1978 he was resident consultant at the International Ombudsman Institute in Edmonton. |archive-date=7 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807204758/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5p37/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Harry Dansey]] (1975-1979) * Hiwi Tauroa (1980-1986) <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Massey News &#124; Honouring Hiwi Tauroa |url=http://www.massey.ac.nz/~wwpubafs/_2001/publications_2001/Massey_News/March/mar_12/stories/hiwi.html |access-date=12 October 2011 |website=massey.ac.nz |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119225219/http://www.massey.ac.nz/~wwpubafs/_2001/publications_2001/Massey_News/March/mar_12/stories/hiwi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Index Card: First Maori Principal of a Secondary School |url=https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/indexcards/id/206386 |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=Kura Heritage Collections Online (Auckland Council Libraries) |quote=Thought to be Mr Edward Te Rangihiwinui Tauroa of Wesley College, Paerata.}}</ref> * Wally Hirsh (1986-1989) * Chris Laidlaw (1989-1992) * John Clarke (1992-1995) * Dokta Rajen Prasad (1995-2000) <ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=G21 ASIA – 'Fortuin's Challenge' |url=http://www.generator21.net/g21archive/asia31.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213040056/http://www.generator21.net/g21archive/asia31.htm |archive-date=13 February 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |website=generator21.net |quote=he took up the post as New Zealand Race Relations Conciliator, in succession to Rajen Prasad , on May 1st,}}</ref> * Gregory Fortuin (2001-2002) <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=RELATIONS CONCILIATOR OF NEW ZEALAND |url=https://www.un.org/WCAR/statements/newzeal_rrE.htm |access-date=12 October 2011 |website=un.org |quote=Statement by Gregory Fortuin, Race Relations Conciliator}}</ref> * [[Joris de Bres|Joris na Bres]] (2002-2013) <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Joris de Bres |url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/human-rights-environment/about-the-human-rights-commission/commissioners/joris-de-bres/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017094946/http://www.hrc.co.nz/human-rights-environment/about-the-human-rights-commission/commissioners/joris-de-bres/ |archive-date=17 October 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Commission |quote=Joris de Bres has been New Zealand's Race Relations Commissioner since 2002. He was previously General Manager, External Relations in the Department of Conservation and head of industrial relations for the New Zealand Public Service Association.}}</ref> * Dame Susan Devoy (2013-2018) <ref>{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Race Relations Commissioner Dame Susan Devoy |url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/about/commissioners-and-senior-leadership/dame-susan-devoy |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151650/http://www.hrc.co.nz/about/commissioners-and-senior-leadership/dame-susan-devoy |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Meng Foon (2019-2023) <ref> name="beehive.govt.nz">{{Citeā web |last=Little |first=Andrew |date=11 July 2019 |title=Race Relations Commissioner appointed |url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/race-relations-commissioner-appointed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111221757/https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/race-relations-commissioner-appointed |archive-date=11 November 2020 |website=Beehive.govt.nz |publisher=[[New Zealand Government]]}}</ref> * [[Melissa Derby]] (2024-yanzu) <ref> name="2024apt">{{Cite web |last=Goldsmith |first=Paul |date=16 August 2024 |title=New Chief Human Rights Commissioner appointed |url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/new-chief-human-rights-commissioner-appointed |publisher=New Zealand Government}}</ref> == Matsayi na kasa da kasa == Hukumar tana ɗaya daga cikin NHRIs 70 da Kwamitin Gudanar da NHRIs na Duniya (ICC) ya amince da su, ƙungiyar da [[Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ƴancin Dan Adam|Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na 'Yancin Dan Adam (OHCHR) ke tallafawa. Takardar shaidar "A matsayi" ta hukumar ta ba ta damar samun dama ta musamman ga tsarin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, gami da haƙƙin magana a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da sauran kwamitocin. Hukumar ta gabatar da rahotanni masu kama da juna ("ra'ayoyin inuwa") ga kwamitocin yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da yawa da ke nazarin bin New Zealand da kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya. Daga 2010 zuwa 2012 Hukumar ta jagoranci ICC, da kuma Asia Pacific Forum of NHRIs, daya daga cikin kananan kungiyoyi hudu na NHRIs. == Tarihi == === Binciken haƙƙin ɗan adam === A cikin 2010 Hukumar ta gudanar da bita na jama'a game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a New Zealand don gano yankunan da New Zealand ke yin kyau, da kuma inda zai iya yin kyau don magance matsalolin zamantakewa. 'Katarin rahoto' sabuntawa ce ta rahoton farko na Hukumar a shekara ta 2004, kuma ta jagoranci aikinta na shekaru biyar masu zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights in New Zealand 2010 |url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/human-rights/our-work/human-rights-new-zealand-2010/ |access-date=25 March 2015 |publisher=Human Rights Commission |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151645/http://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/human-rights/our-work/human-rights-new-zealand-2010/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rahoton ya lura da ci gaba mai ɗorewa a cikin rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na New Zealand tun daga shekara ta 2004, amma kuma "rashin ƙarfi na wasu nasarorin da wuraren da aka samu lalacewa. " A cikin rahoton, Hukumar ta gano wurare talatin na fifiko don aiki kan haƙƙin ɗanɗano a New Zealand a ƙarƙashin sassa da yawa: gaba ɗaya; haƙƙin farar hula da siyasa; haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu; da haƙƙin takamaiman ƙungiyoyi. <ref> name="Human Rights Review 2010" </ref> === Bincike game da al'adu da matakai === A watan Fabrairun 2018, Ministan Shari'a Andrew Little ya ba da umarnin binciken ministoci game da hukumar da alƙali mai ritaya Coral Shaw ya yi, biyo bayan rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai game da cin zarafin jima'i a can.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government orders review of culture at HRC after sexual harassment scandal |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/101654019/government-orders-review-of-culture-at-hrc-after-sexual-harassment-scandal |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]}}</ref> Jaridar Sunday Star-Times Harrison Christian a baya ta ba da rahoton cewa wata matashiya ta Amurka ta yanke aikinta a hukumar bayan babban jami'in kudi na kungiyar ya buge ta a wani biki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Commission finance boss sexually harasses young intern, keeps job |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/101252766/human-rights-commission-finance-boss-sexually-harasses-young-intern-keeps-job |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]}}</ref> Binciken Shaw ya gano cewa hukumar ta gaza wajen kula da ikirarin cin zarafin jima'i.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Commission failed following sexual harassment claims – review |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/103914282/human-rights-commission-failed-following-sexual-harassment-claims--review |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]}}</ref> === Binciken Gidaje === A watan Agustan 2021, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta kaddamar da bincike game da rikicin gidaje, inda ta bayyana cewa gwamnatoci masu zuwa sun kasa cika wajibai bisa ga dokar kasa da kasa, musamman ga haƙƙin gida mai kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-02 |title=Human Rights Commission launches national inquiry into housing crisis |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/448245/human-rights-commission-launches-national-inquiry-into-housing-crisis |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}</ref> Mataki na farko na binciken ya haifar da sakin wani rahoto da aka mayar da hankali kan karfafa lissafi da shiga cikin tsarin gidaje, tare da ci gaba da aiki da aka yi don haɓaka kayan aiki da ake kira "Matsayin Ci gaba", wanda aka tsara don kimanta yanayin gidaje game da mahimman alamomi da wajibai na haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Inquiry into the Right to a Decent Home |url=https://tikatangata.org.nz/our-work/inquiry-into-the-right-to-a-decent-home |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=tikatangata.org.nz |language=en}}</ref> Mataki na biyu na binciken ya kasance kan gidaje na gaggawa da yanayin da kariya ga masu haya a matsayin mahimman batutuwa.<ref name=":0" /> Ana sa ran binciken zai kammala a tsakiyar 2023.<ref name=":0" /> === 2023 murabus na kwamishinan dangantakar launin fata === A ranar 16 ga Yuni 2023, Meng Foon ya yi murabus daga matsayinsa na Kwamishinan Dangantaka na Tsaro bayan ya kasa bayyana rikice-rikicen sha'awa da yawa kamar yadda ake buƙata a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ƙungiyoyin Crown. Foon ya yi Aiki a matsayin darektan kamfanin gidaje na gaggawa wanda ya sami kudaden shiga daga biyan kuɗi na gwamnati ciki har da sama da dala miliyan 2 a cikin kudaden shiga na gaggawa. Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta gudanar da bincike na ciki game da bukatun Foon ciki har da kudade na gaggawa. Foon ya yi jayayya cewa ya kasa bayyana rikice-rikicen sha'awarsa game da kudaden shiga na gaggawa kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ayyana waɗannan sha'awa kafin ya ɗauki matsayinsa na Kwamishinan Dangantaka. Tun da farko a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, Foon ya jawo hankalin gardama don bayar da gudummawa ga mambobin jam'iyyar Labour da National. A cikin 2023, Claire Charters ta shiga Hukumar; matsayinta ya kasance a yankin 'yan asalin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Law professor Claire Charters joins Human Rights Commission |url=https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/news/2023/03/08/law-professor-joins-human-rights-commission.html |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=University of Auckland |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> === Canjin shugabanci na 2024 === A ranar 16 ga watan Agustan 2024, Ministan Shari'a Paul Goldsmith ya nada sabbin shugabannin da dama ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ciki har da tsohon wakilin Birnin Wellington da kuma kwararren gudanarwa Stephen Rainbow a matsayin babban kwamishinan kare hakkin dan adam, Farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki na Jami'ar [[Auckland]] Gail Pacheco a matsayin kwamishinan samun damar aiki daidai, da Jami'ar Waikato ilimi kuma memba na New Zealand Free Speech Union [[Melissa Derby]] a matsayin kwamishinonin dangantakar launin fata. Mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo na hagu Martyn "Bomber" Bradbury da Editan ''Spinoff'' Madeleine Chapman sun soki nadin Rainbow da Derby saboda ra'ayoyinsu na transphobic da ra'ayoyin Rainbow na Isra'ila.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bradbury |first=Martyn |date=19 August 2024 |title=Installing Israeli Apologist and Free Speech Stormtrooper onto Human Rights Commission undermines our collective human rights mana |url=https://thedailyblog.co.nz/2024/08/19/installing-israeli-apologist-and-free-speech-stormtrooper-onto-human-rights-commission-undermines-our-collective-human-rights-mana/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819020659/https://thedailyblog.co.nz/2024/08/19/installing-israeli-apologist-and-free-speech-stormtrooper-onto-human-rights-commission-undermines-our-collective-human-rights-mana/ |archive-date=19 August 2024 |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=The Daily Blog}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * 'Yancin Dan Adam a New Zealand * [[Hukumar kare hakkin ɗan Adam|Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam]] * Sanarwar Kasa game da Bambancin Addini == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jbutkebsg7mkihe64amqjhvza4rmr5y 0 110329 840094 688711 2026-05-25T17:37:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Guguwar Tropical mai tsanani Jokwe''' ita ce guguwa ta farko da ta sauka a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] tun lokacin da [[Guguwar Favio]] ta buge a shekarar da ta gabata, kuma ita ce gwagwarmayar da ta sauko a Mozambique har zuwa Guguwar Dineo a cikin 2017. Guguwa ta goma mai suna na 2007-08 Kudu maso Yammacin [[Tekun Indiya]], an fara rarraba Jokwe a matsayin mummunan yanayi a ranar 2 ga Maris a kan bude Kudu maso Yankin Indiya. Ya bi diddigin yamma zuwa kudu maso yamma, ya haye arewacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] a matsayin guguwa mai zafi a ranar 5 ga Maris kafin ya kara karfi a cikin Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi a ranar 6 ga Maris. Jokwe da sauri ya kara karfi don isa saman iskõki na {{Convert|195|km/h|mph}} km / h (121 , kafin ya raunana dan kadan kuma ya buge Lardin Nampula a arewa maso gabashin Mozambique. Ya raunana da sauri yayin da yake daidaitawa da bakin teku, kodayake guguwar ta sake karfafawa yayin da ta juya kudu a cikin Mozambique Channel. A ƙarshen lokacinsa, ya kasance kusan tsaye na kwanaki da yawa, kuma ya raunana saboda iska kafin ya ɓace a ranar 16 ga Maris. Guguwar ta haifar da ƙananan lalacewa a arewacin Madagascar. A Mozambique, guguwar ta shafi mutane 200,000, kuma ta bar akalla mutane goma sha shida da suka mutu. Guguwar ''Jokwe'' ta lalata gidaje sama da 9,000 kuma ta lalata fiye da 3,000, tare da mummunar lalacewa a [[Angoche]] da [[Tsibirin Mozambique]] a Lardin Nampula. Har ila yau, guguwar ta haifar da katsewar wutar lantarki da lalacewar amfanin gona. An gabatar da sunan Jokwe ga Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta [[Botswana]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Meteorological Organization |year=2005 |title=Seventeenth Session of the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean |url=http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/RAITCC-17En.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021}}</ref> == Tarihin yanayi == A farkon watan, wani yanki na convection ya ci gaba da haɗuwa da yaduwar ƙasa mai zurfi game da kilomita {{Convert|565|km|mi}} (351 yammacin kudu maso yammacin [[Diego Garcia]]. Rikicin ya bi yamma- kudu maso yamma, kuma a ranar 2 ga Maris Météo-France (MFR) ya bayyana shi a matsayin rauni mai rauni.<ref name="mf2">{{Cite web |last=Météo-France |year=2008 |title=Cyclone Tropical Intense: Jokwe (Période du 02/03/2008 au 16/03/2008) |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/TGPR/saison/12.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330082221/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/TGPR/saison/12.html |archive-date=2008-03-30 |access-date=2008-04-01}}</ref> Da farko a cikin wani yanki na matsakaiciyar iska shear, tsarin da farko ya kasa kula da zurfin convection. Da farko a ranar 4 ga watan Maris, convection ya karu kuma ya shirya a kusa da cibiyar zagayawa, kuma MFR ta rarraba shi a matsayin Tropical Depression Twelve, kimanin kilomita {{Convert|270|km|mi}} (170 kudu maso yammacin [[Agaléga Islands|Tsibirin Agaléga]]. Da farko MFR ta yi hasashen cewa bakin ciki zai kara tsanantawa kafin ya buge [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]. Guguwar ta bi gabaɗaya zuwa yamma tare da iyakar arewacin tudun. Yaduwar ta zama mafi kyau, kodayake an tura convection zuwa yammacin tsakiya saboda ci gaba da iska. An fi son karfafawa, duk da haka, saboda yanayin zafi na ruwa da kuma fitarwa mai kyau. Da farko a ranar 5 ga watan Maris, Cibiyar Gargadi ta Hadari (JTWC) ta rarraba tsarin a matsayin Tropical Cyclone 22S.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |year=2008 |title=Tropical Cyclone 22S Warning NR 001 |url=http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/warnings/sh2208web.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522024623/https://www.webcitation.org/5W55cS0vU?url=http://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/warnings/sh2208web.txt |archive-date=May 22, 2024 |access-date=2008-04-03}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, MFR ta inganta bakin ciki zuwa Moderate Tropical Storm Jokwe game da {{Convert|675|km|mi}} (419 kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Agalega, ko kusan kilomita {{Convert|230|km|mi}} (140 arewa maso gabashin arewacin Madagascar. Da farko, guguwar ta fi karami fiye da yadda aka saba, tare da iskar guguwa mai karfi da ke kaiwa kilomita {{Convert|37|km|mi}} (23 mi) daga tsakiya. Jokwe ya juya zuwa yamma- kudu maso yamma don mayar da martani ga ci gaban matsin lamba a cikin Mozambique Channel, kuma marigayi a ranar 5 ga Maris guguwar ta haye arewacin Madagascar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |year=2008 |title=Tropical Storm Jokwe (22S) Warning NR 003 |url=http://205.85.40.22/jtwc/warnings/sh2208web.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307091323/http://205.85.40.22/jtwc/warnings/sh2208web.txt |archive-date=March 7, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-04}}</ref> Yankin da ke ƙasa ya zama mara tsari saboda hulɗar ƙasa, kodayake yaduwar tsakiya da na sama sun kasance an tsara su sosai. Daga baya, guguwar ta gamu da yanayi mafi kyau, kuma ido ya ci gaba; Jokwe ya sami zurfi da sauri kuma ya kara karfi zuwa matsayin Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi, ko kuma daidaito na guguwa mafi ƙanƙanta, tsakar rana a ranar 6 ga Maris daga arewa maso yammacin Madagascar. == Tasirin == [[Fayil:Jokwe_rainfall.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Kimanin ruwan sama da aka samo daga tauraron dan adam don Cyclone Jokwe]] Crossing northern [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] as a tropical storm, Jokwe damaged or destroyed 44&nbsp;buildings in Nosy Be, leaving 400&nbsp;homeless. Satellite-based rainfall estimates reached over {{Convert|200|mm|in}} in northwestern Madagascar.<ref name="trmm">{{Cite web |last=Steve Lang |year=2008 |title=Cyclone Jokwe Lashes Mozambique |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_jokwe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915153455/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2008/h2008_jokwe.html |archive-date=15 September 2008 |access-date=2008-04-05 |publisher=NASA}}</ref> === Mozambique === A ranar 7 ga watan Maris, Cibiyar Gudanar da Gaggawa ta [[Tsibirin Mozambique|Mozambique]] ta yi gargadi ga mazaunan bakin teku a lardunan Nampula da Zambezia su kasance a faɗake. Kwana daya bayan haka, hukumar ta ba da Red Alert ga lardin Nampula na arewa, yana ba da shawara ga mazauna da za su iya samun mafaka. Daga baya, an tsawaita faɗakarwa zuwa kudu maso yamma tare da bakin teku.<ref name="an310b" /> Iska mai ƙarfi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi daga guguwar sun bar tsibirin Mozambique ba tare da wutar lantarki ba, da ruwa. <ref name="an38" /> A can iskõki sun rushe gidaje da yawa da ba a gina su ba, kuma sun lalata rufin makarantu biyu. Kimanin ruwan sama na tauraron dan adam ya kai sama da {{Convert|300|mm|in}} in) a arewa maso yammacin Madagascar.<ref name="trmm"/> A duk fadin lardin Nampula, an bayar da rahoton mummunar lalacewar noma; an kashe dabbobi 508 a gonaki, kuma an lalata itatuwan cashew miliyan 2. An bayar da rahoton katsewar wutar lantarki, tare da kashi 75% na layin watsa wutar lantarki da suka lalace ko suka lalace.<ref name="an310c" /> Guguwar ta lalata akalla jiragen ruwa 200 da rufin akalla makarantu 80. Guguwar ta lalata gada a fadin Kogin Mogincual, wanda ya bar garin Namige a ware.<ref name="an310b" /> A duk fadin lardin Nampula, Jokwe ya lalata gidaje 9,316 kuma ya lalata wasu 3,220, mafi yawansu a Angoche.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Satellite Imagery For All |year=2008 |title=Reported Building Damages in the Cyclone Affected Districts of Nampula Province, Mozambique |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/CMAS-7CQK2X?OpenDocument&rc=1&emid=TC-2008-000033-MOZ |access-date=2008-04-05 |publisher=ReliefWeb }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gundumar Pebane a cikin Lardin Zambezia makwabta, guguwar ta lalata gidaje tara. An bayar da rahoton ruwan sama a ko'ina cikin lardin, kodayake lalacewar ba ta da nauyi saboda rashin iskõki masu ƙarfi. A duk faɗin Mozambique, guguwar ta shafi mutane 200,000, tare da jimlar mutane 55,000 da suka rasa gida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET) |year=2008 |title=FEWS Mozambique Food Security Update Mar 2008 - Food security improving despite hazards |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/MUMA-7DE92V?OpenDocument&query=Cyclone%20Jokwe |access-date=2008-04-29 |publisher=ReliefWeb }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An kashe mutane goma a lardin Nampula, kuma an kashe wasu shida a gundumomin bakin teku na lardin Zambezia. == Manazarta == rn46hfim674wkcx9eiur29jz47p8n0n 0 110464 840153 751040 2026-05-25T21:06:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Maɗigo|Lesbian]], gay, bisexual, da transgender (LGBTQ) mutane a [[Iran]] suna fuskantar kalubale masu tsanani waɗanda ba mazaunan LGBTQ ba suka fuskanta. Ayyukan jima'i tsakanin 'yan jinsi ɗaya ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma Ana iya hukunta shi da mutuwa, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=El-Bernoussi |first=Zaynab |last2=Dupret |first2=Baudouin |date=2017 |title=Sex Reassignment |url=https://hal.science/hal-02624696/document |journal=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |pages=2, 3 |via=[[HAL Open Science]]}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Iran: Islamic Penal Code |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/518a19404.html |access-date=7 January 2021 |quote=Article 234: 'The hadd punishment for the receptive/passive party, in any case (whether or not he meets the conditions for ihsan) shall be the death penalty.' Article 236: 'If the active party is a non-Muslim and the passive party is a Muslim, the hadd punishment for the active party shall be the death penalty'}}</ref> kuma mutane na iya canza jima'i a lokacin haihuwa ne kawai ta hanyar tiyata ta sake fasalin jima'i. [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|Hakkin LGBT]] a Iran sun shiga rikici da dokar azabtarwa tun daga shekarun 1930. A cikin [[Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci|Iran bayan juyin juya hali]], an haramta kowane irin jima'i a waje da auren jima'i. Ayyukan jima'i na jinsi guda ana hukunta su ta hanyar ɗaurin kurkuku, azabtar da jiki, tarar, ko kisa. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/> Maza masu luwadi sun fuskanci matakai masu tsauri a karkashin doka fiye da 'yan mata. Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran an dauke ta daya daga cikin mafi nuna bambanci ga masu luwadi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2010 |title='We Are a Buried Generation' Discrimination and Violence against Sexual Minorities in Iran |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/12/15/we-are-buried-generation/discrimination-and-violence-against-sexual-minorities |access-date=7 January 2021 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> An kiyasta cewa an kashe daruruwan ko dubban mutane nan da nan bayan juyin juya halin wadanda wasu 20 ne masu luwadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Denied Identity: Human Rights Abuses Against Iran's LGBT Community |url=https://outrightinternational.org/sites/default/files/Denied-Identity.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113210906/https://outrightinternational.org/sites/default/files/Denied-Identity.pdf |archive-date=November 13, 2020 |access-date=7 January 2021 |publisher=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center}}</ref> [[Khomeini|Ruhollah Khomeini]] ya yi kira da a hallaka su a shekara ta 1979.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parsi |first=Arsham |date=2014 |title=Iranian Queers and Laws: Fighting for Freedom of Expression |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43649271 |journal=Harvard International Review |volume=36 |issue=2 |page=53 |jstor=43649271 |access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref> Ana gane asalin jinsi ta hanyar tiyata ta sake fasalin jima'i. Ayyukan gyaran jima'i suna samun tallafin kuɗi daga jihar. Wasu 'yan luwadi a Iran an matsa musu su yi musu tiyata don sake fasalin jima'i don kauce wa tsanantawa ta shari'a da zamantakewa saboda kasancewa [[Jima'in jinsi|ɗan luwaɗi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Saeidzadeh |first=Zara |date=2014 |title=The legality of sex change surgery and construction of transsexual identity in contemporary Iran |url=https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=5045547&fileOId=8895301 |website=[[Lund University]] |pages=12, 13, 7, 18, 48, 49 |language=en |type=Sociology of Law, Master's thesis on Social Studies of Gender}}</ref> A cikin aikin sake fasalin jima'i da aka gudanar, Iran ta kasance ta biyu a duniya bayan Thailand. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2" /> == Tarihin LGBT a Iran == Kusan 250 KZ, a lokacin Daular Parthian, an rubuta rubutun [[Zoroastra|Zoroastrian]] Vendidad . Ya ƙunshi tanadi waɗanda suke wani ɓangare na ka'idar jima'i da ke inganta jima'i na haihuwa wanda aka fassara don hana jima'i iri ɗaya a matsayin zunubi. Tsohon sharhin kan wannan nassi ya nuna cewa ana iya kashe wadanda ke yin sodomy ba tare da izini daga babban firist ba. Koyaya, masana tarihi na Girka sun tabbatar da al'adar luwadi mai ƙarfi a Iran daga ƙarni na 5 zuwa gaba, don haka haramcin a bayyane ba shi da tasiri sosai ga halayen Iran ko halayyar jima'i a waje da matsayi na masu ibada na Zoroastrians a yankunan karkara na gabashin Iran. <ref name="ZoroTenents">{{Cite web |last=Ervad Behramshah Hormusji Bharda |date=1990 |title=The Importance of Vendidad in the Zarathushti Religion |url=http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/vndimp33.html |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=tenets.zoroastrianism.com}}</ref> <ref name="Frashogard">{{Cite web |last=Ervad Marzban Hathiram |title=Significance and Philosophy of the Vendidad |url=http://www.frashogard.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/the-vendidad-part-3.pdf |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=frashogard.com}}</ref> <ref name="HI">{{Cite web |title=Ranghaya, Sixteenth Vendidad Nation & Western Aryan Lands |url=http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/ranghaya/index.htm |access-date=January 3, 2015 |website=heritageinstitute.com |publisher=Heritage Institute}}</ref> Akwai adadi mai yawa na wallafe-wallafen a [[Farisawa|Farisa]] wanda ya ƙunshi bayyane kwatancin jima'i.<ref>{{Cite web |title=>> literature >> Middle Eastern Literature: Persian |url=http://www.glbtq.com/literature/mid_e_lit_persian.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091004071033/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/mid_e_lit_persian.html |archive-date=October 4, 2009 |access-date=October 22, 2010 |publisher=glbtq}}</ref> Wasu Waƙoƙin soyayya na Farisa da matani daga shahararren mawaki na Farisa na zamani Saadi Shirazi's ''Bustan'' da ''Gulistan'' an kuma fassara su a matsayin waƙoƙi na homoerotic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Sa'di |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/sadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530014707/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/sadi.htm |archive-date=May 30, 2012 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}</ref> A karkashin mulkin [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah]], sarki na karshe na Daular Pahlavi, an haramta luwadi, kodayake galibi an yarda da shi har ma da ba da izinin ɗaukar labarai game da bikin auren jinsi ɗaya. Janet Afary ta yi jayayya cewa [[Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci|Juyin juya halin 1979]] ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda rashin mutunci na ɗabi'a ga gwamnatin Shah, kuma musamman game da bikin auren jinsi guda tsakanin samari biyu da ke da alaƙa da kotu. Ta ce wannan ya bayyana mummunan zalunci na cin zarafin ɗan luwaɗi a Iran.<ref name="gaycitynews.com">{{Cite web |title=Iranian Sources Question Rape Charges in Teen Executions |url=http://www.gaycitynews.com/gcn_432/iraniansourcesquestion.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723203632/http://gaycitynews.com/gcn_432/iraniansourcesquestion.html |archive-date=July 23, 2013 |access-date=May 19, 2012}}</ref> Reza Pahlavi, Yarima mai daraja kuma ɗan [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah Mohammed Reza]], ya yi jayayya cewa mutanen LGBT suna da 'yanci kafin "Mullah Regime" (juyin juya halin 1979). <ref>{{Cite web |title=شاهزاده رضا پهلوی: اقلیت‌های جنسی و جنسیتی در ایران پیش از «رژیم ملاها» آزادی داشتند |trans-title=Prince Reza Pahlavi: Sexual and gender minorities in Iran had freedom before the "Mullah regime." |url=https://ir.voanews.com/a/prince-reza-pahlavi-lgbt-iran/7352697.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004014837/https://ir.voanews.com/amp/prince-reza-pahlavi-lgbt-iran/7352697.html |archive-date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Voice of America |language=fa}}</ref> Bayan juyin juya halin 1979, an kashe dubban mutane a fili, gami da wasu masu luwadi.<gallery widths="190"> Fayil:Portrait de Shah Abbas Ier et son page - MAO 494 - v5.jpg|A Safavid Persian miniature from 1627, depicting [[Abbas Mai Girma|Abbas I of Iran]] with a page. Louvre, Paris. Fayil:Men_engaging_in_anal_sex,_Safavid_painting,_1660.jpg|Two men engaged in anal sex. Watercolour on paper. From Iran. Kinsey Institute, Bloomington, Indiana. Around 1880 - 1926. Fayil:Men_engaging_in_anal_sex,_Safavid_painting,_1720.jpg|Two men engaged in anal sex. Watercolour on paper.From Iran.Kinsey Institute, Bloomington, Indiana. Around 1880 - 1926. Fayil:Youth_and_suitors.jpg|A depiction of a youth conversing with suitors from Jami's ''[[Haft Awrang]]'', in the story ''A Father Advises his Son About Love''. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Fayil:Chehel_Sutun_-_Men_and_youths_by_a_stream.jpg|Men and youths depicted on a Safavid ceramic panel from Chehel Sotoun, [[Isfahan]]. Louvre, Paris. </gallery> == Shari'a ta jima'i na jinsi ɗaya == === Ayyukan jima'i na maza === Mataki na 233 na 2013 na Dokar Shari'ar Musulunci ta Iran ya bayyana [[sodomy]] (''lavāt'') a matsayin "shigawar jikin mutum har zuwa fata na mutum a cikin anus na mutum". <ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Poorbafrani |first=Hassan |last2=Zamani |first2=Masoud |date=2015 |title=A Comparative Critique of Regulating the Personal and the Passive Personality Principles in the Iranian Penal System |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/117637 |journal=Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law |doi=10.5167/UZH-117637 |access-date=2025-08-04 |archive-date=2025-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815135244/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/117637/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=ISLAMIC PENAL CODE: THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN |url=https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/res/islamic-penal-code_html/Islamic_Penal_Code.pdf |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime}}</ref> A karkashin labarin 234, abokin karɓar yana karɓar hukuncin kisa; abokin haɗin gwiwar yana karɓar hukunci na mutuwa idan sun yi amfani da karfi ko tilastawa, sun yi aure, ko kuma idan ba Musulmi ba ne kuma abokin karɓar Musulmi ne; in ba haka ba, hukuncin ga abokin haɗin gwiwarsa ɗari ne. Mataki na 235 ya hukunta jima'i tsakanin maza da bulala ɗari; wani mutum da ke sanya azzakarsa tsakanin ƙafar mutum ba tare da saka shi cikin madaidaiciya ba an kuma rarraba shi a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 235. Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin labarin 235, idan abokin tarayya mai aiki ba Musulmi ba ne kuma abokin tarayya mai zaman kansa ba Musulmi bane, hukuncin shine kisa. Mataki na 237 ya aikata laifuka ga duk sauran ayyukan da ke tsakanin maza, tare da azabtarwa tsakanin talatin da daya zuwa saba'in da hudu, wanda aka zaba ta hanyar shari'a. A karkashin Mataki na 114, idan mai laifin ya tuba daga babban laifi kafin a yanke masa hukunci, kuma alƙalin ya ɗauki tuba na gaskiya ne, to ana iya rage hukuncin zuwa bulala, ɗaurewa, ko ma tsawatawa; idan mai laicin ya tuba bayan an yanke masa hukunci. == Manazarta == 7rytqk6on7pa5fmo0ovvxcoeinod4e9 0 110692 840249 696258 2026-05-26T08:31:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840249 wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki> .mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> '''Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam''' ('''HRC'''; Larabci) kungiya ce ta gwamnatin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da aka kafa a ranar 12 ga Satumba 2005 ta hanyar shawarar majalisar ministoci. Tana da'awar kasancewa mai zaman kanta daga gwamnatin Saudiyya. Hukumar ta bayyana manufarta a matsayin kariya da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam daidai da ka'idojin duniya. Binciken hukuma na Hukumar ya goyi bayan bayanan da gwamnatin Saudiyya ta yi. Misali, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta kare kin amincewar hukumomin Saudiyya na ba da damar binciken kasa da kasa game da kisan gillar Jamal Khashoggi na 2 ga Oktoba 2018. == Manufofin == Hukumar ta bayyana cewa tana neman ingantawa, karewa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a Saudi Arabia. Ya bayyana cewa kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, tana tabbatar da cewa dukkan hukumomin gwamnati suna cika dokoki da ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Hukumar ta bayyana cewa tana da 'yancin, ba tare da wani izini ba, don ziyartar kurkuku a kowane lokaci don tabbatar da aiwatar da' yancin ɗan adam.<ref name="self">{{Cite web |title=About HRC:Human Right Commission |url=https://www.hrc.gov.sa/en-us/aboutHRC/AboutHRC/Pages/HRCvision.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014203023/https://www.hrc.gov.sa/en-us/aboutHRC/AboutHRC/Pages/HRCvision.aspx |archive-date=14 October 2019 |access-date=14 October 2019 |website=Human Right Commission}}</ref> Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Saudiyya ta Turai ta bayyana cewa ayyukan Hukumar suna da niyyar ɓoyewa da kuma janye hankali daga keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na Saudiyya. Ya soki Hukumar saboda yin ikirarin karya da na tsari: alal misali, sun ce ya yaba da Dokar Yara ta Maris 2018, wanda ya hana kisan wadanda ba su da shekaru a lokacin laifin su, a matsayin nasara, yayin da ba a ambaci cewa Saudi Arabia ta kashe kananan yara shida a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Before Human Rights Council representatives: official Human Rights Commission promotes formalities without making Saudi Arabia effectively cease its ongoing violations |url=https://www.esohr.org/en/?p=2637 |website=European-Saudi Organisation for Human Rights |access-date=2025-08-04 |archive-date=2019-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227000514/https://www.esohr.org/en/?p=2637 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tsarinsa == Kwamitin yana karkashin jagorancin kwamitin daraktoci wanda shugaban hukumar ke jagoranta, kuma tare da membobin cikakken- da (ba masu jefa kuri'a ba <ref name="law" />) membobin ɗan lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Commission Board -The Board Members |url=https://www.hrc.gov.sa/en-us/aboutHRC/TheCouncil/Pages/THEcouncil.aspx |website=Human Rights Commission |access-date=2025-08-04 |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020161229/https://hrc.gov.sa/en-us/aboutHRC/TheCouncil/Pages/THEcouncil.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin Saudi Arabia ne ke nada dukkan mambobi, ban da Shugaban da Mataimakin Shugaban, wadanda aka nada ta hanyar umarnin sarauta.<ref name="law">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Commission Regulation - Saudi Arabia |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/saudiarabia/HRC-regulation.html |website=hrlibrary.umn.edu}}</ref> Dukkanin mambobin majalisar ministoci ana nada su, kuma ana sallamar su, ta hanyar umarnin sarauta.<ref name="council">{{Cite web |title=The Law of the Council of Ministers |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/laws/The_Law_of_the_Council_of_Ministers.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612050930/http://saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/laws/The_Law_of_the_Council_of_Ministers.aspx |archive-date=12 June 2010 |access-date=27 June 2010 |publisher=Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, DC}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2019, an nada Awwad Alawwad a matsayin shugaban kwamiti, ta hanyar dokar sarauta, tare da matsayin minista.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-31 |title=Saudi Human Rights Commission to modernize, be granted more powers, say sources |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1547866/saudi-arabia |access-date=2019-10-14 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Satumba 2022, Saudi Arabia ta nada mace ta farko, Hala al-Tuwaijri, a matsayin sabon shugaban Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam tare da matsayin minista.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-22 |title=Saudi Arabia appoints Hala al-Tuwaijri as new head of Human Rights Commission |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2022/09/22/Saudi-Arabia-appoints-Hala-al-Tuwaijiri-as-new-head-of-Human-Rights-Commission |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Al Arabiya English |language=en}}</ref>  === Kudin hulɗa da jama'a === A cewar ALQST, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta hayar da kamfanin hulɗa da jama'a na Amurka Qorvis a cikin 2020, don adadin shekara-shekara na $ 684,000. == Ayyuka == === Nazia Quazi, 2010 === A cikin 2009-2010, Hukumar ta nuna cewa ba ta iya taimakawa [[Nazia Quazi]] ba, ɗan ƙasar Kanada da Indiya, don komawa gidanta a Kanada. Mahaifinta ne ke tsare ta ba tare da son zuciyarta ba a Saudi Arabia, wanda ta yi iƙirarin cewa ya kwace takardun shaidarta da katunan bashi, ya yi mata barazana da wuka, kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya tilasta mata auren wani da ba ta sani ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerntholtz |first=Liesl |date=19 January 2010 |title=Letter to Canadian Embassy in Riyadh |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/01/19/letter-canadian-embassy-riyadh |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> === Kashe-kashen jama'a na 2016 === a cikin 2016, Hukumar ta goyi bayan kisan kiyashi a fili. Taron da aka yi tsakanin jami'an gwamnati na Kanada da mambobin Hukumar ya soki masu kare hakkin dan adam, saboda bi da Hukumar a matsayin mai kula da tsaro. === 'Yan mata da aka kama a shekarar 2018 === A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Hukumar ta ziyarci Kurkukun Tsakiya na Dhahban kuma ta yi hira da Loujain al-Hathloul da wasu daga cikin sauran wadanda aka tsare a shekarar 2018-2019 Saudiyya a kan 'yan mata. Ziyarar ta kasance wani ɓangare na bincike kan zargin cewa an yi amfani da azabtarwa a kan mata; Saud al-Qahtani, mai ba da shawara na kusa ga yarima [[Mohammad bin Salman|Mohammed bin Salman]], an yi zargin ya kasance a wasu lokuta na azabtarwa. Al Jazeera English ya yanke hukunci cewa ba zai yiwu ba cewa binciken hukumar zai haifar da tuhumar aikata laifuka a kan masu azabtarwa, kuma ya nakalto wani jami'in Saudiyya wanda ya bayyana game da binciken hukumar, "Ba na ganin yadda za su dauki kowa a matsayin mai alhakin idan sun riga sun musanta a fili cewa azabtarwar ta taɓa faruwa ba. " Wani tushen da ba a san shi ba wanda ya ji shaidar ya gaya wa Wall Street Journal cewa akalla takwas daga cikin masu fafutuka 18 da aka yi hira da su an yi musu fyade, kuma Saud al-Qahtani ya yi barazanar yi wa Loujain al-Hathloul fyade, ya kashe ta, kuma ya jefa ta cikin datti. An kuma ce an azabtar da Aziza al-Yousef, Eman al-Nafjan, da Samar Badawi. === 2019: maganganu game da Jamal Khashoggi === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, a wani taron [[United Nations Human Rights Council|Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UNHRC), shugaban Hukumar Kare Hakkin Jama'a ta Saudiyya a lokacin, Bandar bin Mohammed al-Aiban, ya kira [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi|kisan Jamal Khashoggi]] a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2018 "matsananciyar hatsari" kuma ya yi adawa da binciken kasa da kasa game da kisan. Al-Aiban ya yi iƙirarin cewa an gudanar da sauraro uku a cikin shari'ar kotun Saudiyya ta ciki game da shari'ar, tare da lauyoyin wadanda ake zargi. Ya bayyana cewa babu wani daga cikin wadanda ake zargi da aka azabtar da su. Ya ce, "Mun dauki matakan da ake buƙata don mu warware wannan mummunar laifi" kuma dalilin da ya sa Saudi Arabia ta ƙi binciken kasa da kasa shi ne cewa hakan zai zama tsangwama daga kasashen waje da kuma "duba amincin kayan shari'a na [Saudi] ". === Sayar da ma'aikatan kafala, ayyukan shekarar 2019 === tsarin kafala da aka yi amfani da shi ga Ma'aikatan kasashen waje a Saudi Arabia yana ba ma'aikatan tallafawa iko akan aikin ma'aikaci, yana ba su damar canja wurin tallafi ba tare da sa hannun gwamnati ba, gami da riba. Akwai tallace-tallace da yawa da ke ba da ma'aikatan kalafa don sayarwa ko haya, kuma wasu aikace-aikace suna da nau'o'i don irin waɗannan ma'amaloli. Hukumar ta dauki matakai don hana buga waɗannan tallace-tallace, kuma daga baya ta sadu da wasu ma'aikata. Sun ce za su gurfanar da duk wanda ke tallata "sayarwa, haya da canjin tallafawa na ma'aikatan gida ta hanyar da ba bisa ka'ida ba". == Manazarta == . [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0de1s1ipj9ahh37388lo0te0gmdm6wt 0 110731 840261 748080 2026-05-26T10:59:54Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing Hillary_Clinton_at_the_United_Nations_Conference_on_Women_in_Beijing,_China.jpg with [[File:Photograph_of_First_Lady_Hillary_Clinton_at_the_United_Nations_Conference_on_Women_in_Beijing,_China_-_DPLA_-_de696cbb989497f9f65d8cf9089667b8.jpg]] (by 840261 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Photograph of First Lady Hillary Clinton at the United Nations Conference on Women in Beijing, China - DPLA - de696cbb989497f9f65d8cf9089667b8.jpg|alt=The First Lady Hillary Clinton during her speech in Beijing, China.|thumb|Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary Rodham Clinton]] yayin jawabinta a Beijing, China.]] "Hakkin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne" jumla ce da ake amfani da ita a cikin ƙungiyoyin mata. An fara amfani da kalmar a cikin 1980s da farkon 1990s. Mafi shaharar amfani da shi shine sunan jawabin da Hillary Rodham Clinton, Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka, ta bayar a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1995, a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan mata na hudu a nan birnin Beijing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fester |first=Gertrude |date=1994 |title=Women's Rights Are Human Rights |journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity |volume=20 |issue=20 |pages=76–79 |doi=10.2307/4065874 |jstor=4065874}}</ref> A cikin wannan jawabin, ta yi kokarin danganta ra'ayin 'yancin mata da na 'yancin ɗan adam. A cikin jawabin, Clinton ta yi amfani da wannan furci a cikin dogon lokaci, tsai da shawarwari, "Haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin mata ne kuma haƙƙin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne." == Amfani na farko == Ra'ayin, idan ba a cikin waɗannan takamaiman kalmomi ba, cewa "yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne" an fara bayyana shi da kalmomi daban-daban daga abolitionists da proto-feminists Sarah Moore Grimké da Angelina Grimké Weld a ƙarshen shekarun 1830. A cikin jerin wasikun da ta rubuta game da daidaito na jinsi, Sarah Moore Grimké ta rubuta, "Saboda haka ban san komai game da haƙƙin mutum ba, ko haƙƙin mace; haƙƙin ɗan adam duk abin da na gane". 'Tunanin, idan ba a cikin waɗannan ƙayyadaddun kalmomi ba, cewa "'yancin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne" an fara bayyana shi tare da furci daban-daban ta hanyar abolitionists da proto-feminists Sarah Moore Grimké da Angelina Grimké Weld a ƙarshen 1830s. A cikin jerin wasiƙun ta kan daidaiton jinsi, Sarah Moore Grimké ta rubuta, "Saboda haka ban san kome ba game da haƙƙin namiji, ko 'yancin mace; 'yancin ɗan adam shine duk abin da na gane". An yi amfani da kalmar "Hakkin mata 'yancin ɗan adam" a lokaci-lokaci a shekarun 1980 da farkon rabin 1990, kafin jawabin Clinton. Misalai sun haɗa da a cikin 1984, lokacin da New York Times ta yi ƙaulin shugabar Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], Marcella Maxwell, ta yin amfani da wannan furci a cikin tattaunawa. Cecilia Medina, sanannen lauya na [[Chile]], ta sake amfani da shi a shekarar 1985, a cikin wata takarda mai mahimmanci game da mata. Taken aikinta shine 'Hakkokin Mata a matsayin 'Yancin Dan Adam: Kasashen Latin Amurka da Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka (OAS).' A cikin bayyana ra'ayin mai tarihi, Madina ta rubuta cewa, "A matsayin sakamako mai ma'ana na gaskiyar cewa 'yancin mata shine 'yancin ɗan adam, mata, a ka'idar, yunkuri ne na cimma al'ummar dimokuradiyya, wanda ba tare da haƙƙin ɗan adam ba za a iya jin dadinsa sosai." Wani dan siyasar kasar Canada Ed Broadbent, wanda shi ne shugaban cibiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa da ci gaban dimokuradiyya, ya yi amfani da wannan furuci a wata hira da jaridar [[Calgary]] Herald a watan Janairun 1993, inda ya ce, "Idan muka yi imani a matsayin al'umma cewa 'yancin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne, to lokaci ya yi da za a daina nuna wariya ga mata a manufofin 'yan gudun hijira."<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1994 |title=Gender-related Refugee Claims |url=http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp370-e.htm#(2) |publisher=Government of Canada Publications}}</ref> Laurel Fletcher ne ya yi amfani da wannan jumlar a yayin taron karawa juna sani na dokokin kasa da kasa na shekarar 1993 mai suna take hakkin Dan-Adam a kan Mata, wanda Fletcher, Allyn Taylor da Joan Fitzpatrick suka buga a 1994.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fletcher |first=Laurel |last2=Taylor |first2=Allyn |last3=Fitzpatrick |first3=Joan |year=1994 |title=Human Rights Violations Against Women |url=http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1216&context=facpubs |journal=Whittier Law Review |volume=15 |issue=319 |access-date=January 21, 2017 |archive-date=September 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925041057/http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1216&context=facpubs |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniya Ta Malesiya kan Hakkokin Bil Adama, wadda ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama suka buga a watan Disamba 1994, ta fara da jumlar “Hakkin Mata Haƙƙin Dan Adam ne."<ref>{{Cite web |year=1994 |title=Malaysian Charter on Human Rights |url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/other_documents/section1/1994/03/malaysian-charter-on-human-rights-1994.html |access-date=January 21, 2017 |publisher=Malaysian NGOs}}</ref>  == Jawabin Clinton == [[File:Women's_rights_are_human_rights.ogg|right|thumb|Fayil na sauti na Clinton yana bayyana, "Idan akwai saƙo guda ɗaya da ke fitowa daga wannan taron, bari a ce 'yancin ɗan adam 'yancin mata ne kuma 'yancin mata 'yancin ɗan adam ne, sau ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya."]] [[Fayil:First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton's_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women's_Conference_in_Beijing,_China.webm|right|thumb|Hotuna na jawabin Clinton gaba ɗaya. A kusan 14:45, Clinton ta furta sanannen layin, "Kwancin Mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne"]] A cikin shirin yin jawabinta, Clinton mai shekaru 47 ta kalubalanci matsin lamba na cikin gida da matsin lamba ta waje na kasar Sin don sauƙaƙa maganganunta. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa dukansu sun yi ƙoƙari su hana ta a kan dalilin cewa zai fusata Sinawa. Duk da yake Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya ga jawabin a gaba, mataimakansa ba su da shi, kuma Shugaban Ma'aikatan Fadar White House Thomas McLarty yana ƙarƙashin ra'ayi cewa ba zai ce wani sabon abu ko mai rikitarwa ba.<ref name="timesfd" /> Wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam sun kuma ki amincewa da Clinton da ke magana a kasar Sin, suna tsoron hakan zai ba da izini ga wannan gwamnati, kuma yanayin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje shi ne cewa za a saki mai fafutukar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na kasar Sin Harry Wu kafin ta bayyana, wanda shi ne.<ref name="timesfd" /> Wasu kungiyoyin Katolika masu murya sun soki taron a matsayin "mai adawa da iyali" yayin da wasu masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka ce Clinton a bayyane za ta tura "ajenda mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na mata" yayin da take can.<ref name="timesfd" /> Da zarar ya faru a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1995, an gabatar da jawabin Clinton a cikin babban zauren taron. A ciki, ta yi jayayya game da ayyukan cin zarafin mata a duniya da kuma China kanta. Da yake mayar da hankali ga gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi da kuma mata, ta bayyana imanin ta cewa batutuwan da mata da 'yan mata ke fuskanta galibi ana watsi da su ko kuma "siru" don haka ba a warware su ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clinton |first=Hillary Rodham |date=1996 |title=Women's Rights Are Human Rights |journal=[[Women's Studies Quarterly]] |volume=24 |issue=1/2 |pages=98–101 |jstor=40004518}}</ref> Abubuwan da aka kawo a cikin jawabin sun haɗa da Mutuwar sadaki da manufofin ɗa ɗaya na kasar Sin.<ref name="nyt090695" /> Hillary Clinton ta bayyana cewa "ba za a iya yarda da ita ba don tattauna haƙƙin mata kamar yadda ya bambanta da haƙƙin ɗan adam". Wakilan daga kasashe sama da 180 sun ji ta ce:&nbsp; {{Cquote|"Idan akwai wani sako daya fito daga wannan taro, a ce 'yancin dan adam 'yancin mata ne, 'yancin mata kuma 'yancin ɗan adam ne, sau ɗaya."<ref name="nw-doctrine">{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2011/03/06/the-hillary-doctrine.html |title=The Hillary Doctrine |last=Lemmon | first=Gayle Tzemach |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |date=March 6, 2011}}</ref>}} Ta biyo bayan haka da cewa, "Muddin nuna bambanci da rashin adalci ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a ko'ina a duniya, muddin 'yan mata da mata ba su da kima, ba a ciyar da su, ciyar da su a karshe, ba a yi musu aiki ba, ba a biya su ba, ba a makaranta ba, da cin zarafi a ciki da wajen gidajensu, ba za a samu damar da 'yan Adam ke da shi na samar da zaman lafiya, duniya mai wadata ba, ba za a samu cikas ba". Ba a ba wa ‘yan kasar China damar halartar wannan jawabi ba, kuma an sanya baki a gidajen rediyo da talabijin na kasar Sin. Jawabin ya sami sanannen hankalin kafofin watsa labarai a lokacin. Mai ba da labari na NBC Tom Brokaw ya ce, "A hanyarsa, ta yi nasara kai tsaye a kan Sinanci," yayin da wakilin wannan cibiyar sadarwa Andrea Mitchell ya ce "baƙon abu ne" ga uwargidan shugaban Amurka ta shiga cikin irin wannan muhimmin aikin diflomasiyya.<ref name="nbcnn" /> ''Jaridar New York Times'' ta ce Clinton ta yi magana "da karfi game da haƙƙin ɗan adam fiye da kowane babban jami'in Amurka a ƙasar Sin". == Kyauta == Ana ganin jawabin yana da tasiri a harkar kare hakkin mata. Musamman, ya zama wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin ƙarfafa mata, kuma bayan shekaru mata a duniya za su karanta mahimman kalmomin Clinton. A shekara ta 2011, Clinton ta dauki irin wannan matsayi kan 'yancin LGBT a wani jawabi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da ranar kare hakkin bil'adama ta duniya, inda ta bayyana "'yancin ɗan adam 'yancin ɗan adam ne, kuma haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin ɗan luwaɗi ne". A cikin 2013, bayan lokacin Clinton a matsayin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Clinton ta jagoranci bita a Clinton Global Initiative game da yadda haƙƙin mata ya canza tun daga jawabinta na 1995. Ya kammala cewa an sami ci gaba ga 'yan mata a ilimi da kuma mata da' yan mata a kiwon lafiya amma mata a duniya har yanzu suna shan wahala saboda rashin haƙƙin siyasa da rashin tsaro. A cikin kalmomin Clinton: "Wannan wani nau'i ne na rabin gilashi".<ref name="timesfd" /> A ranar cika shekaru ashirin da jawabin a shekarar 2015, an sami karin abubuwan da suka faru a kai. Ba kowa ba ne ya so shi: lauyan da ke bayyane Bruce Fein ya ce: "Ta yi wata sanarwa a Beijing wacce ba ta da zurfi sosai - cewa mata mutane ne".<ref name="timesfd" /> Jawabin da magana sun zama abin da ya fi dacewa da yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Clinton na 2016. Kamfen ɗin ya sayar da T-shirts da ke cewa "yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne" a kantin sayar da kamfen ɗin ta, dangane da jawabinta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Apparel |title=The Trailblazer Tee &#124; Shop &#124; Hillary for America Shop |url=https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/the-trailblazer-tee |access-date=May 28, 2015 |publisher=Shop.hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=May 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528142322/https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/the-trailblazer-tee |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, yakin ya sayar da jaka wanda ke dauke da cikakken magana "Kwancin Dan Adam shine haƙƙin mata kuma haƙƙin mata shine haƙƙin ɗan adam"; a kan jaka an nuna shi cikin harsuna shida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Accessories |title=Statement Bag &#124; The Shop |url=https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/statement-bag |access-date=September 19, 2015 |publisher=Shop.hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=September 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908225152/https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/statement-bag |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakanan, kamfen ɗin ya sayar da T-shirt na Tory Burch wanda ke nuna kalmar "yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne..." a cikin manyan haruffa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2016 |title=Tory Burch Tee &#124; The Shop |url=https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/tory-burch-tee |access-date=August 6, 2016 |publisher=Shop.hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=November 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106150659/https://shop.hillaryclinton.com/products/tory-burch-tee |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, kamfen ɗin ya kirkiro nassoshin hotuna da nuni na abubuwan da ake buƙata don kayan ado na Halloween guda biyar, gami da "'yancin mata haƙƙin ɗan adam ne' Hillary". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Texts from Hillary and 4 other DIY Hillary Clinton costumes for Halloween &#124; The Feed &#124; Hillary for America |url=https://www.hillaryclinton.com/feed/halloween/ |access-date=October 27, 2015 |publisher=Hillaryclinton.com |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830170540/https://www.hillaryclinton.com/feed/halloween/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin faifan bidiyo na waƙar Jennifer Lopez na 2016 don waƙarta mai suna "Ba Mamanku ba", ana iya jin samfurin Clinton da ke ba da wani ɓangare na jawabinta, musamman, "Haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin mata ne, 'yancin mata kuma 'yancin ɗan adam ne, sau ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya. " A cikin 2017, don Ranar Mata ta Duniya, Madonna ta fitar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai suna Labari; ya kare da sakon “Hakkin mata hakkin dan Adam ne".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Legaspi |first=Althea |date=March 8, 2017 |title=See Madonna's Stylish International Women's Day Short Film |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-madonnas-stylish-international-womens-day-short-film-w471211 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311200320/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-madonnas-stylish-international-womens-day-short-film-w471211 |archive-date=March 11, 2017 |access-date=March 16, 2017 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}</ref> Kamar yadda likita Leslie Regan ya tabbatar a cikin Jarida na Magungunan Jima'i, kalmar ta kasance mai dacewa a cikin maganganun siyasa a cikin 2010s, musamman game da tattaunawar manufofin game da lafiyar jima'i na mata da haƙƙin haifuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regan |first=Lesley |year=2017 |title=Integrating Human Rights and Women's Health. Competencies for Practice |journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=e221–e222 |doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.04.162}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/hillaryclintonbeijingspeech.htm Bidiyo da rubutun magana] * [http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a30328/hillary-clinton-beijing-speech/ Mujallar Elle a kan labarin bayan jawabin] * [http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/2603159 "Minuti 20 da suka canza Duniya" - rubutun da Amurka ta halarci taron] 0k7s1wyyylt99ravi992uannk8j28wa 0 111725 840155 693265 2026-05-25T21:20:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} UNICEF's Early Marriage: A Harmful Traditional Practice rahoto ya nuna auren yara a matsayin cibiyar cutarwa wacce sau da yawa ke fallasa mata matasa a kasashe masu tasowa ga lalata yanayin gida, lafiya, da jima'i.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Early Marriage: A Harmful Traditional Practice |url=https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_26024.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518164427/https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_26024.html |archive-date=2020-05-18 |access-date=2020-03-12 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Rahoton ya kuma nuna aikin a matsayin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin World Vision's "Before She's Ready: 15 Places Girls Marry by 15", kungiyar ta nuna tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na auren yara mata, suna lura da cewa an tilasta mata da yawa su dakatar da karatunsu sakamakon aurensu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Before She's Ready: 15 places girls marry by 15 |url=https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/node/13827/pdf/publications_before_shes_ready.pdf |access-date=2020-03-26 |website=Save the Children Resource Centre |publisher=World Vision International |language=en}}</ref> Tare da ƙin ilimi, amarya mata galibi ba sa iya samun kudin shiga yayin da suke girma ko kuma su zama 'yan ƙasa masu aiki a siyasa.<ref name=":4" /> Babban dokar auren yara ta [[Saliyo]] ita ce Dokar 'Yancin Yara ta 2007, wacce ta bayyana cewa mafi ƙarancin shekarun riƙo / aure shine shekaru goma sha takwas.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2007 |title=The Child Right Act, 2007: Supplement to the Sierra Leone Gazette Extraordinary Vol. CXXXVIII |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/Laws/2007-7p.pdf |website=The Sierra Leone Web}}</ref> Dokar ta kuma sanya kasar ta kawar da auren tilasta mata.<ref name=":5" /> Ya ƙi al'adun al'ada na riƙo da aure ga yara ƙanana, kuma ya ba da umarnin cewa ba za a tilasta irin waɗannan ayyukan a kan yara ƙanana ba.<ref name=":5" /> Dangane da dokar al'ada ta Saliyo, ba a ɗaukar aure a matsayin aure na al'ada ba sai dai idan bangarorin biyu sun kasance aƙalla shekaru 18, tare da Dokar Al'ada da Saki da ke nuna wannan a cikin 2007. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Registration of Customary Marriage and Divorce Act 2007 {{!}} Sierra Leone Legal Information Institute |url=https://sierralii.org/sl/legislation/act/2009/5-0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118033459/https://sierralii.org/sl/legislation/act/2009/5-0 |archive-date=2021-01-18 |access-date=2020-03-12 |website=sierralii.org}}</ref> Koyaya, idan iyayen ƙarami sun sami damar ba da izini ga haɗin, ana iya yin aure na doka.<ref name=":1" /> Idan ba a iya samun yardar iyaye ba, "Mai Shari'a ko Babban Mai Gudanar da Karamar Hukumar yankin da za a yi auren" zai iya ba da yardarsu don tabbatar da auren.<ref name=":1" /> Dangane da al'adar al'ada, auren yara galibi sakamakon haɗin kai ne da iyayen budurwa suka shirya. Kamar yadda rahoton UNICEF na The State of the World's Children 2013 ya bayyana, kashi 18% na matan [[Saliyo]] sun yi aure tun suna da shekaru 15, yayin da kashi 44% daga cikinsu suka yi aure tun da shekaru 18.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The State of the World's Children 2013: Children with Disabilities |url=https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_69379.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712120947/https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_69379.html |archive-date=2020-07-12 |access-date=2020-03-13 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, UNICEF ta sanya Saliyo a matsayin kasa ta 19 don mafi girman yawan auren yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Child marriage |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/ |access-date=2020-03-13 |website=UNICEF DATA |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2024, an sanya hannu kan dokar da ta hana auren yara a Saliyo a matsayin doka. == Yaduwar yankin == Dangane da yaduwar da ta danganta da wuri, aikin ya bambanta, amma auren yara ya fi zama ruwan dare a "gundumomin arewa da gabashin Saliyo, ƙasa a kudu, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a babban birnin, Freetown. " Kafa auren yara ya ci gaba da zama abin karɓa a cikin biranen karkara da garuruwan Saliyo. == Tasirin yakin basasar Saliyo akan auren yara == Tare da yakin basasar Saliyo, an kwashe 'yan mata da yawa su zama yara sojoji.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Burman |first=M. E. |last2=McKay |first2=S. |date=2007 |title=Marginalization of girl mothers during reintegration from armed groups in Sierra Leone |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2007.00546.x |journal=International Nursing Review |language=en |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=316–323 |doi=10.1111/j.1466-7657.2007.00546.x |issn=1466-7657 |pmid=17958659 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Organization Girls Not Brides ta yi jayayya cewa saboda kasancewar yara mata sojoji a Saliyo, yana iya taimakawa cikin al'adun al'adu na 'yan mata kamar yadda suke da ikon yin aure, tare da tabbatarwa cewa tunda suna da ikon shiga cikin rikici na jiki, za su iya magance yin aure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brides |first=Girls Not |title=Sierra Leone - Child Marriage Around The World. Girls Not Brides |url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/sierra-leone/ |access-date=2020-03-13 |website=Girls Not Brides |language=en |archive-date=2020-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410014614/https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/sierra-leone/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yaƙin basasar Saliyo ya bar 'yan mata da ke fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafin.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Burman |first=M. E. |last2=McKay |first2=S. |date=2007 |title=Marginalization of girl mothers during reintegration from armed groups in Sierra Leone |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2007.00546.x |journal=International Nursing Review |language=en |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=316–323 |doi=10.1111/j.1466-7657.2007.00546.x |issn=1466-7657 |pmid=17958659 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The African Child Policy Forum ya nuna cewa a duk lokacin yakin basasa da kuma yankunan yaki da yawa, "fiye da kashi 70 cikin dari na tashin hankali na jima'i da aka ruwaito 'yan mata ne 'yan kasa da shekara 18, kuma fiye da kashi 20 cikin dari na wadanda suka kasance' yan mata ne 'ya'yan kasa da shekaru 11. " <ref name=":22" /> Matasa mata da aka tilasta su shiga cikin sojojin 'yan tawaye, musamman, wadanda suka haifar da wani rukuni na mata a lokacin bayan yakin basasa tare da yara da aka haifa daga fyade. A cikin yakin basasa na Saliyo, tasirin cin zarafin jima'i a lokacin yaƙi ya bayyana a cikin wahalar uwaye mata da ke samun ma'aurata.<ref name=":22" /> A al'ada, kafin aure, ana sa ran 'yan mata su zama budurwa, amma tare da cin zarafin jima'i da ke akwai a lokacin yaƙi, uwaye-' yan mata yanzu suna samun matsala tare da neman maza da za su auri su duk da cewa ba budurwa ba ne.<ref name=":22" /> Mahaifiyar mata a zamanin bayan yakin basasa sun kuma fuskanci wahalar samun abokan tarayya ba kawai saboda ra'ayoyin al'adu na tsabtar ba, amma saboda jituwa ta siyasa ta yakin basasa.<ref name=":22" /> Kodayake an tilasta 'yan mata da yawa cikin sojojin 'yan tawaye, ko dai a matsayin mata ko sojoji, bayan yaƙin, waɗannan' yan mata suna fuskantar wahalar samun abokan tarayya saboda haɗin da suka gabata tare da Revolutionary United Front . <ref name=":22" /> Wadannan zargi na zamantakewa da siyasa suna haifar da matsaloli ga 'yan mata masu uwaye a Saliyo waɗanda zasu iya neman aure a matsayin hanyar samun albarkatun tattalin arziki da kwanciyar hankali daga abokan aikinsu.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m00a3dmlbu8wos4wz7jgcjrf8yybuwk 0 111727 840156 693268 2026-05-25T21:21:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aure na yara''' aure ne ko haɗin kai tsakanin yaro a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 zuwa wani yaro ko kuma ga babba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Child marriage |url=https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-marriage |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Aure na yara ya zama ruwan dare a kasashe da yawa na Afirka. A [[Sudan ta Kudu]], auren yara annoba ce mai girma. Aure na yara a Sudan ta Kudu yana haifar da abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki kamar talauci da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Madut |first=Kon K. |year=2020 |title=Determinants of Early Marriage and Construction of Gender Roles in South Sudan |journal=SAGE Open |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=215824402092297 |doi=10.1177/2158244020922974 |issn=2158-2440 |s2cid=219478978 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Adadin yanzu sun nuna cewa Sudan ta Kudu tana daya daga cikin manyan kasashe a duniya idan ya zo ga auren yara.<ref name="reliefweb.int">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2022 |title=Child Marriage and the Hunger Crisis in South Sudan: A Case Study - South Sudan {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/child-marriage-and-hunger-crisis-south-sudan-case-study |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref><ref name="unicef.org">{{Cite web |title=Some things are not fit for children – marriage is one of them |url=https://www.unicef.org/southsudan/press-releases/some-things-are-not-fit-for-children |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Aure na yara yana da mummunar sakamako ga yara, gami da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ƙananan ilimin ga 'yan matan Sudan ta Kudu. An dauki matakai da yawa don yaki da auren yara a Sudan ta Kudu, amma kasancewar ka'idojin al'umma da rashin kwanciyar hankali suna ci gaba da fitar da kasancewarsa a cikin al'ummar. [[Fayil:Republic_of_South_Sudan,_July_2011.jpg|thumb|395x395px|Taswirar Sudan ta Kudu]] == Adadin yanzu == Sudan ta Kudu tana da matsayi na 6 mafi girma na auren yara a duniya.<ref name=":1"/> A shekara ta 2008, ƙididdigar Sudan ta Kudu ta yi la'akari da cewa 'yan mata 2 cikin 5 sun yi aure kafin su kai shekaru 18.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Open Access Repository {{!}} Princeton University Library |url=https://oar.princeton.edu/bitstream/88435/pr1j571/3/LISD_GLS_III_Booklet.pdf#page=51 |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=oar.princeton.edu}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, kashi 52% na 'yan matan Sudan ta Kudu sun yi aure tun suna da shekaru 18 kuma kashi 9% sun yi aure da shekaru 15.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNICEF and UNFPA |date=September 2018 |title=Child Marriage: A Mapping of Programmes and Partners in Twelve Countries in East and Southern Africa |url=https://esaro.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Child%20marriage%20mapping_final_digital.pdf}}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu, auren mata da yawa ya zama ruwan dare, kuma kashi 41% na auren yara sun haɗa da amarya fiye da ɗaya.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=UNFPA ESARO |url=https://esaro.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Child%20marriage%20mapping_final_digital.pdf |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=UNFPA ESARO |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da kari, kashi 28% na 'yan mata sun yi aure yayin da yara suka yi juna biyu kafin su kai ga balaga.<ref name="reliefweb.int"/> == Tarihin auren yara == A duniya, wasu daga cikin manyan direbobi na auren yara sune bambancin jinsi tsakanin maza da mata da tsarin zamantakewa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Some things are not fit for children – marriage is one of them |url=https://www.unicef.org/southsudan/press-releases/some-things-are-not-fit-for-children |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> Wannan shi ne kuma a Sudan ta Kudu. Ana ganin aure a matsayin tushe ga al'umma a Sudan ta Kudu kuma yana ƙarfafa aikin aure na farko a kai a kai.<ref name=":2"/> Aure na farko ya samo asali ne daga al'ummar karkara, inda salon rayuwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki kamar kiwon shanu, noma, da farauta sun nuna matsayin jinsi wanda matasan mata zasu iya cikawa cikin sauƙi.<ref name=":2" /> Saboda haka, a halin yanzu, auren yara a Sudan ta Kudu ana ganin shi a yankunan karkara na kasar.<ref name=":2"/> A cikin waɗannan al'ummomin makiyaya, dokar gargajiya tana da iko akan dokar majalisa. Dokokin doka na iya kare 'ya'yan mata daga ayyukan aure na farko amma rashin tsari da aiwatarwa ya haifar da rata tsakanin dokar gargajiya da al'ada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Odhiambo |first=Agnes |date=2013-03-07 |title="This Old Man Can Feed Us, You Will Marry Him": Child and Forced Marriage in South Sudan |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/03/07/old-man-can-feed-us-you-will-marry-him/child-and-forced-marriage-south-sudan |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Wadannan dokoki na al'ada galibi ba su da shekaru da ake buƙata don aure.<ref name="preventforcedmarriage.org">{{Cite web |title=Tahirih – Forced Marriage Initiative Forced Marriage Overseas: South Sudan |url=http://preventforcedmarriage.org/forced-marriage-overseas-south-sudan/ |access-date=2017-11-10 |website=preventforcedmarriage.org}}</ref> Shawarwarin yaro ya yi aure shine umarnin uba ko wasu mazajen iyali. Mahaifiyar ba ta da wani iko a cikin shawarar da ya kamata ya amfane iyali.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Why it happens |url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/about-child-marriage/why-child-marriage-happens/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=Girls Not Brides |language=en}}</ref> == Bayan haila da farashin amarya == Babu shekarun da aka tsara wanda aka ɗauka yarinya a shirye take ta yi aure. Lokacin da aka fi so ga yaro ya yi aure ya dogara ne akan ci gaban haihuwa na jiki da na jima'i.<ref name=":2"/> Lokacin da yaro ya [[Jinin Haida|haila]] kuma ya sami "lokacin" ta, ta cancanci yin aure.<ref name=":2" /> A Sudan ta Kudu, matasa dole ne su yi aure da farko kuma su biya sadaki don a dauke su manya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States Institute of Peace |url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/SR_295.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002231552/http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/resources/SR_295.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en}}</ref> Kyauta ita ce biyan da ke cikin auren yara. ango yana biyan sadaki ga dangin yarinyar, kuma hanyoyin biyan kuɗi sun haɗa da shanu, kuɗi (kudi). <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Born to be Married |url=https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620620/rr-born-to-be-married-efm-south-sudan-180219-en.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=2025-08-08 |archive-date=2024-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529215316/https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620620/rr-born-to-be-married-efm-south-sudan-180219-en.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cattles suna da mahimmanci ga al'ummomin makiyaya a Sudan ta Kudu kuma ana amfani da su don nuna dukiya da matsayi na mutane.<ref name=":3" /> A matsayin biyan kuɗi ga amarya, iyalin na iya karɓar wani wuri tsakanin shanu goma zuwa ɗaruruwan.<ref name=":3" /> Farashin amarya ya bambanta a kan abubuwa da yawa kamar ilimin amarya, iyali, kyau, da al'umma.<ref name=":3" /> == Dalilan da suka haifar == Dalilin auren yara shine dangin jaririn su kasance cikin matsayi mai kyau kuma su sami wadatar kudi. Iyalan suna riƙe da wannan al'ada don kiyaye 'ya'yansu lafiya da kuma hana 'yarsu daga ɗaukar yara ba tare da yin aure ba.<ref name=":0"/> Wannan ra'ayin yana kare girman kai da girmamawa na iyalai. A cikin al'ummar gargajiya 'yan mata suna da ƙarfin da bai dace ba, kuma maza a cikin iyali suna yin waɗannan yanke shawara.<ref name=":6"/> Iyalai kuma suna auren 'ya'yansu tun suna ƙanana don tabbatar da' ya'yansu mata suna da kariya da tsaro wanda ke kara damar rayuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chand Basha |first=P |date=November 2016 |title=Child marriage: Causes, consequences and intervention programmes |url=http://202.164.34.138/moodle/pluginfile.php/4693/mod_resource/content/1/Child%20Marriage-causes%20consequences.pdf |journal=International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research}}</ref> Ayyukan auren yara na gargajiya a Sudan ta Kudu sun samo asali ne daga jinsi da ka'idojin zamantakewa. Saboda haka, 'yan mata sun ƙuduri aniyar zama masu iya yin aure ta hanyar shekarun da lokacin su ya fara, yayin da shirye-shiryen maza ya ƙayyade ta hanyar ikon su na samar da iyalansu.<ref name="Madut 2158244020922972">{{Cite journal |last=Madut |first=Kon K. |date=April 2020 |title=Determinants of Early Marriage and Construction of Gender Roles in South Sudan |journal=SAGE Open |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=215824402092297 |doi=10.1177/2158244020922974 |issn=2158-2440 |s2cid=219478978 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Iyalai kuma suna yanke shawarar yadda kuma lokacin da waɗannan auren ke faruwa, kamar yadda a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin gargajiya sau da yawa ana ganin dattawa sun san ka'idoji da tsammanin mafi kyau.<ref name="Madut 2158244020922972" /> Wannan yana ba su damar samun karin magana a cikin aure fiye da ango da amarya waɗanda dole ne su sami yardar dattawa su shiga ko barin waɗannan auren<ref name=":2"/> Talauci yana taka rawa a yadda 'yan amarya ke yin aure. Sau da yawa ana yin aure don rage matsalolin kudi ga iyalai, da kuma damar samun riba kamar sadaki.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=Why it happens |url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/about-child-marriage/why-child-marriage-happens/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=Girls Not Brides |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin da suke fuskantar talauci, ana ganin sadaki a matsayin damar karshe ga sauran dangin su tsira.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2022 |title=Child Marriage and the Hunger Crisis in South Sudan: A Case Study - South Sudan |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/child-marriage-and-hunger-crisis-south-sudan-case-study |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> Sau da yawa ƙasashe inda iyalai ke fuskantar yawan talauci suma suna fuskantar rikici, wanda ke haifar da yawan auren yara.<ref name=":62" /> Yaƙin basasar Sudan ta Kudu wanda ya ci gaba tun 2013 ya haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali a duk faɗin ƙasar, wanda ya haifar da talauci da tilasta ƙaura. Rashin kwanciyar hankali na kudi yana haifar da yarjejeniyar aure inda iyalai za su iya samun riba daga auren 'ya'yansu mata maimakon ilimantar da su.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Katrin |date=November 2021 |title=The Combined Impact of Civil Conflict and Unregulated Child, Early, and Forced Marriage on Female Secondary Education in South Sudan |url=https://oar.princeton.edu/bitstream/88435/pr1j571/3/LISD_GLS_III_Booklet.pdf |journal=Gender Law and Security: Selected Student Research from the Project on Gender and the Global Community}}</ref> == Sakamakon == Aure na yara yana da sakamako ga yara. Nazarin kiwon lafiya da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa matasan mata suna da haɗari mafi girma a cikin ciki fiye da tsofaffin mata saboda jikin su da kuma karamin pelvises.<ref name=":0"/> Aure na yara wanda ke haifar da ciki a Sudan ta Kudu ya ba da gudummawa ga yawan mace-mace a kasar. Yawan mace-mace a Sudan ta Kudu shine mutuwar 2,054 ga kowane haihuwa 100,000.<ref name=":4"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5qo4hwgw9mkk9fnv66c52mxlekj51ow 0 112107 840091 783886 2026-05-25T17:11:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gudanar da asibiti''' hanya ce ta tsari don kiyayewa da inganta ingancin kula da haƙuri a cikin Hukumar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHS) da kuma kula da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu. Gudanar da asibiti ya zama mahimmanci a cikin kiwon lafiya bayan abin kunya na zuciya na Bristol a cikin 1995, lokacin da wani likitan rigakafi, Dokta Stephen Bolsin, ya fallasa yawan mace-mace don tiyata ta zuciya a Bristol Royal Infirmary. Da farko an bayyana shi a cikin Hukumar Lafiya ta [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] (NHS), kuma ma'anar da aka fi ambata ta bayyana shi kamar haka: {{Blockquote|A framework through which NHS organisations are accountable for continually improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish.<ref>Scally and Donaldson, 1998</ref>}} Wannan ma'anar an yi niyya ne don ɗaukar mahimman halaye guda uku: ƙa'idodin kulawa masu kyau, alhakin bayyane da lissafi ga waɗancan ƙa'idodin, da kuma ci gaba mai ƙarfi na ci gaba. Manufar tana da wasu kamanceceniya da tsarin gudanarwar kamfanoni da aka fi sani, ta yadda za ta magance waɗancan tsare-tsare, tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare waɗanda ke tabbatar da inganci, alhaki da gudanar da ingantaccen aiki da isar da sabis na ƙungiya. Duk da haka tsarin kulawa na asibiti ya shafi kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da zamantakewa ne kawai, kuma kawai abubuwan da ke cikin irin waɗannan kungiyoyi waɗanda ke da alaka da ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya da masu kula da su; bai damu da sauran hanyoyin kasuwanci na kungiyar ba sai dai idan sun shafi isar da kulawa. Manufar "haɗe-haɗen mulki" ya fito don komawa ga tsarin gudanarwar kamfanoni da ayyukan gudanarwa na asibiti na ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Kafin 1999, manyan alhakin doka na UK NHS Trust Boards sun kasance don tabbatar da yadda ya kamata a gudanar da kudi na kungiyar da kuma matakin karɓa na aminci na haƙuri. Kwamitin Amincewa ba su da wani aiki na doka don tabbatar da wani matakin inganci. Ci gaba da inganta ingancin kulawa an fahimci shi ne alhakin ayyukan asibiti masu dacewa. A cikin 1999, Kwamitin Amincewa ya ɗauki alhakin doka don ingancin kulawa wanda ya yi daidai da sauran ayyukan su na doka. Gudanar da asibiti shine hanyar da ake fitar da wannan alhakin. "Gudanarwa na asibiti" baya ba da umarnin kowane tsari, tsari ko tsari don kiyayewa da haɓaka ingancin kulawa, sai dai cewa alhakin da aka keɓe don gudanar da aikin asibiti dole ne ya kasance a matakin Kwamitin Amintacce, kuma kowace Dogara dole ne ta shirya Bita na Shekara-shekara na Gudanar da Clinical don bayar da rahoto game da ingancin kulawa da kiyaye shi. Bayan haka, Amintaccen da sassansa daban-daban na asibiti suna wajaba don fassara ka'idodin tsarin gudanarwa na gida da alhakin gudanarwa na gida. [[Fayil:Smallwhatisclingov.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gudanar da asibiti shine haɗuwa da hanyoyin inganta sabis waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar akida ɗaya.]] * Ilimi da Horarwa * Binciken asibiti * Tasirin asibiti * Bincike da ci gaba * Budewa * Gudanar da haɗari * Gudanar da Bayanai Ba a sake la'akari da karɓa ga kowane likitan asibiti ya guje wa ci gaba da ilimi bayan cancanta - yawancin abin da aka koya yayin horo ya zama da sauri ya zama tsohon yayi. A cikin NHS Trusts, ci gaba da ci gaban kwararru (CPD) na likitoci ya kasance alhakin Trust kuma ya kasance aikin kwararru na likitocin su kasance masu tasowa. === Binciken asibiti === Binciken asibiti shine bita na aikin asibiti, gyaran aikin asibiti a sakamakon haka da kuma auna aikin da aka amince da shi - tsari na sake zagayowar inganta ingancin kulawar asibiti. A wani nau'i ko wani, binciken ya kasance wani ɓangare na kyakkyawan aikin asibiti na tsararraki. Duk da yake binciken ya kasance abin da ake buƙata ga ma'aikatan NHS Trust, a cikin binciken asibiti na farko an ƙarfafa shi ne kawai, inda lokacin binciken ya kamata ya yi gasa da wasu abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci. === Tasirin asibiti === Tasirin asibiti shine ma'auni na yadda wani shiga tsakani ke aiki. Matakan da kansa yana da amfani, amma ana inganta yanke shawara ta hanyar la'akari da ƙarin dalilai, kamar ko shiga tsakani ya dace da kuma ko yana wakiltar darajar kuɗi. A cikin sabis na kiwon lafiya na zamani, ana buƙatar inganta aikin asibiti cikin hasken shaidar da ke fitowa na tasiri amma kuma dole ne ya yi la'akari da fannoni na inganci da aminci daga hangen nesa na kowane mai haƙuri da masu kulawa a cikin al'umma. === Bincike da ci gaba === Kyakkyawan ƙwararrun ƙwararru ita ce a koyaushe a nemi canzawa ta hasken bincike da ke jagorantar shaida.  Lalacewar lokacin gabatar da irin wannan sauyi na iya zama babba, don haka rage yawan lokaci da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa yana buƙatar ba da fifiko ba kawai kan aiwatar da bincike ba har ma da aiwatar da ingantaccen binciken da aka faɗa.  Dabaru irin su ƙima mai mahimmanci na wallafe-wallafe, gudanar da ayyuka da haɓaka jagorori, ka'idoji da dabarun aiwatarwa duk kayan aikin haɓaka aiwatar da ayyukan bincike. Rashin aiki da rashin aiki na iya bunƙasa sau da yawa a bayan ƙofofi. Hanyoyin da ke buɗewa ga binciken jama'a, yayin da suke girmama sirrin mutum mai haƙuri da mai aiki, kuma wanda za'a iya tabbatar da shi a bayyane, wani muhimmin bangare ne na tabbatar da inganci. Ayyukan budewa da tattaunawa game da batutuwan shugabancin asibiti ya kamata ya zama fasalin tsarin. Duk wata kungiya da ke ba da kulawa mai inganci dole ne ta nuna cewa tana biyan bukatun yawan mutanen da take hidima. Binciken bukatun kiwon lafiya da fahimtar matsalolin da burin al'umma suna buƙatar hadin kai tsakanin kungiyoyin NHS, sashen kiwon lafiya na jama'a. Dokoki suna ba da gudummawa ga wannan. Tsarin tsarin kula da asibiti ya haɗa dukkan abubuwan da ke neman inganta ingancin kulawa. === Gudanar da haɗari === Gudanar da haɗari ya haɗa da la'akari da abubuwan da ke biyowa: ''Hadarin ga marasa lafiya'': bin ka'idojin doka na iya taimakawa wajen rage haɗari ga marasa lafiyar. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya rage haɗarin haƙuri ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa ana nazarin tsarin akai-akai kuma ana tambayar su - alal misali, ta hanyar ''Binciken abubuwan da suka faru'' da kuma koyo daga korafe-korafe. Ka'idodin ka'idojin kiwon lafiya suma mahimmanci ne wajen kula da haƙuri da lafiyar jama'a da jin daɗi. ''Hatsari ga masu aiki: tabbatar da cewa an yi wa ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya rigakafi daga cututtuka masu yaduwa, yin aiki a cikin yanayi mai aminci (misali aminci a cikin sassan kula da lafiyar hankali, haɓaka al'adar hana cin zarafi) kuma ana kiyaye su da zamani akan mahimman sassa na tabbacin inganci. Bugu da ƙari, kiyaye ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya na zamani tare da jagororin kamar amincin wuta, tallafin rayuwa na asali (BLS) da sabunta amincin gida yana da mahimmanci, waɗannan na iya zama kowace shekara ko ƙari akai-akai dangane da haɗarin haɗari.'' Hadari ga kungiyar: rashin inganci barazana ne ga kowane kungiya. Baya ga rage haɗari ga marasa lafiya da masu aiki, ƙungiyoyi suna buƙatar rage haɗarin kansu ta hanyar tabbatar da aikin aiki mai inganci (gami da hanyoyin locum da sake dubawa na aikin mutum da na ƙungiya), yanayi mai aminci (gami na dukiya da sirri), da manufofi da aka tsara da kyau game da shigar jama'a. Balancing these risk components may be an ideal that is difficult to achieve in practice. Recent research by [http://www.michaelfischer.org/ Fischer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807000242/http://michaelfischer.org/ |date=2025-08-07 }} and colleagues at the [[Jami'ar Oxford|University of Oxford]] finds that tensions between 'first order' risks (based on clinical care) and 'second order' risks (based on organisational reputation) can produce unintended contradictions, conflict, and may even precipitate organisational crisis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fischer |first=Michael Daniel |last2=Ferlie, Ewan |date=1 January 2013 |title=Resisting hybridisation between modes of clinical risk management: Contradiction, contest, and the production of intractable conflict |url=https://researchbank.acu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1701&context=flb_pub |journal=Accounting, Organizations and Society |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=30–49 |doi=10.1016/j.aos.2012.11.002 |s2cid=44146410 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fischer |first=Michael D |date=28 September 2012 |title=Organizational Turbulence, Trouble and Trauma: Theorizing the Collapse of a Mental Health Setting |journal=Organization Studies |volume=33 |issue=9 |pages=1153–1173 |doi=10.1177/0170840612448155 |s2cid=52219788}}</ref> === Gudanar da Bayanai === Gudanar da bayanai a cikin kiwon lafiya: Rubuce-rubucen marasa lafiya (ƙididdigar jama'a, zamantakewar tattalin arziki, bayanan asibiti) tattarawa da ya dace, gudanarwa da amfani da bayanai a tsakanin tsarin kiwon lafiya zai ƙayyade tasirin tsarin wajen gano matsalolin kiwon lafiya, bayyana fifiko, gano sabbin mafita da rarraba albarkatu don inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya. == Aikace-aikacen a fagen == Idan shugabancin asibiti ya yi aiki yadda ya kamata a matsayin tsarin tsarin kiyayewa da inganta ingancin kula da haƙuri a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya, yana buƙatar masu ba da shawara. Har ila yau, yana buƙatar tsarin da mutane su kasance a wurin don ingantawa da haɓaka shi. Tsarin ya sami magoya baya a waje da Burtaniya. Kungiyar ba da izinin asibiti ta Burtaniya ba don riba ba da izini ta Trent Accreditation Scheme ta kafa tsarin su a kan tsarin asibiti na NHS, kuma ta yi amfani da shi ga asibitoci a [[Hong Kong]] da [[Malta]]. Har ila yau, a cikin Hukumar Lafiya ta Mutanen Espanya an aiwatar da kwarewa da yawa, irin su a Andalucía da Asturias. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] la5dc4woj1tn8ztv8d6wypo25pw2khj 0 112123 840253 742923 2026-05-26T09:51:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Capital_Punishment_in_the_United_States_by_State_Since_1970.gif|thumb|Matsayi na hukuncin kisa tun daga 1970 ta hanyar iko: <div class="legend">An soke hukuncin kisa ko kuma an kashe shi.<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact; forced-color-adjust:none;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;</div> <br />  ]] A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Hukuncin Kisa|hukuncin kisa]] (wanda aka fi sani da hukuncin kisa) hukunci ne na shari'a a cikin jihohi 27 (wanda biyu, [[Oregon]] da [[Wyoming]], a halin yanzu ba su da fursunoni da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa), a duk faɗin ƙasar a matakin tarayya, da kuma Samoa ta Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Death Penalty States [2022] |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state |access-date=September 8, 2022 |publisher=Death Penalty Info}}</ref> Har ila yau, hukunci ne na doka ga wasu Laifukan soja. An soke hukuncin kisa a cikin sauran jihohi 23 da kuma babban birnin tarayya, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi ne kawai don manyan laifuka, kamar kisan kai. Kodayake hukunci ne na shari'a a cikin jihohi 27, 21 daga cikinsu suna da ikon aiwatar da hukuncin kisa, tare da sauran 6, dangane da dakatarwar. Ya zuwa 2025, daga cikin kasashe 38 na OECD, uku (Amurka, Japan da Koriya ta Kudu) suna riƙe da hukuncin kisa. Koriya ta Kudu ta kiyaye dakatarwar da ba ta hukuma ba a kan kisa tun shekara ta 1997. Don haka, Japan da Taiwan sune kawai sauran [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]] masu ci gaba tare da hukuncin kisa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2024 |title=The TCC delivers its Judgment 113-Hsien-Pan-8 (2024) |url=https://cons.judicial.gov.tw/en/docdata.aspx?fid=5506&id=353656 |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=Constitutional Court R.O.C. (Taiwan)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Singapore |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/singapore |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503011701/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/singapore |archive-date=3 May 2014 |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=Freedom House}}</ref> A cikin ƙasashe biyu, hukuncin kisa ya kasance yana da goyon baya sosai. Ana iya gano kasancewar hukuncin kisa a Amurka zuwa farkon mulkin mallaka na Virginia.<ref name="Rigby-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Rigby |first=David |last2=Seguin |first2=Charles |date=March 2021 |title=Capital Punishment and the Legacies of Slavery and Lynching in the United States |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |language=en |volume=694 |issue=1 |pages=205–219 |doi=10.1177/00027162211016277 |issn=0002-7162 |s2cid=235760878 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babu wani kisa a Amurka tsakanin 1967 da 1977. A shekara ta 1972, [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta soke dokokin hukuncin kisa a Furman v. Georgia, ta rage duk hukuncin kisa da ake jiran zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai a lokacin. Daga baya, yawancin jihohi sun kafa sabbin ka'idojin hukuncin kisa, kuma kotun ta tabbatar da halattaccen aikin a cikin shari'ar Gregg v. Georgia ta 1976. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an yanke wa mutane sama da 8,500 hukuncin kisa; daga cikin wadannan, an kashe fiye da 1,605. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Sentencing Data |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/sentencing-data |access-date=8 December 2024 |publisher=[[Death Penalty Information Center]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Death Sentences in the United States From 1977 By State and By Year |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/death-sentences-united-states-1977-present |access-date=8 December 2024 |publisher=[[Death Penalty Information Center]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Executions Overview |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/executions-overview |access-date=8 December 2024 |publisher=[[Death Penalty Information Center]]}}</ref><ref name="Update">{{Cite web |title=Execution Statistics Summary – State and Year |url=http://people.smu.edu/rhalperi/summary.html |access-date=January 26, 2017 |publisher=people.smu.edu/rhalperi/ |archive-date=December 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219225900/http://people.smu.edu/rhalperi/summary.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jihohi ne ke aiwatar da mafi yawan kisa. Ga kowane mutum 8.2 da aka kashe, an cire mutum daya a kan layin mutuwa, a zamanin zamani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Criteria for Inclusion on DPIC's Innocence List |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/stories/criteria-for-inclusion-on-dpics-innocence-list |access-date=8 December 2024 |publisher=[[Death Penalty Information Center]]}}</ref> Akalla mutane 200 da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa tun 1973 an cire su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Innocence |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/policy-issues/innocence |access-date=8 December 2024 |publisher=[[Death Penalty Information Center]]}}</ref> Wannan zai kasance kusan 2.2% ko daya cikin 46.<ref name="DPIC-innocence-list">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Innocence: List of Those Freed From Death Row |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/innocence-list-those-freed-death-row |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513153319/https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/innocence-list-those-freed-death-row |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |access-date=May 13, 2019 |publisher=[[Death Penalty Information Center]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin Pre-''Furman'' === [[Fayil:Usa-executions.svg|right|thumb|350x350px|Kashe-kashen a Amurka daga 1608 zuwa 2020]] An fara yanke hukuncin kisa na farko da aka rubuta a cikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Arewacin Amurka a cikin 1608 a kan Kyaftin George Kendall, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |year=2010 |title=Part I: History of the Death Penalty, Death Penalty Information Center |url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/part-i-history-death-penalty |access-date=April 12, 2011 |website=[[Death Penalty Information Center]] |archive-date=September 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924150720/https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/history-of-the-death-penalty/early-history-of-the-death-penalty/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda aka kashe shi ta hanyar harbi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Waksman |first=David |title=Is there a Death Penalty in America? |url=http://lawenforcementtoday.com/tag/captain-george-kendall/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232544/http://lawenforcementtoday.com/tag/captain-george-kendall/ |archive-date=December 30, 2013 |access-date=December 28, 2013}}</ref> a mulkin mallaka ya Jamestown saboda leken asiri a madadin gwamnatin Spain. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Death Penalty in America |url=http://www.antideathpenalty.org/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116172949/http://www.antideathpenalty.org/history.html |archive-date=November 16, 2011 |access-date=December 1, 2011 |publisher=Antideathpenalty.org}}</ref> An kuma aiwatar da kisa a cikin mulkin mallaka na Amurka ta hanyar ratayewa. Rashin mai ratayewa yana daya daga cikin azabtarwa daban-daban da Puritans na Massachusetts Bay Colony suka yi amfani da su don tilasta bin addini da ilimi a kan dukan al'umma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Merrill |first=Louis Taylor |date=1945 |title=The Puritan Policeman |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2085847 |journal=American Sociological Review |publisher=American Sociological Association |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=766–776 |doi=10.2307/2085847 |issn=0003-1224 |jstor=2085847 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dokar 'Yancin da aka karɓa a cikin 1789 ta haɗa da Kwaskwarima ta takwas wacce ta haramta mummunan hukunci da ba a saba gani ba. An tsara Kwaskwarima ta Biyar tare da harshe wanda ke nuna yiwuwar amfani da hukuncin kisa, yana buƙatar babban juri don "laifukan kisa" da kuma tsarin doka don hana "rayuwa" ta gwamnati.<ref name="ReferenceScaliaBaze">{{Cite web |title=BAZE v. REES (No. 07-5439) [April 16, 2008] Justice Scalia, with whom Justice Thomas joins, concurring in the judgment |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/07-5439.ZC2.html |access-date=April 7, 2016 |publisher=law.cornell.edu}}</ref> Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu da aka karɓa a 1868 ta kuma buƙaci tsarin doka don hana rai ta kowace jiha. An ƙuntata hukuncin kisa na tarayya ga ƙananan laifuka.<ref name="HannahFreedman">{{Cite journal |last=Freedman |first=Hannah |title=The Modern Federal Death Penalty: A Cruel and Unusual Penalty |url=https://live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Freedman-final.pdf |journal=[[Cornell Law Review]] |volume=107 |access-date=28 December 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228180907/https://live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Freedman-final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> :: 1696  Masu kafa sun ga hukuncin karshe a matsayin hanyar kare bukatun masu mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=1 September 2022 |title=The Modern Federal Death Penalty: A Cruel and Unusual Penalty |url=https://www.cornelllawreview.org/2022/09/01/the-modern-federal-death-penalty-a-cruel-and-unusual-penalty/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |publisher=[[Cornell Law Review]]}}</ref> An aiwatar da hukuncin kisa bisa ga al'adu yankin.<ref name="HannahFreedman" /> : 1696 : 1696  === Yunkurin kawar da shi na farko === Jihohi uku sun soke hukuncin kisa don kisan kai a cikin karni na 19: Michigan (wanda kawai ya kashe fursuna 1 kuma shine gwamnati ta farko a duniyar Turanci da ta soke hukuncin kisa) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michigan Legal Milestones: 41. First to Abolish the Death Penalty |url=https://www.michbar.org/programs/milestone/milestones_firsttoabolish |access-date=August 30, 2022 |website=www.michbar.org}}</ref> a 1847, Wisconsin a 1853, da Maine a 1887. Rhode Island kuma jiha ce mai dogon tarihin abolitionist, bayan ta soke hukuncin kisa a 1852, kodayake tana samuwa ne don kisan da wani fursuna ya aikata tsakanin 1872 da 1984. Sauran jihohin da suka soke hukuncin kisa don kisan kai kafin Gregg v. Georgia sun hada da [[Minnesota]] a 1911, [[Capital punishment in Vermont|Vermont]] a 1964, [[Iowa]] da West Virginia a 1965, da North Dakota a 1973. [[Hawaii]] ta soke hukuncin kisa a 1948 da [[Alaska]] a 1957, duka biyu kafin su zama jihar. [[Capital punishment in Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] ta soke shi a 1929 da kuma [[Capital punishment in the District of Columbia|Gundumar Columbia]] a 1981. Arizona da Oregon sun soke hukuncin kisa ta hanyar [[Suffrage|kuri'un da aka zaba]] a 1916 da 1964 bi da bi, amma dukansu sun sake dawo da shi, kuma ta hanyar kuriʼun da aka saba da su, wasu shekaru daga baya; Arizona ta sake dawo da hukuncin kisa a 1918 da Oregon a 1978. A Oregon, [[Oregon Supreme Court|Kotun Koli ta Oregon]] ta soke matakin da ya dawo da hukuncin kisa a 1981, amma masu jefa kuri'a na Oregon sun sake dawo da hukuncin mutuwa a shekarar 1984. <ref name="Ballotpedia2">{{Cite web |title=Death penalty on the ballot |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Death_penalty_on_the_ballot |access-date=April 6, 2016 |publisher=ballotpedia.org}}</ref> Puerto Rico da Michigan sune kawai yankuna biyu na Amurka da suka haramta hukuncin kisa a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su: a cikin 1952 da 1964, bi da bi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gf0075l989aln3vzf905e7hdtwlx048 0 112318 840254 706068 2026-05-26T10:01:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Hukuncin Kisa|Hukuncin kisa]] hukunci ne na doka a [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]. Kodayake ana aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ne kawai a cikin manyan shari'o'in kisan kai, cin hanci da rashawa a cikin matsanancin shari'oʼi na iya haifar da hukuncin kisa kuma ana amfani da hukuncin kisa akai-akai ga wasu Masu fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Ana aiwatar da kisa ta hanyar 'yan bindiga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2017 |title=Pidana Hukuman Mati Pembunuhan Berencana |url=https://www.hukum-hukum.com/2017/09/pidana-hukuman-mati-pembunuhan-berencana.html |publisher=Hery Shietra |language=id}}</ref> == Tarihi == Kodayake hukuncin kisa ya kasance a matsayin hukunci tun daga farkon [[Indonesiya|Jamhuriyar Indonesia]], hukuncin kisa na farko bai faru ba sai 1973. An yi kisan farar hula na farko a Indonesia a shekarar 1978. Oesin Bestari, mai yankan awaki daga Mojokerto, shi ne mai aikata laifuka na farko da aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa a Indonesia bayan samun 'yancin kai. An yanke masa hukunci a shekara ta 1964 bayan ya kashe mutane shida, dukansu abokan kasuwancinsa ne. An kashe shi a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1978 a wani sashi na Kenjeran Beach, Surabaya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adryamarthanino |first=Verelladevanka |date=2022-04-07 |editor-last=Ningsih |editor-first=Widya Lestari |title=Sejarah Hukuman Mati di Indonesia Halaman all |url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2022/04/07/090000779/sejarah-hukuman-mati-di-indonesia |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=KOMPAS.com |publisher=Kompas Cyber Media |language=id}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-19 |title=Oesin, Kusni dan Henky: Trio Terpidana Mati Pertama Pasca Kemerdekaan Indonesia |url=https://www.reqnews.com/memoar/45267/oesin-kusni-dan-henky-trio-terpidana-mati-pertama-pasca-kemerdekaan-indonesia |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=ReqNews |language=id |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191434/https://www.reqnews.com/memoar/45267/oesin-kusni-dan-henky-trio-terpidana-mati-pertama-pasca-kemerdekaan-indonesia |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mutumin na biyu da aka kashe shi ne Henky Tupanwael, mai zane-zane na titi wanda ya zama ɗan fashi mai makami. An same shi a shekarar 1969 bayan jerin fashi da makami a 1944, 1957, 1960, da 1963. Ya kuma kasance sanannen mai tserewa daga kurkuku, tare da rubuce-rubuce uku na tserewa daga gidan yari. An kashe shi a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 1980 a filin bindigogi na gwamnati a Pamekasan, tsibirin Madura . Kashewarsa sananne ne saboda ya nuna shahararren camfi na Indonesiya a wannan lokacin da ya shafi masu yin sihiri na baki da ke da rigakafin makami da kuma tsarin da ake buƙata don kashe shi. A lokacin da aka kashe shi, jami'an gwamnati sun bi da wurin mutuwarsa da tsari mai ban mamaki. An kwantar da ginshiƙan kisa tare da ganyen [[Zogale|kelor]] kuma an shirya shi ta hanyar da jikinsa ya faɗi kai tsaye zuwa gado. Maimakon baƙar fata na gargajiya da aka yi amfani da shi don rufe idanunsa, an yi amfani da jan zane. Har ila yau, an yi masa gyare-gyare ta amfani da igiyoyin fiber na dabino, amma ba a ɗaure shi da ginshiƙi ba don tabbatar da cewa jikinsa ya faɗi zuwa kelor ya bar gado. Dukkanin jami'an gwamnati ne suka yi don kawar da kariya da kuma tabbatar da mutuwarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Handayani |first=Maulida Sri |date=5 January 2017 |title=Henky Tupanwael, Anak Kolong yang Terjerumus Jadi Garong |url=https://tirto.id/henky-tupanwael-anak-kolong-yang-terjerumus-jadi-garong-ceBU |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=tirto.id |language=id}}</ref><ref name=":4"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maha Adi |first=I.G.G. |date=2003-11-24 |title=Malam Panjang Sebelum Bunyi Dor |url=https://majalah.tempo.co/read/selingan/91663/malam-panjang-sebelum-bunyi-dor |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Tempo |language=id}}</ref> Mutumin na uku da aka kashe shi ne Waluyo, wanda aka fi sani da Kusni Kasdut, tsohon jarumi wanda ya zama ɗan fashi mai makami. Shari'ar Kusni Kasdut ta ja hankalin kafofin watsa labarai a wannan lokacin saboda shi jarumi ne na juyin juya halin kasa na Indonesia, da kuma fashi na Robin Hood, yayin da ya yi fashi don rarraba nasarorin da ya samu ga matalauta. An kashe shi a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 1980 kusa da Gresik City, Gabashin Java . <ref name=":4"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=5 Eksekusi Mati Paling Jadi Sorotan di Indonesia |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-1963902/5-eksekusi-mati-paling-jadi-sorotan-di-indonesia |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=detiknews |publisher=[[Detik.com|detikcom]] |language=id-ID |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509204319/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-1963902/5-eksekusi-mati-paling-jadi-sorotan-di-indonesia |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gwamnatin Indonesia ba ta bayar da cikakken kididdiga game da kowane mutum da ke fuskantar hukuncin kisa a kasar ba. A zahiri, "bincike na ƙididdigar ƙididdiga yana da matsala ta hanyar ɓoye-ɓoye na jihar game da hukuncin kisa. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daniel Pascoe |year=2014 |title=Three Coming Legal Challenges to Indonesia's Death Penalty Regime |url=https://www.academia.edu/8757829 |journal=Academia.edu}}</ref> Babu wani kisa tun 2017, mai yiwuwa ne sakamakon tsananin zargi na duniya da gwamnatin Indonesia ta fuskanci aiwatar da kisa ta ƙarshe. Shugaba [[Joko Widodo]] tun daga lokacin ya bayyana cewa yanzu yana buɗewa don sake gabatar da dakatarwar hukuma kan hukuncin kisa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2017 |title=Jokowi Open to Death Penalty Review |url=https://en.brilio.net/news/jokowi-says-open-to-death-penalty-review-1703281.html |access-date=9 August 2025 |archive-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601013037/https://en.brilio.net/news/jokowi-says-open-to-death-penalty-review-1703281.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An san Indonesia sosai a matsayin "mai karfi mai ba da shawara game da hukuncin kisa ga 'yan ƙasa a ƙasashen waje".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andrew Novak |title=The Future of the Mandatory Death Penalty in Malaysia and Singapore: "Asian Values" and Abolition in Comparative Perspective, with Implications for Indonesia |url=https://www.academia.edu/7092813 |journal=Academia.edu}}</ref> == Amfani da tarihi na ratayewa == Duk da cewa Indonesia ta yi amfani da Dokar No. 2 / PNPS/1964 wanda ya ba da umarnin kisa ta hanyar harbi, har zuwa 2023, Mataki na No. 11 na [[Indonesian Criminal Code|Dokar Laifuka ta Indonesia]] har yanzu ya ba da umurni cewa dole ne a aiwatar da kisa ta hanyar [[rataya|ratayewa]] kuma ɓangaren ya kasance a rubuce a cikin lambar. Wannan bangare wani bangare ne na doka daga zamanin mulkin mallaka, kamar yadda Dokar Laifin Indonesiya ta gaji daga Dokar Laifin Dutch East Indies, amma Dokar No. 2 / PNPS/1964 ta maye gurbin labarin a aikace.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Marwin |date=2019 |title=Pelaksanaan Pidana Mati di Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia |url=http://ejournal.radenintan.ac.id/index.php/asas/article/view/4646 |journal=ASAS |volume=11 |pages=101–118 |doi=10.24042/asas.v11i01.4646 |s2cid=203034384 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Dutch, ana aiwatar da kisa ta hanyar ratayewa ta jama'a a wuraren shakatawa na gari kuma ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin barbaric, yayin da aka rataye ta hanyar rataya ta gajeren lokaci, inda masu kisa 3 suka taka rawar gani a mutuwar fursunonin da aka yanke musu hukunci. Ɗaya zai buɗe ƙofar tarko, ɗayan zai ja ƙafafun fursunoni, ɗayan kuma zai tura kafadar fursunoni ƙasa, don haka an hanzarta mutuwar fursunoni. == Manazarta == i6xwfmcdhu072nyorfuemz7di941wmy 0 112359 840255 813563 2026-05-26T10:06:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:NRM.02730.jpg|thumb|180x180px|Wutar mai kisa ta Norway daga 1742 <small>Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Norway</small><br />]] '''Hukuncin kisa a Norway''' (Norwegian) an haramta shi ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki tun 2014. Kafin wannan, an soke shi gaba ɗaya a 1979, kuma a baya, daga 1905, dokar azabtarwa ta soke hukuncin kisa a lokacin zaman lafiya. An kashe kisan karshe a lokacin zaman lafiya a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1876, lokacin da aka fille Kristoffer Nilsen Grindalen a Løten, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Øversveen |first=Jørn |date=28 January 2009 |title=Den siste halshuggingen |url=http://www.digitaltfortalt.no/show_single.aspx?art_id=111350 |access-date=27 February 2009 |publisher=Digitalt Fortalt |archive-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724174952/http://www.digitaltfortalt.no/show_single.aspx?art_id=111350 |url-status=dead }}</ref> amma an kashe mutane 37, galibi Norwegians da Jamus, bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] da shekarun Nazi; daga cikinsu Vidkun Quisling . == Tarihi == === Amfani da farko === Baya ga laifukan kisa na yau da kullun na kisan kai da cin amana, dokar Norway ta zamani ta bukaci a kashe mutanen da aka same su da laifin maita. A lokacin farautar mayu na ƙarni na 16 da 17, an ƙonewa mutane 300. Kimanin ɗari daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga yankin Vardø. Mata a arewa, musamman a gundumar Finnmark, suna cikin haɗari musamman saboda malamai da hukumomi sun yi imanin cewa shaidan yana zaune a gefen duniya. Dokar Norway ta Sarki Christian V ta 1687 ta bayyana laifuka masu yawa. Dokar 16 ga Oktoba 1697 ta kara hukuncin wasu kisan kai ta hanyar haɗa [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] tare da kisa. A kan hanyar zuwa wurin kisan gilla za a kama wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin da jan hot tongs, kuma za a yanke hannu kafin a yanke shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kjærvikmordet |url=http://www.rhd.uit.no/birte/bygdeboka.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031805/http://www.rhd.uit.no/birte/bygdeboka.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=23 August 2014 |publisher=University of Tromsø |language=no}}</ref> === Amfani na zamani === A lokacin da Nazi suka mamaye Norway (1940-1945), gwamnatin Vidkun Quisling ta gabatar da hukuncin kisa a watan Satumbar 1942, kuma an fara kisa na farko a cikin jimlar goma sha tara a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta 1943, lokacin da aka kashe jami'in 'yan sanda Gunnar Eilifsen saboda rashin biyayya. Kafin wannan, dokar Jamus ta yi amfani da ita, kuma an riga an kashe 'yan Norway ɗari huɗu. A shekara ta 1941, majalisar ministocin Nygaardsvold da ke gudun hijira a [[Landan]] ta ba da izinin hukuncin kisa bayan yakin, kuma ta faɗaɗa ikonta a shekara ta 1942 don rufe azabtarwa da kisan kai. Cutar da ta biyo bayan mamayar ta haifar da hukuncin kisa 72, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandal |first=Nik. |date=25 November 2015 |title=Dødsstraff under rettsoppgjøret |url=https://www.norgeshistorie.no/andre-verdenskrig/1728-dodsstraff-under-rettsoppgjoret.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Norgeshistorie |publisher=University of Oslo}}</ref> daga cikinsu an kashe mutane 37: 25 Norwegians, 11 Jamus, da Dane daya. Kashe-kashen karshe ya faru ne a ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 1948, lokacin da aka sanya Ragnar Skancke a gaban tawagar harbi a Akershus Fortress . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Steen Jensen |first=Øyvind |date=15 November 2010 |title=Den siste Norge henrettet |url=http://www.side3.no/article3027687.ece |access-date=30 April 2011 |publisher=Nettavisen (side3) |language=no |archive-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722040358/http://www.side3.no/article3027687.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam === A cikin 1988, Norway ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta 6 na [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] wanda ya haramta amfani da hukuncin kisa a lokacin zaman lafiya kuma ya tabbatar da yarjejeniya ta 13 wacce ta haramta duk amfani da hukuncin mutuwa a cikin shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2005 |title=Noreg har i dag ratifisert EMK protokoll 13 om avskaffing av dødsstraff |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/nn/dokumentarkiv/Regjeringa-Bondevik-II/utanriksdepartementet/Nyheter-og-pressemeldinger/2005/noreg_har_i_dag_ratifisert_emk.html?id=258081 |access-date=10 May 2014 |publisher=Regjeringen |language=no}}</ref> Norway gabaɗaya tana adawa da hukuncin kisa a waje da ƙasar. Gwamnati ta kori Mullah Krekar daga Norway, amma ba ta tura shi zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] ba saboda yiwuwar a tuhume shi da laifuka masu yawa a cikin garinsu. A cikin Shari'ar Martine Vik Magnussen, Norway ta ki yin hadin kai da gwamnatin [[Yemen]] sai dai idan an ba da tabbacin cewa hukuncin kisa ba zai yiwu ba. === haramtacciyar doka === An yi gyare-gyare sosai a Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Norway a watan Mayu 2014. Sabon Mataki na 93 a cikin kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta hukuncin kisa a bayyane ("Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin rai. Babu wanda za'a iya yanke masa hukuncin kisa.") tare da azabtarwa, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci, da bautar, kuma ya tilasta gwamnati ta kare daga waɗannan ayyukan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kongeriket Norges Grunnlov |url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1814-05-17#KAPITTEL_5 |access-date=14 February 2015 |publisher=Lovdata |language=no}}</ref> == Ra'ayin jama'a == Binciken ra'ayi ya nuna cewa kusan 1 cikin 4 Norwegians suna goyon bayan hukuncin kisa, tare da mafi girman goyon baya tsakanin masu jefa kuri'a na Progress Party, daga cikinsu goyon baya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin kuri'a daga 2010, yana da kashi 51. Kodayake 'yan siyasa na jam'iyyar Progress kamar [[Ulf Erik Knudsen]] <ref name="vilha2" /> da Jan Blomseth sun nuna goyon baya ga hukuncin kisa don manyan shari'o'in fyade da kisan kai, manufofin jam'iyyar suna adawa da hukuncin kisa. Wani bincike na ra'ayi da aka yi bayan [[2011 Norway attacks|Hare-haren Norway na 2011]] ya nuna cewa 'yan adawa da hukuncin kisa sun kasance masu ƙarfi, tare da kashi 16 cikin dari na goyon baya da kashi 68 cikin dari na adawa. == Manazarta == f8blzow2yun4pxedeiit5v8ybkcr3f9 0 113740 840197 698570 2026-05-25T23:41:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Muhammed_Zafar_Iqbal_at_Dhanmondi.JPG|thumb|A wani bikin a Dhaka. Muhammad Zafar Iqbal]] Muhammad Zafar Iqbal (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1952) marubuci ne na [[Bangladesh]], masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma malami. An dauke shi a matsayin mai gabatarwa na rubuce-rubuce da kuma fadada fiction kimiyya a Bangladesh. Shi kuma sanannen marubucin yara ne kuma marubuci. An daidaita rubuce-rubucensa zuwa fina-finai da yawa. A halin yanzu farfesa ne na kimiyyar kwamfuta da injiniya a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Shahjalal kuma shugaban Sashen Dabarun Lantarki. A lokacin bikin rufe gasar robotic a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Shahjalal da karfe 3 na yamma a ranar 27 ga Maris (3 ga Maris 2018), masu sauraro sun kai hari kan wani dalibi na madrasa mai suna Faizur saboda yunkurin kashe shi. A cikin 2024, Iqbal ya fuskanci zargi mai mahimmanci daga kungiyoyin dalibai a lokacin zanga-zangar sake fasalin kasa da kasa saboda martani na zanga-zambe da rashin goyon baya, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali ciki har da cewa dalibai a jami'arsa sun bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ba a yarda da shi ba. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Barazanar kisan kai da sauransu == * Lokacin da aka shirya taron jama'a a Shahbag a babban birnin, yana neman matsakaicin hukunci ga shugaban Jamaat Quader Mollah, mai aikata laifuka a kan bil'adama na Babban Yakin 'Yanci a 1971, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal ya kasance a kan gaba na wannan motsi. A wannan lokacin, kungiyoyin masu fafutuka da masu fafutukar suna barazanar hambarar da shi. An ruwaito Zafar Iqbal yana cikin jerin sunayen da aka buga na haramtaccen kungiyar 'yan ta'adda Ansar Al Islam (wanda ake kira Ansarullah Bangla Team ko ABT) a wannan lokacin.<ref name=":0" /> * A ranar 27 ga watan Mayu, an yi wa malamai da yawa, ciki har da Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, barazanar kisan kai. An yi barazanar kisan da sunan 'Al Qaeda Ansarullah Bangla Team: 13'. Akwai barazana a cikin tono - 'mast za ku shirya don matattu'. A cikin wata wasika da aka kira a cikin gidan waya, an yi niyya da jerin mutane biyar, ciki har da Firayim Minista HT Imam, Farfesa Arefin Siddique, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, Kaberi Gaine, Imran H Sarker na Jamhuriyar Jama'a da Tarana Halim. A wannan lokacin, Farfesa Zafar Iqbal ya ce, "Jinarin kisan kai ba sabon abu ba ne a gare ni, don haka ban ji tsoro ba. "Na karɓi wasiƙu kamar haka sau da yawa, sau da yawa ba na gaya wa kowa ba, har ma da matata.&nbsp; * A ranar 24 ga Oktoba (Laraba), Muhammad Zafar Iqbal da matarsa Yasmin Haque sun yi barazanar kisan wayar salula da kungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta Ansarullah Bangla Team. A can ne aka rubuta, 'ba a yi maraba da sabon jerinmu na farko! numfashinku na iya tsayawa a kowane lokaci. ABT '. Da karfe 2:30 na yamma a wannan ranar, saƙo daga Muhammad Zafar Iqbal ya yi barazana. An rubuta, 'Hi Unbeliever! Za mu maƙure ku nan ba da daɗewa ba'. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, sun yi babban labari (GD) a ofishin 'yan sanda na Jalalabad a garin Sylhet. 'Yan sanda sun ce a lokacin, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal da matarsa Yasmin Haq an yi musu barazanar saƙo daga 121. An yi barazanar ne da sunan kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Ansarullah Bangla Team. Muhammad Zafar Iqbal ya kuma yi GD a wannan yanayin. An sanya masu tsaron 'yan sanda da makamai a gidansu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> * A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, an aika da wasika daga wata kungiya da ake kira Ittehadul Mujahideen tana barazanar kai hari kan mai zane, tare da masu gwagwarmayar kan layi guda bakwai, marubuta da marubuta, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal. A ranar 24 ga Oktoba (Laraba), Muhammad Zafar Iqbal da matarsa Yasmin Haque sun yi barazanar kisan wayar salula da kungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta Ansarullah Bangla Team. * 'Yan sanda sun dawo da jerin sunayen da aka kashe daga wani sansanin JMB a Bogra a ranar 28 ga Mayu, inda aka sami sunan Muhammad Zafar Iqbal. * 'Yan sanda sun dawo da jerin sunayen manyan mutane hudu na Ansar al-Islam a yankin, inda aka sami sunan Muhammad Zafar Iqbal.<ref name=":3" /> * A ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, Zafar Iqbal Shahjalal ya nuna rashin amincewa da harin da kungiyar Chhatra League ta kai wa malaman kimiyya da fasaha jami'o'in. A cikin jawabin da ya gabata a watan Agusta, Jafar Iqbal ya ce, "Dalilin Chhatra League zai zama Awami League. " Saboda wannan dalili, an ba da rahoton wani ɓangare na Chhatra League fushi da Jafar Iqbale. "<ref name=":0" /> * Yuni 28, Dokta Zafar Iqbal ya bukaci hukunci mai kyau, kuma Awami League da wasu jam'iyyun takwas sun gudanar da shirin jin kai a gaban National Press Club. Shirin ya ce, "Atheism yana da yawa a cikin lakabin mai ci gaba, mai ilimi da kuma 'yanci a cikin wannan ƙasa. " Masu musun wanzuwar Allah suna yin saɓo a fili game da addinin Islama a ko'ina, gami da kan layi. '<ref name=":0" /> * Memba na mazabar Sylhet-3 Mahmud Samad Chowdhury ya nuna fushinsa ga Jafar Iqbal. A wani taro, ya ce, "Idan na kasance babban aiki, da na yi wa Jafar Iqbal wuka a cikin tukunyar kotu".<ref name=":0" /> * An kai hari ga ma'aurata Zafar Iqbal da Yasmin Haq a gaban ginin gudanarwa na Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Shahjalal. An kuma bayar da rahoton Farfesa Yasmin Haque cewa ya fadi a ƙasa a wani hari kan daliban da ke goyon bayan Mataimakin Shugaban kasa lokacin da ya shiga zanga-zangar, wanda ya fara a ranar 12 ga Afrilu. Farin Jafar Iqbal ya ce a lokacin, "Idan ɗaliban da suka kai hari ga malamai a nan ya kamata su mutu a cikin makogwaro idan su ɗalibai ne".<ref name=":2" /> == Yunkurin kisan kai na Maris 3 == A ranar Asabar, 3 ga Maris, 2018, da karfe 5:40 na yamma, an yi wa Farfesa Muhammad Zafar Iqbal wuka a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Shahjalal a Sylhet. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh: Writer Zafar Iqbal attacked at university – DW – 03/03/2018 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/bangladesh-top-secular-writer-zafar-iqbal-attacked-at-university/a-42813525 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213130933/https://www.dw.com/en/bangladesh-top-secular-writer-zafar-iqbal-attacked-at-university/a-42813525 |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin, ana gudanar da bikin rufe gasar Robotics na Injiniyan Lantarki da Injiniyan lantarki (EEE) a matakin bude jami'ar. A cewar shaidu, a wani lokaci a lokacin taron, tashin hankali ya tashi. A lokacin wannan, wani ya kai hari kan farfesa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-04 |title=Zafar Iqbal's 'attacker' identified |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/Zafar-Iqbal-s-attacker-identified |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref> Nan da nan bayan harin, an kai Zafar Iqbal asibitin Sylhet M.A.G. Osmani Medical College. A can, an kai shi gidan wasan kwaikwayo inda aka tsabtace raunukansa kuma aka sa su. Yana da bugawa hudu a kansa, wanda aka yi imanin ya fito ne daga sandar ƙarfe. Bugu da ƙari, yana da raunuka a hannunsa na hagu da baya. Zafar Iqbal ya sami sutura 26 a kai, shida a hannunsa na hagu, da kuma wasu shida a gefen hagu na bayansa - jimillar sutura 38.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wounded Prof Zafar Iqbal brought to Dhaka CMH |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/139580/wounded-prof-zafar-iqbal-brought-to-dhaka-cmh |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Zafar Iqbal hit on head, stabbed in back and left hand, doctor says |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/zafar-iqbal-hit-on-head-stabbed-in-back-and-left-hand-doctor-says |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=bdnews24.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof Dr Zafar Iqbal brought to Dhaka CMH {{!}} banglatribune.com |url=https://en.banglatribune.com/national/news/1011/Prof-Dr-Zafar-Iqbal-brought-to-Dhaka-CMH |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Bangla Tribune |language=en |archive-date=2025-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005012404/https://en.banglatribune.com/national/news/1011/Prof-Dr-Zafar-Iqbal-brought-to-Dhaka-CMH |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Sanarwar mai kai hari === Nan da nan bayan harin, dalibai da jami'an 'yan sanda da ke wurin sun kama mai kai hari. Jama'a sun doke saurayin kuma suka kai shi ginin gudanarwa na jami'ar. A can, hukumomin jami'a da jami'an 'yan sanda sun yi masa tambayoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explaining the Attack on Zafar Iqbal, One of Bangladesh's Top Academics |url=https://thewire.in/south-asia/explaining-the-attack-on-zafar-iqbal-one-of-bangladeshs-top-academics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423045751/https://thewire.in/south-asia/explaining-the-attack-on-zafar-iqbal-one-of-bangladeshs-top-academics |archive-date=2024-04-23 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=No breakthrough in writer-teacher Zafar Iqbal attack investigation |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/no-breakthrough-in-writer-teacher-zafar-iqbal-attack-investigation |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=bdnews24.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Manazarta== tn7ainxsipzu4e11aweaui2j7bnoi5e 0 115071 840271 827475 2026-05-26T11:46:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibrahim Sallau Ali''' babban jami'in ne a cikin Sojojin Najeriya, a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Sojojin Rundunar Tarayya ta Multinational a [[Ndjamena|N'Djamena]] . Ya ɗauki wannan matsayi bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na hadin gwiwa a Arewa maso Gabas Operation Hadin Kai . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-07-15 |title=Maj Gen Ibrahim Ali Takes Over As Commander Of Multinational Joint Task Force |url=https://societynow.ng/maj-gen-ibrahim-ali-takes-over-as-commander-of-multinational-joint-task-force/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=SocietyNow |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ali a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1970 a Jihar Nasarawa Kano, Najeriya, ga Alhaji Sallau Ali da Hajiya Aishatu Ibrahim . Ya fito ne daga karamar hukumar [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]]. Ya fara karatunsa a shekara ta 1974, a makarantar firamare ta Lebanon Kano, sannan ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Saint Thomas a shekara ta 1980, kuma a Jihar Kano. A shekara ta 1986, ya shiga makarantar sakandare ta Kaduna a [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], don nazarin tsarin gari. == Ilimi da aikin soja == [[Fayil:Gen_Ali_with_the_MNJTF.jpg|thumb]] Ali ya shiga Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya a shekarar 1987 a matsayin memba na 39th Regular Course . A shekara ta 1991, ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a fannin ilimin ƙasa. An zabi shi a shekarar 1992 don kammala horar da shi a Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, a Ingila, inda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Silver Bugle don fitaccen wasan motsa jiki tsakanin dukkan 'yan Birtaniya da na kasashen waje. An ba shi izini a matsayin mataimakin na biyu a cikin Sojojin Sojojin Najeriya a watan Afrilun 1993. Baya ga Digirinsa na farko na Kimiyya a cikin Geography, yana da Digirin Jagora na Arts a cikin Harkokin Kasashen Duniya daga Jami'ar Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-09 |title=Meet Maj Gen Ibrahim Sallau Ali, Force Commander Multinational Joint Task Force N'Djamena |url=https://defencetimesng.com/meet-maj-gen-ibrahim-sallau-ali-force-commander-multinational-joint-task-force-ndjamena/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=DefenceTimesNG |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ali ya rike manyan mukamai daban-daban, ciki har da: * Janar Janar Kwamandan 3 Division / Operation Safe Haven <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-12 |title=GOC 3- Division of Nigerian Army, Major General Ibrahim Ali assumes Command - Trending News |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2021/07/goc-3-division-of-nigerian-army-major-general-ibrahim-ali-assumes-command/,%20https://www.tvcnews.tv/2021/07/goc-3-division-of-nigerian-army-major-general-ibrahim-ali-assumes-command/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Kwamandan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na hadin gwiwa (Arewancin Gabas) Operation Hadin Kai <ref>{{Cite web |last=Makama |first=Zagazola |date=2023-07-13 |title=Chibuisi assumes command of 'Operation Hadin Kai' in Borno |url=https://zagazola.org/index.php/breaking-news/chibuisi-assumes-command-of-operation-hadin-kai-in-borno |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Zagazola |language=en-gb}}</ref> * A halin yanzu, Manjo Janar Ali shine Kwamandan Sojoji na Multinational Joint Task Force [[Ndjamena|N'Djamena]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2024-05-01 |title=MNJTF Intensifies Operations to Eliminate Boko Haram Remnants in Lake Chad Basin |url=https://defencetimesng.com/mnjtf-troops-intensifies-operations-to-eliminate-boko-haram-remnants-in-lake-chad-basin/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=DefenceTimesNG |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kwarewar aiki == Kwarewar Ali ta haɗa da shiga cikin Operation Liberty a Laberiya daga 1994 zuwa 1998 da Operation Sandstorm / Tiger Tail a Saliyo a 1997, inda ya ji rauni a aiki. Ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na Operation Flush Out 1 tare da Multinational Joint Task Force a Jihar Baga Borno daga 1998 zuwa 2000. An sake ji masa rauni a cikin aiki a lokacin Operation Restore Order III, Boyona, Zaman Lafiya da Lafiya Dole a Jihar Yobe. Ya kuma shiga cikin Operation Hadin Kai a Maiduguri da Operation Safe Haven a Jos . A halin yanzu, yana aiki a cikin MNJTF kuma yana jagorantar kamfen don kawar da duk 'yan ta'adda daga tafkin Chadi, don tabbatar da aminci da tsaro na yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-09 |title=Meet Maj Gen Ibrahim Sallau Ali, Force Commander Multinational Joint Task Force N'Djamena |url=https://defencetimesng.com/meet-maj-gen-ibrahim-sallau-ali-force-commander-multinational-joint-task-force-ndjamena/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=DefenceTimesNG |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okoye |first=Francis |date=2023-07-14 |title=Maj Gen Ali Asumes Command As MNJTF Commander |url=https://leadership.ng/maj-gen-ali-asumes-command-as-mnjtf-commander/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * Ma'aikatan wucewa Shirin Dagger (++). * Kyautar Zuciya ta Purple guda biyu. * Taimako na Sojojin Horar da Kasashen Waje. * Babban Ma'aikacin Ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maj. Gen. Ibrahim Sallau Ali |url=https://www.setaf-africa.army.mil/maj-gen-ibrahim-sallau-ali |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.setaf-africa.army.mil |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112100947/https://www.setaf-africa.army.mil/maj-gen-ibrahim-sallau-ali |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kwalejin Tsaro ta Kasa. * Medal na Kwamandan, Medal na Kamfanin, Medal of Honor na Kwamandan filin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-07 |title=Stabilisation du Bassin du Lac Tchad : les bons points de la FMM contre Boko Haram - Cameroun Actuel |url=https://www.camerounactuel.com/stabilisation-du-bassin-du-lac-tchad-les-bons-points-de-la-fmm-contre-boko-haram/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * Medal din Innovation da Invention na [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2023 |title=Meet Maj Gen Ibrahim Sallau Ali, Force Commander Multinational Joint Task Force N'Djamena |url=https://defencetimesng.com/meet-maj-gen-ibrahim-sallau-ali-force-commander-multinational-joint-task-force-ndjamena/ }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Jami'in Dokar Kasa ta Chadi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olaniyi |first=Osoba |date=January 14, 2025 |title=Gen Ibrahim Ali of MNJTF Bags Chadian National Award |url=https://prnigeria.com/2025/01/14/gen-ibrahim-ali-mnjtf-bags/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya auri Mrs Hauwa Sa'id Muhammad kuma suna da 'ya'ya. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sun haɗa da karatu, kallon fina-finai, wasa golf da tunani game da rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-09 |title=Meet Maj Gen Ibrahim Sallau Ali, Force Commander Multinational Joint Task Force (N'Djamena) |url=https://defencetimesng.com/meet-maj-gen-ibrahim-sallau-ali-force-commander-multinational-joint-task-force-ndjamena/ |access-date=2022-10-26 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Sojojin Najeriya]] ienjwayq5u9yyej67dn10mi3o7gmekv 0 115262 840272 742844 2026-05-26T11:58:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Olusegun Olowokere''', wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na mataki '''Iceberg Slim''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka-Nijeriya, kuma mawaƙi, wanda aka sani da matsayinsa na mai rikitarwa da kansa a matsayin "M.I. kyau fiye da M.I", wanda ya zama batun da aka fi magana game da shi a cikin sararin hip hop na Najeriya tsakanin Yuni da Agusta 2009, ƴan watanni bayan ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya, a cikin rukunin Best International Artist. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Iceberg Slim Olusegun Olowokere a Birnin New York a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, ga iyayen Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2019 |title=Nigerian singer, Iceberg Slim, celebrates his birthday today with the release of a new single |url=https://www.max1023.fm/nigerian-singer-iceberg-slim-celebrates-his-birthday-today-with-the-release-of-a-new-single/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=[[Max FM|102.3 Max FM]]}}</ref> Shi ne ƙarami a cikin yara huɗu.<ref name="Vanguard News">{{Cite web |last=Royal |first=David O. |date=15 August 2018 |title=5 things you need to know about Iceberg Slim |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/08/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-iceberg-slim/ |access-date=15 August 2022 |website=Vanguard News}}</ref> Tafiyarsa ta kiɗa ta fara ne a cikin mawaƙa na coci yana da shekaru 12, a [[Christ Apostolic Church|Ikilisiyar Manzanni ta Kristi]], inda ya zama mawaƙi.<ref name="Vanguard News" /> Yayinda yake cikin mawaƙa ya fara koyon yadda ake kunna kayan kida kuma daga baya ya zama mai bugawa na coci, sannan daga baya ya kasance mai bugawa. <ref name="Vanguard News" /><ref name="THISDAYLIVE">{{Cite web |date=11 November 2017 |title=My Goal Was to Become an FBI Agent But… |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/11/11/my-goal-was-to-become-an-fbi-agent-but/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=THISDAYLIVE}}</ref> Ya so ya zama wakilin FBI, <ref name="THISDAYLIVE"/> to amma sha'awarsa ga kiɗa ya sa ya bar John Jay, bayan shekaru biyu na yin rajista, don bin mafarkinsa na kiɗa. Ya kammala karatu daga Cibiyar Nazarin Audio, tare da takardar shaidar a Injiniyan Audio da Production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okonofua |first=Odion |date=6 November 2017 |title=All you need to know about the actress' boyfriend, Iceberg Slim |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/juliet-ibrahim-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-actress-boyfriend-iceberg-slim/bml6qx7 |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204130513/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/juliet-ibrahim-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-actress-boyfriend-iceberg-slim/bml6qx7 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A yayin karatunsa, ya gaya wa [[This Day|Wannan Ranar]], "Na koyi abubuwa da yawa game da samar da kiɗa, samar da bidiyo, da gyare-gyare. <ref name="THISDAYLIVE" /> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2008, ya fitar da mixtape dinsa na Soul Food, tare da nuna muryoyin zato daga Sauce Kid, Zara, da Blak Jesus . <ref name="Ameyaw Debrah">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2017 |title=30 Facts About Rapper, Iceberg Slim |url=https://ameyawdebrah.com/30-facts-rapper-iceberg-slim/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=[[Ameyaw Debrah]]}}</ref> A kan 25 Disamba 2008, ya fito a kan "Big Boy (rap remix)" ta eLDee, tare da Rukus da Proto na Chiddy Bang, <ref>{{Cite web |last=LHX |first=TRANSSION |title=Big Boy (Rap Remix) ft. Iceberg Slim, Rukus & Proto by eLDee {{!}} Big Boy (Rap Remix) ft. Iceberg Slim, Rukus & Proto Lyrics {{!}} Boomplay Music |url=https://www.boomplay.com/songs/479266 |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Boomplay Music - WebPlayer |language=en}}</ref> daga kundi na ''Big Boy'', wanda aka saki akan 21 Agusta 2008, ta eLDee. A wannan shekarar, ya yi a Apollo Theatre, a Harlem, New York City. <ref name="Ameyaw Debrah"/> A cikin 2009, ya ji tsoron remix na [[Banky W|Banky W.]], waƙar "Lagos Party", tare da Naeto C, [[D'banj|D'Banj]], [[9ice]], eLDee & [[Munachi Abii|Muna]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=LHX |first=TRANSSION |title=Lagos Party (Remix) ft Naeto C, D'Banj, Iceberg Slim, 9ice, Eldee & Muna by Banky W |url=https://www.boomplay.com/songs/21790 |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Boomplay Music |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2009, ya ɗauki ma'aikata, ɗan rapper ɗan Amurka Ja Rule akan remix na "Plenty Money", <ref name="Ameyaw Debrah" /> a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jagororin jagororin kashe haɗin haɗin yanar gizon sa mai suna ''The Fix'', wanda ke nuna Ja Rule, Sauce Kid, [[Banky W|Banky W.]], eLDee, da Rico White, a wannan shekarar. <ref name="Ameyaw Debrah" /> A cikin 2010, Iceberg ya rubuta "Blue Bloods" don jerin abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na asali na CBS na Amurka, ''Blue Bloods'' . <ref name="Ameyaw Debrah" /> An yi amfani da shi a cikin Season 1, Episode 2 don jimlar 60 seconds, in ji mawallafin yanar gizo na Ghana Ameyaw Debrah . <ref name="Ameyaw Debrah" /> A wannan shekarar, Iceberg yana nuna [[Da Grin]] akan "Na yi shi", wanda Sarz ya samar. A ranar 6 ga Mayu 2011, ya fitar da "Too Much Money", wanda ke nuna [[Banky W|Banky W.]], a karkashin G-Worldwide, wanda ya zama waƙar da aka buga kuma ya ba shi gabatarwa biyu a The Headies 2012, don M.I. kyawun Rap, da Lyricist a kan rukunin Roll, jim kadan bayan ya koma Najeriya, don ci gaba da aikinsa na cikakken lokaci a masana'antar.<ref name="THISDAYLIVE"/> A shekara ta 2012, ya fara aikin waka, bayan fitowar "Ayanfe", a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2012, tare da muryoyin madadin daga [[Emma Nyra]], da kuma remix wanda ke nuna [[Emma Nyra]]. da M.I, bayan Iceberg da M.A sun murkushe yakin su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2012 |title=Now Playing: Iceberg Slim – Ayanfe {{!}} Dance For Me Feat. Chuddy K |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2012/06/now-playing-iceberg-slim-ayanfe-dance-for-me-feat-chuddy-k/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2013 |title=New Video – Ayanfe Remix By Iceberg Slim Ft. M.I & Emma Nyra |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/new-video-ayanfe-remix-by-iceberg-slim-ft-mi-and-emma-nyra/q8eby2w |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> Bidiyo na "Ayanfe remix" yana nuna bayyanar cameo daga [[Eva Alordiah]], kuma yana ba da labarin soyayya na wata mace da Eva ta buga, wacce ta sami gwajin soyayya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2013 |title=VIDEO: Iceberg Slim - Watch behind the scenes of 'Ayanfe' remix ft. M.I, Eva |url=https://thenet.ng/video-iceberg-slim-watch-behind-the-scenes-of-ayanfe-remix-ft-m-i-eva/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2013, DJ Jimmy Jatt, ya hada kai da Ice Prince da Iceberg a kan waƙar "Cool As Ice", wanda Chopstix ya samar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiki |first=Damilare |date=13 February 2013 |title=Hot Rap Collaboration! Listen to "Cool As Ice" by DJ Jimmy Jatt Feat. Ice Prince & Iceberg Slim |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/02/hot-rap-collaboration-listen-to-cool-as-ice-by-dj-jimmy-jatt-feat-ice-prince-iceberg-slim/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> A wannan shekarar ya shiga 323 Entertainment, [[Tiwa Savage]] ya nuna shi a kan "Shout-out", tare da rapper na Ghana, [[Sarkodie|Sarkoda]], daga Once Upon a Time studio album, wanda [[Mavin Records|Mavin]], da 323 Entertainment suka saki a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2013. <ref name="BellaNaija">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2013 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Tiwa Savage's Debut Album "Once Upon A Time" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/05/everything-you-need-to-know-about-tiwa-savages-debut-album-once-upon-a-time/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, an nuna Iceberg a kan "Confessions" daga mixtape ''A7'' ta [[Vector (mawakin rafa)|Vector]]. <ref name="Ameyaw Debrah"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2014 |title=Vector To Drop Mixtape #A7, Releases New Song 'Where Is Vector?' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/hes-back-vector-to-drop-mixtape-a7-releases-new-song-where-is-vector/311345w |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418131440/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/hes-back-vector-to-drop-mixtape-a7-releases-new-song-where-is-vector/311345w |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2014 |title=Vector - #A7 (Mixtape) |url=https://notjustok.com/dj-mix-tapes/download-vector-a7-mixtape/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=NotjustOk}}</ref> A cikin 2014, 2face Idibia, ya haɗu da Rocksteady da Iceberg a kan "The Best I Can Be", daga kundin studio The Ascension, a ranar 21 ga Yuli 2014, ta hanyar Hypertek Digital, da 960 Music Group. <ref>{{Cite web |last=LHX |first=TRANSSION |title=The Best I Can Be ft. Iceberg Slim & Rocksteady by 2Baba {{!}} The Best I Can Be ft. Iceberg Slim & Rocksteady Lyrics {{!}} Boomplay Music |url=https://www.boomplay.com/songs/13231 |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Boomplay Music - WebPlayer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2014 |title=2face unveils snippet of new album, 'The Ascension' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/07/2face-unveils-snippet-new-album-ascension/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Vanguard News}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, Praiz ya hada kai da, [[Skales|Shale]], Morell, King, da Iceberg, a kan waƙar "Jalabia da Snapbacks", daga cikin kundin studio guda biyu Rich & Famous, gefen Famous,<ref>{{Cite web |last=LHX |first=TRANSSION |title=Download Praiz album songs: Famous {{!}} Boomplay Music |url=https://www.boomplay.com/albums/4535430 |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Boomplay Music - WebPlayer |language=en}}</ref> wanda aka saki a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2014, ta hanyar X3M Music,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ade-Unuigbe |first=Adesola |date=9 December 2014 |title=Rich & Famous! Praiz Releases New Promo Pictures and Album Track List |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/12/rich-famous-praiz-releases-new-promo-pictures-and-album-track-list/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> A cikin 2015, [[Tiwa Savage]] yana nuna Iceberg akan kundi na biyu na studio [[R.E.D (Tiwa Savage album)|RED]], akan "Make Time", wanda aka saki a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2015, ta hanyar [[Mavin Records|Mavin]], da 323 Nishaɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title=Listen to Tiwa Savage's New Album R.E.D here on BN |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/12/listen-to-tiwa-savages-new-album-r-e-d-here-on-bn/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> A lokacin yawon shakatawa na RED, [[Dr Sid|Dr SID]], Ezinne, [[Kaffy]], da Iceberg Slim, sun haɗu da ita a yawon shakatawa a Houston. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=8 August 2016 |title=Tiwa Savage Rocks Her RED Tour Show in Houston {{!}} Dr. SID, Ezinne, Kaffy, Iceberg Slim & More |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/08/tiwa-savage-rocks-her-red-tour-show-in-houston-dr-sid-ceo-dancers-kaffy-iceberg-slim-more/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> A kan Mayu 19, 2016, IceBerg ya fito da "Wave", yana nuna [[Davido]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Music: IceBerg Slim feat. Davido – Wave |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/05/new-music-iceberg-slim-feat-davido-wave/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> a ƙarƙashin 323 Nishaɗi. A ranar 7 ga Maris 2017, ya haɗu tare da [[Davido]], [[Shatta Wale|Shata Wale]], [[Terry Apala]], Wale Turner, da [[L.A.X (musician)|LAX]] akan remix na "Wave". <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2017 |title=Iceberg Slim - 'Wave' (Remix) ft Davido, Shatta Wale, Terry Apala, LAX, Wale Turner. |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/new-music-iceberg-slim-wave-remix-ft-davido-shatta-wale-terry-apala-lax-wale-turner/kr8z7gb |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418135316/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/new-music-iceberg-slim-wave-remix-ft-davido-shatta-wale-terry-apala-lax-wale-turner/kr8z7gb |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, [[Sean Tizzle]], yana da fasalin Iceberg akan "Roll Up", kashe ''Moving Forward (Vol. 1)'' kundin studio, wanda aka saki akan 3 Fabrairu 2017, ta hanyar Tizzle Nation. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=Sean Tizzle does not get very far on 'Moving Forward' Vol. 1 EP |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/pulse-album-review-sean-tizzle-does-not-get-very-far-on-moving-forward-vol-1-ep/yql5k94 |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Agusta 2017, an fitar da bidiyon kiɗan "Roll Up", wanda Seyi ya jagoranta don Hotunan UA. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2017 |title=New Video: Sean Tizzle feat. Iceberg Slim – Roll Up |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/08/video-sean-tizzle-slim-roll-music/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Disamba 2017, Iceberg Slim, da [[Juliet Ibrahim]] sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar jakadanci tare da alamar turare ta duniya, OROS. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2017 |title=Juliet Ibrahim, Iceberg Slim land brand ambassador deal |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/juliet-ibrahim-iceberg-slim-land-brand-ambassador-deal/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Maris 2018, Iceberg ya yi magana a taron Social Media Week Lagos, inda ya tattauna "Digital Romance: Love And Relationships In The Era Of Social Media".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iceberg Slim's schedule for Social Media Week Lagos |url=https://socialmediaweeklagos2018.sched.com/speaker/icebergslimbookings |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Social Media Week Lagos}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga watan Agustan 2019, Iceberg ya fitar da "Way Up", tare da Robbie Celeste.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LHX |first=TRANSSION |title=Way Up by Iceberg Slim {{!}} Way Up Lyrics {{!}} Boomplay Music |url=https://www.boomplay.com/songs/7969089 |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Boomplay Music - WebPlayer |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Satumba 2019, Damayo ya ƙunshi Iceberg, da Psycho YP, a kan "Coconut".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2019 |title=Damayo's "Coconut" is a raunchy bop for your sex playlist |url=https://thenativemag.com/damayo-psycho-yp-iceberg-slim-raunchy-bop-coconut/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=The NATIVE}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan 2020, ya fitar da "Owo", wanda Altims suka samar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2020 |title=Iceberg Slim returns with new single, 'Owo' |url=https://notjustok.com/mp3-songs/iceberg-slim-returns-with-new-single-owo/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=NotjustOk |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418142306/https://notjustok.com/mp3-songs/iceberg-slim-returns-with-new-single-owo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2020, ya fitar da bidiyon kiɗa, kuma Base Films ta harbe shi, a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MUSIC VIDEO: Iceberg Slim - Owo |url=http://www.factory78.com/2021/01/music-video-iceberg-slim-owo.html#.Yl1z0IXMK00 |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Factory78}}</ref> == Rikici == === Rashin jituwa === A shekara ta 2009, Iceberg ya shiga cikin rikici tare da M.I, jim kadan bayan Iceberg ya saki guda daya mai taken Mr International <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2009 |title=Iceberg Slim - Mr International {{!}} notjustOk |url=https://notjustok.com/2009/06/30/iceberg-slim-mr-international/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703044833/https://notjustok.com/2009/06/30/iceberg-slim-mr-international/ |archive-date=3 July 2009 |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref> inda ya ce layin: " na fi M.I? Ban sani ba. Shin ni? Gaskiya ya kamata ku tambayi M.I". Wannan a bayyane yake bai zauna da kyau tare da M.I ba, wanda ya sa ya saki guda daya da aka sani da "Wani Yana so Ya Mutu", wanda ke nuna abokin lakabinsa Ice Prince a kan waƙa. Kasa da sa'o'i 48 bayan fitowar M.I's "Somebody Wants to Die" IceBerg Slim ya fitar da "Assassination" kuma kafofin sun ce matsayinsa na Facebook a lokacin da aka saki ya karanta "Somebody Souls To Die", Zan kasance da alhakin "Assassinate" ... bari ƙididdigar ta fara ... (Na gaya mini cewa zai zama M.I., amma ba su saurara ba) " . Akwai gasa a cikin tunanin magoya bayan rap kan wanda ya zama mafi kyawun rapper a Najeriya. [yaushe?] M.I ya haɓaka magoya baya fiye da Iceberg Slim kuma yana da ƙarin rikodin, yayin da Iceberg Sullivan ya sami zukata a kan magoya bayan Rap na Najeriya a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ba a saba da shi ba. A cikin 2012, duka rappers sun yanke shawarar share rikici a ƙarƙashin rug. Iceberg ya ce, "Ba na tsammanin na karɓi MI. Gasar ta kasance mai lafiya a cikin Hip-Hop, wanda yawancin mutane ba su fahimta ba. A cikin al'ummar Hip-Hop, zamu iya zama abokai ko 'yan'uwa mafi kyau kuma zan iya cewa ni ne rapper mafi kyau a duniya kuma babu wanda ya yi fushi ko ya dauki shi na sirri. Harbin da na harbe a MI ba alamar rashin girmamawa ba ce ta kowace hanya. Ko da yake ba'a ne, yana da lafiya. Mutane kawai sun cire shi daga mahallin kuma sun yi tunanin ina musanta shi. Waƙoƙin rap duk game da gasa ne saboda yana taimaka maka girma da inganta kanka. "  === Dangantaka === Slim yana cikin dangantaka da [[Juliet Ibrahim]], wanda ya ƙare a cikin 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I don't care what people say about Juliet Ibrahim and me –Iceberg Slim |url=https://punchng.com/i-dont-care-what-people-say-about-juliet-ibrahim-and-me-iceberg-slim/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=The Punch}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Iceberg dan uwan mai samar da kiɗa na Amurka Milwaukee Buck, wanda aka fi sani da Buck 3000, <ref name="Vanguard News"/> wanda yake daya daga cikin masu samar da kyautar Grammy na farko, kuma injiniyoyin sauti don karɓar lambar yabo ta musamman daga The Recording Academy a shekara ta 2003, saboda rawar da ya taka a kan [[Ashanti (mawakiya)|Ashanti]] mai taken kansa a cikin Best Contemporary R & B Album category.<ref name="Vanguard News" /> == Ayyuka == {| class="wikitable" !Ranar !Abin da ya faru !Kasar !Ref (s) |- |17 Disamba 2011 ! scope="row" |Kayan Kiɗa na NotJustOk |Najeriya |<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2011 |title=Mo'Hits, Choc Boiz, Waje, Others For NotjustOk Music Concert |url=https://thenet.ng/mohits-choc-boiz-waje-others-for-notjustok-music-concert/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today}}</ref> |- |8 ga watan Agusta 2016 ! scope="row" |R.E.D album yawon shakatawa |Amurka | |} == Bayyanar Cameo == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" style="width:21.5em;" |Taken ! scope="col" style="width:3em;" |Shekara ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Album |- |"High Notes" {{Small|(Banky W.)}} | rowspan="1" |2015 |''Waƙoƙi game da ku''<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2015 |title=Video: Banky W – 'High Notes' |url=https://thenet.ng/video-banky-w-high-notes/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today}}</ref> |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Wanda aka zaba / Aiki !Sakamakon |- |2009 |Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya |Mafi kyawun Mai zane na Duniya |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |2012 | rowspan="2" |Headies |Mafi kyawun Rap Single | rowspan="2" |"Kuɗi Mai yawa"|{{Nom}} |- |Mawallafin Waƙoƙi a kan Rubutun|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2qeck47dzuddx6oyszi735ayshwy63h 0 118397 840083 812296 2026-05-25T14:47:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{fassara}} The '''Assize of Bread and Ale''' (Latin: Assisa panis et cervisiae) (Stat. <nowiki><i id="mwDw">Temp. Incert</i></nowiki>) was a 13th-century law in high medieval England, which regulated the price, weight and quality of the [[Burodi|bread]] and [[Giya|beer]] manufactured and sold in towns, villages and hamlets. It was the first law in British history to regulate the production and sale of food.{{Sfn|Gibbins|1897}}{{Sfn|Cartwright|2001}} At the local level, this resulted in [[Tsarin mulki|regulatory]] licensing systems, with arbitrary recurring fees, and fines and punishments for lawbreakers (see amercement).{{Sfn|Bennett|2004}} In rural areas, the statute was enforced by manorial lords, who held tri-weekly court sessions.{{Sfn|Hornsey|2004}} The law was amended by the Bread Bread Acts of 1822 and 1836, which stipulated that loaves should be sold by the pound, or multiple thereof{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}}, and finally repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1863 (26 &amp;amp; 27 Vict. c. 125). == Tarihi == Dokar gurasa ita ce mafi mahimmancin doka ta kasuwanci mai tsawo a Ingila ta zamani. Dokar gurasar gurasa ta farko ta samo asali ne daga karni na 13, amma asalinsa ya fi tsufa. Ana iya gano wannan dokar zuwa ga sanarwa daga mulkin Henry II da John waɗanda suka tsara bukatun sayen gidan sarauta.{{Sfn|Davis|2004}} Wadannan assizes sun daidaita nauyin burodi bisa ga farashin alkama. Farashin burodi koyaushe iri ɗaya ne, duk da cewa farashin hatsi ya canza. Maimakon haka, lokacin da farashin hatsi ya karu, an rage nauyin burodi daidai. Ga kowane karuwa a farashin alkama, nauyin burodi ya faɗi.{{Sfn|Davis|2004}} Assize na Gurasa da Ale sun saita farashin ale da nauyin burodi na farthing.{{Sfn|Wood|2002}} Dokar ta rage gasa kuma an ba da ita ne bisa buƙatar masu yin burodi na Coventry, suna rungumar dokoki da yawa na magabata Henry III. == Yanayin tattalin arziki == Kayan aiki masu tsada da ke da alaƙa da yin giya da yin burodi, musamman ma tanda, sun haifar da kasuwar kasuwanci don kayayyaki. Wannan ya haifar da buƙatar ƙa'idodin da ke sarrafa inganci da farashi, da kuma bincika nauyi, don kauce wa ayyukan zamba daga masu samar da abinci. == Bayyanawa == Wasu sassan dokar sun hada da sakin layi na uku wanda ya fara:{{boxquote|text=By the Consent of the whole Realm of ''England'', the Measure of our Lord the King was made; that is to say: That an [[English penny|''English'' peny]], called a ''[[sterling silver|Sterling]]'', round and without any [[coin clipping|clipping]], shall weigh 32 [[grains (unit)|Wheat Corn]]s in the midst of the [[ear of wheat|Ear]], and 20 ''[[pennyweight|d]]''. do make an [[Ounce]], and 12 Ounces one [[Tower pound|Pound]], and 8 Pound do make a [[wine gallon|Gallon of Wine]], and 8 Gallons of Wine do make a [[London bushel|''London'' Bushel]], which is the Eighth Part of a [[quarter (unit)|Quarter]].<ref name="Davies"/><ref name=assbread>{{Citation |editor-last=Ruffhead |editor-first=Owen |editor-link=Owen Ruffhead |title=The Statutes at Large |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKZFAAAAcAAJ |volume=&nbsp;I: From Magna Charta<!--sic--> to the End of the Reign of King Henry the Sixth. To which is prefixed, A Table of the Titles of all the Publick and Private Statutes during that Time |location=London |publisher=Mark Basket for the Crown |date=1763 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tKZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA22 22] }}. {{in lang|en}}&nbsp;& {{in lang|la}}</ref>}} === Gurasar === Asisi ya gabatar da ma'auni da aka kafa, sannan na tsohuwar matsayi, tsakanin farashin alkama da na burodi, yana ba da cewa lokacin da aka sayar da ''kwata'' (~ 240 L / 6.9 US bushel idan an dauki galan ya zama galan ruwan inabi) na alkama a pence goma sha biyu, gurasar farthing ta fi kyau ya kamata ta auna fam shida shillings (~ 2.5 kg / 5.6 lb Avdp idan an dauki fam ya zama fam troy pound). Daga nan sai ya kammala nauyin burodi bisa ga farashin alkama, kuma ga kowane pence shida da aka kara zuwa kwata na alkama, an rage nauyin burodi na farthing; har sai, lokacin da alkama ya kasance a shillings ashirin a kwata, ya ba da umarnin nauyin burodi ya zama shillings shida da pence uku (~ 120 g / 4.1 oz avdp).&nbsp;&nbsp; === Ale === A cikin irin wannan hanyar, assize ya tsara farashin galan na ale, ta farashin alkama, sha'ir, da oats, yana mai cewa,{{boxquote|text=when a quarter of wheat was sold for three shillings, or three shillings and four-pence, and a quarter of barley for twenty pence or twenty-four pence, and a quarter of oats for fifteen pence, brewers in cities could afford to sell two gallons of ale for a penny, and out of cities three gallons for a penny; and when in a town (in burgo) three gallons are sold for a penny, out of a town they may and ought to sell four.<ref name="Long">Long, George, ed. (1833) "Ale", in: ''The Penny Cyclopædia''. 30 vols. London: Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; {which vol.?} p. 285.</ref>}}A tsawon lokaci, wannan daidaitattun farashi ya haifar da damar da za a iya amfani da ita wanda ya sa ya zama mai matukar damuwa da zalunci; kuma ta hanyar Dokar Brewers da Coopers ta 1531 ([[23 Hen. 8]]. c. 4) a cikin karni na 16, an kafa cewa masu shayarwa ya kamata su caji farashin su kamar yadda zai iya zama da kyau kuma ya isa a cikin ikon [[Justice of the peace|alƙalai na zaman lafiya]] a cikin ikon su inda masu shayar da giya ke zaune. Farashin ale an tsara shi ta hanyar tanadi kamar waɗanda aka bayyana a sama, kuma jami'an tsohuwar zamani ne suka tabbatar da ingancin, wanda ake kira gustatores cervisiae, wato, "aletasters" ko ale-conners, waɗanda aka zaba kowace shekara a cikin kotun-let na kowane manor, kuma an rantse su "don bincika da gwada giya da ale, da kuma kula da cewa suna da kyau da lafiya, kuma sayar da su a farashi mai kyau bisa ga assize; da kuma gabatar da duk laifuffukan masu shayar giya ga kotun na gaba". == Tasirin == Wataƙila asize ya haifar da kalmar 'masu yin burodi' kamar yadda masu yin burodi za su haɗa da ƙarin burodi don tabbatar da cewa ba su keta doka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Are There 13 In A Baker's Dozen? |url=https://www.southernliving.com/food/kitchen-assistant/why-is-bakers-dozen-13 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Southern Living |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118081036/https://www.southernliving.com/food/kitchen-assistant/why-is-bakers-dozen-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka biyo baya == An soke dukkan dokar ga Ingila da Wales ta sashi na 1 na, da kuma jadawalin zuwa, Dokar Binciken Dokar 1863 (26 & 27 Vict. c. 125) da kuma Ireland ta sashi 1 na, kuma jadawalan zuwa, Dokar Dokar (Ireland) Binciken 1872 (35 & 36 Vict. == Dubi kuma == * Sauran Ayyuka da Ma'auni na TuranciAyyukan Ma'auni da Ma'aunin Ingilishi * Magana mai kyau * Kamfanin Mai Girma na Masu Yin Yin Yin Yin Fetur == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l6xwocviunaxvwsy3bwvf208xn0j26g 0 118910 840084 726903 2026-05-25T14:49:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kiba shine damuwa game da lafiyar lafiya a Kanada, wanda "ana tsammanin ya zarce {{Efn|Based on data from "the '''2004''' Canadian Community Health Survey: Nutrition, the 1978/79 Canada Health Survey and the 1986 to 1992 Canadian Heart Health Surveys"}} shan taba a matsayin babban dalilin rigakafin cututtuka da mace-mace" kuma yana wakiltar nauyi {{Efn|"The direct costs were extracted from the National Health Expenditure Database and allocated to each comorbidity using weights principally from the Economic Burden of Illness in Canada. The study showed that the total direct costs attributable to overweight and obesity in Canada were $6.0 billion in '''2006''', with 48% attributable to obesity."}} na Can $ 3.96 (US $ 3.04 / € 2.75) biliyan akan [[Economy of Canada|tattalin arzikin Kanada]] kowace shekara." <ref name="Eisenberg et al, 20112">{{Cite journal |last=Eisenberg |first=Mark J. |last2=Renée Atallah |last3=Sonia M. Grandi |last4=Sarah B. Windle |last5=Elliot M. Berry |date=Sep 20, 2011 |title=Legislative approaches to tackling the obesity epidemic. |journal=CMAJ |volume=183 |issue=13 |pages=1496–500 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.101522 |pmc=3176842 |pmid=21540168}}</ref> == Yawan kiba == Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Kanada ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2017, 64% na Kanada sama da shekaru 18 suna da kiba ko [[kiba]], kuma game da 30% na yara masu shekaru 5-17 suna da kiba ko kiba. <ref name="Canada">{{Cite web |date=2017-01-22 |title=Tackling Obesity in Canada: Obesity and Excess Weight Rates in Canadian Adults |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/obesity-excess-weight-rates-canadian-adults.html |access-date=2018-11-01 |archive-date=2018-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101233718/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/obesity-excess-weight-rates-canadian-adults.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="canada-child">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2018 |title=Tackling obesity in Canada: Childhood obesity and excess weight rates in Canada |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/obesity-excess-weight-rates-canadian-children.html |access-date=1 November 2018 |publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada}}</ref> Wani bincike mai zaman kansa a cikin wannan shekarar ta Renew Bariatrics, cibiyar kula da kiba a Amurka da Kanada, ya ba da rahoton manya miliyan 650 da yara miliyan 135 da matasa a matsayin masu kiba a duniya. Nazarin ya nuna cewa idan Kanada ta kashe dala biliyan 4.2 don maganin kiba, za a iya rage yawan kiba sosai zuwa 29%. A cikin yara, kiba ya karu sosai tsakanin 1978 da 2017, tare da ƙimar kiba a cikin yara yana ƙaruwa daga 23% zuwa 30%. <ref name="Canada" /> Ya zuwa 2016, 16% na [[British Columbia|British Columbians]] suna da kiba, yana mai da shi lardin da mafi ƙarancin kiba a Kanada. Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma suna da mafi girman kiba, a 33.7%. == Manazarta == qpct73s29p05cmjqx5jhqly4injqz6h 0 121597 840088 805535 2026-05-25T16:03:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Gorse_on_farmland,_Wellington,_NZ.jpg|thumb|Gorse da ke rufe tudun da aka share a baya daga gandun daji na asali don noma, Wellington, NZ]] An gabatar da Gorse (Ulex europaeus) zuwa New Zealand a farkon matakan zama na Turai. Yanzu ya zama babban nau'in tsiro mai mamayewa tare da kashe miliyoyin daloli akan sarrafa shi. == Gabatarwa ga New Zealand == An gabatar da shi daga Yammacin Turai a farkon matakan zama na Turai, Charles Darwin ne ya rubuta shi yayin tafiya ta cikin ruwan New Zealand a 1835 yayin da yake girma a cikin shinge a cikin Bay of Islands. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Plants and their Story: Proceedings of a conference held in Wellington, Kevin Worsley, 1-3 October 1999, ISBN 0-9597756-3-3 |url=http://www.rnzih.org.nz/pages/1999ConferenceKevinWorsley.htm}}</ref> Yaduwarta da ci gabanta a matsayin sako a cikin yanayin yanayi na New Zealand yana da sauri, amma mazauna sun kasa gane barazanar; An ci gaba da shigo da iri na goro kuma da gangan aka kafa shuka a cikin 1900s. == Amfani da shi == An yi amfani da Gorse don shinge da iska a kan Filayen Canterbury tun daga shekarun 1850. Wadannan iska suna da jimlar tsawon kilomita 300,000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=Larry W. |date=23 Feb 2005 |title=Hedges and Shelterbelts on the Canterbury Plains, New Zealand: Transformation of an Antipodean landscape |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=119–140 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1993.tb01925.x}}</ref> [[Fayil:Gorse_at_Hinewai_Reserve.JPG|right|thumb|Yankin gorse da ke kewaye da sake farfado da daji a Hinewai Reserve a Banks Peninsula.]] An gano Gassan don samar da gandun daji mai amfani ga yawancin nau'ikan halitta don sabuntawar daji. Lokacin matasa, gorse bushes suna da yawa sosai. Yayin da suke girma, suna zama 'ƙafa', kuma suna ba da kyakkyawan yanayi don 'ya'yan asali su yi girma da girma. Tsire-tsire na cikin gida suna girma ta cikin goro, suna yanke haskensa kuma a ƙarshe ya maye gurbinsa. Wannan dabarar tana aiki cikin nasara kuma cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci a Hinewai Reserve akan Bankunan Bankunan. == Matsalolin == [[Fayil:Gorse_colonising_disturbed_areas_2.jpg|thumb|Misali na gorse kasancewa daya daga cikin tsire-tsire masu sauri don mallaki yankunan da aka damu a cikin gandun daji, Wellington, NZ]] Gabatarwar ta haifar da yaduwar cututtuka a kan daruruwan hekta, wanda ya kai kololuwa a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. An gane shi a matsayin barazana tun farkon 1861 tare da Majalisar Lardin a Nelson ta zartar da wani aiki don hana dasa shuke-shuke na gorse. Iri na iya kwance a ƙasa har zuwa shekaru 50, yana tsiro da sauri bayan an cire manya. Abin takaici, yawancin hanyoyin cire tsire-tsire masu tsayi, kamar ƙonewa ko bulldozing su, suna haifar da yanayi mai kyau ga tsaba na gorse don tsirowa kuma kawar da duka tare da fasahar yanzu ba zai yiwu ba. Gorse yanzu yana daya daga cikin sanannun ciyawa a New Zealand. Ya mamaye hekta 700,000 (1,700,000 acres) a wurare daban-daban - jimlar 5% na yankin ƙasar New Zealand lokacin da ba a haɗa da gandun daji na asali, yankunan sub-alpine da alpine ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blaschke |first=P. M. |last2=G.G. Hunter |last3=G.O. Eyles |last4=P.R. van Berkel |date=1981 |title=Analysis of New Zealand's vegetation cover using land resource inventory data |journal=New Zealand Journal of Ecology |volume=4 |pages=1–19}}</ref> Gorse ya zama ciyawa mafi tsada a New Zealand don sarrafawa, kimanin dala miliyan 22 a kowace shekara a farkon shekarun 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biological Control In Protected Natural Areas |url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/ir06.pdf |pages=5}}</ref> == Kula da kwayoyin halitta == Yankunan bincike na yanzu sune gudanar da ayyukan sarrafawa, ci gaban maganin rigakafi, da kuma amfani da samfurin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=R. L. |last2=A. H. Gourlay |last3=S. V. Fowler |date=2000 |title=The Biological Control Program Against Gorse in New Zealand |url=http://www.invasive.org/publications/xsymposium/proceed/13pg909.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds |pages=909–917 |access-date=2025-12-01 |archive-date=2025-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407035519/https://www.invasive.org/publications/xsymposium/proceed/13pg909.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An bincika Kula da cututtukan halittu na gorse tun daga shekarun 1920.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gourlay |first=Hugh |title=Progress Towards Biological Control of Gorse in New Zealand |url=http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biocons/weeds/gorse/biocontrol_progress.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222014558/http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biocons/weeds/gorse/biocontrol_progress.asp |archive-date=2012-02-22 |access-date=2008-11-10 |publisher=Landcare Research}}</ref> An saki jami'ai daban-daban guda bakwai a New Zealand. Sakamakon an gauraye su, amma gabaɗaya babu mai ciyar da iri ko kwari masu ciyar da ganye da ke yin isasshen lalacewa don zama mai yiwuwa a matsayin mai kula da kansa.<ref name="doc">{{Cite journal |last=Froude |first=Victoria Ann |year=2002 |title=Biological control options for invasive weeds of New Zealand protected areas |journal=Science for Conservation |location=Wellington, N.Z. |publisher=Dept. of Conservation |volume=199 |isbn=0-478-22266-1}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Aikin noma a New Zealand * Karewa a New Zealand * Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta a New Zealand == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.rnzih.org.nz/pages/ulexeuropaeus.htm ''Ulex europaeus''] a Cibiyar Kula da Noma ta Royal New Zealand ma7xze2wsu4mng7roefa5ay2kd7nkmg 0 125129 840205 813011 2026-05-26T01:12:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840205 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;" |Ho-Chunk |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;" |Winnebago |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;" |<span title="Ho-Chunk-language text">''Har ila yau, ya fito ne daga''</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |'Yan asalin ƙasar&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Tsakiyar Yammacin Amurka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Yankin | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Wisconsin]], [[Nebraska]], [[Iowa]], [[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]], [[Illinois]], da [[Minnesota]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ƙabilar | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |1,650 [[Ho-Chunk]] (2000 ƙidayar jama'a) <ref name="e18" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Masu magana da asali</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |250 (2007) <ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/win/ Ho-Chunk] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></ref> tsofaffi <ref name="e16">[https://www.ethnologue.com/16/show_language/win Ho-Chunk language] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (16th ed., 2009) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;">[[File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg|link=Paywall|alt=Closed access icon|14x14px|closed access publication – behind paywall]]</span></ref>&nbsp;<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Iyalin harshe]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Siouan languages|Siouan]] * [[Western Siouan languages|Yammacin Siouan]] ** Mississippi Valley Chiwere-WinneHobago-Chunk *** Chiwere-Winnebago **** '''Ho-Chunk''' </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Writing system|Tsarin rubuce-rubuce]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Latin script|Latin]] (Hafarta ta Ho-Chunk), [[Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics]]<br /> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;" |Lambobin harshe |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:win|win]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hoch1243 hoch1243]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/1146 Winnebago] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Linguasphere Observatory|Harsuna]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=64-AAC-d 64-AAC-d]</code> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[File:Lang_Status_40-SE.svg|frameless]]<div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center">Winnebago an rarraba shi a matsayin mai haɗari sosai ta [[UNESCO]] Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.</div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;" |'''Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi alamomin sauti na [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]].''' Ba tare da [[Help:IPA#Rendering issues|goyon baya]] fassarar da ta dace ba, zaku iya ganin [[Unicode]]_block)#Replacement_character" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Specials (Unicode block)">Alamun tambaya, akwatuna, ko wasu alamomi maimakon haruffa na Unicode. Don jagorar gabatarwa akan alamomin IPA, duba [[Help:IPA|Taimako: IPA]] . |}   Harshen Ho-Chunk (Hoocąk, Hocąk), wanda aka fi sani da Winnebago, yare ne na mutanen Ho-Chink na Ƙasar Ho-Chank ta Wisconsin da Winnebag ta Nebraska . Harshen yana daga cikin dangin yaren Siouan kuma yana da alaƙa da sauran yarukan Chiwere Siouan, gami da na Iowa, Missouria, da Otoe. "Winnebago", sunan da ake amfani da shi yanzu ga Ho-Chunk waɗanda aka cire su da karfi zuwa Nebraska, wani suna ne, Anglicization na kalmar Sauk da Fox Oinepegi . [1][2] Hanyar anglicized na endonym shine "Ho-Chunk". == Sabunta harshe == Kodayake yaren yana cikin haɗari sosai, a halin yanzu ana yin ƙoƙari mai ƙarfi don kiyaye shi da rai a cikin al'ummomin Ho-Chunk. A Wisconsin, Hocąk Waziija Haci Language Division yana gudanar da darussan harshe da yawa, kula da rana, da kuma shirin koyon harshe.[1] Wasu makarantu suna koyar da harshe, ko kuma suna da abubuwa na harshe a cikin ilimin al'adu. A Nebraska, shirin Ho-Chunk Renaissance yana koyar da harshe a makarantun gida da na ajiya. Dukkanin gwamnatocin kabilun sun fahimci muhimmancin fasaha a cikin koyon harshe, kuma suna aiki a Facebook da YouTube don isa ga matasa masu koyo. A "Ho-Chunk (Hoocąk) Native American Language app" yana samuwa ga iPhone, iPad, da sauran iOS na'urorin.[2] Harshe wani muhimmin bangare ne na al'adun Ho-Chunk:<blockquote>"A cikin al'adun 'yan asalin Amurka da yawa, harshe da al'adu suna tafiya tare, " Lewis St. Cyr, Daraktan shirin harshe na Ho-Chunk, ya ce. "Ba za ku iya samun al'ada ba tare da harshe ba kuma ba za ku iya kasancewa da harshe da al'ada. Muhimmancinsa shine wanda muke. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=YourName |title=About {{!}} Ho-Chunk Nation. About Ho-Chunk Nation {{!}} Ho-Chunk Nation |url=http://www.ho-chunknation.com/about.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206174644/http://ho-chunknation.com/about.aspx |archive-date=2015-02-06 |access-date=2016-04-29 |website=www.ho-chunknation.com}}</ref></blockquote> == Fasahar sauti == === Lissafin sauti === ==== Sautin sautin ==== Ho-Chunk's vowel sounds are distinguished by nasality and length. That is to say, the use of a nasal vowel or a long vowel affects a word's meaning. This is evident in examples such as {{Lang|win|pąą}} {{IPA|/pãː/}} 'bag' compared to {{Lang|win|paa}} {{IPA|/paː/}} 'nose', and {{Lang|win|waruc}} {{IPA|/waˈɾutʃ/}} 'to eat' compared to {{Lang|win|waaruc}} {{IPA|/waːˈɾutʃ/}} 'table'. All of Ho-Chunk's vowels show a length distinction, but only {{IPA|/i a u/}} have nasal counterparts. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |A gaba ! colspan="2" |Tsakiya ! colspan="2" |Komawa |- !<small>Magana</small> !<small>hanci</small> !<small>Magana</small> !<small>hanci</small> !<small>Magana</small> !<small>hanci</small> |- !Babba |i |ĩ | | |u |ũ |- !Tsakanin |e | | | |o | |- !Ƙananan | | |a |ã | | |} ==== Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi ==== An lissafa kalmomin Ho-Chunk a cikin tebur mai zuwa: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" | !Labari !Alveolar !Postalveolar !Palatal !Velar !Gishiri |- ! colspan="2" |Hanci |m |n | | | | |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive / Africate<br />Rashin lafiya !{{Small|[[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]}} |p |t |tʃ | |k |ʔ |- !{{Small|[[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]}} |b |d |dʒ | |g | |- !{{Small|[[Ejective consonant|Ejective]]}} |pʼ |tʼ | | |kʼ | |- ! rowspan="3" |Fricative !{{Small|[[Voicelessness|Voiceless]]}} | |s |ʃ | |x |h |- !{{Small|[[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]}} | |z |ʒ | |ɣ | |- !{{Small|[[Ejective consonant|Ejective]]}} | |sʼ |ʃʼ | |xʼ | |- ! colspan="2" |Trill | |r | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Kusanci |w | | |j | (w) | |} Halin yarukan Siouan na kwarin Mississippi, Ho-Chunk yana da {{IPA|/p/}} da {{IPA|/k/}} amma babu {{IPA|/t/}}. === Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su === A cikin Ho-Chunk, wasula {{IPA|/i a u/}} koyaushe suna faruwa a matsayin nasalized lokacin da suke bin sautin hanci {{IPA|/m n/}}. Nasality yana yaduwa zuwa wasula mai kusanci idan wannan wasula tana iya nasalisa. Nasality yana yaduwa a fadin syllable ko iyakokin kalma kuma yana iya motsawa a fadin consonants /h / da /w /, amma duk sauran consonants suna toshe shi. Misalan sun hada da ną {{IPA|/nãĩʒã/}} <nowiki>''</nowiki> da {{Lang|win|ha'ųwį}} {{IPA|/haʔũwĩ/}} 'mu (na musamman) yi':    Wani tsari na nasalization da ke faruwa akai-akai shine /r/ zuwa [n] sauyawa: /r/ ana furta shi azaman [n] lokacin da nan da nan ya bi wasula na hanci. Wannan an nuna shi a cikin alamar /ra/ a kan aikatau 'yana da' -門-, wanda ke faruwa a matsayin [nã] a cikin jumlar 'Waki na ba shi da kyau' a ƙasa:   === Dokar Dorsey === Akwai sanannen doka mai kyau a cikin Ho-Chunk da ake kira dokar Dorsey <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Miner |last2=Dorsey |date=1979 |title=Dorsey's Law in Winnebago-Chiwere and Winnebago Accent |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=45 |pages=25–33 |doi=10.1086/465571 |s2cid=144853982}}</ref> wanda ke nuna wadannan: * /ORS/ → [OSRS] inda O ba shi da murya, R mai sautin ne, kuma S sauti ne na syllabic. A wasu kalmomi, idan akwai wani abu mara murya (a cikin Ho-Chunk, /p/, /c/, /k/, /s/, /š/, da /x/) wanda ya biyo bayan resonant (/r/, /n/, ko /w/), ana kwafin wasula da ke biye da resonant a cikin ƙungiyar consonant. Dukkanin jerin Dokokin Dorsey da aka tabbatar a cikin harshen an jera su a ƙasa, tare da V wakiltar wasula da aka kwafe: <ref name=":1"/> * pVnV * pVrV * kVnV * kVrV * kVwV * sVnV * sVrV * sVwV * šVnV * šVrV * šVwV * cVwV * xVnV * xVrV * xVwV Tushen da yawa suna ba da shawarar cewa dokar Dorsey tsari ne na lokaci-lokaci a cikin harshe saboda yadda wasu matakai kamar aikin damuwa da tsarin morphological na reduplication ke shafar shi.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=YourName |title=About {{!}} Ho-Chunk Nation. About Ho-Chunk Nation {{!}} Ho-Chunk Nation |url=http://www.ho-chunknation.com/about.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206174644/http://ho-chunknation.com/about.aspx |archive-date=2015-02-06 |access-date=2016-04-29 |website=www.ho-chunknation.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilmary Shea |first=John |title=Ho-Chunk and Winnebago Explained |url=http://www.baraboopubliclibrary.org/files/local/wardvol1/05%20Ho-Chunk%20and%20Winnebgo%20Explained%20-%20About%20Section%20AA.pdf |publisher=Wisconsin Historical Collections }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dokar Dorsey na iya amfani da ita a cikin morpheme guda ɗaya, kamar yadda a cikin /pra/ zama [para] a cikin kalmar paras ' (zama) fadi, kwance', ko a fadin iyakokin morpheme, kamar yadda yake a cikin /''š''/ zama [šara] a cikin kalma ''Sharaše'' 'ku je can', inda š shine mutum na biyu mai suna prefixing ga aikatau ''rahe'' 'ku je zuwa can'. === Tsarin ma'auni === Ho-Chunk ''''wağį́'''' ne na ƙididdigar mora, amma harshe ne mai faɗakarw''A.'' Matsayin damuwa na kalmomin da aka yi magana a ware yana da matukar daidaituwa. Kalmomi guda ɗaya koyaushe suna da dogon wasali (mora biyu), kuma damuwa ta faɗi a kan mora na farko (misali áa 'hannuwa'). Kalmomi guda biyu suna da moras guda biyu, kuma damuwa ta farko ta fadi a kan mora ta biyu (misali wajé 'tufafi'). A cikin kalmomi da suka fi tsayi fiye da sassan biyu, damuwa ta farko galibi tana faɗuwa a kan sashi na uku, tare da damuwa ta biyu a kan kowane wasali mai lamba bayan ma'anar damuwa ta farko (misali waǧįǧį́ 'ball', ko hocį́k 'boy').<ref>{{Cite web |last=YourName |title=About {{!}} Ho-Chunk Nation. About Ho-Chunk Nation {{!}} Ho-Chunk Nation |url=http://www.ho-chunknation.com/about.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206174644/http://ho-chunknation.com/about.aspx |archive-date=2015-02-06 |access-date=2016-04-29 |website=www.ho-chunknation.com}}</ref> Wasu misalai masu ban sha'awa na kalmomi tare da damuwa ta farko ba a kan sashi na uku ba sun haɗa da ''booraxux'' 'kun karya wani abu cikin ɓangarori' da gikąnąhé 'don gayyatar wani'. Wadannan da sauran banbanci sune sakamakon nauyin syllable wanda ke shafar wurin damuwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kamar yadda aka gani a cikin ''booraxux'' 'kun karya wani abu a cikin ɓangarori', lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin sassan biyu na farko na kalma mai yawa shine sashi mai nauyi, to babban damuwa ya faɗi a kan sashi na biyu Gabaɗaya lokacin da ake magana da kalmomi a cikin jerin don samar da jimloli, kowannensu yana riƙe da nasa yankin damuwa. Koyaya, lokacin da aka haɗa kalmomi biyu ko fiye, ana bi da su azaman kalma ɗaya kuma suna samar da sabon yanki na damuwa guda ɗaya wanda alamu da aka ambata a sama ke aiki. Misalan sun hada da ''hąbókahi'' 'kowace rana' (wani fili wanda ya kunshi ''hąp'' 'rana' da ''Hokan'' 'kowane') da ''wągwácek'' 'matashi' (''wąk'' 'mutum' da ''Cacék'' 'matashi'). Tsarin damuwa na Ho-Chunk ya bambanta da na sauran harsunan Siouan, waɗanda ke da babban damuwa a kan sashi na biyu ko mora na biyu. An yi la'akari da cewa Ho-Chunk ya sami sauye-sauye na damuwa daya zuwa dama a wani lokaci a tarihinsa. == Rubutun kalmomi == Hanyar hukuma ta Ho-Chunk ta samo asali ne daga sigar Amurka ta International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Saboda haka, zane-zanensa suna kama da na IPA,''da kuma'' akwai kusanci daya-da-daya tsakanin zane-zane da phonemes. Kalmomin sun bambanta da IPA saboda ana nuna wasula na hanci ''Mai amfani'' da ogonek. Don haka, /ĩ/, /ũ/, da /ã/ an rubuta su a matsayin į, ų, da ''ą,'' bi da bi. Bugu da kari, ana rubuta ma'anar post-veolar da palatal a matsayin ''c, j, š, ž,'' da y (a cikin IPA: /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /ʃ/,/ʒ/ da /j/), ana rubuta maɓallin /ɣ/ a matsayin ǧ, kuma an rubuta maɓalli a matsayin ''ʼ'' . Ana iya ambaton alamun diacritic a cikin Ho-Chunk tare da waɗannan kalmomi: {{Lang|win|sįįc}} ' wutsiya' don ogonek, {{Lang|win|wookąnąk}} 'hat' don haček, da {{Lang|win|hiyuša jikere}} 'farawa / tsayawa ba zato ba tsammani' don tsayawar glottal. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen 1800s, an rubuta Ho-Chunk tare da daidaita tsarin syllabics na "Ba-Be-Bi-Bo". Ya zuwa 1994, duk da haka, haruffa na hukuma na Ho-Chunk Nation ya dace da Rubutun Latin. Al'ummomin Ho-Chunk na Wisconsin da Nebraska suna wakiltar wasu sauti daban-daban a cikin haruffa da suke amfani da su, yayin da kabilar Wisconsin ke rubuta wasula biyu don nuna tsawon lokaci, kuma kabilar Nebraska tana amfani da macron a kan wasula (idan aka kwatanta ''oo'' da ''ō'' don IPA /o / / /). Wadannan bambance-bambance, waɗanda aka nuna tare da kalmomin misali, an nuna su a cikin ginshiƙi da ke ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, tsarin rubuce-rubucen Ho-Chunk ya ƙunshi ƙididdiga 26 da ƙididdigar wasali 16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=YourName |title=About {{!}} Ho-Chunk Nation. About Ho-Chunk Nation {{!}} Ho-Chunk Nation |url=http://www.ho-chunknation.com/about.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206174644/http://ho-chunknation.com/about.aspx |archive-date=2015-02-06 |access-date=2016-04-29 |website=www.ho-chunknation.com}}</ref> === Kwatanta rubutun kalmomi === Tushen: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Ƙasar Ho-Chunk na Wisconsin !Ƙasar Ho-Chunk na Nebraska !IPA !Misali kalma |- | colspan="2" |'''a''' |a, ba da izini |''caš'' ′tapping sauti' |- |'''aa''' |'''ā''' |aː |caa / ''c'''ā''''' ′deer′ |- | colspan="2" |'''ą''' |A cikin wannan lokacin |''Nįpąną'''ą''''' ′soup′ |- |'''ąą''' |'''ą̄''' |Ana: |pąą / ''P'''ą̄''''' ′bag′ |- | colspan="2" |'''b''' |b |''boojaš'' / ''bōjaš'' ′marbles′ |- | colspan="2" |'''c''' |tʃ |caa / ''cā'' ′deer′ |- | colspan="2" |'''da kuma''' |kuma, ɛ |serec ′ (zama) tsawo′ |- |'''ee''' |'''ē''' |eː, ɛː |bushewa / ''sēp'' ′ (zama) baki′ |- | colspan="2" |'''g''' |g |''gaaga'' / gāga ′grandma′ |- | colspan="2" |'''Gafin''' |ɣ |ǧaak / ''ǧāk ′'' (to) cry′ |- | colspan="2" |'''h''' |h |''Hoocąk'' / ''Hōcąk'' ′Ho-Chunk′ |- | colspan="2" |'''i''' |i |''Naok'''i''''' ′ (zama) a yi amfani da shi |- |'''na biyu''' |'''ī''' |iː |''ci__ilo____ilo____ilo__'' / 'karamar gari', gari' |- | colspan="2" |'''Mai amfani''' |Ya kasance |hocįcį ′boy' |- |'''Aiki ne akan''' |'''Yankin da ba a sani ba''' |ĩ: |pįį / pį̄ ′ (zama) mai kyau′ |- | colspan="2" |'''j''' |dʒ |''jaasge'' / Yanayi |- | colspan="2" |'''k''' |k |ka yi fice / "'<nowiki/>''''''''k'''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>''''' CESąk ′''<nowiki/>'Turtle'''<nowiki/>' |- | colspan="2" |'''kʼ''' |kʼ |''k'ee'' / ''kʼē'' ′ (zuwa) dig′ |- | colspan="2" |'''m''' |m |mįnąk / mį̄nąk ′ (zuwa) zama′ |- | colspan="2" |'''n''' |n |'''''''n''''''' / nį̄' ′ruwa' |- | colspan="2" |'''o''' |o |''xoro'''o''''' ′ (zuwa) ƙaho′ |- |'''oo''' |'''ō''' |o: |coo / c'''ō''' ′ (zama) shuɗi, kore′ |- | colspan="2" |'''p''' |p |''pą'' / ''Pą̄'' ′bag′ |- | colspan="2" |'''pʼ''' |pʼ |''Pʼoopʼoš'' / ''Pʼōpʼoš'' ′ (zama) fluffy′ |- | colspan="2" |'''r''' |r |''roohą'' / ''Rōhą'' ′a lot' |- | colspan="2" |'''s''' |s |sii / ''sī'' ′foot′ |- | colspan="2" |'''sʼ''' |sʼ |rusʼįsʼį ′ (zuwa) girgiza, girgiza′ |- | colspan="2" |'''š''' |ʃ |Shouc / harshen ′ (zama) ja′ |- | colspan="2" |'''šʼ''' |ʃʼ |''rušʼašʼa'' ′ (zuwa) tickle′ |- | colspan="2" |'''t''' |t |taanį / tā begu ′ uku' |- | colspan="2" |'''tʼ''' |tʼ |tʼąą / tʼą̄' ′ (zuwa) tashi′ |- | colspan="2" |'''u''' |u |''waruc'' ′ (don) cin abinci, abinci′ |- |'''uu''' |'''ū.''' |u: |huu / ''hū'' ′leg′ |- | colspan="2" |'''Bayani''' |A cikin su |''gigųs'' ′ (don) koyarwa′ |- |'''Bayani''' |'''Bayani''' |Sauran ra'ayi: |''Hųc'' / hų̄c ′bear′ |- | colspan="2" |'''w''' |w |''waa'' / ''wā'' ′snow' |- | colspan="2" |'''x''' |x |''xee'' / ''xē'' ′ (zuwa) binnewa, tudu′ |- | colspan="2" |'''xʼ''' |xʼ |''x'<nowiki/>''x'ōke'''' / xʼōke ′ iyaye' |- | colspan="2" |'''da kuma''' |j |''iiyaara'' / īyāra ′ (zuwa) yawn′ |- | colspan="2" |'''z''' |z |''Zii'' / zī ′ (zama) rawaya, launin ruwan kasa′ |- | colspan="2" |'''ž''' |ʒ |''Yaren da aka yi'' amfani da shi a matsayin dabbobin da aka yi a matsayin da |- | colspan="2" |ʼ |ʔ |''Waʼu'' ′ (don) zama, yi |} == Yanayin Yanayi == === Tsarin aikatau === Ho-Chunk yare ne mai haɗuwa da ɗan haɗuwa. Kalmomin suna dauke da adadi da yawa don nuna abubuwa kamar mutum, lamba, lokaci, da yanayi. ==== Yankin prefix ==== Ho-Chunk yana amfani da prefixes a kan maɓallin kalma don nuna mutum, yanayin wuri, yanayin kayan aiki, yanayin fa'ida, reflexivity (ciki har da reflexivity mai mallaka), da kuma musayar. ===== Gabatarwar mutum ===== Ana canza kalmomin Ho-Chunk tare da nau'ikan wakoki guda takwas da aka yi alama don mutum da kuma ƙuntatawa. Ho-Chunk yare ne mai saukowa; ana amfani da sunayen suna da wuya, kuma ana samun bayanai game da mutum na ilimin lissafi akan aikatau a cikin nau'i ɗaya ko fiye. # Mutum na farko (abbreviated 1SG) # Mutum na biyu (abbreviated 2SG) # Mutum na uku (abbreviated 3SG) # Mutum na farko ya hada da mutum biyu (abbreviated 1IN.DU) # Mutum na farko ya hada da jam'i (abbreviated 1IN.PL) # Mutum na farko na musamman (abbreviated 1EX.PL) # Mutum na biyu da yawa (abbreviated 2PL) # Mutum na uku da yawa (abbreviated 3PL) ====== Alamar mutum a cikin kalmomi masu wucewa ====== Kalmomin Ho-Chunk suna canzawa tare da wakili (actor) da mai haƙuri (undergoer). Tsarin tsari na gaba ɗaya na prefixes na suna a cikin kalmomin da ke wucewa an tsara su a ƙasa. Harafin V yana tsaye a wurin maɓallin aikatau. : {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" rowspan="4" | ! colspan="8" |Mai haƙuri |- ! colspan="4" |Mutum na farko ! colspan="2" |Mutum na biyu ! colspan="2" |Mutum na uku |- ! rowspan="2" |{{Small|singular}} !{{Small|dual}} ! colspan="2" |{{Small|plural}} ! rowspan="2" |{{Small|singular}} ! rowspan="2" |{{Small|plural}} ! rowspan="2" |{{Small|singular}} ! rowspan="2" |{{Small|plural}} |- !INCL !INCL !EXCL |-! rowspan="8" {{vert header|Actor|va=middle}} ! rowspan="4" |Mutum na farko ! colspan="2" |{{Small|singular}} | | | | |Nį-V |Nįį-V-wi |Sanya-ha-V |wa-ha-V |- !{{Small|dual}} !INCL | | | | | | |HIN-HIN |hį-wa-V |- ! rowspan="2" |{{Small|plural}} !INCL | | | | | | |Hine-V-wi |hį-wa-V-wi |- !EXCL | | | | |Nįį-V-wi |Nįį-V-wi |Sanya-ha-V-wi |wa-ha-V-wi |- ! rowspan="2" |Mutum na biyu ! colspan="2" |{{Small|singular}} |hį-ra-V | | |hį-ra-V-wi | | |Sanya-V |wa-ra-V |- ! colspan="2" |{{Small|plural}} |hį-ra-V-wi | | |hį-ra-V-wi | | |Sanya-V-wi |wa-ra-V-wi |- ! rowspan="2" |Mutum na uku ! colspan="2" |{{Small|singular}} |HIN-HIN |Wąga-Zan |wąga-V-wi |Hine-V-wi |Nayi-V |Nayi-V-wi |Wannan shi ne V |Ya-V |- ! colspan="2" |{{Small|plural}} |hį-V-ire |wąga-V-ire |wąga-V-ire-wi |hį-V-ire-wi |nį-V-ire |nį-V-ire-wi |Wannan shi ne nau'in |wa-V-ire |} A cikin wannan teburin, ana amfani da alamar null don wakiltar duk wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na mutum na uku da masu haƙuri. Yana nuna cewa babu wani prefix na bayyane ga waɗancan sunayen (a wasu kalmomi, cewa su ne null morphemes). Wasu sel an bar su babu komai saboda babu wani adadi mai suna da ke da alaƙa da wannan mutum / lambar haɗuwa. A lokuta kamar waɗannan, aikin yana da ma'ana (watau ina yin wani abu ga kaina, ko kuma kai (jama'a) ka yi wani abu ga kanka). An nuna reflexivity a cikin Ho-Chunk tare da wani prefix, kii-. Sautunan da ke cikin prefixes suna gudana tare a cikin magana ta yau da kullun, sau da ya''wa'' yana ''ha'' da share /h / consonant kuma ta haka ne dogon wasali ko diphthong. Wannan ya bayyana a cikin misalin ''waa'' 'Na sanya su (tsayawa) ', inda mutum na uku mai haƙuri prefix wa- ya haɗu da mutum na farko mai wasan kwaikwayo prefix ha-, samar da waa-. ====== Alamar mutum a cikin kalmomin da ba su wucewa ba ====== Kalmomin da ba su wucewa ba na Ho-Chunk sun fada cikin manyan nau'o'i uku: kalmomin da ba su da amfani, kalmomin da ba sa wucewa, da kalmomin 'mutum na uku kawai'. Kalmomin da ke aiki ba tare da wucewa ba sune wadanda suka shafi mutum ko wakili (s) kawai. Misali shine ''šgaac'' 'wasa', wanda aka canza shi don mutum da adadi kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |+Mutum da lambar alama don aikin aiki mai mahimmanci ''šgaac'' ! ! !Kalmomin Ho-Chunk !Fassara |- ! rowspan="8" |Wakilin !1SG |hašgac (ha-šgac) |'Ina wasa' |- !2SG |Ranar da aka yi amfani da ita |'ka yi wasa' |- !3SG |Shagaki |'shi ko ta taka leda' |- !1IN. DU |hįšgac (hį-šgac) |Ni da kai muna wasa |- !1IN. PL |hįšgacwi (hį-šgac-wi) |'mu (har ma) muna wasa' |- !1EX. PL |hašgacwi (ha-šgac-wi) |'mu (na musamman) wasa' |- !2PL |Ranar da aka yi amfani da ita |'ku (da yawa) wasa' |- !3PL |šgaacire (šgaac-ire) |'suna wasa' |} Kalmomin da ba su da tushe sun haɗa da aikin da ke shafar mai haƙuri. Wannan alama ce ta aikatau ''š'aak'' 'tsufa': {| class="wikitable" |+Mutum da lambar alama don kalma mai mahimmanci ''š'aak'' ! ! !Kalmomin Ho-Chunk !Fassara |- ! rowspan="8" |Mai haƙuri !1SG |hįš'ak (hį-š'ak) |'Na tsufa' |- !2SG |Nįš'ak (Yarjejeniya) |'kun tsufa' |- !3SG |Shah |'shi ko ita tsoho ne' |- !1IN. DU |wągaš'ak (wąąga-š'ak) |'Kai da ni tsofaffi ne' |- !1IN. PL |wągaš'akwi (wąąga-š'ak-wi) |'mu (har ma) tsofaffi ne' |- !1EX. PL |hįš'akwi (hį-š'ak-wi) |'mu (na musamman) tsofaffi ne' |- !2PL |Nįš'akwi (Embo) |'ku (da yawa) tsofaffi ne' |- !3PL |š'aakire |'sun tsufa' |} Kalmomin mutum na uku kawai suna nuna jihohi da kaddarorin yawancin abubuwan da ba su da rai, kamar " (don) zama mai daɗi" ko " (don" zama mai tsada". Za'a iya canza su ne kawai don mutum na uku ko mutum na uku (misali ''ceexi'') 'yana da tsada' ko ''Ceesire'' (ceexi-ire) 'suna da tsada'). ===== Gabatarwa na wuri ===== ''ho-'' yana da prefixes guda biyu, ''ha-'' 'on' ko 'onto', da kuma ho- 'in' ko 'into'. William Lipkind ne ya fara bayyana waɗannan prefixes a cikin harshen harshe na 1928 .^[11] Ana ƙara prefixes zuwa maɓallin aikatau kamar yadda aka gani a cikin misalai da ke ƙasa:    Gabatarwa na locative na iya samun suna, aikatau, ko duka biyun. Wannan gaskiya ne ga homįk, wanda zai iya nufin aikatau 'ya kwanta a ciki' ko sunan 'kwada'. Kayan ilmantarwa na baya-bayan nan suna nufin prefix ''ha-'' a matsayin alamar neman izini, da prefix ''ho-'' a matsayin alama mai neman izini. ===== Gabatarwa na kayan aiki ===== Ho-Chunk yana da saiti na kayan aiki wanda ke nuna cewa ana aiwatar da wani aiki ta hanyar wasu kayan aiki, karfi, ko nau'in motsi na musamman. Wadannan prefixes ana fassara su cikin Turanci ''cire'' da irin waɗannan jimloli kamar 'da ƙafa', 'da hannu', ko 'ta hanyar bugawa'. Wasu kafofin sun lissafa alamomi takwas na kayan aiki a cikin Ho-Chunk, <ref>{{Cite web |last=YourName |title=About {{!}} Ho-Chunk Nation. About Ho-Chunk Nation {{!}} Ho-Chunk Nation |url=http://www.ho-chunknation.com/about.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206174644/http://ho-chunknation.com/about.aspx |archive-date=2015-02-06 |access-date=2016-04-29 |website=www.ho-chunknation.com}}</ref> yayin da wasu suka gane ''ną''- na tara 'ta hanyar karfi na ciki' (kamar yadda ake magana da ''ną''- 'ta hanyar ƙafa'). Wadannan prefixes an jera su da farko tare da fassarar Ingilishi, sannan a haɗa su da tsintsiya 'don karya, yanke ko yanke wani abu mai kama da igiya': {| class="wikitable" |+Gabatarwa na kayan aiki ! !Gabatarwa na kayan aiki !Fassarar Turanci |- ! rowspan="4" |Cikin Gida |''gi-'' |'ta hanyar bugawa' |- |''ra-'' |'da baki, da hakora' |- |''ru-'' |'da hannu' |- |''wa-'' |'ta hanyar matsin lamba, ta hanyar turawa' |- ! rowspan="5" |A waje |''boo-'' |'ta hanyar harbi, ta hanyar busawa, ta hanyar karfi' |- |''maimakon haka'' |'ta hanyar yankewa' |- |''ną (1) -'' |'ta hanyar ƙafa' |- |''nąą (2) -'' |'ta hanyar karfi na ciki' |- |''yau-'' |'ta hanyar matsanancin zafin jiki' |} {| class="wikitable" |+Gabatarwa na kayan aiki tare da ''cire'' !Kalmomin Ho-Chunk !Fassarar Turanci |- |''giwax'' |'ƙetare igiya a kashi biyu ta hanyar bugawa' |- |''rawax'' |'ya ɗanɗana igiya a cikin biyu' |- |''Ruwa'' |'ƙetare igiya a kashi biyu ta hanyar ja' |- |''wawax'' |'ƙetare igiya ta hanyar matsin lamba' |- |''boowax'' |'harbi a cikin biyu' |- |''staðinn'' |'yanka igiya a kashi biyu' |- |''nąwax'' |'ƙetare igiya a cikin biyu da ƙafa' |- |''nąwax'' |'rabuwa da igiya da kansa' |- |''itace'' |'ya ƙone igiya a kashi biyu' |} Ana gano prefixes na kayan aiki a matsayin 'Inner' ko 'Outer' saboda matsayinsu dangane da sauran prefixes da ke haɗe da maɓallin aikatau. Gabatarwa na ciki suna kusa da maɓallin aikatau, yayin da Gabatarwa ta waje suna da nisa a gefen hagu na kalmar. Ana samun prefixes na kayan aiki a cikin dukkan harsunan Siouan, <ref>{{Cite web |last=YourName |title=About {{!}} Ho-Chunk Nation. About Ho-Chunk Nation {{!}} Ho-Chunk Nation |url=http://www.ho-chunknation.com/about.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206174644/http://ho-chunknation.com/about.aspx |archive-date=2015-02-06 |access-date=2016-04-29 |website=www.ho-chunknation.com}}</ref> kuma an yi la'akari da cewa kayan aiki na waje sun samo asali ne a matsayin sunaye ko ƙwayoyin da aka tsara. ==== Filin Suffix ==== Ƙididdigar Ho-Chunk ta nuna lambar, lokaci, yanayi, ƙin yarda, da kuma fasalin. == Rubuce-rubuce == === Tsarin kalmomi na asali === Kamar sauran harsunan Siouan, tsarin kalmomin Ho-Chunk shine Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Misali na jumla ta al'ada ita ce {{Lang|win|Hinųkra wažątirehižą ruwį}} 'Matar ta sayi mota.' A cikin jumla tare da abubuwa biyu, kamar {{Lang|win|Hinųkiža hocįcįhižą wiiwagaxhižą hok'ų}}'ų 'Yar yarinya ta ba wa yaro fensir', umarnin kalmar canonical shine Subject-Inirect Object-Direct Object -Verb. Umurnin kalma yana da ɗan 'yanci a cikin Ho-Chunk; duk da haka, yayin da umarnin kalma kamar {{Lang|win|Wažątirehižą, hinųkra ruwį}} 'Matar da ta sayi mota' ya halatta, canji daga umarnin kalma mai tsaka-tsaki na SOV yana buƙatar dakatarwar prosodic da aka nuna ta hanyar comma. Ba tare da wannan dakatarwa ba, fassarar 'Motar da ta sayi mace' tana yiwuwa, kodayake ba zai yiwu ba. === Ƙin yarda === Ana bayyana maganganu marasa kyau tare da ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar su ''hąke'' 'ba' ko ''hąkaga'' 'ba' a taɓa haɗawa da ma'anar / enclitic - College 'ba'a'. Ana buƙatar abubuwa biyu a cikin irin waɗannan jimloli: ƙwayoyin suna gaba da kalmar aikatau, yayin da - Leicester an haɗa shi da aikatau. Misalai masu zuwa suna nuna wannan ginin:    == Bayani == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == *   *   == Haɗin waje == * [https://dictionary.hochunk.org/ Ho-chunk Nation Official Online Dictionary] * Hoocąk Waaziija Haci Harshe da Al'adu Division, shafin yanar gizon Ho-Chunk Nation (na Wisconsin), kayan aiki masu yawa game da harshen Hoçak da kokarin sabuntawa * [http://www.baraboopubliclibrary.org/files/local/wardvol1/05%20Ho-Chunk%20and%20Winnebgo%20Explained%20-%20About%20Section%20AA.pdf Ho-Chunk da Winnebago Bayyanawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011200950/http://www.baraboopubliclibrary.org/files/local/wardvol1/05%20Ho-Chunk%20and%20Winnebgo%20Explained%20-%20About%20Section%20AA.pdf |date=2016-10-11 }} * [https://dobes.mpi.nl/projects/hocank/language/ Harshen Hocank], Takaddun Harsunan da ke cikin haɗari (DOBES a cikin Jamusanci) * [http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/tp&CISOPTR=28275&CISOSHOW=28201 "Winnebago Grammar" na William Lipkind] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405072138/http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/tp&CISOPTR=28275&CISOSHOW=28201 |date=2012-04-05 }}, wanda Wisconsin Historical Society ta buga (1945) * Hocąk-English/English-Hocąk Learner's Dictionary, Na biyu Edition, edited by Johannes Helmbrecht & Christian Lehmann, 2006, Jami'ar Erfurt * [https://www.memrise.com/course/5450/beginning-hocak/ Farawa Hocąk a kan Memrise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923071543/https://www.memrise.com/course/5450/beginning-hocak/ |date=2019-09-23 }}, bisa ga Wisconsin Hocąk; jimloli da ƙamus * [https://doreco.huma-num.fr/languages/hoch1243 Hoocąk DoReCo corpus] wanda Iren Hartmann ya tattara. Rubuce-rubucen sauti na matani masu laushi tare da rubutun da aka daidaita a matakin waya, fassarori, da kuma bayanin yanayin da aka daidaita da lokaci. {{Siouan languages}}{{Languages of Minnesota}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ek992pivstwdhqdnaogt0l85fu1y2pk 0 125174 840144 753515 2026-05-25T20:40:58Z A Salisu 14655 840144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A Nightmare on Elm Street: Perchance to Dream wani labari ne mai ban tsoro na Burtaniya na 2006 wanda Natasha Rhodes ta rubuta kuma Black Flame ta buga shi.<ref> {{Cite web |date=17 March 2020 |title=10 dintre cei mai faimosi scriitori de horror |url=https://spynews.ro/actualitate/stiri-internationale/10-dintre-cei-mai-faimosi-scriitori-de-horror-222862.html |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=spynews.ro |publisher=[[Intact Media Group]]}} </ref> A tie-in zuwa jerin fina-finai masu ban tsoro na Amurka Nightmare on Elm Street, shi ne kashi na huɗu a cikin jerin litattafan Nightmare on elm Street guda biyar da Black Flame ya buga kuma ya sanya Jacob, wani saurayi da ke da ikon murkushe mafarkin wasu, a kan mai kisan kai Freddy Krueger . == Makirci == Dan Alice Johnson, Jacob Johnson, ya shafe shekaru biyar da suka gabata a asibitin Westin Hills Psychiatric, bayan an sanya shi a can lokacin da yake dan shekara 13. Freddy Krueger, mai kisan yara wanda, bayan da iyaye masu fushi suka ƙone shi har ya mutu, yanzu yana damun mafarkin mutanen Springwood, Ohio. Yakubu yana da iyawar telepathic, wanda yake amfani da shi don murkushe mafarkin mazaunan Springwood don kare su daga Freddy. Bayan Freddy ya ya yaudare shi ya kashe wasu marasa lafiya hudu na Westin Hills, Jacob ya tsere daga mafaka tare da taimakon ma'aikacinsa Jack Kane kuma ya gudu, wanda Springwood PD ya bi. Kane ya yi imanin cewa Yakubu zai iya taimaka masa ya sace ikon Freddy tare da Deathstone. Dream Demons ne suka ba shi ikon Freddy, kuma Deathstone, da zarar an kunna shi ta hanyar hadaya ta mutum, zai sanya Kane the Dream Demons sabon avatar, yayin da Freddy zai bar shi a cikin Deathstone. Bayan ya shiga Springwood, Dokta Sally Spencer, likitan kwakwalwa da 'yan sanda suka kawo don taimakawa wajen magance rikice-rikicen da rashin iya yin mafarki ya haifar, Freddy ya kai masa hari, wanda ya kashe abokin Sally, Mitchell, kuma ya fadi SUV dinta. Sally ta watsar da motarta da takardun da suka shafi Freddy da Jacob a ciki, wanda Ella Harris, mai ba da rahoto ga Jaridar dalibai ta Springwood High, da kuma mai laifi mai suna Mathew Irwin suka samu. Freddy ya kashe Matt bayan ya yi amfani da shi ya kira abokan karatunsa da Ella don gaya musu game da Freddy, wanda ikonsa, ya ragu saboda rashin tsoro daga jama'ar Springwood don cin abinci, za a sake cika shi yayin da sanin shi ya bazu tsakanin yaran Springwood. Yayin da Freddy ya kori abokan Ella daya bayan daya, sai ya umarce ta ta kashe Yakubu. Ella da sauran abokanta, Henry da Jennifer, Sally sun haɗu da su yayin da suke neman Yakubu, wanda Kane ya ɗauke shi. Jacob ya tafi tare da shirin Kane na sadaukar da Sarah, mai haƙuri na Westin Hills da aka sace, don kunna Deathstone. Kungiyar Ella da wasu jami'an 'yan sanda guda uku sun katse al'adar, kuma, a cikin rikice-rikicen da ya biyo baya, Freddy ya mallaki Kane. Freddy ya kashe Sarah, jami'an, da Sally kafin Kane ya 'yantar da kansa, bayan ya sace rabin ikon Freddy; biyun sun shiga cikin rikici na gaskiya a kan jirgin kasa mai gudu, tare da Freddy ya fito da nasara, ya dawo da ikonsa da aka sace, kuma ya kashe Kane. Yakubu yayi ƙoƙari ya kammala al'adar Deathstone tare da kansa a matsayin hadaya ta hanyar kashe kansa amma ba da gangan ya harbe Jen. Jacob sai ya shiga tunanin Freddy, inda Freddy ya nuna rayukan da aka kama na duk wadanda ya kashe, gami da Alice. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Yakubu ya fashe Freddy tare da duk ƙarfin mafarki na Springwood, wanda ya 'yantar da dukkan rayukan da aka azabtar kuma ya mamaye Freddy, wanda ya fashe kuma an kore shi zuwa Dream World. Ella, Henry, da bikin nasarar Yakubu ba su da tsawo, yayin da aka kama su duka uku kuma aka sanya su a Westin Hills, inda Yakubu, yayin da ya fada cikin barcin da aka haifar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, Freddy ya yi masa ba'a. == Karɓar baƙi == Louis Fowler na Bookgasm ya ji littafin, duk da shan wahala daga matsaloli kamar yawancin haruffa marasa ban sha'awa, saurin tafiya mara kyau, da Freddy Krueger da aka sake shi zuwa matsayin "banana na biyu", har yanzu yana da "babban" kuma yana "mai nishaɗi sosai, yana nuna babban alkawari ga jerin". [1] The California Bookwatch, a cikin bita biyu na Perchance to Dream da Fear the Darkness, ya yaba wa tsohon, yana mai lura, "Magoya bayan Nightmare a kan titin Elm".[2] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4sbfztxutu9qqnnbzrf39o41mwic9q7 840146 840144 2026-05-25T20:41:35Z A Salisu 14655 840146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A Nightmare on Elm Street: Perchance to Dream wani labari ne mai ban tsoro na Burtaniya na 2006 wanda Natasha Rhodes ta rubuta kuma Black Flame ta buga shi.<ref> {{Cite web |date=17 March 2020 |title=10 dintre cei mai faimosi scriitori de horror |url=https://spynews.ro/actualitate/stiri-internationale/10-dintre-cei-mai-faimosi-scriitori-de-horror-222862.html |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=spynews.ro |publisher=[[Intact Media Group]]}} </ref> A tie-in zuwa jerin fina-finai masu ban tsoro na Amurka Nightmare on Elm Street, shi ne kashi na huɗu a cikin jerin litattafan Nightmare on elm Street guda biyar da Black Flame ya buga kuma ya sanya Jacob, wani saurayi da ke da ikon murkushe mafarkin wasu, a kan mai kisan kai Freddy Krueger . == Makirci == Dan Alice Johnson, Jacob Johnson, ya kuma shafe shekaru biyar da suka gabata a asibitin Westin Hills Psychiatric, bayan an sanya shi a can lokacin da yake dan shekara 13. Freddy Krueger, mai kisan yara wanda, bayan da iyaye masu fushi suka ƙone shi har ya mutu, yanzu yana damun mafarkin mutanen Springwood, Ohio. Yakubu yana da iyawar telepathic, wanda yake amfani da shi don murkushe mafarkin mazaunan Springwood don kare su daga Freddy. Bayan Freddy ya ya yaudare shi ya kashe wasu marasa lafiya hudu na Westin Hills, Jacob ya tsere daga mafaka tare da taimakon ma'aikacinsa Jack Kane kuma ya gudu, wanda Springwood PD ya bi. Kane ya yi imanin cewa Yakubu zai iya taimaka masa ya sace ikon Freddy tare da Deathstone. Dream Demons ne suka ba shi ikon Freddy, kuma Deathstone, da zarar an kunna shi ta hanyar hadaya ta mutum, zai sanya Kane the Dream Demons sabon avatar, yayin da Freddy zai bar shi a cikin Deathstone. Bayan ya shiga Springwood, Dokta Sally Spencer, likitan kwakwalwa da 'yan sanda suka kawo don taimakawa wajen magance rikice-rikicen da rashin iya yin mafarki ya haifar, Freddy ya kai masa hari, wanda ya kashe abokin Sally, Mitchell, kuma ya fadi SUV dinta. Sally ta watsar da motarta da takardun da suka shafi Freddy da Jacob a ciki, wanda Ella Harris, mai ba da rahoto ga Jaridar dalibai ta Springwood High, da kuma mai laifi mai suna Mathew Irwin suka samu. Freddy ya kashe Matt bayan ya yi amfani da shi ya kira abokan karatunsa da Ella don gaya musu game da Freddy, wanda ikonsa, ya ragu saboda rashin tsoro daga jama'ar Springwood don cin abinci, za a sake cika shi yayin da sanin shi ya bazu tsakanin yaran Springwood. Yayin da Freddy ya kori abokan Ella daya bayan daya, sai ya umarce ta ta kashe Yakubu. Ella da sauran abokanta, Henry da Jennifer, Sally sun haɗu da su yayin da suke neman Yakubu, wanda Kane ya ɗauke shi. Jacob ya tafi tare da shirin Kane na sadaukar da Sarah, mai haƙuri na Westin Hills da aka sace, don kunna Deathstone. Kungiyar Ella da wasu jami'an 'yan sanda guda uku sun katse al'adar, kuma, a cikin rikice-rikicen da ya biyo baya, Freddy ya mallaki Kane. Freddy ya kashe Sarah, jami'an, da Sally kafin Kane ya 'yantar da kansa, bayan ya sace rabin ikon Freddy; biyun sun shiga cikin rikici na gaskiya a kan jirgin kasa mai gudu, tare da Freddy ya fito da nasara, ya dawo da ikonsa da aka sace, kuma ya kashe Kane. Yakubu yayi ƙoƙari ya kammala al'adar Deathstone tare da kansa a matsayin hadaya ta hanyar kashe kansa amma ba da gangan ya harbe Jen. Jacob sai ya shiga tunanin Freddy, inda Freddy ya nuna rayukan da aka kama na duk wadanda ya kashe, gami da Alice. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Yakubu ya fashe Freddy tare da duk ƙarfin mafarki na Springwood, wanda ya 'yantar da dukkan rayukan da aka azabtar kuma ya mamaye Freddy, wanda ya fashe kuma an kore shi zuwa Dream World. Ella, Henry, da bikin nasarar Yakubu ba su da tsawo, yayin da aka kama su duka uku kuma aka sanya su a Westin Hills, inda Yakubu, yayin da ya fada cikin barcin da aka haifar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, Freddy ya yi masa ba'a. == Karɓar baƙi == Louis Fowler na Bookgasm ya ji littafin, duk da shan wahala daga matsaloli kamar yawancin haruffa marasa ban sha'awa, saurin tafiya mara kyau, da Freddy Krueger da aka sake shi zuwa matsayin "banana na biyu", har yanzu yana da "babban" kuma yana "mai nishaɗi sosai, yana nuna babban alkawari ga jerin". [1] The California Bookwatch, a cikin bita biyu na Perchance to Dream da Fear the Darkness, ya yaba wa tsohon, yana mai lura, "Magoya bayan Nightmare a kan titin Elm".[2] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} m8i8t8yxx32kjjjgbbdn4rikopzfxbw 840147 840146 2026-05-25T20:42:11Z A Salisu 14655 840147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A Nightmare on Elm Street: Perchance to Dream wani labari ne mai ban tsoro na Burtaniya na 2006 wanda Natasha Rhodes ta rubuta kuma Black Flame ta buga shi.<ref> {{Cite web |date=17 March 2020 |title=10 dintre cei mai faimosi scriitori de horror |url=https://spynews.ro/actualitate/stiri-internationale/10-dintre-cei-mai-faimosi-scriitori-de-horror-222862.html |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=spynews.ro |publisher=[[Intact Media Group]]}} </ref> A tie-in zuwa jerin fina-finai masu ban tsoro na Amurka Nightmare on Elm Street, shi ne kashi na huɗu a cikin jerin litattafan Nightmare on elm Street guda biyar da Black Flame ya buga kuma ya sanya Jacob, wani saurayi da ke da ikon murkushe mafarkin wasu, a kan mai kisan kai Freddy Krueger . == Makirci == Dan Alice Johnson, Jacob Johnson, ya kuma shafe shekaru biyar da suka gabata a asibitin Westin Hills Psychiatric, bayan an sanya shi a can lokacin da yake dan shekara 13. Freddy Krueger, mai kisan yara wanda, bayan da iyaye masu fushi suka ƙone shi har ya mutu, yanzu yana damun mafarkin mutanen Springwood, Ohio. Yakubu yana da iyawar telepathic, wanda yake amfani da shi don murkushe mafarkin mazaunan Springwood don kare su daga Freddy. Bayan Freddy ya ya yaudare shi ya kashe wasu marasa lafiya hudu na Westin Hills, Jacob ya tsere daga mafaka tare da taimakon ma'aikacinsa Jack Kane kuma ya gudu, wanda Springwood PD ya bi. Kane ya yi imanin cewa Yakubu zai iya taimaka masa ya sace ikon Freddy tare da Deathstone. Dream Demons ne suka ba shi ikon Freddy, kuma Deathstone, da zarar an kunna shi ta hanyar hadaya ta mutum, zai sanya Kane the Dream Demons sabon avatar, yayin da Freddy zai bar shi a cikin Deathstone. Bayan ya shiga Springwood, Dokta Sally Spencer, likitan kwakwalwa da 'yan sanda suka kawo don taimakawa wajen magance rikice-rikicen da rashin iya yin mafarki ya haifar, Freddy ya kai masa hari, wanda ya kashe abokin Sally, Mitchell, kuma ya fadi SUV dinta. Sally ta watsar da motarta da takardun da suka shafi Freddy da Jacob a ciki, wanda Ella Harris, mai ba da rahoto ga Jaridar ɗalibai ta Springwood High, da kuma mai laifi mai suna Mathew Irwin suka samu. Freddy ya kashe Matt bayan ya yi amfani da shi ya kira abokan karatunsa da Ella don gaya musu game da Freddy, wanda ikonsa, ya ragu saboda rashin tsoro daga jama'ar Springwood don cin abinci, za a sake cika shi yayin da sanin shi ya bazu tsakanin yaran Springwood. Yayin da Freddy ya kori abokan Ella daya bayan daya, sai ya umarce ta ta kashe Yakubu. Ella da sauran abokanta, Henry da Jennifer, Sally sun haɗu da su yayin da suke neman Yakubu, wanda Kane ya ɗauke shi. Jacob ya tafi tare da shirin Kane na sadaukar da Sarah, mai haƙuri na Westin Hills da aka sace, don kunna Deathstone. Kungiyar Ella da wasu jami'an 'yan sanda guda uku sun katse al'adar, kuma, a cikin rikice-rikicen da ya biyo baya, Freddy ya mallaki Kane. Freddy ya kashe Sarah, jami'an, da Sally kafin Kane ya 'yantar da kansa, bayan ya sace rabin ikon Freddy; biyun sun shiga cikin rikici na gaskiya a kan jirgin kasa mai gudu, tare da Freddy ya fito da nasara, ya dawo da ikonsa da aka sace, kuma ya kashe Kane. Yakubu yayi ƙoƙari ya kammala al'adar Deathstone tare da kansa a matsayin hadaya ta hanyar kashe kansa amma ba da gangan ya harbe Jen. Jacob sai ya shiga tunanin Freddy, inda Freddy ya nuna rayukan da aka kama na duk wadanda ya kashe, gami da Alice. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Yakubu ya fashe Freddy tare da duk ƙarfin mafarki na Springwood, wanda ya 'yantar da dukkan rayukan da aka azabtar kuma ya mamaye Freddy, wanda ya fashe kuma an kore shi zuwa Dream World. Ella, Henry, da bikin nasarar Yakubu ba su da tsawo, yayin da aka kama su duka uku kuma aka sanya su a Westin Hills, inda Yakubu, yayin da ya fada cikin barcin da aka haifar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, Freddy ya yi masa ba'a. == Karɓar baƙi == Louis Fowler na Bookgasm ya ji littafin, duk da shan wahala daga matsaloli kamar yawancin haruffa marasa ban sha'awa, saurin tafiya mara kyau, da Freddy Krueger da aka sake shi zuwa matsayin "banana na biyu", har yanzu yana da "babban" kuma yana "mai nishaɗi sosai, yana nuna babban alkawari ga jerin". [1] The California Bookwatch, a cikin bita biyu na Perchance to Dream da Fear the Darkness, ya yaba wa tsohon, yana mai lura, "Magoya bayan Nightmare a kan titin Elm".[2] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2e0qll0zyzs04xdqh6b8dxpzz3edmtn 840148 840147 2026-05-25T20:42:37Z A Salisu 14655 840148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A Nightmare on Elm Street: Perchance to Dream wani labari ne mai ban tsoro na Burtaniya na 2006 wanda Natasha Rhodes ta rubuta kuma Black Flame ta buga shi.<ref> {{Cite web |date=17 March 2020 |title=10 dintre cei mai faimosi scriitori de horror |url=https://spynews.ro/actualitate/stiri-internationale/10-dintre-cei-mai-faimosi-scriitori-de-horror-222862.html |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=spynews.ro |publisher=[[Intact Media Group]]}} </ref> A tie-in zuwa jerin fina-finai masu ban tsoro na Amurka Nightmare on Elm Street, shi ne kashi na huɗu a cikin jerin litattafan Nightmare on elm Street guda biyar da Black Flame ya buga kuma ya sanya Jacob, wani saurayi da ke da ikon murkushe mafarkin wasu, a kan mai kisan kai Freddy Krueger . == Makirci == Dan Alice Johnson, Jacob Johnson, ya kuma shafe shekaru biyar da suka gabata a asibitin Westin Hills Psychiatric, bayan an sanya shi a can lokacin da yake dan shekara 13. Freddy Krueger, mai kisan yara wanda, bayan da iyaye masu fushi suka ƙone shi har ya mutu, yanzu yana damun mafarkin mutanen Springwood, Ohio. Yakubu yana da iyawar telepathic, wanda yake amfani da shi don murkushe mafarkin mazaunan Springwood don kare su daga Freddy. Bayan Freddy ya ya yaudare shi ya kashe wasu marasa lafiya hudu na Westin Hills, Jacob ya tsere daga mafaka tare da taimakon ma'aikacinsa Jack Kane kuma ya gudu, wanda Springwood PD ya bi. Kane ya yi imanin cewa Yakubu zai iya taimaka masa ya sace ikon Freddy tare da Deathstone. Dream Demons ne suka ba shi ikon Freddy, kuma Deathstone, da zarar an kunna shi ta hanyar hadaya ta mutum, zai sanya Kane the Dream Demons sabon avatar, yayin da Freddy zai bar shi a cikin Deathstone. Bayan ya shiga Springwood, Dokta Sally Spencer, likitan kwakwalwa da 'yan sanda suka kawo don taimakawa wajen magance rikice-rikicen da rashin iya yin mafarki ya haifar, Freddy ya kai masa hari, wanda ya kashe abokin Sally, Mitchell, kuma ya fadi SUV dinta. Sally ta watsar da motarta da takardun da suka shafi Freddy da Jacob a ciki, wanda Ella Harris, mai ba da rahoto ga Jaridar ɗalibai ta Springwood High, da kuma mai laifi mai suna Mathew Irwin suka samu. Freddy ya kashe Matt bayan ya yi amfani da shi ya kira abokan karatunsa da Ella don gaya musu game da Freddy, wanda ikonsa, ya ragu saboda rashin tsoro daga jama'ar Springwood don cin abinci, za a sake cika shi yayin da sanin shi ya bazu tsakanin yaran Springwood. Yayin da Freddy ya kori abokan Ella daya bayan daya, sai ya umarce ta ta kashe Yakubu. Ella da sauran abokanta, Henry da Jennifer, Sally sun haɗu da su yayin da suke neman Yakubu, wanda Kane ya ɗauke shi. Jacob ya tafi tare da shirin Kane na sadaukar da Sarah, mai haƙuri na Westin Hills da aka sace, don kunna Deathstone. Ƙungiyar Ella da wasu jami'an 'yan sanda guda uku sun katse al'adar, kuma, a cikin rikice-rikicen da ya biyo baya, Freddy ya mallaki Kane. Freddy ya kashe Sarah, jami'an, da Sally kafin Kane ya 'yantar da kansa, bayan ya sace rabin ikon Freddy; biyun sun shiga cikin rikici na gaskiya a kan jirgin kasa mai gudu, tare da Freddy ya fito da nasara, ya dawo da ikonsa da aka sace, kuma ya kashe Kane. Yakubu yayi ƙoƙari ya kammala al'adar Deathstone tare da kansa a matsayin hadaya ta hanyar kashe kansa amma ba da gangan ya harbe Jen. Jacob sai ya shiga tunanin Freddy, inda Freddy ya nuna rayukan da aka kama na duk wadanda ya kashe, gami da Alice. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Yakubu ya fashe Freddy tare da duk ƙarfin mafarki na Springwood, wanda ya 'yantar da dukkan rayukan da aka azabtar kuma ya mamaye Freddy, wanda ya fashe kuma an kore shi zuwa Dream World. Ella, Henry, da bikin nasarar Yakubu ba su da tsawo, yayin da aka kama su duka uku kuma aka sanya su a Westin Hills, inda Yakubu, yayin da ya fada cikin barcin da aka haifar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, Freddy ya yi masa ba'a. == Karɓar baƙi == Louis Fowler na Bookgasm ya ji littafin, duk da shan wahala daga matsaloli kamar yawancin haruffa marasa ban sha'awa, saurin tafiya mara kyau, da Freddy Krueger da aka sake shi zuwa matsayin "banana na biyu", har yanzu yana da "babban" kuma yana "mai nishaɗi sosai, yana nuna babban alkawari ga jerin". [1] The California Bookwatch, a cikin bita biyu na Perchance to Dream da Fear the Darkness, ya yaba wa tsohon, yana mai lura, "Magoya bayan Nightmare a kan titin Elm".[2] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} a4umsyn73l3utnca9s65qyca4o346wf 840150 840148 2026-05-25T20:45:55Z A Salisu 14655 840150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A Nightmare on Elm Street: Perchance to Dream wani labari ne mai ban tsoro na Burtaniya na 2006 wanda Natasha Rhodes ta rubuta kuma Black Flame ta buga shi.<ref> {{Cite web |date=17 March 2020 |title=10 dintre cei mai faimosi scriitori de horror |url=https://spynews.ro/actualitate/stiri-internationale/10-dintre-cei-mai-faimosi-scriitori-de-horror-222862.html |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=spynews.ro |publisher=[[Intact Media Group]]}} </ref> A tie-in zuwa jerin fina-finai masu ban tsoro na Amurka Nightmare on Elm Street, shi ne kashi na huɗu a cikin jerin litattafan Nightmare on elm Street guda biyar da Black Flame ya buga kuma ya sanya Jacob, wani saurayi da ke da ikon murkushe mafarkin wasu, a kan mai kisan kai Freddy Krueger . == Makirci == Dan Alice Johnson, Jacob Johnson, ya kuma shafe shekaru biyar da suka gabata a asibitin Westin Hills Psychiatric, bayan an sanya shi a can lokacin da yake dan shekara 13. Freddy Krueger, mai kisan yara wanda, bayan da iyaye masu fushi suka ƙone shi har ya mutu, yanzu yana damun mafarkin mutanen Springwood, Ohio. Yakubu yana da iyawar telepathic, wanda yake amfani da shi don murkushe mafarkin mazaunan Springwood don kare su daga Freddy. Bayan Freddy ya ya yaudare shi ya kashe wasu marasa lafiya hudu na Westin Hills, Jacob ya tsere daga mafaka tare da taimakon ma'aikacinsa Jack Kane kuma ya gudu, wanda Springwood PD ya bi. Kane ya yi imanin cewa Yakubu zai iya taimaka masa ya sace ikon Freddy tare da Deathstone. Dream Demons ne suka ba shi ikon Freddy, kuma Deathstone, da zarar an kunna shi ta hanyar hadaya ta mutum, zai sanya Kane the Dream Demons sabon avatar, yayin da Freddy zai bar shi a cikin Deathstone. Bayan ya shiga Springwood, Dokta Sally Spencer, likitan kwakwalwa da 'yan sanda suka kawo don taimakawa wajen magance rikice-rikicen da rashin iya yin mafarki ya haifar, Freddy ya kai masa hari, wanda ya kashe abokin Sally, Mitchell, kuma ya fadi SUV dinta. Sally ta watsar da motarta da takardun da suka shafi Freddy da Jacob a ciki, wanda Ella Harris, mai ba da rahoto ga Jaridar ɗalibai ta Springwood High, da kuma mai laifi mai suna Mathew Irwin suka samu. Freddy ya kashe Matt bayan ya yi amfani da shi ya kira abokan karatunsa da Ella don gaya musu game da Freddy, wanda ikonsa, ya ragu saboda rashin tsoro daga jama'ar Springwood don cin abinci, za a sake cika shi yayin da sanin shi ya bazu tsakanin yaran Springwood. Yayin da Freddy ya kori abokan Ella daya bayan daya, sai ya umarce ta ta kashe Yakubu. Ella da sauran abokanta, Henry da Jennifer, Sally sun haɗu da su yayin da suke neman Yakubu, wanda Kane ya ɗauke shi. Jacob ya tafi tare da shirin Kane na sadaukar da Sarah, mai haƙuri na Westin Hills da aka sace, don kunna Deathstone. Ƙungiyar Ella da wasu jami'an 'yan sanda guda uku sun katse al'adar, kuma, a cikin rikice-rikicen da ya biyo baya, Freddy ya mallaki Kane. Freddy ya kashe Sarah, jami'an, da Sally kafin Kane ya 'yantar da kansa, bayan ya sace rabin ikon Freddy; biyun sun shiga cikin rikici na gaskiya a kan jirgin kasa mai gudu, tare da Freddy ya fito da nasara, ya dawo da ikonsa da aka sace, kuma ya kashe Kane. Yakubu yayi ƙoƙari ya kammala al'adar Deathstone tare da kansa a matsayin hadaya ta hanyar kashe kansa amma ba da gangan ya harbe Jen. Jacob sai ya shiga tunanin Freddy, inda Freddy ya nuna rayukan da aka kama na duk waɗanda ya kashe, gami da Alice. A cikin matsananciyar damuwa, Yakubu ya fashe Freddy tare da duk ƙarfin mafarki na Springwood, wanda ya 'yantar da dukkan rayukan da aka azabtar kuma ya mamaye Freddy, wanda ya fashe kuma an kore shi zuwa Dream World. Ella, Henry, da bikin nasarar Yakubu ba su da tsawo, yayin da aka kama su duka uku kuma aka sanya su a Westin Hills, inda Yakubu, yayin da ya fada cikin barcin da aka haifar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, Freddy ya yi masa ba'a. == Karɓar baƙi == Louis Fowler na Bookgasm ya ji littafin, duk da shan wahala daga matsaloli kamar yawancin haruffa marasa ban sha'awa, saurin tafiya mara kyau, da Freddy Krueger da aka sake shi zuwa matsayin "banana na biyu", har yanzu yana da "babban" kuma yana "mai nishaɗi sosai, yana nuna babban alkawari ga jerin". [1] The California Bookwatch, a cikin bita biyu na Perchance to Dream da Fear the Darkness, ya yaba wa tsohon, yana mai lura, "Magoya bayan Nightmare a kan titin Elm".[2] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gljs7owtmj4m3fot3o8093xrvjocyk1 0 125175 840142 784796 2026-05-25T20:38:25Z A Salisu 14655 840142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A Nightmare on Elm Street: Dreamspawn wani labari ne mai ban tsoro na Burtaniya na 2005 wanda Christa Faust ta rubuta kuma Black Flame ta buga shi. A tie-in zuwa Nightmare on Elm Street jerin fina-finai masu ban tsoro na Amurka, shi ne na biyu a cikin jerin biyar Nightmare on elm Street litattafai da Black Flame buga kuma yana mai da hankali kan wani rukuni na 'yan mata na makarantar sakandare waɗanda ke kiran da ƙoƙarin sarrafa mai kisan kai Freddy Krueger. == Makirci == Rose Gibson mai shekaru bakwai tana zaune a Bakersfield, California, tare da mahaifiyarta mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, Laurie, da mahaifinta mai cin zarafin jima'i, Ed Parker, mai maye wanda ya taɓa sa Rose ta lura yayin da ya kashe kare, Pepper. Wata dare, Freddy Krueger ya ziyarci gidan Gibson, mai kisan yara wanda kuma bayan da iyaye masu fushi suka ƙone shi har ya mutu, yanzu yana damun Dream World. Freddy ya kashe Laurie da Ed amma ya kasa kashe Rose. Shekaru goma sha ɗaya bayan haka, Jane DeHaan ta koma [[Punk subculture|punk]]" data-linkid="107" href="./Southern_California" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Southern California">Kudancin California. Jane, matashiyar da mahaifinta ya mutu daga AML, Goth ne mai kiba wanda ke son [[Zamanin Victorian]]. Jane an zalunta ta a Hemingway High, inda babban mai azabtar da ita shine mai lalata da barasa mai suna Amber Dunn . Bayan Jane ta yi abota da Lola Cole, mai sha'awar fina-finai masu ban tsoro, su biyun sun sace Amber mai maye kuma sun duba ta zuwa [[Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi|asibitin farfadowa]] a matsayin abin dariya a kanta da masu sa ido guda uku, Ashley, Kayla, da Shayne. Lokacin da Amber ta dawo, sauran masu gaisuwa sun ƙi ta kuma sun gode wa Jane da Lola don taimaka mata ta shawo kan jarabawarta, yin abota da su, da kuma gaya musu game da yadda aka sanya ta ba ta da haihuwa ta hanyar zubar da ciki; an yi wa 'yan uku lakabi da "Petticoat Mafia. " Jane kuma ta shiga cikin soyayya kuma ta rasa budurcinta ga memba na ƙungiyar kokawa ta makarantar, mai suna Brandon Ortiz. Rose, bayan ta zama mai cutar da kanta tun bayan mutuwar iyayenta, ta koma Hemingway High kuma ta shiga Petticoat Mafia. Bayan ta halarci wata liyafa ita kaɗai, Rose ta gaya wa sabbin abokanta cewa ƙungiyar gwagwarmaya ta yi mata gangraped kuma ta yi magana da sauran 'yan mata don taimaka mata ta sami fansa ta hanyar yin al'ada don kiran Freddy. Bikin, wanda aka gudanar a cikin masana'antar da aka watsar inda aka taba amfani da Freddy, yana aiki, tare da Rose ta tilasta wa Freddy yin burinta ta hanyar hana safofin hannu da Freddy ya yi amfani da shi a rayuwa a matsayin "Springwood Slasher High". Bayan Freddy ya kashe kowane memba na ƙungiyar gwagwarmaya ban da Brandon, an bayyana Rose game da fyade don samun Petticoat Mafia don taimaka mata ta farfado da Freddy, wanda Rose ya damu da shi tun yana yaro, yana son yin amfani da shi don kashe kansa da shi sosai wanda ya haifar da kashe kansa a cikin fashewar gas wanda ya haifar na Freddy. Tare da kowa a cikin makarantar da iskar gas ta kori, wani babban mafarki wanda Freddy ya fara kashe mutane da yawa, ciki har da Amber da Lola, wanda Freddy ya ci kwakwalwarta bayan ya kama ta a cikin wani mafarki mai ban tsoro na Night of the Living Dead.''Dare na Rayayyu Matattu.'' Freddy, bayan ya yi wa Rose ba'a saboda ya yi imanin cewa tana da "na musamman" kuma tana iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar safofin hannu, ya kashe Brandon kuma ya kai farmaki ga Jane. Rose ta tsage zuciyar Freddy kuma ta ƙone shi, safofin hannu, da kanta a cikin wuta, wanda ya ci Freddy. Jane an tsare ta har abada a Asibitin mahaukaci, inda take ciyar da duk lokacinta tana kallon talabijin, bayan an zargi Petticoat Mafia da mutuwar 461 da ta faru a Hemingway. == Bugawa == Marubucin Christa Faust ya yi bikin sakin littafin tare da sanya hannu a kantin sayar da littattafai na Dark Delicacies a Burbank, California, a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2005. <ref> {{Cite book}} </ref> A shekara ta 2006, Black Flame ta sake buga Dreamspawn a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ripped From a Dream: A Nightmare on Elm Street Omnibus, tarin da ya haɗa da Suffer the Children da Protégé, litattafan Nightmare na baya da na gaba a kan Elm Street da Black Flame ya buga.<ref> {{Cite book}} </ref> == Karɓar baƙi == A cikin bita biyu na Dreamspawn da wanda ya riga shi, Suffer the Children, Don D'Ammassa ya rubuta don Chronicle, ya kammala, "Ba na yi mamakin wani abu a cikin kowane littafi ba, amma dukansu suna da matukar damuwa kuma suna yin aiki mai kyau na kama yanayin wahayi. " Rubuta wa The Good Boar, Reeceall ya yi watsi da littafin, wanda ya lura da shi kamar "wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar sakandare mara kyau, cike da caricatures na matasa" da "labaran daban-daban da ba su dace ba".<ref> {{Cite book}} </ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] hj48gxx6wt8ru11c0ghwlurgjtbnxg6 840143 840142 2026-05-25T20:38:47Z A Salisu 14655 840143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A Nightmare on Elm Street: Dreamspawn wani labari ne mai ban tsoro na Burtaniya na 2005 wanda Christa Faust ta rubuta kuma Black Flame ta buga shi. A tie-in zuwa Nightmare on Elm Street jerin fina-finai masu ban tsoro na Amurka, shi ne na biyu a cikin jerin biyar Nightmare on elm Street litattafai da Black Flame buga kuma yana mai da hankali kan wani rukuni na 'yan mata na makarantar sakandare waɗanda ke kiran da ƙoƙarin sarrafa mai kisan kai Freddy Krueger. == Makirci == Rose Gibson mai shekaru bakwai tana zaune a Bakersfield, California, tare da mahaifiyarta mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, Laurie, da mahaifinta mai cin zarafin jima'i, Ed Parker, mai maye wanda ya taɓa sa Rose ta lura yayin da ya kashe kare, Pepper. Wata dare, Freddy Krueger ya ziyarci gidan Gibson, mai kisan yara wanda kuma bayan da iyaye masu fushi suka ƙone shi har ya mutu, yanzu yana damun Dream World. Freddy ya kashe Laurie da Ed amma ya kasa kashe Rose. Shekaru goma sha ɗaya bayan haka, Jane DeHaan ta koma [[Punk subculture|punk]]" data-linkid="107" href="./Southern_California" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Southern California">Kudancin California. Jane, matashiyar da mahaifinta ya mutu daga AML, Goth ne mai kiba wanda ke son [[Zamanin Victorian]]. Jane an zalunta ta a Hemingway High, inda babban mai azabtar da ita shine mai lalata da barasa mai suna Amber Dunn . Bayan Jane ta yi abota da Lola Cole, mai sha'awar fina-finai masu ban tsoro, su biyun sun sace Amber mai maye kuma sun duba ta zuwa [[Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi|asibitin farfadowa]] a matsayin abin dariya a kanta da masu sa ido guda uku, Ashley, Kayla, da Shayne. Lokacin da Amber ta dawo, sauran masu gaisuwa sun ƙi ta kuma sun gode wa Jane da Lola don taimaka mata ta shawo kan jarabawarta, yin abota da su, da kuma gaya musu game da yadda aka sanya ta ba ta da haihuwa ta hanyar zubar da ciki; an yi wa 'yan uku lakabi da "Petticoat Mafia. " Jane kuma ta shiga cikin soyayya kuma ta rasa budurcinta ga memba na ƙungiyar kokawa ta makarantar, mai suna Brandon Ortiz. Rose, bayan ta zama mai cutar da kanta tun bayan mutuwar iyayenta, ta koma Hemingway High kuma ta shiga Petticoat Mafia. Bayan ta halarci wata liyafa ita kaɗai, Rose ta gaya wa sabbin abokanta cewa ƙungiyar gwagwarmaya ta yi mata gangraped kuma ta yi magana da sauran 'yan mata don taimaka mata ta sami fansa ta hanyar yin al'ada don kiran Freddy. Bikin, wanda aka gudanar a cikin masana'antar da aka watsar inda aka taba amfani da Freddy, yana aiki, tare da Rose ta tilasta wa Freddy yin burinta ta hanyar hana safofin hannu da Freddy ya yi amfani da shi a rayuwa a matsayin "Springwood Slasher High". Bayan Freddy ya kashe kowane memba na ƙungiyar gwagwarmaya ban da Brandon, an bayyana Rose game da fyade don samun Petticoat Mafia don taimaka mata ta farfado da Freddy, wanda Rose ya damu da shi tun yana yaro, yana son yin amfani da shi don kashe kansa da shi sosai wanda ya haifar da kashe kansa a cikin fashewar gas wanda ya haifar na Freddy. Tare da kowa a cikin makarantar da iskar gas ta kori, wani babban mafarki wanda Freddy ya fara kashe mutane da yawa, ciki har da Amber da Lola, wanda Freddy ya ci kwakwalwarta bayan ya kama ta a cikin wani mafarki mai ban tsoro na Night of the Living Dead.''Dare na Rayayyu Matattu.'' Freddy, bayan ya kuma yi wa Rose ba'a saboda ya yi imanin cewa tana da "na musamman" kuma tana iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar safofin hannu, ya kashe Brandon kuma ya kai farmaki ga Jane. Rose ta tsage zuciyar Freddy kuma ta ƙone shi, safofin hannu, da kanta a cikin wuta, wanda ya ci Freddy. Jane an tsare ta har abada a Asibitin mahaukaci, inda take ciyar da duk lokacinta tana kallon talabijin, bayan an zargi Petticoat Mafia da mutuwar 461 da ta faru a Hemingway. == Bugawa == Marubucin Christa Faust ya yi bikin sakin littafin tare da sanya hannu a kantin sayar da littattafai na Dark Delicacies a Burbank, California, a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2005. <ref> {{Cite book}} </ref> A shekara ta 2006, Black Flame ta sake buga Dreamspawn a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ripped From a Dream: A Nightmare on Elm Street Omnibus, tarin da ya haɗa da Suffer the Children da Protégé, litattafan Nightmare na baya da na gaba a kan Elm Street da Black Flame ya buga.<ref> {{Cite book}} </ref> == Karɓar baƙi == A cikin bita biyu na Dreamspawn da wanda ya riga shi, Suffer the Children, Don D'Ammassa ya rubuta don Chronicle, ya kammala, "Ba na yi mamakin wani abu a cikin kowane littafi ba, amma dukansu suna da matukar damuwa kuma suna yin aiki mai kyau na kama yanayin wahayi. " Rubuta wa The Good Boar, Reeceall ya yi watsi da littafin, wanda ya lura da shi kamar "wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar sakandare mara kyau, cike da caricatures na matasa" da "labaran daban-daban da ba su dace ba".<ref> {{Cite book}} </ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] tfm4lj9or3kgsmo0q224frw7bnbbtvt 0 127195 840123 827340 2026-05-25T19:42:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gabatar da shi ta HP ga ɗalibai, '''HP&nbsp;10s''' (F2214A) kalkuleta ne na kimiyya wanda ke da ayyuka sama da 240 da aka gina a ciki, tare da layuka 2 x lambobi 10 [[LCD|na LCD]] . An yarda a yi amfani da shi a gwaje-gwajen [[SAT]] da [[ACT (test)|ACT]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=HP calculators &#124; HP® United Kingdom |url=http://h41111.www4.hp.com/calculators/uk/en/scientific/10s/index.html }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yana da tsarin kimiyya na yau da kullun da kuma tsarin aiki wanda ke da alaƙa sosai da [[Casio]] fx-85MS, wanda ke ba da damar yin lissafi cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. A shekarar 2022, kamfanin Moravia Consulting ya ƙaddamar da '''HP''' .'''&nbsp;10sII''' don kasuwar Ostiraliya. == Duba kuma == * Kalkuleta na kimiyya == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/us/en/sm/WF05a/215348-215348-64232-20037-215351-3540652.html Sharhin HP na HP&nbsp;Kalkuleta na Kimiyya na 10s] * [http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c03519340 Kalkuleta na Kimiyya na HP 10s - Jagorar Mai Amfani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330100723/http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c03519340 |date=2024-03-30 }} * * [https://www.educalc.net/2336191.page Mai kwaikwayon HP 10s]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} lqkx0t98dop7emdc118euwbprn4sahb 0 127789 840087 760971 2026-05-25T15:55:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gopichand Parmanand Hinduja''' (29 ga Fabrairu 1940 - 4 ga Nuwamba 2025) wani hamshakin attajiri ne ɗan asalin Indiya da Birtaniya wanda ke iko da kamfanin Hinduja Group na Indiya. Shekaru da yawa ya kasance tare da ɗan'uwansa Srichand "SP" Hinduja wanda ya mutu a watan Mayu 2023. Shi da ɗan'uwansa galibi ana kiransu a cikin mutanen da suka fi arziki a Burtaniya da Asiya, kuma a cikin jerin sunayen mutanen da suka fi arziki a Burtaniya na ''Sunday Times Rich List na 2024'', an sanya shi a gaba da dukiyar iyali da aka kiyasta ta fam biliyan 37. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Gopichand Parmanand Hinduja a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu 1940, a Iran, ɗan Parmanand Hinduja, kuma ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Jai Hind, Bombay. == Aikin kasuwanci == 'Yan'uwan Hinduja sun fara ayyukansu a harkokin kasuwancin masaku da kasuwanci na mahaifinsu a [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Indiya, da [[Tehran]], Iran. <ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=Telegraph Obituaries |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |work=[[Telegraph.co.uk]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |location=[[United Kingdom]] |access-date=1 January 2026 |archive-date=4 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104173849/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kasuwancin farko da suka yi nasara sun haɗa da sayar da kayayyakin abinci (albasa da dankali) da ma'adinan ƙarfe daga Indiya zuwa Iran. Da sayen Ashok Leyland (daga Birtaniya Leyland ) da Gulf Oil (daga [[Chevron|Chevron Corporation]] ) a shekarun 1980 da kuma kafa bankuna a Switzerland da Indiya a shekarun 1990, Hinduja Group ta zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun kasuwancin Indiya tare da sunaye kamar Tata, Birla, da Ambani . A shekarar 2012, ƙungiyar ta sayi kamfanin Amurka Houghton International, wanda shine babban kamfanin samar da ruwa na ƙarfe a duniya, akan dala biliyan 1.045, inda ta kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da taimakon Ghouse Mohammed Asif, (Daraktan Private Equity na JP Morgan) da Hank Paulson, tsohon Sakataren Baitulmalin Amurka kuma tsohon na Goldman Sachs. == Dukiya == Ya zuwa watan Mayun 2024, an kiyasta cewa shi ne mutumin da ya fi kowa kuɗi a Birtaniya. <ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=Telegraph Obituaries |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |work=[[Telegraph.co.uk]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |location=[[United Kingdom]] |access-date=1 January 2026 |archive-date=4 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104173849/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga shekarun 1990, ana ci gaba da sanya shi a cikin mutanen da suka fi kowa kuɗi a Birtaniya da Asiya. A shekarar 2013, wani jerin masu arziki da Asian Media & Marketing Group ta tattara, ya kiyasta arzikin Hinduja ya kai fam biliyan 19 ($24.7 biliyan). A watan Mayun 2017, Hinduja ta hau kan gaba a jerin masu arziki na <nowiki><i id="mwTg">jaridar Sunday Times</i></nowiki> da aka kiyasta cewa ta mallaki fam biliyan 16.2 (dala biliyan 21). A watan Mayun 2019, jaridar ''The Times'' UK ta sake nada 'yan'uwan Hinduja, Gopichand da Srichand, a matsayin mutanen da suka fi kowa arziki a Birtaniya, a cewar wani bincike na shekara-shekara na ''Sunday Times Rich List'' . Hinduja ya sake kasancewa attajiri a shekarar 2025, <ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=Telegraph Obituaries |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |work=[[Telegraph.co.uk]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |location=[[United Kingdom]] |access-date=1 January 2026 |archive-date=4 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104173849/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> inda aka kiyasta dukiyarsa ta kai fam biliyan 35.3 bayan kololuwar fam biliyan 37.2 a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=Telegraph Obituaries |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |work=[[Telegraph.co.uk]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |location=[[United Kingdom]] |access-date=1 January 2026 |archive-date=4 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104173849/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Gopichand Hinduja ya auri Sunita, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu da 'ya mace ɗaya, Sanjay Hinduja, Dheeraj Hinduja da Rita Hinduja. <ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=Telegraph Obituaries |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |work=[[Telegraph.co.uk]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |location=[[United Kingdom]] |access-date=1 January 2026 |archive-date=4 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104173849/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iyalan Hinduja asalin Hindu Sindhi ne. Gopichand da 'yan uwansa uku ' yan ƙauye ne kuma masu cin ganyayyaki kawai. A shekarar 2015, ɗansu Sanjay Hinduja ya auri budurwarsa ta daɗe, mai zane Anu Mahtani, a Udaipur, Indiya. Bikin auren ya ci fam miliyan 15 kuma nishaɗin ya haɗa da mawakan pop [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Nicole Scherzinger]] da kuma jarumi Arjun Kapoor . <ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2025 |title=Telegraph Obituaries |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |work=[[Telegraph.co.uk]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]] |location=[[United Kingdom]] |access-date=1 January 2026 |archive-date=4 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104173849/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2025/11/04/gopichand-hinduja-india-billionaire-brothers-war-office/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Daga baya rayuwa da mutuwa === .Iyalan Hinduja sun yi fice a shekarar 2021 saboda rikicin da ya kai ga kotun Landan. 'Ya'yan Srichand Hinduja, Vinoo da Shanu, sun zargi kawunansu uku da hana su samun kuɗi da yanke shawara. A lokacin, [[Srichand Hinduja|Srichand]] (babban ɗan'uwan Gopichand) yana fama da [[Dementia|cutar hauka]], kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya mutu a shekarar 2023. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o33bguffnlzgw9okdi9gddlxxrf4a3k 0 128111 840262 761875 2026-05-26T11:00:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ian Hugh Sloan''' AO (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1938,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newsletter |first=Asia Pacific Mathematics |date=2013-08-26 |title=An Interview with Ian Sloan |url=https://gonitsora.com/an-interview-with-ian-sloan/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Gonit Sora |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502085516/https://gonitsora.com/an-interview-with-ian-sloan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> a Melbourne) masanin lissafi ne na Australiya. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Melbourne (BSc 1958, BA (hons) 1960), Jami'ar Adelaide (MSc, 1961) da Kwalejin Jami'ar London, inda sanannen masanin lissafi Sir [[Harrie Massey]] ya kula da shi, kuma ya sami PhD a 1964. Ya kasance masanin kimiyya na bincike na kamfanin Colonial Sugar Refining 1964-5, kuma tun daga 1965 ya kasance a Jami'ar New South Wales, inda ya kasance Farfesa na Kimiyya tun daga 1999. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Makarantar Lissafi daga 1986 zuwa 1990 kuma daga 1992 zuwa 1993. Aikinsa na farko ya kasance a fannin kimiyyar nukiliya ta ka'ida, amma ya koma ga ilimin lissafi mai amfani, musamman nazarin lambobi . Sloan ya buga takardu sama da 200 da suka shafi fannoni kamar maganin lissafi na lissafi, haɗin kai na lambobi da haɗin kai, lissafin haɗin kai na iyaka, ka'idar kimantawa, haɗin kai da yawa, ka'idar rikitarwa mai ci gaba da sauran sassan nazarin lambobi da ka'idar kimantawa. Ya bayar da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga ka'idar haɗin kai na lambobi a fannoni da yawa, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya mai da hankali kan hanyoyin quasi-Monte Carlo . Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa da shugaban kasa da aka zaba a shekarar 2017-2018, Sloan ya zama shugaban Royal Society na New South Wales a shekarar 2018, inda ya maye gurbin D. Brynn Hibbert.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newsletter |first=Asia Pacific Mathematics |date=2013-08-26 |title=An Interview with Ian Sloan |url=https://gonitsora.com/an-interview-with-ian-sloan/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Gonit Sora |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502085516/https://gonitsora.com/an-interview-with-ian-sloan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Daraja == * A shekara ta 1990 an zabe shi Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Australiya * A shekara ta 1997, an ba shi lambar yabo ta ANZIAM ta Australian Mathematical Society . * A cikin 1998-2000, ya kasance Shugaban Australian Mathematical Society . * Ya kasance wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Thomas Ranken Lyle ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Australiya a shekara ta 2001. * Har ila yau, a shekara ta 2001, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Centenary . * A shekara ta 2002, ya raba lambar yabo ta George Szekeres ta Australian Mathematical Society tare da Alf van der Poorten na Jami'ar Macquarie . * A cikin shekara ta 2003-2007, ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Kasa da Kasa ta Masana'antu da Lissafi (ICIAM). * A cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar Sarauniya ta Yuni 2008, an nada shi Jami'in Order of Australia (AO). * A shekara ta 2012 ya zama ɗan ƙungiyar American Mathematical Society . * A shekara ta 2014 an zabe shi Fellow na Royal Society na New South Wales (FRSN). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] 5kwe1fnaavcb5nhfr4wa7yujaiabcqu 0 131497 840070 769939 2026-05-25T12:57:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Montebello Park''' wani wurin shakatawa ne na jama'a a tsakiyar birnin [[St. Catharines]], [[Ontario]], [[Kanada]], wanda [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] ya tsara. Yana da [[Rose garden|lambun fure]] na tunawa da shi da kuma marmaro mai ado. Babban wurin shakatawa shine harsashi da [[Pavilion|rumfar]] tarihi da ake amfani da ita don bukukuwa. An sanya wurin shakatawa da rumfar ta a ƙarƙashin ''[[Ontario Heritage Act|Dokar Gado ta Ontario]]'' . <ref name="OHT2">{{Cite web |title=By-law 78-364 |url=https://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/en/oha/details/file?id=1902 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Ontario Heritage Trust |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104193003/https://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/en/oha/details/file?id=1902 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin farko == Birnin St. Catharines ya sayi wurin a shekarar 1887 don wurin shakatawa na jama'a na farko a birnin. Birnin ya ba Frederick Law Olmsted, wanda ya ƙirƙiri Babban Filin Shakatawa na Birnin New York, umarnin tsara wurin shakatawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History from Here: Montebello Park |url=https://stcatharinesmuseumblog.com/2023/10/10/history-from-here-montebello-park/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=St. Catharines Museum}}</ref> An gina wani rumfar a kan harsashin asalin gidan Merritt a shekarar 1888. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Montebello Park |url=https://exhibits.library.brocku.ca/s/gardens-in-niagara/page/montebello-park |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=[[Brock University]]}}</ref> An gina wani rumfar zagaye mai rufi wanda aka yi wa ado da wanda aka gina don Nunin Baje Kolin Pan-American a Buffalo, New York, a wurin shakatawa ta Edwin Nicholson. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gannon |first=Dennis |title=Yesterday and Today: Much of St. Catharines-built heritage is owed to E.C. Nicholson |url=https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news/topics/local-history/yesterday-and-today-much-of-st-catharines-built-heritage-is-owed-to-e-c-nicholson/article_8974a35c-cbf0-5a0a-aacb-bdf752b02698.html |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=[[St. Catharines Standard]]}}</ref> Ana yin rawa a kan rumfar kowace Asabar da dare har zuwa shekarun 1940. <ref name="OHT">{{Cite web |title=By-law 78-364 |url=https://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/en/oha/details/file?id=1902 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Ontario Heritage Trust |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104193003/https://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/en/oha/details/file?id=1902 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 1948, an saurari ƙara a Kotun Koli ta Kanada, bayan mutuwar wata yarinya a Montebello Park bayan wani gini ya ruguje mata a lokacin bikin Ranar Nasara a Japan . Wasu yara biyu sun ji rauni. Alkalan sun yanke shawarar cewa masu kula da wuraren shakatawa sun yi sakaci a ayyukansu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History from Here: Montebello Park |url=https://stcatharinesmuseumblog.com/2023/10/10/history-from-here-montebello-park/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=St. Catharines Museum}}</ref> == Gyaran Gidaje == A shekarar 2016, an gyara lambun fure. A lokacin waɗannan gyare-gyaren, an rufe lambun fure ne kawai, tare da wasu wurare a buɗe ga jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History from Here: Montebello Park |url=https://stcatharinesmuseumblog.com/2023/10/10/history-from-here-montebello-park/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=St. Catharines Museum}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an gyara rumfar don gyara da maye gurbin bene da shinge. Ba a iya yin hayar rumfar ko amfani da ita ba yayin gyaran. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Montebello Park |url=https://exhibits.library.brocku.ca/s/gardens-in-niagara/page/montebello-park |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=[[Brock University]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, an gina sabon filin wasa don maye gurbin wanda aka gina a baya a shekarar 1998, tare da ingantattun abubuwan tsaro da damar shiga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gannon |first=Dennis |title=Yesterday and Today: Much of St. Catharines-built heritage is owed to E.C. Nicholson |url=https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news/topics/local-history/yesterday-and-today-much-of-st-catharines-built-heritage-is-owed-to-e-c-nicholson/article_8974a35c-cbf0-5a0a-aacb-bdf752b02698.html |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=[[St. Catharines Standard]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} e9dj43adzeejflrt0z50y3fdc8kyvhd 0 132663 840247 827438 2026-05-26T08:27:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840247 wikitext text/x-wiki    Hukumar Ilimi ta [[Makarantar Islamiyya|madrasa]] ta Bangladesh (Bengali) ko Hukumar Ilimi da Alia Madrasah sun fara aikinta da kansu a shekarar 1979. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Education Board Bangladesh |url=http://www.educationboard.gov.bd/madrasah/ |access-date=2020-12-28 |website=www.educationboard.gov.bd |archive-date=2021-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201143426/http://www.educationboard.gov.bd/madrasah/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Study of Madrasah Education in Bangladesh - Assignment Point |url=https://www.assignmentpoint.com/arts/modern-civilization/historical-study-of-madrasah-education-in-bangladesh.html |access-date=2020-12-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tare da wucewar lokaci a cikin ilimin madrasah na Bangladesh an yi gyare-gyare da yawa. A cikin 1978 an haɗa ilimin ɗan adam da ilimin kimiyya a matakin Alim ({{Lang|ar|عالِم}}). A cikin 1980 an ba da digiri na ''Fazil'' ({{Lang|ar|فاضل}}) daidai da digiri na ilimi kamar Takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare (HSC) amma an canza wannan a cikin shekaru masu zuwa tare da matakin ''Dakhil'' ({{Lang|ar|داخل}}) yana da daidaito na takardar shaidamar makarantar sakandare "SSC" tun 1985, kuma ana ɗaukar Alim a matsayin daidai da HSC tun 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Islam |first=Mohammad Saiful |date=2012 |title=Modernization of Madrasah Education in Bangladesh: A New Approach for Future Development |url=https://www.academia.edu/34074419}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2018 |title=Madrasah Education System in Bangladesh |url=https://www.slideshare.net/Rashediubat0/madrasah-education-system-in-bangladesh}}</ref> [Tushen da aka buga da kansa?]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Improving madrasah education |url=https://www.islamic-relief.org/improving-madrasah-education/ |access-date=2020-12-28 |website=www.islamic-relief.org |archive-date=2019-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913002450/http://www.islamic-relief.org/improving-madrasah-education |url-status=dead }}</ref>  An haɗa ilimin ɗan adam, kimiyya, kasuwanci da Ilimin fasaha tare da ilimin madrasah. A halin yanzu, an zartar da doka don matakan ''Fazil'' da ''Kamil'' ({{Lang|ar|کامل}}) da za a dauke su daidai da digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a cikin ilimi na gaba ɗaya. == Tarihi == An kafa Alia Madrasah a Calcutta a cikin 1780 ta Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ta hanyar Headteacher Majduddin kuma wannan daga baya ya kafa Hukumar Ilimi ta Madrasah na Bengal. Daga nan aka fara karatun Madrasah a hukumance. Marigayi A. K. Fazlul Huqq ya bayyana a wajen bikin bayar da kyautuka a jami’ar Aliah a shekarar 1939, “Ina son yaduwar Ilimin Madrasah kuma a sabunta shi kuma a kafa Jami’ar Larabci ta Musulunci”. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] Don tabbatar da wannan sanarwar sher-E-Bangla an kafa kwamiti mai suna Moula Box. Wannan kwamiti yana ba da shawara kan bunkasa ilimin madrasah. A cikin 1947, bayan samun 'yancin kai na Pakistan, an kafa kwamitocin da yawa don bunkasa ilimin madrasah. Daga cikinsu a shekarar 1949 aka kafa "Kwamitin Sake Gina Tsarin Ilimi na Yammacin Bengal" kuma a cikin 1963-64 an ambaci sunan Jami'ar Larabci. [ana yanayi hujja] [citation need] A shekara ta 1971, bayan samun 'yancin kai na [[Bangladesh]], an dauki matakai don sabunta ilimin madrasah. [[Yaren Bengali|Bengali]], [[lissafi]], Ingilishi, [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]], kimiyya ta gaba ɗaya an tilasta su. A shekara ta 1978 an kafa Hukumar Ilimi ta Madrasah a karkashin Dokar Sabunta Ilimi ta madrasah . Kwamitin ya fuskanci matsaloli wajen daukar malamai don karatun da suka shafi kimiyya. A cikin 2017 gwamnatin Bangladesh ta cire nassoshi game da Jihad daga littattafan Hukumar Ilimi ta Madrasah . == Dubi kuma == * Qawmi * Ilimi a Bangladesh * Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh * Hukumar Ilimi ta Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah * Musulunci a Bangladesh * Ilimi na addini * Makarantar sadaka * Jerin makarantun tauhidi na Islama == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Education Boards of Bangladesh}} p9rcj9n75nygnud1qcywq7hn2fltlw7 0 134072 840066 775375 2026-05-25T12:06:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan kayan gargajiya na Bratko na Gabas''' (Albanian) gidan kayan gargajiya ne na ƙasar Albania wanda aka keɓe ga Fasahar Asiya a [[Korçë]], Albania. An kafa gidan kayan gargajiya kuma an buɗe shi a watan Yunin 2003, don haka ya cika mafarkin [[George Dimitri Boria]], mai daukar hoto na Albaniya-Amurka, wanda ya ba da gudummawar tarin nasa na fasahar Asiya ga gidan kayan gargajiya. Tarin wanda Boria ya fara a lokacin shekaru 14 a Japan Bayan yakin a matsayin mai daukar hoto ga Janar Douglas MacArthur, kuma wanda ya ci gaba a matsayin sha'awar rayuwa da ke rungumar dukkan ƙasashe da al'adun Gabas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2014 |title=Shqiptari i famshëm i Hollivudit/ Dhimitër Mborja, Në luftë me gjeneralin McArthur, Si "rrëmbeu" princeshën 14-vjeçare japoneze |url=http://www.standard.al/2014/12/13/shqiptari-i-famshem-i-hollivudit-dhimiter-mborja-ne-lufte-me-gjeneralin-mcarthur-si-rrembeu-princeshen-14-vjecare-japoneze/ |access-date=9 January 2026 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403094909/https://www.standard.al/2014/12/13/shqiptari-i-famshem-i-hollivudit-dhimiter-mborja-ne-lufte-me-gjeneralin-mcarthur-si-rrembeu-princeshen-14-vjecare-japoneze/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> G.D. Boria ne ya zaɓi sunan Gidan Tarihi na "Bratko" don tunawa da ƙaunatacciyar mahaifiyarta, Viktoria Bratko, wacce ta jira shi a Korca. The "Bratko" Museum serves as a monument to an extraordinary man, his family, and his native land. == Building == The architecture of the new museum is a startling, new contribution to the variety of buildings already represented in Albania. Its style is avant-garde while reflecting elements of traditional architectures of Asia. As such, the museum itself is a contemporary masterpiece.[1] == History == The idea of opening the Museum was born around 1985 by G.D Boria who provided to the Albanian state of that period his own collection, which he had collected during the post-war years. In 1990 G.D Boria died entrusting the realization of this dream to his American cousin, Laura Bratko Schlesinger. The realization of his dream to open a museum dedicated to Asian art was made possible only in the early 2000s when the Municipality of Korca offered the site for the museum's construction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2014 |title=Shqiptari i famshëm i Hollivudit/ Dhimitër Mborja, Në luftë me gjeneralin McArthur, Si "rrëmbeu" princeshën 14-vjeçare japoneze |url=http://www.standard.al/2014/12/13/shqiptari-i-famshem-i-hollivudit-dhimiter-mborja-ne-lufte-me-gjeneralin-mcarthur-si-rrembeu-princeshen-14-vjecare-japoneze/ }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The completion of the works was completed in 2003 and the museum was opened in June to the same year under the name of the ''Museum of Oriental Art "Bratko"'', thus becoming the first Asian art museum in the Balkan region.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The museum was awarded the Japanese Foreign Minister’s Commendation for their contributions to promotion of Japanese culture in Albania on 1 December 2020. == Collection == * National Museum of Medieval Art (Albania) * List of museums in Albania == Manazarta == 28p4yo4ped6fzuqdzby7uovyg1y421f 0 134180 840067 775591 2026-05-25T12:11:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}{{Databox}} Gidan kayan gargajiya na '''Korçë''' (Albania_language" id="mwBg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Albanian language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Albanian) gidan kayan gargajiya ne na archaeological wanda ke zaune a Korçë, Albania . Ya ƙunshi kusan kayan tarihi 1200, galibi daga zamanin Prehistoric.[1] An kafa shi a shekarar 1985.[2] == History == An kafa gidan kayan gargajiya a 1985, kuma an sake tsara shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi a 1990. Gidan kayan gargajiya ya samo asali ne daga gidaje biyu na gargajiya na Korça, wanda ke a 19 Rruga Mihal Grameno, wanda ya fara ne daga 1870. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=National Archaeological Museum |url=https://www.outdooractive.com/en/poi/western-balkans/national-archaeological-museum/804380004/#dmdtab=oax-tab1 |access-date=28 June 2025 |website=www.outdooractive.com |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707174044/https://www.outdooractive.com/en/poi/western-balkans/national-archaeological-museum/804380004/#dmdtab=oax-tab1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2009 an yi aikin gyara a wasu sassan rufin ginin. Koyaya, ginin da wasu daga cikin nune-nunen sun lalace ta girgizar ƙasa ta Albania ta 2019.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2024, an fara ci gaba da aikin gyarawa a ginin gidan kayan gargajiya, yana ƙarfafa tushe, yana maido da masonry da katako, da kuma maido da rufin gaba ɗaya. Wannan aikin an kiyasta zai dauki watanni 6.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2024 |title=Muzeu Arkeologjik i Korçës që u krijua në vitin 1985 në rikonstruksion, projekti i ndërhyrjes është miratuar në KKTKM |url=https://sot.com.al/kultura/muzeu-arkeologjik-i-korces-qe-u-krijua-ne-vitin-1985-ne-rikonstruksion-projekti-i-nderhyrjes-eshte-miratuar-ne-kktkm/ |access-date=28 June 2025 |website=Sot News {{!}} Lajme |language=albanian}}</ref> Ginin an jera shi a matsayin Tarihin Al'adu na Albania saboda darajar gine-ginensa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muzeu Arkeologjik i Korçës prej një muaji po rikonstruktohet, synohet modernizimi i objektit |url=https://www.balkanweb.com/muzeu-arkeologjik-i-korces-prej-nje-muaji-po-rikonstruktohet-synohet-modernizimi-i-objektit/#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=28 June 2025 |website=www.balkanweb.com |language=sq}}</ref> == Collection == The museum holds a total of approximately 1200 exhibits across a number of galleries. The exhibits come from archaeological sites close to Korçe, such as Kamenica Tumulus.<ref name=":0"/> The museum has items representing Neolithic (6000-2100BC) settlements including Podgori, Maliq, and Dunavec. In addition, there are items from [[Zamanin Tagulla|Bronze Age]] (2100-1100BC) settlements including Sovjan, Barç, and Rehovë. Items from the Iron Age (1100-500BC) are also included.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Items on display include examples of pottery, jewellery, sculptures and burials from across the periods covered. Of particular interest is the skeleton of a pregnant Illyrian woman, found at the burial site at Kamenica Tumulus. The site contained around 400 burials.<ref name=":0" /> == See also == * Museum of Archaeology in Tirana (Albania) * Durrës Archaeological Museum * Museum of Apollonia == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} awibw9rxzqgpt6tyr0gvx9z8ip46d5e 0 134195 840136 818916 2026-05-25T20:25:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hafiz Hamdullah Saboor''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Journalism Pakistan |title=PEMRA tells TV channels not to have Senator Saboor in talk shows |url=https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |access-date= |website=Journalism Pakistan |language=en |archive-date=2025-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211124802/https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |url-status=dead }}</ref> ([[Urdu]]) [[Ulama'u|Masanin addinin Musulunci]] ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dattijai [['Yan Pakistan]], kuma ministan lafiya na lardin [[Balochistan]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate Profile |url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=771 |access-date=9 November 2014 |publisher=Senate of Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2019 |title=IHC restores Hafiz Hamdullah's citizenship |url=https://www.aajenglish.tv/news/10459527/ihc-restores-hafiz-hamdullahs-citizenship |website=aaj.tv}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Mahaifinsa Qari Wali Muhammad ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a sashen ilimi na [[Balochistan]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sajid |first=Islamuddin |date=27 October 2019 |title=Pakistan: Key leader of religious party arrested |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-key-leader-of-religious-party-arrested/1627676 |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=[[Anadolu Agency]] |quote=He noted that Hamdullah's son is serving as an officer in the Pakistan army and his father has served as teacher in the education department of the southwestern Balochistan province.}}</ref> Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]] daga Jami'ar Balochistan yayin da yake fannin ilimin addini ya wuce darussan Dars-i Nizami daga Darul Uloom Karachi, wata cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, babbar tarayyar Deobandi a Pakistan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Journalism Pakistan |title=PEMRA tells TV channels not to have Senator Saboor in talk shows |url=https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |access-date= |website=Journalism Pakistan |language=en |archive-date=2025-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211124802/https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ɗansa yana aiki a matsayin hafsa a cikin sojojin Pakistan.[1] == Ayyukan siyasa == An zabe shi MPA na Majalisar Balochistan a cikin Babban Zabe na 2002 a kan tikitin Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Lafiya na wucin gadi daga 2002 zuwa 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Journalism Pakistan |title=PEMRA tells TV channels not to have Senator Saboor in talk shows |url=https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |access-date= |website=Journalism Pakistan |language=en |archive-date=2025-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211124802/https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, an zabe shi a Majalisar Dattijai ta Pakistan a matsayin dan takarar Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Journalism Pakistan |title=PEMRA tells TV channels not to have Senator Saboor in talk shows |url=https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |access-date= |website=Journalism Pakistan |language=en |archive-date=2025-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211124802/https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi ne shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattijai kan Harkokin Addini da Harkokin Addinai, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Journalism Pakistan |title=PEMRA tells TV channels not to have Senator Saboor in talk shows |url=https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |access-date= |website=Journalism Pakistan |language=en |archive-date=2025-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211124802/https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma memba ne na kwamitin aiki kan Tabbacin Gwamnati, Fasahar Bayanai da Sadarwa da kwamitin kan Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate Profile |url=http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=771 |access-date=9 November 2014 |publisher=Senate of Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2019 |title=IHC restores Hafiz Hamdullah's citizenship |url=https://www.aajenglish.tv/news/10459527/ihc-restores-hafiz-hamdullahs-citizenship |website=aaj.tv}}</ref> == Yunkurin kisan kai == === Yunkurin 2023 === A ranar 14 ga Satumba 2023, Hamdullah ya ji rauni a wani fashewa a Gundumar Mastung yayin da yake tafiya daga [[Quetta]] zuwa [[Kalat, Balochistan|Kalat]] . === Yunkurin 2024 === A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 2024, 'yan bindiga da ba a san su ba sun bude wuta a kan motar Hamdullah a [[Chaman|Shaman]]. Harin ya dauki kimanin minti biyar. Hamdullah bai ji rauni ba daga harin, kuma maharan sun gudu bayan harbe-harbe da masu tsaronsa suka yi. Harin ya faru ne bayan bama-bamai biyu a lardin Balochistan wanda ya kashe akalla mutane 26.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Journalism Pakistan |title=PEMRA tells TV channels not to have Senator Saboor in talk shows |url=https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |access-date= |website=Journalism Pakistan |language=en |archive-date=2025-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211124802/https://www.journalismpakistan.com/pemra-tells-tv-channels-not-to-have-senator-saboor-in-talk-shows |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis * Jerin mutanen da suka tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=771 Bayanan Majalisar Dattijai] * [https://www.instagram.com/ihafizhamdullah/ Instagram] * * [http://t.me/IHafizHamdullah/ Telegram] {{Islamic scholars from Pakistan}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qsflef0wpgvkr6m4sybsmgh2ij294kq 0 134407 840260 828110 2026-05-26T10:49:37Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing Bill_Clinton_and_Richard_Riordan.jpg with [[File:Photograph_of_President_William_J._Clinton_Meeting_with_Los_Angeles_Mayor_Richard_Riordan_-_DPLA_-_64cdc43a94bb85ad228ed956a80ee6ae.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [ 840260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Richard Joseph Riordan''' (1 ga Mayu, 1930 - 19 ga Afrilu, 2023) ɗan kasuwa ne na Amurka, mai saka hannun jari, kwamandan soja, mai ba da agaji, kuma ɗan siyasa. Tsohon sojan Koriya da aka yi wa ado kuma memba na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]], Riordan ya yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 39 na Los Angeles daga 1993 zuwa 2001; ya kasance dan jam'iyyar Republicano na baya-bayan nan da ya rike wannan mukamin. Ya tsaya takarar gwamna a Zaben gwamna na California na 2002, inda ya rasa zaben fidda gwani na Jamhuriyar Republican. Bayan siyasa, ya ci gaba da aikinsa na kasuwanci, ya kware a cikin masu zaman kansu. == Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi, da aiki == An haifi Riordan ne a Flushing, Queens, ga dangin Irish-Amurka, ɗan Geraldine (Doyle) da William O. Riordan . Shi ne ƙarami a cikin 'ya'yansu tara. Bayan ya girma a New Rochelle, New York, ya fara shiga Jami'ar Santa Clara a kan tallafin kwallon kafa, amma ya koma Jami'ar Princeton, inda ya kammala a 1952 tare da A.B. a falsafar. <ref name="Hafner" /> Babban jarabawarsa mai taken "A Study of the Thomistic Faculty Psychology. " Daga nan sai ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Amurka a matsayin mataimakin farko a lokacin Yaƙin Koriya. <ref name="Hafner" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Riordan |first=Richard Joseph |date=1952 |title=A Study of the Thomistic Faculty Psychology |url=http://dataspace.princeton.edu/jspui/handle/88435/dsp016m311q375}}</ref> Bayan ya bar soja, ya sami J.D. daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Michigan a shekarar 1956. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. History: Biographies – Richard J Riordan |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/us-history-biographies/richard-j-riordan |access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=encyclopedia.com}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ya koma Los Angeles, ya shiga Kamfanin lauya na O'Melveny &amp;amp; Myers. A shekara ta 1959, ya bar ya zama abokin tarayya na Nossaman LLP . A shekara ta 1975, ya kasance abokin kafa kamfanin lauya na Riordan & McKinzie, wanda ya haɗu da Bingham McCutchen a shekara ta 2003. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Riordan ya fara saka hannun jari a cikin shekarun 1950 tare da gado na $ 80,000 daga mahaifinsa, wanda daga ƙarshe ya girma zuwa dukiyar miliyoyin daloli.[1] A shekara ta 1982, ya kasance wanda ya kafa kamfanin Riordan, Lewis & Haden mai zaman kansa.[2] A matsayinsa na mai ba da agaji, ya kafa Gidauniyar Riordan, ƙungiyar sadaka don fadada ilimin yara. == Magajin garin Los Angeles == [[Fayil:Photograph of President William J. Clinton Meeting with Los Angeles Mayor Richard Riordan - DPLA - 64cdc43a94bb85ad228ed956a80ee6ae.jpg|right|thumb|Riordan tare da Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a 1993]] Lokacin da Tom Bradley ya sanar da cewa yana ritaya a matsayin magajin gari na Los Angeles, Riordan ya sa ido kan Zaben 1993. Riordan ya ci nasara da kashi 54% na kuri'un, <ref name="Hafner" /> ya zama magajin gari na farko na Jamhuriyar Republican a cikin shekaru 36. A matsayinsa na magajin gari, Majalisar Birnin Los Angeles mai tsananin Democrat ta toshe yawancin shawararsa, ko kuma sun tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba a zahiri. Misali, makarantar 'yan sanda ba ta da isasshen ɗakin aji ko malamai don horar da sabbin jami'an' yan sanda kamar yadda Riordan ya yi alkawari da farko. Ya daidaita wasu ka'idojin kasuwanci kuma ya kafa cibiyoyin "dakatar da ɗaya" a kusa da birni don ayyuka, kamar aikace-aikacen izini. Riordan ya yi jayayya da magajin shugaban 'yan sanda Daryl Gates, tsohon kwamishinan' yan sanda na Philadelphia Willie Williams, amma ya lura da raguwar aikata laifuka a cikin birni. Daga ƙarshe, Riordan ya maye gurbin Williams da tsohon dan wasan LAPD Bernard Parks a shekarar 1997, shekarar da aka sake zabarsa a matsayin magajin gari a kan Sanata na Jihar California Tom Hayden . <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Kafin ya zama magajin gari, Riordan ya jagoranci nasarar da aka samu a zaben iyakance wa'adin zabe kuma saboda haka an iyakance shi daga ofis a shekara ta 2001. Riordan ya amince da mai ba shi shawara da abokinsa, Steve Soboroff, don ya gaji shi. Soboroff, duk da haka, ya zo na uku a zaben fidda gwani na magajin gari wanda ba na jam'iyya ba. Tsohon Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California Antonio Villaraigosa ya ci gaba zuwa karo na biyu da James Hahn . Riordan ya goyi bayan Villaraigosa a zagaye na biyu, amma Hahn ya ci nasara kuma ya gaji shi a matsayin magajin gari. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, Villaraigosa ya ci Hahn a wasan 2005 kuma ya zama Magajin gari.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> == 2002 California Gwamna tseren == A shekara ta 2002, Riordan ya yanke shawarar neman Gwamna. A Zaben fidda gwani na Jamhuriyar Republican, ya fuskanci dan kasuwa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Bill Simon da tsohon Sakataren Gwamnatin California Bill Jones. Kodayake Riordan yana da maki 30 a farkon tseren, Simon ya doke shi da maki 18. Rashin Riordan galibi ana iya danganta shi da tushen jam'iyyar Republican mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda ya ki amincewa da Jamhuriyar Republicanism da ƙoƙarin motsa jam'iyyar zuwa cibiyar siyasa.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Gwamnan Democrat mai ci Gray Davis ya ji yana da damar da ta fi dacewa don doke Simon, don haka ya kashe miliyoyin daloli yana gudanar da tallace-tallace na kai hari a kan Riordan a zaben fidda gwani na Jamhuriyar Republican. Shirye-shiryen jam'iyya na Davis ya yi nasara. Riordan ya rasa zaben fidda gwani, kuma Davis ya ci Simon 47%-42% a babban zaben.<ref>{{Cite magazine}}{{subscription required}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 9zuvdutqux2uaamrr9d2a33z1kc7dl9 0 135728 840242 778396 2026-05-26T05:42:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Helen Young Hayes''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Yuli, 1962, a Oakland, California ) manajan asusun saka hannun jari ce da aka fi sani da nasararta wajen gudanar da Asusun Duniya na Janus da Asusun Janus Overseas. Kafin haka, ta kasance mataimakiyar bincike a Fred Alger Management. Ita memba ce a Kwamitin Ba da Shawara a Red Rocks Capital LLC. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helen Young Hayes CFA |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=3549697&privcapId=6977189 |access-date=25 November 2017 |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> Hayes ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Starkville da Jami'ar Yale . A shekara ta 2002 an ɗaukaka Hayes don kula da duk kuɗaɗen Janus. Russell Kinnell, mai sharhi kan Morning Star, ya zaɓe ta a matsayin mai sharhi mafi kama da [[Peter Lynch]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helen Young Hayes CFA |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=3549697&privcapId=6977189 |access-date=25 November 2017 |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> kuma a shekarar 1997 aka naɗa ta a matsayin Manajan Asusun Mutual na Shekara. Ta yi ritaya daga Janus a shekarar 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burton |first=Jonathan |date=17 April 2003 |title=Star Janus fund manager Helen Young Hayes to retire |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/star-janus-fund-manager-helen-young-hayes-to-retire |access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref> Hayes yanzu tana da Activate Workforce Solutions, wani kamfani da ke ba da jagoranci ga ma'aikata marasa amfani. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekarar 1989, Hayes tana cikin jirgin saman United Airlines Flight 232 wanda ya yi hatsari a birnin Sioux, Iowa . Ƙanwarta Claire ce ke kula da Asusun Janus Olympus. <ref name="Family Ties">{{Cite web |title=Fund family ties that bind |url=https://money.cnn.com/1999/12/06/mutualfunds/funds_familyties/ |access-date=25 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031643/http://money.cnn.com/1999/12/06/mutualfunds/funds_familyties/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A matsayin abin sha'awa, Hayes tana gudanar da tseren triathlons. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tallamwlo4inn9n54fsxt7g1nxgyok8 0 137007 840095 812828 2026-05-25T17:42:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Guidette Carbonell''' (23 Janairu 1910 - 22 Afrilu 2008) wata mai fasaha ce ta Faransa, wacce aka fara sani da ayyukanta [[Tukwane|na yumbu]], ciki har da kwano, faranti, tayal, fitilu, da kuma siffofin dabbobi na almara. Ta kuma yi zane-zanen kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, zane-zanen bango da kuma zane-zanen tapestries. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi '''Marguerite Sophie Caroline Carbonell''', wacce ake kira "Guidette", a Meudon, Faransa, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Guidette Carbonell (1910-2008) |url=https://data.bnf.fr/en/15558656/guidette_carbonell/ |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Data, Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF) |language=en}}</ref> 'yar Charles Carbonell kuma tsohuwar Arminia Babaïan. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bakhchinyan |first=Artsvi |date=2019-02-14 |title=Marianne Auricoste: 'I Grew Up with Armenia in My Heart' |url=https://mirrorspectator.com/2019/02/14/marianne-auricoste-i-grew-up-with-armenia-in-my-heart/ |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=The Armenian Mirror-Spectator |language=en-US}}</ref> Mahaifinta likita ne na Catalan; mahaifiyarta mai zane ce da iyayenta 'yan Armenia suka haifa a Tbilisi . Guidette Carbonell ta yi karatun fasaha a Paris <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Guidette Carbonell |url=https://www.annesophieduval.com/en/artists/guidette-carbonell/ |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=Galerie Anne-Sophie Duval |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422011750/https://www.annesophieduval.com/en/artists/guidette-carbonell/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da André Lhote <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guidette Carbonell |url=http://www.art-of-the-day.info/a5620-guidette-carbonell.html |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Art of the Day |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411094756/http://www.art-of-the-day.info/a5620-guidette-carbonell.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Roger Bissière, da kuma tare da Othon Friesz . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Guidette Carbonell " Céramiste oui, mais artiste avant tout " |url=https://madparis.fr/francais/musees/musee-des-arts-decoratifs/expositions/expositions-terminees/guidette-carbonell-ceramiste-oui/ |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Guidette Carbonell - Table lamp, ca. 1950 |url=https://www.phillips.com/detail/guidette-carbonell/NY050112/9 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Phillips |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == Carbonell ta nuna ƙananan kayan enamel a shekarar 1928 a Société des artiste decorateurs . Ta tsara maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da zane-zane na bango ga gwamnatin Faransa a shekarun 1930. Ta daɗe tana aiki tare da mai yin ado Jacques Adnet . <ref name=":3"/> Ta zama memba na Salon des artiste decorateurs a shekarar 1945. An ba ta suna chevalier des Arts et des Lettres a shekarar 1957. A shekarun 1950, ta yi aiki a kan manyan kayan ado na gauraye da suka haɗa da duwatsu, zare, gilashi, tukwane, da sauran abubuwa. <ref name=":4"/> Daga baya a cikin aikinta, ta yi aiki a fannin zane-zane da zane-zane, sau da yawa tare da jigogi na tsuntsaye. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Meudon Art and History ya nuna mata "harpies" (sunanta na halittun da ke da fuka-fuki na almara a kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban) a shekarar 1988. A shekarar 2007, an yi nazarin ayyukanta a Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris . [1] Nunin da aka yi bayan ya dawo ya yi tafiya zuwa Roubaix da Rouen, kuma an buga wani littafi game da aikin Carbonell a shekarar 2007. [2] An fitar da wani gajeren fim na gaskiya game da Carbonell a shekarar 2009. [3] == Rayuwa ta sirri == Carbonell ta auri {{Interlanguage link|Emmanuel Auricoste|fr|Emmanuel Auricoste}} wani mai zane (1908–1995) a shekarar 1938. Sun haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu, Isabelle da Marianne, kafin su sake su. 'Yarta Marianne Auricoste 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai magana. <ref name=":2"/> Wata 'yarta, {{Interlanguage link|Isabelle Auricoste|fr|Isabelle Auricoste}}, ya zama mai zane kuma zaɓaɓɓen jami'in birni, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guidette Carbonell |url=http://www.art-of-the-day.info/a5620-guidette-carbonell.html |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Art of the Day |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411094756/http://www.art-of-the-day.info/a5620-guidette-carbonell.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ya auri mai tsara birane Hubert Tonka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Guidette Carbonell - Table lamp, ca. 1950 |url=https://www.phillips.com/detail/guidette-carbonell/NY050112/9 |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=Phillips |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Guidette Carbonell ta mutu a shekara ta 2008, tana da shekaru 98, a Bioussac . <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":3"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]] 0sqp46ikx4see4r82n3l0x79zst2nw7 0 138223 840068 783009 2026-05-25T12:15:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan Tarihi na Randall''' gidan tarihi ne da ke tsakiyar [[San Francisco]], [[California]], mallakar kuma ke kula da Sashen Nishaɗi da Wuraren Shakatawa na San Francisco tare da goyon bayan Randall Friends. Gidan Tarihi yana mai da hankali kan kimiyya, yanayi da fasaha. A kan baje kolin akwai dabbobin gida masu rai da kuma nunin yanayi. Sauran wurare sun haɗa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo, shagon katako, da kuma ɗakunan zane-zane da yumbu. Wurin da yake zama na dindindin yana cikin Corona Heights Park, a kan wani babban tudu tsakanin gundumar Castro da Haight-Ashbury na San Francisco. Wurin Corona Heights yana da kyawawan ra'ayoyi na birnin, gundumar kuɗi ta tsakiyar gari da kuma San Francisco Bay . == Tarihi == [[Fayil:San_Francisco_View_from_Randall_Museum.jpg|thumb|Ra'ayin tsakiyar birnin San Francisco daga Gidan Tarihi na Randall]] Asalin sunan wannan gidan tarihi an sanya masa suna "Gidan Tarihi na Matasa", an kafa wannan gidan tarihi a shekarar 1937 a wani tsohon gidan yari na birni a kan abin da yanzu shine harabar Kwalejin City ta San Francisco . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2012 |title=Randall Museum |url=http://www.sfparksalliance.org/our-parks/parks/randall-museum |access-date=7 July 2016 |publisher=San Francisco Parks Alliance}}</ref> A shekarar 1947, an bayar da lamuni na dala miliyan 12 don ƙirƙirar ayyukan nishaɗi da wuraren shakatawa, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya haɗa da sabon gidan tarihi. A shekarar 1951, an buɗe gidan tarihi a wurin da yake a yanzu a cikin wani gini da William Merchant ya tsara <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2015 |title=Randall Museum Renovation, Contract No. 3219V (ID NO. FCP15110) |url=http://mission.sfgov.org/oca_bid_attachments/FA41589.pdf |access-date=15 February 2018 |publisher=San Francisco Recreation & Parks |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905182915/http://mission.sfgov.org/OCA_BID_ATTACHMENTS/FA41589.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da baje kolin kayan tarihi, gidan wasan kwaikwayo, azuzuwa, shagunan fasaha da sana'o'i da ɗakunan studio, ɗakin dabbobi masu rai da lambuna da ke kallon Tekun San Francisco. <ref name="SFC-030523" /> Magajin Gari Elmer Robinson ne ya keɓe gidan tarihin a hukumance a ranar 23 ga Satumba na wannan shekarar a matsayin 'Gidan Tarihi na Matasa na Josephine D. Randall' don girmama wanda ya kafa shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cindy |date=6 September 2012 |title=Watching the Wind at the Randall Museum |url=http://www.artandarchitecture-sf.com/watching-the-wind-at-the-randall-museum.html |access-date=15 February 2018 |website=Public Art and Architecture from Around the World [blog]}}</ref> Josephine Randall ta fara ziyartar Corona Heights a shekarar 1928. Kafin a saye ta kuma yi amfani da ita don gidan tarihi mai suna, an yi amfani da ita a matsayin wurin hakar duwatsu har zuwa girgizar ƙasa ta San Francisco a shekarar 1906 ; murhu a kan gangaren tudun ya fashe ya ruguje bayan girgizar ƙasa, kuma daga baya aka yi watsi da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. === Gyaran Gidaje === A shekara ta 2003, gidan tarihi ya keɓe muhallin ilmantarwa na waje, wanda ya maye gurbin wurin ajiye motoci da hanyar shiga. Daraktan gidan tarihi, Amy Dawson, ta bayyana gine-ginen da suka gabata a matsayin "kwanƙolin kwalta". An ƙaura da zane-zanen Beniamino Bufano na ɗan lokaci zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Randall daga 2004 zuwa 2006 yayin da aka rushe gidansu na dindindin, aikin gidaje na Lambunan Valencia a The Mission, aka sake gina shi. An sanar da shirye-shiryen a shekarar 2013 kan dala $6 An yi wa miliyoyin gyare-gyare don ninka sararin da ake da shi don nunin faifai da shirye-shirye, [1] wanda Liz Ranieri na Kuth Ranieri Architects ya tsara a wani haɗin gwiwa da Pfau Long Architecture. [2] [3] [4] Wurin Corona Heights ya rufe a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2015, don aiwatar da gyare-gyaren da aka tsara. [5] A lokacin gyare-gyare, gidan kayan tarihi ya mayar da nunin dabbobi da shirye-shiryensa zuwa 745 Treat Ave, tsakanin 20th da 21st Street, a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Mission. [6] == Manazarta == lbamrcl5n9yuhnvyji1d3c1plxicy3c 0 138253 840069 791088 2026-05-25T12:24:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saint Petersburg Toy Museum''' ( Russian Петербу́ргский музе́й игру́шки ) wani cibiya ce ta al'adu wadda ba ta gwamnati ba. == Tarihi == Gidan Tarihi na Kayan Wasan Kwaikwayo [[Saint-Petersburg|na Saint-Petersburg]] memba ne na [[Union of Museums of Russia|Ƙungiyar Gidajen Tarihi na Rasha]] . An kafa shi a shekarar 1997 a matsayin cibiyar al'adu ta ƙasa da ƙasa, wacce kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke ba da tallafi. Shi ne gidan tarihi na biyu na kayan wasan yara a [[Rasha]] bayan tsohon gidan tarihi na ilimi da fasaha na irin wannan a Sergiev Posad kusa da [[Moscow]], wanda ke magance matsalolin ilmantarwa musamman. [[Fayil:Commons-Narodnaja.jpg|left|thumb|180x180px|Kayan wasan gargajiya a Gidan Tarihin Kayan Wasan Yara [[Saint-Petersburg|na St. Petersburg]] ( [[Rasha]] )]] An kafa Gidan Tarihi na Kayan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Saint-Petersburg a matsayin gidan tarihi na fasaha tare da babban aikin tattarawa, adanawa, fallasa da nazarin kayan wasan kwaikwayo ba wai kawai a matsayin wani abu na musamman na al'adun kayan tarihi ba, har ma a matsayin wani nau'in fasaha na musamman, wanda ya haɗa da tsoffin al'adun ƙasa da sabbin halaye na fasaha. [[Fayil:Commons-Guide_and_children.JPG|right|thumb|200x200px|Jagora da yara a Gidan Tarihi na Kayan Wasan Yara [[Saint-Petersburg|na St. Petersburg]] ( [[Rasha]] )]] Kayan wasan a matsayin fasaha, wanda yake a matsayin kayan wasa masu amfani da kuma kayan ado, ya zaburar da tarin. [[Fayil:Commons-Whistles-Toy.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Whistles-Toy a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Kayan Wasan Yara [[Saint-Petersburg|na St. Petersburg]] ( [[Rasha]] )]] [[Fayil:Commons-Children_in_Museum.JPG|right|thumb|200x200px|Yara a Gidan Tarihin Kayan Wasan Yara na [[Saint-Petersburg|St. Petersburg]] (Rasha)]] Duk da haka, kayan wasan kwaikwayo ba su ne kawai alkiblar ayyukan Gidan Tarihi na Saint-Petersburg ba. Gidan kayan tarihin yana da tarin kayan wasan gargajiya (na Rasha da na ƙasashen waje) da kayan wasan kwaikwayo na masana'anta, waɗanda ake ƙara su har abada. Kasancewar masu fasaha, masu sukar fasaha da malamai sun haɗu a kusa da shi, Gidan Tarihi na Saint-Petersburg yana shiga cikin shirye-shiryen baje kolin ban sha'awa da bukukuwan fasaha, waɗanda aka tsara don tarurrukan masu shiga da baƙi na zamani. Gidan Tarihi ba wai an yi shi ne kawai ga yara ba, kuma yana aiki tare da sauran cibiyoyi don koyar da shirye-shiryen ilimi. [[Fayil:Commons-Toy_Museum_Inside.JPG|left|thumb|200x200px|Nunin da ke cikin Gidan Tarihi na Kayan Wasan Yara [[Saint-Petersburg|na St. Petersburg]] ( [[Rasha]] )]] == Masu fasaha na Rasha da ke aiki a cikin nau'in kayan wasan yara == * Oleg Buryan * Katya Medvedeva == Duba kuma == * Jerin gidajen tarihi a Saint Petersburg == Manazarta == <ref>ITAR-TASS: "Soviet Era Toys Displayed in St. Petersburg"</ref>{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.russia-ic.com/news/show/5673/ ITAR-TASS: "Ana Nuna Kayan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Zamanin Soviet a St. Petersburg"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606073445/http://english.pravda.ru/news/world/09-02-2006/english.pravda.ru/culture/2003/01/17/42175.html Pravda: "Teddy Bear Ya Cika Shekaru 100"] * {{In lang|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20061101064552/http://www.encspb.ru/article.php?kod=2804728614 Nassoshi na Encyclopaedic. Sabon Siffar Petersburg] * {{In lang|ru}} [http://www.museumdolls.ru/ Gidan Tarihin Kayan Wasan To na Saint Petersburg] * {{In lang|ru}} [http://www.souzmuseum.ru/reestr/profile-366.html NUK «Gidan Tarihi na Kayan Wasan Kwaikwayo na St. Petersburg»] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204061608/https://www.souzmuseum.ru/reestr/profile-366.html |date=2024-12-04 }} * {{In lang|ru}} [https://www.gdeetotdom.ru/information/addresses/1232549/10133776/9010924/22044933/ Ina gidan yake...] * {{In lang|ru}} [http://petersburg.rfn.ru/rnews.html?id=11171 "Wasannin da Buryan ya yi ba na banza ba" - wasan kwaikwayo na Oleg Burian kaɗai.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824082801/http://petersburg.rfn.ru/rnews.html?id=11171 |date=2011-08-24 }} Archived * {{In lang|ru}} [http://www.weekend.ru/?action=pv&id=259817 Nunin kayan wasan marubucin daga tarin kayan tarihi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005114629/http://www.weekend.ru/?action=pv&id=259817 |date=2011-10-05 }} Archived eylu9zjgc3w2timhotfr4wvntsm3emt 0 140626 840257 839361 2026-05-26T10:27:12Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Oba_Femi_081925_(cropped).jpg|Oba_Femi_081925_(cropped).jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Yann|Yann]] because: per [[:c:COM:NETCOPYVIO|]]. 840257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Isaac Odugbesan''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1998) ƙwararren ɗan kokawa ne na Najeriya kuma tsohon ɗan wasan harbi . Ya shiga WWE, inda yake yin wasa a ƙarƙashin sunan ƙungiyar '''Oba Femi''' . Tsohon zakaran NXT ne sau biyu, kuma tsohon zakaran NXT na Arewacin Amurka mai ci a karo na farko kuma mafi daɗewa. An haifi Odugbesan a Legas, kuma ya fafata a tseren gudu a lokacin makarantar sakandare da kwaleji. Bayan ya sanya hannu da WWE a shekarar 2021 ta hanyar shirin NIL, Odugbesan ya lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Maza ta NXT ta 2023 da kuma Gasar Cin Kofin Maza ta Iron Survivor ta 2024 . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Isaac Odugbesan a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1998, <ref> name="NIL">{{Cite web |date=December 8, 2021 |title=WWE unveils inaugural NIL class |url=https://www.wwe.com/article/wwe-unveils-inaugural-nil-class |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208140748/https://www.wwe.com/article/wwe-unveils-inaugural-nil-class |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=Jason |date=April 22, 2025 |title=NXT in Las Vegas (reports needed), Dark Side of the Ring, last week's NXT TV grade, Ezekiel Jackson, Chuck Taylor, Oba Femi |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2025/04/22/nxt-in-las-vegas-reports-needed-dark-side-of-the-ring-last-weeks-nxt-tv-grade-ezekiel-jackson-chuck-taylor-oba-femi/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> ɗan Maria da Niyi Odugbesan. <ref> name="Alabama">{{Cite web |title=Isaac Odugbesan - Track & Field, Cross Country |url=https://rolltide.com/sports/xctrack/roster/isaac-odugbesan/7577 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama Athletics]]}}</ref> Ya kasance mai sha'awar kokawa ta ƙwararru tun yana ɗan shekara shida, inda Triple H da [[The Undertaker]] suka zama fitattun 'yan kokawa da ya fi so. <ref> name="Breakout">{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Matthew |date=January 3, 2024 |title=Former Alabama track and field star wins WWE NXT Breakout Tournament |url=https://thecrimsonwhite.com/112372/sports/former-alabama-track-and-field-star-wins-wwe-nxt-breakout-tournament/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[The Crimson White]]}}</ref> <ref> name="Athletic">{{Cite web |last=Vannini |first=Chris |date=July 12, 2025 |title=Oba Femi, All-America shot putter turned WWE rising star, has the NCAA's NIL era to thank |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6488400/2025/07/12/oba-femi-wwe-ncaa-nil-shot-put |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[The Athletic]]}}</ref> == Aikin tsere da filin wasa == Odugbesan ya halarci [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], inda ya karanci zane-zane na studio sannan ya lashe lambobin yabo goma a gasar wasannin jami'o'in Najeriya a lokacin kakarsa ta farko a shekarar 2016. <ref name="Breakout">{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Matthew |date=January 3, 2024 |title=Former Alabama track and field star wins WWE NXT Breakout Tournament |url=https://thecrimsonwhite.com/112372/sports/former-alabama-track-and-field-star-wins-wwe-nxt-breakout-tournament/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[The Crimson White]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMason2024">Mason, Matthew (January 3, 2024). </cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Matthew |date=July 10, 2024 |title=From shot put champion to the WWE: the journey of Oba Femi |url=https://thecrimsonwhite.com/115048/top-stories/from-shot-put-champion-to-the-wwe-the-journey-of-oba-femi/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[The Crimson White]]}}</ref> A kaka ta 2017, ya koma Amurka don halartar Jami'ar Jihar Middle Tennessee bisa tallafin karatu na tuki da gudu, inda aka nada shi a matsayin Sabon Shekara na Taron Amurka na Maza kuma wanda aka zaba a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa a cikin 'yan wasa a waje. <ref name="Athletic">{{Cite web |last=Vannini |first=Chris |date=July 12, 2025 |title=Oba Femi, All-America shot putter turned WWE rising star, has the NCAA's NIL era to thank |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6488400/2025/07/12/oba-femi-wwe-ncaa-nil-shot-put |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[The Athletic]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVannini2025">Vannini, Chris (July 12, 2025). </cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stanton |first=Edwin |date=March 12, 2021 |title=Big Alabama Track Athlete also has a Deft Hand with a Paint Brush |url=https://www.si.com/college/alabama/bamacentral/big-alabama-track-athlete-also-has-a-deft-hand-with-a-paint-brush |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[Sports Illustrated]]}}</ref> Odugbesan ya koma Jami'ar Alabama a 2019, <ref name="Alabama">{{Cite web |title=Isaac Odugbesan - Track & Field, Cross Country |url=https://rolltide.com/sports/xctrack/roster/isaac-odugbesan/7577 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama Athletics]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://rolltide.com/sports/xctrack/roster/isaac-odugbesan/7577 "Isaac Odugbesan - Track & Field, Cross Country"]. </cite></ref> inda ya lashe gasar harbi a gasar SEC ta cikin gida a gasar tsere da gudu a 2021 da 2022, kuma ya lashe gasar tsere a waje a shekarar da ta gabata. <ref name="Breakout">{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Matthew |date=January 3, 2024 |title=Former Alabama track and field star wins WWE NXT Breakout Tournament |url=https://thecrimsonwhite.com/112372/sports/former-alabama-track-and-field-star-wins-wwe-nxt-breakout-tournament/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[The Crimson White]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMason2024">Mason, Matthew (January 3, 2024). </cite></ref> Ya kammala karatunsa a watan Mayu na 2022 da digiri a [[Zane-zane na gani|fannin zane-zane]] . <ref name="Herald">{{Cite web |last=Varsallone |first=Jim |date=March 27, 2024 |title=Interviews with WWE's LA Knight, NXT's Oba Femi, MLW's AJ Francis, WOW's Genesis. Plus CCW 20 |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/sports/fighting/article286701330.html |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[Miami Herald]]}}</ref> == Aikin kokawa na ƙwararru == === WWE (2021–yanzu) === ==== NXT (2021–2026) ==== A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2021, Odugbesan ya rattaba hannu da WWE a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabon shirinsa na Next In Line don haɓaka 'yan wasan kwaleji zuwa masu kokawa na WWE. <ref name="NIL">{{Cite web |date=December 8, 2021 |title=WWE unveils inaugural NIL class |url=https://www.wwe.com/article/wwe-unveils-inaugural-nil-class |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208140748/https://www.wwe.com/article/wwe-unveils-inaugural-nil-class |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2022 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20211208140748/https://www.wwe.com/article/wwe-unveils-inaugural-nil-class "WWE unveils inaugural NIL class"]. </cite></ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya fara horo a Cibiyar Ayyukan WWE . <ref name="Herald">{{Cite web |last=Varsallone |first=Jim |date=March 27, 2024 |title=Interviews with WWE's LA Knight, NXT's Oba Femi, MLW's AJ Francis, WOW's Genesis. Plus CCW 20 |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/sports/fighting/article286701330.html |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[Miami Herald]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVarsallone2024">Varsallone, Jim (March 27, 2024). </cite></ref> Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a cikin shirin NXT kai tsaye a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2022, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Channing "Stacks" Lorenzo . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Jeremy |date=November 12, 2022 |title=NXT Live Event Results From Dade City, FL (11/11): Bron Breakker Teams With Wes Lee And Odyssey Jones |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/nxt-live-event-results-dade-city-fl-1111-bron-breakker-teams-wes-lee-and-odyssey-jones/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=Fightful}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin sunan zoben '''Oba Femi''', ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kan allo a shirin ''NXT Level Up'' na ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, inda ya sha kashi a hannun Dante Chen . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chik |first=Jon |date=November 18, 2022 |title=NXT Level Up results: Nov. 18, 2022 |url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/nxt-level-up/article/nxt-level-up-results-nov-18-2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119055835/https://www.wwe.com/shows/nxt-level-up/article/nxt-level-up-results-nov-18-2022 |archive-date=November 19, 2022 |access-date=January 2, 2024 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref> A wasansa na farko na NXT, Femi ya doke Oro Mensah a <nowiki><i id="mwjg">Spring Breakin</i></nowiki> ' a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiken |first=Chris |date=April 25, 2023 |title=WWE NXT Spring Breakin' live results: Carmelo Hayes vs. Grayson Waller |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/nxt/wwe-nxt-spring-breakin-live-results-carmelo-hayes-vs-grayson-waller/ |access-date=April 26, 2023 |website=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}</ref> Bayan dakatar da kallon talabijin, ya lashe Gasar NXT Breakout ta Maza ta 2023 ta hanyar kayar da Riley Osborne a wasan karshe a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 2024, a <nowiki><i id="mwlg">NXT</i></nowiki> : Mugun Sabuwar Shekara, inda ya sami kwangilar samun damar lashe gasar saboda taken da ya zaba. <ref name="Breakout">{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Matthew |date=January 3, 2024 |title=Former Alabama track and field star wins WWE NXT Breakout Tournament |url=https://thecrimsonwhite.com/112372/sports/former-alabama-track-and-field-star-wins-wwe-nxt-breakout-tournament/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[The Crimson White]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMason2024">Mason, Matthew (January 3, 2024). </cite></ref> A mako mai zuwa a <nowiki><i id="mwnQ">NXT</i></nowiki>, Femi ya yi amfani da kwangilarsa ta Breakout Tournament ya kuma doke Dragon Lee don lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Arewacin Amurka ta NXT, inda ya zama ɗan wasan farko da ya kammala shirin Next In Line (NIL) da ya lashe gasar WWE. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=John |date=January 9, 2024 |title=NXT TV results (1/9): Moore's review of Tony D'Angelo and Channing Lorenzo vs. OTM for the NXT Tag Titles, Gigi Dolin vs. Cora Jade, the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic tournament begins |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/01/09/nxt-tv-results-1-9-moores-review-of-tony-dangelo-and-channing-lorenzo-vs-otm-for-the-nxt-tag-titles-gigi-dolin-vs-cora-jade-the-dusty-rhodes-tag-team-classic-tournament-begins/ |access-date=January 9, 2024 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> Femi zai ci gaba da riƙe kambun a kan Lee a Ranar Zaɓe ta NXT a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=John |date=February 4, 2024 |title=NXT Vengeance Day results: Moore's live review of Ilja Dragunov vs. Trick Williams for the NXT Title, Lyra Valkyria vs. Roxanne Perez for the NXT Women's Title, Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic finals |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/02/04/nxt-vengeance-day-results-moores-live-review-of-ilja-dragunov-vs-trick-williams-for-the-nxt-title-lyra-valkyria-vs-roxanne-perez-for-the-nxt-womens-title-dusty-rhodes-tag-team-classic-finals/ |access-date=February 4, 2024 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> Dijak da Josh Briggs a wasan barazana uku a NXT Stand &amp;amp; Deliver a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=John |date=April 6, 2024 |title=NXT Stand & Deliver results: Moore's live review of Trick Williams vs. Carmelo Hayes, Ilja Dragunov vs. Tony D'Angelo for the NXT Title, Lyra Valkyria vs. Roxanne Perez for the NXT Women's Title |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/04/06/nxt-stand-deliver-results-moores-live-review-of-trick-williams-vs-carmelo-hayes-ilja-dragunov-vs-tony-dangelo-for-the-nxt-title-lyra-valkyria-vs-roxanne-perez-for-the-nxt-womens-title/ |access-date=April 7, 2024 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> Wes Lee a wasan barazana uku (wanda kuma ya haɗa da Joe Coffey ) a NXT Battleground a ranar 25 ga Mayu da kuma wasan damar ƙarshe a NXT Heatwave a ranar 7 ga Yuli, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Michaels |first=Corey |date=June 9, 2024 |title=WWE NXT Battleground live results: Ethan Page & Jordynne Grace challenge for championships |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/nxt/nxt-results/wwe-nxt-battleground-live-results-trick-williams-vs-ethan-page-roxanne-perez-vs-jordynne-grace/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quill |first=Marc |date=July 7, 2024 |title=WWE NXT Heatwave live results: Fatal four-way title match |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/nxt/nxt-results/wwe-nxt-heatwave-live-results-fatal-four-way-title-match/ |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}</ref> da Tony D'Angelo a NXT No Mercy a ranar 1 ga Satumba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=John |date=September 1, 2024 |title=NXT No Mercy results: Moore's live review of Ethan Page vs. Joe Hendry for the NXT Championship with Trick Williams as special referee, Roxanne Perez vs. Jaida Parker for the NXT Women's Championship |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/09/01/nxt-no-mercy-results-moores-live-review-of-ethan-page-vs-joe-hendry-for-the-nxt-championship-with-trick-williams-as-special-referee-roxanne-perez-vs-jaida-parker-for-the-nxt-womens-championshi/ |access-date=September 1, 2024 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, Femi ya zarce mulkin Wes Lee na kwanaki 269, don haka ya zama Zakaran NXT North American mafi daɗewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Jeremy |date=October 5, 2024 |title=Oba Femi Becomes Longest Reigning NXT North American Champion |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/oba-femi-becomes-longest-reigning-nxt-north-american-champion/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=Fightful}}</ref> A mako na 2 na wasan farko na <nowiki><i id="mwyQ">NXT</i></nowiki> na CW a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, Femi ya rasa kambun a hannun D'Angelo, wanda ya kawo karshen mulkinsa a cikin kwanaki 273 da suka gabata kuma ya sha kashi a karon farko a 2024 bayan ya yi nasara a wasanni 30 a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Renner |first=Ethan |date=October 8, 2024 |title=New North American Champion crowned on WWE NXT |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/nxt/new-north-american-champion-crowned-on-wwe-nxt/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]] |quote=Femi’s first North American title reign ends at 273 days, plus D’Angelo handed Femi his first loss of 2024 in the title bout. Femi had been 30-0 across all matches in NXT this year.}}</ref> Ya kasa sake samun kambun daga D'Angelo a wasan Tables, Ladders and Scares a ranar 27 ga Oktoba a NXT Halloween Havoc, bayan da dangin D'Angelo suka yi masa katsalandan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quill |first=Marc |date=October 27, 2024 |title=WWE NXT Halloween Havoc live results: Trick Williams vs. Ethan Page |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/nxt/nxt-results/wwe-nxt-halloween-havoc-live-results-trick-williams-vs-ethan-page-devils-playground-match/ |access-date=October 28, 2024 |website=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}</ref> Bayan ɗan gajeren hutu, Femi ya dawo a ranar ƙarshe ta NXT a ranar 9 ga Disamba, inda ya shiga wasan Iron Survivor Challenge a maimakon Eddy Thorpe da ya ji rauni kuma ya yi nasara, inda ya sami nasarar buga wasan NXT Championship da Trick Williams a <nowiki><i id="mw4g">NXT</i></nowiki> : Sabuwar Shekarar Mugunta a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2025, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=Jason |date=December 7, 2024 |title=NXT Deadline results: Powell's live review of Trick Williams vs. Ridge Holland for the NXT Title, Iron Survivor Challenge matches, Jaida Parker vs. Lola Vice in an NXT Underground match |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/12/07/nxt-deadline-results-moores-live-review-of-trick-williams-vs-ridge-holland-for-the-nxt-title-iron-survivor-challenge-matches-jaida-parker-vs-lola-vice-in-an-nxt-underground-match/ |access-date=December 8, 2024 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> inda ya doke Williams a wasan barazana uku wanda ya haɗa da Thorpe don lashe gasar, inda ya zama ɗan wasan farko da ya kammala karatun digiri na NIL da ya lashe babban gasar WWE. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=John |date=January 7, 2025 |title=NXT TV results (1/7): Moore's review of The Rock's appearance, Trick Williams vs. Oba Femi vs. Eddy Thorpe for the NXT Title, Roxanne Perez vs. Giulia for the NXT Women's Title |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2025/01/07/nxt-tv-results-1-7-moores-review-of-the-rocks-appearance-trick-williams-vs-oba-femi-vs-eddy-thorpe-for-the-nxt-title-roxanne-perez-vs-giulia-for-the-nxt-womens-title/ |access-date=January 8, 2025 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ucchino |first=Rick |date=January 14, 2025 |title=Exclusive: Oba Femi Paves The Way For Future WWE NIL Prospects |url=https://www.si.com/fannation/wrestling/features/oba-femi-paves-the-way-for-future-wwe-nil-prospects-exclusive |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[Sports Illustrated]]}}</ref> Ya yi nasarar kare kambun a kan Austin Theory da Grayson Waller a wasan barazana uku a ranar NXT Vengeance Day a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quill |first=Marc |date=February 15, 2025 |title=WWE NXT Vengeance Day live results: Four title defenses highlight six-match card |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/nxt/nxt-results/wwe-nxt-vengeance-day-live-results-four-title-defenses-highlight-six-match-card/ |access-date=February 18, 2025 |website=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}</ref> A NXT Roadblock a ranar 11 ga Maris, Femi ya doke TNA X Division Champion Moose don riƙe kambun. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=John |date=March 11, 2025 |title=NXT TV results (3/11): Moore's review of Giulia vs. Stephanie Vaquer in a title vs. title match, Oba Femi vs. Moose for the NXT Title, The Hardys vs. Nathan Frazer and Axiom for the TNA Tag Team Titles |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2025/03/11/nxt-tv-results-3-11-moores-review-of-giulia-vs-stephanie-vaquer-in-a-title-vs-title-match-oba-femi-vs-moose-for-the-nxt-title-the-hardys-vs-nathan-frazer-and-axiom-for-the-tna-tag-team-titl/ |access-date=March 11, 2025 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> A cikin watanni masu zuwa, ya yi nasarar kare kambun a kan Williams da Je'Von Evans a cikin barazanar uku a NXT Stand &amp;amp; Deliver a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=John |date=April 19, 2025 |title=NXT Stand & Deliver results: Moore's live review of Oba Femi vs. Trick Williams vs. Je'Von Evans for the NXT Title, Stephanie Vaquer vs. Giulia vs. Jordynne Grace vs. Jaida Parker for the NXT Women's Title |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2025/04/19/nxt-stand-deliver-results-moores-live-review-of-oba-femi-vs-trick-williams-vs-jevon-evans-for-the-nxt-title-stephanie-vaquer-vs-giulia-vs-jordynne-grace-vs-jaida-parker-for-the-nxt-w/ |access-date=April 20, 2025 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> Myles Borne a NXT Battleground a ranar 25 ga Mayu, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=John |date=May 25, 2025 |title=NXT Battleground results: Moore's live review of Stephanie Vaquer vs. Jordynne Grace for the NXT Women's Championship, Joe Hendry vs. Trick Williams for the TNA World Championship |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2025/05/25/nxt-battleground-results-moores-live-review-of-stephanie-vaquer-vs-jordynne-grace-for-the-nxt-womens-championship-joe-hendry-vs-trick-williams-for-the-tna-world-championship/ |access-date=May 25, 2025 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> Yoshiki Inamura a NXT The Great American Bash a ranar 12 ga Yuli, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moss |first=Jeff |date=July 12, 2025 |title=WWE NXT Great American Bash live results: Three title matches |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/nxt/nxt-results/wwe-nxt-great-american-bash-live-results-three-title-matches/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}</ref> da Evans a NXT Heatwave a ranar 24 ga Agusta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moss |first=Jeff |date=August 24, 2025 |title=WWE NXT Heatwave live results: Oba Femi vs. Je'Von Evans, three title matches |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/nxt/nxt-results/wwe-nxt-heatwave-live-results-oba-femi-vs-jevon-evans-three-title-matches/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}</ref> A NXT No Mercy a ranar 27 ga Satumba, Femi ya sha kashi a gasar NXT Championship a hannun Ricky Saints, inda ya kawo karshen mulkinsa na farko da kwanaki 263, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=John |date=September 27, 2025 |title=NXT No Mercy results: Moore's live review of Oba Femi vs. Ricky Saints for the NXT Championship, Jacy Jayne vs. Lola Vice for the NXT Women's Championship |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2025/09/27/nxt-no-mercy-results-moores-live-review-of-oba-femi-vs-ricky-saints-for-the-nxt-championship-jacy-jayne-vs-lola-vice-for-the-nxt-womens-championship/ |access-date=September 28, 2025 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> amma ya sake samun kambun a ranar 6 ga Disamba a ranar NXT . <ref name="NXTDeadline2025">{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=John |date=December 6, 2025 |title=NXT Deadline results: Moore's live review of Ricky Saints vs. Oba Femi for the NXT Title, Iron Survivor Challenge matches |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2025/12/06/nxt-deadline-results-moores-live-review-of-ricky-saints-vs-oba-femi-for-the-nxt-title-iron-survivor-challenge-matches/ |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> Domin lashe wasan NXT Deadline, Femi ya yi kokawa da babban wasansa na farko da Undisputed WWE Champion Cody Rhodes a wasan Champion vs. Champion wanda ba shi da kambun a ranar Asabar da dare Main Event XLII a ranar 13 ga Disamba, inda wasan ya ƙare ba tare da wata gasa ba bayan tsangwama daga [[Drew McIntyre]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sulla-Heffinger |first=Anthony |date=December 13, 2025 |title=John Cena's last match: Live results, updates, grades and highlights from WWE Saturday Night's Main Event |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/wrestling/breaking-news/live/john-cenas-last-match-live-results-updates-grades-and-highlights-from-wwe-saturday-nights-main-event-060010006.html |access-date=December 14, 2025 |website=[[Yahoo! Sports]] |language=}}</ref> Bayan nasarar kare kambun a kan Leon Slater a <nowiki><i id="mwASo">gasar New Year's Evil</i></nowiki> a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2026, Femi ya bar gasar NXT Championship a cikin zobe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Andrew |date=January 6, 2026 |title=Oba Femi Leaves NXT Championship In The Ring After Retaining At New Year’s Evil |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/oba-femi-leaves-nxt-championship-in-the-ring-after-retaining-at-new-years-evil/ |access-date=January 6, 2026 |website=Fightful}}</ref> Washegari, an bayyana cewa Femi ya bar kambun a hukumance, wanda ya kawo karshen mulkinsa da kwanaki 32. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Currier |first=Joseph |date=January 7, 2026 |title=WWE confirms status of NXT Championship |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/nxt/wwe-confirms-status-of-nxt-championship/ |access-date=January 7, 2026 |website=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}</ref> ==== Babban jerin sunayen 'yan wasa (2026-yanzu) ==== Bayan barin kambun, a cikin makonni da suka biyo baya, za a nuna hotunan Femi a Raw da SmackDown, amma ba za su shiga kowace alama ba. A Royal Rumble a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2026, Femi ya shiga wasan da aka fi sani da suna a matsayin wanda ya fara shiga gasar, inda ya kawar da 'yan kokawa biyar kafin Brock Lesnar ya kawar da shi. === Kokawa Mai Tsawo Ba Tare Da Taka Ba (2025) === Bayan Moose ya fafata da Femi a shirin ''NXT'' na ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 2025, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Bryan |date=February 18, 2025 |title=Moose appears on WWE NXT, goes face-to-face with Oba Femi |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/nxt/moose-appears-on-wwe-nxt-goes-face-to-face-with-oba-femi/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}</ref> ya bayyana a shirin Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) a shirin ''Impact!'' na ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, inda ya fafata da The System . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boone |first=Matt |date=February 20, 2025 |title=TNA Impact live results: Joe Hendry concert, Tessa Blanchard in action |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/impact-wrestling/tna-results/tna-impact-live-results-joe-hendry-concert-tessa-blanchard-in-action/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}</ref> Mako mai zuwa akan ''Impact!,'' Femi da TNA Tag Team Champions The Hardys ( Jeff Hardy da Matt Hardy ) sun sha kashi a hannun The System a wasan da suka yi da mutane shida . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boone |first=Matt |date=February 27, 2025 |title=TNA Impact live results: Oba Femi teams with the Hardys |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/impact-wrestling/tna-results/tna-impact-live-results-oba-femi-teams-with-the-hardys/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=[[Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}</ref> == Gasar cin kofin zakarun da nasarorin da aka samu == * '''''An Zana Kwazon Kokawa na Ƙwararru''''' ** An sanya shi a matsayi na 14 daga cikin manyan 'yan kokawa 500 na ''PWI 500'' a shekarar 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) 500 for 2025 |url=http://www.profightdb.com/pwi-500/2025.html |website=profightdb.com}}</ref> * '''WWE''' ** Gasar NXT ( sau 2 ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=NXT Championship |url=https://www.wwe.com/titlehistory/nxt-championship |access-date=January 7, 2025 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref> ** Gasar Cin Kofin Arewacin Amurka ta NXT ( sau 1 ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=NXT North American Championship |url=https://www.wwe.com/titlehistory/nxt-north-american-championship |access-date=January 11, 2024 |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref> ** Gasar Cin Kofin Maza ta NXT (2023) ** Kalubalen Rage Karfe na Maza ( 2024 ) ** Kyautar Ƙarshen Shekara ta NXT (sau 3) *** Wasan Shekara ( 2024 ) – {{Small|vs. [[Dijak]] and [[Josh Briggs]] at [[NXT Stand & Deliver (2024)|NXT Stand & Deliver]]}} <ref name="NXT12312024">{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Jeremy |date=January 1, 2025 |title=WWE NXT Results (12/31): Kelani Jordan vs. Lola Vice, Year End Awards |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/wwe-nxt-results-1231-kelani-jordan-vs-lola-vice-year-end-awards/ |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=Fightful}}</ref> *** Fitaccen Jarumin Shekara Na Maza ( 2024 ) <ref name="NXT12312024" /> *** Wasan Shekara ( 2025 ) – <small>da Je'Von Evans da Trick Williams</small> <small>a NXT Stand &amp;amp; Deliver <ref name="NXT12/30">{{Cite web |last=Pollock |first=John |date=December 30, 2025 |title=WWE NXT 12/30 Results: Year-End Award Winners, Ricky Saints pins Je'Von Evans |url=https://www.postwrestling.com/?p=127550 |access-date=December 31, 2025 |website=[[POST Wrestling]] |language=}}</ref></small> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] o18eom0eewkdznv2wps8e2tx2t04vap 0 141638 840073 827154 2026-05-25T14:00:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gillian Bowser''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar muhalli ce ta namun daji ta Amurka, masanin kimiyya, kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar Colorado . Aikinta ya fi mayar da hankali kan sauyin yanayi tare da mai da hankali kan masu yin fure da kuma kimiyyar 'yan ƙasa . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Bowser a birnin New York ga ɗan Afirka-Amurka mai adana fina-finai Pearl Bowser da kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a LeRoy Bowser. Tun tana ƙarama, ta kasance memba na Ranger Rick 's Nature Club. <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bowser |first=Gillian |title=#BlackInNature |url=https://cbs.umn.edu/sites/cbs.umn.edu/files/migrated-files/downloads/RCN%20DIversity%20panel%202020%20_%20Gillian%20Bowser.pdf}}</ref> Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta LaGuardia ta Fasaha a matsayin babbar jami'ar fasaha, inda ta kammala digiri a fannin zane-zane tare da mai da hankali kan zane-zane na likitanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CSU Water Experts: Gillian Bowser, PhD. |url=https://watercenter.colostate.edu/view/water-experts-2/entry/2897/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |archive-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221032619/https://watercenter.colostate.edu/view/water-experts-2/entry/2897/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta sami digirin BS daga Jami'ar Northwestern, digirin MS daga Jami'ar Vermont, da digirin Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Missouri . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gillian Bowser |url=https://newsmediarelations.colostate.edu/contacts/gillian-bowser/#:~:text=Bowser%20earned%20her%20B.S.,D.}}</ref> [[Fayil:Gillian_bowser_Yellowstone_fire.jpg|thumb|Bowser a lokacin Gobarar Yellowstone ta 1988]] Bowser ta fara aiki a Yellowstone National Park a matsayin ɗalibar kwaleji, inda daga ƙarshe ta zama ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar namun daji . <ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Climate Change Communication Series: Dr. Gillian Bowser, Research Scientist |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/climate-change-communication-dr-gillian-bowser-research-scientist.htm}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.nps.gov/articles/climate-change-communication-dr-gillian-bowser-research-scientist.htm "Climate Change Communication Series: Dr. Gillian Bowser, Research Scientist"].</cite></ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2021 |title=Crowd-Sourcing Data Sets: Using Citizen Science to Protect National Parks from Climate Change |url=https://www.fulbrightprogram.org/gillian-bowser/ |access-date=26 February 2026 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208123514/https://www.fulbrightprogram.org/gillian-bowser/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance a wurin a lokacin [[Wutar Yellowstone ta 1988|gobarar a 1988.]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yellowstone's Photo Collection: Fighting Forest Fires in 1988 |url=https://www.nps.gov/features/yell/slidefile/fire/fightingff88/page.htm}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a [[Gidan shakatawa na Kasa|Hukumar Kula da Shakatawa ta Ƙasa]] a Grand Teton National Park, Joshua Tree National Park, Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve, da kuma hedikwatar da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] Bowser ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Amurka don Ci gaban Kimiyya a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Amurka daga 2011 zuwa 2012 kuma memba na AAAS na Kimiyya da Injiniya a 2022. <ref> name=":3">{{Cite web |title=In the Rocky Mountain West: STPF Alum Combine Academia and Scipol |url=https://www.aaas.org/news/rocky-mountain-west-stpf-alum}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.aaas.org/news/rocky-mountain-west-stpf-alum "In the Rocky Mountain West: STPF Alum Combine Academia and Scipol"].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 AAAS Fellows |url=https://www.aaas.org/page/2022-fellows-0}}</ref> Ta kasance ƙwararren Fulbright a 2014 a [[Peru]], inda ta yi nazarin alamun sauyin yanayi a Huascaran National Park . <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 July 2021 |title=Crowd-Sourcing Data Sets: Using Citizen Science to Protect National Parks from Climate Change |url=https://www.fulbrightprogram.org/gillian-bowser/ }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.fulbrightprogram.org/gillian-bowser/ "Crowd-Sourcing Data Sets: Using Citizen Science to Protect National Parks from Climate Change"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208123514/https://www.fulbrightprogram.org/gillian-bowser/ |date=2024-12-08 }}. 7 July 2021.</cite></ref> Bowser ƙwararriya ce a fannin tantance muhalli a fannin hasashen muhalli na Duniya [[Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|na Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kuma ta halarci taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi, kuma shugaba ce a ɓangaren Binciken Yanayi na Ƙasa na Shirin Binciken Sauyin Duniya na Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=People of Color Environmental Professionals Database: Gillian Bowser |url=https://environmental-professionals-of-color.yale.edu/person/bowser-gillian |access-date=2026-02-26 |archive-date=2024-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227144513/https://environmental-professionals-of-color.yale.edu/person/bowser-gillian |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Climate Change Communication Series: Dr. Gillian Bowser, Research Scientist |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/climate-change-communication-dr-gillian-bowser-research-scientist.htm}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=In the Rocky Mountain West: STPF Alum Combine Academia and Scipol |url=https://www.aaas.org/news/rocky-mountain-west-stpf-alum}}</ref> A halin yanzu ita ce memba a kwamitin zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Halittu ta Duniya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2023 |title=Executive Committee Member (2023-2026): Gillian BOWSER |url=https://iubs.org/about-us/executive-committee-member-2023-2026-gillian-bowser/}}</ref> A matsayinta na mai bincike, Bowser ta yi karatun elk da bison a wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Yellowstone, da kuma masu yin pollinators a wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa a faɗin duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2017 |title=Calling scientists of all colors |url=https://www.snexplores.org/article/calling-scientists-all-colors}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, tana mai da hankali kan yadda sauyin yanayi ke shafar masu yin pollinators da alamun muhalli na sauyin yanayi. Tana haɓaka kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa a matsayin kayan aiki don bin diddigin canje-canjen muhalli, musamman don fahimtar tasirin sauyin yanayi a wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da wuraren kariya. <ref name=":0"/> Ita mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin tsiraru ne a STEM, kuma babbar mai bincike ce ta Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa wadda aka ba da kuɗinta don aikin Fieldwork Inspiring Expanded Leadership for Diversity (FIELD) wanda ke aiki don rage shingayen ayyukan filin ƙasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bowser |first=Gillian |title=#BlackInNature |url=https://cbs.umn.edu/sites/cbs.umn.edu/files/migrated-files/downloads/RCN%20DIversity%20panel%202020%20_%20Gillian%20Bowser.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBowser">Bowser, Gillian. [https://cbs.umn.edu/sites/cbs.umn.edu/files/migrated-files/downloads/RCN%20DIversity%20panel%202020%20_%20Gillian%20Bowser.pdf "#BlackInNature"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientists push against barriers to diversity in the field sciences |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-push-against-barriers-diversity-field-sciences}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIELD Project |url=https://field.berkeley.edu}}</ref> == Littattafai masu mahimmanci == * Muhalli, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (2019). [https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/27539 Hasashen Muhalli na Duniya—GEO-6: Duniya mai lafiya, mutane masu lafiya.] ''Nairobi'' . DOI 10.1017/9781108627146. * Cooper, CB, Hawn, CL, Larson, LR, Parrish, JK, Bowser, G., Cavalier, D., Dunn, RR, Haklay, M. (Muki), Gupta, KK, Jelks, NO, Johnson, VA, Katti, M., Leggett, Z., Wilson, OR, & Wilson, S. (2021). [https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10356881 Haɗawa cikin kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa: Matsalar sake yin alama.] ''Kimiyya'', ''372'' (6549), 1386–1388. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6487</nowiki> * Shinbrot, XA, Wilkins, K., Gretzel, U., & Bowser, G. (2019). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X19300646 Buɗe damar jagoranci mai dorewa ga mata: Ra'ayin gudummawa da ƙalubale ga mata a cikin ci gaba mai ɗorewa.] ''Ci gaban Duniya'', ''119'', 120–132. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.03.009</nowiki> * Morales, N., Bisbee O'Connell, K., McNulty, S., Berkowitz, A., Bowser, G., Giamellaro, M., & Miriti, MN (2020). [https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bes2.1742 Haɓaka haɗa kai a cikin gogewar fannin muhalli: Bincike da shawo kan shingen da ke tattare da al'adar ƙwararru.] ''Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America'', ''101'' (4), e01742. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1002/bes2.1742</nowiki> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] 3wws19l43bw8ouazr1n9cxf09t046zp 0 141856 840208 813172 2026-05-26T02:50:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Harsunan '''Hibito-Cholón''' ko '''Cholón''' da suka mutu ko kuma wadanda suka mutu sun samar da dangin harshe da aka tsara wanda ke haɗa harsuna biyu na [[Peru]], Hibito da Cholón. An yi imanin cewa wannan iyalin sun ƙare amma a cikin 2021 an sake gano wani semispeaker; ita ce [[Martha Pérez Valderrama]], kuma a halin yanzu ita ce kawai sanannen mai magana da wannan Iyalin harshe (musamman daga Cholón).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cholon {{!}} The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America |url=https://ailla.lib.utexas.edu/collections/505/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=ailla.utexas.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cholon Language Collection of Luis Miguel Rojas Berscia {{!}} The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America |url=https://ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla:283752 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=ailla.utexas.org |archive-date=2025-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923035404/https://ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla:283752 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakanan suna iya kasancewa da alaƙa da yarukan Culle da Chirino, kuma watakila da yaren Chachapoya, amma bayanan duk waɗannan yarukan ba su da kyau. Wannan rukuni na harsuna an kira su harsunan '''Cholonoid'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Urban |first=Matthias |date=2021 |title=Cholón and the linguistic prehistory of Northern Peru: triangulating toponymy, substrate lexis, and areal typology |url=http://journals.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/xmlpage/1/article/513 |journal=Linguistic Discovery |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |doi=10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.513 |issn=1537-0852 |doi-access=free |access-date=2026-02-27 |archive-date=2025-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112061628/https://journals.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/xmlpage/1/article/513 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tattaunawar harshe == Jolkesky (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da iyalan yaren Kechua, Leko, Mapudungun, Mochika, Kandoshi, Muniche, da Barbakoa saboda hulɗa. == Lexicon == Kalmomin Hibito da Cholon da yawa na asali sun bayyana suna da alaƙa, kodayake bayanai a kan harsuna biyu ba su da kyau. An ba da misalai masu zuwa a cikin rubutun ''ad hoc'' na tushe guda uku da muke da su akan waɗannan harsuna == Manazarta == 5t8dalj8h13p9cnki299jgf9k5oxqry 0 142425 840241 813258 2026-05-26T05:37:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An haifi '''Helen Lothan Robertson''' '''Helen Lothan Biggs''' (1848 – 22 ga Yuni 1937) ƙwararriyar mai dinki ce 'yar ƙasar Scotland kuma mai fafutukar neman ƙwadago daga ƙasar Australia. Ta kasance mai hannu a ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata ta farko a ƙasar Ostiraliya kuma ita ce ta jagoranci yajin aikin farko na ƙungiyar. == Rayuwa == An haifi Robertson ne a [[Glasgow]]. Iyayenta sune Elizabeth (an haife ta Baird) da mijinta masassaƙi Joseph Biggs . Yayinda take ƙarama iyalin suka yi hijira zuwa Ostiraliya a shekara ta 1855. Lokacin da take da shekaru 14 tana aiki. Ma'aikata marasa ƙwarewa a Ostiraliya na iya tsammanin samun kusan fam ɗaya ko kaɗan a kowane mako - sai dai idan su mata ne. Robertson ta kasance mai sana'a kuma an biya ita da takwarorinta rabin adadin da aka biya ga matsakaicin ma'aikacin namiji. Ta kasance memba na kafa kungiyar Tailoresses Association a 1880. Kungiyar ta sami mambobi kaɗan saboda ma'aikatan da ba a biya su ba sun damu da cewa za a iya sanya su cikin baƙar fata idan sun shiga ƙungiyar. Kungiyar ta nemi goyon baya daga Majalisar Trades Hall amma ba su da ƙwazo. Koyaya a cikin 1882 sun kafa ƙungiyar Tailoresses tare da zartarwa da ta kunshi maza kuma an zaɓi Robertson a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata bakwai a cikin kwamitin.<ref name="viclabor">{{Cite web |title=Helen Lothan Robertson |url=https://viclabor.com.au/helen-lothan-robertson/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Victorian Labor |language=en-AU |archive-date=2024-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518032021/https://viclabor.com.au/helen-lothan-robertson/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin da aka kira yajin aiki a 1883 ta kasance babbar 'yar wasa. Da sauri ma'aikata suka ba da kansu ga bukatun kuma mata yanzu suna samun kusan fam daya da shillings goma a kowane mako. [[Fayil:Female_Operatives_Hall.jpg|left|thumb|Gidan Ma'aikata na Mata a Melbourne]] Ita da wasu sun shirya don gina "Female Operatives Hall" a matsayin ƙari ga Trades Hall a Melbourne. Wannan yana da mahimmanci saboda ba a yarda mata su kasance a wurare da yawa na jama'a ba. Ba a yarda da su a cikin ɗakuna ko mashaya don haka zauren ya kasance muhimmiyar wurin taro ga mata masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Female Operatives Hall |url=https://victorianunions.nationbuilder.com/female_operatives_hall |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=We Are Union |language=en}}</ref> Saboda aikinta tare da Kwamitin Sa'o'i Takwas an girmama ta ta hanyar zabar ta a matsayin gwamna na rayuwa. An sanya takardu a kan ganuwar don yin rikodin girmamawa da aka yi mata da wasu mata huɗu.[1] Kungiyar Tailoresses Union ta haɗu da Kungiyar Tailors kuma hakan ya zama Kungiyar Kasuwanci da Allied na Ostiraliya. Robertson ta halarci taron karshe na hukumar zartarwa a shekarar 1909. [2] == Mutuwa da gado == Robertson ya mutu a unguwar Melbourne ta Collingwood a shekara ta 1937. A cikin 2023 baƙi zuwa Victoria Trades Hall a kan Feminist Hall Tour sun ja hankalinsu ga muhimman mutane uku: [[Zelda D'Aprano]], [[Gwen Goedecki]] da Helen Robertson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Feminist Hall Tour |url=https://www.weareunion.org.au/feminist_hall_tour_september |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=We Are Union VTHC |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308172659/https://www.weareunion.org.au/feminist_hall_tour_september |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekara ta 1870 ta auri James Stewart Robertson wanda masassaƙi ne kamar mahaifinta. Suna da 'ya'ya shida kuma uku sun tsira sun zama manya. == Manazarta == tvoxt3mj5q5l2nporvahh7urp2o35e0 0 143085 840072 803353 2026-05-25T13:57:51Z GeertivpBot 21670 #pwb Copy label {{Reflist}} Authority control [[c:Category:Isabel Weld Perkins|Commonscat Isabel Weld Perkins]] 840072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isabel Anderson''' (29 ga Maris, 1876 - 3 ga Nuwamba, 1948), née Isabel Weld Perkins, ta kasance magajin [[Boston]], marubuciya, kuma mai karɓar bakuncin al'umma wacce ta bar gado ga jama'a wanda ya haɗa da [[Mashaƙata|wurin shakatawa]] da gidajen tarihi guda biyu. == Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Beaux,_Cecilia_(1855-1942)_-_Mrs._Larz_Anderson_-_M.1938.156a_-_Larz_Anderson_House.jpg|left|thumb|Misis Larz Anderson, 1901, ta Cecilia Beaux]] === Rayuwa ta farko === An haife ta a titin Marlborough na 284 a Back Bay na Boston, Isabel Weld Perkins ta fito ne, a gefen mahaifiyarta [[Anna Weld Perkins]], daga dangin masu arziki na 'yan kasuwa na Boston waɗanda suka gano tarihin su zuwa Massachusetts Bay Colony. Mahaifin Isabel shi ne Commodore George H. Perkins na Contoocook, New Hampshire, wanda shine kwamandan USS Cayuga a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Amurka . Mahaifin commodore, Alkalin Hamilton Eliot Perkins, wani attajiri ne kuma lauya wanda ya gina ma'adanai a Contoocook kuma na ɗan gajeren lokaci ya gudanar da kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki a Boston wanda ke jigilar jiragen ruwa tsakanin Amurka da Afirka ta Yamma. A shekara ta 1881, lokacin da Isabel ke da shekaru biyar kawai, ta gaji kusan dala miliyan 3 daga kakanta William Fletcher Weld, kodayake wannan adadin daga baya ya karu zuwa kusan dala miliyan 5 bayan an gwada dukiyar Weld. Fiye da ƙarni guda, an ɗauka cewa ta gaji dala miliyan 17 daga kakanta, kodayake an tabbatar da wannan adadin ba daidai ba ne. Rahoton kuskure na farko na adadin dala miliyan 17 ya bayyana lokacin da ''Boston Globe'' ta gudanar da labarin shafi na gaba game da auren Isabel da Larz Anderson a cikin 1897. Tarihin tarihi, duk da haka, ya nuna dala miliyan 17 a zahiri shine darajar karshe na dukiyar [[William Fletcher Weld II]] dala miliyan 20, bayan an cire wasu gado da harajin dukiya, inda aka bar ragowar dala miliyan 17 da aka raba daidai tsakanin Isabel da Grandfather Weld da sauran jikoki uku, William Fletch Weld II, Charles Goddard Weld da [[Mary Bryant Weld]].<ref>Craig Lambert, "The Welds of Harvard Yard," in ''The Seven Weld Brothers 1800-2000: A Contemporary Genealogy compiled by Nicholas Benton,'' New York, NY: iUniverse.com, 2004, {{ISBN|0-595-31390-6}}, p. xiv.</ref> Isabel Perkins ta fara tafiya tun tana ƙarama. Ta yi bazara tun tana yarinya a gidajen Weld a Newport kuma ta yi hunturu tare da iyayenta a Boston.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Larz and Isabel Anderson |url=http://www.societyofthecincinnati.org/anderson_house/history/anderson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608053619/http://www.societyofthecincinnati.org/anderson_house/history/anderson |archive-date=2015-06-08 |access-date=2015-06-07 |website=The Society of Cincinnati}}</ref> Lokacin bazara da faduwa ta yi amfani da ita a gidan Perkin a New Hampshire. A lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha tara, Isabel ta dauki tafiya ta shekara guda zuwa Turai tare da mai kula da ita Maud Howe Elliot . A Roma ne Isabel ta sadu da mijinta na gaba Larz Anderson kuma ta yi aure bayan shekaru biyu. === Aure ga Larz Anderson === [[File:Larz&isabel.jpg|thumb|Andersons]] Larz da Isabel sun yi aure a Cocin Arlington Street a Boston a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1897. Daga nan ne Andersons suka fara rayuwa ta alatu tare da hidimar jama'a da kasada. Sun yi tafiya sosai, suna yin tafiye-tafiye hudu a duniya da kuma ko'ina cikin [[Turai]] da [[Asiya]]. Anderson ya rike mukamai da yawa na diflomasiyya, ciki har da ɗan gajeren lokaci a matsayin Jakadan Amurka a [[Japan]]. Wani marubuci na Boston Globe ya taƙaita Isabel da aurenta ta hanyar cewa:<blockquote>... waɗannan Andersons? Sun kasance masu arziki, an haife su da kuɗi kuma sun saba da gata - amma mutane ne masu ban sha'awa waɗanda suka bar mana wani abu. Isabel ta yi abin da mata masu arziki suka yi a lokacin - ta "ya fito," ta yi bazara a Newport, "ta fito" a [[New Hampshire]], ta yi hunturu a [[Boston]], ta yi biki sosai. A shekara ta 1896, debutante ta tafi [[Turai]], wata budurwa kyakkyawa da ke da dukiya mai yawa. Ta sadu da Larz; ya yi farin ciki; sun yi aure. Ya yi aikin diflomasiyya; ta rubuta littattafai da wasan kwaikwayo. Sun raba lokacin su tsakanin [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], da Brookline.</blockquote> === Aiki a matsayin marubuci === Isabel ta rubuta littattafai da yawa; wadanda suka shafi iyalinta musamman sune wadanda suka fi sha'awar masana tarihi. Ta kuma rubuta litattafan tafiye-tafiye da yawa, kundin shayari, da labarun yara da yawa. Littafinta a karkashin tutar Black horse: Annals of the Weld family da wasu rassanta sun bayyana daular sufuri da kakanta William Gordon Weld ya fara kuma ya ba da cikakken bayani game da zuriyarsa har zuwa lokacin rubuce-rubuce. Ta kuma shirya takardun jarumin Yaƙin basasar Amurka kuma ta buga su a matsayin The letters and journals of Janar Nicholas Longworth Anderson; Harvard, yakin basasa, Washington, 1854-1892. Daga cikin sauran ayyukanta akwai Circling Africa, On the Move, The Spell of Japan, The Spel of Belgium, The Spall of the Hawaiian Islands and the Philippines, Topsy Turvy da Gold Star, Yacht in Mediterranean Seas da Zigzagging the South Seas. Yawancin takardun nata yanzu suna cikin tarin da aka adana a Gidan Tarihin Motar Larz Anderson. Sauran ana adana su a New England Historic Genealogical Society . === Hidima a Yaƙin Duniya na I === A lokacin yakin duniya na, Isabel ta yi aiki ga kungiyar Red Cross na Amurka a matsayin mai sa kai na Gundumar Columbia Refreshment Corps . Ta kasance jagora na ayyukan Red Cross na Washington da aikin agaji na Belgium, sannan ta kwashe watanni takwas a 1917 da 1918 tana kula da marasa lafiya da wadanda suka ji rauni a Faransa da Belgium. Isabel ta koma Washington don samun Amurkawa da ke fama da annobar mura kuma ta ba da kanta don taimakawa wadanda ke cikin bukata. Gudummawar da ta bayar a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ta haifar da samun lambar yabo ta Red Cross ta Amurka, Croix de Guerre ta Faransa tare da tauraron tagulla, da kuma lambar yabo ta Elisabeth ta Belgium .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Larz and Isabel Anderson |url=http://www.societyofthecincinnati.org/anderson_house/history/anderson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608053619/http://www.societyofthecincinnati.org/anderson_house/history/anderson |archive-date=2015-06-08 |access-date=2015-06-07}}</ref> === Manor na Perkins === Baya ga gadonta na Weld daga dangin mahaifiyarta, Isabel ta gaji wani babban gida a [[New Hampshire]] daga mahaifinta mai suna commodore. Larz da Isabel sun kwashe lokaci mai yawa a nan har ma ta buɗe ƙofofin wannan gidan sarauta ga jama'a don 'yan bazara. Wannan babban gidan an kira shi Larz Anderson estate a wannan lokacin amma tun daga lokacin an raba shi zuwa gidaje takwas kuma an sake saninsa da Perkins Manor . Kamar mijinta, Isabel ta kasance mai aiki a cikin al'ummomin kishin kasa da na gado ciki har da Daughters of the American Revolution da The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America . A shekara ta 1930, ta sami digiri na Doctor of Laws daga Jami'ar Boston . === Mutuwa === Isabel ta mutu a shekara ta 1948. An binne tokarta a cikin Kabarin Anderson a cikin St. Mary Chapel na Washington National Cathedral tare da mijinta Larz Anderson . Isabel Anderson ta kuma gina gada a fadin Charles River da ke haɗa Boston da Cambridge, Massachusetts. Larz Anderson ne ya gudanar da aikin don girmama mahaifinsa, Nicholas Longworth Anderson, Harvard Class na 1858. Ginin yana tsaye kusa da Weld Boathouse, wani wuri mai daraja wanda kawunta, George Walker Weld ya biya. === Gidauniyar Weld === [[Fayil:LarzAndersonGarden.jpg|left|thumb|555x555px|Ra'ayi na lambunan Weld, Brookline, 1911]] Isabel ta sayi kadada 64 (mita murabba'i 260,000) a Brookline, Massachusetts, daga dan uwanta na farko. Ga wannan dukiya, wanda ya kasance a cikin iyalin Isabel na tsararraki, Andersons sun kara da babban gida mai dakuna ashirin da biyar wanda suka yi amfani da shi don bazara da bukukuwan Kirsimeti. Gidan, wanda ke kallon sararin samaniya na Boston, an sake gyara shi don yayi kama da Lulworth Castle, gidan kakanninmu da ke da alaƙa da Welds. Sun ba da sunan wurin "Weld" don girmama kakan Isabel. Isabel ta ba da wannan dukiya ga garin Brookline kuma yanzu Larz Anderson Park ne.[1] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l46wmenwe8gnub296l5bnc1kd8xbsd8 0 143483 840117 804360 2026-05-25T19:10:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gwen Mary Moffat''' ( ''an'' haife '''ta''' a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1924) ƙwararriyar mai hawa dutse ce kuma marubuciya 'yar Birtaniya. == Aikin hawan dutse == Moffat direban soja ce a rundunar sojojin agaji, wacce ke aiki a Arewacin Wales bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, lokacin da ta haɗu da wani mai hawan dutse wanda ya gabatar da ita ga hawan dutse da salon rayuwa na bohemian. [1] [2] A lokacin shekarun 1940 da 1950, ta rayu cikin mawuyacin hali, tana hawa dutse a Snowdonia, Tafkuna, Scotland da Alps, tana tallafa wa kanta ta hanyar yin aiki a wurare da dama, ciki har da aikin gida, manomi, mai kula da gandun daji, mai zane mai zane da kuma direban shagon tafiye-tafiye. [2] [1] A shekarar 1953, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama jagorar tsaunuka a Burtaniya wacce ta sami takardar shedar zama jagora a tsaunuka, kuma tsawon shekaru goma tana da alaƙa da Hukumar Ceto Dutsen RAF, tana samun abin rayuwa daga hawan dutse. [3] An san Moffatt da yawan hawa babu takalmi, tana da'awar cewa ya fi kyau saboda akwai ƙarin hulɗa da dutsen kuma babu takurawa a yatsun kafa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gwen Moffat // Interview |url=http://www.womenclimb.co.uk/gwen-moffat-interview/ |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=womenclimb.co.uk}}</ref> Ita memba ce ta girmamawa a Ƙungiyar Pinnacle ta mata kawai da Majalisar Kula da Dutsen Burtaniya . == Kafofin Watsa Labarai == Moffat ta fito a fim ɗin BBC mai suna ''Eye to Eye'', wanda aka watsa a shekarar 1958. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rediscovered: TV film of climbing history |url=https://www.thebmc.co.uk/rediscovered-tv-film-of-climbing-history |access-date=2018-07-28 |website=www.thebmc.co.uk}}</ref> Joe Brown ya yi hawan dutse mai wahala, kuma Moffat, ƙwararriyar, ta ɗauki mijinta zuwa kan hanya a kan Idwal Slabs. <ref name=":1" /> A shekarar 2015, Jen Randall da Claire Carter sun yi wani fim mai ''suna Operation Moffat,'' wanda ya dogara ne akan littafin tarihin rayuwar Moffat mai suna ''Space below my Feet'' ''.'' An fara nuna fim ɗin ne a lokacin rangadin bikin fina-finai na Banff Mountain a Burtaniya, kuma ya lashe kyaututtukan fina-finai sama da 20 na duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BMC TV's Operation Moffat: swarming to a screen near you |url=https://www.thebmc.co.uk/bmc-tvs-operation-moffat-swarming-to-a-screen-near-you |access-date=2018-07-28 |website=www.thebmc.co.uk}}</ref> Moffat yana cikin aikin daukar hoto na Herrington mai suna ''The Climbers'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berry |first=Natalie |date=28 June 2017 |title=INTERVIEW: Reading Between the Lines - Gwen Moffat |url=https://www.ukclimbing.com/articles/features/reading_between_the_lines_-_gwen_moffat-9478 |access-date=25 January 2018 |publisher=UKC}}</ref> wanda ke nuna masu hawan dutse 60 waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin tatsuniyoyi na ƙarni na 20. A shekarar 2017 ta ba da gudummawa ga wani shirin fim mai suna ''Give Me Space Below My Feet'', na BBC Radio 3. A shekarar 2015, wani gajeren shirin fim mai suna Operation Moffat—wanda Jen Randall da Claire Carter suka jagoranta, kuma aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga tarihin rayuwar Moffat mai suna Space Below My Feet—ya lashe kyautar Fim mafi kyau da kuma kyautar People's Choice a bikin Kendal Mountain Festival . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 Film Competition Winners |url=https://www.kendalmountainfestival.com/2015-film-competition-winners |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=Kendal Mountain Festival }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aikin rubutu == Moffat ta fara aikinta na rubutu a shekarun 1950, tana aiki a rediyon BBC, kuma ta buga tarihin rayuwarta a shekarar 1961. A shekarun 1970, ta fara rubuta labaran laifuka, musamman jerin Miss Pink wanda ya ƙunshi Melinda Pink, wata mai hawa dutse mai matsakaicin shekaru kuma alkali. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gwen Moffat |url=http://www.twbooks.co.uk/authors/gmoffat.html |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=twbooks.co.uk |publisher=Tangled Web}}</ref> Bayan wani umarni daga Victor Gollancz Ltd na bin hanyar California <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gwen Moffat |url=http://www.twbooks.co.uk/authors/gmoffat.html |access-date=2018-07-28 |website=twbooks.co.uk |publisher=Tangled Web}}</ref> da kuma samar da littafi, daga baya ta rubuta asirai 11 da aka saita a Yammacin Amurka . <ref name=":3" /> Ta rubuta littafinta na ƙarshe, ''Gone Feral'', lokacin da take cikin shekarunta na 80. A halin yanzu tana yin bita ga mujallar laifuka ''ta Shots'' . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Moffat ta auri Gordon Moffat wanda ta haifa masa 'ya mace, Sheena, wacce aka haifa a shekarar 1949. A shekarar 1955, ta auri Sajan Jirgin Sama John Lees, GM, BEM. Sun rabu a shekarar 1970. <ref name=":1"/> Moffat ya cika shekaru 100 a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2024 |title=Cumbria and Lakeland Walker July 2024 issue |url=https://shop.dalesman.co.uk/cumbria-and-lakeland-walker-july-2024-issue.html |access-date=3 July 2024 |publisher=Cumbria and Lakeland Walker}}</ref> == Ayyuka == * ''Sarari a Ƙasa da Ƙafata'' (1961) * ''Taurari Biyu Ja'' (1964) * ''A Gidana'' (1968) * ''Adadin Rayuwa'' (1972) * ''Mutuwar Deviant'' (1973) * ''Uwargida Mai Ido Mai Sanyi'' (Melinda Pink) (1973) * ''Titin Gawa'' (1974). * ''Zaɓin Tauri'' (1975) * ''Miss Pink a gefen duniya'' (Melinda Pink) (1975) * ''Lokaci Mai Ƙanƙanta Don Rayuwa'' (Melinda Pink) (1976) * ''Over the Sea to Death'' (Melinda Pink) (1976) * ''Mutane Ba a San Su Ba'' (Melinda Pink) (1978) * ''Hanyar Hard West'' (1981) * ''Mutu Kamar Kare'' (Melinda Pink) (1982) * ''Yarinyar Buckskin'' (1982) * ''Ƙasar Chance ta Ƙarshe'' (Melinda Pink) (1983) * ''Hanyar Grizzly'' (Melinda Pink) (1984) * ''Tarko'' (Melinda Pink) (1987) * ''The Stone Hawk'' (Melinda Pink) (1989) * ''Masu Neman Guguwa'' (1989) * ''Rage'' (Melinda Pink) (1990) * ''Yankin Raptor'' (Melinda Pink) (1990) * ''Pit Bull'' (1991) * ''<nowiki/>'Yan'uwan Veronica'' (Melinda Pink) (1992) * ''Gefen Waje'' (1993) * ''Matar da aka Yiwa Rauni'' (1994) * ''Wreath of Deaths'' (1998) * ''<nowiki/>'Yan Matan da Suka Rasa'' (Melinda Pink) (1998) * ''Zunubai Masu Zaman Kansu (Melinda Pink)'' (1999) * ''Kare Masu Gudun'' (1999) * ''Quicksand'' (2001) * Sakayya (Melinda Pink) (2002) * ''Tarkon Mutum (2003)'' * ''Mutuwa Don Soyayya'' (2005) * ''Gone Feral'' (2007) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] 37smby9z7td15lsgs1vpbpl541dv5sl 0 143985 840076 834223 2026-05-25T14:09:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gina Dent''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1966) farfesa ce 'yar Amurka a fannin Nazarin Mata a UC Santa Cruz . Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar sashen bambancin ra'ayi, daidaito, da kuma haɗa kai a Sashen Bil Adama a UC Santa Cruz. [1] Ta rubuta tare da haɗin gwiwar littafin Abolition. Feminism na 2022. Yanzu. tare da abokiyar zamanta, [[Angela Davis]] ; Erica Meiners ; da Beth Richie . == Ilimi == Dent ta sami digirin BA a fannin Adabin Kwatanta daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Gina Dent |url=https://ppfp.ucop.edu/info/fellowship-recipients/fellows-pages/dent-gina.html |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=ppfp.ucop.edu |language=en}}</ref> da kuma digirin MA da PhD a fannin Adabin Turanci da Kwatanta daga Jami'ar Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=CJTC — Steering Committee |url=http://cjtc.ucsc.edu/sc_ginaDent.html |access-date=2017-11-18 |website=cjtc.ucsc.edu }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Politics: Gina Dent |url=https://politics.ucsc.edu/faculty/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=ginadent |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=politics.ucsc.edu |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == Dent yana nan a halin yanzu farfesa ce a fannin nazarin mata, tarihin sani, da kuma nazarin shari'a a sashen ilimin ɗan adam a Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=People {{!}} Gina Dent {{!}} The Heyman Center for the Humanities at Columbia University |url=http://heymancenter.org/people/gina-dent/ |access-date=2017-11-18 |website=heymancenter.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2"/> A shekarar 2019, ta sami lambar yabo ta Dizikes saboda koyarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rappaport |first=Scott |title=Feminist studies professor Gina Dent receives Dizikes Award for teaching in Humanities |url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2019/06/humanities-dizikes-awards.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=UC Santa Cruz News |language=en}}</ref> Abubuwan da take sha'awa a bincike sun haɗa da [[Nazarin baƙar fata|nazarin Afirka]], ka'idar shari'a, da al'adun jama'a. <ref name=":2"/> Ita ce editan ''Baƙar fata Al'adu Mai Farin Ciki'' (1992). <ref name=":0"/> An sanya wa wannan tarin suna a matsayin ''Mafi Kyawun Littafin Muryar Ƙauye na Shekara'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Popular Culture |url=https://thenewpress.com/books/black-popular-culture |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=The New Press |language=en |archive-date=2019-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023030826/https://thenewpress.com/books/black-popular-culture |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2011, Dent ta yi aiki a cikin tawagarta zuwa [[Falasdinu|Falasɗinu]], kuma tana fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Popular Culture |url=https://thenewpress.com/books/black-popular-culture |website=The New Press |access-date=2026-03-08 |archive-date=2024-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203114724/https://thenewpress.com/books/black-popular-culture |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana nemanta a duniya a matsayin mai magana da kuma mai koyarwa kan Baƙar fata 'Yan Mata da kuma kawar da tsattsauran ra'ayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aydemir |first=Murat |date=2018-04-13 |title=Gina Dent: The Idea of Africa |url=https://www.nica-institute.com/gina-dent-the-idea-of-africa/ |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=Netherlands Institute for Cultural Analysis (NICA) |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gina Dent |url=https://egs.edu/biography/gina-dent/ |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=The European Graduate School |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Lecture with Professor Gina Dent |url=http://iraas.columbia.edu/Event/public-lecture-professor-gina-dent |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=iraas.columbia.edu }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-16 |title=Destacadas activistas feministas visitaron Cárcel Distrital |url=https://periodismopublico.com/destacadas-activistas-feministas |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=periodismopublico.com |publisher=Periodismo Público |language=es}}</ref> Tana da 'yan wasa biyu masu zuwa littattafai, ''Kurkuku a matsayin Iyaka da Sauran Makaloli'' da kuma ''Anchored to the Real: Black Literature in the Wake of Anthropology,'' wanda Duke University Press za ta buga. <ref>{{Cite web |title=People {{!}} Gina Dent {{!}} The Heyman Center for the Humanities at Columbia University |url=http://heymancenter.org/people/gina-dent/ |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=heymancenter.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gina Dent - The European Graduate School |url=http://egs.edu/faculty/gina-dent |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=egs.edu |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=PUBLIC LECTURE with Professor Gina Dent {{!}} IRAAS Institute for Research in African-American Studies |url=http://iraas.columbia.edu/Event/public-lecture-professor-gina-dent |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=iraas.columbia.edu |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dent ya rubuta tare da haɗin gwiwar littafin ''[[Abolition. Feminism. Now.|Abolition.]]'' ''[[Abolition. Feminism. Now.|Feminism na 2022. Yanzu.]]'' tare da Angela Davis, Erica Meiners, da Beth Richie, wanda ke jayayya don hangen nesa na kawar da fursunoni na mata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akbar |first=Amna A. |date=2022-06-28 |title=Long and Variegated Struggles: On 'Abolition. Feminism. Now.' |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/long-and-variegated-struggles-on-abolition-feminism-now/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Los Angeles Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=Kitana |date=2022-07-21 |title=What Is Abolition Feminism and Why Do We Need It Now? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/what-is-abolition-feminism-and-why-do-we-need-it-now/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Non Profit News {{!}} Nonprofit Quarterly |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya zuwa 2020 , Dent tana zaune tare da abokin tarayya, masanin mata kuma mai fafutuka [[Angela Davis|Angela Y. Davis]] . <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=George |first=Nelson |date=October 19, 2020 |title=Angela Davis Still Believes America Can Change |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/10/19/t-magazine/angela-davis.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=Black History Month • Angela Davis {{!}} Know the Past • Shape the Future |url=https://www.wbbjtv.com/2023/02/20/black-history-month-angela-davis/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=WBBJ TV |language=en-US}}</ref> Tare, sun ba da shawara don kawar da 'yan sanda da kurkuku, ta amfani da manufar kawar da mata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Constantino |first=Annika |date=2020-10-28 |title=Angela Davis, Gina Dent discuss abolition as 'a politic and a practice' |url=https://www.dailycal.org/2020/10/27/angela-davis-gina-dent-discuss-abolition-as-a-politic-and-a-practice/ |access-date=2021-12-29 |website=The Daily Californian |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafan tarihi == Tushe: <ref name=":2"/> * Edita, ''Al'adun Baƙar fata Masu Farin Ciki'' . Seattle: Bay Press, 1992; New York: New Press, 1999. * " Michael Joo ", a cikin Elaine Kim da Margo Machida, editoci, ''Sabbin Magana/Gogewa: Batutuwan 'Yan Asiya na Amurka a cikin Fasahar gani ta Zamani'' . Berkeley: Jami'ar California Press. 2003 * Marubuciya tare da mai ba da shawara [[Angela Davis|Angela Y. Davis]], <ref name=":1"/> "Kurkuku a Matsayin Iyaka: Tattaunawa kan Jinsi, Duniya da Hukunci", ''Alamomi: Mujallar Mata a Al'adu da Al'umma'', Vol. 26, No. 4; Lokacin bazara na 2001. * "Labarin New York", kasida kan kasidar baje kolin ''Haɗawa/Ballewa'' . Graz, Austria. 1997. * Jack Salzman, David Lionel Smith, da Cornel West (masu gyara), "Rita Dove" da "Jamaica Kincaid" (tarihin rayuwar adabi) a cikin ''Encyclopedia of African American Al'adu da Tarihi'', New York: Takardar Karatu ta Macmillan. 1996. * "Matsayin Mishan" a cikin Rebecca Walker (ed.), ''Don Ka Kasance Gaskiya: Faɗin Gaskiya da Sauya Fuskar Mace'' . New York: Anchor/Doubleday. 1995. * "Kabila da Wariyar Launin Fata: Taron Karawa Juna Sani", ''Rubutun Zamantakewa'' . Vol. 42. Bazara, 1995 * == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] a6moqagphe3ytxmildkisvo2p2rli7d 0 144007 840074 805691 2026-05-25T14:02:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gimbiya Elizabeth ta Tooro''' (Elizabeth Christobel Edith Bagaaya Akiiki; an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1936 ) ita ce ''Batebe'' (Princess Royal) na [[Masarautar Tooro]] har zuwa 12 ga Satumba 1995, lokacin da 'yar uwarta Omubiitokati (Princess) Ruth Nsemere Komuntale Farquharson Akiiki ta gaje ta. Ita lauya ce ta Uganda, 'yar siyasa, diflomasiyya, kuma abin koyi. Ita ce mace ta farko ta Gabashin Afirka da aka shigar da ita a Bar na Ingila. Ita mahaifiyar uba ce (Isenkati) na sanannun mutane; Omukama na yanzu kuma na 13 na Tooro, Rukidi IV, Batebe na yanzu (Princess Royal) Omubiitokati (Princess) Ruth Nsemere Komuntale Farquharson Akiiki 'ya'yan ɗan'uwanta Omukama na 12 na Tooro. Omubiitokati (Princess) [[Juliana Kanyomozi]] Akiiki da Omubiitokon (Princess), [[Laura Kahunde]] Abwooli 'ya'yan ƙaramin ɗan'uwanta Omubiito (Prince) Gerald Philip Manyindo Atwooki. Ta yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje a karkashin Shugaba [[Idi Amin]] daga Fabrairu zuwa Nuwamba 1974. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == The Princess was born in 1936 to Rukidi III of Tooro, the eleventh Omukama of Tooro who reigned between 1928 and 1965. Her mother was Queen Kezia, a daughter of Nikodemo Kakoro, a senior chief.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Her title from birth was ''Omubiitokati'' or ''Princess''. Bayan kammala makarantar firamare daga [[Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Kyebambe]], an tura ta makarantar sakandare ce ta Gayaza, makarantar kwana ta' yan mata a [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]], sannan makarantar Sherborne School for Girls a Ingila ta biyo baya, inda ita kadai ce ɗaliBar baƙar fata. "Na ji cewa ina cikin gwaji kuma rashin nasarar da na samu na yi nasara zai yi mummunar tunani game da dukan tseren baƙar fata, " daga baya ta rubuta. Bayan shekara guda, an yarda da ita a Kwalejin Girton, Cambridge, mace ta uku ta Afirka da aka shigar da ita a Jami'ar Cambridge a tarihin ma'aikatar. A shekara ta 1962, ta kammala karatu daga Cambridge <ref name=":0" /> tare da digiri na shari'a. Shekaru uku bayan haka, a shekarar 1965, yarima ta zama [[Barrister|lauya]] a matsayin memba na Gray's Inn, <ref name=":0" /> ta zama mace ta farko daga [[Gabashin Afirka]] da za a kira zuwa Bar na Ingilishi. == Rayuwar sarauta da samfurin == A wannan lokacin, mahaifinta ya mutu, kuma an ɗora ɗan'uwanta Patrick David Matthew Kaboyo Olimi a matsayin Olimi III, Omukama na goma sha biyu na Tooro, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1965 har zuwa 1995. A lokacin da aka naɗa shi, Elizabeth ta sami taken da ofishin ''Batebe'' (Princess Royal), wanda a al'adance ya sa ta zama mace mafi iko a Masarautar Tooro kuma mafi amintaccen mai ba da shawara ga sarki. [[Buganda]]" id="mwVg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Muteesa II of Buganda">Sarki Fredrick Mutesa II na Buganda, wani daga cikin masarautun gargajiya na Uganda, yanzu shi ne shugaban kasa, tare da Firayim Minista [[Milton Obote]] . Kusan shekara guda bayan da aka naɗa Omukama Olimi III, Obote ya kai hari fadar Buganda, ya tura Edward Muteesa II zuwa gudun hijira, kuma ya ayyana kansa shugaban kasa. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya soke duk masarautun gargajiya na Uganda, gami da Masarautar Tooro . Elizabeth ta ji tsoron rayuwar ɗan'uwanta, amma ya tsere zuwa London. Elizabeth daga baya ta kammala aikin horarwa a wani kamfani na lauya, kuma ta zama lauya ta farko a Uganda. Ta kasance fursuna a cikin ƙasarsu har sai Princess Margaret ta Ƙasar Ingila ta aiko mata da gayyata don yin samfurin a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na sadaka. Yarima ta kasance mai ban sha'awa, kuma nan da nan ta zama samfurin kayan ado mai cin nasara, ana nuna ta a cikin mujallu da yawa. Ita ce samfurin baƙar fata na farko da ya yi ado da shafukan ''Harper's Bazaar'' a shekarar 1969, yana yin tarihi a matsayin daya daga cikin matan Afirka na farko da suka bayyana a cikin manyan editoci. [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]] ta sadu da Elizabeth a wani biki, kuma ta shawo kanta ta koma Birnin New York. A shekara ta 1970, littafin Things Fall Apart na [[Chinua Achebe]] ya zama fim mai suna - wanda aka fi sani da Bullfrog in the Sun - wanda mai shirya fina-finai da kuma furodusa na Jamus [[:de:Hansjürgen Pohland|Hansjürgen Pohland]] ya jagoranta kuma ya fito da Princess Elizabeth na Tooro, [[Johnny Sekka]], da [[Orlando Martins]]. A cikin tarihin rayuwarta, ta rubuta cewa: "Don haka na jefa kaina cikin rawar Clara kuma jim kadan bayan haka, a lokacin rani na 1970, na tashi zuwa Legas a Najeriya don harbi. Legas ta kasance wahayi a gare ni. Daga Kampala da Nairobi, an saba da ni ga kusan duk abin da Asiyawa da Turawa ke mamayewa, don haka ya burge ni da ganin cewa 'yan Afirka suna kula da su a nan. " [[Fayil:Edition_cover_of_Things_Fall_Apart_(1985).png|thumb|Cover of Things Fall Apart (1985) Rubuce-rubucen fim na Stephen Goldblatt<nowiki>Hanyar haɗin fim na Stephen Goldblatt</nowiki>]] A cikin 1965, mai samar da fim din Najeriya Francis Oladele ya kafa Calpenny Nigeria Limited, kamfanin samar da fim na farko a Najeriya bayan samun 'yancin kai. Shirin Amurka-Jamusanci-Nijeriya Things Fall Apart shi ne fim dinsa na biyu bayan Kongi's Harvest . Abubuwan da suka fadi an yi la'akari da su sun ɓace shekaru da yawa har sai Stephen Goldblatt ya sami fiye da 2,000, takardun samarwa, wasiƙu, takardon jaridu na zamani, da sauransu a cikin ajiyar tauraron dan adam na Deutsche Kinemathek Berlin a cikin 2019. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaba da bincike mai zurfi da aikin dijital kan al'adun fina-finai na Najeriya, tare da nune-nunen da nunawa a Legas, Kampala, Abidjan, Accra, da Atlanta, da sauran wurare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Things Fall Together Fifty Years After Things Fall Apart |url=https://contemporaryand.com/magazines/things-fall-together-fifty-years-after-things-fall-apart/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Contemporary And |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Things Fall Apart 1971 |url=https://www.ugandamuseums.or.ug/projects/things-fall-apart-1971 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Uganda Museums |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Things that Fell Apart were Restored in an Interaction with Time by Tusiime Tutu |url=https://andariya.com/post/things-that-fell-apart-were-restored-in-an-interaction-with-time |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Andariya}}</ref> A cikin rubutunsa Lokacin da Bullfrog Jumps In The Sun - Me ya sa Abubuwa Har yanzu fim ne mai mahimmanci har zuwa yau, mai zane-zane na zamani na Legas Mallam Mudi Yahaya ya bayyana rikitarwa na samarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yahaya |first=Mudi |date=2025-02-20 |title=When The Bullfrog Jumps In The Sun |url=https://theexplainer.com.ng/when-the-bullfrog-jumps-in-the-sun/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=The explainer |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekara ta 1971, Janar Amin ya hambarar da Obote, kuma Elizabeth ta koma Uganda. Gwamnatin Amin ta kasance mai rikitarwa fiye da ta Obote, tare da Amin kashewa da kuma ɗaure mutane da yawa. A shekara ta 1974, Amin ya nada Elizabeth ministan harkokin waje. == Fitarwa da dawowa == A watan Fabrairun 1975, Elizabeth ta tsere zuwa [[Kenya]], sannan zuwa [[Vienna]], sannan zuwa London. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, Elizabeth ta koma Uganda don taimakawa tare da zaben kasa na farko na kasar, wanda Obote ya lashe, wanda ya ci gaba da kashe abokan gaba. Elizabeth da ƙaunatacciyarta, Yarima Wilberforce Nyabongo, ɗan Yarima Leo Sharp Ochaki, sun tsere zuwa London a 1980 kuma sun yi aure a 1981. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Princess Bagaya was fired for refusing to marry Amin |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1318163/princess-bagaya-fired-refusing-marry-amin |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=newvision.co.ug}}</ref> A shekara ta 1984, Elizabeth ta taka rawar Shaman a fim din Columbia Pictures Sheena: Sarauniyar Jungle . A ƙarshe a cikin 1985, an hambarar da Obote kuma bayan ɗan gajeren lokacin mulkin soja, [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya maye gurbinsa. A shekara ta 1986, an nada Elizabeth a matsayin jakada a Amurka, aikin da ta rike har zuwa 1988. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Nyabongo, injiniyan jirgin sama, ya mutu a hadarin jirgin sama yana da shekaru 32. Bayan rasuwar mijinta, Elizabeth ta zaɓi barin aikin gwamnati kuma ta shiga aikin sadaka, ban da kasancewa mai kula da ɗan'uwanta, Rukidi IV, wanda aka haifa a 1992 kuma ya kasance mai mulkin Tooro tun 1995. Bayan wani lokaci na hidima a matsayin Jakadan Uganda a Jamus da Vatican, Elizabeth ta yarda da nadin a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Uganda a Najeriya. == Dubi kuma == * Mata lauyoyi na farko a duniya * [[Juliana Kanyomozi]] * Kezia na Tooro == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] trsycg5m27xot17tarlxklvm7wba3f7 0 145740 840077 827129 2026-05-25T14:11:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gina Maria Ortiz Jones''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981) ta kasance 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Amurka kuma tsohuwar [[United States Air Force|rundunar sojin saman Amurka]], wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na 184 na [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] tun daga 2025. Mamba ce a jam'iyyar Democrat, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Sakatare ta Rundunar Sojan Sama daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Jones ita ce 'yar takarar jam'iyyar Democrat a shekarar 2018 a gundumar 23 ta majalisar dokoki ta Texas, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Will Hurd na jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] mai ci.<ref name="sac1805">{{Cite web |last=Esteban Estrada |first=Jade |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Keeping Up with Gina Ortiz Jones, Who Wants to Unseat Congressman Will Hurd |url=https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151743/https://www.sacurrent.com/the-daily/archives/2018/05/09/keeping-up-with-gina-ortiz-jones-who-wants-to-unseat-congressman-will-hurd |archive-date=May 24, 2018 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=San Antonio Current |quote=Within the Texas Democratic Party, Jones, 37, says she is attempting to change the conversation of 'who can enter into politics and who cannot.'}}</ref> Ta sake tsayawa takara a matsayin wadda za ta tsaya takarar kujerar a shekarar 2020, inda ta sha kaye a hannun Tony Gonzales a babban zaben. Bayan rashin nasararta ta biyu, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Sakataren Rundunar Sojan Sama a gwamnatin Biden daga 2021 zuwa 2023. Ta tsaya takarar magajin garin San Antonio a zaɓen 2025, inda ta yi nasara a zagaye na biyu. Ita ce magajin garin mace 'yar Asiya-Amurka ta farko a wani babban birni a Texas, magajin garin San Antonio na farko da ya fito fili ya bayyana ma'aurata, kuma magajin garin mace ta farko a Texas da ta yi aiki a yaƙi. Jones ita ce magajin garin farko tun daga 2005 da ba ta taɓa yin aiki a majalisar birnin San Antonio ba a baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1981, a Arlington, Virginia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2017 |title=Candidate Conversation - Gina Ortiz Jones (D) |url=https://www.insideelections.com/news/article/candidate-conversation-gina-ortiz-jones-d |access-date=October 21, 2018 |website=Inside Elections}}</ref> Jones ta girma a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a matsayin 'yar Amurka ta farko ga uwa ɗaya tilo, Victorina Ortiz, 'yar Ilocano daga Pangasinan, [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma ta sami takardar shaidar koyarwa. Jones tana da ƙanwarta, Christi Ann. Jones ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta John Jay a shekarar 1999. Ta sami tallafin karatu na tsawon shekaru huɗu na Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AFROTC), wanda hakan ya ba ta damar yin rajista a Jami'ar Boston . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin nazarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki na Gabashin Asiya da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki tare a shekarar 2003.<ref name="different">{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Joel |date=June 18, 2018 |title=A Different Kind of Texas Candidate |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2018/gina-ortiz-jones-texas-office/ |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=BU Today |publisher=Boston University}}</ref><ref name="DOD bio">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |website=U.S. Department of Defense |access-date=2026-03-17 |archive-date=2025-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206202735/https://www.war.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/3027494/gina-ortiz-jones/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] wacce ta fito wurin mahaifiyarta tana da shekaru 15, Jones ta yi aiki a karkashin manufar " kada ku tambaya, kada ku fada " ta soja, inda take cikin haɗarin rasa tallafin karatunta na AFROTC idan aka bayyana yanayin jima'inta . Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin duniya da na ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Kansas a shekarar 2012 da kuma wani digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar soja da kimiyya daga Makarantar Nazarin Soja Mai Ci Gaba a Rundunar Sojojin Amurka da Kwalejin Janar Staff a shekarar 2013.<ref name="DOD bio"/> == Farkon aikina == Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Jones ta shiga [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]], ta zama jami'ar leƙen asiri. Daga baya aka tura ta zuwa [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] tare da Rukunin Ayyukan Tallafawa Jiragen Sama na 18, suna tallafawa ayyukan tallafawa jiragen sama kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Senate confirms Gina Ortiz Jones to be Air Force Under Secretary |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723173625/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2705513/senate-confirms-gina-ortiz-jones-to-be-air-force-under-secretary/ |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku na aiki kuma ta kai matsayin kyaftin, Jones ta koma Texas a shekara ta 2006, tana aiki a wani kamfanin ba da shawara yayin da take kula da mahaifiyarta, wacce ke da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar hanji]] (wanda daga ƙarshe ta warke).<ref>{{YouTube|3iiNi0r2OdQ|No One Had to Ask}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma aiki a matsayin mai nazarin leƙen asiri na rundunar sojojin Amurka a Afirka a Jamus. A shekarar 2008, Jones ta shiga Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Tsaro, inda ta ƙware a kan batutuwan Latin Amurka; daga ƙarshe ta zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga mataimakiyar darakta. A watan Nuwamba na 2016, ta koma Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa don yin aiki a matsayin darakta a Ofishin Wakilin Ciniki na Amurka . Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙarƙashin shugabannin ɓangarorin biyu, Jones ta ci gaba da aikinta a lokacin gwamnatin Trump har zuwa watan Yuni na 2017, lokacin da ta bar aikinta, tana gaya wa ''HuffPost'', "Irin mutanen da aka kawo su zama ma'aikatan gwamnati ba su da sha'awar jama'a ko kuma aikin gwamnati."... Wannan, a gare ni, alama ce da ke nuna cewa dole ne in yi aiki ta wata hanya daban."<ref name="Huffpo" /> Ta koma San Antonio don tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki,<ref name="Ozy" /> tana zaune a gidan da ta girma. === Yaƙin neman zaɓen 'yan majalisa === ==== 2018 ==== A shekarar 2017, Jones shi ne ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat na farko da ya sanar da ƙalubale [1] ga wakilin jam'iyyar Republican Will Hurd a gundumar majalisa ta 23 da ke Texas, wacce ta ƙunshi mafi yawan iyakokin Texas da Mexico. [2] Hillary Clinton ta lashe gundumar da maki uku a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 kuma babu wata jam'iyya da ta mallaki gundumar swing fiye da wa'adi biyu a jere tun daga shekarar 2007. Jones ta zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat na ranar 6 ga Maris, 2018, ya sami kashi 41 cikin 100 na kuri'un da aka kada a cikin filin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat.<ref name="Ballotpedia">{{Cite web |title=Gina Ortiz Jones |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Gina_Ortiz_Jones |access-date=March 31, 2018 |website=[[Ballotpedia]]}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben zagaye na biyu a ranar 22 ga Mayu, wanda Jones ya lashe. Ta fafata da Hurd a babban zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, a cikin abin da ake kira takarar 'yan majalisa mafi gasa a jihar. Ya zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni, Jones ya tara dala miliyan 2.2 yayin da Hurd ya tara dala miliyan 2.4 ban da dala miliyan 1.5 da ya shiga takarar da ita. Bayan watanni hudu da suka rage, Jones ya kusa cimma tarihin gundumar na tara kudaden zabe ta hannun wani dan Democrat ($2.7 miliyan). An amince da Jones daga EMILY's List, Asusun Tallafawa 'Yan Asalin [[Amurka]], Asusun Daidaito na PAC, VoteVets, da Asusun Nasara na LGBTQ, da kuma Wendy Davis da Khizr Khan . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gmt60u45wfkk96am9zg4zyrhvhddh96 0 146292 840098 834384 2026-05-25T18:00:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gülşara''' Kazakh An haife ta a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1965) 'yar siyasa ce ta Kazakhstan wacce a halin yanzu ta fito daga yankin Kyzylorda tun daga ranar 28 ga Maris 2020. Kafin haka, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Mazhilis daga 16 ga Agusta 2019 zuwa 27 ga Maris 2020, Mataimakiyar Firayim Minista ta Kazakhstan sau biyu daga 25 ga Fabrairu 2019 zuwa 20 ga Agusta 2019 da kuma daga 28 ga Nuwamba 2013 zuwa 11 ga Nuwamba 2014. Ta kuma kasance Sakatariyar Jiha ta Kazakhstan daga 11 ga Nuwamba 2014 zuwa 25 ga Fabrairu 2019 kuma Ministar Aiki da Kare Jama'a na Jama'a daga 4 ga Maris 2009 zuwa 24 ga Satumba 2012. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da ilimi === An haifi Äbdıqalyqova a ƙauyen Solo Tyube. A shekarar 1987, ta kammala karatunta daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Jambyl ta Haske da Masana'antar Abinci, inda ta yi karatun tattalin arziki. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Абдыкаликова Гульшара Наушаевна |url=https://kapital.kz/dossier/abdykalikova-gulshara |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=kapital.kz}}</ref> A shekarar 2005, Äbdıqalyqova ta sami damar shiga fannin kimiyyar tattalin arziki a kan taken digirinta na farko " ''Capitalization of fansho asusu: Problems and prospects (misalan NPFs of the Republic of Kazakhstan)"'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Абдыкаликова Гульшара Наушаевна |url=https://kapital.kz/dossier/abdykalikova-gulshara |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=kapital.kz}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://kapital.kz/dossier/abdykalikova-gulshara "Абдыкаликова Гульшара Наушаевна"]. </cite></ref> === Sana'a === Daga shekarar 1987, ta yi aiki a matsayin babban mai duba, shugabar Sashen Kare Hakkin Jama'a na Yankin Kyzylorda. A shekarar 1994, Äbdıqalyqova ta zama mai ba da shawara ga Kwamitin Koli na Tarayyar Soviet ta Kazakhstan . <ref name=":0"/> Bayan rushewarta a shekarar 1995, ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Aiki da Kare Jama'a ta Jama'a a matsayin shugabar sashen, mataimakiyar shugaban sashen, shugaban kula da fansho, mataimakiyar darakta a Ma'aikatar Tsaron Jama'a, darektan Ma'aikatar Tsaron Jama'a da Taimakon Jama'a, darektan Ma'aikatar Kula da Fansho da Kula da Adadin Kuɗi. A watan Maris na 2003, Äbdıqalyqova ta zama Mataimakiyar Ministar Aiki da Kare Jama'a ta Jama'a. Ta yi aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa ta a matsayin shugabar Hukumar Kamfanin Inshorar Rayuwa ta JSC a watan Disamba na 2005. An sake naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Minista a watan Oktoba na 2006. Daga Oktoba na 2007 zuwa Janairu na 2008, Äbdıqalyqova ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Gudanarwa na Ma'aikatar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Абдыкаликова Гульшара Наушаевна |url=https://finance.kz/person/abdykalikova_gulshara_naushaevna-1096 |website=finance.kz |access-date=2026-03-22 |archive-date=2024-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415225244/https://finance.kz/person/abdykalikova_gulshara_naushaevna-1096 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Janairu na 2008, an naɗa ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Kazakhstan kuma shugabar Hukumar Kula da Mata da Iyali da Tsarin Jama'a ta Ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Shugaban Ƙasa. <ref name=":0"/> A ranar 4 ga Maris 2009, Äbdıqalyqova ta zama Ministan Kwadago da Kare Jama'a na Jama'a <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-04 |title=О назначении Абдыкаликовой Г.Н. министром труда и социальной защиты населения Республики Казахстан |url=https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/U090000758_ |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=adilet.zan.kz}}</ref> har sai da ta sake zama mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban ƙasa a watan Satumba na 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-26 |title=Абдыкаликова назначена советником президента - председателем Нацкомиссии по делам женщин и семейно-демографической политике |url=https://www.kt.kz/rus/state/abdikalikova_naznachena_sovetnikom_prezidenta_predsedatelem_nackomissii_po_delam_zhenshtin_i_semejnodemograficheskoj_politike_1153561255.html |website=www.kt.kz}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 2013, aka naɗa Äbdıqalyqova a matsayin Mataimakiyar Firayim Minista na Kazakhstan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-29 |title=Gulshara Abdykalikova appointed Deputy Prime-Minister of Kazakhstan |url=https://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/gulshara-abdykalikova-appointed-deputy-prime-minister-of-24372/ |website=en.tengrinews.kz}}</ref> Ta yi wannan matsayin har zuwa lokacin da ta zama Sakatariyar Jiha ta Kazakhstan a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-12 |title=Abdykalikova appointed as State Secretary of Kazakhstan |url=https://kaztag.kz/en/news/abdykalikova-appointed-as-state-secretary-of-kazakhstan |website=kaztag.kz}}</ref> Daga 25 ga Fabrairu zuwa 20 ga Agusta, 2019, Äbdıqalyqova ta sake yin aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Firayim Minista kafin a sauke ta daga mukaminta ta zama memba na Mazhilis . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-25 |title=Gulshara Abdykalikova gets new appointment |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/article/3501841 |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=www.inform.kz }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nazira Kozhanova |date=2019-08-22 |title=Berdibek Saparbayev replaces Gulshara Abdykalikova as Kazakh Deputy Prime Minister |url=https://astanatimes.com/2019/08/berdibek-saparbayev-replaces-gulshara-abdykalikova-as-kazakh-deputy-prime-minister/ |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=astanatimes.com}}</ref> Daga nan, aka zaɓe ta a matsayin shugabar Kwamitin Ɗakin Zaure kan Ci gaban Al'adu da Al'adu a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Мадина Мамырханова |date=2019-09-04 |title=Гульшара Абдыкаликова возглавила комитет Мажилиса |url=https://kursiv.kz/news/otstavki-i-naznacheniya/2019-09/gulshara-abdykalikova-vozglavila-komitet-mazhilisa |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=kursiv.kz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-04 |title=Гульшара Абдыкаликова возглавила комитет мажилиса по социально-культурному развитию |url=https://inbusiness.kz/ru/last/gulshara-abdykalikova-vozglavila-komitet-mazhilisa-po-socialno-kulturnomu-razvitiyu |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=inbusiness.kz}}</ref> Daga ranar 28 ga Maris, 2020, zuwa 7 ga Afrilu, 2022, Äbdıqalyqova ita ce akimin Yankin Kyzylorda, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama mace ta farko a Kazakhstan da ta riƙe irin wannan matsayi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=INFORM.KZ |date=2020-03-28 |title=Gulshara Abdykalikova to head Kyzylorda region |url=https://www.inform.kz/en/article/3630403 |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=www.inform.kz |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=Гульшара Абдыкаликова покинула пост акима Кызылординской области |url=https://rus.azattyq-ruhy.kz/politics/35099-gulshara-abdykalikova-pokinula-post-akima-kyzylordinskoi-oblasti |website=rus.azattyq-ruhy.kz}}</ref> Tun daga ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2022, Gülşara Äbdıqalyqova ta kasance abokin hulɗar kasuwanci a fannin kula da albarkatun ɗan adam na JSC NC KazMunayGas. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=Гульшара Абдыкаликова получила новую должность в столице |url=https://exk.kz/news/133584/ghulshara-abdykalikova-poluchila-novuiu-dolzhnost-v-stolitsie |website=exk.kz }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hx7r6qccow2ysvhs4ehfmts2bcgwo91 0 146445 840096 834380 2026-05-25T17:47:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Guillermina Mekuy Mba Obono''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni 1982) marubuciya ce kuma 'yar siyasa 'yar ƙasar Equatoguine, wacce ta zama minista.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticias/guillermina_mekuy_mba_obono_presenta_su_libro_%E2%80%9Ctres_almas_para_un_corazon%E2%80%9D|title=Guillermina Mekuy Mba Obono presenta su libro "Tres almas para un corazón"}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Mekuy a shekarar 1982 a Evinayong kuma ta yi shekaru shida a wannan ƙasar kafin ta tafi zama a Madrid tare da iyalinta <ref name="cas">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-10 |title=Guillermina Mekuy Mba-Obono |url=https://www.casafrica.es/ |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Casafrica |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kamar yadda aka bai wa mahaifinta, wanda jami'in diflomasiyyar Guinea ne, aiki a Spain.<ref name=vfair>{{Cite magazine |date=2017-10-26 |title=La historia de amor de la ministra africana y el ginecólogo de la jet española |url=https://www.revistavanityfair.es/la-revista/articulos/guillermina-mekuy-expolitica-ginecologo-ignacio-palomo/26868 |access-date=2024-03-03 |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=es-ES |archive-date=2024-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303093716/https://www.revistavanityfair.es/la-revista/articulos/guillermina-mekuy-expolitica-ginecologo-ignacio-palomo/26868 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An buga littafinta na farko, ''El Llanto de la Perra'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mekuy |first=Guillermina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8p-AAAACAAJ&q=El+llanto+de+la+Perra+makeup |title=El llanto de la perra |date=2005 |publisher=Plaza Janés |isbn=978-84-01-33557-0 |language=es}}</ref> lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha bakwai. Ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Madrid mai zaman kanta a fannin Shari'a da Kimiyyar Siyasa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mekuy |first=Guillermina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta0qAQAAMAAJ |title=Las tres vírgenes de Santo Tomás |date=2008 |publisher=Suma de Letras |isbn=978-84-8365-047-9 |language=es}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, an buga littafinta na biyu, ''Las Tres Vírgenes de Santo Tomás''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellison |first=Mahan L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYE6EAAAQBAJ&q=mekuy&pg=PA113 |title=Africa in the Contemporary Spanish Novel, 1990–2010 |date=2021-08-19 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-7936-0743-0 |language=en}}</ref> Wannan littafin batsa ya jawo wasu suka. Littafin ya kunshi batun auren mata fiye da ɗaya wanda Mekuy ke adawa da shi ta ce tana tsammanin aminci daga abokin zamanta. <ref name="vfair" /> A lokacin da ta ke da shekaru 25 ta karɓi muƙamin shugabar gidajen tarihi da ɗakunan karatu na ƙasarta wanda tsohon shugaban ƙasar Equatorial Guinea, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo ya bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teresa {{!}} Film 2010 {{!}} Moviepilot |url=https://www.moviepilot.de/movies/teresa--2 |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=moviepilot.de |language=de}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2009 ɗakin karatu na ƙasarta, {{Interlanguage link|Biblioteca Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial|es}}, an buɗe shi kuma Mekuy shine daraktan farko. A shekarar 2010 aka fitar da fim ɗin [[Teresa (2010 film)|Teresa]] mai tsawon mintuna 34. Fim ne game da matasa uku kuma Mekuy ce ta rubuta rubutun. [[Juan Pablo Ebang Esono|Juan Pablo Ebang Eson]] ne ya ba da umarni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Teresa {{!}} Film 2010 {{!}} Moviepilot |url=https://www.moviepilot.de/movies/teresa--2 |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=moviepilot.de |language=de}}</ref> A cikin 2011 ta buga ''Tres Almas Para Un Corazón (Rayukan Uku don Zuciya)''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mekuy |first=Guillermina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDsXGctdxDYC&q=guillermina+mekuy |title=Tres almas para un corazón |date=2011-05-05 |publisher=Grupo Planeta Spain |isbn=978-84-270-3780-9 |language=es}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Equatorial Guinea ta sanar da sabuwar gwamnati da aka raba zuwa gida biyu. An sanar da Mekuy a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sanatoci 100 a majalisar dattawa. <ref name="e73">{{Cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea News |url=https://equatorial73.rssing.com/chan-10813942/all_p4.html |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=equatorial73.rssing.com}}</ref> An sanar da ita a matsayin ministar al'adu a shekarar 2016. An san ta da sanya kayan kwalliya kuma ana yi mata laƙabi da "Ministar Dior". == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] lniifokob48ie4urzylmb3a72db06yv 0 146812 840210 834546 2026-05-26T03:14:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haruna Garba''' dan siyasa ne dan kasar [[Najeriya]] daga [[Jihar Gombe]]. Ya taba zama [[Sanata]] mai wakiltar mazabar '''Gombe South''' a [[Majalisar Dattawa ta Najeriya]] daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2003. <ref>{{cite web |title=Elections in Nigeria 1999 |url=http://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html |access-date=28 Maris 2026 |publisher=African Elections Database |archive-date=2011-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108050849/http://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Haruna Garba a Jihar Gombe, Najeriya, inda ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=About Gombe State |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/about-gombe-state-nigeria/ |access-date=28 Maris 2026 |publisher=Media Nigeria}}</ref> == Harkokin Siyasa == Haruna Garba ya shiga siyasa karkashin jam'iyyar [[All People's Party]], wadda daga bisani ta koma [[All Nigeria Peoples Party]]. A zaben shekarar 1999 aka zabe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Gombe South a lokacin fara Jamhuriya ta Hudu. <ref>{{cite web |title=Political Parties in Nigeria |url=http://africanelections.tripod.com/ng_parties.html |access-date=28 Maris 2026 |publisher=African Elections Database }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin wa’adinsa, ya wakilci al’ummar mazabarsa tare da shiga ayyukan majalisa da suka shafi dokoki da manufofin kasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Assembly Members Archive |url=https://www.nass.gov.ng |access-date=28 Maris 2026 |publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria}}</ref> == Bayan Majalisa == Bayan kammala wa’adinsa a shekarar 2003, ya ci gaba da taka rawa a harkokin siyasa a Jihar Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Political History of Gombe State |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/about-gombe-state-nigeria/ |access-date=28 Maris 2026 |publisher=Media Nigeria}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] jvzsxacsfwwv5zhq3ufy38kjxyw50wi 0 147043 840195 827351 2026-05-25T21:51:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haley McGee''' 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Kanada, marubuciya kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo da ke zaune a [[Landan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Haley McGee |url=http://www.haleymcgee.ca/about |publisher=Haley McGee}}</ref> McGee an fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Dorothy Skerritt, mataimakin [[Nikola Tesla]] a cikin Doctor Who episode "Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror". An kuma san ta da wasan kwaikwayon kanta, kwanan nan Age Is A Feeling da The Ex-Boyfriend Yard Sale . == ''Shekaru Jin Jin Jin'' == McGee ta 2022 show ya fara ne a Edinburgh Festival kuma ya lashe Fringe First Award. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Scotsman Fringe Awards: this year's Edinburgh festival prize-winners |url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/edinburgh-festivals/scotsman-fringe-awards-this-years-edinburgh-festival-prize-winners-3818569 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=www.scotsman.com |language=en}}</ref> Yana ba da labarin rayuwar mutum guda ɗaya daga ranar haihuwar 25 har zuwa mutuwa. An ba da labarin gaba ɗaya a cikin mutum na biyu kuma ya haɗa da sassan labarin reshe bisa ga zaɓin masu sauraro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-10 |title=Age Is a Feeling review – an astonishing dive into the future |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/aug/10/age-is-a-feeling-review-haley-mcgee-summerhall-edinburgh |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Nunin ya fara ne a Edinburgh a ranar 27 ga Yuli 2022, kuma ya ci gaba a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Soho a London daga 6 ga Satumba 2022 har zuwa 11 ga Maris 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGee |first=Haley |date=2022-08-02 |title='This show is starting to live under my fingernails': the road to Edinburgh fringe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/aug/02/haley-mcgee-edinburgh-fringe-age-is-a-feeling |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Age Is A Feeling |url=https://sohotheatre.com/shows/age-is-a-feeling/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=Soho Theatre |language=en-GB}}</ref> An zabi wannan yanki don Kyautar Olivier a shekarar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Haley McGee’s Age is a Feeling nominated for an Olivier Award |url=https://www.morgangreencreatives.com/news-items/haley-mcgees-age-is-a-feeling-nominated-for-an-olivier-award |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Morgan Green Creatives |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fergus Morgan na Scotsman ya bayyana wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin "kyakkyawan aiki da kuma mai hankali, rubuce-rubuce mai basira, cike da basira da kuma hikima mai ban mamaki daga wani wanda ke da shekaru 36 kawai. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingenthron |first=Blair |title=Haley McGee's AGE IS A FEELING Wins Fringe First Award |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/scotland/article/Haley-McGees-AGE-IS-A-FEELING-Wins-Fringe-First-Award-20220826 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}</ref> == ''Sayar da Tsohon Aboki Yard'' == McGee ta 2018 solo show ya gayyaci masu sauraro su darajar abubuwa takwas, kowannensu kyauta daga tsohon saurayi.<ref> name="ex-boyfriend-guardian">{{Cite web |last=Wiegand |first=Chris |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Ex-Boyfriend Yard Sale: can you put a price on sentimental value? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/nov/27/the-ex-boyfriend-yard-sale-haley-mcgee |access-date=24 January 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> McGee ta bayyana cewa wahayi zuwa ga wasan kwaikwayon shine samun kanta cikin bashi bayan ta koma London, kuma tana buƙatar yin aiki game da waɗanne abubuwa ya kamata a sayar don biyan bashin ta.<ref name="ex-boyfriend-guardian" /> McGee ta haɓaka wasan kwaikwayon tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Melanie Frances, masanin lissafi da mai zane-zane na dijital wanda ya taimaka wajen haɓaka tsari wanda ya haɗa da shigarwa kamar "ƙididdigar dangantaka", ya auna lokacinta tare da kowane tsohon a kan sikelin ɗaya zuwa goma, "yadda suka sa ka dariya, rabo na nishaɗi zuwa baƙin ciki da kuma yadda jima'i yake da kyau". McGee ya bayyana yadda aka samo tsari yayin da wasan kwaikwayon ke gudana. An daidaita wasan kwaikwayon a cikin littafi wanda aka buga a watan Mayu 2021 ta Penguin Random House Canada <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2014 |title=Daily Deals: HarperCollins acquires Alex Light's YA novel from Wattpad; Doubleday picks up Haley McGee's The Ex-Boyfriend Yard Sale |url=https://quillandquire.com/omni/daily-deals-harpercollins-acquires-alex-lights-ya-novel-from-wattpad-doubleday-picks-up-haley-mcgees-the-ex-boyfriend-yard-sale/}}</ref> da Hodder &amp;amp; Stougton a Burtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ex Boyfriend Yard Sale |url=https://www.foyles.co.uk/witem/biography/the-exboyfriend-yard-sale,haley-mcgee-9781529391497 |publisher=Foyles}}</ref> McGee McGee kuma ya haɓaka wannan ra'ayi a cikin jerin sauti, The Cost of Love, tsarin kwasfan fayiloli da aka saki a lokaci guda tare da littafin. == Ƙalubalen Ƙwarewa na Rana 14 == A lokacin [[Rufewar COVID-19|COVID-19 Lockdown]] na lokacin rani na 2020, McGee ya haɓaka kuma ya jagoranci ƙalubalen ƙwarewar rana 14, shirin da aka tsara don ba da damar masu fasaha su kasance masu kirkira a lokacin da wuraren aikin kirkira suka kasance a rufe. Shirin ya kai ga masu sauraro na kan layi sama da 1000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-22 |title='What even is theatre now?': the fringe artists left out in the cold |url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/may/22/what-even-is-theatre-now-the-fringe-artists-left-out-in-the-cold-covid-19 |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sumi |first=Glenn |date=2020-06-06 |title=Meet the brains behind the 14-Day Creative Quarantine Challenge |url=https://nowtoronto.com/lifestyle/education/haley-mcgee-14-day-creative-quarantine-challenge |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=NOW Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == * Oh My Irma (2011) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-15 |title=Oh My Irma: An Edinburgh Fringe Review |url=https://www.ayoungertheatre.com/edinburgh-fringe-review-oh-my-irma-never-mind-the-noise-hill-street-theatre/ |publisher=A Younger Theatre}}</ref> * ''Yanayi Yanayi'' (2013) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lynn Slotkin |date=2013-12-14 |title=DANNY AND THE DEEP BLUE SEA and WEATHER THE WEATHER |url=http://slotkinletter.com/?s=weather+the+weather |publisher=The Slotkin Letter}}</ref> * ''Ina yin hakan a gare ku'' (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Glen Sumi |date=2017-05-05 |title=I'm Doing This For You is cause for celebration |url=https://nowtoronto.com/stage/theatre/i-m-doing-this-for-you-is-cause-for-celebration/ |publisher=Now Toronto }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * ''Ma'aikacin Jama'a'' (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Public Servant |url=http://www.commonbootstheatre.ca/public-servant/ |publisher=Common Boots Theatre }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Tsohon Abokin Yard Sale (2018) <ref name="ex-boyfriend-guardian">{{Cite web |last=Wiegand |first=Chris |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Ex-Boyfriend Yard Sale: can you put a price on sentimental value? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/nov/27/the-ex-boyfriend-yard-sale-haley-mcgee |access-date=24 January 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWiegand2018">Wiegand, Chris (27 November 2018). </cite></ref> * ''Shekaru Yana da Jin'' Jin Jin (2022) A cikin 2022, McGee ta kasance mai tseren karshe don Kyautar Offies don wasan kwaikwayonta na solo Age Is a Feeling, ta sami karbuwa a cikin Mafi kyawun Ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Offies 2022 Finalists – Age Is a Feeling |url=https://www.offies.london/2022-finalists/age-is-a-feeling |access-date=11 December 2025 |website=Offies.London }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |2009 |''Labaran Birane'' |Bethany Dickson |Shirye-shiryen talabijin, labarin: "Hamuran Iyali" |- |2015 |''Asirin Murdoch'' |Susan Trent |Jerin talabijin, fasalin: "Pipe Dreamzzz" |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |''Ka rufe ido'' |Haley |Gajeren fim |- |''Star Ocean: Anamnesis'' |Mystina |Wasan bidiyo, wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo a matsayin ''Haylee'' McGee |- |2020 |''Dokta Wanene'' |Dorothy Skerritt |Jerin talabijin, labarin: "Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror" |- |2023 |''Ƙaunar Har ila yau'' |PR Lady |Fim mai tsawo |- | |''Ganuwar'' | |Gajeren fim |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] o4yer93kiij1pkyhjvepzkuyuq5sk1m 0 147207 840239 816850 2026-05-26T05:25:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840239 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Helen Irene Arnold''' (17 ga Yuni, 1927 - 18 ga Janairu, 2023) 'yar siyasa ce ta Amurka. Arnold 'yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|jam'iyyar Republican]] ce, ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Oklahoma daga 1976-1982, tana wakiltar gundumar 71. Ta yi aiki a kwamitoci da dama a lokacin da take kan mulki, ciki har da kwamitin Ilimi, kwamitin Tsaron Jama'a da Hukuncin Hukunci, da kuma kwamitin Gwamnatin Birni/Gundumar. A shekarar 1978, Arnold ya dauki nauyin kudirin [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|ERA]] na Majalisar. <ref name="reading eagle">{{Cite web |title=Oklahomans to Reconsider ERA Measure |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19820119&id=WPwxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=seQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6344,5469328&hl=en |access-date=23 March 2015 |website=Google.com |publisher=Reading Eagle}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Helen Irene Arnold, wacce ta fi tsufa a cikin 'ya'ya uku a ƙaramin gari na Marysville, Kansas . A lokacin karatunta na yarinta, Arnold ya ci gaba da sha'awar tarihi da gwamnati. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Arnold ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar Kansas saboda kusancinta da gidan danginta. Ta yi karatun digiri a tarihi da kimiyyar siyasa ta gwamnati. Mijinta na gaba, Maurice Arnold, shi ma ɗan asalin Marysville, KS ne kuma yana zaune a gefen titi daga Helen a Jami'ar Jihar Kansas. Su biyun sun yi aure a shekarar 1948. Maurice ƙwararren masanin ilimin ƙasa ne kuma yana aiki a wurin da yanzu ake kira BP-Amoco (a lokacin Standolind Oil and Gas). Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Mississippi sannan zuwa Texas da kuma kusa da Colorado. A ƙarshe, aikin Maurice ya tura su zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda yanzu shine Cibiyar Schusterman ta Jami'ar Oklahoma . Jimilla, ma'auratan sun ƙaura sau 33, kuma sun ƙare a [[Tulsa|Tulsa, OK]] tare da gidan bazara a Colorado. <ref name="Oral Hist">{{Cite journal |last=Finchum |first=Tanya |date=January 9, 2008 |title=Oral History Interview with Helen Arnold |url=http://dc.library.okstate.edu/cdm/ref/collection/legislature/id/296 |journal=Women of the Oklahoma Legislature |access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref> == Aiki kafin yin doka == Arnold ta koyar a Colorado kuma lokacin da ta ƙaura zuwa Tulsa ta koyar da haruffa da lissafi a Makarantar Madeline (wata makarantar Katolika da ba ta wanzu a yanzu). Bayan yin hakan na tsawon shekara guda, Arnold ya fara aikin sa kai, yana aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar mata masu zaɓe ta Oklahoma. <ref name="Oral Hist"/> == Majalisar Wakilai ta Oklahoma (1976–1982) == Arnold ya yi kamfe kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin wakilin gundumar 71 a shekarar 1976. A shekarar 1978, reshen jam'iyyar Republican mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya ɗauki wani don ya fafata da Arnold domin ya kore ta daga muƙaminsa. Saboda kuskuren fasaha da ya samu daga ɓangaren mai ƙalubalantar, Arnold ya ci gaba da zama a kujerarta ta Majalisar Wakilai. Helen tana ɗaya daga cikin mata shida daga Tulsa da ke aiki a lokacin. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gabatar da kuma zartar da dokar ungozoma ta ma'aikatan jinya tare da Sanata Steve Wolfe. Tare da Cleta Deatherage, an yi wa Arnold lakabi da "Bakin Majalisa," kyautar da aka bai wa ɗan majalisar da ya fi kowa magana a kai. === Kwamitoci === * Ilimi * Tsaron Jama'a da Harkokin Hukunci * Gwamnatin Birni/Gundumar == Bayan dokokin == Bayan zamanta a Majalisar Wakilai, Arnold ta yanke shawarar yin aiki a matsayin wakilin tag a lokacin da aka naɗa Roger Randle daga 1984-1986. Lokacin da Henry Bellmon ya tsaya takarar gwamna a 1986, Arnold ya nemi a sanya shi a cikin Hukumar Haraji. Bellmon yana da shakku game da ɗan Republican a wannan kwamiti, kuma bayan zaɓensa a matsayin gwamna, ya nemi Arnold ya zo majalisar ministocinsa ya zama Daraktan Ofishin Harkokin Jama'a, (Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Tsakiya) Arnold ya yi wannan muƙamin na tsawon shekaru uku da rabi. Mijin Helen, Maurice, ya yi ritaya a 1980 kuma yana da 'yancin ziyartarta akai-akai a lokacin da take a matsayin Daraktan Ofishin Harkokin Jama'a. Bayan ta yi ritaya ta bi diddigin siyasa a yankinta kuma ta ƙarfafa mata su yi takara. <ref name="Oral Hist"/> Ta mutu a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2023, tana da shekaru 95. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helen Irene Arnold |url=https://www.garykelleyafs.com/obituary/helen-arnold |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=Gary Kelley's AFS |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021083907/https://www.garykelleyafs.com/obituary/helen-arnold |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]] 9yzxtltp41iyfe4hi5l99bqlaet2qnl 0 147208 840238 816852 2026-05-26T05:24:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Helen Irene Arnold''' (17 ga Yuni, 1927 - 18 ga Janairu, 2023) 'yar siyasa ce ta Amurka. Arnold 'yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|jam'iyyar Republican]] ce, ta yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Oklahoma daga 1976-1982, tana wakiltar gundumar 71. Ta yi aiki a kwamitoci da dama a lokacin da take kan mulki, ciki har da kwamitin Ilimi, kwamitin Tsaron Jama'a da Hukuncin Hukunci, da kuma kwamitin Gwamnatin Birni/Gundumar. A shekarar 1978, Arnold ya dauki nauyin kudirin [[Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki|ERA]] na Majalisar. <ref name="reading eagle">{{Cite web |title=Oklahomans to Reconsider ERA Measure |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19820119&id=WPwxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=seQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6344,5469328&hl=en |access-date=23 March 2015 |website=Google.com |publisher=Reading Eagle}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Helen Irene Arnold, wacce ta fi tsufa a cikin 'ya'ya uku a ƙaramin gari na Marysville, Kansas . A lokacin karatunta na yarinta, Arnold ya ci gaba da sha'awar tarihi da gwamnati. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Arnold ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar Kansas saboda kusancinta da gidan danginta. Ta yi karatun digiri a tarihi da kimiyyar siyasa ta gwamnati. Mijinta na gaba, Maurice Arnold, shi ma ɗan asalin Marysville, KS ne kuma yana zaune a gefen titi daga Helen a Jami'ar Jihar Kansas. Su biyun sun yi aure a shekarar 1948. Maurice ƙwararren masanin ilimin ƙasa ne kuma yana aiki a wurin da yanzu ake kira BP-Amoco (a lokacin Standolind Oil and Gas). Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Mississippi sannan zuwa Texas da kuma kusa da Colorado. A ƙarshe, aikin Maurice ya tura su zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda yanzu shine Cibiyar Schusterman ta Jami'ar Oklahoma . Jimilla, ma'auratan sun ƙaura sau 33, kuma sun ƙare a [[Tulsa|Tulsa, OK]] tare da gidan bazara a Colorado. <ref name="Oral Hist">{{Cite journal |last=Finchum |first=Tanya |date=January 9, 2008 |title=Oral History Interview with Helen Arnold |url=http://dc.library.okstate.edu/cdm/ref/collection/legislature/id/296 |journal=Women of the Oklahoma Legislature |access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref> == Aiki kafin yin doka == Arnold ta koyar a Colorado kuma lokacin da ta ƙaura zuwa Tulsa ta koyar da haruffa da lissafi a Makarantar Madeline (wata makarantar Katolika da ba ta wanzu a yanzu). Bayan yin hakan na tsawon shekara guda, Arnold ya fara aikin sa kai, yana aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar mata masu zaɓe ta Oklahoma. <ref name="Oral Hist"/> == Majalisar Wakilai ta Oklahoma (1976–1982) == Arnold ya yi kamfe kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin wakilin gundumar 71 a shekarar 1976. A shekarar 1978, reshen jam'iyyar Republican mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya ɗauki wani don ya fafata da Arnold domin ya kore ta daga muƙaminsa. Saboda kuskuren fasaha da ya samu daga ɓangaren mai ƙalubalantar, Arnold ya ci gaba da zama a kujerarta ta Majalisar Wakilai. Helen tana ɗaya daga cikin mata shida daga Tulsa da ke aiki a lokacin. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gabatar da kuma zartar da dokar ungozoma ta ma'aikatan jinya tare da Sanata Steve Wolfe. Tare da Cleta Deatherage, an yi wa Arnold lakabi da "Bakin Majalisa," kyautar da aka bai wa ɗan majalisar da ya fi kowa magana a kai. === Kwamitoci === * Ilimi * Tsaron Jama'a da Harkokin Hukunci * Gwamnatin Birni/Gundumar == Bayan dokokin == Bayan zamanta a Majalisar Wakilai, Arnold ta yanke shawarar yin aiki a matsayin wakilin tag a lokacin da aka naɗa Roger Randle daga 1984-1986. Lokacin da Henry Bellmon ya tsaya takarar gwamna a 1986, Arnold ya nemi a sanya shi a cikin Hukumar Haraji. Bellmon yana da shakku game da ɗan Republican a wannan kwamiti, kuma bayan zaɓensa a matsayin gwamna, ya nemi Arnold ya zo majalisar ministocinsa ya zama Daraktan Ofishin Harkokin Jama'a, (Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Tsakiya) Arnold ya yi wannan muƙamin na tsawon shekaru uku da rabi. Mijin Helen, Maurice, ya yi ritaya a 1980 kuma yana da 'yancin ziyartarta akai-akai a lokacin da take a matsayin Daraktan Ofishin Harkokin Jama'a. Bayan ta yi ritaya ta bi diddigin siyasa a yankinta kuma ta ƙarfafa mata su yi takara. <ref name="Oral Hist"/> Ta mutu a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2023, tana da shekaru 95. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Helen Irene Arnold |url=https://www.garykelleyafs.com/obituary/helen-arnold |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=Gary Kelley's AFS |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021083907/https://www.garykelleyafs.com/obituary/helen-arnold |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]] 67vgt9a482yl47z7o0ssl6eiwklr8zz 0 147395 840085 817727 2026-05-25T15:09:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Glen Travis Campbell''' (Afrilu 22, 1936 - Agusta 8, 2017) mawaki ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasar Amurka. Ya shahara da jerin waƙoƙin da suka shahara a shekarun 1960 da 1970, da kuma ɗaukar nauyin ''The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour'' a talabijin na [[CBS]] daga 1969 zuwa 1972. Campbell, wanda aka san shi da zama ɗan wasan guitar kafin ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na kaɗaici, ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙi 64 a cikin aikinsa wanda ya ɗauki shekaru hamsin, yana sayar da rikodin sama da miliyan 45 a duk duniya, gami da kundin waƙoƙin zinariya guda goma sha biyu, kundin waƙoƙin platinum guda huɗu, da kuma kundin waƙoƙin platinum guda biyu. An haife shi a Billstown, Arkansas, Campbell ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a matsayin mawaƙin studio a Los Angeles, inda ya shafe shekaru da dama yana wasa da ƙungiyar mawakan kiɗa da aka fi sani da " The Wrecking Crew ". Bayan ya zama mawaƙin kaɗaici, ya sanya jimillar waƙoƙi 80 daban-daban a kan <nowiki><i id="mwJQ">Billboard</i></nowiki> Country Chart, <nowiki><i id="mwJw">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100, ko Adult Contemporary Chart, waɗanda 29 suka shiga cikin manyan 10 kuma tara daga cikinsu sun kai matsayi na ɗaya akan aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan jadawalin. Daga cikin waƙoƙin Campbell akwai " Universal Soldier ", waƙar da ya fara bugawa tun daga 1965, tare da " Gentle on My Mind " (1967), " By the Time I Get to Phoenix " (1967), " Dreams of the Everyday Housewife " (1968), " Wichita Lineman " (1968), " Galveston " (1969), " Rhinestone Cowboy " (1975), da " Southern Nights " (1977). A shekarar 1967, Campbell ya lashe kyaututtukan Grammy guda huɗu a fannin ƙasar da kuma na pop. Don waƙar "Gentle on My Mind", ya sami kyaututtuka biyu a fannin ƙasa da na yamma ; "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" ya yi haka a cikin waƙar pop. Daga baya uku daga cikin waƙoƙin farko da ya yi sun lashe kyaututtukan Grammy Hall of Fame (2000, 2004, 2008), yayin da Campbell da kansa ya lashe kyautar Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award a shekarar 2012. Ya mallaki kyaututtuka ga Mawakin Shekarar Male daga Ƙungiyar Mawakan Ƙasa (CMA) da Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Ƙasa (ACM), kuma ya karɓi kyautar CMA a matsayin Mai Nishaɗi na Shekara ta 1968. Campbell ya taka rawa wajen tallafawa fim ɗin ''True Grit'' (1969), wanda ya ba shi damar samun kyautar Golden Globe don Most Promising Newcomer. Ya kuma rera waƙar taken, wacce aka zaɓe shi don kyautar Academy Award . Campbell ya sanar da cewa an gano yana da [[cutar Alzheimer]] a shekarar 2011 kuma ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2013 bayan ya yi rikodin waƙarsa ta ƙarshe, " I'm Not Gonna Miss You ". Ya mutu sakamakon cutar a ranar 8 ga Agusta, 2017, yana da shekaru 81. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Glen Travis Campbell a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1936, a Billstown, wani ƙaramin gari kusa da Delight a Pike County, Arkansas, ga John Wesley Campbell ( mai raba gona ) da Carrie Dell (née Stone) Campbell. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Glen Campbell (1936–) |url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=603 |access-date=August 19, 2015 |website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas}}</ref> Campbell ɗan asalin Scotland ne kuma shi ne ɗa na bakwai cikin 'ya'ya 12. Tun yana yaro kusan ya mutu sakamakon nutsewa. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2015 |title=Glen Campbell Talks With Dan Miller |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KW0ilivQreM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508194214/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=KW0ilivQreM&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=May 8, 2021 |access-date=August 5, 2021 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Iyalinsa sun je Cocin Kristi, kuma ɗan'uwan Campbell Lindell ya zama mai wa'azin Cocin Kristi. <ref name="auto3" /> A shekarar 2011, Campbell ya ce mahaifiyarsa 'yar Ireland ce; kodayake an haife ta a Amurka, iyalanta sun yi ƙaura daga County Tipperary . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2017 |title=Glen Campbell's Irish roots: what you need to know |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/news/glen-campbell-family-ireland-scotland |access-date=August 5, 2021 |website=IrishCentral.com}}</ref> Iyalin suna zaune a gona, inda ba su da ƙarfin yin aiki, ta hanyar noman auduga, masara, kankana da dankali. "Ba mu da wutar lantarki," in ji shi, kuma kuɗi yana da ƙaranci. "Dala ɗaya a wancan lokacin ta yi kama da bargon sirdi ." Don ƙara kuɗin shiga, iyalin suna ɗebo auduga ga sauran manoma. "Na tsinci auduga akan dala $1.25 fam ɗari," in ji Campbell. "Idan ka cire wutsiyarka, za ka iya tsintar fam 80 ko 90 a rana." Campbell ya fara buga guitar yana ɗan shekara 4 bayan mahaifinsa ya ba shi kyautar Sears - ya sayi guitar ta dala biyar a matsayin kyauta, tare da kawunsa Boo yana koya masa muhimman abubuwan da ake buƙata na yadda ake wasa. [1] Ya ce, yawancin iyalinsa kiɗa ne. "A gida, kowa yana wasa kuma yana waƙa." [2] Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 6, yana yin wasa a gidajen rediyo na gida. Campbell ya ci gaba da buga guitar a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ba tare da horo na musamman ba, kuma yana yin atisaye lokacin da ba ya aiki a gonakin auduga. Ya haɓaka baiwarsa ta hanyar sauraron rediyo da rikodin sauti kuma ya ɗauki Django Reinhardt a cikin mawakan guitar da ya fi so, daga baya ya kira shi "ɗan wasa mafi ban mamaki da na taɓa ji." <ref name="bransonsreview">{{Cite web |last=Antus |first=Paul L. |title='Turn Around, Look at Me' A Glen Campbell Invitation |url=http://www.bransonsreview.com/story_June02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326191430/http://www.bransonsreview.com/story_June02.html |archive-date=March 26, 2012 |access-date=June 10, 2012 |website=Branson's Review}}</ref> Ya daina makaranta a aji na 10 <ref name="auto3"/> yana ɗan shekara 14 don yin aiki a [[Houston]] tare da 'yan uwansa, yana sanya rufin gida sannan daga baya ya yi aiki a gidan mai. Ba tare da gamsuwa da irin wannan aikin ba, Campbell ya fara kunna kiɗa a wuraren bukukuwa da kuma wuraren shakatawa na coci da kuma rera waƙoƙin bishara a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta coci. Ya sami damar samun wurare yana yin wasa a gidajen rediyo na gida, kuma bayan iyayensa sun ƙaura zuwa Houston, ya yi wasu wasanni a wani gidan rawa na gida. == Sana'a == === 1960–1966: Farkon aikin ===   A shekarar 1960, Campbell ya koma [[Los Angeles]] don zama mawaƙin zaman . A watan Oktoba, ya shiga Champs . Zuwa watan Janairun 1961, <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 30, 1961 |title=Glen Campbell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiEEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22glen+campbell%22&pg=PA26 |journal=Billboard Magazine |volume=1 |issue=36 |page=26 |access-date=June 17, 2012}}</ref> Campbell ya sami aikin yini a kamfanin buga littattafai na American Music, yana rubuta waƙoƙi da kuma yin rikodin demos. <ref name="bransonsreview"/> Saboda waɗannan demos ɗin, nan da nan Campbell ya zama mai son zama mawaƙin zaman kuma ya zama ɓangare na ƙungiyar mawakan studio daga baya da aka sani da Wrecking Crew . <ref name="hartman-wrecking-crew" /> Campbell ya yi rikodin waƙoƙin Beach Boys, Bobby Darin, [[Frank Sinatra]], Ricky Nelson, Dean Martin, Nat King Cole, Monkees, Nancy Sinatra, Merle Haggard, Jan da Dean, Bing Crosby, Phil Spector, Sammy Davis Jr., Doris Day, Bobby Vee, The Everly Brothers, Shelley Fabares, The Cascades, Paul Revere &amp;amp; the Raiders, Wayne Newton, The First Edition, The Kingston Trio, Roger Miller, Gene Clark, Lou Rawls, Claude King, Lorne Greene, Ronnie Dove, da [[Elvis Presley]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Flynn |first=Keith |title=Keith Flynn's Elvis Presley pages |url=http://www.keithflynn.com/recording-sessions/630830.html |access-date=June 10, 2012 |website=KeithFlynn.com}}</ref> Ya yi abota da Presley lokacin da ya taimaka wajen yin rikodin waƙoƙin ''Viva Las Vegas'' a 1964. Daga baya ya ce, "Ni da Elvis mun girma a irin wannan hanyar - muna ɗaukar auduga muna kallon ƙarshen kudu na alfadari mai tafiya arewa." A watan Mayun 1961, ya bar Champs kuma daga baya Crest Records, wani reshe na American Music ya sanya masa hannu. Fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna " Turn Around, Look at Me ", wanda ya samu nasara mai yawa, ya kai lamba 62 a kan Hot 100 a shekarar 1961 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Allmusic – Glen Campbell – Awards |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/glen-campbell-mn0000664378/awards |access-date=June 17, 2012 |website=AllMusic.com |publisher=Rovi Corp.}}</ref> amma ya kai lamba 7 a kan Hot 100 a cikin wani murfin Vogues na shekarar 1968. Campbell ya kuma kafa Gee Cees tare da tsoffin membobin ƙungiyar mawaka daga Champs, suna yin wasa a Crossbow Inn da ke Van Nuys . Gee Cees suma, sun fitar da waƙa ɗaya a kan Crest, wato "Buzz Saw" ta kayan kida, wadda ba ta yi zane ba. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] ===manazarta=== km5p7k7p4g580hniw0hsz9swma0uj1m 0 147559 840097 834383 2026-05-25T17:53:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840097 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Jirgin karkashin kasa na Guiyang Metro tsarin sufuri ne mai sauri a birnin Guiyang, lardin Guizhou, kasar Sin. Ana gudanar da shi kuma ana yi masa lakabi da Guiyang Urban Railway Transit ('''GYURT'''). Wani ɗan gajeren ɓangaren arewacin Layin 1 ya buɗe a ranar 28 ga Disamba 2017, tare da cikakken layin shiga aiki a ranar 1 ga Disamba 2018. <ref name="gzdsw">{{Cite web |title=贵阳，地铁来了！ |url=http://news.gzdsw.com/gz/2018/1123/99960.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200855/http://news.gzdsw.com/gz/2018/1123/99960.html |archive-date=2018-11-23 |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=news.gzdsw.com}}</ref> Layin 2 ya buɗe a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2021.<ref name="xinhua202104">{{Cite web |title=贵阳轨道交通2号线4月28日全线开通运营 |url=http://www.gz.xinhuanet.com/2021-04/26/c_1127378070.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426113938/http://www.gz.xinhuanet.com/2021-04/26/c_1127378070.htm |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |quote=轨道交通2号线开通初期运营后，贵阳市有2条地铁线路开通运营，全网线路长度增加到75.7公里，其中，1号线35.1公里，2号线40.6公里}}</ref> Layin 3 ya buɗe a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2023 . <ref name="chinanews202312">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2023 |title=贵阳轨道交通3号线正式开通运营 |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/2023/12-16/10129835.shtml |publisher=中国新闻网}}</ref> Layin S1 ya buɗe a ranar 28 ga Disamba 2024. Layin T2, layin tram, ma ana ginawa.<ref name="open202301">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=贵阳地铁3号线一期、S1线一期、T2线一期建成投用时间 |url=http://news.gog.cn/system/2023/01/09/018297540.shtml |quote=确保2023年3号线一期建成投用，2024年S1线一期、T2线一期建成投用 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="gywb1">{{Cite web |title=贵阳有轨电车T2线正式开工 |url=https://wb.gywb.cn/ipaper/gywb/html/2020-04/01/content_5752.htm |publisher=贵阳晚报 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Farashin Farashin Farashi == Ana ƙayyade farashi bisa ga nisan da aka yi tafiya, tare da matsakaicin farashi na RMB 8, da kuma mafi ƙarancin farashi na NMB 2. Yara a ƙarƙashin mita 1.3 a tsawo suna tafiya kyauta, yayin da wasu yara ke biyan rabin farashi. Mutanen da suka wuce shekaru 70 suna jin daɗin tafiye-tafiye kyauta a kan sufuri na jama'a a Guiyang. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tsakanin !Tafiya !Bayani |- |< 4km |RMB 2 | |- |4 - 12 km (4km ba a haɗa shi ba) |RMB 3 / 4 |RMB +1 ga kowane kilomita 4 da aka yi tafiya bayan kilomita 4 na farko (idan ƙarin nisan bai kai cikakken farashi na kilomita 4 ba zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa ta RMB 1) |- |12 - 24 km (12km ba a haɗa su ba) |RMB 5 / 6 |RMB +1 ga kowane kilomita 6 bayan tafiya kilomita 12 na farko (idan ƙarin nisan bai kai cikakken farashi na kilomita 6 ba zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa da RMB 1) |- |> 24km |RMB 7 / 8 |RMB +1 ga kowane kilomita 8 bayan kilomita 24 na farko da aka yi tafiya (idan ƙarin nisan bai kai cikakken farashi na kilomita 8 ba zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa ta RMB 1) |} == Kayan aiki == Lines 1, 2, 3, S1 suna amfani da motoci 6 Type-B jiragen kasa da CRRC Nanjing Puzhen ta ƙera. <ref>{{Cite web |last=ThinkCMF |title=贵阳市城市轨道交通有限公司 |url=http://www.gyurt.com/index.php/article/content/id/1319 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117154105/http://www.gyurt.com/index.php/article/content/id/1319 |archive-date=2017-11-17 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.gyurt.com}}</ref> Layin Tram Line T2 zai yi amfani da trams na roba wanda Kamfanin BYD ya ƙera (kamar Layin 1 (Pingshan SkyShuttle) a Shenzhen) <ref>{{Cite web |last=ThinkCMF |title=贵阳市有轨电车示范线（T2线一期工程）环境影响评价信息第二次公示-贵阳城市轨道交通 |url=http://www.gyurt.com/system/2020/05/29/030503375.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024114927/http://www.gyurt.com/system/2020/05/29/030503375.shtml |archive-date=2020-10-24 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=www.gyurt.com}}</ref> == Lines a cikin aiki == [[Fayil:Guiyang_Urban_Rail_Transit_Map.png|center|thumb|1131x1131px|Taswirar Guiyang Metro]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="cell-padding:1.5; font-size:96%; text-align:center;" ! data-sort-type="text" style="width:120px;" |Layin ! colspan="2" class="unsortable" style="width:450px; line-height:1.05" |Tashoshin (Gundumar) <br /> !Farawa !Sabon Ƙarin<br /> ! style="line-height:1.05" |Tsawon kilomita<br /><small>km</small> ! style="line-height:1.05" |Tashoshin |- | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" | 1  | style="text-align:center; width:225px; line-height:1.05" |'''[[Douguan station|Douguan]]''' (Guanshanhu) <br /> | style="text-align:center; width:225px; line-height:1.05" |'''[[Xiaomeng Industrial Park station|Gidan Masana'antu na Xiaomeng]]''' (Huaxi) <br /> | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |2017 | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |2019 | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |35.11<ref name="xh201812">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-01 |title=贵阳市轨道交通1号线全线正式开通初期运营 |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-12/01/c_1123794055.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025091521/http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-12/01/c_1123794055.htm |archive-date=October 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-01 |title=贵阳轨道交通1号线全线开通运营 全长35.11公里设25座车站 |url=http://app.myzaker.com/news/article.php?pk=5c026a1f1bc8e0343c000390}}</ref> | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |25 |- | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" | 2  | style="text-align:center; width:225px; line-height:1.05" |'''[[North Baiyun Road station|Hanyar Arewacin Baiyun]]''' (Baiyun) <br /> | style="text-align:center; width:225px; line-height:1.05" |'''[[Zhongxing Road station (Guiyang Metro)|Hanyar Zhongxing]]''' (Nanming) <br /> | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |2021 | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" | | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |40.6<ref name="xinhua202104"/> | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |32 |- | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" | 3  | style="text-align:center; width:225px; line-height:1.05" |'''[[Luowan station|Luowan]]''' (Wudang) <br /> | style="text-align:center; width:225px; line-height:1.05" |'''[[Tongmuling station|Tongmuling]]''' (Huaxi) <br /> | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |2023 | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" | | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |43.03<ref name="chinanews202312"/> | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |29 |- | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" | S1  | style="text-align:center; width:225px; line-height:1.05" |'''Wangchengpo''' (Nanming) <br /> | style="text-align:center; width:225px; line-height:1.05" |'''Zaojiaoba''' (Qingzhen) <br /> | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |2024 | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" | | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |30.3 | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |13 |- class="sortbottom" | colspan="5" style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |'''Jimillar''' | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |'''149.0''' | style="text-align:center; line-height:1.05" |'''99''' |} === Layin 1 === [[Fayil:Exit_A_of_XiaoMeng_Industrial_Park_Station.jpg|alt=Exit A of XiaoMeng Industrial Park Station|thumb|Fitarwa A na Tashar Masana'antu ta XiaoMeng]] An amince da layin 1 don ginawa a ranar 6 ga Mayu 2013, kuma an amince da shi don tsari a shekarar 2006. Layin ya ratsa Gundumomin Guanshanhu, Yunyan, Nanming da Huaxi. Layin ya ratsa Kogin Nanming sau biyu kuma ya haɗa yankin tsakiyar gari da wasu gundumomi da ke kusa. Tashoshin layin sune Xiaohe Depot da Guanshanhu Depot. Tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na layin dogo yana amfani da layin sama. Layi na 1 yana tafiya arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu. === Layin 2 === Layin 2 yana da kilomita 40.6 tare da tashoshin 32, <ref name="gy2">{{Cite web |title=官宣！贵阳地铁2号线全线试运行，票价及站名公布（附换乘攻略） |url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/LyzoZA4JzgvbRcTdW7RF2w |access-date=2020-12-30}}</ref> ciki har da tashoshi 30 na karkashin kasa da tashososhi 2 masu tsawo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-29 |title=贵阳地铁2号线试运行 部分市民代表参加试乘体验 |url=http://news.gog.cn/system/2020/12/29/017804381.shtml |access-date=2026-04-04 |archive-date=2021-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416044127/http://news.gog.cn/system/2020/12/29/017804381.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Layin 2 yana gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu maso gabas. An buɗe shi a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 2021. <ref name="xinhua202104"/>&nbsp; === Layin 3 === Mataki na farko na Layi na 3 yana da tsawon kilomita 43.03 kuma yana da tashoshi 29. Layi na 3 yana gudana daga arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu. An buɗe shi a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2023.<ref name="chinanews202312"/>&nbsp; === Layin S1 === Sashe na farko na Layin S1 ya buɗe a cikin 2024. Yana da tsawon kilomita 30.32, <ref name="gys1">{{Cite web |date=2019-11-07 |title=贵阳市轨道交通S1线正式开工！ |url=http://www.ddcpc.cn/detail/rongmei/common/11515115020278.html }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> gami da sashin karkashin kasa mai nisan kilomita 22.64 da kuma sashin da ke da nisan kilomita 7.68. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-07 |title=刚刚，贵阳轨道交通S1线正式开工！ |url=http://jgz.app.todayguizhou.com/news/news-news_detail-news_id-11515115020268.html |access-date=2026-04-04 |archive-date=2019-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107090705/http://jgz.app.todayguizhou.com/news/news-news_detail-news_id-11515115020268.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Lines da ake ginawa == Sashe na farko na layin tram Line T2 yana cikin gini. Zai kasance 10.92 km a tsawon, tare da tashoshin 13, ta amfani da fasahar BYD SkyShuttle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=正公示！贵阳有轨电车T2线一期工程计划8月开工！13座车站公布→ |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_7787494}}</ref><ref name="tram">{{Cite web |title=贵阳市有轨电车示范线（T2线一期工程） 首次环境影响评价信息公开 |url=http://www.gyurt.com/system/2020/02/28/030367174.shtml |publisher=贵阳轨道交通 |access-date=2026-04-04 |archive-date=2020-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527111528/http://www.gyurt.com/system/2020/02/28/030367174.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana sa ran bude shi a cikin 2025.&nbsp; == Ci gaban nan gaba == Lines 4, S2, S3, S4, da Layin G1 wanda ke wucewa ta Sabon Yankin Gui'an, suna cikin matakin tsarawa.<ref name="guiyang201607">{{Cite web |date=2016-07-11 |title=贵阳市城市轨道交通远景年线网规划图 |url=http://www.guiyang.gov.cn/ztzl/gygdjt/ghp/gyscsgdjtyjnxwght/20160711/i1064960.html }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tsarin metro * Jirgin kasa na birane a kasar Sin == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5hqv1uajego1efk5fczff816luchy2c 0 148279 840075 822649 2026-05-25T14:05:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} '''Gimbiya Kasune Zulu''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba 1975 <ref name="NAZ"/>) 'yar siyasar Zambiya ce kuma memba na Majalisar Dokokin Zambia ta Keembe tun daga shekarar 2016. Ita fitacciyar mai fafutukar [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]] ce kuma memba na farko na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa da ta sanar da cewa tana zaune tare da yanayin. == Tarihin rayuwa == Princess Kasune was born 12 November 1975<ref name="NAZ"/> in Kabwe, the daughter of a Zambian railway police force commander. She was raised and educated as a [[Cocin katolika|Roman Catholic]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A lokacin annobar cutar kanjamau ta Zambiya, lokacin da take da shekaru 17, mahaifiyarta ta mutu sakamakon cutar kanjamaun daji, nan da nan mahaifinta ya biyo baya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2017-01-11 |title=Zambia : I have lived exactly 20 years with HIV-Princess Kasune Zulu |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/01/11/lived-exactly-20-years-hiv-princess-kasune-zulu/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Lusaka Times |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Spotlight |date=2025-02-19 |title=Princess Kasune Zulu: Positive Living |url=https://spotlightenglish.com/health-medicine/princess-kasune-zulu-positive-living/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Spotlight English |language=en-US}}</ref> Gimbiya Kasune ta yi aure lokacin da take da shekaru 18; mijinta, Moffat Zulu, ya riga ya rasa matansa biyu na baya ga cutar kanjamau.<ref name=":0" /> A shekara ta 1997, ta yi gwajin cutar kanjamau wanda ya fito da tabbatacce, wanda ya sa ta fara rayuwar gwagwarmayar cutar kanjamawa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Da farko ta ɗauki hanyar da ba ta dace ba ta hanyar ba da bayyanar karuwa da kuma ɗagawa tare da direbobin manyan motoci masu nisa, waɗanda za su yi lacca game da muhimmancin amfani da kwaroron roba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Webb |first=Carolyn |date=2011-03-07 |title=Princess Zulu, a 'warrior' in a royal fight to find a cure for HIV |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/princess-zulu-a-warrior-in-a-royal-fight-to-find-a-cure-for-hiv-20110307-1bl7g.html |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> An nada ta a matsayin jakada ga Shirin Bincike na Duniya na Duniya, kuma a wannan matsayin ta yi tafiya zuwa Amurka a 1993 don saduwa da Shugaba George H. W. Bush kuma ta shawo kansa ya ba da dala biliyan 15 don yaki da cutar kanjamau a Afirka.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> An kuma zaba ta a matsayin wakili a cikin 2005 "Women and AIDS U.S. Tour: Empower Women, Save Lives," yawon shakatawa da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta tallafawa. Ita ce mai karɓar bakuncin Positive Living, shirin rediyo mai alaƙa da kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":3"/> A shekara ta 2016, an zabe ta a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Zambia don mazabar Keembe, a matsayin memba ne na United Party for National Development . <ref name="NAZ">{{Cite web |title=Princess Kasune |url=http://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/5314 |access-date=11 April 2019 |website=National Assembly of Zambia}}</ref> A matsayin daya daga cikin ayyukanta na farko a Majalisar, ta sanar da cewa tana rayuwa da cutar kanjamau tun 1997 - memba na farko na majalisa da ya bayyana matsayin su na cutar kanjamaun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Zambian Princess Kasune Zulu gives lecture |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/news/2017/zambian-princess-kasune-zulu-gives-lecture |access-date=11 April 2019 |website=[[University of Edinburgh]]}}</ref> An sake zabar ta a mazabar Keembe a shekarar 2021.<ref name="NAZ" /> A ranar 25 ga Satumba 2023, Shugaba Hakainde Hichilema ya nada Gimbiya Kasune a matsayin Ministan Lardin Tsakiya (wanda ya maye gurbin Credo Nanjuwa, wanda aka nada shi a matsayin Minista na Lardin Kudancin) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-27 |title=My appointment comes with hope – Kasune |url=https://diggers.news/local/2023/09/27/my-appointment-comes-with-hope-kasune/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Zambia: News Diggers! |language=en-GB}}</ref> kuma a ranar 5 ga Yuni 2024, an nada Kasune a zama Ministan Shari'a na farko na gundumar, wanda ya maye gurbi Mulambo Haimbe, wanda aka sauya shi zuwa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Haɗin Duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Unexpected ministerial appointment humbles Kasune |url=https://diggers.news/local/2024/06/13/unexpected-ministerial-appointment-humbles-kasune/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Zambia: News Diggers! |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Times of Zambia {{!}} HH reshuffles Cabinet …as Kasune becomes Zambia's first female Justice Minister |url=https://www.times.co.zm/?p=132853 |access-date=2024-07-25 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gimbiya Kasune tana da digiri na biyu a cikin [[allahntaka]], da kuma Masters a cikin Gudanar da Rashin Amfani. <ref name="NAZ"/> == Manazarta == {{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] 6tw1geyr0o05vuhtqpd765wpr3e1hzy 0 149406 840246 830682 2026-05-26T07:34:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hossam Abdelmaguid Abdelsalam''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2001) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Masar wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya na tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Zamalek ta Masar da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Masar . <ref name="filgoal">{{Cite web |title=FilGoal &#124; حسام عبد المجيد - لاعب نادي الزمالك |url=https://www.filgoal.com/players/167538 |access-date=6 September 2020 |website=filgoal.com}}</ref> <ref name="kooora">{{Cite web |title=اللاعب: حسام عبد المجيد |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=154553 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=kooora.com |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119140249/https://www.kooora.com/?player=154553 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="zamalek">{{Cite web |title=كارتيرون يكشف سر فوز الزمالك على طلائع الجيش - اخبار الزمالك |url=https://zamalek.news/2020/09/كارتيرون-يكشف-سر-فوز-الزمالك-على-طلائع/ |access-date=6 September 2020 |website=Zamalek News}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2025, an kira Abdelmaguid zuwa tawagar Masar don gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2025 |title=Egypt name final 28-man squad for TotalEnergies CAF AFCON 2025, Salah leads Pharaohs' charge |url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/egypt-name-final-28-man-squad-for-totalenergies-caf-afcon-2025-salah-leads-pharaohs-charge/ |access-date=12 December 2025 |publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Zamalek''' * Gasar Firimiya ta Masar: 2020-21, 2021-222021–22 * Kofin Masar: 2020-21, 2024-252024–25 * Kofin Tarayyar CAF: 2023-242023–24 * [[African Super Cup|CAF Super Cup]]: 2024 == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Zamalek |2019–20 |Gasar Firimiya ta Masar |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] pppq6zk82ai7nd5fdx0tk718u3k81wm 0 149489 840264 830903 2026-05-26T11:21:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibrahim Adewale''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2006), wanda aka fi sani da sunan laƙabi na '''Selica''', ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne [[Najeriya|Na Najeriya]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba ko mai tsakiya na Mjällby AIF a Allsvenskan, babban matakin ƙwallon ƙwallon Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Areo |first=Samuel |date=2025-10-26 |title=Ibrahim Adewale joins Swedish champions Mjällby |url=https://www.aclsports.com/ibrahim-adewale-joins-swedish-champions-mjallby/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=ACLSports |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Areo |first=Samuel |date=2025-03-14 |title=Tripple 44 Academy duo join IF Karlstad on loan |url=https://www.aclsports.com/tripple-44-academy-duo-join-if-karlstad-on-loan/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=ACLSports |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=read |first=Foot Africa·1 min |date=2025-09-13 |title=Sweden: Ibrahim Adewale on target for IF Karlstad |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/article/sweden-ibrahim-adewale-target-karlstad-183000548.html |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518132604/https://sports.yahoo.com/article/sweden-ibrahim-adewale-target-karlstad-183000548.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fasetire |first=Sam O'Femi |date=2025-11-28 |title=Tripple 44 Academy Of Ibadan Celebrate Ibrahim Adewale's Breakthrough In Sweden |url=https://www.sports247.ng/tripple-44-academy-of-ibadan-celebrate-ibrahim-adewales-breakthrough-in-sweden/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Sports247 Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> A baya dan wasan matasa a Kwalejin kwallon kafa ta Tripple 44 a Najeriya, Adewale ya koma IF Karlstad Fotboll a kan aro a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, yana fafatawa a [[Ettan Norra]], mataki na uku na ƙwallon ƙafa na Sweden. A kakar wasa ta farko ta sana'a ya zira kwallaye 15 da kuma taimakawa 6 a wasanni 29 kafin Mjällby AIF, zakarun Allsvenskan na 2025, ya same shi a kwangila har zuwa 2030. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Adewale kuma ta girma a [[Abuja]], babban birnin Najeriya. Ya girma tare da iyayensa da 'yan uwansa mata uku. A kusa da shekaru 12 an gano shi kuma an kawo shi Kwalejin kwallon kafa ta Tripple 44 a [[Ibadan]], [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], kimanin kilomita 500 daga garinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-08 |title=Sista matchen för kulturbärarna |url=https://www.karlstadfotboll.com/08/11/2025/sista-matchen-for-kulturbararnakom-och-hylla-kf-profilerna/ |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=IF Karlstad Fotboll}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Kwalejin kwallon kafa ta Tripple 44 === A lokacin aikinsa na matasa, Adewale ya buga wa Tripple 44 Football Academy kusan shekaru bakwai, daga kusan shekaru 11 zuwa 18. Kwalejin, wacce [[Samuel Okuku]] ya kafa a shekarar 2014, tana zaune ne a [[Ibadan]] kuma tana mai da hankali kan shirya matasa 'yan wasan Najeriya don sana'o'i a Turai tare da ci gaba da ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Samuel Olatunji Okuku's vision for grassroots football excellence |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/football/samuel-okukus-vision-for-grassroots-football-excellence/ |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=The Guardian Nigeria}}</ref> An haɗa shi da Tarayyar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya ta hanyar Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa Ta Jihar Oyo tun 2017, kuma ya haɓaka 'yan wasa da yawa waɗanda suka koma kungiyoyin Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=European Clubs Laud Okuku's Visionary Leadership At Tripple 44 Academy |url=https://bsnsports.com.ng/post/European-Clubs-Laud--Okuku-s-Visionary-Leadership-At-Tripple-44-Academy |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=BSNSports.com.ng}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2023-24 Adewale ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin a Tripple 44 kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga jimillar kwallaye 20 da taimakon. Halinsa ya haifar da gwaji a Malmö FF, IF Elfsborg da IFK Norrköping, babu wani daga cikinsu da ya haifar da kwangila. === IF Karlstad Fotboll (2025, aro) === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, Adewale da abokin aikin jami'a Ajibola Owoyemi an ba da rancen su ga IF Karlstad Fotboll a [[Ettan Norra]] don sauran kakar, tare da zaɓi ga Karlstad ya sanya hannu kan Adewale har abada a yayin da aka ci gaba zuwa Superettan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Areo |first=Samuel |date=2025-03-14 |title=Tripple 44 Academy duo join IF Karlstad on loan |url=https://www.aclsports.com/tripple-44-academy-duo-join-if-karlstad-on-loan/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=ACLSports |language=en-GB}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, Adewale ya zira kwallaye 21 kuma ya taimaka gabaɗaya a duk fafatawa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Revealed: Mjallby new boy Adewale snubbed interest from clubs in Austria, Finland, Denmark, Norway |url=https://allnigeriasoccer.com/revealed-mjallby-new-boy-adewale-snubbed-interest-from-clubs-in-austria-finland-denmark-norway |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> ya kammala a matsayin ɗan wasan da ya fi samun nasara a Ettan Norra a wannan kakar. Ya kuma shafe wani muhimmin bangare na kakar da aka tura a matsayin mai tsaron baya na dama maimakon a matsayin mai gaba. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==manazarta== exiicl5o0hqyub8koye4ra4u89yyul8 0 149958 840218 832538 2026-05-26T03:39:07Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340873325|Henry Onwuzuruike]]" 840218 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henry Okwudili Onwuzuruike''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1979) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . == Sana'a == Onwuzuruike ya fara aikinsa na farko a ƙasarsa ta Najeriya da NEPA Lagos da Jasper United, [1] kafin ya buga wasa a Netherlands da Heerenveen . [2] Daga baya ya buga wasa a Jamus da SpVgg Greuther Fürth, 1. SC Feucht, FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt, TSV Crailsheim da SSV Ulm a 1846. [3] Ya kuma wakilci [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma ya buga wasa a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2000. <ref>{{FIFA player|4004}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] 1h0bsm9p3j2owk82gip8mcegl6s58um 840219 840218 2026-05-26T03:39:46Z Sardeeq 39275 840219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Henry Okwudili Onwuzuruike''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1979) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . == Sana'a == Onwuzuruike ya fara aikinsa na farko a ƙasarsa ta Najeriya da NEPA Lagos da Jasper United, [1] kafin ya buga wasa a Netherlands da Heerenveen . [2] Daga baya ya buga wasa a Jamus da SpVgg Greuther Fürth, 1. SC Feucht, FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt, TSV Crailsheim da SSV Ulm a 1846. [3] Ya kuma wakilci [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma ya buga wasa a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2000. <ref>{{FIFA player|4004}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] 07kjzqiibyofi7ph2ie5xjebex3o89o 0 149962 840183 832550 2026-05-25T21:40:40Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291593489|Segun Olumodeji]]" 840183 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olesegegun Olumodeji ('''an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1945) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya. Ya fafata a gasar maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1968. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] i64ccxjxmg4er1r4c53r0d41w89tm80 840184 840183 2026-05-25T21:41:25Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291593489|Segun Olumodeji]]" 840184 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olesegegun Olumodeji ('''an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1945) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya. Ya fafata a gasar maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1968. [1]<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Segun Olumodeji Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2018.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] 1sebj3srq8j2cmfwrabi70fzuh1rjpd 840185 840184 2026-05-25T21:41:43Z Sardeeq 39275 840185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olesegegun Olumodeji ('''an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1945) ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya. Ya fafata a gasar maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1968. [1]<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Segun Olumodeji Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2018.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] ieu9goo77j3l5ylf9wul9pi2b1f04qm 0 150129 840244 832998 2026-05-26T06:14:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Herbert Achayi''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Uganda wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na KCCA FC a Gasar Firimiya ta Uganda da ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta ƙasar Uganda.<ref name="upl">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2025 |title=Herbert Achai returns to KCCA |url=https://upl.co.ug/herbert-achai-returns-to-kcca/ |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=UPL |publisher=Uganda Premier League}}</ref> == Farkon aiki == Achayi ya fara ci gaban kwallon kafa a KCCA FC Academy kafin a kara shi zuwa babbar kungiyar a shekarar 2017. <ref name="kawowo">{{Cite web |last=Kayiira |first=Jackson |date=11 July 2025 |title=Herbert Achai: Versatile defender returns at KCCA |url=https://kawowo.com/2025/07/11/herbert-achai-versatile-defender-returns-at-kcca/ |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=Kawowo Sports}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === KCCA FC (2017-2023) === Achayi ya shafe shekaru shida tare da KCCA a lokacin da ya fara aiki, inda ya lashe gasar Premier League ta Uganda ta 2018-19 tare da kulob din.<ref name="fufa">{{Cite web |date=4 May 2019 |title=KCCA crowned 2018–19 StarTimes Uganda Premier League Champions |url=https://www.fufa.co.ug/kcca-crowned-2018-19-startimes-uganda-premier-league-champions/ |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=FUFA}}</ref> === Express FC (2024-2025) === A shekara ta 2024, Achayi ya shiga Express FC, inda ya buga wasanni 22 a kakar 2024-25 kuma ya kammala minti 1,980 na wasa.<ref name="sportsblaze">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2025 |title=Transfers: Herbert Achayi returns to KCCA for second stint |url=https://sportsblaze.co.ug/transfers-herbert-achayi-returns-to-kcca-for-second-stint/ |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=Sports Blaze Uganda |archive-date=19 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719100525/https://sportsblaze.co.ug/transfers-herbert-achayi-returns-to-kcca-for-second-stint/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Komawa zuwa KCCA FC (2025-yanzu) === A ranar 12 ga Yulin 2025, KCCA ta sanar da dawowar Achayi kan kwangilar shekaru biyu.<ref name="upl"/> Ya bayyana farin cikinsa, yana mai cewa: "Yana da ban mamaki a dawo gida... Na shirya in ba da komai".<ref name="africatop">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2025 |title=KCCA announce re-signing of defender Herbert Achayi |url=https://en.africatopsports.com/2025/07/12/kcca-announce-re-signing-of-defender-herbert-achayi/ |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=Africa Top Sports }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Achayi ya fara bugawa tawagar kwallon kafa ta kasar Uganda wasa a shekarar 2022.<ref name="espn">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Achai Stats |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/player/stats/_/id/333613/herbert-achai |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=ESPN}}</ref> An kuma haɗa shi a cikin tawagar gasar zakarun Afirka ta 2024 (CHAN). <ref name="besoccer">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Achai profile |url=https://www.besoccer.com/player/herbert-achai-696702 |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=BeSoccer }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Hanyar wasa == Achayi mai tsaron gida ne mai iya yin wasa a matsayin cikakken baya da tsakiya. An san shi da ƙarfin jiki, ƙarfin iska, da wayar da kan jama'a.<ref name="kawowo"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] fmyjw8cgspm7e5mheipxvxyv4rfhtr3 0 150222 840081 834280 2026-05-25T14:32:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Giorgos Manousos''' (Girkanci: ; an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba 1987) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Girka wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba. == Sana'a == An haife shi a Mytilene, Manousos ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da ƙungiyar Aiolikos ta gida a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta 2. A lokacin bazara na 2008 ya shiga OFI kuma ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar Super League Greece a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2008 da AEL . A ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2011 ya fara bugawa AEL Kalloni wasa. Bayan shekaru biyar da ya yi a ƙungiyar, Manousos ya jawo hankalin Atromitos waɗanda ke sha'awar siyan ɗan wasan gaba mai shekaru 28 bayan sanarwar da ya yi cewa zai bar ƙungiyarsa ta yanzu a ƙarshen kakar wasa. A watan Afrilun 2016, Manousos ya sanar da niyyarsa ta barin AEL Kalloni, wanda ya fuskanci koma baya zuwa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Football League, a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta yanzu kuma ƙungiyoyi biyu na Super League ta Girka sun riga sun fara sa ido kan lamarinsa. Asteras Tripolis da Platanias suna sha'awar siyan ɗan wasan gaba mai shekaru 28, wanda ya zira kwallaye 14 a wasanni 101 na Super League Greece, kuma shine ɗan wasan farko da ya zira kwallaye a gasar AEL Kalloni a wannan kakar (kwallaye 6 cikin wasanni 28). Ya bar ƙungiyar yana da wasanni 169 (kwallaye 40, taimakawa 9) a duk gasa. Daga ƙarshe a ranar 8 ga Yunin 2016, Manousos ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Platanias kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, inda ya koma Crete bayan shekaru 5. A ranar 3 ga Mayu 2017, za a sallami Giorgos Manousos daga Platanias nan take, bayan hirarsa mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce. Ɗan wasan mai shekaru 30 ya bayyana cewa babu abin da ya faru a ɗakunan ajiye kaya na filin wasa na Karaiskaki a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci na wasan Super League Greece da Olympiacos kwanan nan, duk da maganganun da abokan wasansa (kamar Alexis Apostolopoulos ) suka yi game da halin tashin hankali daga Reds, don haka shugaban ƙungiyar Cretan Manolis Mathioudakis ya gaya masa a lokacin horon ranar 1 ga Mayu cewa ya kamata ya ji kunyar kansa a wannan hirar. === Atromitos === A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2017, Atromitos ya sanar da sanya hannu kan Manousos kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 2017, Atromitos ya fuskanci Panionios kuma ɗan wasan ya sami mummunan rauni a gwiwa. Dan wasan da ƙungiyar duka sun yi watsi da wannan raunin domin shirin komawa fagen wasa da wuri-wuri, amma radadin bai ɓace ba. Wannan ya sa aka yi wa Manousos tiyata a gwiwa a watan Fabrairu 2018 kuma ya rasa sauran kakar wasa ta 2017-18 . A farkon kakar wasa ta 2018-19, yana da tasiri mai kyau a ƙoƙarin ƙungiyarsa na shiga gasar UEFA Europa League zagaye na uku, amma ban da kwallayen da ya ci a ƙasashen waje da kuma gida, bai yi nasarar taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta wuce Dynamo Brest ba. A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 2019, Manousos wanda ya koma ƙungiyar bayan ya ji rauni na tsawon lokaci tun daga ranar 1 ga Disamba, ya ci kwallo da bugun ƙafar hagu mai kyau wanda ya bar mai tsaron gidan AEL Ögmundur Kristinsson babu wata dama a minti na 89, wanda ya tabbatar da nasarar da aka samu a waje da ci 1-0. Wannan ita ce ƙwallonsa ta farko da ya ci tare da ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2018-19. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2019, ya ci kwallo da kashin kai mai ƙarfi, bayan taimakon [[Efthymis Koulouris]] wanda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta kammala a matsayi na huɗu a kakar wasa ta 2018-19 Super League tare da nasara mai ban mamaki a waje da ci 2-0 akan abokan hamayyarsa Aris a filin wasa na Kleanthis Vikelidis . A farkon kakar wasa ta 2019-20, ya taimaka wa kulob dinsa ya tsere da nasarar da suka samu a kan Dunajska Streda da ci 2-1 a waje yayin da ya zura kwallo ta biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2019 |title=Ατρομητάρα για πρόκριση με σούπερ Ούμπιδες! |url=https://www.sdna.gr/podosfairo/europa-league/match-report/621371/ntoynaiska-strenta-atromitos-0-0 |access-date=25 July 2019 |website=www.sdna.gr}}</ref> Haka lamarin ya faru a wasa na biyu yayin da Manousos da bugun fenariti a zagaye na uku na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin UEFA Europa League ya zira kwallo wanda ya taimaka wa kulob dinsa samun nasara mai ban sha'awa a kan Dunajska Streda a gida da ci 3-2 a filin wasa na Peristeri wanda ya ba kulob din Athens nasara da ci 5-3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ατρόμητος - Ντουνάιτσκα Στρέντα 3–2: Πέταξαν στην επόμενη φάση οι Περιστεριώτες |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/EuropaLeague/atromhtos-ntoynaitska-strenta-3-2-petaksan-sthn-epomenh-fash-oi-peristeriwtes.5571445.html |access-date=1 August 2019 |website=www.sport24.gr }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A farkon kakar wasa, gogaggen dan wasan gaba wanda ya sha fama da raunuka da kansa, ya kara kaimi a lokacin da kungiyarsa ta fi bukatarsa. A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2019, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Panetolikos a gida da ci 2-0 don taimakawa kulob dinsa samun nasararsa ta farko a kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ατρόμητος - Παναιτωλικός 2–0: Πρώτη νίκη με Μανούσο |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/atromhtos-panaitwlikos-2-0-prwth-nikh-me-manouso.5607315.html |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=www.sport24.gr |archive-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929175647/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/atromhtos-panaitwlikos-2-0-prwth-nikh-me-manouso.5607315.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye tara a cikin kakar wasa biyu da suka gabata kuma bakwai daga cikin wadannan kwallaye sun zo ne a nasarori, yayin da sauran biyun suka zo ne a wasan share fage na UEFA Europa League. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MANOUSSOS TO THE RESCUE FOR ATROMITOS |url=https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/manoussos-to-the-rescue-for-atromitos |access-date=4 October 2019 |website=www.agonasport.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2020, Manousos ya zira kwallaye biyu a bugun fenariti na minti 90 don tabbatar da nasarar Atromitos a gida da ci 2-1 a kan Asteras Tripolis. Fenariti shine kwallo ta biyu da Manousos ya ci a wasan, inda dan wasan gaban Girka ya kuma sanya Atromitos a gaba a minti na 76. An nada shi gwarzon wasan. Ya riga ya zarce mafi kyawun adadin kwallayen da ya ci a kakar wasa ta bana (mafi kyawun kwallayen da ya ci a baya shine kwallaye takwas da ya ci tare da Platanias a kakar wasa ta 2016–17 ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ατρόμητος - Αστέρας 2–1: Με Μανούσο η πρώτη νίκη Παντελίδη |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/atromhtos-asteras-2-1-me-manouso-h-prwth-nikh-pantelidh.5665383.html |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=www.sport24.gr }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Yuni 2021, bayan shekaru hudu da ya yi tare da Atromitos, kwantiragin dan wasan mai shekaru 33 ya kare, amma ba a sabunta shi ba, kuma kulob din ya sake shi da bidiyon bankwana tare da wasu daga cikin kwallayen da ya ci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2021 |title=Το αποχαιρετιστήριο βίντεο του Ατρόμητου για τον Μανούσο |url=https://www.sport-fm.gr/article/podosfairo/superleague1/atromitos-apoxairetistirio-bideo-gia-manouso/4182984 |access-date=5 June 2021 |website=www.sport-fm.gr/ |language=el}}</ref> Manousos ya buga wasanni 97 (kwallaye 32, taimakawa 4) tare da kulob din a duk gasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ατρόμητος: Ολοκλήρωσε τη συνεργασία του με τον Μανούσο |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/atromitos-oloklirose-ti-synergasia-toy-me-ton-manoyso.9253460.html |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=www.sport24.gr |language=el}}</ref> === Lamia === A ranar 15 ga Yuni 2021, Lamia ta sanar da shi a matsayin sabon dan wasa, tare da kwantiragin shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2021 |title=Ανακοίνωσε Μανούσο η Λαμία |trans-title=Lamia announced Manousos |url=https://www.sport-fm.gr/article/podosfairo/superleague1/lamia-anakoinwse-manouso/4184944 |access-date=16 June 2021 |website=www.sport-fm.gr |language=el}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Janairu 2022, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 2-1 a kan OFI <ref>{{Cite web |title=Λαμία - ΟΦΗ 2-1: Τρίποντο χρυσάφι με ανατροπή του Μανούσου μέσα σε πέντε λεπτά |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/lamia-ofi-2-1-triponto-chrysafi-me-anatropi-toy-manoysoy-mesa-se-pente-lepta.9511260.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=www.sport24.gr |language=el}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] ==manazarta== bpb9x5flk0zrpmvbo2qup7j6c2cpn80 0 150471 840135 833956 2026-05-25T20:23:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hafiz Adams''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1992) <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Ghana - H. Adams - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://gh.soccerway.com/players/hafiz-adams/436048/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=gh.soccerway.com}}</ref> ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ghana wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Real Tamale United na Gasar Firimiya ta Ghana . Ya taba taka leda kuma ya zama kyaftin din Wa All Stars zuwa gasar zakarun farko a shekarar 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-05 |title=Wa All Stars captain Hafiz Adams joins Aduana Stars |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Wa-All-Stars-captain-Hafiz-Adams-joins-Aduana-Stars-606925 |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Fiifi Abdul |date=7 December 2017 |title=Hafiz Adams finally signs 3 years for Aduana |url=https://mobile.ghanaguardian.com/hafiz-adams-finally-signs-3-years-for-aduana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001102722/https://mobile.ghanaguardian.com/hafiz-adams-finally-signs-3-years-for-aduana |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=The Ghana Guardian News |language=}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Wa All Stars === Adams ya fara aikinsa a kulob din garinsu na [[Legon Cities FC|Wa All Stars]], yanzu Legon Cities FC, ya kammala karatu daga kungiyar matasa zuwa kyaftin din kulob din.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-28 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Wa All Stars captain Hafiz Adams to sign three-year deal with champions Aduana Stars |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/exclusive-wa-all-stars-captain-hafiz-adams-to-sign-three-year-deal-with-champions-aduana-stars |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=GhanaSoccernet |language=en}}</ref> Ya shafe shekaru takwas tare da kulob din, daga 2009 zuwa 2017. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> A lokacin kakar 2016, ya buga wasanni 28 daga cikin 30 na gasar da ya taimaka musu wajen samun lambar yabo ta farko, wanda ya zama karo na farko da kungiyar daga Arewacin Ghana ta lashe lambar yabo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Aduana Stars chase All Stars captain Hafiz Adams - Kickgh.com |url=https://www.kickgh.com/ghana-premier-league/3902-aduana-stars-chase-all-stars-captain-hafiz-adams |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001132221/https://www.kickgh.com/ghana-premier-league/3902-aduana-stars-chase-all-stars-captain-hafiz-adams |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=www.kickgh.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Owusu |first=Benedict |date=19 September 2019 |title=Wa All Stars skipper Hafiz Adams happy with historic league title success - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/wa-all-stars-skipper-hafiz-adams-happy-with-historic-league-title-success/ |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Reuben Obodai |date=19 September 2019 |title=Hafiz Adams attributes Hasaacas loss to fatigue |url=https://www.happyghana.com/hafiz-adams-attributes-hasaacas-loss-to-fatigue/ |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=Happy Ghana |language=}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin din kulob din a wannan kakar har sai da ya bar a shekarar 2017.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Koranteng |first=Daniel |date=2 February 2017 |title=Wa All Stars captain Adams eyeing treble |url=https://sport.citifmonline.com/2017/02/02/wa-all-stars-captain-adams-eyeing-treble/ |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=Citi Sport |language= |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430005327/https://sport.citifmonline.com/2017/02/02/wa-all-stars-captain-adams-eyeing-treble/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":7" /> Ya ci gaba kuma ya buga wasanni 16 a kakar 2017.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Hafiz Adams - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive |url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/hafiz-adams/115578/ |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=globalsportsarchive.com}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, bayan wani yanayi mai ban sha'awa, an haɗa Adams da tafiya zuwa League Champions Aduana Stars na lokacin.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tahiru |first=Fentuo |date=16 November 2017 |title="Wa All Stars won't stop Hafiz Adams from joining Aduana Stars" – Oduro Nyarko |url=https://sport.citifmonline.com/2017/11/16/wa-all-stars-wont-stop-hafiz-adams-from-joining-aduana-stars-oduro-nyarko/ |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=Citi Sport |language= |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430005328/https://sport.citifmonline.com/2017/11/16/wa-all-stars-wont-stop-hafiz-adams-from-joining-aduana-stars-oduro-nyarko/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Taurari na Kwastam === A ranar 6 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, Adams ya shiga kungiyar Aduana Stars da ke Dormaa a gaban gasar GHALCA Top 8 yayin da kulob din ya shirya don karfafa tawagar su kafin fara Gasar Zakarun CAF ta 2018 . <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Yeboah |first=Thomas Freeman |date=6 December 2017 |title=Wa All Stars skipper joins Ghana champions Aduana Stars |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/caf-champions-league-wa-all-stars-skipper-joins-ghana-champions-aduana-stars/5qrp5ly |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Quao |first=Nathan |date=6 December 2017 |title=Wa All Stars captain Hafiz Adams joins Aduana Stars |url=https://sport.citifmonline.com/2017/12/06/wa-all-stars-captain-hafiz-adams-joins-aduana-stars/ |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=Citi Sport |language= |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430003957/https://sport.citifmonline.com/2017/12/06/wa-all-stars-captain-hafiz-adams-joins-aduana-stars/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku tare da kulob din bayan nasarar tattaunawa da kuma wuce magungunan tilas. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":8" /> Ana sa ran zai maye gurbin Godfred Saka, wanda ya daɗe yana aiki a hannun dama na Aduana, wanda ya koma kulob din [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba FC]] na Najeriya.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> A lokacin kakar 2018 ta Ghana Premier League, ya buga wasanni 11 kuma ya zira kwallaye daya.<ref name=":5"/> A cikin GFA Standardization Committee Special Competition na 2019, ya buga wasanni 11.<ref name=":5"/> A lokacin kakar 2019-20 ta Ghana Premier League, ya buga wasanni 5 kafin a dakatar da gasar sakamakon annobar COVID-19. Tare da ƙungiyar da aka shirya don sake farawa ya sanya jerin sunayen tawagar don kakar 2020-21 ta Ghana Premier League. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Benaiah Elorm and Al-Smith Gary |date=13 November 2020 |title=The ultimate 18-team Ghana Premier League season guide 2020/21 - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/the-ultimate-18-team-ghana-premier-league-season-guide-2020-21/ |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2020, Adams ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar tsawaita shekara guda na ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da kulob din, wanda zai ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2020-21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osman |first=Abdul Wadudu |date=2020-12-15 |title=Hafiz Adams signs contract extension at Aduana Stars |url=https://footballmadeinghana.com/2020/12/15/hafiz-adams-signs-contract-extension-at-aduana-stars/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215122801/https://footballmadeinghana.com/2020/12/15/hafiz-adams-signs-contract-extension-at-aduana-stars/ |archive-date=15 December 2020 |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=Football Made In Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun 2021, an yanke masa hukunci a matsayin Mutumin wasan bayan wani nuni mai ban sha'awa wajen taimaka wa tawagarsa zuwa nasarar 2-1 bayan kwallaye daga [[Yahaya Mohammed]] da [[Fatawu Abdulrahman|Fatawu Abdulrahaman]] a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Legon Cities . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=Aduana Stars defender Hafiz Adams bags MoTM in victory against Legon Cities FC |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/aduana-stars-defender-hafiz-adams-bags-motm-in-victory-against-legon-cities-fc |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=GhanaSoccernet |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2ywajubvj7bojbmyllcvz9h0e5kh90r 0 150688 840259 834467 2026-05-26T10:33:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Huỳnh Như''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Vietnam wanda ke bugawa Hồ Chí Minh City I da ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Vietnam . Như ta taka rawa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2023. Ita ce 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko 'yar ƙasar Vietnam da ta buga wasa a ƙasashen waje yayin da take sanya hannu a kulob ɗin Länk FC Vilaverdense na Portugal a 2022. Như ta lashe ƙwallon zinare biyar na Vietnam kuma ita ce mafi kyawun ɗan wasan da ya zura kwallaye a kowane lokaci ga ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Vietnam . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2023 |title=Huỳnh Như quê ở đâu? Đang chơi bóng ở đâu? Có bao nhiêu quả bóng vàng? |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/vn/bong-da/news/hu%E1%BB%B3nh-nh%C6%B0-qu%C3%AA-%E1%BB%9F-%C4%91%C3%A2u-%C4%91ang-ch%C6%A1i-b%C3%B3ng-%E1%BB%9F-%C4%91%C3%A2u-c%C3%B3-bao-nhi%C3%AAu-qu%E1%BA%A3-b%C3%B3ng-v%C3%A0ng/jaar45gvjxupfbjsgitrst4a |publisher=The Sporting News |access-date=12 May 2026 |archive-date=7 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307041007/https://www.sportingnews.com/vn/bong-da/news/hu%E1%BB%B3nh-nh%C6%B0-qu%C3%AA-%E1%BB%9F-%C4%91%C3%A2u-%C4%91ang-ch%C6%A1i-b%C3%B3ng-%E1%BB%9F-%C4%91%C3%A2u-c%C3%B3-bao-nhi%C3%AAu-qu%E1%BA%A3-b%C3%B3ng-v%C3%A0ng/jaar45gvjxupfbjsgitrst4a |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Ho Chi Minh City II === Như ta fara aikinta ne da kulob din Ho Chi Minh City I na gida, inda ta fara buga wasa a shekarar 2007, inda ta zama abin koyi ga yadda kulob din ya mamaye gasar National League ta kasa. Ta buga wasanni 84, ta zura kwallaye 62 a raga yayin da kulob dinta ya lashe gasar zakarun kakar wasa biyar. === Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Länk FC ta Vilaverdense === [[Fayil:Huynh_Nhu_2023.png|left|thumb|187x187px|Huỳnh Như a cikin Länk FC Vilaverdense a cikin 2023]] A watan Agusta na 2022, Như ita ce 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko 'yar ƙasar Vietnam da ta je buga wasa a ƙasashen waje a Turai, ta hanyar sanya hannu a kulob ɗin Länk FC Vilaverdense na ƙasar Portugal a Campeonato Nacional Feminino . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=Lank FC Vilaverdense - đội bóng của Huỳnh Như ở Bồ Đào Nha có gì đặc biệt? |url=https://thanhnien.vn/lank-fc-vilaverdense---doi-bong-o-bo-dao-nha-huynh-nhu-khoac-ao-co-gi-dac-biet-post1490734.html}}</ref> === Komawa zuwa Ho Chi Minh City I === A watan Agusta na 2024, bayan kwangilarta da Länk FC Vilaverdense, Như ta koma Ho Chi Minh City I don fafatawa a gasar zakarun mata ta AFC ta 2024–25 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiền đạo Huỳnh Như trở lại đầu quân CLB nữ TP.HCM |url=https://tuoitre.vn/tien-dao-huynh-nhu-tro-lai-dau-quan-clb-nu-tp-hcm-20240814172837051.htm |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=Tuổi Trẻ}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin ƙasa {{Efn|Includes [[Vietnamese Women's National Cup]] and [[Taça de Portugal Feminina]]}} ! colspan="2" | Kofin League {{Efn|Includes [[Taça da Liga Feminina]]}} ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="2" | Birnin Ho Chi Minh | 2007–22 | Gasar Mata ta Vietnam | 52 | 45 | 32 | 18 | colspan="2" | – | colspan="2" | – | 84 | 62 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 52 ! 45 ! 32 ! 18 ! colspan="2" | – ! colspan="2" | – ! 84 ! 62 |- | rowspan="3" | Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Länk FC ta Vilaverdense | 2022–23 | rowspan="2" | Campeonato Nacional Feminino | 18 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | – | 22 | 7 |- | 2023-24 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 13 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 27 ! 6 ! 4 ! 2 ! 4 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | – ! 35 ! 8 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 89 ! 51 ! 6 ! 4 ! 4 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 119 ! 70 |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] ==manazarta== myjrce3n3g5b6pjz72xwahsfiu7ayxh 0 150935 840080 835070 2026-05-25T14:27:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gino Reda''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Agusta, 1960 a matsayin Luigino Reda a cikin Italiyanci) ɗan jarida ne na wasanni kuma mai masaukin baki na TSN 's ''That's Hockey'' . == Rayuwar farko == Reda ya isa Kanada tare da iyalansa a shekarar 1964. Ya zauna a [[Toronto]] har zuwa lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 12, sannan ya koma Etobicoke inda ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Kipling a shekarar 1979. A lokacin yana makarantar sakandare, ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta jami'a kuma ya yi kokawa. Tsohon ɗalibi ne na Kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Ontario (wanda yanzu Jami'ar Tyndale ce ). == Aikin watsa labarai == Lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare (KCI), yana da shekaru 16, Reda ya fara aikin sa kai a wani kamfanin kebul na gida (MacLean Hunter) yana yin wasa-da-wasa a wasanni daban-daban ciki har da ƙwallon kwando na makarantar sakandare, ƙwallon raga, ƙwallon ƙafa, wasan hockey da kokawa. A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara 19, Reda kuma mai masaukin baki Frank Giannone ya kafa wani shiri kai tsaye na mako-mako mai suna "CitySports". A cikin shekaru biyu na shirin, wasan ya lashe kyautar North American Cable don "Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Wasannin Kai Tsaye." Reda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da sanarwar wasa-da-wasa na Humber College Hawks, Junior B Hockey, Junior A box lacrosse, Canadian National Soccer League da [[Canadian National Gymnastics Championships]] tsakanin 1983 da 1987. <ref name="etobicoke">{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2018 |title=Gino Reda |url=https://etobicokesports.ca/gino-reda/ |publisher=Etobicoke Sports Hall of Fame}}</ref> A watan Mayu 1986, Reda ta karɓi aikin sa kai a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a fagen da ke ba da rahoto game da Toronto Blue Jays, don Sportsline a Global Television da ke Toronto. A watan Satumba 1986, an ɗauki Reda aiki a lokacin mai masaukin baki na Sportsline Jim Tatti zuwa cikakken lokaci a Global. <ref name="etobicoke" /> Ya shiga TSN a lokacin bazara na 1988 a matsayin [[Ɗan jarida|mai ba da rahoto]] game da gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1988 a [[Seoul]], Koriya . <ref name="etobicoke"/> Sannan ya yi rahoto game da Dubin Inquiry a farkon 1989. Bayan ya kafa fiye da shirye-shirye 3,000 a cikin shekaru 12, Reda ya karɓi ragamar That's Hockey a TSN a 2002. <ref name="TSN">{{Cite web |title=Gino Reda |url=https://www.tsn.ca/talent/gino-reda-1.57089 |website=TSN.ca}}</ref> A lokacin da yake tare da TSN, Reda ya ɗauki nauyin tarukan ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa ciki har da, Kofin Ƙwallon ƙafa na Duniya, Kofin Rugby na Duniya, Wasannin Olympics da yawa ciki har da Vancouver 2010, kuma shi ne mai masaukin baki na ƙungiyar Gemini da ta lashe kyaututtuka waɗanda suka rufe gasar World Jr Hockey Championship a Halifax a 2003. <ref name="etobicoke" /> Reda a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mai masaukin baki na ''Mujallar Junior Hockey'', wani shiri na rediyo na mako-mako da ake gudanarwa a duk fadin kasar, wanda ke shiga kakar wasa ta 25, yana bayar da labaran mako-mako daga gasar Hockey ta Kanada . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Junior Hockey Magazine Affiliates |url=https://juniorhockeymagazine.ca/#staff |website=juniorhockeymagazine.ca |access-date=2026-05-12 |archive-date=2025-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121160719/https://juniorhockeymagazine.ca/#staff |url-status=dead }}</ref> Reda ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da agaji ga shirye-shiryen Talabijin na World Vision da dama. == Daraja == Reda ya kasance mai goyon bayan World Vision Canada da Special Olympics na Kanada fiye da shekaru 15. A shekara ta 2005, an ba shi kyautar National Volunteer of the Year daga Special Olympics na Kanada. A shekara ta 2013, an karrama shi da lambar yabo ta Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal saboda aikinsa da World Vision Canada . A shekarar 2018, an shigar da Reda cikin Dandalin Shahararrun Wasannin Etobicoke, inda ya girmama aikinsa na kafofin watsa labarai na wasanni. <ref name="etobicoke"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] 2jg5s0btb3ht82l8huai62d87hhdsvx 0 151514 840266 837025 2026-05-26T11:44:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 840266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibrahim Mustapha''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1996) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya wanda ke buga wa Dinamo City da [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . == Sana'a == An haife shi a [[Maiduguri]], ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar [[El-Kanemi Warriors F.C.|El-Kanemi Warriors]], [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]], [[Gombe United F.C.|Gombe United]] da Plateau United . <ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|69961|accessdate=6 March 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alao |first=Seyi |date=19 November 2019 |title=Mustapha Ibrahim want to carry on scoring for Plateau United |url=https://www.footballlive.ng/mustapha-ibrahim-want-to-carry-on-scoring-for-plateau-united/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329161954/https://www.footballlive.ng/mustapha-ibrahim-want-to-carry-on-scoring-for-plateau-united/ |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> Ya aika da aro na watanni 3 a ƙungiyar Dibba Al-Hisn ta UAE. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojewunmi |first=Moses |date=3 October 2020 |title=Mustapha Ibrahim joins UAE side Dibba Al Hisn from Plateau United |url=https://www.brila.net/mustapha-ibrahim-joins-uae-side-dibba-al-hisn-from-plateau-united/}}</ref> Bayan dawowarsa daga zaman aronsa, an danganta shi da komawa Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2021 |title=Ibrahim Mustapha: Plateau United forward targeted by Egyptian giants |url=https://en.africatopsports.com/2021/05/25/ibrahim-mustapha-plateau-united-forward-targeted-by-egyptian-giants/ |access-date=17 May 2026 |archive-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705233704/https://en.africatopsports.com/2021/05/25/ibrahim-mustapha-plateau-united-forward-targeted-by-egyptian-giants/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya koma [[Kungiyar Al-Hilal (Omdurman)|Al-Hilal Club]] a 2021, amma ya koma Plateau a 2022. <ref name="NFT" /> Ya koma ƙungiyarsa ta El-Kanemi Warriors a shekarar 2024 bayan ya shafe kakar wasa ɗaya tare da Kano Pillars . [1] Ya fara buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] wasa a shekarar 2018. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] j8z4xqqs8ep480yr54vk5brog8usvql 0 152206 840086 2026-05-25T15:26:31Z Suhaib0102 45198 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345592086|Chris Piwuna]]" 840086 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Christopher Piwuna Goson farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya wanda a halin yanzu yake aiki a matsayin shugaban Kungiyar Ma’aikatan Ilimi ta Jami’o’i (ASUU) na 14. A baya ya riƙe mukamin mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar. Shi mamba ne na Ƙungiyar Masu Magungunan Hauka ta Duniya da kuma Ƙungiyar Likitocin Yammacin Afirka.''' Kwalejin Likitocin Yammacin Afirka. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Piwuna a Jos, babban birnin Jihar Plateau. Ya yi karatun digiri a Jami’ar Jos, inda ya yi karatun likitanci kuma ya kammala a shekarar 2000. Ya kuma sami digirin Babbar Digiri (Master’s) daga Jami’ar Malta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Piwuna |url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/piwuna/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=African Scientists Directory |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Piwuna a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban harkokin ɗalibai a Jami’ar Jos. Har ila yau, shi ma babban likitan kwakwalwa ne a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Jos (JUTH). {{Reflist}}Ayyukan Chris Piwuna da aka wallafa ana samun su ta Google Scholar.{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ejzlc2nr2hhxa03w4uilr4dzpczh2ij 0 152207 840092 2026-05-25T17:20:09Z Saa063 43144 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345437925|Obi Iwuagwu]]" 840092 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Obichere Chilaka Iwuagwu''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 1965, a Obohia, [[Ahiazu Mbaise]]) farfesa ne na Najeriya na Tarihin tattalin arziki, nazarin ci gaba da Manufofin jama'a a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] . Binciken da yake so ya kunshi batutuwa kamar Tarihin tattalin arziki, tattalin arzikin ci gaba da Ci gaba mai ɗorewa, manufofin jama'a da gina al'umma, da [[Tsarin abinci]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2009 |title=Contributors |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/127/article/492485/pdf |journal=African Economic History |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=181–182 |issn=2163-9108}}</ref> Iwuagwu shi ne darektan Najeriya na Cibiyar Confucius a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], kuma mataimakin darektan da ya gabata na [[Institute of African and Diaspora Studies|Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Diaspora]] ta jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2023 |title=UNILAG Confucius Institute Marks Smooth Transition of Leadership: Sends-forth Professor Maduagwu and Welcomes New Nigerian Director |url=https://unilag.edu.ng/?p=27659 |website=Unilag.edu.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nico |date=2018-02-26 |title=Empower Traditional Rulers To End Insecurity, Iwuagwu Tells FG – NICO |url=https://nico.gov.ng/2018/02/26/empower-traditional-rulers-to-end-insecurity-iwuagwu-tells-fg/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi == Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Obizi, Mbaise a shekarar 1981; Iwuagwu ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar jihar Imo|Jami'ar Jihar Imo]] inda ya sami digiri na farko a tarihi a shekarar 1988. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jami'ar Legas inda ya sami digiri na biyu da PhD. a cikin tarihi a cikin 1992 da 1998 bi da bi. Iwuagwu ya shiga bangaren koyarwa a Sashen Tarihi da Nazarin Dabarun Jami'ar Legas a shekara ta 2005 a matsayin Malami na II. Ya tashi a cikin matsayi har sai ya zama cikakken farfesa a shekarar 2020. A cikin shekara ta 2012, Iwuagwu ya kasance Masanin Ziyarar a [[Suzhou]])" id="mwKw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Soochow University (Suzhou)">Jami'ar Soochow, Suzhou a kasar Sin. Ya kuma kasance Masanin Ziyarar a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Beijing, China a shekarar 2015. == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] (2021), Ginin Kasar a Afirka: Batutuwan, Kalubale da Abubuwan da ke tasowa, Jami'ar Legas Press & Bookshop Ltd.  Iwuagwu,obi(2008).batutuwa atarihin tattalin arzikin igbo.shine nafarko awallafa littattafan ilimi.ISBN 978-978-37266-9-7. {{Cite journal |last=University of Lagos, Nigeria |last2=Iwuagwu |first2=Obi |date=2020-08-17 |title=Development albatross: a historical analysis of Nigeria's economic development planning experience, 1960 – 2015 |url=https://kijhus.kiu.ac.ug/assets/articles/1597826683_development-albatross-a-historical-analysis-of-nigeria%E2%80%99s-economic-development-planning-experience-1960-%E2%80%93-2015.pdf |journal=Kampala International University Interdisciplinary Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=335–352 |doi=10.59568/KIJHUS-2020-1-2-22}} {{Cite journal |last=Iwuagwu |first=Obi |date=2012 |title=The spread of cassava (manioc) in Igboland, south-east Nigeria: a reappraisal of the evidence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23317131 |journal=The Agricultural History Review |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=60–76 |issn=0002-1490 |jstor=23317131}} Iwuagwu,obi(2009). najeriya da kalubalen Masha naantun cigaba.dabarar hada masana anti wura guda.tarihin tattalin arzikin afurka.37(1):151-180.ISSN21639108. Iwuagwu, Obi (2009), " Siyasa ta Ci gaban Infrastructure a Karkara ta Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya, 1946 - 1976", Uzu: Jaridar Tarihi da Nazarin Duniya, 11 (1), 111-123. {{Cite journal |last=Iwuagwu |first=Obi |date=2006 |title=Rural development in Eastern Nigeria: An assessment of colonial and post colonial development plans in the former Owerri Province, 1946 - 1976 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/lhr/article/view/32549/0 |journal=Lagos Historical Review |language=en |volume=6 |pages=118–132 |doi=10.4314/lhr.v6i1.32549 |issn=1596-5031 |url-access=subscription}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] d9eo5xrza0aqeb94iyskd1usbcfmv6w 0 152208 840093 2026-05-25T17:29:48Z Suhaib0102 45198 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346668598|Margaret Ladipo]]" 840093 wikitext text/x-wiki   Margaret Kudirat Ladipo (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1961) yar Najeriya ce kuma masaniyar ilimi wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba (Yaba College of Technology) daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2017. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Margaret yar asalin Jihar Kwara ce amma an haife ta a Kaduna, Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya. Ta kammala karatun firamare da sakandare a Makarantar ’Yan Mata ta Anglican, Kaduna, da Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Kaduna..<ref name="wited">{{Cite web |date= |title=LAGOS CHAPTER (YABATECH) |url=http://witednigeria.com/index.php/chapter/state-coordinators/item/17-lagos-chapter-yabatech |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623161110/http://witednigeria.com/index.php/chapter/state-coordinators/item/17-lagos-chapter-yabatech |archive-date=23 June 2016 |access-date=24 May 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> Margaret tana da takardar shaidar B.Sc a fannin Kimiyya, sannan tana da M.Sc a Kimiyyar Polymer da Fasaha, tare da digirin Ph.D a Kimiyyar Nazari daga Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello.. <ref name="wited">{{Cite web |date= |title=LAGOS CHAPTER (YABATECH) |url=http://witednigeria.com/index.php/chapter/state-coordinators/item/17-lagos-chapter-yabatech |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623161110/http://witednigeria.com/index.php/chapter/state-coordinators/item/17-lagos-chapter-yabatech |archive-date=23 June 2016 |access-date=24 May 2016 |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160623161110/http://witednigeria.com/index.php/chapter/state-coordinators/item/17-lagos-chapter-yabatech "LAGOS CHAPTER (YABATECH)"]. Archived from [http://witednigeria.com/index.php/chapter/state-coordinators/item/17-lagos-chapter-yabatech the original] on 23 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyuka == Margaret Ladipo ta fara aikinta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Digiri (Graduate Assistant) a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello a shekarar 1982 kafin ta zama Malama a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kaduna a shekarar 1984.<ref name="yabatech">{{Cite web |date= |title=Yaba College of Technology gets a New Rector |url=http://www.yabatech.edu.ng/Yabatech%20gets%20a%20new%20rector.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421020851/http://www.yabatech.edu.ng/Yabatech%20gets%20a%20new%20rector.html |archive-date=21 April 2016 |access-date=24 May 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> A shekarar 1986, ta shiga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba a matsayin Malama, inda ta ci gaba da samun karin matsayi har ta zama Babbar Malama a shekarar 2002. Kafin nada ta a matsayin Shugaba, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mashawarcin Kwalejin..<ref name="yabatech" /> <ref name="yabatech">{{Cite web |date= |title=Yaba College of Technology gets a New Rector |url=http://www.yabatech.edu.ng/Yabatech%20gets%20a%20new%20rector.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421020851/http://www.yabatech.edu.ng/Yabatech%20gets%20a%20new%20rector.html |archive-date=21 April 2016 |access-date=24 May 2016 |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160421020851/http://www.yabatech.edu.ng/Yabatech%20gets%20a%20new%20rector.html "Yaba College of Technology gets a New Rector"]. Archived from [http://www.yabatech.edu.ng/Yabatech%20gets%20a%20new%20rector.html the original] on 21 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref>Margaret ta wallafa littattafai guda biyu tare da wallafa labarai da dama a mujallu na ƙasa da na duniya. Ita mamba ce ta Cibiyar Nazarin Ayyuka ta Najeriya, Cibiyar Gudanar da Dimokuradiyya, da Cibiyar Gudanar da Zuba Jari da Bincike. == Abin kunya == A lokacin mulkinta, an zargi Margaret da almundahanar kuɗi da kuma amfani da kuɗaɗe ba bisa ƙa’ida ba wajen gudanar da ayyukan ci gaban Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba.. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] 4m99xsixumyfkexaeza3y76lpa5xvxc 0 152209 840099 2026-05-25T18:10:21Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1270190734|Charles Okonkwo]]" 840099 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Okonkwo''' ( // ⓘ ; an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1965) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . == Sana'a == A lokacin da yake buga wasa, ya buga wa Enugu Rangers wasa a gasar Premier ta Najeriya . Ya shiga gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1990. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] 0f4h78o5qqsdwpory2kidzpnnmy1rk9 840100 840099 2026-05-25T18:11:21Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1270190734|Charles Okonkwo]]" 840100 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Okonkwo''' ( // ⓘ ; an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1965) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]].<ref>"Africa International matches 1989". ''RSSSF''. Retrieved 31 December 2009.</ref> == Sana'a == A lokacin da yake buga wasa, ya buga wa Enugu Rangers wasa a gasar Premier ta Najeriya . Ya shiga gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1990. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] rcun7z22dh78ued0oy9q5cutzdeomz8 840101 840100 2026-05-25T18:13:11Z Sardeeq 39275 840101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charles Okonkwo''' ( // ⓘ ; an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1965) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]].<ref>"Africa International matches 1989". ''RSSSF''. Retrieved 31 December 2009.</ref> == Sana'a == A lokacin da yake buga wasa, ya buga wa Enugu Rangers wasa a gasar Premier ta Najeriya . Ya shiga gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1990. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] 2dofbqc8b9nrbm4sl7jvt9rr9uberxj 0 152210 840102 2026-05-25T18:16:30Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327753167|Emmanuel Okocha]]" 840102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmanuel Okocha''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1968) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a Enugu Rangers, VfB Marburg, Eintracht Haiger da SV Wehen, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya . [1] Ya fafata a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 1990, [2] kuma babban ɗan'uwan Jay-Jay Okocha ne. [3] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] t2wfg9dnymqvk6vtvha7iswwewn4o61 840103 840102 2026-05-25T18:17:22Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327753167|Emmanuel Okocha]]" 840103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmanuel Okocha''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1968) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a Enugu Rangers, VfB Marburg, Eintracht Haiger da SV Wehen, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya . [1] Ya fafata a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 1990, [2] kuma babban ɗan'uwan Jay-Jay Okocha ne. [3]<ref>Emmanuel Okocha". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] q5vwjzfk8gxzx6nmnv9wf5b2b0vxe4f 840104 840103 2026-05-25T18:17:58Z Sardeeq 39275 840104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emmanuel Okocha''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1968) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a Enugu Rangers, VfB Marburg, Eintracht Haiger da SV Wehen, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya . [1] Ya fafata a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 1990, [2] kuma babban ɗan'uwan Jay-Jay Okocha ne. [3]<ref>Emmanuel Okocha". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] o5dfdx1f5vz5ar8jilpsp7w7e0oyuq7 0 152211 840105 2026-05-25T18:22:28Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354508844|Emmanuel Okoduwa]]" 840105 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmanuel Osei Okoduwa''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1983) tsohon ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya. Ya fi shahara a Gabashin Turai bayan ya zama babban ɗan wasan da ya zura kwallaye a gasar Firimiya ta Ukraine . Daga 2001 zuwa 2007 Okoduwa ya buga wasanni sama da 100 a babban rukunin 'yan wasan Ukraine, galibi Arsenal Kyiv. == Bayani == Tsohon ɗan wasan gaban First Bank ya taɓa yin fice a Arsenal Kyiv, inda ya zira kwallaye 32 a wasanni 100 na manyan ƙungiyoyi tsakanin 2002 da 2006. Ya kuma yi wasa a KFC Germinal Beerschot . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stats Centre: Emmanuel Okoduwa Facts |url=http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=28&CPID=74&TEID=6550&PLID=200611&pStr=Player |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915183102/http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=28&CPID=74&TEID=6550&PLID=200611&pStr=Player |archive-date=2012-09-15 |access-date=2009-10-07 |publisher=[[Guardian.co.uk]]}}</ref> == Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa == Ɗan wasan da ya buga wa ƙasa da ƙasa, Okoduwa, ya samu nasara a ƙarshen shekarar 2006 a lokacin wasan neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2008, ko dai a wasan da suka yi da Nijar ko Lesotho. A wannan wasan ya shigo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. A lokacin Okoduwa ɗan wasan Shakhtar Donetsk ne. == Daraja == ; Arsenal Kyiv * [[Wasannin Afirka]] : Na biyu a 2003 * Wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Premier ta Ukraine : 2006, kwallaye 15 (tare da lashe kofi) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] ctsw48qer0cy4kq9g784i100nsn9h3z 840106 840105 2026-05-25T18:23:27Z Sardeeq 39275 840106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Emmanuel Osei Okoduwa''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1983) tsohon ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya. Ya fi shahara a Gabashin Turai bayan ya zama babban ɗan wasan da ya zura kwallaye a gasar Firimiya ta Ukraine . Daga 2001 zuwa 2007 Okoduwa ya buga wasanni sama da 100 a babban rukunin 'yan wasan Ukraine, galibi Arsenal Kyiv. == Bayani == Tsohon ɗan wasan gaban First Bank ya taɓa yin fice a Arsenal Kyiv, inda ya zira kwallaye 32 a wasanni 100 na manyan ƙungiyoyi tsakanin 2002 da 2006. Ya kuma yi wasa a KFC Germinal Beerschot . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stats Centre: Emmanuel Okoduwa Facts |url=http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=28&CPID=74&TEID=6550&PLID=200611&pStr=Player |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915183102/http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=28&CPID=74&TEID=6550&PLID=200611&pStr=Player |archive-date=2012-09-15 |access-date=2009-10-07 |publisher=[[Guardian.co.uk]]}}</ref> == Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa == Ɗan wasan da ya buga wa ƙasa da ƙasa, Okoduwa, ya samu nasara a ƙarshen shekarar 2006 a lokacin wasan neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2008, ko dai a wasan da suka yi da Nijar ko Lesotho. A wannan wasan ya shigo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. A lokacin Okoduwa ɗan wasan Shakhtar Donetsk ne. == Daraja == ; Arsenal Kyiv * [[Wasannin Afirka]] : Na biyu a 2003 * Wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Premier ta Ukraine : 2006, kwallaye 15 (tare da lashe kofi) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] swuenwufb4sho9i6xee4fhg706tlmh0 0 152212 840108 2026-05-25T18:50:46Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351327317|Peter Olayinka]]" 840108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Olayinka Oladeji''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1995) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] ko na gaba ga APOEL da [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Olayinka ya fara aikinsa da (Baba Boss) a Ibadan a watan Janairun 2012, kafin ya koma Bylis a Kategoria Superiore, inda ya fara shiga ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 saboda yana ɗan shekara 17 kacal a lokacin. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasa a ƙarƙashin Agim Canaj a kakar wasa ta 2012-13, kuma ya fara buga wasa a ranar 20 ga Oktoban 2012 a wasan Kategoria Superiore da Luftëtari, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jetmir Sefa a minti na 84 a wasan da suka ci 2-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bylis vs. Luftëtari Gjirokastër - 20 October 2012 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/20/albania/super-league/ks-bylis-ballsh/ks-luftetari-gjirokaster/1306004/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Da tafiyar Canaj da kuma zuwan Naci Şensoy a matsayin koci a watan Nuwamba, Olayinka ya sami ƙarin lokacin wasa a ƙarƙashin Şensoy wanda ya nuna imani da matashin ɗan wasan. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun 2013 a kan Teuta a wasan cin kofin Albania wanda ya ƙare da kunnen doki 2-2. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Teuta Durrës vs. Bylis - 4 February 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/02/04/albania/cup/ks-teuta-durres/ks-bylis-ballsh/1410265/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Ya sake zura kwallo bayan wata daya a ranar 3 ga Maris a wasansu da Laçi a wasan da suka sha kashi a waje da ci 3-2. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laçi vs. Bylis - 6 March 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/03/06/albania/cup/kf-laci/ks-bylis-ballsh/1410270/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Ya sake zura kwallo a gasar cin kofin Albania a zagayen farko na wasan kusa da na karshe da Skënderbeu, inda ya zura kwallo ta farko a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a filin wasa na Skënderbeu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Skënderbeu Korçë vs. Bylis - 3 April 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/04/03/albania/cup/ks-skenderbeu-korce/ks-bylis-ballsh/1460526/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni 14 a gasar lig a kakar wasa ta 2012-13 ba tare da ya zura kwallo ba, kuma ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta kauce wa faduwa zuwa Kategoria e Parë, inda ya fara wasanni 6 sannan ya kammala dukkan mintuna 90 a wasanni biyu. Ya zura kwallo uku a gasar cin kofin Albania a wasanni 10, yayin da kungiyarsa ta kai wasan karshe a karon farko a tarihinta. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan karshe da Laçi amma an maye gurbinsa da shi a karshen lokaci, kafin Laçi ya kwace wasan ta hannun Emiliano Çela wanda ya ci kwallo a minti na 119. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laçi vs. Bylis - 17 May 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/05/17/albania/cup/kf-laci/ks-bylis-ballsh/1470538/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> === Yenicami Ağdelen === Bayan ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2012-13, ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyi daga cikin Albania da ƙasashen waje, kuma an ruwaito cewa ƙungiyar FC Porto ta Portugal ta ba Bylis €500,000 don ayyukansa amma an ƙi tayin. Olayinka ya bar ƙungiyar a lokacin bazara na 2013, kuma ya nemi hukumar kula da ƙwallon ƙafa [[FIFA|ta FIFA]] ta sallame shi daga kwangilarsa da ƙungiyar, amma Bylis ya kuma tuntuɓi FIFA, wanda daga ƙarshe ya yanke hukunci kan ƙungiyar saboda har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin kwangila. Daga nan Bylis ya ɗauki zaɓin sabunta kwangilarsa, ma'ana ba zai iya bugawa wata ƙungiya wasa ba tare da izininsu ba, amma don shawo kan wannan ya koma ƙungiyar Yenicami Ağdelen [[Arewacin Cyprus|ta Arewacin Cyprus]] a kakar wasa ta 2013-14 saboda FIFA ba ta amince da gasar North Cyprus Süper Lig a hukumance ba. Ya zira kwallaye 8 a gasar lig a wasanni 21 don taimakawa ƙungiyar lashe gasar Süper Lig a karon farko cikin shekaru 20. Ya kuma zura kwallaye 6 a wasanni 5 na Federasyon Kupası yayin da aka doke kungiyarsa a wasan karshe, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar kwallayen da ya zura zuwa 14 a wasanni 26 da ya buga wa kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OLAYINKA PETER OLADEJI Informations |url=http://www.ktff.org/InfoBank/PlayerDetails/13416 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=ktff.net}}</ref> === Skënderbeu === An yi zargin cewa Olayinka ya amince da yarjejeniyar da Kukësi amma a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2014 ya amince da yarjejeniyar da zakarun Albania masu ci Skënderbeu, kuma an gan shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Pero Pejić wanda ya koma Kukësi kwanan nan. Kukësi da shugabanta Safet Gjici sun yi jayayya sosai kan komawarsa Skënderbeu, wanda shi ma ya daukaka kara zuwa ga Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Albania kuma ya kai karar dan wasan ga 'yan sanda. Duk da haka, Olayinka ya shiga tare da sauran 'yan wasan Skënderbeu kafin kakar wasa ta 2014-15, kuma ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 a Apolonia a ranar 19 ga Satumba, inda ya buga dukkan mintuna 90. [1] [2] Ya koma Albania a watan Agusta kafin fara kakar wasa ta 2015–16 Kategoria Superiore, sannan ya koma Skënderbeu, inda aka ba shi damar sake buga wasa bayan ya kammala dakatarwar da aka yi masa. A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2015, Olayinka ya zura kwallayensa na farko a gasar a kakar wasa ta 2015–16 a kan sabuwar ƙungiyar Tërbuni, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka tashi 0-2 a waje. === Gent === Olayinka ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da KAA Gent kan Yuro miliyan 1.1. Ya koma ƙungiyar Czech First League Dukla Prague a matsayin aro na tsawon shekara guda a watan Yulin 2016. === Slavia Prague === [[Fayil:Peter_Olayinka,_FCB-SLAVIA_30092018.jpg|thumb|Olayinka tare da Slavia Prague a 2018]] A ranar 21 ga Yulin 2018, Slavia Prague ta sayi Olayinka a kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu daga Gent kan Yuro miliyan 3,200,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2018 |title=Velká posila: Do Slavie příchází Peter Olayinka! |url=https://www.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=Velka-posila-Do-Slavie-prichazi-Peter-Olayinka-15753 |access-date=22 July 2018 |website=slavia.cz |publisher=SK Slavia Prague |language=cs}}</ref> === Tauraron Red Star Belgrade === Da yammacin ranar 9 ga Janairu 2023, [[Red Star Belgrade]] da Olayinka sun amince kan canja wurin, wanda zai fara aiki bayan ƙarshen kwangilar Peter da Slavia Prague. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Питер Олањинка у Звезди! |url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/scc/vest/14402/Piter-Olanjinka-u-Zvezdi}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Saboda baiwar da yake da ita, hukumar kwallon kafa ta Albania ta yi yunƙurin sanya Olayinka a matsayin ɗan wasan Afirka na farko da zai buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Albania wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olayinka mund të "shqiptarizohet" |url=http://borozani.com/artikulli/olayinka-mund-te-shqiptarizohet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102658/http://borozani.com/artikulli/olayinka-mund-te-shqiptarizohet |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Borozani.com |language=sq-AL}}</ref> A wancan lokacin Olayinka da kansa ya ce yana son bugawa ƙasar Albania wasa idan ya sami fasfo ɗin Albania. <ref>{{Cite web |title=E pabesueshme: Nigeriani dëshiron të luajë për Shqipërinë |url=http://m.telegrafi.com/sport/e-pabesueshme-nigeriani-deshiron-te-luaje-per-shqiperine-5-0-60543.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222105848/http://m.telegrafi.com/sport/e-pabesueshme-nigeriani-deshiron-te-luaje-per-shqiperine-5-0-60543.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref> Duk da haka, a watan Satumba na 2019, an zaɓe shi don buga wasan sada zumunci tsakanin Najeriya da Brazil. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busari |first=Niyi |date=27 September 2019 |title=Brazil Vs Nigeria: Olayinka secures first Eagles call up, as Azeez return to the team |url=https://bsnsports.com.ng/brazil-vs-nigeria-olayinka-secures-first-eagles-call-up-as-azeez-return-to-the-team/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927130120/https://bsnsports.com.ng/brazil-vs-nigeria-olayinka-secures-first-eagles-call-up-as-azeez-return-to-the-team/ |archive-date=27 September 2019 |access-date=27 September 2019 |website=BSN Sports}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2019, ya buga wasanni huɗu ga [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] 2re4udemx252330x1o66czhkxrmekfr 840109 840108 2026-05-25T18:51:17Z Sardeeq 39275 840109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peter Olayinka Oladeji''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1995) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] ko na gaba ga APOEL da [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] . == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Olayinka ya fara aikinsa da (Baba Boss) a Ibadan a watan Janairun 2012, kafin ya koma Bylis a Kategoria Superiore, inda ya fara shiga ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19 saboda yana ɗan shekara 17 kacal a lokacin. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasa a ƙarƙashin Agim Canaj a kakar wasa ta 2012-13, kuma ya fara buga wasa a ranar 20 ga Oktoban 2012 a wasan Kategoria Superiore da Luftëtari, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jetmir Sefa a minti na 84 a wasan da suka ci 2-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bylis vs. Luftëtari Gjirokastër - 20 October 2012 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/20/albania/super-league/ks-bylis-ballsh/ks-luftetari-gjirokaster/1306004/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Da tafiyar Canaj da kuma zuwan Naci Şensoy a matsayin koci a watan Nuwamba, Olayinka ya sami ƙarin lokacin wasa a ƙarƙashin Şensoy wanda ya nuna imani da matashin ɗan wasan. Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun 2013 a kan Teuta a wasan cin kofin Albania wanda ya ƙare da kunnen doki 2-2. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Teuta Durrës vs. Bylis - 4 February 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/02/04/albania/cup/ks-teuta-durres/ks-bylis-ballsh/1410265/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Ya sake zura kwallo bayan wata daya a ranar 3 ga Maris a wasansu da Laçi a wasan da suka sha kashi a waje da ci 3-2. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laçi vs. Bylis - 6 March 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/03/06/albania/cup/kf-laci/ks-bylis-ballsh/1410270/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Ya sake zura kwallo a gasar cin kofin Albania a zagayen farko na wasan kusa da na karshe da Skënderbeu, inda ya zura kwallo ta farko a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a filin wasa na Skënderbeu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Skënderbeu Korçë vs. Bylis - 3 April 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/04/03/albania/cup/ks-skenderbeu-korce/ks-bylis-ballsh/1460526/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni 14 a gasar lig a kakar wasa ta 2012-13 ba tare da ya zura kwallo ba, kuma ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta kauce wa faduwa zuwa Kategoria e Parë, inda ya fara wasanni 6 sannan ya kammala dukkan mintuna 90 a wasanni biyu. Ya zura kwallo uku a gasar cin kofin Albania a wasanni 10, yayin da kungiyarsa ta kai wasan karshe a karon farko a tarihinta. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan karshe da Laçi amma an maye gurbinsa da shi a karshen lokaci, kafin Laçi ya kwace wasan ta hannun Emiliano Çela wanda ya ci kwallo a minti na 119. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laçi vs. Bylis - 17 May 2013 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/05/17/albania/cup/kf-laci/ks-bylis-ballsh/1470538/ |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> === Yenicami Ağdelen === Bayan ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2012-13, ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyi daga cikin Albania da ƙasashen waje, kuma an ruwaito cewa ƙungiyar FC Porto ta Portugal ta ba Bylis €500,000 don ayyukansa amma an ƙi tayin. Olayinka ya bar ƙungiyar a lokacin bazara na 2013, kuma ya nemi hukumar kula da ƙwallon ƙafa [[FIFA|ta FIFA]] ta sallame shi daga kwangilarsa da ƙungiyar, amma Bylis ya kuma tuntuɓi FIFA, wanda daga ƙarshe ya yanke hukunci kan ƙungiyar saboda har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin kwangila. Daga nan Bylis ya ɗauki zaɓin sabunta kwangilarsa, ma'ana ba zai iya bugawa wata ƙungiya wasa ba tare da izininsu ba, amma don shawo kan wannan ya koma ƙungiyar Yenicami Ağdelen [[Arewacin Cyprus|ta Arewacin Cyprus]] a kakar wasa ta 2013-14 saboda FIFA ba ta amince da gasar North Cyprus Süper Lig a hukumance ba. Ya zira kwallaye 8 a gasar lig a wasanni 21 don taimakawa ƙungiyar lashe gasar Süper Lig a karon farko cikin shekaru 20. Ya kuma zura kwallaye 6 a wasanni 5 na Federasyon Kupası yayin da aka doke kungiyarsa a wasan karshe, wanda hakan ya kawo jimillar kwallayen da ya zura zuwa 14 a wasanni 26 da ya buga wa kungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OLAYINKA PETER OLADEJI Informations |url=http://www.ktff.org/InfoBank/PlayerDetails/13416 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=ktff.net}}</ref> === Skënderbeu === An yi zargin cewa Olayinka ya amince da yarjejeniyar da Kukësi amma a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2014 ya amince da yarjejeniyar da zakarun Albania masu ci Skënderbeu, kuma an gan shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Pero Pejić wanda ya koma Kukësi kwanan nan. Kukësi da shugabanta Safet Gjici sun yi jayayya sosai kan komawarsa Skënderbeu, wanda shi ma ya daukaka kara zuwa ga Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Albania kuma ya kai karar dan wasan ga 'yan sanda. Duk da haka, Olayinka ya shiga tare da sauran 'yan wasan Skënderbeu kafin kakar wasa ta 2014-15, kuma ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 a Apolonia a ranar 19 ga Satumba, inda ya buga dukkan mintuna 90. [1] [2] Ya koma Albania a watan Agusta kafin fara kakar wasa ta 2015–16 Kategoria Superiore, sannan ya koma Skënderbeu, inda aka ba shi damar sake buga wasa bayan ya kammala dakatarwar da aka yi masa. A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2015, Olayinka ya zura kwallayensa na farko a gasar a kakar wasa ta 2015–16 a kan sabuwar ƙungiyar Tërbuni, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka tashi 0-2 a waje. === Gent === Olayinka ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da KAA Gent kan Yuro miliyan 1.1. Ya koma ƙungiyar Czech First League Dukla Prague a matsayin aro na tsawon shekara guda a watan Yulin 2016. === Slavia Prague === [[Fayil:Peter_Olayinka,_FCB-SLAVIA_30092018.jpg|thumb|Olayinka tare da Slavia Prague a 2018]] A ranar 21 ga Yulin 2018, Slavia Prague ta sayi Olayinka a kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu daga Gent kan Yuro miliyan 3,200,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2018 |title=Velká posila: Do Slavie příchází Peter Olayinka! |url=https://www.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=Velka-posila-Do-Slavie-prichazi-Peter-Olayinka-15753 |access-date=22 July 2018 |website=slavia.cz |publisher=SK Slavia Prague |language=cs}}</ref> === Tauraron Red Star Belgrade === Da yammacin ranar 9 ga Janairu 2023, [[Red Star Belgrade]] da Olayinka sun amince kan canja wurin, wanda zai fara aiki bayan ƙarshen kwangilar Peter da Slavia Prague. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Питер Олањинка у Звезди! |url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/scc/vest/14402/Piter-Olanjinka-u-Zvezdi}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Saboda baiwar da yake da ita, hukumar kwallon kafa ta Albania ta yi yunƙurin sanya Olayinka a matsayin ɗan wasan Afirka na farko da zai buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Albania wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olayinka mund të "shqiptarizohet" |url=http://borozani.com/artikulli/olayinka-mund-te-shqiptarizohet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102658/http://borozani.com/artikulli/olayinka-mund-te-shqiptarizohet |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=Borozani.com |language=sq-AL}}</ref> A wancan lokacin Olayinka da kansa ya ce yana son bugawa ƙasar Albania wasa idan ya sami fasfo ɗin Albania. <ref>{{Cite web |title=E pabesueshme: Nigeriani dëshiron të luajë për Shqipërinë |url=http://m.telegrafi.com/sport/e-pabesueshme-nigeriani-deshiron-te-luaje-per-shqiperine-5-0-60543.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222105848/http://m.telegrafi.com/sport/e-pabesueshme-nigeriani-deshiron-te-luaje-per-shqiperine-5-0-60543.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref> Duk da haka, a watan Satumba na 2019, an zaɓe shi don buga wasan sada zumunci tsakanin Najeriya da Brazil. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busari |first=Niyi |date=27 September 2019 |title=Brazil Vs Nigeria: Olayinka secures first Eagles call up, as Azeez return to the team |url=https://bsnsports.com.ng/brazil-vs-nigeria-olayinka-secures-first-eagles-call-up-as-azeez-return-to-the-team/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927130120/https://bsnsports.com.ng/brazil-vs-nigeria-olayinka-secures-first-eagles-call-up-as-azeez-return-to-the-team/ |archive-date=27 September 2019 |access-date=27 September 2019 |website=BSN Sports}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2019, ya buga wasanni huɗu ga [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] kt8dx2navmjebr6obcfcn74w7o16ohq 0 152213 840110 2026-05-25T18:52:05Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330255531|Seyi Olajengbesi]]" 840110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Seyi Olajengbesi''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 1980 a Ibadan ) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya wanda ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a Jamus, yana bugawa Alemannia Aachen, SC Freiburg, da SV Sandhausen . [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 80ku23oe4cagkh45n5j5wpabpgkpqtc 840111 840110 2026-05-25T18:53:17Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330255531|Seyi Olajengbesi]]" 840111 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Seyi Olajengbesi''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 1980 a Ibadan ) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya wanda ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a Jamus, yana bugawa Alemannia Aachen, SC Freiburg, da SV Sandhausen . [1]<ref>Seyi Olajengbesi". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 19 July 2012.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 34rbfacj1ti6o8wud77scak5ex8647t 840112 840111 2026-05-25T18:53:51Z Sardeeq 39275 840112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Seyi Olajengbesi''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 1980 a Ibadan ) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya wanda ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a Jamus, yana bugawa Alemannia Aachen, SC Freiburg, da SV Sandhausen . [1]<ref>Seyi Olajengbesi". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 19 July 2012.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] e0jtah3wbdpr5rmvub4s2pce02q8w5u 0 152214 840113 2026-05-25T18:55:13Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340780825|Isiaka Olawale]]" 840113 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isiaka Olawale''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1983) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya. A halin yanzu yana wasa a [[Dolphin FC (Nijeriya)|ƙungiyar Dolphins FC]] == Tarihi == A ranar 25 ga Janairun 2012, bayan tattaunawa mai tsawo, Dolphins da Kwara United sun amince kan kuɗin da za su biya don canja wurin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya, Isiaka Olawale, zuwa zakarun gasar. [1] Olawale ya fara wasan kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a zagaye na biyu na wasan zagaye na farko na gasar zakarun Turai ta CAF ta 2012 da CD Elá Nguema . == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Ya buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Najeriya]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Najeriya . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] 2s4uoc5r4ie1swqhito2g0lrnrui4bs 840114 840113 2026-05-25T18:55:55Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340780825|Isiaka Olawale]]" 840114 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isiaka Olawale''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1983) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya. A halin yanzu yana wasa a [[Dolphin FC (Nijeriya)|ƙungiyar Dolphins FC]] <ref>Isiaka Olawale at National-Football-Teams.com</ref> == Tarihi == A ranar 25 ga Janairun 2012, bayan tattaunawa mai tsawo, Dolphins da Kwara United sun amince kan kuɗin da za su biya don canja wurin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya, Isiaka Olawale, zuwa zakarun gasar. [1] Olawale ya fara wasan kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a zagaye na biyu na wasan zagaye na farko na gasar zakarun Turai ta CAF ta 2012 da CD Elá Nguema . == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Ya buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Najeriya]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Najeriya . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] o1x88a1c79hxlpxe5lpzz53twgdjgrs 840115 840114 2026-05-25T18:56:50Z Sardeeq 39275 840115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isiaka Olawale''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1983) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya. A halin yanzu yana wasa a [[Dolphin FC (Nijeriya)|ƙungiyar Dolphins FC]] <ref>Isiaka Olawale at National-Football-Teams.com</ref> == Tarihi == A ranar 25 ga Janairun 2012, bayan tattaunawa mai tsawo, Dolphins da Kwara United sun amince kan kuɗin da za su biya don canja wurin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya, Isiaka Olawale, zuwa zakarun gasar. [1] Olawale ya fara wasan kuma ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar a zagaye na biyu na wasan zagaye na farko na gasar zakarun Turai ta CAF ta 2012 da CD Elá Nguema . == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Ya buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Najeriya]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Najeriya . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] 6hgfqk99iwiyom1tlzcvvab1njrdwff 0 152215 840118 2026-05-25T19:17:36Z Zainab118 44654 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342155330|Ekhaguere Godwin Osakpemwoya Samuel]]" 840118 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Godwin Osakpemwoya Samuel Ekhaguere''' NNOM farfesa ne na lissafi a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] kuma wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Duniya (ICMCS). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekhaguere Godwin Osakpemwoya Samuel {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ekhaguere-godwin-osakpemwoya-samuel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708034018/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ekhaguere-godwin-osakpemwoya-samuel |archive-date=2022-07-08 |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=www.aasciences.africa}}</ref> Ya kasance Fellow na [[Gidauniyar Alexander von Humboldt]], [[Jamus]], tsohon mataimakin Dean na Faculty of Science Jami'ar Ibadan kuma memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=G. O. S. Ekhaguere |url=http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/PEEPS/ekhaguere_gos.html |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=www.math.buffalo.edu}}</ref> Har ila yau, shi ne mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Najeriya (NNOM) wanda Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-09 |title=There is genius for achievement in every corner of Nigeria, says Osinbajo |url=https://dailytrust.com/there-is-genius-for-achievement-in-every-corner-of-nigeria-says-osinbajo |access-date=2022-07-08 |language=en |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Godwin, [[Landan]] ake kira GOS, an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Mayu 1947 a Benin City, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]]. Ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a 1965 da Takardar shaidarsa ta Makarantar Sama a 1967, duka biyu a Kwalejin Immaculate Conception (ICC), Benin City. A shekara ta 1971, ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar lissafi kuma ya sami difloma na Kwalejin Imperial (DIC) a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Imperial (yanzu Kwalejin Masarautar Kimiyya, Fasaha da Magunguna) London a fannin lissafi a shekara ta 1974. Mai kula da shi shine Farfesa Robert Delbourgo na gaba. A shekara ta 1976, ya sami Ph.D. a fannin lissafi daga Jami'ar London (Kwalejin Bedford). Mai kula da shi shine Farfesa Raymond Frederick Streater na gaba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=G. O. S. Ekhaguere |url=http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/PEEPS/ekhaguere_gos.html |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=www.math.buffalo.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/PEEPS/ekhaguere_gos.html "G. O. S. Ekhaguere"]. ''www.math.buffalo.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyuka == GOS ya zama farfesa a shekarar 1988 sannan ya zama mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar Nigerian Mathematical Society a shekarar 1995. Daga shekarar 1993 zuwa 1996, ya kasance shugaban sashen lissafi, sannan ya zama mataimakin shugaban Faculty of Science a shekarar 1981.[1] A tsawon shekaru, ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban na ziyara a cibiyoyi da jami’o’i da dama a faɗin duniya, daga cikinsu akwai: Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Physics ta Jami’ar Göttingen a Göttingen, Jamus; Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Physics ta Jami’ar Wroclaw a Poland; Forschungszentrum Bielefeld-Bochum-Stochastik (BiBoS) a Jami’ar Bielefeld, Jamus; Sonderforschungsbereich 123 na Jami’ar Heidelberg a Heidelberg, Jamus; Arnold-Sommerfeld Institute for Mathematical Physics a Technical University of Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Jamus; International Centre for Theoretical Physics a Trieste, Italiya; Centro Matematica Vito Volterra a Università di Roma II (Tor Vergata), Rome, Italiya; Association of African Universities a Accra, Ghana; da kuma Jami’ar Western Cape a Bellville, Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu. A halin yanzu, shi Farfesa Emeritus ne na ilimin lissafi a Jami’ar Ibadan, wanda mukami ne na rayuwa baki ɗaya. Tarihin rayuwarsa mai taken ''Promise and Providence'' an wallafa shi a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2022, ta Safari Books Limited da ke Ibadan, Najeriya, kuma ana samunsa a dandamalin wallafa littattafan intanet da dama kamar Amazon, Barnes and Noble, Rakuten Kobo, Lulu.com, Weltbild, Hugendubel da African Books Collective. [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] byiufs5d8etujaac7edkfhfbj3ttly0 840119 840118 2026-05-25T19:21:49Z Zainab118 44654 Translated 840119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Godwin Osakpemwoya Samuel Ekhaguere | image = | honorific_suffix = {{small|[[Nigerian National Order of Merit Award|NNOM]]}} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|23 May 1947|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Benin City]], [[Edo State]], [[Nigeria]] | education = {{plainlist| * [[Immaculate Conception College]] * Imperial College of Science & Technology, London * [[University of London]] ([[Bedford College, London|Bedford College]]) }} | occupation = {{hlist|[[Researcher]]|[[academician]]|[[professor]]}} }} '''Godwin Osakpemwoya Samuel Ekhaguere''' NNOM farfesa ne na lissafi a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] kuma wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Duniya (ICMCS). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekhaguere Godwin Osakpemwoya Samuel {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ekhaguere-godwin-osakpemwoya-samuel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708034018/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ekhaguere-godwin-osakpemwoya-samuel |archive-date=2022-07-08 |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=www.aasciences.africa}}</ref> Ya kasance Fellow na [[Gidauniyar Alexander von Humboldt]], [[Jamus]], tsohon mataimakin Dean na Faculty of Science Jami'ar Ibadan kuma memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=G. O. S. Ekhaguere |url=http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/PEEPS/ekhaguere_gos.html |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=www.math.buffalo.edu}}</ref> Har ila yau, shi ne mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Najeriya (NNOM) wanda Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-09 |title=There is genius for achievement in every corner of Nigeria, says Osinbajo |url=https://dailytrust.com/there-is-genius-for-achievement-in-every-corner-of-nigeria-says-osinbajo |access-date=2022-07-08 |language=en |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Godwin, [[Landan]] ake kira GOS, an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Mayu 1947 a Benin City, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]]. Ya sami Takardar shaidar Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a 1965 da Takardar shaidarsa ta Makarantar Sama a 1967, duka biyu a Kwalejin Immaculate Conception (ICC), Benin City. A shekara ta 1971, ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar lissafi kuma ya sami difloma na Kwalejin Imperial (DIC) a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Imperial (yanzu Kwalejin Masarautar Kimiyya, Fasaha da Magunguna) London a fannin lissafi a shekara ta 1974. Mai kula da shi shine Farfesa Robert Delbourgo na gaba. A shekara ta 1976, ya sami Ph.D. a fannin lissafi daga Jami'ar London (Kwalejin Bedford). Mai kula da shi shine Farfesa Raymond Frederick Streater na gaba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=G. O. S. Ekhaguere |url=http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/PEEPS/ekhaguere_gos.html |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=www.math.buffalo.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/PEEPS/ekhaguere_gos.html "G. O. S. Ekhaguere"]. ''www.math.buffalo.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyuka == GOS ya zama farfesa a shekarar 1988 sannan ya zama mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar Nigerian Mathematical Society a shekarar 1995. Daga shekarar 1993 zuwa 1996, ya kasance shugaban sashen lissafi, sannan ya zama mataimakin shugaban Faculty of Science a shekarar 1981.<ref name=":0" /> A tsawon shekaru, ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban na ziyara a cibiyoyi da jami’o’i da dama a faɗin duniya, daga cikinsu akwai: Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Physics ta Jami’ar Göttingen a Göttingen, Jamus; Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Physics ta Jami’ar Wroclaw a Poland; Forschungszentrum Bielefeld-Bochum-Stochastik (BiBoS) a Jami’ar Bielefeld, Jamus; Sonderforschungsbereich 123 na Jami’ar Heidelberg a Heidelberg, Jamus; Arnold-Sommerfeld Institute for Mathematical Physics a Technical University of Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Jamus; International Centre for Theoretical Physics a Trieste, Italiya; Centro Matematica Vito Volterra a Università di Roma II (Tor Vergata), Rome, Italiya; Association of African Universities a Accra, Ghana; da kuma Jami’ar Western Cape a Bellville, Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu. A halin yanzu, shi Farfesa Emeritus ne na ilimin lissafi a Jami’ar Ibadan, wanda mukami ne na rayuwa baki ɗaya. Tarihin rayuwarsa mai taken ''Promise and Providence'' an wallafa shi a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2022, ta Safari Books Limited da ke Ibadan, Najeriya, kuma ana samunsa a dandamalin wallafa littattafan intanet da dama kamar Amazon, Barnes and Noble, Rakuten Kobo, Lulu.com, Weltbild, Hugendubel da African Books Collective. == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] akwdjepdihtvmfna5d68pd728hfn0em 0 152216 840121 2026-05-25T19:37:42Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person |birth_name = Olatunji Akin Euba |birth_date = 28 April 1935 |birth_place = [[Lagos]], Nigeria |death_date = {{death date and age|2020|4|14|1935|4|28|df=y}} |death_place = |occupation = [[Composer]], [[musicologist]], and pianist |alma_mater = {{indented plainlist| * [[Trinity College of Music]] * [[University of California, Los Angeles]] * [[University of Ghana]]}} }} '''Olatunji Akin Euba''' (28 Afrilu 1935 – 14 Afrilu 2020) ɗan Najeriya ne mai binci... 840121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |birth_name = Olatunji Akin Euba |birth_date = 28 April 1935 |birth_place = [[Lagos]], Nigeria |death_date = {{death date and age|2020|4|14|1935|4|28|df=y}} |death_place = |occupation = [[Composer]], [[musicologist]], and pianist |alma_mater = {{indented plainlist| * [[Trinity College of Music]] * [[University of California, Los Angeles]] * [[University of Ghana]]}} }} '''Olatunji Akin Euba''' (28 Afrilu 1935 – 14 Afrilu 2020) ɗan Najeriya ne mai binciken kiɗa (musicologist), mawaki, kuma ɗan wasan piano. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana kiɗan Afirka na zamani, musamman wajen haɗa tsarin kiɗan gargajiyar Afirka da na Turai cikin salon zamani. Ya shahara sosai wajen ƙirƙirar ra’ayin '''African Pianism''', wato amfani da piano wajen bayyana salo da tsarin kiɗan Afirka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nwakunor |first=Gregory Austin |title=Akin Euba, the father of African pianism, dies at 84 |url=https://guardian.ng/art/akin-euba-the-father-of-african-pianism-dies-at-84/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=15 Afrilu 2020 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da karatu == An haifi Akin Euba a birnin [[Lagos]], Najeriya, a ranar 28 Afrilu 1935. Ya fara sha’awar kiɗa tun yana makaranta a CMS Grammar School da ke Lagos. Daga baya ya tafi [[Birtaniya]] inda ya yi karatun kiɗa a Trinity College of Music da ke London, inda ya kware a fannin piano da tsara kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aluko |first=Seye |title=MUSON serenades guests with concert in honour of Akin Euba |url=https://guardian.ng/art/muson-serenades-guests-with-concert-in-honour-of-akin-euba/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=10 Faburairu 2019 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1962 ya samu tallafin karatu daga Rockefeller Foundation. Haka kuma ya samu digirin BA da MA a fannin ethnomusicology daga University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Daga bisani ya sami digirin PhD daga University of Ghana a shekarar 1974, inda bincikensa ya mayar da hankali kan kiɗan ''Dùndún'' na Yarbawa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Akin Euba, the father of African pianism, dies at 84 |url=https://guardian.ng/art/akin-euba-the-father-of-african-pianism-dies-at-84/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=15 Afrilu 2020 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aiki == Euba ya yi aiki a cibiyoyi daban-daban na ilimi da al’adu. Ya kasance shugaban sashen kiɗa na Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation na tsawon shekaru biyar. Haka kuma ya koyar a Jami’ar Ife (wacce yanzu ake kira Obafemi Awolowo University) da kuma Jami’ar Lagos, inda ya zama Farfesa kuma Daraktan Centre for Cultural Studies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nwakunor |first=Gregory Austin |title=MUSON groove for master composer, Akin Euba |url=https://guardian.ng/art/muson-groove-for-master-composer-akin-euba/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=23 Janairu 2019 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Daga shekarar 1993 zuwa 2011 ya kasance Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Music a University of Pittsburgh da ke Amurka. Haka kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa Centre for Intercultural Music Arts a London da kuma Centre for Intercultural Musicology a Churchill College, Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olatunji Akintunde Euba (1935-2020) |url=https://www.ethnomusicology.org/news/504207/Olatunji-Akintunde-Euba-1935-2020.htm |website=Society for Ethnomusicology |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga kiɗan Afirka == Akin Euba ya yi suna sosai wajen bunƙasa kiɗan zamani na Afirka. Ya ƙirƙiri ra’ayin '''African Pianism''', wanda yake nufin amfani da piano wajen kwaikwayon tsarin bugun kiɗa da sautukan gargajiyar Afirka, musamman na Yarbawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bolaji |first=David |title=The Creative Approach Towards African Identity: A Scholastic Discourse in Honor of Akin Euba |journal=African Musicology Online |volume=9 |issue=2 |year=2021 |url=https://www.utafitionline.com/index.php/amo/article/view/30 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya yi fice wajen haɗa kiɗan gargajiyar Afirka da tsarin kiɗan classical na Turai. Wasu daga cikin ayyukansa sun haɗa da amfani da tsarin ''twelve-tone'' da kiɗan gargajiyar Yarbawa a lokaci guda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hybrid Composition: An Introduction to the Age of Atonality in Nigeria |url=https://www.thediapason.com/content/hybrid-composition-introduction-age-atonality-nigeria |website=The Diapason |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Fitattun ayyuka == Daga cikin fitattun ayyukan Akin Euba akwai: * ''Chaka: An Opera in Two Chants'' (1970) * ''Scenes From Traditional Life'' * ''Wakar Duru: Studies in African Pianism'' * ''Impressions From an Akwete Cloth'' * ''Black Bethlehem'' Ayyukansa sun taimaka wajen yada kiɗan Afirka a duniya tare da nuna cewa tsarin kiɗan Afirka na iya shiga cikin kiɗan duniya na zamani.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Akande |first=Araayo |title=Foremost musicologist, Prof Akin Euba dies |url=https://www.theculturenewspaper.com/foremost-musicologist-prof-akin-euba-dies/ |work=The Culture Newspaper |date=16 Afrilu 2020 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Akin Euba ya rasu a ranar 14 Afrilu 2020 yana da shekaru 84, kwanaki kaɗan kafin cikarsa shekaru 85. Mutuwarsa ta jawo jimami sosai a tsakanin masana kiɗa da masu al’adun Afirka.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prolific Nigerian composer, Professor Akin Euba dies at the age of 84 |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2020/04/15/prolific-nigerian-composer-professor-akin-euba-dies-at-the-age-of-84/ |work=Within Nigeria |date=15 Afrilu 2020 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.ethnomusicology.org/news/504207/Olatunji-Akintunde-Euba-1935-2020.htm Society for Ethnomusicology] * [https://guardian.ng/art/akin-euba-the-father-of-african-pianism-dies-at-84/ The Guardian Nigeria] [[Category:Masu binciken kiɗa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu piano na Najeriya]] [[Category:Mawakan Najeriya]] [[Category:1935 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]]a qh3nyau36p9oinxhg9c8ngqpggvzd1r 0 152217 840122 2026-05-25T19:37:51Z Zainab118 44654 Created 840122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Godwin Akpan Amaowoh | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|11|29}} | birth_place = Jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Malamin addini, marubuci, mai bincike | known_for = Kirkirar tsarin shugabanci na ''Tupocracy'' | organization = Assemblies of God Nigeria | title = Babban Sakatare na Assemblies of God Nigeria }} '''Godwin Akpan Amaowoh''' (an haife shi ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 1959) malamin addini ne, mai bincike, marubuci kuma mai sharhi kan harkokin zamantakewa daga Najeriya. Ya shahara ne saboda kirkirar tsarin shugabanci mai suna ''Tupocracy'', wanda ke nufin shugabanci ta hanyar bada misali mai kyau. Yana aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare kuma amintacce na cocin Assemblies of God Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin_Akpan_Amaowoh |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rev. Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://agnigeria.org/ministers/godwin-akpan-amaowoh/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Rayuwar farko da karatu== An haifi Godwin Akpan Amaowoh a garin Mbiabong Ikon No. 1 da ke karamar hukumar Ikono a Jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun firamare a Government School, Mbiabong Ikon da Methodist School, Nung Ukim. Daga baya ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Ikono People’s High School, Nung Ukim inda ya samu takardar shaidar WAEC a shekarar 1978.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rev. Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://agnigeria.org/ministers/godwin-akpan-amaowoh/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Amaowoh ya karanci Geography da History a College of Education, Uyo inda ya samu takardar NCE. Daga baya ya samu Diploma a ilimin tauhidi daga Assemblies of God Theological Seminary, Uyo. Haka kuma ya sami digirin BA a Biblical Studies da Theology daga Assemblies of God Divinity School of Nigeria. Ya ci gaba da samun digirin MA a Religious Studies daga Jami’ar Uyo sannan ya samu PhD a Religious Studies daga Jami’ar Najeriya da ke Nsukka.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Intersection of Religion and Governance: Insights from Godwin Amaowoh |url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/ibru-ecumenical-centre/the-intersection-of-religion-and-governance-insights-from-godwin-amaowoh/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=22 April 2024 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rev. Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://agnigeria.org/ministers/godwin-akpan-amaowoh/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Aiki== Amaowoh ya fara aiki a ma’aikatar ilimi ta Cross River State a matsayin clerical officer tsakanin shekarar 1979 zuwa 1980. Bayan ya kammala bautar ƙasa ta NYSC, ya yi aikin koyarwa a Jihar Rivers kafin ya shiga aikin wa’azi na cikakken lokaci a Assemblies of God Nigeria a shekarar 1989.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rev. Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://agnigeria.org/ministers/godwin-akpan-amaowoh/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> A cikin cocin Assemblies of God Nigeria, Amaowoh ya rike mukamai daban-daban kamar Fasto, shugaban sashe, shugaban Eket District, daraktan harkokin matasa na ƙasa da kuma memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙasa. Daga baya ya zama Babban Sakatare kuma memba na kwamitin amintattu na cocin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leaders – Assemblies of God |url=https://agnigeria.org/leaders/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Baya ga aikin addini, Amaowoh ya shahara a matsayin mai sharhi kan harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa a Najeriya. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da jawabai kan shugabanci, addini, ɗabi’a da ci gaban ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Intersection of Religion and Governance: Insights from Godwin Amaowoh |url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/ibru-ecumenical-centre/the-intersection-of-religion-and-governance-insights-from-godwin-amaowoh/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=22 April 2024 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Tupocracy== Godwin Akpan Amaowoh ya shahara sosai saboda kirkirar tsarin shugabanci mai suna ''Tupocracy''. Wannan tsarin yana ƙarfafa shugabanci ta hanyar bada misali mai kyau da gaskiya. Ya gabatar da wannan tunani ne yayin binciken digirinsa na PhD a Jami’ar Najeriya, Nsukka a shekarar 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=AFRICAN-BORN INVENTOR OF A WORLD ACCEPTED SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT, TUPOCRACY |url=https://thesun.ng/african-born-inventor-of-a-world-accepted-system-of-government-tupocracy/ |website=The Sun Nigeria |date=4 September 2019 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Tsarin Tupocracy ya samu karɓuwa a Najeriya da wasu ƙasashe ta hanyar littattafai, jawabai da tattaunawa kan shugabanci. Wannan ya sa aka saka sunan Amaowoh cikin Nigerian Books of Records saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen kirkire-kirkire da tunanin shugabanci.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Face Behind TUPOCRACY |url=https://nigerianbooksofrecordofficial.com/the-face-behind-tupocracy/ |website=Nigerian Books of Record |date=9 July 2023 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Amaowoh ya bayyana cewa Tupocracy zai iya taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin shugabanci, talauci da rashawa a Najeriya idan shugabanni suka rungumi shugabanci mai gaskiya da bada misali mai kyau.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tupocracy will take Nigeria out of the woods— Amaowoh |url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/ibru-ecumenical-centre/tupocracy-will-take-nigeria-out-of-the-woods-amaowoh/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=22 January 2023 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Littattafai== Amaowoh ya rubuta littattafai da dama kan shugabanci, addini da zamantakewa. Daga cikin sanannun littattafansa akwai: * ''Tupocracy: Leadership by Example for the Church and Civil Society'' * ''An Understanding of Tupos in Pauline Letters on the Pastoral Ministry of the Church and its Implication for Contemporary Society'' * ''The Role of Tupocracy in National Development: The Nigerian Perspective''<ref>{{cite web |title=Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin_Akpan_Amaowoh |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Lambobin yabo== Godwin Akpan Amaowoh ya samu lambobin yabo da dama saboda gudunmawarsa a fannin addini, shugabanci da ci gaban al’umma. An saka sunansa cikin Nigerian Books of Records saboda kirkirar Tupocracy.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Face Behind TUPOCRACY |url=https://nigerianbooksofrecordofficial.com/the-face-behind-tupocracy/ |website=Nigerian Books of Record |date=9 July 2023 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Rayuwar kai== Amaowoh ya auri Rev. Mrs. Comfort Godwin Amaowoh wadda tsohuwar jami’ar lafiya ce. Suna da yara da jikoki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rev. Dr. Godwin Akpan Amaowoh |url=https://agnigeria.org/ministers/godwin-akpan-amaowoh/ |website=Assemblies of God Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Akwa Ibom State]] [[Category:Nigerian religious leaders]] [[Category:Nigerian writers]] [[Category:Assemblies of God people]] [[Category:University of Nigeria alumni]] kwmpu6gfvjwhtbni050svx9z7djn9hv 0 152218 840124 2026-05-25T19:49:41Z Zainab118 44654 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326926641|Gerald Moore (scholar)]]" 840124 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gerald Moore''' (22 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1924 - 27 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2022) masani ne mai zaman kansa daga Ingila. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Moore a Chiswick, London, ga Rex Moore, jami'in nune-nunen, da matarsa, Norah (née Sturdee), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta 1924.<ref name="obit2">{{cite news |last1=Bennett |first1=Catherine |date=2 February 2023 |title=Gerald Moore obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/02/gerald-moore-obituary |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Ya tafi Makarantar Dauntsey a Wiltshire, kuma lokacin da yake dan shekara 17 ya shiga Royal Navy, yana aiki a cikin rundunonin Atlantic da Arctic a lokacin yakin duniya na 2.<ref name="obit" /> Daga baya ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Emmanuel, Cambridge, inda ya sami digiri na farko a Turanci.<ref name="obit" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gerald Moore |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/233935/gerald-moore/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Penguin Random House}}</ref> Moore ya koyar a jami'o'i da yawa, ciki har da Sussex, Hong Kong, [[Jami'ar Makerere|Makerere]], [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo|Ife]], Port Harcourt, [[Jami'ar Jos|Jos]] da Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison. Matsayinsa na karshe na koyarwa ya kasance a Trieste. Ya kasance da farko masanin ilimin Afirka na zamani da harshen Ingilishi da na Faransanci. Tare da Ulli Beier, ya shirya waƙoƙin zamani na zamani daga Afirka (1963), wani cikakken tarihin, wanda aka sake bugawa a 1984 a matsayin ''Littafin Penguin na Waƙoƙin Afirka na zamani''. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekarar 1949, ya auri Joy Fisher, wata mai aikin ɗakin karatu, inda suka haifi ’ya’ya uku tare. Ma’auratan sun rabu a shekarar 1973, sannan daga baya Moore ya auri Miriam Garzitto. Moore ya zauna a Worthing, Sussex, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Gerald |year=2002 |title=Senghor: Poet of Night |journal=Research in African Literatures |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.1353/ral.2002.0117}}</ref> kafin ya koma Udine a Italiya. Daga baya ya koma Sussex, a cikin 2010, bayan matarsa Miriam ta mutu. Moore ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Disamba 2022, yana da shekaru 98. == Manyan ayyukan == * ''Marubutan Afirka Bakwai''. London: Oxford University Press, 1962. * ''Waƙoƙin zamani daga Afirka'' (ed. tare da Ulli Beier). Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963 (Littattafan Afirka na Penguin). An sake duba shi a matsayin The Penguin Book of Modern African Poetry, 4th edition, 1999. * ''Littattafan Afirka da Jami'o'i''. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press (don Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1965. * Harshe da aka Zaɓa: Rubuce-rubucen Ingilishi a cikin Duniya mai zafi . Harlow: Longmans, 1969. * ''[[Wole Soyinka]]''. London: Evans Brothers, 1971. * ''Marubutan Afirka goma sha biyu''. London: Hutchinson, 1980 (Librari na Jami'ar Afirka). '''A matsayin mai fassara:''' * Beti, Mongo. Talakaccen Kristi na Bomba. [Hasiya] * Beti, Mongo. ''Ka tuna da Ruben.'' Heinemann, London, 1980 * Tsuntsu U Tam'si ''Zaɓuɓɓukan Waƙoƙi.'' Heinemann, London, 1970 * An yi amfani da shi a lokacin da aka haifi Henry. ''Kiran da ke dariya.'' Masu karatu na kasa da kasa, London, 1987 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] lp0vmcgkikooyzo90ndewbt2hkdm8t2 840126 840124 2026-05-25T19:51:35Z Zainab118 44654 Translated 840126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = <!-- include middle initial, if not specified in birth_name --> | image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --> | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = 22 August 1924 | birth_place = [[Chiswick, London]], England | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|27 December 2022|22 August 1924}} | death_place = [[Sussex]], England | nationality = | spouse = | other_names = | education = [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] | occupation = Independent scholar | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = ''Modern Poetry from Africa'' (1963) | website = }} '''Gerald Moore''' (22 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1924 - 27 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2022) masani ne mai zaman kansa daga Ingila. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Moore a Chiswick, London, ga Rex Moore, jami'in nune-nunen, da matarsa, Norah (née Sturdee), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta 1924.<ref name="obit2">{{cite news |last1=Bennett |first1=Catherine |date=2 February 2023 |title=Gerald Moore obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/02/gerald-moore-obituary |access-date=2 February 2023 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Ya tafi Makarantar Dauntsey a Wiltshire, kuma lokacin da yake dan shekara 17 ya shiga Royal Navy, yana aiki a cikin rundunonin Atlantic da Arctic a lokacin yakin duniya na 2.<ref name="obit" /> Daga baya ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Emmanuel, Cambridge, inda ya sami digiri na farko a Turanci.<ref name="obit" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gerald Moore |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/233935/gerald-moore/ |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Penguin Random House}}</ref> Moore ya koyar a jami'o'i da yawa, ciki har da Sussex, Hong Kong, [[Jami'ar Makerere|Makerere]], [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo|Ife]], Port Harcourt, [[Jami'ar Jos|Jos]] da Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison. Matsayinsa na karshe na koyarwa ya kasance a Trieste. Ya kasance da farko masanin ilimin Afirka na zamani da harshen Ingilishi da na Faransanci. Tare da Ulli Beier, ya shirya waƙoƙin zamani na zamani daga Afirka (1963), wani cikakken tarihin, wanda aka sake bugawa a 1984 a matsayin ''Littafin Penguin na Waƙoƙin Afirka na zamani''. == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekarar 1949, ya auri Joy Fisher, wata mai aikin ɗakin karatu, inda suka haifi ’ya’ya uku tare. Ma’auratan sun rabu a shekarar 1973, sannan daga baya Moore ya auri Miriam Garzitto. Moore ya zauna a Worthing, Sussex, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Gerald |year=2002 |title=Senghor: Poet of Night |journal=Research in African Literatures |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.1353/ral.2002.0117}}</ref> kafin ya koma Udine a Italiya. Daga baya ya koma Sussex, a cikin 2010, bayan matarsa Miriam ta mutu. Moore ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Disamba 2022, yana da shekaru 98. == Manyan ayyukan == * ''Marubutan Afirka Bakwai''. London: Oxford University Press, 1962. * ''Waƙoƙin zamani daga Afirka'' (ed. tare da Ulli Beier). Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963 (Littattafan Afirka na Penguin). An sake duba shi a matsayin The Penguin Book of Modern African Poetry, 4th edition, 1999. * ''Littattafan Afirka da Jami'o'i''. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press (don Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1965. * Harshe da aka Zaɓa: Rubuce-rubucen Ingilishi a cikin Duniya mai zafi . Harlow: Longmans, 1969. * ''[[Wole Soyinka]]''. London: Evans Brothers, 1971. * ''Marubutan Afirka goma sha biyu''. London: Hutchinson, 1980 (Librari na Jami'ar Afirka). '''A matsayin mai fassara:''' * Beti, Mongo. Talakaccen Kristi na Bomba. [Hasiya] * Beti, Mongo. ''Ka tuna da Ruben.'' Heinemann, London, 1980 * Tsuntsu U Tam'si ''Zaɓuɓɓukan Waƙoƙi.'' Heinemann, London, 1970 * An yi amfani da shi a lokacin da aka haifi Henry. ''Kiran da ke dariya.'' Masu karatu na kasa da kasa, London, 1987 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] sqk8aul4d36fnsj8r7hzeci1uqjaf13 0 152219 840127 2026-05-25T19:52:04Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Akinloye Ojo | image = | caption = Akinloye Ojo | birth_place = Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Linguist, academic, author | employer = [[University of Georgia]] | known_for = African studies, Yoruba language studies, translation studies }} '''Akinloye Ojo''' ɗan Najeriya ne mai bincike kan harshe, farfesa, kuma daraktan cibiyar nazarin Afirka ta [[University of Georgia]] da ke ƙasar Amurka. Ya shahara wajen koyarwa da bincike kan... 840127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Akinloye Ojo | image = | caption = Akinloye Ojo | birth_place = Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Linguist, academic, author | employer = [[University of Georgia]] | known_for = African studies, Yoruba language studies, translation studies }} '''Akinloye Ojo''' ɗan Najeriya ne mai bincike kan harshe, farfesa, kuma daraktan cibiyar nazarin Afirka ta [[University of Georgia]] da ke ƙasar Amurka. Ya shahara wajen koyarwa da bincike kan harshen Yarbanci, al’adun Afirka, da kuma fassarar adabin Afirka zuwa Turanci. Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fafutukar bunƙasa harsunan Afirka a fannin ilimi da al’adu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akinloye Ojo \| Comparative Literature |url=https://www.cmlt.uga.edu/directory/people/akinloye-ojo |website=University of Georgia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == Akinloye Ojo ya samu digirin farko a fannin ilimin harsunan Afirka daga [[University of Ibadan]] a Najeriya a shekarar 1991. Daga baya ya samu digirin digirgir na biyu (M.A.) a ilimin harshe daga [[Cornell University]] a shekarar 1996. Ya kuma samu digirin PhD a ilimin harshe daga [[University of Georgia]] a shekarar 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akinloye Ojo |url=https://linguistics.uga.edu/directory/people/akinloye-ojo |website=University of Georgia Department of Linguistics |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Aiki == Ojo ya koyar da darussa da dama da suka shafi harshen Yarbanci, al’adun Afirka, da ilimin harshe a jami’ar University of Georgia. Ya kasance daraktan ''African Studies Institute'' na jami’ar, inda yake jagorantar bincike da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi nahiyar Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akinloye Ojo - UGA Today |url=https://news.uga.edu/akinloye-ojo/ |website=UGA Today |date=2014-06-08 |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Ya kuma taba zama babban editan kungiyar ''African Language Teachers’ Association (ALTA)'' tsakanin shekarar 2004 zuwa 2008. Haka kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kungiyar malaman harshen Yarbanci ta Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akinloye Ojo |url=https://www.cmlt.uga.edu/directory/people/akinloye-ojo |website=University of Georgia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Akinloye Ojo ya wallafa littattafai da makaloli da dama kan harshe, al’adu, da ci gaban Afirka. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai: * ''Language, Society, and Empowerment in Africa and Its Diaspora'' (2022) * ''Africans and Globalization: Linguistic, Literary, and Technological Contents and Discontents'' (2017) * ''Gender and Development in Africa and Its Diaspora'' (2018) == Kyaututtuka == A shekarar 2010, Ojo ya samu tallafin ''PEN America Translation Fund Grant'' saboda aikin da ya yi wajen fassara waƙoƙin fitaccen marubucin Yarbanci Akinwumi Isola zuwa Turanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akinloye Ojo \| Comparative Literature |url=https://www.cmlt.uga.edu/directory/people/akinloye-ojo |website=University of Georgia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.cmlt.uga.edu/directory/people/akinloye-ojo Official profile at University of Georgia] * [https://linguistics.uga.edu/directory/people/akinloye-ojo Linguistics Department Profile] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:Nigerian linguists]] [[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]] [[Category:University of Georgia faculty]] [[Category:Living people]] 8628q4qpp8yszsvbxad6q3x9zr6mdzv 0 152220 840128 2026-05-25T20:00:09Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Akintunde Akinwande | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = Akintunde Ibitayo Akinwande | birth_place = [[Offa]], [[Jihar Kwara]], Najeriya | nationality = Najeriya, Amurka | fields = [[Electrical engineering]] | workplaces = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) | education = [[Obafemi Awolowo University]]<br>[[Stanford University]] | known_for = Bincike a fannin microelectronics, smart sensors, vacuum microelectronics da fie... 840128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Akintunde Akinwande | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = Akintunde Ibitayo Akinwande | birth_place = [[Offa]], [[Jihar Kwara]], Najeriya | nationality = Najeriya, Amurka | fields = [[Electrical engineering]] | workplaces = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) | education = [[Obafemi Awolowo University]]<br>[[Stanford University]] | known_for = Bincike a fannin microelectronics, smart sensors, vacuum microelectronics da field emission devices | awards = IEEE Fellow, NSF Career Award }} '''Akintunde Ibitayo Akinwande''' ɗan injiniya ne kuma farfesan [[Electrical engineering|injiniyan lantarki]] ɗan asalin Najeriya-Amurka. Ya shahara wajen bincike a fannin ''microelectronics'', ''vacuum microelectronics'', ''smart sensors'', da kuma manyan na’urorin lantarki masu sassauci. Yana koyarwa a Sashen Electrical Engineering and Computer Science na [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT).<ref>{{cite web |title=Akintunde Ibitayo Akinwande |url=https://tlo.mit.edu/industry-entrepreneurs/researchers/akintunde-ibitayo-akinwande |website=MIT Technology Licensing Office |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Akinwande a garin [[Offa]] da ke [[Jihar Kwara]] a Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Government College Ibadan. Daga baya ya samu digirin B.Sc. a fannin Electrical and Electronic Engineering daga [[Obafemi Awolowo University|Jami'ar Ife]] a shekarar 1978. Ya kuma samu M.Sc. da Ph.D. a fannin Electrical Engineering daga [[Stanford University]] a shekarun 1981 da 1986.<ref>{{cite news |title=OPINION - Akintunde Ibitayo Akinwande: A Noble Nigerian with Dignified Strides |url=https://www.ilorin.info/fullnews.php?id=10593 |work=Ilorin Info |date=28 October 2004 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Akintunde I. Akinwande |url=https://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/computer-science/akinwande_akintunde.html |website=Computer Scientist of the African Diaspora |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Aiki == Bayan kammala digirinsa na uku, Akinwande ya fara aiki a cibiyar bincike ta Honeywell Technology Center a Minnesota, Amurka, inda ya gudanar da bincike kan na’urorin ''GaAs Complementary FET'' domin saurin sarrafa sigina da rage amfani da wuta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akintunde Ibitayo Akinwande |url=https://tlo.mit.edu/industry-entrepreneurs/researchers/akintunde-ibitayo-akinwande |website=MIT Technology Licensing Office |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1995 ya shiga [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) a matsayin mataimakin farfesa. Bincikensa ya mayar da hankali ne kan: * Smart sensors da actuators * Vacuum microelectronics * Flat panel displays * Mass spectrometry * Large-area electronics * Field emission devices Ya kasance cikin masana da suka taimaka wajen haɓaka ''thin-film-edge field emitter arrays'' domin amfani da su a ''flat panel displays'' da ''RF micro-triode amplifiers''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria Techstars Series – Prof Akintunde Ibitayo (Tayo) Akinwande of MIT |url=https://www.tekedia.com/nigeria-techstars-series-prof-akintunde-ibitayo-tayo-akinwande-of-mit/ |work=Tekedia |date=27 April 2011 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa == Akinwande ya wallafa fiye da mujallu da takardun bincike guda 100 a fannonin microelectronics da nanotechnology. Haka kuma yana da haƙƙin mallaka (patents) masu yawa a fannonin MEMS, display devices da flexible electronics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akintunde Akinwande |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akintunde_Akinwande |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya taimaka wajen kafa ''Nigeria Higher Education Foundation'' domin tallafawa ilimi mai zurfi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria Techstars Series – Prof Akintunde Ibitayo (Tayo) Akinwande of MIT |url=https://www.tekedia.com/nigeria-techstars-series-prof-akintunde-ibitayo-tayo-akinwande-of-mit/ |work=Tekedia |date=27 April 2011 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo == Daga cikin lambobin yabon da ya samu akwai: * NSF Career Award (1996) * IEEE Fellow (2008) * Honeywell Technical Award (1989)<ref>{{cite web |title=Akintunde Ibitayo Akinwande |url=https://tlo.mit.edu/industry-entrepreneurs/researchers/akintunde-ibitayo-akinwande |website=MIT Technology Licensing Office |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] * [[Electrical engineering]] * [[Stanford University]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://tlo.mit.edu/industry-entrepreneurs/researchers/akintunde-ibitayo-akinwande Shafin Akintunde Akinwande a MIT] * [https://www.tekedia.com/nigeria-techstars-series-prof-akintunde-ibitayo-tayo-akinwande-of-mit/ Tarihinsa a Tekedia] {{DEFAULTSORT:Akinwande, Akintunde}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Engineers]] [[Category:Electrical engineers]] [[Category:Masana kimiyya na Najeriya]] [[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty]] [[Category:Living people]] h16nu9wd4427hpyefef6dlx219qu8v8 0 152221 840129 2026-05-25T20:03:51Z Zainab118 44654 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354878051|Ganiyu Olatunji Olatunde]]" 840129 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ganiyu Olatunji Olatunde''' ya kasance mataimakin shugaban [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]], Ago Iwoye Ogun State . <ref name="oou">{{Cite web |url=https://oouagoiwoye.edu.ng/prof-olatunde-becomes-the-new-oou-acting-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=oouagoiwoye.edu.ng}}</ref> Ya fara aiki a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017 kuma ya ƙare a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022. Farfesa [[Ayodeji Agboola]] ya gaji Farfesa Ganiyu Olatunji Olatunde a matsayin sabon shugaban [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]] . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ganiyu Olatunde Olatunji an haife shi a 1956 a [[Ikenne]], [[Jihar Ogun]].<ref name="Channels TV2">[https://www.channelstv.com/tag/professor-ganiyu-olatunji-olatunde/] Channels TV</ref> Ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a fannin [[Zoology|ilimin dabbobi]] kuma ya kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu na [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] (UNILAG). Har ila yau, yana da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin kimiyyar noma da digiri na digiri a fannin noma, duka daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]].<ref name="University of Osun2">[http://www.uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/professor-g-o-olatunde-appointed-acting-vice-chancellor-olabisi-onabanjo-university.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926041055/http://www.uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/professor-g-o-olatunde-appointed-acting-vice-chancellor-olabisi-onabanjo-university.html|date=2019-09-26}} University of Osun</ref> == Matsayi == Olatunde ya kasance jami'in bincike tare da Cibiyar Binciken Kayayyakin Kasuwanci ta Najeriya a Legas, kuma abokin bincike tare da cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya (IITA), Ibadan kafin ya shiga ayyukan Jami'ar Aikin Goma ta Tarayya, Abeokuta, Jihar Ogun, inda ya kasance na shekaru 20 kafin Jami'ar Jihar Osun ta nada shi, [[Osogbo]], Jihar Oson. Ya yi aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban na Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Jami'o'i. Ya kasance mukaddashin shugaban sashen, mataimakin dean, shugaban kungiyar ma'aikatan ilimi na jami'o'i ([[Haɗakar Ƙungiyoyin Ma'aikatun Jami'o'i|ASUU]]), Jami'ar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya, reshen Abeokuta, mai kula da yanki na Yankin Ibadan na ASUU, mai tsarawa, Kwarewar Ayyukan Dalibai na Masana'antu (SIWES), darektan tsara ilimi, mataim ta mataimakin mataimakin shugaban kasa da kuma mukaddashin mataimakin shugabar.<ref name="University of Osun" /> A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2013, Gwamnan Jihar Ogun na lokacin ya nada shi a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata <ref name="University of Osun" /> == Horar da sana'a == Olatunde ya halarci jerin kwasa-kwasan horaswa na ƙwararru a ƙasashen waje, sannan ya kuma shiga horo da dama kan gudanarwa da shugabanci a gida Najeriya da kuma ƙasashen waje. Daga cikinsu akwai: # Jagoranci na kirkira don Cikakken Canjin Cibiyoyin Afirka, wanda [[Jami'ar Stellenbosch]] Business School, Jami'ar Statenbosch, Stellenbosch, Afirka ta Kudu ta gudanar a cikin 2010; # Inganta Ingancin Koyarwa, Bincike da Gudanarwa a Cibiyoyin Kasuwanci na Najeriya, wanda Brunel Business School, Jami'ar Brunel, Yammacin London, Burtaniya ta gudanar a cikin 2011; # Kafawa da Ci gaba da Cibiyoyin Kasuwanci a Cibiyoyin Kwalejin Najeriya, wanda Jami'ar Wolverhampton, Midland, Burtaniya ta gudanar a cikin 2012; # Haɗin gwiwar Kasa da Kasa da Haɗin gwiwa don Ci gaban Ilimi mafi Girma da Ci gaba, wanda Jami'ar Brunel, Yammacin London, Burtaniya ta gudanar a cikin 2013; # Canje-canje a cikin Ilimi mafi girma: Matsayi ga Cibiyarku don Nasarar nan gaba, wanda [[Jami'ar Harvard]], Boston, Amurka ta gudanar a cikin 2014. == Ayyukansa == Ganiyu Olatunji Olatunde an buga shi a cikin mujallu na kasa da kasa, tare da littattafai sama da 45.<ref name="oou">{{Cite web |url=https://oouagoiwoye.edu.ng/prof-olatunde-becomes-the-new-oou-acting-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=oouagoiwoye.edu.ng}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''oouagoiwoye.edu.ng'' https://oouagoiwoye.edu.ng/prof-olatunde-becomes-the-new-oou-acting-vice-chancellor/<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;title=</code> ([[Help:CS1 errors#citation missing title|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: missing title]] [[Category:CS1 errors: bare URL]]</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] ep8h2s3ga636j8rzw3lxww1h138i72w 840130 840129 2026-05-25T20:05:35Z Zainab118 44654 Translated 840130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ganiyu Olatunji Olatunde | birth_date = 1956 | birth_place = [[Lagos state]] | citizenship = Nigeria | alma_mater = University of Lagos | occupation = Lecturer }} '''Ganiyu Olatunji Olatunde''' ya kasance mataimakin shugaban [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]], Ago Iwoye Ogun State . <ref name="oou">{{Cite web |url=https://oouagoiwoye.edu.ng/prof-olatunde-becomes-the-new-oou-acting-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=oouagoiwoye.edu.ng}}</ref> Ya fara aiki a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017 kuma ya ƙare a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022. Farfesa [[Ayodeji Agboola]] ya gaji Farfesa Ganiyu Olatunji Olatunde a matsayin sabon shugaban [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]] . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ganiyu Olatunde Olatunji an haife shi a 1956 a [[Ikenne]], [[Jihar Ogun]].<ref name="Channels TV2">[https://www.channelstv.com/tag/professor-ganiyu-olatunji-olatunde/] Channels TV</ref> Ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a fannin [[Zoology|ilimin dabbobi]] kuma ya kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu na [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] (UNILAG). Har ila yau, yana da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin kimiyyar noma da digiri na digiri a fannin noma, duka daga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]].<ref name="University of Osun2">[http://www.uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/professor-g-o-olatunde-appointed-acting-vice-chancellor-olabisi-onabanjo-university.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926041055/http://www.uniosun.edu.ng/index.php/professor-g-o-olatunde-appointed-acting-vice-chancellor-olabisi-onabanjo-university.html|date=2019-09-26}} University of Osun</ref> == Matsayi == Olatunde ya kasance jami'in bincike tare da Cibiyar Binciken Kayayyakin Kasuwanci ta Najeriya a Legas, kuma abokin bincike tare da cibiyar Aikin Gona ta Duniya (IITA), Ibadan kafin ya shiga ayyukan Jami'ar Aikin Goma ta Tarayya, Abeokuta, Jihar Ogun, inda ya kasance na shekaru 20 kafin Jami'ar Jihar Osun ta nada shi, [[Osogbo]], Jihar Oson. Ya yi aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban na Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Jami'o'i. Ya kasance mukaddashin shugaban sashen, mataimakin dean, shugaban kungiyar ma'aikatan ilimi na jami'o'i ([[Haɗakar Ƙungiyoyin Ma'aikatun Jami'o'i|ASUU]]), Jami'ar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya, reshen Abeokuta, mai kula da yanki na Yankin Ibadan na ASUU, mai tsarawa, Kwarewar Ayyukan Dalibai na Masana'antu (SIWES), darektan tsara ilimi, mataim ta mataimakin mataimakin shugaban kasa da kuma mukaddashin mataimakin shugabar.<ref name="University of Osun" /> A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2013, Gwamnan Jihar Ogun na lokacin ya nada shi a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata <ref name="University of Osun" /> == Horar da sana'a == Olatunde ya halarci jerin kwasa-kwasan horaswa na ƙwararru a ƙasashen waje, sannan ya kuma shiga horo da dama kan gudanarwa da shugabanci a gida Najeriya da kuma ƙasashen waje. Daga cikinsu akwai: # Jagoranci na kirkira don Cikakken Canjin Cibiyoyin Afirka, wanda [[Jami'ar Stellenbosch]] Business School, Jami'ar Statenbosch, Stellenbosch, Afirka ta Kudu ta gudanar a cikin 2010; # Inganta Ingancin Koyarwa, Bincike da Gudanarwa a Cibiyoyin Kasuwanci na Najeriya, wanda Brunel Business School, Jami'ar Brunel, Yammacin London, Burtaniya ta gudanar a cikin 2011; # Kafawa da Ci gaba da Cibiyoyin Kasuwanci a Cibiyoyin Kwalejin Najeriya, wanda Jami'ar Wolverhampton, Midland, Burtaniya ta gudanar a cikin 2012; # Haɗin gwiwar Kasa da Kasa da Haɗin gwiwa don Ci gaban Ilimi mafi Girma da Ci gaba, wanda Jami'ar Brunel, Yammacin London, Burtaniya ta gudanar a cikin 2013; # Canje-canje a cikin Ilimi mafi girma: Matsayi ga Cibiyarku don Nasarar nan gaba, wanda [[Jami'ar Harvard]], Boston, Amurka ta gudanar a cikin 2014. == Ayyukansa == Ganiyu Olatunji Olatunde an buga shi a cikin mujallu na kasa da kasa, tare da littattafai sama da 45.<ref name="oou">{{Cite web |url=https://oouagoiwoye.edu.ng/prof-olatunde-becomes-the-new-oou-acting-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=22 April 2018 |website=oouagoiwoye.edu.ng}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''oouagoiwoye.edu.ng'' https://oouagoiwoye.edu.ng/prof-olatunde-becomes-the-new-oou-acting-vice-chancellor/<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;title=</code> ([[Help:CS1 errors#citation missing title|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: missing title]] [[Category:CS1 errors: bare URL]]</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] eko1zdboid0511n0xswtcjmyx3i627m 0 152222 840131 2026-05-25T20:09:26Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Aloysius Orjinta''' ɗan Najeriya ne mai koyarwa a jami'a, marubuci kuma limamin [[Cocin Katolika]]. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban malami (Senior Lecturer) a Sashen Harsunan Ƙasashen Waje da Nazarin Adabi na [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]]. An san shi da bincike da wallafe-wallafe kan adabin Afirka, nazarin jinsi, dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa, da kuma nazarin addinai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejfl/about/editorialTeamBio/30 |title=Editorial Team... 840131 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aloysius Orjinta''' ɗan Najeriya ne mai koyarwa a jami'a, marubuci kuma limamin [[Cocin Katolika]]. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban malami (Senior Lecturer) a Sashen Harsunan Ƙasashen Waje da Nazarin Adabi na [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]]. An san shi da bincike da wallafe-wallafe kan adabin Afirka, nazarin jinsi, dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa, da kuma nazarin addinai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejfl/about/editorialTeamBio/30 |title=Editorial Team – Orjinta Aloysius Ikechukwu |website=European Journal of Foreign Language Teaching |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Aloysius Orjinta a Jihar Imo, Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133697681 |title=Aloysius Orjinta – Wikidata |website=Wikidata |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Ya yi karatu a fannoni daban-daban na harsuna, falsafa, tauhidi da kuma dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya samu shaidar karatu a harshen Jamusanci da Faransanci a shekarun 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejfl/about/editorialTeamBio/30 |title=Editorial Team – Orjinta Aloysius Ikechukwu |website=European Journal of Foreign Language Teaching |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Daga baya ya samu digiri na farko a fannin Faransanci da Jamusanci, sannan ya yi digiri a tauhidi da nazarin addini. Ya kuma samu digirin digirgir guda biyu; ɗaya a Faransanci da Nazarin Turai, ɗaya kuma a Jamusanci da Dangantakar Ƙasa da Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://biography.omicsonline.org/nigeria/university-of-nigeria/orjinta-aloysius-ikechukwu-541677 |title=Orjinta Aloysius Ikechukwu Biography |website=OMICS International |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Ya yi karatu a cibiyoyi daban-daban ciki har da Pontifical Urban University da ke Roma, Saarland University a Jamus, Grenoble Alpes University a Faransa, da kuma [[University of Ibadan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius_Orjinta |title=Aloysius Orjinta |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Aiki == An naɗa Orjinta a matsayin limamin Katolika a shekarar 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius_Orjinta |title=Aloysius Orjinta |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Bayan haka ya shiga harkar koyarwa da bincike a jami'a, inda ya zama babban malami a [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]]. Ya kuma riƙe muƙamin shugaban Sashen Harsunan Ƙasashen Waje da Nazarin Adabi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejfl/about/editorialTeamBio/30 |title=Editorial Team – Orjinta Aloysius Ikechukwu |website=European Journal of Foreign Language Teaching |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Bincikensa ya shafi: * Adabin Afirka na Faransanci da Turanci * Nazarin jinsi da mata * Nazarin addinin Kiristanci da Musulunci * Nazarin bayan mulkin mallaka * Dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa * Nazarin Jamusanci da Faransanci<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://biography.omicsonline.org/nigeria/university-of-nigeria/orjinta-aloysius-ikechukwu-541677 |title=Orjinta Aloysius Ikechukwu Biography |website=OMICS International |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Haka kuma ya kasance edita na mujallu na ilimi da dama ciki har da ''Interdisciplinary Academic Essays'' da ''Nsukka Journal of Humanities''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius_Orjinta |title=Aloysius Orjinta |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Wallafe-wallafe == Aloysius Orjinta ya rubuta littattafai da dama tare da mujallun bincike a fannoni daban-daban. Daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa akwai: * ''Campus Ministry: Youths Character and Spiritual Formation in Secondary and Tertiary Institutions''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Campus_Ministry.html?hl=en&id=T3TFg9Jpo5IC |title=Campus Ministry |website=Google Books |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> * ''Zur Vertiefung, Kontextualizierung und Relevanz des Lehrganges Auslandsgermanistik in Nigeria bzw. in den Entwicklungsländern''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.legimi.de/e-book-zur-vertiefung-kontextualizierung-und-relevanz-des-lehrganges-auslandsgermanistik-in-nigeria-bzw-in-den-entwicklungslandern-ikechukwu-aloysius-orjinta%2Cb587475.html |title=Zur Vertiefung, Kontextualizierung und Relevanz des Lehrganges Auslandsgermanistik |website=Legimi |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka]] * [[University of Ibadan]] * [[Cocin Katolika a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Category:'Yan Najeriya marubuta]] [[Category:Limaman Katolika na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu bincike na Najeriya]] [[Category:People from Imo State]] qqr48sl6o5yho8a06ube55dlq1jgcn8 0 152223 840132 2026-05-25T20:14:30Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Aloysius-Michaels Nnabugwu Okolie | image = | birth_place = Awgu, Jihar Enugu, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Masanin kimiyyar siyasa, malami, shugaban jami'a | employer = Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (UNN); Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu (ESUT) | known_for = Nazarin siyasa, hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa, tattalin arzikin siyasa | title = Mataimakin shugaban jami'a (Vice-Chancellor) na ESUT }} '''Aloysius-Michaels Nnabugwu Okolie... 840132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Aloysius-Michaels Nnabugwu Okolie | image = | birth_place = Awgu, Jihar Enugu, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Masanin kimiyyar siyasa, malami, shugaban jami'a | employer = Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (UNN); Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu (ESUT) | known_for = Nazarin siyasa, hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa, tattalin arzikin siyasa | title = Mataimakin shugaban jami'a (Vice-Chancellor) na ESUT }} '''Aloysius-Michaels Nnabugwu Okolie''' ɗan Najeriya ne masanin kimiyyar siyasa kuma farfesa a fannin hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya yi suna wajen bincike da koyarwa a kan siyasar Najeriya, tsarin mulki, tsaro, da tattalin arzikin siyasa. Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar '''Nigerian Political Science Association (NPSA)''' daga shekarar 2018 zuwa 2021, sannan kuma aka naɗa shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami'a na '''Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT)''' a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Political science prof Okolie appointed ESUT Vice-Chancellor |url=https://punchng.com/political-science-prof-okolie-appointed-esut-vice-chancellor/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=5 Afrilu 2022 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Okolie a garin Awgu da ke Jihar Enugu a Najeriya. Ya yi karatun digiri na farko a fannin Political/Administrative Studies a Jami'ar Port Harcourt inda ya kammala a shekarar 1992. Daga baya ya samu digiri na biyu (M.Sc.) da digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa daga Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka a shekarun 1996 da 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aloysius-Michaels Nnabugwu Okolie |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius-Michaels_Nnabugwu_Okolie |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2004 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin malaman da suka samu tallafin '''Fulbright Scholar''' domin nazarin manufofin harkokin wajen Amurka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Enugu govt appoints Prof. Okolie as ESUT new Vice-Chancellor |url=https://www.otowngist.com/2022/04/enugu-govt-appoints-prof-okolie-as-esut-new-vice-chancellor/ |work=OtownGist |date=5 Afrilu 2022 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aiki == Okolie ya fara aiki a matsayin malami a lokacin yi wa ƙasa hidima (NYSC) a shekarar 1993. A shekarar 1995 ya zama malami a Institute of Ecumenical Education Thinkers’ Corner da ke Enugu. Daga baya ya shiga Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka a shekarar 1997 a matsayin malami a sashen kimiyyar siyasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Okolie, Aloysius-michaels Nnabugwu |url=https://pages.esut.edu.ng/teacher/22088 |website=ESUT Staff Profile |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2009 aka ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya kuma riƙe muƙaman shugabanci daban-daban kamar shugaban Faculty of Social Sciences a UNN da shugaban kungiyar ASUU ta reshen jami'ar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Enugu Appoints Prof Okolie New Vice Chancellor Of ESUT |url=https://independent.ng/enugu-appoints-prof-okolie-new-vice-chancellor-of-esut/ |work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=5 Afrilu 2022 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A ranar 4 Afrilu 2022 gwamnatin Jihar Enugu ta naɗa shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami'ar ESUT.<ref>{{cite news |title=Enugu Govt. Appoints Prof. Nnabugwu Okolie As ESUT Vice-Chancellor |url=https://www.westafricanpilotnews.com/2022/04/05/enugu-govt-appoints-prof-nnabugwu-okolie-as-esut-vice-chancellor/ |work=West African Pilot News |date=5 Afrilu 2022 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa a harkar siyasa == Okolie ya yi fice wajen sharhi kan matsalolin dimokuraɗiyya, shugabanci, tsaro, da cin hanci a Najeriya. A matsayinsa na shugaban NPSA, ya yi kira ga sake fasalin tsarin dimokuraɗiyya a Najeriya domin magance talauci da rashin tsaro.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stakeholders call for overhaul of democratic practice in Nigeria |url=https://blueprint.ng/stakeholders-call-for-overhaul-of-democratic-practice-in-nigeria/ |work=Blueprint Newspapers |date=24 Oktoba 2019 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Har ila yau ya bayyana cewa shugabannin siyasa a Najeriya suna bai wa matasa “ƙaryar fata” ta hanyar rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci da cin hanci.<ref>{{cite news |title=Political leadership giving Nigerian youths false hope – NPSA |url=https://authorityngr.com/2020/08/24/political-leadership-giving-nigerian-youths-false-hope-npsa/ |work=Authority News |date=24 Agusta 2020 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Okolie ya rubuta littattafai da dama a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da tattalin arzikin siyasa. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai: * ''Political Behaviour'' (2004) * ''Statistics for Political Data Analysis'' (2005) * ''Politics of Development and Underdevelopment'' (2017) Haka kuma ya shirya wasu littattafai kan hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa da tsarin siyasa a Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aloysius-Michaels Nnabugwu Okolie |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius-Michaels_Nnabugwu_Okolie |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Bincikensa ya mayar da hankali kan tsaro, siyasar Najeriya, Boko Haram, da tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Securitization of Politics and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Boko Haram Experience |url=https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/IAGS/article/download/25491/26195 |website=International Affairs and Global Strategy |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Martaba == Okolie mamba ne a ƙungiyoyi da dama na masana ilimi a Najeriya da ƙasashen duniya. Haka kuma yana da taken '''Knight of the Order of St. Mulumba'''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Political science prof Okolie appointed ESUT Vice-Chancellor |url=https://punchng.com/political-science-prof-okolie-appointed-esut-vice-chancellor/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=5 Afrilu 2022 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:'Yan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar siyasa]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Enugu]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] dy7785ayr6u2ujvyfkc4djnu40e3hcs 0 152224 840133 2026-05-25T20:18:46Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Awele Maduemezia | birth_name = Awele Augustine Maduemezia | birth_date = {{birth date|1934|8|7}} | birth_place = Bukuru, Jos, Najeriya | death_date = {{death date and age|2018|2|20|1934|8|7}} | death_place = Asaba, Delta State, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, mai bincike | known_for = Ilimin ''Physics'', shugabancin jami’a, binciken kimiyya | spouse = Bibiana Ajoke Maduemezia | children = 5 |... 840133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Awele Maduemezia | birth_name = Awele Augustine Maduemezia | birth_date = {{birth date|1934|8|7}} | birth_place = Bukuru, Jos, Najeriya | death_date = {{death date and age|2018|2|20|1934|8|7}} | death_place = Asaba, Delta State, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, mai bincike | known_for = Ilimin ''Physics'', shugabancin jami’a, binciken kimiyya | spouse = Bibiana Ajoke Maduemezia | children = 5 | alma_mater = Jami'ar Ibadan, MIT }} '''Awele Augustine Maduemezia''' (7 ga Agusta, 1934 – 20 ga Fabrairu, 2018) fitaccen farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin '''Physics''' da '''Mathematical Physics'''. Ya kasance tsohon shugaban jami'ar '''Ambrose Alli University''' sannan kuma shugaban '''Nigerian Academy of Science''' tsakanin shekarun 1995 zuwa 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nas.org.ng/past-presidens/ |title=Past Presidents |publisher=Nigerian Academy of Science |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Awele Maduemezia a garin Bukuru da ke Jos a Najeriya a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 1934. Ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Asaba da Lagos kafin ya shiga '''University College Ibadan''' (wanda yanzu ake kira Jami'ar Ibadan). Daga baya ya tafi Amurka inda ya yi digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin '''Theoretical Physics''' a '''Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)''' cikin shekara uku kacal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/maduemezia-prof-awele/ |title=MADUEMEZIA, Prof. Awele |publisher=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Aiki == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Maduemezia ya dawo Najeriya inda ya koyar a '''University of Nigeria, Nsukka'''. Daga baya ya yi aiki a '''International Centre for Theoretical Physics''' da ke Trieste a ƙasar Italiya, sannan kuma ya koyar a '''University of Ghana'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awele_Maduemezia |title=Awele Maduemezia |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1972 ya koma '''Jami'ar Ibadan''' inda ya zama farfesa a fannin Physics. Ya riƙe mukamai da dama a harkar ilimi da bincike a Najeriya. Haka kuma ya kasance shugaban '''Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Association_of_Mathematical_Physics |title=Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Maduemezia ya kuma zama tsohon shugaban jami'ar '''Bendel State University''' wadda yanzu ake kira '''Ambrose Alli University'''. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba ministan kimiyya da fasaha shawara kan harkokin binciken kimiyya da ilimi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/maduemezia-prof-awele/ |title=MADUEMEZIA, Prof. Awele |publisher=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa == Awele Maduemezia ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin kimiyya da lissafi a Najeriya. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana da suka jagoranci binciken '''Mathematical Physics''' a ƙasar. Haka kuma ya kasance memba na ƙungiyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa kamar: * American Physical Society * Nigerian Institute of Physics * Nigerian Mathematical Society * Ghana Science Association Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da dama a mujallun kimiyya musamman kan ilimin Physics da ilimin lissafi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awele_Maduemezia |title=Awele Maduemezia |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Awele Maduemezia ya rasu a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2018 a Asaba, Delta State yana da shekaru 83.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awele_Maduemezia |title=Awele Maduemezia |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1934 births]] [[Category:2018 deaths]] [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Farfesoshi]] [[Category:Masanan kimiyya na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masanan Physics]] [[Category:Jami'ar Ibadan alumni]] [[Category:MIT alumni]] fipt4wpc5czqbrqn432c9hc4cilvfzj 0 152225 840134 2026-05-25T20:22:52Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Ayo Ogunsheye | birth_name = Ayodele Ogunsheye | nationality = Najeriya | occupation = Malami, masani, ɗan kasuwa | known_for = Ilimin manya da ci gaban ilimi a Najeriya | spouse = Felicia Adetowun Ogunsheye | alma_mater = Jami'ar Ibadan }} '''Ayo Ogunsheye''' (wanda ake kira '''Ayodele Ogunsheye''') fitaccen malami ne kuma masani ɗan Najeriya wanda ya yi fice a fannin ilimin manya, ilimin ƙasa da kuma shugabancin cibiyoyin ilimi da harkokin kasuwa... 840134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ayo Ogunsheye | birth_name = Ayodele Ogunsheye | nationality = Najeriya | occupation = Malami, masani, ɗan kasuwa | known_for = Ilimin manya da ci gaban ilimi a Najeriya | spouse = Felicia Adetowun Ogunsheye | alma_mater = Jami'ar Ibadan }} '''Ayo Ogunsheye''' (wanda ake kira '''Ayodele Ogunsheye''') fitaccen malami ne kuma masani ɗan Najeriya wanda ya yi fice a fannin ilimin manya, ilimin ƙasa da kuma shugabancin cibiyoyin ilimi da harkokin kasuwanci. Ya kasance daga cikin manyan malaman [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa ilimin manya da wayar da kan jama'a a Najeriya kafin da bayan samun 'yancin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayo_Ogunsheye |title=Ayo Ogunsheye |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Ogunsheye ya shahara wajen gudanar da bincike da shirye-shiryen ilimi da suka taimaka wajen ƙarfafa fahimtar siyasa, haɗin kan ƙasa da ci gaban al'umma a lokacin da Najeriya ke kokarin samun 'yancin kai daga Turawan mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ifra-nigeria.org/ongoing-research-programs/ogunsheye-foundation |title=The Ogunsheye Foundation |website=IFRA Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Ayo Ogunsheye ya yi karatu a Najeriya kuma daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan malaman [[Jami'ar Ibadan]]. Ya mayar da hankali musamman a kan ilimin manya da kuma amfani da ilimi wajen cigaban al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16587/ayo-ogunsheye |title=Ayo Ogunsheye biography |website=Manpower Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Aiki da gudummawa == Ogunsheye ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen ''Extra Mural Studies'' na Jami'ar Ibadan, wani sashe da aka kafa domin wayar da kan manya da kuma bai wa mutanen gari damar samun ilimi ba tare da shiga tsarin jami'a kai tsaye ba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayo_Ogunsheye |title=Ayo Ogunsheye |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> A shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960, ya kasance cikin malaman da suka jagoranci tarurruka da muhawarori kan makomar Najeriya bayan samun 'yancin kai. Ya yi imanin cewa ilimi da haɗin kai su ne manyan ginshiƙan cigaban ƙasa. Har ila yau ya yi kira ga samar da kundin tsarin mulki mai ƙarfi domin tabbatar da zaman lafiya da haɗin kai tsakanin yankunan Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayo_Ogunsheye |title=Ayo Ogunsheye |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Baya ga harkokin ilimi, Ogunsheye ya shiga harkokin kasuwanci inda ya kasance cikin shugabannin kamfanoni da dama a Najeriya. Ya taba zama shugaban kamfanin ''Rank Xerox Nigeria Limited'' da kuma wasu manyan hukumomin kasuwanci da kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16587/ayo-ogunsheye |title=Ayo Ogunsheye biography |website=Manpower Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Iyali == Ayo Ogunsheye ya auri '''Farfesa Felicia Adetowun Ogunsheye''', wadda ta zama mace ta farko da ta samu matsayin farfesa a Najeriya. Ita fitacciyar masaniya ce a fannin ''Library and Information Science'' a Jami'ar Ibadan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.legit.ng/people/1628875-who-female-professor-nigeria-spotlight-felicia-adetowun-omolara-ogunsheye/ |title=Who is the First-Ever Female Professor in Nigeria? |website=Legit.ng |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Gado da tasiri == Ana kallon Ayo Ogunsheye a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin malaman da suka taimaka wajen shimfiɗa tubalin ilimin manya da wayar da kan jama'a a Najeriya. Gudummawar da ya bayar ta taimaka wajen bunƙasa tsarin ilimi da cigaban tunanin siyasa a ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ifra-nigeria.org/ongoing-research-programs/ogunsheye-foundation |title=The Ogunsheye Foundation |website=IFRA Nigeria |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://ifra-nigeria.org/ongoing-research-programs/ogunsheye-foundation Ogunsheye Foundation] * [https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/16587/ayo-ogunsheye Ayo Ogunsheye Biography] ei1fz0zqmtmnqkln11unhqg5pizsmoc 0 152226 840137 2026-05-25T20:27:16Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Babalola Borishade | image = | office = Ministan Sufurin Jiragen Sama na Najeriya | term_start = 2005 | term_end = 2006 | president = Olusegun Obasanjo | predecessor = | successor = | office2 = Ministan Ilimi na Najeriya | term_start2 = 2001 | term_end2 = 2003 | president2 = Olusegun Obasanjo | birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|3|7}} | birth_place = Usi-Ekiti, Jihar Ekiti, Najeriya | death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|4|26|1946|3|7}} | death_place... 840137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Babalola Borishade | image = | office = Ministan Sufurin Jiragen Sama na Najeriya | term_start = 2005 | term_end = 2006 | president = Olusegun Obasanjo | predecessor = | successor = | office2 = Ministan Ilimi na Najeriya | term_start2 = 2001 | term_end2 = 2003 | president2 = Olusegun Obasanjo | birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|3|7}} | birth_place = Usi-Ekiti, Jihar Ekiti, Najeriya | death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|4|26|1946|3|7}} | death_place = London, Birtaniya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | party = People's Democratic Party (PDP) | occupation = Dan siyasa, farfesa, injiniya | alma_mater = Jami'ar Ife }} '''Babalola Borishade''' (7 ga Maris, 1946 – 26 ga Afrilu, 2017) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne, farfesa kuma injiniyan lantarki wanda ya riƙe muƙamai daban-daban a gwamnatin tarayya ƙarƙashin shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Ilimi, Ministan Sufurin Jiragen Sama, da kuma Ministan Al'adu da Yawon Buɗe Ido.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Babalola Borishade, Former Education Minister, Dies In London |url=https://newswirengr.com/2017/04/27/babalola-borishade-former-education-minister-dies-in-london/ |work=NewsWireNGR |date=2017-04-27}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Borishade a ranar 7 ga Maris, 1946 a garin Usi-Ekiti da ke Jihar Ekiti, Najeriya. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Ife (wacce yanzu ake kira Obafemi Awolowo University), inda ya kammala digiri a fannin Injiniyan Lantarki da sakamako mai daraja ta farko. Daga baya ya samu gurbin karatu na Commonwealth Scholarship inda ya yi digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin High Voltage Engineering.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babalola Borishade |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babalola_Borishade |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Borishade ya yi aiki a matsayin malami da mai bincike a Obafemi Awolowo University. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa shirin karatun Electrical Power Systems a jami'ar. Haka kuma ya kasance memba a kungiyoyin injiniyoyi da dama ciki har da Nigerian Society of Engineers da American Nuclear Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babalola Borishade |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babalola_Borishade |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Siyasa == Borishade ya shiga siyasa tun lokacin mulkin soja inda ya kasance cikin masu rajin dawo da dimokuraɗiyya a Najeriya. Ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar Peoples Front ta Janar Shehu Musa Yar’Adua, wacce daga baya ta zama tushen kafa People's Democratic Movement (PDM).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babalola Borishade |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babalola_Borishade |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Ya kuma taka rawa a yakin neman zaɓen MKO Abiola da kuma kamfen ɗin Olusegun Obasanjo a shekarar 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babalola Borishade |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babalola_Borishade |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Mukaman gwamnati == === Ministan Ilimi === Tsakanin shekarar 2001 zuwa 2003, Borishade ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Ilimi na Najeriya. A lokacin aikinsa ya jagoranci manufofi daban-daban na inganta ilimi a Najeriya da Afirka baki ɗaya. Saboda gudummawar da ya bayar, an zaɓe shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kungiyar E9 Group ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da kuma shugaban UNESCO International Conference on Education.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former Minister of Education, Babalola Borishade is Dead |url=https://www.yabaleftonline.ng/former-minister-education-babalola-borishade-dead/ |work=YabaLeftOnline |date=2017-04-26}}</ref> === Ma’aikatar Wutar Lantarki da Karafa === A shekarar 2004, an naɗa shi Ministan Jiha na Ma’aikatar Wutar Lantarki da Karafa. Ya ƙaddamar da shirin ''Gas to Power Project (G2P)'', wanda Bankin Duniya ya tallafa wa domin samar da iskar gas don samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ex-minister reportedly died of lung and heart related diseases |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/news/local/babalola-borishade-ex-minister-reportedly-died-of-lung-and-heart-related-diseases-2024080212281599928 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=2017-04-26}}</ref> === Ministan Sufurin Jiragen Sama === Daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2006, Borishade ya zama Ministan Sufurin Jiragen Sama. A lokacin ne aka amince da sabon dokar harkokin jiragen sama domin maye gurbin tsohuwar dokar shekarar 1964. Haka kuma an dawo da zirga-zirgar jirage kai tsaye tsakanin Najeriya da Amurka.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former Aviation Minister, Babalola Borishade, dies at 71 |url=https://shipsandports.com.ng/former-aviation-minister-babalola-borishade-dies-71/ |work=Ships & Ports |date=2017-04-27}}</ref> Rahotanni sun nuna cewa sauye-sauyen da ya kawo a harkar jiragen sama sun taimaka wajen Najeriya samun kaso 93% a binciken ICAO Universal Audit.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Babalola Borishade, Former Education Minister, Dies In London |url=https://newswirengr.com/2017/04/27/babalola-borishade-former-education-minister-dies-in-london/ |work=NewsWireNGR |date=2017-04-27}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Babalola Borishade ya rasu a London a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2017 bayan fama da rashin lafiya. Yana da shekaru 71 a duniya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ex-Aviation minister, Borishade, dies at 71 |url=https://thesun.ng/ex-aviation-minister-borishade-dies-at-71/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=2017-04-27}}</ref> == Karramawa == An ba Borishade lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta ''Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (CFR)'' saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen ci gaban Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babalola Borishade |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babalola_Borishade |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:2017 deaths]] [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Ministocin Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Ekiti]] [[Category:Injiniyoyin Najeriya]] lefl6la1qa2y1nxkuny1d054xy90dsc 0 152227 840138 2026-05-25T20:31:23Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba | image = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|3|21}} | birth_place = Abba, Anambra State, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, likita, jami'in gudanarwa | known_for = Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a na Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka | title = Farfesan Obstetrics da Gynaecology | alma_mater = Jami'ar Legas }} '''Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba''' (an haife shi ranar 21 ga Maris 1954) farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya... 840138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba | image = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|3|21}} | birth_place = Abba, Anambra State, Najeriya | nationality = Dan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, likita, jami'in gudanarwa | known_for = Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a na Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka | title = Farfesan Obstetrics da Gynaecology | alma_mater = Jami'ar Legas }} '''Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba''' (an haife shi ranar 21 ga Maris 1954) farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin ''Obstetrics and Gynaecology'' kuma tsohon shugaban [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] (UNN). Ya kasance shugaban jami'ar daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2019, inda ya jagoranci ayyukan ci gaban bincike, fasaha da kirkire-kirkire a jami'ar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ozumba named new UNN VC as Okolo bows out |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/06/ozumba-named-new-unn-vc-okolo-bows/ |work=Vanguard News |date=7 June 2014 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Ozumba a garin Abba da ke jihar Anambra a Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Government College Umuahia kafin ya shiga [[Jami'ar Legas]] inda ya karanci likitanci, ya kuma samu digirin MBBS a shekarar 1979.<ref>{{cite web |title=Staff Profiles – Professor Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba |url=https://servicom.unn.edu.ng/staff-profiles/ |publisher=University of Nigeria |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ya samu ƙarin horo da takardun ƙwarewa daga Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists na Birtaniya da kuma cibiyoyin koyon aikin likita a Amurka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ozumba, Chukwuma Benjamin |url=https://www.efdinitiative.org/about-efd/people/ozumba-chukwuma-benjamin |publisher=Environment for Development Initiative |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Aiki == Ozumba ya fara aiki a matsayin malami a Faculty of Medicine ta Jami'ar Najeriya a shekarar 1988. Cikin sauri ya zama farfesa a fannin Obstetrics da Gynaecology.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ozumba named new UNN VC as Okolo bows out |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/06/ozumba-named-new-unn-vc-okolo-bows/ |work=Vanguard News |date=7 June 2014 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Ya taba zama shugaban Faculty of Medicine sannan daga 2004 zuwa 2008 ya kasance Provost na College of Medicine na jami'ar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Chukwuma_Ozumba |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> === Shugabancin Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka === A watan Yunin 2014 aka nada shi shugaban Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (UNN), inda ya gaji Farfesa Bartho Okolo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ozumba named new UNN VC as Okolo bows out |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/06/ozumba-named-new-unn-vc-okolo-bows/ |work=Vanguard News |date=7 June 2014 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> A lokacin mulkinsa, jami'ar ta kaddamar da cibiyar haɗa kwamfyutocin tafi-da-gidanka ta farko a jami'ar Najeriya, wadda aka sani da ''Lion Laptop Assembly Plant''.<ref>{{cite news |title=How varsities can drive economic growth through innovation, by UNN’s VC Ozumba |url=https://guardian.ng/news/how-varsities-can-drive-economic-growth-through-innovation-by-unns-vc-ozumba/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=19 November 2018 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma jami'ar ta kafa ''Lion Science Park'', cibiyar bincike da kirkire-kirkire domin bunkasa fasaha da kasuwanci.<ref>{{cite news |title=Patronise made in Nigeria products – Prof Ozumba urges FG |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/03/patronise-made-in-nigeria-products-prof-ozumba-urges-fg/ |work=Vanguard News |date=19 March 2024 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Ozumba ya bayyana cewa daya daga cikin manufofinsa shi ne mayar da jami'ar cibiyar ilimi ta zamani mai dogaro da kudaden shiga na cikin gida maimakon jiran tallafin gwamnati kawai.<ref>{{cite news |title=I'll Make UNN A 21st Century University With Internally Generated Revenue— VC |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/student/university-of-nigeria-ill-make-unn-a-21st-century-university-with-internally-2024080114084693514 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=6 November 2014 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2019 ya bayyana cewa jami'ar ta samu manyan nasarori a bangaren tantance kwasa-kwasai da bincike, inda Webometrics ta sanya UNN a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'in Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=I inherited dysfunctional UNN in 2014, says VC, Ozumba |url=https://guardian.ng/news/i-inherited-dysfunctional-unn-in-2014-says-vc-ozumba/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=14 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Ozumba ya wallafa bincike masu yawa a fannoni kamar: * Lafiyar mata masu juna biyu * Ciwon sankarar mahaifa * Lafiyar haihuwa * Matsalolin zubar da ciki * Maternal and fetal medicine Ya kuma shiga bincike kan tasirin yunwar Biafra ga lafiyar jama'a.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ozumba, Chukwuma Benjamin |url=https://www.efdinitiative.org/about-efd/people/ozumba-chukwuma-benjamin |publisher=Environment for Development Initiative |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Gadonsa == Ana kallon Ozumba a matsayin daya daga cikin shugabannin jami'o'in Najeriya da suka mayar da hankali kan kirkire-kirkire, bincike da bunkasa fasahar cikin gida. A lokacinsa ne aka kara yawan shirye-shiryen da suka samu cikakken amincewa daga National Universities Commission (NUC).<ref>{{cite news |title=I inherited dysfunctional UNN in 2014, says VC, Ozumba |url=https://guardian.ng/news/i-inherited-dysfunctional-unn-in-2014-says-vc-ozumba/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=14 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian academics]] [[Category:Nigerian medical doctors]] [[Category:University administrators]] [[Category:People from Anambra State]] 1adxj609bw8wj68s8onoyxll7p6ws7r 0 152228 840139 2026-05-25T20:33:53Z Najaatu 33569 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1248566485|Obinna Onwujekwe]]" 840139 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Obinna Emmanuel Onwujekwe''' likitan Najeriya wanda ke aiki a matsayin Farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki da manufofi da tattalin arziki a cikin Sashen Kula da Lafiya da Gudanarwa da Pharmacology da Therapeutics, Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya, wanda ke zaune a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]].<ref name="conv">{{Cite web |title=Obinna Onwujekwe |url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/obinna-onwujekwe-236513 |access-date=January 25, 2018}}</ref><ref name="unn1">{{Cite web |title=Obinna Onwujekwe |url=http://www.unn.edu.ng/internals/staff/viewProfile/MjAzMQ-- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111083651/http://www.unn.edu.ng/internals/staff/viewProfile/MjAzMQ-- |archive-date=November 11, 2016 |access-date=January 25, 2018 |website=University of Nigeria}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.unn.edu.ng/internals/staff/viewProfile/MjAzMQ-- "Obinna Onwujekwe"]. ''University of Nigeria''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161111083651/http://www.unn.edu.ng/internals/staff/viewProfile/MjAzMQ-- Archived] from the original on November 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Onwujekwe ya samu shedar zama likita daga Jami'ar Najeriya kuma daga baya ya sami MSc a fannin tattalin arzikin lafiya. Ya sami takardar shaidar a cikin Gudanar da Lafiya ta Gundumar daga Cibiyar Tropical ta Switzerland Basel . Daga nan sai ya tafi zuwa [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] inda ya sami digirin digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki da manufofi daga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Magunguna ta London.<ref name="unn1">{{Cite web |title=Obinna Onwujekwe |url=http://www.unn.edu.ng/internals/staff/viewProfile/MjAzMQ-- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111083651/http://www.unn.edu.ng/internals/staff/viewProfile/MjAzMQ-- |archive-date=November 11, 2016 |access-date=January 25, 2018 |website=University of Nigeria}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Onwujekwe ya kasance memba ne na ƙungiyar DFID-ta tallafawa don Bincike kan Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Daidaitawa (CREHS) daga shekarar 2006 zuwa 2010. Ya kuma kasance memba ne na aikin Eval-Health na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai saga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The African Advisory Committee on Health Research and Development |url=https://www.afro.who.int/about-us/leadership/aachrd |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.afro.who.int/about-us/leadership/aachrd "The African Advisory Committee on Health Research and Development"]. ''WHO | Regional Office for Africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ya kuma kasance Dean a Faculty na Health Sciences and Technology a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|UNN]] tsakanin watan Agustan 2012 zuwa Yuli 2014; da kuma Shugaban Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiya da Gudanarwa tsakanin shekarar 2005 da 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search |url=https://www.ajrh.info/index.php/ajrh/search |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.ajrh.info}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2007, Onwujekwe ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta a Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (WAHEN). Ya kuma kasance Mai Gudanar da Kasa na Ƙungiyar Kula da Malaria ta Najeriya (NaMCA) daga 2009; Shugaban Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Lafiya ta Najeriya (NiHEA) tun daga 2010; kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanar da Bincike na Majalisar Dattijai ta Jami'ar Najeriya tun daga 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The African Advisory Committee on Health Research and Development |url=https://www.afro.who.int/about-us/leadership/aachrd |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa |language=en}}</ref> === Gudummawar ilimi === Onwujekwe ya gudanar da bincike kan tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya - musamman a fannin tasirin lalacewar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]] a Najeriya akan shirye-shiryen samun damar Magungunan rigakafi cutar zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref name="mg1">{{Cite web |last=Onwujekwe |first=Obinna |date=April 21, 2016 |title=How stigma can stymie Nigeria's efforts to extend HIV treatment |url=http://bhekisisa.org/article/2016-04-21-how-stigma-can-stymie-nigerias-efforts-to-extend-hiv-treatment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126104540/http://bhekisisa.org/article/2016-04-21-how-stigma-can-stymie-nigerias-efforts-to-extend-hiv-treatment |archive-date=January 26, 2018 |access-date=January 25, 2018 |website=Bhekisisa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Obinna E. Onwujekwe |last2=Kara Hanson |last3=Julia Fox-Rushby |year=2004 |title=Inequalities in purchase of mosquito nets and willingness to pay for insecticide-treated nets in Nigeria: Challenges for malaria control interventions |journal=[[Malaria Journal]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=6 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-3-6 |pmc=395839 |pmid=15023234 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun Kasance mai mahimmanci wajen sanar da hukumomin agaji na duniya kamar hukumomin agajin DFID. == Sauran ayyukan == * [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO), memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Afirka don Bincike da Ci gaba * Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Ci Gaban (NHED), memba ne na Kwamitin Daraktoci == Littattafai == === Labaran jarida === Onwujekwe ya rubuta kuma ya hada hannu akan rubuce-rubuce da yawa da aka sake dubawa ciki har da: * {{Cite journal |last=Obinna Onwujekwe |last2=Laura D. Howe |last3=Bruna Galobardes |last4=Alicia Matijasevich |last5=David Gordon |last6=Deborah Johnston |last7=Rita Patel |last8=Elizabeth A. Webb |last9=Debbie A. Lawlor |last10=James R. Hargreaves |year=2012 |title=Measuring socio-economic position for epidemiological studies in low-and middle-income countries: a methods of measurement in epidemiology paper |journal=[[International Journal of Epidemiology]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=871–886 |doi=10.1093/ije/dys037 |pmc=3396323 |pmid=22438428}} * {{Cite journal |last=Obinna E. Onwujekwe |last2=Benjamin SC Uzochukwu |year=2004 |title=Socio-economic differences and health seeking behaviour for the diagnosis and treatment of malaria: a case study of four local government areas operating the Bamako initiative programme in south-east Nigeria |journal=International Journal for Equity in Health |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=6 |doi=10.1186/1475-9276-3-6 |pmc=544024 |pmid=15202941 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Obinna E. Onwujekwe |last2=Kara Hanson |last3=Julia Fox-Rushby |year=2004 |title=Inequalities in purchase of mosquito nets and willingness to pay for insecticide-treated nets in Nigeria: Challenges for malaria control interventions |journal=[[Malaria Journal]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=6 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-3-6 |pmc=395839 |pmid=15023234 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Obinna Onwujekwe |last2=Reginald Chima |last3=Paul Okonkwo |year=2000 |title=Economic burden of malaria illness on households versus that of all other illness episodes: a study in five malaria holo-endemic Nigerian communities |journal=Health Policy |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=143–159 |doi=10.1016/S0168-8510(00)00105-6 |pmid=11094267}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4834mu91bgu8gugm57scprc1t9m4gk6 0 152229 840140 2026-05-25T20:36:18Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Biko Agozino | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|7|27}} | birth_place = Awgu, Enugu State, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | fields = Criminology, Sociology, Africana Studies | workplaces = Virginia Tech | education = University of Calabar<br>University of Cambridge<br>University of Edinburgh | known_for = Counter-colonial criminology | notable_works = ''Black Women and the Criminal Justice System''<br>''Counter-Colonial Criminol... 840140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Biko Agozino | image = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|7|27}} | birth_place = Awgu, Enugu State, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | fields = Criminology, Sociology, Africana Studies | workplaces = Virginia Tech | education = University of Calabar<br>University of Cambridge<br>University of Edinburgh | known_for = Counter-colonial criminology | notable_works = ''Black Women and the Criminal Justice System''<br>''Counter-Colonial Criminology'' }} '''Biko Agozino''' ɗan Najeriya ne masanin ilimin laifuffuka (criminologist), farfesa a fannin Sociology da Africana Studies a jami’ar Virginia Tech ta ƙasar Amurka. Ya shahara wajen ƙirƙirar da kuma bunƙasa ra’ayin ''counter-colonial criminology'', wanda ke sukar yadda tsarin ilimin criminology na Turai ya rinjayi fahimtar laifi da tsarin shari’a a ƙasashen da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://liberalarts.vt.edu/departments-and-schools/department-of-sociology/faculty/onwubiko-agozino.html |title=Onwubiko Agozino |website=Virginia Tech |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Rayuwa da karatu == An haifi Agozino a garin Awgu da ke jihar Enugu a Najeriya a ranar 27 ga Yulin shekara ta 1961. Ya yi karatun digiri a fannin Sociology a jami’ar University of Calabar. Daga baya ya samu digirin MPhil a Criminology daga University of Cambridge sannan ya kammala PhD a Criminology daga University of Edinburgh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biko_Agozino |title=Biko Agozino |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Aiki == Agozino ya koyar a jami’o’i daban-daban kafin ya zama farfesa a Virginia Tech. Bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali kan: * mulkin mallaka da tasirinsa ga tsarin shari’a, * wariyar launin fata a tsarin hukunci, * ‘yancin baƙar fata, * da kuma gyaran tsarin ‘yan sanda da gidajen yari. Ya yi fice wajen sukar tsarin criminology na Turai wanda yake ganin ya ginu ne domin kare manufofin mulkin mallaka maimakon samar da adalci ga al’ummomin da aka zalunta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agozino |first=Biko |title=Reparative justice: The final stage of decolonization |journal=Punishment & Society |year=2021 |doi=10.1177/14624745211024342}}</ref> Haka kuma ya bayyana cewa ilimin criminology ya samo asali ne daga tsarin mulkin mallaka wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen sarrafa al’ummomin da Turawa suka mamaye.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ppi.auckland.ac.nz/2019/06/12/decolonization-paradigm-and-liberation-criminology/ |title=Decolonization Paradigm and Liberation Criminology |website=Policy, Practice and Innovation, University of Auckland |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Daga cikin shahararrun littattafansa akwai: * ''Black Women and the Criminal Justice System: Towards the Decolonisation of Victimisation'' (1997) * ''Counter-Colonial Criminology: A Critique of Imperialist Reason'' (2003) * ''Community Policing in Nigeria: Rationale, Principles, and Practice'' (2021) Littafin ''Counter-Colonial Criminology'' ya yi tasiri sosai wajen ƙarfafa nazarin criminology daga mahangar Afirka da ƙasashen Kudancin duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.africaknowledgeproject.org/index.php/erald/article/view/2311 |title=Review of Counter-Colonial Criminology: A Critique of Imperialist Reason |journal=Enriching Resource Document & Language Archive |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Ra’ayoyi == Agozino ya yi imanin cewa tsarin hukunci na zamani a ƙasashe da dama ya samo asali ne daga manufofin mulkin mallaka. Ya yi kira ga: * rage tsauraran hukunci, * gyaran tsarin ‘yan sanda, * adalci mai maido da haƙƙi (reparative justice), * da kuma decolonization na criminology. A wata takarda da ya wallafa a shekarar 2019, ya soki yadda dokokin Turai suka mamaye al’ummomi daban-daban a duniya ta hanyar mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14747731.2019.1651814 |title=Fuck the law: decolonizing nomophilitis with the discourse of love |journal=Globalizations |year=2020 |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Tasiri == Masana da dama sun yaba wa gudummawar Agozino wajen bunƙasa African criminology da liberation criminology. An bayyana ayyukansa a matsayin wani muhimmin ƙalubale ga tsarin criminology na Yammacin duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10612-021-09579-9 |title=Decolonizing Southern Criminology |journal=Critical Criminology |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Ya kuma taka rawa wajen tattaunawa kan gyaran aikin ‘yan sanda a Najeriya, musamman bayan muhawarar da ta biyo bayan zanga-zangar #EndSARS.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.vt.edu/articles/2022/01/univlib-community-policing-in-Nigeria.html |title=Four scholars publish book in effort to elevate democracy and reduce violence in Nigeria |website=Virginia Tech News |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://liberalarts.vt.edu/departments-and-schools/department-of-sociology/faculty/onwubiko-agozino.html Shafin Biko Agozino a Virginia Tech] [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana ilimin laifuffuka]] [[Category:Malaman jami'a]] [[Category:Masu bincike daga Najeriya]] [[Category:1961 births]] [[Category:Living people]] sgyf9xquqb9vwttx6wuaatxdf10cq4e 0 152230 840145 2026-05-25T20:41:09Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Billy Dudley''' (cikakken suna: '''Billy Joseph Stanley Oritsesaninomi Dudley'''; 10 Nuwamba 1931 – 23 Disamba 1980) ya kasance fitaccen masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Najeriya kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa tubalin nazarin siyasar Najeriya a jami’o’i. Ya yi fice musamman wajen bincike kan siyasar Arewa da tsarin jam’iyyu a Najeriya. Yawancin aikinsa ya gudana ne a [[University of Ibadan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dudley |title... 840145 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Billy Dudley''' (cikakken suna: '''Billy Joseph Stanley Oritsesaninomi Dudley'''; 10 Nuwamba 1931 – 23 Disamba 1980) ya kasance fitaccen masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Najeriya kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa tubalin nazarin siyasar Najeriya a jami’o’i. Ya yi fice musamman wajen bincike kan siyasar Arewa da tsarin jam’iyyu a Najeriya. Yawancin aikinsa ya gudana ne a [[University of Ibadan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dudley |title=Billy Dudley |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> An san Dudley a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan malaman da suka taimaka wajen fahimtar rikice-rikicen siyasa, tsarin mulki da kuma tasirin soja a siyasar Najeriya bayan samun ‘yancin kai. A yau ana kallon ayyukansa a matsayin muhimman tushe wajen nazarin tarihin siyasar Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dailytrust.com/democracy-survives-but-not-because-of-political-science/ |title=Democracy survives, but not because of political science |newspaper=Daily Trust |author=Jibrin Ibrahim |date=2015 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Billy Dudley a garin Warri da ke Najeriya a shekarar 1931. Ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Warri da Ilesha kafin daga bisani ya samu gurbin karatu a kasar Birtaniya. Ya yi karatu a University College Leicester inda ya yi fice a fannin tattalin arziki da siyasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dudley |title=Billy Dudley |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya, ya shiga aiki a [[University of Ibadan]] a shekarar 1959 inda daga baya ya zama farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa. A lokacin da yake Zariya tsakanin 1960 zuwa 1962, ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan siyasar Arewacin Najeriya wanda daga baya ya zama sanannen littafinsa ''Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dudley |title=Billy Dudley |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Gudummawa a kimiyyar siyasa == Billy Dudley ya kasance daga cikin malaman farko da suka yi amfani da dabarun binciken zamani wajen nazarin siyasar Najeriya. Ayyukansa sun mayar da hankali ne kan: * tsarin jam’iyyun siyasa; * rikicin siyasa bayan samun ‘yancin kai; * rawar soja a siyasa; * dimokuraɗiyya da tsarin mulki; * dangantakar kabilanci da siyasa. Littafinsa ''Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria'' ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi muhimmancin littattafan da aka rubuta kan siyasar Arewa da tsarin jam’iyyu a Afirka.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dailytrust.com/democracy-survives-but-not-because-of-political-science/ |title=Democracy survives, but not because of political science |newspaper=Daily Trust |author=Jibrin Ibrahim |date=2015 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Hakazalika, littafinsa ''Instability and Political Order: Politics and Crisis in Nigeria'' ya yi bayani kan yadda rikice-rikicen siyasa da juyin mulki suka shafi Najeriya bayan samun ‘yancin kai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dudley |title=Billy Dudley |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Tasiri a siyasar Najeriya == Masana da dama suna kallon Billy Dudley a matsayin “uban kimiyyar siyasa” a Najeriya saboda yadda ya taimaka wajen gina wannan fanni a jami’o’in ƙasar. Ya kasance shugaban farko na ''Nigerian Political Science Association (NPSA)''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dailytrust.com/democracy-survives-but-not-because-of-political-science/ |title=Democracy survives, but not because of political science |newspaper=Daily Trust |author=Jibrin Ibrahim |date=2015 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Rahotanni sun nuna cewa ya kasance cikin mutanen da suka taimaka wajen tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1979.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dudley |title=Billy Dudley |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A cikin wani jawabi da aka wallafa a mujallar ''Intervention'', an bayyana shi a matsayin “doyen” na kimiyyar siyasa a Najeriya saboda irin tasirin da ya yi a harkar ilimi da siyasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://intervention.ng/33002/ |title=Liberal Democracy and Governance in Nigeria Since 1999 |website=Intervention |date=2026 |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manyan ayyukansa == === Littattafai === * ''Parties and Politics in Northern Nigeria'' * ''Instability and Political Order: Politics and Crisis in Nigeria'' * ''An Introduction to Nigerian Government and Politics'' === Mujallu da bincike === * ''Federalism and the Balance of Political Power in Nigeria'' * ''The Nigerian Elections of 1979: The Voting Decision'' * ''The Military and Development'' == Mutuwa == Billy Dudley ya rasu a ranar 23 Disamba 1980 a kasar Ingila yana da shekaru 49. Duk da gajeruwar rayuwarsa, ayyukansa sun ci gaba da zama tushen bincike ga ɗalibai da masana kimiyyar siyasa a Najeriya da Afirka baki ɗaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Dudley |title=Billy Dudley |website=Wikipedia |access-date=25 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] * [[University of Ibadan]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Masana kimiyyar siyasa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:1980 deaths]] [[Category:Mutane daga Warri]] j0e0q5g16vimwyxmomrs6gmp9ev6kp2 0 152231 840151 2026-05-25T20:59:26Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Biodun Jeyifo | image = Biodun Jeyifo.jpg | caption = Biodun Jeyifo a shekarar 2026 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|1|5}} | birth_place = Ibadan, Najeriya | death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|2|11|1946|1|5}} | death_place = Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | fields = Adabin Afirka, nazarin al’adu, nazarin wasan kwaikwayo | workplaces = Jami'ar Harvard, Jami'ar Cornell, Jami'ar Ife, Jami'ar Ibadan | alma_mater = Jami'ar I... 840151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Biodun Jeyifo | image = Biodun Jeyifo.jpg | caption = Biodun Jeyifo a shekarar 2026 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|1|5}} | birth_place = Ibadan, Najeriya | death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|2|11|1946|1|5}} | death_place = Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | fields = Adabin Afirka, nazarin al’adu, nazarin wasan kwaikwayo | workplaces = Jami'ar Harvard, Jami'ar Cornell, Jami'ar Ife, Jami'ar Ibadan | alma_mater = Jami'ar Ibadan, Jami'ar New York | known_for = Nazarin ayyukan Wole Soyinka da adabin Afirka }} '''Biodun Jeyifo''' (5 ga Janairu, 1946 – 11 ga Fabrairu, 2026) fitaccen malamin jami'a ne ɗan Najeriya, masanin adabin Afirka, mai sharhin al’adu da kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu nazarin ayyukan marubucin Najeriya kuma wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nobel, [[Wole Soyinka]]. Ya yi suna sosai wajen bincike kan adabin Afirka, postcolonial studies, da kuma Marxist literary criticism. Haka kuma ya kasance farkon shugaban ƙungiyar [[Academic Staff Union of Universities]] (ASUU) a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=African studies institute mourns scholar, pioneer ASUU president Biodun Jeyifo |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/856203-african-studies-institute-mourns-scholar-pioneer-asuu-president-biodun-jeyifo.html |work=Premium Times |date=2026-02-18 |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Biodun Jeyifo a garin Ibadan da ke Najeriya a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 1946. Ya yi dukkan karatunsa na farko da na gaba da sakandare a Ibadan kafin ya shiga [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], inda ya kammala digiri na farko a fannin Turanci da sakamako mai daraja ta farko a shekarar 1970.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Renowned academic Biodun Jeyifo dies after brief illness |url=https://www.westernpost.ng/renowned-academic-biodun-jeyifo-dies-after-brief-illness/ |work=Western Post |date=2026-02-11 |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Daga baya ya tafi Amurka inda ya samu digirin MA da kuma PhD daga [[New York University]] a shekarun 1973 da 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biodun Jeyifo |url=https://english.cornell.edu/biodun-jeyifo |website=Cornell University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == Jeyifo ya fara koyarwa a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1977, sannan ya koma [[Jami'ar Ife]] (wacce yanzu ake kira Obafemi Awolowo University) inda ya koyar daga 1977 zuwa 1987.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Literary critic Biodun Jeyifo dies at 80 |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2026/02/literary-critic-biodun-jeyifo-dies-80 |work=Cornell Chronicle |date=2026-02-25 |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> A shekarar 1987 ya koma Oberlin College a jihar Ohio ta Amurka kafin daga bisani ya shiga [[Jami'ar Cornell]] a shekarar 1989 a matsayin farfesa a fannin Turanci da adabi. Daga shekarar 2006 kuma ya koma [[Jami'ar Harvard]] inda ya koyar a sashen African and African American Studies da Comparative Literature har zuwa ritayarsa a shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Renowned authority on African drama comes to FAS |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2006/03/renowned-authority-on-african-drama-comes-to-fas/ |work=Harvard Gazette |date=2006-03-23 |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Gudummawa ga ilimi == Biodun Jeyifo ya shahara wajen nazarin ayyukan [[Wole Soyinka]] da kuma adabin Afirka gaba ɗaya. Littafinsa mai suna ''Wole Soyinka: Politics, Poetics and Postcolonialism'' ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci littattafan da aka rubuta kan Soyinka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biodun Jeyifo |url=https://english.cornell.edu/biodun-jeyifo |website=Cornell University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya yi rubuce-rubuce masu yawa kan [[Chinua Achebe]], wasan kwaikwayon Yoruba travelling theatre, da kuma postcolonial theory. Ayyukansa sun taimaka wajen sauya yadda ake koyar da adabin Afirka a jami'o'i da dama a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Communist as teacher: Example of Biodun Jeyifo (1) |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/communist-as-teacher-example-of-biodun-jeyifo-1/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2016-02-17 |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == ASUU da gwagwarmaya == Jeyifo ya kasance shugaban farko na ƙungiyar ASUU, inda ya taka rawa wajen fafutukar neman ‘yancin jami’o’i da inganta walwalar malamai da bincike a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biodun Jeyifo, "Generative Afropessimism, Nollywood, and the Postmodernity of Corruption and Dispossession” |url=https://icm.as.cornell.edu/news/biodun-jeyifo-generative-afropessimism-nollywood-and-postmodernity-corruption-and |website=Cornell University |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu ra’ayin Marxism a harkar ilimi da al’adu a Najeriya, inda ya riƙa rubuce-rubuce a jaridun Najeriya kamar ''The Guardian'' da ''The Nation''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jeyifo dies at 80 |url=https://guardian.ng/news/jeyifo-dies-at-80/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2026-02-12 |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo ta ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Literature (D.Litt) saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga ilimi da nazarin al’adu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=OAU honours Biodun Jeyifo for astounding intellectual work, radical humanism |url=https://guardian.ng/art/oau-honours-biodun-jeyifo-for-astounding-intellectual-work-radical-humanism/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2018-12-30 |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Rasuwarsa == Biodun Jeyifo ya rasu a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2026 a Ibadan bayan fama da rashin lafiya. Rasuwarsa ta jawo jimami daga masana ilimi, marubuta da jami’o’i a faɗin duniya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tinubu, Soyinka lead tributes to literary giant Jeyifo |url=https://punchng.com/tinubu-soyinka-lead-final-tributes-to-literary-giant-jeyifo/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=2026-03-05 |access-date=2026-05-25}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == [https://english.cornell.edu/biodun-jeyifo Biodun Jeyifo a Cornell University] [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2006/03/renowned-authority-on-african-drama-comes-to-fas/ Biodun Jeyifo a Harvard Gazette] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeyifo, Biodun}} [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana adabin Afirka]] [[Category:Academic Staff Union of Universities]] [[Category:Jami'ar Harvard]] [[Category:Jami'ar Cornell]] d47wrka36fhasrs3xr02zuj1o8tvg39 0 152232 840152 2026-05-25T21:03:22Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Charles H. Kraft''' (cikakken suna: '''Charles Howard Kraft'''; an haife shi 15 ga Yuli, 1932) masanin ilimin ɗan Adam ne, masani a harshe, kuma farfesa ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya yi suna wajen bincike kan al’adu, sadarwa tsakanin al’umma, da aikin mishan na Kirista. Ya yi aiki a makarantar addini ta Fuller Theological Seminary inda ya koyar da Anthropology da Intercultural Communication. Ya kuma yi aikin mishan a arewacin Najeriya, musamman wajen nazarin harshen Haus... 840152 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles H. Kraft''' (cikakken suna: '''Charles Howard Kraft'''; an haife shi 15 ga Yuli, 1932) masanin ilimin ɗan Adam ne, masani a harshe, kuma farfesa ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya yi suna wajen bincike kan al’adu, sadarwa tsakanin al’umma, da aikin mishan na Kirista. Ya yi aiki a makarantar addini ta Fuller Theological Seminary inda ya koyar da Anthropology da Intercultural Communication. Ya kuma yi aikin mishan a arewacin Najeriya, musamman wajen nazarin harshen Hausa da al’adun Hausawa. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} == Rayuwa ta farko da karatu == An haifi Charles H. Kraft a jihar Connecticut ta ƙasar Amurka a shekarar 1932. Ya yi karatu a Wheaton College inda ya samu digiri na farko, sannan ya ci gaba da karatu a Ashland Theological Seminary. Daga baya ya samu digirin digirgir (PhD) daga Hartford Seminary Foundation inda ya rubuta bincike mai taken ''A Study of Hausa Syntax'', wanda ya mayar da hankali kan tsarin nahawun harshen Hausa. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} == Aiki == Kraft ya yi aikin mishan tare da matarsa a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya a shekarun 1950. Wannan aiki ya ba shi damar koyon harshen Hausa da kuma nazarin al’adun yankin. Bayan dawowarsa Amurka, ya koyar da harsunan Afirka a jami’ar Michigan State University da kuma University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2} A shekarar 1969 ya shiga makarantar Fuller Theological Seminary inda ya zama Farfesa a fannin Anthropology da Intercultural Communication. Ayyukansa sun fi mayar da hankali kan: * Anthropology na addini * Sadarwa tsakanin al’adu * Contextualization a addinin Kirista * Worldview studies * Spiritual warfare da inner healing :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3} == Gudummawa a ilimin Anthropology == Charles H. Kraft ya shahara wajen haɗa ilimin Anthropology da aikin mishan. Ya yi imanin cewa ya kamata masu wa’azi su fahimci al’adun mutanen da suke hulɗa da su kafin gabatar da addininsu. Littafinsa ''Christianity in Culture'' ya zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman littattafai a fannin missiology da contextual theology. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4} Ya kuma yi rubuce-rubuce kan yadda “worldview” ke tasiri wajen fahimtar addini da al’adu. Wasu masana sun bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun malaman missiology na zamani. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5} == Littattafansa == Daga cikin shahararrun littattafan Charles H. Kraft akwai: * ''Christianity in Culture'' (1979) * ''Anthropology for Christian Witness'' (1996) * ''Communication Theory for Christian Witness'' * ''Christianity with Power'' * ''Teach Yourself Hausa'' * ''Introductory Hausa'' :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6} == Dangantaka da Najeriya == Kraft ya shafe lokaci mai yawa yana aiki a Najeriya, inda ya kware wajen harshen Hausa da al’adun Hausawa. Bincikensa kan Hausa ya taimaka wajen koyar da harshen ga ɗalibai a jami’o’in Amurka. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Karin karatu == * Kraft, Charles H. ''Christianity in Culture''. Orbis Books, 1979. * Kraft, Charles H. ''Anthropology for Christian Witness''. Orbis Books, 1996. * Kraft, Charles H. ''Communication Theory for Christian Witness''. :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8} [[Category:American anthropologists]] [[Category:Linguists]] [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People associated with Nigeria]] [[Category:Hausa language researchers]] be1lq2vzxlm20m0c425la5g4s29hqzh 0 152233 840154 2026-05-25T21:10:31Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Christopher Kolade | image = | caption = Christopher Kolade | birth_name = Christopher Olusola Kolade | birth_date = {{Birth date|1932|12|28}} | birth_place = Erin-Oke, Osun State, Najeriya | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|10|8|1932|12|28}} | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Ɗan diflomasiyya, malami, shugaban kamfani | known_for = Tsohon Babban Jakadan Najeriya a Birtaniya | awards = Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON) }} ''... 840154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Christopher Kolade | image = | caption = Christopher Kolade | birth_name = Christopher Olusola Kolade | birth_date = {{Birth date|1932|12|28}} | birth_place = Erin-Oke, Osun State, Najeriya | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|10|8|1932|12|28}} | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Ɗan diflomasiyya, malami, shugaban kamfani | known_for = Tsohon Babban Jakadan Najeriya a Birtaniya | awards = Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON) }} '''Christopher Olusola Kolade''' (28 Disamba 1932 – 8 Oktoba 2025) ya kasance fitaccen ɗan diflomasiyya, malami, mai gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci kuma tsohon jami'in gwamnatin Najeriya. An san shi sosai saboda rawar da ya taka wajen bunƙasa harkokin yada labarai, shugabancin kamfanoni da kuma aikin diflomasiyya a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kolade: A life of uncommon integrity, service |url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/kolade-a-life-of-uncommon-integrity-service/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Christopher Kolade a ranar 28 Disamba 1932 a garin Erin-Oke da ke jihar Osun a Najeriya. Mahaifinsa malamin cocin Anglican ne, abin da ya taimaka wajen gina tarbiyyarsa ta gaskiya da riƙon amana.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PROFILE: Nigeria mourns passing of Christopher Kolade, renowned corporate leader and diplomat |url=https://www.westernpost.ng/profile-nigeria-mourns-passing-of-christopher-kolade-iconic-broadcaster-and-diplomat/ |work=Western Post |date=9 October 2025 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a makarantar Government College, Ibadan, sannan ya tafi Fourah Bay College da ke Freetown a ƙasar Saliyo domin karatun jami'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Founder |url=https://ckf.org.ng/our-founder/ |website=Christopher Kolade Foundation |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Aiki == === Harkar ilimi === Kolade ya fara aikinsa a matsayin jami'in ilimi a zamanin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya a Najeriya tsakanin shekarun 1955 zuwa 1960.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Saints March On As Kolade Makes His Exit |url=https://leadership.ng/the-saints-march-on-as-kolade-makes-his-exit/ |work=Leadership Newspaper |date=October 2025 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> === Harkar yada labarai === Daga baya ya shiga harkar yada labarai inda ya yi aiki a Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC), har ya kai matsayin Darakta Janar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Christopher Kolade, Business luminary, teacher dies, aged 93 |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/christopher-kolade-business-luminary-teacher-dies-aged-93/ |work=BusinessDay Nigeria |date=9 October 2025 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> A lokacin jagorancinsa, an yaba masa wajen kawo gyare-gyare da cigaba a harkokin watsa labarai a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=What To know About The Late Christopher Kolade |url=https://gwg.ng/2025/10/09/what-to-know-about-the-late-christopher-kolade/ |work=GWG.ng |date=9 October 2025 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> === Harkar kasuwanci === Bayan ritaya daga aikin gwamnati, Kolade ya shiga kamfanin Cadbury Nigeria Plc inda ya zama Daraktan Gudanarwa sannan daga baya Shugaban Kamfanin. An san shi da jagoranci mai cike da gaskiya da kyawawan ɗabi'u wajen tafiyar da kamfani.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cadbury Nigeria honours former chairman, Kolade |url=https://guardian.ng/business-services/cadbury-nigeria-honours-former-chairman-kolade/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=24 October 2025 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> === Aikin diflomasiyya === Christopher Kolade ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jakadan Najeriya a Birtaniya daga shekarar 2002 zuwa 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Christopher Kolade |url=https://ckcrle.lbs.edu.ng/about-christopher-kolade/ |website=Christopher Kolade Centre for Research in Leadership and Ethics |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> An yaba masa wajen inganta alaƙar Najeriya da Birtaniya tare da kare martabar Najeriya a ƙasashen duniya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Elder statesman Christopher Kolade dies at 92 |url=https://telegraph.ng/news/2025/10/09/veteran-broadcaster-business-luminary-christopher-kolade-dies-at-92/ |work=The Telegraph Nigeria |date=9 October 2025 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> === Aikin koyarwa da jagoranci === Bayan dawowarsa daga Birtaniya, Kolade ya koyar a Lagos Business School inda ya koyar da darussa kan shugabanci, gudanar da ma'aikata da kuma kyawawan halaye a kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Founder |url=https://ckf.org.ng/our-founder/ |website=Christopher Kolade Foundation |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Har ila yau ya kasance shugaban cibiyoyi da dama masu yaƙi da rashawa da bunƙasa gaskiya a harkokin kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kolade: A life of integrity, service and excellence |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/kolade-a-life-of-integrity-service-and-excellence/ |work=The Nation Newspaper |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi da gudummawa == Kolade ya kasance mutum mai yawan kira ga shugabanni da 'yan siyasa su yi aiki da gaskiya da kishin ƙasa. A wata hira da ya yi, ya soki yadda wasu 'yan siyasa ke fifita muradunsu fiye da hidimar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nigerian politicians only serve for personal interests – Ex-High Commissioner, Kolade |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/03/17/nigerian-politicians-only-serve-for-personal-interests-ex-high-commissioner-kolade/ |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=17 March 2024 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Haka kuma ya yi kira da a dakile kalaman ƙiyayya domin kare haɗin kan Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=To Preserve Our Unity, We Need To Tackle Hate Speech – Kolade |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2018/05/02/to-preserve-our-unity-we-need-to-tackle-hate-speech-kolade/ |work=Channels Television |date=2 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Christopher Kolade ya rasu a ranar 8 Oktoba 2025 yana da shekaru 92.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Christopher Kolade, Former High Commissioner To UK, Dies At 93 |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/09/christopher-kolade-former-high-commissioner-uk-dies-93 |work=Sahara Reporters |date=9 October 2025 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> Mutuwarsa ta jawo alhini daga manyan shugabanni, 'yan kasuwa da malamai a Najeriya saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen ci gaban ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=A Giant’s Farewell: Hallmark Of Labour Foundation Pays Tribute To ‘Pillar Of Integrity’ Christopher Kolade |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2025/10/10/a-giants-farewell-hallmark-of-labour-foundation-pays-tribute-to-pillar-of-integrity-christopher-kolade/ |work=Channels Television |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Karramawa == An ba Christopher Kolade lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta ''Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON)'' saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Founder |url=https://ckf.org.ng/our-founder/ |website=Christopher Kolade Foundation |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:'Yan diflomasiyyar Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu kasuwanci na Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen jihar Osun]] 6vauma0ibm87scx8u3gdrc3x2ub07nh 3 152234 840157 2026-05-25T21:23:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840157 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Asmau Abubakar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Asmau Abubakar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) i7juzoc41w76md773x1va06sitohx0c 3 152235 840158 2026-05-25T21:23:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840158 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Martijnk! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Martijnk|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) tjw04we6z0l2yuvrxa5llvc8e5v6zc6 3 152236 840159 2026-05-25T21:23:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840159 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sairajgandhe! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sairajgandhe|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 4rxaaco9rx0xv1d1g5fjsdl93vmy9qg 3 152237 840160 2026-05-25T21:23:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840160 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bappahumar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bappahumar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) hjd7w7bl0tlzo9nys0s2si1kzaloixb 3 152238 840161 2026-05-25T21:23:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840161 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rhodospirillum! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rhodospirillum|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) m2egevdwvjapxcq2hdfktgo3gbqx1u0 3 152239 840162 2026-05-25T21:24:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840162 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Suhaib0102! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Suhaib0102|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) g3e6p709uqf05qey8m97tv1q20wdkcy 3 152240 840163 2026-05-25T21:24:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840163 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Anti fati! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Anti fati|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) l4fb5mr8x1wturcapehxt8w6zc1dvss 0 152241 840164 2026-05-25T21:24:20Z Najaatu 33569 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342219825|Olusegun Adewoye]]" 840164 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olusegun O. Adewoye''' Listenⓘ (1947-2015) ya kasance babban darakta kuma babban mai zartarwa na [[Hukumar Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Kasa]] (NASENI), [[Abuja]], Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof O.O. Adewoye-The Director General |url=http://www.naseni.org/prof_adewoye.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429230422/http://naseni.org/prof_adewoye.htm |archive-date=29 April 2009 |access-date=29 April 2009}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Olusegun Oyeleke Adewoye (an haife shi a 1947, [[Ilesa]], [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], Najeriya; ya mutu a Shekarar 2015, [[Abuja]], FCT, Najeriya <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2015 |title=Tribute to Prof. Olusegun Adewoye |url=https://ovuomaroro.blogspot.com.ng/2015/06/tribute-to-prof-olusegun-adewoye-by.html |access-date=24 October 2015 |publisher=Brice Onabrakpenya Foundation}}</ref>) ya kasance farfesa a fannin Kimiyya da Injiniya na [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] Najeriya. Ya sami takardar shaidar sa ta makarantar sakandare daga Comprehensive High School, Aiyetoro, Najeriya a 1968, da kuma Bsc digiri a Metallurgy daga Jami'ar Manchester, Manchester, Ingila a Shekarar 1973. A shekarar 1976, ya sami Digiri na PhD a fannin kimiyyar karafa da kayan aiki daga Jami'ar Cambridge, Cambridge, Ingila. Farfesa Adewoye ya shiga [https://emdi.gov.ng/ Cibiyar Ci gaban Kayan Injiniya (EMDI)] , [[Akure]] a matsayin darekta da kuma shugaban zartarwa. Ayyukansa a wannan cibiyar sun haɗa da Cibiyar Ilimi ta Fasaha, murhun wuta, murhun yumbu, Fasahar Austempered Ductile Iron da Karfafa Karfe na Karfe. A shekarar 2003, ya zama babban darakta kuma babban mai zartarwa na Hukumar Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Kasa (NASENI), wanda ke kula da cibiyoyin bincike guda bakwai. Adewoye yana da littattafai sama da 50 da ya samu. Ayyukansa na ci gaba. Ayyukan rayuwar sa sun da Kwayoyin hasken rana na Organic da Diodes masu fitar da haske daga Polymers, [[Nanotechnology]] da Advanced Materials, Advanced Manufacturing Technology (CAD / CAM). Adewoye ya kafa ayyukan haɗin kai da yawa tare da cibiyoyin kasashen waje. Ya kasance Mai Bincike ma'adinai na Hearst kuma farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, Masanin kimiyya mai ziyara a Cibiyar Nazarin Kayan aiki ta Princeton, memba na kwamitin Zartarwa, Shirin Binciken Kayan Kudancin Afirka, memba na Kungiyar Binciken Kayayye kin Afirka da Mai Gudanar da Shirin Najeriya / Shirin [[UNESCO]] don Gyarawa da Sabunta Kimiyya, Fasaha, Tsarin Innovation na Najeriya. == Ayyukan bincike == Adewoye ya kirkiro, ya gudanar da kuma kula da bincike a fannoni masu yawa na kimiyyar [[Kayan Tangaran|yumbu]] da injiniya, da kuma aikin ƙarfe na jiki da aikin injiniya. Sakamakon bincikensa an buga kuma an yi amfani da shi don aikace-aikacen SME na masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=RapidxHTML |last2=Amana |first2=Destiny |title=The Nigeria Academy of Engineering :: promoting excellence in technology and engineering training and practice to ensure the technological growth and economic development of Nigeria |url=http://www.nae.org.ng/fellows_profiles.asp?id=9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216123833/http://www.nae.org.ng/fellows_profiles.asp?id=9 |archive-date=16 December 2016 |access-date=2020-01-22 |website=www.nae.org.ng |language=English}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin wuraren bincikensa sun hada da: * Binciken kayan Kwarewa: Tasirin Girma da Micro-Indentation a cikin Tsarin Liga Ni MEMS * Ƙarfafa Yankin Ƙarfe ta amfani da Kasuwancin Cassava * Bayyanawa na Ionic da Rugujewar Kayan Ginin don [[Hanyar sarrafa abinci|Injin Tsarin Abinci]] * Ci gaban Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) daga narkewar rotary * Karkatarwa da Karkatarwa a cikin Hexagonal Metallic da Ceramic Material * Nazarin lalacewa da lalatawa. * Binciken yumɓu da sauran aluminosilicates don aikace-aikacen masana'antu == Kungiyoyin kwararru da girmamawa == Farfesa Adewoye ya kasance Injiniya mai regista (COREN) kuma memba ne na ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru masu yawa ciki har da: * [[Makarantar Kimiyya ta Najeriya|Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya]] (aboki) * [[Kwalejin Injiniya ta Najeriya]] (aboki) * Kungiyar Injiniyoyin Najeriya (aboki) * Royal Microscopical Society (aboki) * [https://www.nipngn.org/ Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Najeriya] * [[British Institute of Ceramics|Cibiyar Nazarin Yumbu ta Burtaniya]]; * Kungiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Najeriya (aboki na farko); Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da: * Masanin Yammacin Jihar Najeriya (1970-1973); * Mutumin Kyauta, Jami'ar Manchester, Ingila (1979); * Masanin Gwamnatin Tarayya na Najeriya (1973-1976); * Masanin ziyara, [[California Institute of Mining|Cibiyar Ma'adinai ta California]]; * Bincike Fellow Jami'ar California Berkeley; * Kyautar Masanin Kimiyya, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Obafemi Awolowo (2004); da * Kyautar Kyautattun Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Najeriya (2005). == Ilimi da matsayi na ilimi == Adewoye ya kasance malami ne a fannin Injiniya Physics a [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo|Jami'ar Ife]] daga shekarar 1976 zuwa 1984. Ya kasance Babban malamin jami'a, Mai Karatu da Shugaban Sashen Injiniyan Metallurgical da Kayan aiki (MME) daga shekarar 1984 zuwa 1988. A shekara ta 1989, ya zama Farfesan MME . Ya yi aiki a cikin wadannan: Majalisar Dattijai ta Jami'a (1982-1988); Kwamitin masu zabe Jami'ar da karin girman (1984-1985); Kwamitin Digiri na Sashe (1983-1985); kwamitocin fannoni da yawa; Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Jami'a (University Space Planning Committee) (1985-1988); da Kwamitin Bayar da gidaje na Jami'a (1885-1987). Ya kasance darektan, Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha ta Tsakiya da Wakilai (1992-1995); da kuma Dean, Harkokin Dalibai (1993-1995). Ya kula da dalibai da yawa na digiri da digiri na biyu wasu daga cikinsu yanzu farfesa ne a jami'o'i, manyan shugabannin gwamnati da kyaftin na masana'antu. == Takardun == Wasu daga cikin ayyukan da Adewoye ya buga sune kamar haka: * Nazarin Tsarin Tsarin Kasuwanci a cikin MgO, SiC da Si₃, 2002, tare da Sawyer, G. R.; Edington, J. W.; da Page, T. F.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Structural studies of surface deformation in MgO, SiC and Si3N4 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974camb.rept.....A/abstract |access-date=8 May 2023 |publisher=Ads |bibcode=1974camb.rept.....A}}</ref> * Tasirin muhalli a kan halayyar raguwa da damuwa na Rene 95, 2004 <ref name="springerlink.com">{{Cite journal |last=Menon |first=M. N. |date=1 May 1976 |title=The effect of environment on the creep and stress rupture behaviour of Rene 95 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00542317 |journal=Journal of Materials Science |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=984–988 |bibcode=1976JMatS..11..984M |doi=10.1007/BF00542317 |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 May 2023 |via=Springer Link}}</ref> * Nazarin Metallographic na Pack Cyanided Mild Steel Yin amfani da Cassava Leaves, Afrilu 2008 * Halin anisotropic na ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, 2004 <ref name="springerlink.com" /> * Binciken Hardness Anisotropy a cikin Tourmaline tare da M. O. Adeoye <ref name="springerlink.com" /> * Tasirin Girma a cikin Nano da Microhardness na FCC Single Crystal Metals, Kimiyyar Kayan Kayan Kimiyyar tare da Z. Zong da J. Lou <ref name="springerlink.com" /> * Knoop microhardness ƙuduri na tsarin zamewa a cikin beryl (Be₃ (SiO₃) ₆) [₂]<ref name="springerlink.com" /> * Wasu fannoni na crystallography, kwarara da karyewar beryl (Be₃ (SiO₃) ₆) [₂]<ref name="springerlink.com" /> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] gv9pbj4fq5aj66qxlm4nk0rf79s48rp 3 152242 840165 2026-05-25T21:24:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840165 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Youngbarrister! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Youngbarrister|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) 805wiuul96zxk93213pe46jx4zl5zno 3 152243 840166 2026-05-25T21:24:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840166 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Oguzhanogreden! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Oguzhanogreden|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) t7l3xsrp17vcpngcysecssgsr16qt6m 3 152244 840167 2026-05-25T21:24:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840167 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Adam884420! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Adam884420|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) od4hmzkcssrbyvawuv5d93jb6lp1f10 3 152245 840168 2026-05-25T21:24:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840168 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Salis abba! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Salis abba|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) tmv0wk6qw0d0bzro49c28ua9oir8ooc 3 152246 840169 2026-05-25T21:25:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840169 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Na Karo Sachi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Na Karo Sachi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) rc5uq9afcmsfgw2nusf9bxwatwp4d6b 3 152247 840170 2026-05-25T21:25:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840170 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) slr45x52zpg1due0mkqkg1hikhnipdn 3 152248 840171 2026-05-25T21:25:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840171 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fahdal! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fahdal|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) ix42xevnmaoll1ujwdg2xzub6nndxpv 3 152249 840172 2026-05-25T21:25:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840172 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Vivekkrishna Ramkumar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Vivekkrishna Ramkumar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) hxarw2gqcz2knkirgs8vxlrbvosjinq 3 152250 840173 2026-05-25T21:25:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840173 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, M.Muzakkir.BK! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/M.Muzakkir.BK|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) gguzlfhs738n1f9a954zm7ea7tcrifw 3 152251 840174 2026-05-25T21:25:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840174 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ebayavirip! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ebayavirip|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) r5b99gq5wjj8whv6b7r2xb5nx0n1xbt 3 152252 840175 2026-05-25T21:26:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840175 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SenoraPapaya! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SenoraPapaya|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) lcgafpxs2vbgizhcdaplc3n1uftjq1s 3 152253 840176 2026-05-25T21:26:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840176 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mario93! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mario93|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) hxfzggfl5b7cte6874ffaj2yyt0jau5 3 152254 840177 2026-05-25T21:26:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840177 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Vorvayne! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Vorvayne|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) hog2gxyu24k1wovw9bzme1pkne58y8v 3 152255 840178 2026-05-25T21:26:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 840178 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, KingOfPandas! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/KingOfPandas|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 25 Mayu 2026 (UTC) qbku1dhwl3p55v0rtyk3pb7qv8o27zd 0 152256 840180 2026-05-25T21:27:04Z Zainab118 44654 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347895353|Abidemi Babatunde Babalola]]" 840180 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abidemi Babatunde Babalola''' masanin kimiyyar Najeriya ne. Shi ne jagoran masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi na [[Edo Museum of West African Art|Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka]] kuma ɗan bincike ne a [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]]. Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda aikinsa, wanda ya kai ga Kyautar Dan David daga Jami'ar Tel Aviv a 2025. == Ilimi == Babalola ya yi karatu a Sashen Nazarin Kayan Tarihi da Ilimin Ɗan Adam (Archaeology and Anthropology) a Jami'ar Ibadan da ke Najeriya, inda ya samu digirin farko da kuma digirin digirgir na biyu (master’s degree). Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Rice da ke Houston, Texas, inda ya samu wani digirin digirgir na biyu, sannan ya samu digirin digirgir na falsafa (PhD) a fannin ilimin binciken kayan tarihi na ɗan adam (anthropological archaeology.<ref name="thesunng2">{{Cite news |date=13 February 2025 |title=Babalola bags Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) |url=https://thesun.ng/babalola-bags-archaeological-institute-of-america-aia-conservation-and-heritage-management-award/?amp |access-date=29 July 2025 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Glass_beads_of_different_colors_and_shapes_from_Ile-Ife,_Nigeria.webp|thumb|Gilashin gilashi daga tonowa a Igbo Olokun a cikin 2017]] Babalola yana aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya a matsayin masanin ilimin ɗan adam, tun daga shekara ta 2025. Yana aiki tare da kimiyyar kayan aiki don bincika "tarihin ci gaban fasaha a cikin Yammacin Afirka". Shi ne jagoran masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi na [[Edo Museum of West African Art|Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka]] a Benin City, Najeriya.<ref name="chidumebi">{{Cite web |last=Chidumebi |first=Derrick |date=20 June 2025 |title=Abidemi Babatunde Babalola Wins $300,000 Dan David Prize |url=https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709054742/https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Art Network Africa}}</ref> Binciken da ya yi, wanda ya dogara da aikin da ya yi a Ile-Ife, Najeriya, ya nuna cewa an samar da gilashi Afirka ta Yamma ƙarni da yawa kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai, yana kalubalantar ra'ayoyin da suka gabata game da tarihin fasahar Afirka.<ref name="chidumebi">{{Cite web |last=Chidumebi |first=Derrick |date=20 June 2025 |title=Abidemi Babatunde Babalola Wins $300,000 Dan David Prize |url=https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709054742/https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Art Network Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChidumebi2025">Chidumebi, Derrick (20 June 2025). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250709054742/https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ "Abidemi Babatunde Babalola Wins $300,000 Dan David Prize"]. ''Art Network Africa''. Archived from [https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ the original] on 2025-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Masu shirya kyautar Dan David sun kuma lura da yaduwarsa ga jama'a a Najeriya, inda ya kawo ilimi daga binciken archaeological ga al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa da aikinsa.<ref name="abiodun" /> Kungiyarsa ta sami gilashin gilashi 12,000 da sauran kayan samarwa daga tsakanin ƙarni na 11 da 15 a shafin yanar gizon Igbo Olokun, wanda aka yi da manyan matakan lime da alumina, wanda kawai yake a wannan yankin. Wannan ya nuna ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha na [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] sun yi amfani da kayan gida, kamar feldspar da kwari.<ref name="chidumebi" /> Ya gudanar da zumunci a cibiyoyi da yawa tsakanin 2016 da 2024, gami da Jami'ar Cambridge, [[Jami'ar Harvard]], Kwalejin Jami'ar London-Doha, da Cibiyar Cyprus <ref name="chidumebi">{{Cite web |last=Chidumebi |first=Derrick |date=20 June 2025 |title=Abidemi Babatunde Babalola Wins $300,000 Dan David Prize |url=https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709054742/https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Art Network Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChidumebi2025">Chidumebi, Derrick (20 June 2025). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250709054742/https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ "Abidemi Babatunde Babalola Wins $300,000 Dan David Prize"]. ''Art Network Africa''. Archived from [https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ the original] on 2025-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Kyaututtuka == Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda aikinsa, ciki har da: <ref name="chidumebi">{{Cite web |last=Chidumebi |first=Derrick |date=20 June 2025 |title=Abidemi Babatunde Babalola Wins $300,000 Dan David Prize |url=https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709054742/https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Art Network Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChidumebi2025">Chidumebi, Derrick (20 June 2025). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250709054742/https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ "Abidemi Babatunde Babalola Wins $300,000 Dan David Prize"]. ''Art Network Africa''. Archived from [https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ the original] on 2025-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> * Kyautar Bincike (2019) - [[Shanghai Archaeology Forum|Taron Archaeology na Shanghai]] * Kyautar Blaze O"Connor (2022) - Taron Archaeological na Duniya * Kyautar Kula da Tarihi da Tarihi (2025) - Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeological ta AmurkaCibiyar Nazarin Archaeology ta Amurka * Kyautar Dan David (2025) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-10 |title=Abidemi Babatunde Babalola |url=https://dandavidprize.org/winners/abidemi-babatunde-babalola/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Dan David Prize |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == [[Fayil:Crucible_fragment_from_Ile-Ife,_Nigeria,_with_semi-finished_glass_stuck_to_the_bottom.webp|thumb]] * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/semifinished-glass-from-ileife-nigeria-implications-for-the-archaeology-of-glass-in-subsaharan-africa/850EB8666CF6946940A755AF416D2EF1 Gilashin da aka gama daga Ile-Ife, Najeriya: tasirin ilimin kimiyyar gilashi a yankin Sahara na Afirka] * [https://www.emkp.org/rituals-religious-practices-and-glass-glass-bead-making-in-ile-ife-and-bida-nigeria/ Digitization na gilashin bead-making, amfani da ma'ana a Ile-Ife, Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lxxdf8kds2qcp6fk0p7d0xbfta19eoe 840181 840180 2026-05-25T21:28:43Z Zainab118 44654 840181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | education = {{ubl|[[University of Ibadan]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])|[[University of Rice]] (MA, [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}} | occupation = [[Archaeologist]] | awards = [[Dan David Prize]] }} '''Abidemi Babatunde Babalola''' masanin kimiyyar Najeriya ne. Shi ne jagoran masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi na [[Edo Museum of West African Art|Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka]] kuma ɗan bincike ne a [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]]. Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda aikinsa, wanda ya kai ga Kyautar Dan David daga Jami'ar Tel Aviv a 2025. == Ilimi == Babalola ya yi karatu a Sashen Nazarin Kayan Tarihi da Ilimin Ɗan Adam (Archaeology and Anthropology) a Jami'ar Ibadan da ke Najeriya, inda ya samu digirin farko da kuma digirin digirgir na biyu (master’s degree). Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Rice da ke Houston, Texas, inda ya samu wani digirin digirgir na biyu, sannan ya samu digirin digirgir na falsafa (PhD) a fannin ilimin binciken kayan tarihi na ɗan adam (anthropological archaeology.<ref name="thesunng2">{{Cite news |date=13 February 2025 |title=Babalola bags Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) |url=https://thesun.ng/babalola-bags-archaeological-institute-of-america-aia-conservation-and-heritage-management-award/?amp |access-date=29 July 2025 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Glass_beads_of_different_colors_and_shapes_from_Ile-Ife,_Nigeria.webp|thumb|Gilashin gilashi daga tonowa a Igbo Olokun a cikin 2017]] Babalola yana aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya a matsayin masanin ilimin ɗan adam, tun daga shekara ta 2025. Yana aiki tare da kimiyyar kayan aiki don bincika "tarihin ci gaban fasaha a cikin Yammacin Afirka". Shi ne jagoran masanin ilimin kimiyyar tarihi na [[Edo Museum of West African Art|Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka]] a Benin City, Najeriya.<ref name="chidumebi">{{Cite web |last=Chidumebi |first=Derrick |date=20 June 2025 |title=Abidemi Babatunde Babalola Wins $300,000 Dan David Prize |url=https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709054742/https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Art Network Africa}}</ref> Binciken da ya yi, wanda ya dogara da aikin da ya yi a Ile-Ife, Najeriya, ya nuna cewa an samar da gilashi Afirka ta Yamma ƙarni da yawa kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai, yana kalubalantar ra'ayoyin da suka gabata game da tarihin fasahar Afirka.<ref name="chidumebi">{{Cite web |last=Chidumebi |first=Derrick |date=20 June 2025 |title=Abidemi Babatunde Babalola Wins $300,000 Dan David Prize |url=https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709054742/https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Art Network Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChidumebi2025">Chidumebi, Derrick (20 June 2025). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250709054742/https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ "Abidemi Babatunde Babalola Wins $300,000 Dan David Prize"]. ''Art Network Africa''. Archived from [https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ the original] on 2025-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Masu shirya kyautar Dan David sun kuma lura da yaduwarsa ga jama'a a Najeriya, inda ya kawo ilimi daga binciken archaeological ga al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa da aikinsa.<ref name="abiodun" /> Kungiyarsa ta sami gilashin gilashi 12,000 da sauran kayan samarwa daga tsakanin ƙarni na 11 da 15 a shafin yanar gizon Igbo Olokun, wanda aka yi da manyan matakan lime da alumina, wanda kawai yake a wannan yankin. Wannan ya nuna ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha na [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] sun yi amfani da kayan gida, kamar feldspar da kwari.<ref name="chidumebi" /> Ya gudanar da zumunci a cibiyoyi da yawa tsakanin 2016 da 2024, gami da Jami'ar Cambridge, [[Jami'ar Harvard]], Kwalejin Jami'ar London-Doha, da Cibiyar Cyprus <ref name="chidumebi">{{Cite web |last=Chidumebi |first=Derrick |date=20 June 2025 |title=Abidemi Babatunde Babalola Wins $300,000 Dan David Prize |url=https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709054742/https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Art Network Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChidumebi2025">Chidumebi, Derrick (20 June 2025). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250709054742/https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ "Abidemi Babatunde Babalola Wins $300,000 Dan David Prize"]. ''Art Network Africa''. Archived from [https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ the original] on 2025-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Kyaututtuka == Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda aikinsa, ciki har da: <ref name="chidumebi">{{Cite web |last=Chidumebi |first=Derrick |date=20 June 2025 |title=Abidemi Babatunde Babalola Wins $300,000 Dan David Prize |url=https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709054742/https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=Art Network Africa}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChidumebi2025">Chidumebi, Derrick (20 June 2025). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250709054742/https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ "Abidemi Babatunde Babalola Wins $300,000 Dan David Prize"]. ''Art Network Africa''. Archived from [https://artnetworkafrica.com/abidemi-babatunde-babalola-wins-300000-dan-david-prize/ the original] on 2025-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> * Kyautar Bincike (2019) - [[Shanghai Archaeology Forum|Taron Archaeology na Shanghai]] * Kyautar Blaze O"Connor (2022) - Taron Archaeological na Duniya * Kyautar Kula da Tarihi da Tarihi (2025) - Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeological ta AmurkaCibiyar Nazarin Archaeology ta Amurka * Kyautar Dan David (2025) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-10 |title=Abidemi Babatunde Babalola |url=https://dandavidprize.org/winners/abidemi-babatunde-babalola/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Dan David Prize |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == [[Fayil:Crucible_fragment_from_Ile-Ife,_Nigeria,_with_semi-finished_glass_stuck_to_the_bottom.webp|thumb]] * [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/semifinished-glass-from-ileife-nigeria-implications-for-the-archaeology-of-glass-in-subsaharan-africa/850EB8666CF6946940A755AF416D2EF1 Gilashin da aka gama daga Ile-Ife, Najeriya: tasirin ilimin kimiyyar gilashi a yankin Sahara na Afirka] * [https://www.emkp.org/rituals-religious-practices-and-glass-glass-bead-making-in-ile-ife-and-bida-nigeria/ Digitization na gilashin bead-making, amfani da ma'ana a Ile-Ife, Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] s0z95kom9mrbn2r196l1oyhxru9luse 0 152257 840186 2026-05-25T21:42:22Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344521211|Kenneth Olayombo]]" 840186 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kenneth Olayombo''' (29 ga Agusta 1947 &#x2013; 3 ga Yuli 2013) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|na ƙasa da ƙasa ne na Najeriya]] . == Sana'a == An haife shi a Calabar, Olayombo ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar sojojin Najeriya ta gida, FC Olayombo, wanda ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1968 a birnin Mexico . Ya kuma buga wasanni da dama a ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasan Najeriya, ciki har da wasanni biyar na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA . Ya buga wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 1976. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] r45sb5l5lipg8i6rdre34gek4hu5wdb 840187 840186 2026-05-25T21:43:10Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344521211|Kenneth Olayombo]]" 840187 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kenneth Olayombo''' (29 ga Agusta 1947 &#x2013; 3 ga Yuli 2013) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|na ƙasa da ƙasa ne na Najeriya]].<ref>Mention of Kenneth Olayombo's</ref><ref>Nigeria - Record International Players</ref> == Sana'a == An haife shi a Calabar, Olayombo ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar sojojin Najeriya ta gida, FC Olayombo, wanda ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1968 a birnin Mexico . Ya kuma buga wasanni da dama a ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasan Najeriya, ciki har da wasanni biyar na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA . Ya buga wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 1976. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] 8gq1fkegeizg7zo4bsvg9p4wd4iqfai 840188 840187 2026-05-25T21:43:26Z Sardeeq 39275 840188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kenneth Olayombo''' (29 ga Agusta 1947 &#x2013; 3 ga Yuli 2013) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|na ƙasa da ƙasa ne na Najeriya]].<ref>Mention of Kenneth Olayombo's</ref><ref>Nigeria - Record International Players</ref> == Sana'a == An haife shi a Calabar, Olayombo ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar sojojin Najeriya ta gida, FC Olayombo, wanda ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1968 a birnin Mexico . Ya kuma buga wasanni da dama a ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasan Najeriya, ciki har da wasanni biyar na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA . Ya buga wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 1976. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] 92mdva21tneyeqg5hbb0eaqd3ugy0nf 0 152258 840189 2026-05-25T21:44:11Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1278664849|Bright Omokaro]]" 840189 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bright Omokaro''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1965) kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya. Ya fafata a gasar maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1988. [1] Yana aiki a yanzu a matsayin babban kocin Osun United FC a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya [2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] 2k4oqfune5wxuq3ii2fbmxekzp930be 840190 840189 2026-05-25T21:45:02Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1278664849|Bright Omokaro]]" 840190 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bright Omokaro''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1965) kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya. Ya fafata a gasar maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1988. [1] Yana aiki a yanzu a matsayin babban kocin Osun United FC a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya [2]<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Bright Omokaro Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2018.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] rnf5k6f9nckcil2inqo7usw6s8aoa3p 840191 840190 2026-05-25T21:45:19Z Sardeeq 39275 840191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bright Omokaro''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1965) kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya. Ya fafata a gasar maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1988. [1] Yana aiki a yanzu a matsayin babban kocin Osun United FC a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya [2]<ref>Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Bright Omokaro Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2018.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] gxea3sll45x58z5pmbqawq3b2m7nmvi 0 152259 840192 2026-05-25T21:46:03Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330325981|Segun Oluwaniyi]]" 840192 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Segun Oluwaniyi''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1982 a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] ) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] wanda a halin yanzu yake tare da Shooting Stars FC na [[Najeriya]] . == Sana'a == === Matasa === Oluwaniyi ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar matasa ta Villa Rock da ke [[Abuja]] a shekarar 1998, sannan ya sanya hannu kan shekara guda bayan haka a Osun United. Bayan shekara mai kyau a ƙungiyar matasan 'yan wasa daga Osun United, ƙungiyar [[Niger Tornadoes F.C.|Niger Tornadoes]] ta leƙa, amma bai samu damar shiga ƙungiyar ba, ya koma [[Gombe United F.C.|ƙungiyar Gombe United]] bayan rabin shekara. === Ƙwararren === A kakar wasa ta 2001, ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru da Gombe United FC, kuma a watan Janairun 2004 ya koma Enugu Rangers . [1] Bayan kakar wasa biyu da Rangers da wasanni 20, ya sanya hannu a Dolphins FC a watan Disamban 2005. Yana ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar a cikin shekaru uku da rabi da ya yi a Dolphins FC, amma ya sanya hannu a lokacin bazara na 2009 don Bayelsa United FC. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Ya fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan wasa na farko a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2010 a matsayin wanda ya fara wasa a wasan da suka doke Congo DR da ci 5-2. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] qtet40z6zeq181i7hvffz5nojfvtylt 840193 840192 2026-05-25T21:47:36Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330325981|Segun Oluwaniyi]]" 840193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Segun Oluwaniyi''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1982 a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] ) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] wanda a halin yanzu yake tare da Shooting Stars FC na [[Najeriya]] . <ref>Oluwaniyi thrilled by national call up Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>Segun Oluwaniyi VOP Player Brochure</ref><ref>Joetex?s Enyimba maintain lead in Nigeria | Players Abroad 2005-05-16</ref> == Sana'a == === Matasa === Oluwaniyi ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar matasa ta Villa Rock da ke [[Abuja]] a shekarar 1998, sannan ya sanya hannu kan shekara guda bayan haka a Osun United. Bayan shekara mai kyau a ƙungiyar matasan 'yan wasa daga Osun United, ƙungiyar [[Niger Tornadoes F.C.|Niger Tornadoes]] ta leƙa, amma bai samu damar shiga ƙungiyar ba, ya koma [[Gombe United F.C.|ƙungiyar Gombe United]] bayan rabin shekara. === Ƙwararren === A kakar wasa ta 2001, ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru da Gombe United FC, kuma a watan Janairun 2004 ya koma Enugu Rangers . [1] Bayan kakar wasa biyu da Rangers da wasanni 20, ya sanya hannu a Dolphins FC a watan Disamban 2005. Yana ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar a cikin shekaru uku da rabi da ya yi a Dolphins FC, amma ya sanya hannu a lokacin bazara na 2009 don Bayelsa United FC. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Ya fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan wasa na farko a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2010 a matsayin wanda ya fara wasa a wasan da suka doke Congo DR da ci 5-2. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] 6wpl5t4eh0fqdi7xhokcfyynp95x3eo 840194 840193 2026-05-25T21:47:57Z Sardeeq 39275 840194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Segun Oluwaniyi''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 1982 a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] ) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] wanda a halin yanzu yake tare da Shooting Stars FC na [[Najeriya]] . <ref>Oluwaniyi thrilled by national call up Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>Segun Oluwaniyi VOP Player Brochure</ref><ref>Joetex?s Enyimba maintain lead in Nigeria | Players Abroad 2005-05-16</ref> == Sana'a == === Matasa === Oluwaniyi ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar matasa ta Villa Rock da ke [[Abuja]] a shekarar 1998, sannan ya sanya hannu kan shekara guda bayan haka a Osun United. Bayan shekara mai kyau a ƙungiyar matasan 'yan wasa daga Osun United, ƙungiyar [[Niger Tornadoes F.C.|Niger Tornadoes]] ta leƙa, amma bai samu damar shiga ƙungiyar ba, ya koma [[Gombe United F.C.|ƙungiyar Gombe United]] bayan rabin shekara. === Ƙwararren === A kakar wasa ta 2001, ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru da Gombe United FC, kuma a watan Janairun 2004 ya koma Enugu Rangers . [1] Bayan kakar wasa biyu da Rangers da wasanni 20, ya sanya hannu a Dolphins FC a watan Disamban 2005. Yana ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar a cikin shekaru uku da rabi da ya yi a Dolphins FC, amma ya sanya hannu a lokacin bazara na 2009 don Bayelsa United FC. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Ya fara buga wasa a matakin 'yan wasa na farko a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2010 a matsayin wanda ya fara wasa a wasan da suka doke Congo DR da ci 5-2. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] aidne9m2ugvalc4qd6anixtsmgkjvph 0 152260 840198 2026-05-26T00:06:35Z Sandaaske 45208 Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2026, wani harin kunar bakin wake da mota a matsayin makami ya nufa jirgin ƙasa da Chaman Phatak a Quetta, Balochistan, [[Pakistan]]. Fashewar ta kashe aƙalla mutane 47 sannan ta jikkata wasu 98.<ref name="Xinhua">{{Cite news |date=25 May 2026 |title=Death toll from suicide blast targeting passenger train in Pakistan rises to 47 |url=https://english.news.cn/20260525/478b43f87fff47a5ac3f5008220d673c/c.html |access-date=25 May 2026 |publisher=X... 840198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2026, wani harin kunar bakin wake da mota a matsayin makami ya nufa jirgin ƙasa da Chaman Phatak a Quetta, Balochistan, [[Pakistan]]. Fashewar ta kashe aƙalla mutane 47 sannan ta jikkata wasu 98.<ref name="Xinhua">{{Cite news |date=25 May 2026 |title=Death toll from suicide blast targeting passenger train in Pakistan rises to 47 |url=https://english.news.cn/20260525/478b43f87fff47a5ac3f5008220d673c/c.html |access-date=25 May 2026 |publisher=[[Xinhua]]}}</ref><ref name="Reuters 2">{{Cite news |date=25 May 2026 |title=Pakistan train bombing kills more than 30 people, official says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/pakistan-train-bombing-kills-more-than-30-people-official-says-2026-05-25/ |access-date=25 May 2026 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Jirgin ƙasa yana ɗauke da jami'an tsaro na Pakistan da iyalansu daga yankin sansanin sojoji na Quetta domin haɗuwa da Jaffar Express.<ref name="Reuters 1">{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Saleem |date=24 May 2026 |title=At least 24 killed in Pakistan train blast claimed by separatist militants |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/powerful-bomb-explosion-pakistans-quetta-wounds-more-than-30-ap-reports-2026-05-24/ |access-date=24 May 2026 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Sojojin Yancin Balochistan (BLA) sun ɗauki alhakin harin.<ref name="Reuters 1" /><ref name="AlJazeera">{{Cite news |date=24 May 2026 |title=Suicide car bomb attack on train in Pakistan kills at least 24 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/5/24/bomb-attack-in-pakistans-balochistan-province-kills-more-than-20-people |access-date=24 May 2026 |work=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Abubuwan a Mayu 2026]] dtincxzgxzalp93mc5hfv1zjygiej7n 2 152261 840199 2026-05-26T00:14:05Z Sandaaske 45208 Sabon shafi: Ƙirbiƙirki 840199 wikitext text/x-wiki Ƙirbiƙirki ldcc5pejb3p0k4hm2kgd9oonq6kedu0 840201 840199 2026-05-26T00:17:27Z Sandaaske 45208 840201 wikitext text/x-wiki Ƙirbiƙirki winaray aysr972fidl4djv256llc0ab547kaki 840202 840201 2026-05-26T00:17:58Z Sandaaske 45208 840202 wikitext text/x-wiki Ƙirbiƙirki winaray [[war:User:Sandaaske]] dqv8fvssw4lfiba0u4sxry6r8fphhdr 0 152262 840212 2026-05-26T03:31:51Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346864406|Romanus Orjinta]]" 840212 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Romanus Orjinta''' (12 ga Agusta 1981 - {{Circa|31 December 2014}} ) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] . == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2003, Orjinta shine kyaftin daga Enyimba International kafin ya koma Lillestrøm SK . A shekara ta 2007 ta hannun wakilinsa na Masar Mohamed Mohsen, dan wasan zai rattaba hannu da kungiyar Zamalek ta Masar amma kungiyar ta yi watsi da kwangilar da ta yi da shi bayan da aka gano cewa "matsalolin lafiya" ne. [1] A ranar 26 ga Agusta 2008, ya koma buga wasa da Niger Tornadoes . [2] A jajibirin Sabuwar Shekara ta 2014, an sami Orjinta a cikin gidansa. == Daraja == '''Enyimba International''' * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF : 2003 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] dlq6mom199fv2qk3rpbh9l4ku3e4esc 840213 840212 2026-05-26T03:34:20Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346864406|Romanus Orjinta]]" 840213 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Romanus Orjinta''' (12 ga Agusta 1981 - {{Circa|31 December 2014}} ) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] . == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2003, Orjinta shine kyaftin daga Enyimba International kafin ya koma Lillestrøm SK . A shekara ta 2007 ta hannun wakilinsa na Masar Mohamed Mohsen, dan wasan zai rattaba hannu da kungiyar Zamalek ta Masar amma kungiyar ta yi watsi da kwangilar da ta yi da shi bayan da aka gano cewa "matsalolin lafiya" ne. [1] A ranar 26 ga Agusta 2008, ya koma buga wasa da Niger Tornadoes . [2]<ref>Nigerian Midfielder, Romanus Orjinta found dead in Enugu home". Pulse Nigeria. 3 January 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2026.</ref><ref>Akinbo, Peter (27 August 2025). "Nigerian Footballers Whose Transfers Collapsed Due to Failed". The Punch. Retrieved 8 March 2026.</ref> A jajibirin Sabuwar Shekara ta 2014, an sami Orjinta a cikin gidansa. == Daraja == '''Enyimba International''' * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF : 2003 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] hs6s18w0gvynrnjdhrk7fh3l16qd5p3 840214 840213 2026-05-26T03:35:15Z Sardeeq 39275 840214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Romanus Orjinta''' (12 ga Agusta 1981 - {{Circa|31 December 2014}} ) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya]] . == Sana'a == A shekara ta 2003, Orjinta shine kyaftin daga Enyimba International kafin ya koma Lillestrøm SK . A shekara ta 2007 ta hannun wakilinsa na Masar Mohamed Mohsen, dan wasan zai rattaba hannu da kungiyar Zamalek ta Masar amma kungiyar ta yi watsi da kwangilar da ta yi da shi bayan da aka gano cewa "matsalolin lafiya" ne. [1] A ranar 26 ga Agusta 2008, ya koma buga wasa da Niger Tornadoes . [2]<ref>Nigerian Midfielder, Romanus Orjinta found dead in Enugu home". Pulse Nigeria. 3 January 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2026.</ref><ref>Akinbo, Peter (27 August 2025). "Nigerian Footballers Whose Transfers Collapsed Due to Failed". The Punch. Retrieved 8 March 2026.</ref> A jajibirin Sabuwar Shekara ta 2014, an sami Orjinta a cikin gidansa. == Daraja == '''Enyimba International''' * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF : 2003 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] 9ata6vf2wwl8ulh3pih9hlowpecjrbu 0 152263 840216 2026-05-26T03:38:05Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1264718399|Elkanah Onyeali]]" 840216 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elkanah Bollington Onyeali''' (7 ga Yuni 1939 – 11 ga Agusta 2008) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na tsakiya ga Tranmere Rovers, inda ya zira kwallaye 8 a wasanni 13 a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a kakar wasa ta 1960–61. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tranmere Rovers: 1946/47 – 2009/10 |url=http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/tranmere/tranmere.html |access-date=3 May 2012 |publisher=Neil Brown}}</ref> Onyeali yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan Afirka na farko da suka buga wasa a Ingila, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Phil Vasili |date=30 May 2008 |title=The Occluded History of Black Footballers in Britain |url=http://pitchinvasion.net/blog/2008/05/30/the-occluded-history-of-black-footballers-in-britain/ |access-date=6 November 2010 |publisher=Pitch Invasion}}</ref> kuma ɗan wasa baƙar fata na farko da ya buga wasa a Merseyside . <ref name="trfc">{{Cite web |title=Black History Month – Elkanah Onyeali |url=https://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/2020/october/black-history-month---elkanah-onyeali/?fbclid=IwAR38MsjyIHiftizuUA6zotUx2s3DIybeYYEgvALaLq-seN2mUqovPsVNf2E |access-date=22 October 2020 |publisher=[[Tranmere Rovers F.C.]]}}</ref> Ya zo Ingila a shekarar 1960, don yin karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Birkenhead, kuma ƙungiyar Tranmere Rovers ta ba shi kwangila. Duk da haka, an sake shi bayan kakar wasa ɗaya saboda sabon manajan bai so ya ɗauki ɗan wasa na ɗan lokaci ba. <ref name="trfc">{{Cite web |title=Black History Month – Elkanah Onyeali |url=https://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/2020/october/black-history-month---elkanah-onyeali/?fbclid=IwAR38MsjyIHiftizuUA6zotUx2s3DIybeYYEgvALaLq-seN2mUqovPsVNf2E |access-date=22 October 2020 |publisher=[[Tranmere Rovers F.C.]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/2020/october/black-history-month---elkanah-onyeali/?fbclid=IwAR38MsjyIHiftizuUA6zotUx2s3DIybeYYEgvALaLq-seN2mUqovPsVNf2E "Black History Month – Elkanah Onyeali"]. </cite></ref> Kafin da kuma bayan zuwansa Ingila, ya kuma buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] wasa, inda ya zira kwallaye 11 a wasanni da dama tsakanin 1959 da 1961. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Solaja |first=Kunle |date=26 April 2011 |title=Elkanah Onyeali, the unsung scorer |url=http://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria50/news/110426/Elkanah_Onyeali_the_unsung_scorer |access-date=10 February 2012 |website=SuperSport |publisher=MultiChoice}}</ref> Tsakanin Satumba 1961 da Oktoba 1962, Oneyali ya buga wa Prescot Cables wasa yayin da yake karatu a Jami'ar Liverpool kuma shi ne babban ɗan wasan da ya zira kwallaye a ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 1961-62. Ya koma Najeriya a ƙarshen karatunsa. Daga baya ya yi karatu a Amurka kafin ya koma Najeriya, inda ya horar da ƙungiyoyi ciki har da Trojans da Spartans. [1] Onyeali ya mutu a watan Agusta na 2008, yana da shekaru 69. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nick Hilton |date=23 August 2008 |title=Death of a pioneering footballer |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/columnists/2008/08/23/death-of-a-pioneering-footballer-100252-21588531/ |access-date=6 November 2010 |publisher=The Liverpool Echo}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] 9c1h784pcmfy6piqa8ul8a57cv3uvu8 840217 840216 2026-05-26T03:38:21Z Sardeeq 39275 840217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elkanah Bollington Onyeali''' (7 ga Yuni 1939 – 11 ga Agusta 2008) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na tsakiya ga Tranmere Rovers, inda ya zira kwallaye 8 a wasanni 13 a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa a kakar wasa ta 1960–61. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tranmere Rovers: 1946/47 – 2009/10 |url=http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/tranmere/tranmere.html |access-date=3 May 2012 |publisher=Neil Brown}}</ref> Onyeali yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan Afirka na farko da suka buga wasa a Ingila, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Phil Vasili |date=30 May 2008 |title=The Occluded History of Black Footballers in Britain |url=http://pitchinvasion.net/blog/2008/05/30/the-occluded-history-of-black-footballers-in-britain/ |access-date=6 November 2010 |publisher=Pitch Invasion}}</ref> kuma ɗan wasa baƙar fata na farko da ya buga wasa a Merseyside . <ref name="trfc">{{Cite web |title=Black History Month – Elkanah Onyeali |url=https://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/2020/october/black-history-month---elkanah-onyeali/?fbclid=IwAR38MsjyIHiftizuUA6zotUx2s3DIybeYYEgvALaLq-seN2mUqovPsVNf2E |access-date=22 October 2020 |publisher=[[Tranmere Rovers F.C.]]}}</ref> Ya zo Ingila a shekarar 1960, don yin karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Birkenhead, kuma ƙungiyar Tranmere Rovers ta ba shi kwangila. Duk da haka, an sake shi bayan kakar wasa ɗaya saboda sabon manajan bai so ya ɗauki ɗan wasa na ɗan lokaci ba. <ref name="trfc">{{Cite web |title=Black History Month – Elkanah Onyeali |url=https://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/2020/october/black-history-month---elkanah-onyeali/?fbclid=IwAR38MsjyIHiftizuUA6zotUx2s3DIybeYYEgvALaLq-seN2mUqovPsVNf2E |access-date=22 October 2020 |publisher=[[Tranmere Rovers F.C.]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/2020/october/black-history-month---elkanah-onyeali/?fbclid=IwAR38MsjyIHiftizuUA6zotUx2s3DIybeYYEgvALaLq-seN2mUqovPsVNf2E "Black History Month – Elkanah Onyeali"]. </cite></ref> Kafin da kuma bayan zuwansa Ingila, ya kuma buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] wasa, inda ya zira kwallaye 11 a wasanni da dama tsakanin 1959 da 1961. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Solaja |first=Kunle |date=26 April 2011 |title=Elkanah Onyeali, the unsung scorer |url=http://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria50/news/110426/Elkanah_Onyeali_the_unsung_scorer |access-date=10 February 2012 |website=SuperSport |publisher=MultiChoice}}</ref> Tsakanin Satumba 1961 da Oktoba 1962, Oneyali ya buga wa Prescot Cables wasa yayin da yake karatu a Jami'ar Liverpool kuma shi ne babban ɗan wasan da ya zira kwallaye a ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 1961-62. Ya koma Najeriya a ƙarshen karatunsa. Daga baya ya yi karatu a Amurka kafin ya koma Najeriya, inda ya horar da ƙungiyoyi ciki har da Trojans da Spartans. [1] Onyeali ya mutu a watan Agusta na 2008, yana da shekaru 69. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nick Hilton |date=23 August 2008 |title=Death of a pioneering footballer |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/columnists/2008/08/23/death-of-a-pioneering-footballer-100252-21588531/ |access-date=6 November 2010 |publisher=The Liverpool Echo}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] ronmvqkp7vfzhl4na21bl4vwyqby3nl 0 152264 840220 2026-05-26T03:40:25Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1276241108|Harrison Omoko]]" 840220 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harrison Orovianor Omokoh''' (an haife shi 12 Disamba 1981) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] d50cewwzwz5d4ojbpvr3zzsuxs3nu2r 840221 840220 2026-05-26T03:41:14Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1276241108|Harrison Omoko]]" 840221 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harrison Orovianor Omokoh''' (an haife shi 12 Disamba 1981) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya . == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Harrison Omoko at UAF (in Ukrainian) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] qdme0v2nbvs9bbm9mum131k00akr3ff 840222 840221 2026-05-26T03:42:46Z Sardeeq 39275 840222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Harrison Orovianor Omokoh''' (an haife shi 12 Disamba 1981) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya . == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Harrison Omoko at UAF (in Ukrainian) [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] 1r3cys3akup1tsw88e56ctsr8ilzf51 0 152265 840223 2026-05-26T03:48:43Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1278667205|Chisom Orji]]" 840223 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chisom Martins Orji''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya wanda a halin yanzu yake buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|matches played 10 April 2020.}}<ref>{{NFT player|pid=76056}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="1" | [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] | 2019 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 1 ! 0 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] 0244j2mkdcip1fz04d1bi2eqp8xkyvf 840224 840223 2026-05-26T03:50:05Z Sardeeq 39275 840224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chisom Martins Orji''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya wanda a halin yanzu yake buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|matches played 10 April 2020.}}<ref>{{NFT player|pid=76056}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="1" | [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] | 2019 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 1 ! 0 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] ijxw77pk8yynj468apqy9avcv9twfm1 0 152266 840225 2026-05-26T03:51:05Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342421689|Femi Opabunmi]]" 840225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Femi Opabunmi''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Maris 1985) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] . == Aikin kulob == Opabunmi ya yi karatu a [[Methodist High School Ibadan|Makarantar Sakandare ta Methodist ta Ibadan]] kuma ya buga wa Makarantar Sakandare ta Methodist ta Ibadan Old Boys. Ya buga wa wasu ƙungiyoyi kaɗan, ciki har da Shooting Stars FC, Grasshoppers Zürich (Switzerland), Hapoel Be'er Sheva a Isra'ila, da Chamois Niortais a Faransa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stats Centre: Femi Opabunmi Facts |url=http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=57&CPID=120&TEID=1403&PLID=110538&pStr=Player |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921171700/http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=57&CPID=120&TEID=1403&PLID=110538&pStr=Player |archive-date=21 September 2012 |access-date=14 October 2009 |publisher=[[Guardian.co.uk]]}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a shekara ta 2006 saboda tsananin [[Glaucoma|ciwon ido na glaucoma]] . Yanzu makaho ne gaba ɗaya a idon dama. Yanzu haka Opabunmi shine Babban Kocin wata makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa da ke [[Iwo (Nijeriya)|Iwo, Jihar Osun]], Alamu Football Academy, makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko kyauta wacce za ta shiga gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Opabunmi ya zura kwallo don taimakawa Najeriya lashe gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 a shekarar 2001. Bayan da Collins Osunwa ya ji rauni, ya zama babban dan wasan Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta 2001, inda ya zura kwallaye uku a wasan da suka yi da Australia, sannan ya lashe kyautar Silver Shoe a matsayin na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a raga, sannan kuma ya ci kwallon Bronze a matsayin na uku mafi kyawun dan wasa a gasar, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa Najeriya ta kai wasan karshe inda ta sha kashi a hannun Faransa. Ya jawo hankalin kungiyoyi kamar Manchester United, Lyon da Celta Vigo. Ya buga wa Najeriya [1] wasa kuma ya fara bugawa a shekarar 2002 a wasan da suka yi da Kenya inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-0. [2] Ya kasance cikin 'yan wasa mafi karancin shekaru na uku da suka buga gasar cin kofin duniya bayan Norman Whiteside da Samuel Eto'o . [3] Bayan haka, ya kasance dan wasa na farko a wasan da Najeriya za ta buga bayan gasar cin kofin duniya a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2004 da Angola. [ana buƙatar hujja] kuma ya buga wa Super Eagles wasa sau biyu a shekara ta 2003. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sn9kztq2e73ifnj579m3jtqz08jpleu 840226 840225 2026-05-26T03:51:25Z Sardeeq 39275 840226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Femi Opabunmi''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Maris 1985) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] . == Aikin kulob == Opabunmi ya yi karatu a [[Methodist High School Ibadan|Makarantar Sakandare ta Methodist ta Ibadan]] kuma ya buga wa Makarantar Sakandare ta Methodist ta Ibadan Old Boys. Ya buga wa wasu ƙungiyoyi kaɗan, ciki har da Shooting Stars FC, Grasshoppers Zürich (Switzerland), Hapoel Be'er Sheva a Isra'ila, da Chamois Niortais a Faransa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stats Centre: Femi Opabunmi Facts |url=http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=57&CPID=120&TEID=1403&PLID=110538&pStr=Player |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921171700/http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=57&CPID=120&TEID=1403&PLID=110538&pStr=Player |archive-date=21 September 2012 |access-date=14 October 2009 |publisher=[[Guardian.co.uk]]}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a shekara ta 2006 saboda tsananin [[Glaucoma|ciwon ido na glaucoma]] . Yanzu makaho ne gaba ɗaya a idon dama. Yanzu haka Opabunmi shine Babban Kocin wata makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa da ke [[Iwo (Nijeriya)|Iwo, Jihar Osun]], Alamu Football Academy, makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko kyauta wacce za ta shiga gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Opabunmi ya zura kwallo don taimakawa Najeriya lashe gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 a shekarar 2001. Bayan da Collins Osunwa ya ji rauni, ya zama babban dan wasan Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 ta 2001, inda ya zura kwallaye uku a wasan da suka yi da Australia, sannan ya lashe kyautar Silver Shoe a matsayin na biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a raga, sannan kuma ya ci kwallon Bronze a matsayin na uku mafi kyawun dan wasa a gasar, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa Najeriya ta kai wasan karshe inda ta sha kashi a hannun Faransa. Ya jawo hankalin kungiyoyi kamar Manchester United, Lyon da Celta Vigo. Ya buga wa Najeriya [1] wasa kuma ya fara bugawa a shekarar 2002 a wasan da suka yi da Kenya inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-0. [2] Ya kasance cikin 'yan wasa mafi karancin shekaru na uku da suka buga gasar cin kofin duniya bayan Norman Whiteside da Samuel Eto'o . [3] Bayan haka, ya kasance dan wasa na farko a wasan da Najeriya za ta buga bayan gasar cin kofin duniya a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2004 da Angola. [ana buƙatar hujja] kuma ya buga wa Super Eagles wasa sau biyu a shekara ta 2003. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1pozfo940fvv2f0d9lk6knvppvvl5lw 0 152267 840227 2026-05-26T03:52:29Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354004738|Bruno Onyemaechi]]" 840227 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sopuruchukwu Bruno Onyemaechi MON''' ( // ⓘ ; an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1999) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na hagu]] a ƙungiyar Super League ta Girka Olympiacos <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ονιεμαέτσι: Παίκτης του Ολυμπιακού, απομένει μόνο η ανακοίνωση {{!}} Gazzetta |url=https://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/2412291/oniemaetsi-pro-ton-pylon-toy-olympiakoy |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=www.gazzetta.gr |language=el}}</ref> da kuma [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] . == Aikin kulob == A lokacin hunturu na 2018, ƙungiyoyi a Norway sun gwada Onyemaechi, waɗanda suka yi amfani da wakilin ɗan wasa [[Atta Aneke]] . An fara gwada Onyemaechi tare da Stabæk, sannan Lillestrøm tare da ɗan ƙasarsa Jerome Philip. An kawo Onyemaechi sansanin horo na Marbella na Lillestrøm kuma ya buga wasanni na sada zumunci, amma daga ƙarshe ba a sa hannu ba. === Boavista === A ranar 17 ga Agusta 2022, Onyemaechi ya koma Boavista a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa tare da zaɓin siye. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title=Bruno Onyemaechi reforça o Boavista FC |trans-title=Bruno Onyemaechi joins Boavista FC |url=https://boavistafc.pt/bruno-onyemaechi-reforca-o-boavista-fc/ |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=Boavista |language=pt}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2023, Boavista ya fara zaɓin kuma ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar dindindin. === Olympiakos === A cikin 2025, Onyemaechi ya koma Olympiacos . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ονιεμαέτσι: Παίκτης του Ολυμπιακού, απομένει μόνο η ανακοίνωση {{!}} Gazzetta |url=https://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/2412291/oniemaetsi-pro-ton-pylon-toy-olympiakoy |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=www.gazzetta.gr |language=el}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2023, Onyemaechi ya fara buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] wasa a matsayin dan wasan baya na hagu na tsawon mintuna 90 na nasarar da suka samu a kan São Tomé da Príncipe da ci 6-0, a wasan rukuni na ƙarshe na wasannin neman gurbin shiga [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2023.]] Najeriya ta cancanci shiga gasar kuma ta kai ga wasan ƙarshe, inda ta sha kashi a hannun [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]] da ci 1-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Nigéria de José Peseiro termina qualificação para a CAN com goleada |trans-title=José Peseiro's Nigeria end AFCON qualification with thrashing |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/internacional/africa/nigeria-de-jose-peseiro-termina-qualificacao-para-a-can-com-goleada-17001283.html |access-date=20 September 2023 |publisher=O Jogo |language=pt-PT}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Disamba 2025, an zaɓi Bruno Onyemaechi don zama memba na tawagar Najeriya a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2025 da za a yi a Morocco, [1] inda ya sami lambar tagulla [2] . == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 27 January 2025}}<ref>{{Soccerway|sopuruchukwu-bruno-onyemaechi/669204}}</ref><ref>{{ForaDeJogo|199904030011}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+A'''ppearances and goals by club, season and competition''' ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup ! colspan="2" |League cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Feirense |2020–21 |Liga Portugal 2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- |2021–22 |Liga Portugal 2 |27 |2 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |29 |2 |- |2022–23 |Liga Portugal 2 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |'''Total''' !29 !2 !2 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !31 !2 |- |Vila Real (loan) |2020–21 |Campeonato de Portugal |16 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |16 |1 |- |Boavista (loan) |2022–23 |Primeira Liga |29 |1 |1 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |33 |2 |- | rowspan="3" |Boavista |2023–24 |Primeira Liga |24 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |26 |0 |- |2024–25 |Primeira Liga |18 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |18 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |'''Total''' !71 !4 !3 !0 !3 !1 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !77 !5 |- | rowspan="3" |Olympiacos |2024–25 |Super League Greece |9 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |14 |0 |- |2025–26 |Super League Greece |9 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |0 |0 |15 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !18 !0 !6 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !4 !0 !0 !0 !28 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |'''Career total''' !131 !7 !11 !0 !3 !1 !2 !0 !0 !0 !148 !8 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] ozzt8v6nxagvof8k65uol6vh4opl6o0 840228 840227 2026-05-26T03:52:49Z Sardeeq 39275 840228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sopuruchukwu Bruno Onyemaechi MON''' ( // ⓘ ; an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1999) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na hagu]] a ƙungiyar Super League ta Girka Olympiacos <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ονιεμαέτσι: Παίκτης του Ολυμπιακού, απομένει μόνο η ανακοίνωση {{!}} Gazzetta |url=https://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/2412291/oniemaetsi-pro-ton-pylon-toy-olympiakoy |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=www.gazzetta.gr |language=el}}</ref> da kuma [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya]] . == Aikin kulob == A lokacin hunturu na 2018, ƙungiyoyi a Norway sun gwada Onyemaechi, waɗanda suka yi amfani da wakilin ɗan wasa [[Atta Aneke]] . An fara gwada Onyemaechi tare da Stabæk, sannan Lillestrøm tare da ɗan ƙasarsa Jerome Philip. An kawo Onyemaechi sansanin horo na Marbella na Lillestrøm kuma ya buga wasanni na sada zumunci, amma daga ƙarshe ba a sa hannu ba. === Boavista === A ranar 17 ga Agusta 2022, Onyemaechi ya koma Boavista a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa tare da zaɓin siye. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title=Bruno Onyemaechi reforça o Boavista FC |trans-title=Bruno Onyemaechi joins Boavista FC |url=https://boavistafc.pt/bruno-onyemaechi-reforca-o-boavista-fc/ |access-date=14 February 2023 |publisher=Boavista |language=pt}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2023, Boavista ya fara zaɓin kuma ya sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar dindindin. === Olympiakos === A cikin 2025, Onyemaechi ya koma Olympiacos . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ονιεμαέτσι: Παίκτης του Ολυμπιακού, απομένει μόνο η ανακοίνωση {{!}} Gazzetta |url=https://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/2412291/oniemaetsi-pro-ton-pylon-toy-olympiakoy |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=www.gazzetta.gr |language=el}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2023, Onyemaechi ya fara buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] wasa a matsayin dan wasan baya na hagu na tsawon mintuna 90 na nasarar da suka samu a kan São Tomé da Príncipe da ci 6-0, a wasan rukuni na ƙarshe na wasannin neman gurbin shiga [[Gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika 2023|gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2023.]] Najeriya ta cancanci shiga gasar kuma ta kai ga wasan ƙarshe, inda ta sha kashi a hannun [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]] da ci 1-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Nigéria de José Peseiro termina qualificação para a CAN com goleada |trans-title=José Peseiro's Nigeria end AFCON qualification with thrashing |url=https://www.ojogo.pt/internacional/africa/nigeria-de-jose-peseiro-termina-qualificacao-para-a-can-com-goleada-17001283.html |access-date=20 September 2023 |publisher=O Jogo |language=pt-PT}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Disamba 2025, an zaɓi Bruno Onyemaechi don zama memba na tawagar Najeriya a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2025 da za a yi a Morocco, [1] inda ya sami lambar tagulla [2] . == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 27 January 2025}}<ref>{{Soccerway|sopuruchukwu-bruno-onyemaechi/669204}}</ref><ref>{{ForaDeJogo|199904030011}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+A'''ppearances and goals by club, season and competition''' ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup ! colspan="2" |League cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Feirense |2020–21 |Liga Portugal 2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- |2021–22 |Liga Portugal 2 |27 |2 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |29 |2 |- |2022–23 |Liga Portugal 2 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |'''Total''' !29 !2 !2 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !31 !2 |- |Vila Real (loan) |2020–21 |Campeonato de Portugal |16 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |16 |1 |- |Boavista (loan) |2022–23 |Primeira Liga |29 |1 |1 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |33 |2 |- | rowspan="3" |Boavista |2023–24 |Primeira Liga |24 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |26 |0 |- |2024–25 |Primeira Liga |18 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |18 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |'''Total''' !71 !4 !3 !0 !3 !1 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !77 !5 |- | rowspan="3" |Olympiacos |2024–25 |Super League Greece |9 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |14 |0 |- |2025–26 |Super League Greece |9 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |0 |0 |15 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !18 !0 !6 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !4 !0 !0 !0 !28 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |'''Career total''' !131 !7 !11 !0 !3 !1 !2 !0 !0 !0 !148 !8 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] fdsqf9k0rrt0lc9wkvxel1omvo2qtjp 0 152268 840229 2026-05-26T03:53:37Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354520580|Christian Osaguona]]" 840229 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ighodaro Christian Osaguona''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1990) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda kwanan nan ya buga wa Al-Shorta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Osaguona reaches agreement with Al-Shorta |url=https://www.persianleague.com/14789-christian-osaguona-reaches-agreement-with-al-shorta-report |access-date=November 2, 2020 |publisher=PersianLeague}}</ref> wasa a gasar Firimiya ta Iraki a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . <ref name="NFT">{{Cite web |title=Ighodaro Osaguona |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/57095/Ighodaro_Osaguona.html |access-date=17 Sep 2014 |publisher=National Football Teams}}</ref> <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - C. Osaguona - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/christian-osaguona/367349/ |access-date=17 Sep 2014 |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Persepolis === A ranar 13 ga Janairu 2020, Osaguona ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar rabin kakar wasa tare da zakarun gasar Persian Gulf Pro League [[Persepolis F.C.|Persepolis]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Persepolis Completes Signing of Christian Osaguona - Sports news |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2020/01/13/2181118/persepolis-completes-signing-of-christian-osaguona |access-date=2020-01-14 |website=Tasnim News Agency |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-13 |title=Nigerian forward Christian Osaguona joins Persepolis |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/444127/Nigerian-forward-Christian-Osaguona-joins-Persepolis |access-date=2020-01-14 |website=Tehran Times |language=en}}</ref> Haka kuma, Reds na Iran suna da zaɓin tsawaita kwangilarsa na tsawon shekara guda. <ref name=":0" /> === Al-Shorta === A ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2020, ɗan wasan ya bar Persepolis don sanya hannu kan kwangila da Al-Shorta a gasar Firimiya ta Iraki . <ref>{{Cite web |title=محترفا الشرطة يجتازان الفحص الطبي بنجاح |trans-title=Al-Shorta's two new arrivals pass the medical examination |url=https://www.alsumaria.tv/Entertainment-News/361016/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9/alsumaria-news |access-date=November 2, 2020 |publisher=Alsumaria.tv |language=ar}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An kira Osaguona don buga wa tawagar ƙasa wasannin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2015, kuma ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa tare da ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasan ƙasa a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2014 a wasan da Afirka ta Kudu (0-0), bayan ya shigo a matsayin madadin Gbolahan Salami a minti na 63 na wasan. [1] == Daraja == '''Persepolis''' * Gasar Fasaha ta Farisa ta Gulf : 2019–20 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bwxkszs61c9vd8l9s06s54714ijsqsd 840230 840229 2026-05-26T03:53:55Z Sardeeq 39275 840230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ighodaro Christian Osaguona''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1990) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda kwanan nan ya buga wa Al-Shorta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Osaguona reaches agreement with Al-Shorta |url=https://www.persianleague.com/14789-christian-osaguona-reaches-agreement-with-al-shorta-report |access-date=November 2, 2020 |publisher=PersianLeague}}</ref> wasa a gasar Firimiya ta Iraki a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . <ref name="NFT">{{Cite web |title=Ighodaro Osaguona |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/57095/Ighodaro_Osaguona.html |access-date=17 Sep 2014 |publisher=National Football Teams}}</ref> <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - C. Osaguona - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/christian-osaguona/367349/ |access-date=17 Sep 2014 |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Persepolis === A ranar 13 ga Janairu 2020, Osaguona ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar rabin kakar wasa tare da zakarun gasar Persian Gulf Pro League [[Persepolis F.C.|Persepolis]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Persepolis Completes Signing of Christian Osaguona - Sports news |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2020/01/13/2181118/persepolis-completes-signing-of-christian-osaguona |access-date=2020-01-14 |website=Tasnim News Agency |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-13 |title=Nigerian forward Christian Osaguona joins Persepolis |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/444127/Nigerian-forward-Christian-Osaguona-joins-Persepolis |access-date=2020-01-14 |website=Tehran Times |language=en}}</ref> Haka kuma, Reds na Iran suna da zaɓin tsawaita kwangilarsa na tsawon shekara guda. <ref name=":0" /> === Al-Shorta === A ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2020, ɗan wasan ya bar Persepolis don sanya hannu kan kwangila da Al-Shorta a gasar Firimiya ta Iraki . <ref>{{Cite web |title=محترفا الشرطة يجتازان الفحص الطبي بنجاح |trans-title=Al-Shorta's two new arrivals pass the medical examination |url=https://www.alsumaria.tv/Entertainment-News/361016/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9/alsumaria-news |access-date=November 2, 2020 |publisher=Alsumaria.tv |language=ar}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An kira Osaguona don buga wa tawagar ƙasa wasannin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 2015, kuma ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa tare da ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasan ƙasa a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2014 a wasan da Afirka ta Kudu (0-0), bayan ya shigo a matsayin madadin Gbolahan Salami a minti na 63 na wasan. [1] == Daraja == '''Persepolis''' * Gasar Fasaha ta Farisa ta Gulf : 2019–20 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kg5wijxn0myjf7fan15d2ssqnk5g9zb 0 152269 840231 2026-05-26T03:54:55Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346689401|Wilson Oruma]]" 840231 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wilson Oruma''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1976) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . Ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a Faransa. == Aikin kulob == An haifi Oruma a [[Warri]], Najeriya. Ya isa [[RC Lens]] daga [[Bendel Insurance]] a shekarar 1994. <ref name="OMprofile">{{Cite web |title=Oruma - Effectif pro |url=http://www.om.net/en/Teams/201002/Effectif_pro/1532/ORUMA |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=Olympique Marseille |language=fr}}</ref> A kakar wasa bayan an ba shi aro ga Nancy, <ref name="OMprofile" /> ya koma Lens kuma ya buga wasanni bakwai a kakar wasa ta 1997-98 ta gasar Ligue 1. <ref name="OMprofile" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=1997/98 Ligue 1 table |url=http://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/classement#sai=66&journee1=1&journee2=34&cat=Gen |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=ligue1.com |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan ya wakilci [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1998, ya koma kungiyar Samsunspor ta Turkiyya, <ref name="OMprofile" /> ya koma Faransa bayan shekara guda don bugawa Nîmes wasa. <ref name="OMprofile" /> A shekara ta 2000, an canza Oruma zuwa ƙungiyar Servette ta ƙasar Switzerland, <ref name="OMprofile">{{Cite web |title=Oruma - Effectif pro |url=http://www.om.net/en/Teams/201002/Effectif_pro/1532/ORUMA |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=Olympique Marseille |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.om.net/en/Teams/201002/Effectif_pro/1532/ORUMA "Oruma - Effectif pro"] (in French). Olympique Marseille<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> yana buga wasa a kakar wasa biyu kafin ya sake komawa Faransa, inda ya buga wasa har zuwa 2009 a ƙungiyar Sochaux, <ref name="OMprofile" /> Marseille <ref name="OMprofile" /> da Guingamp, <ref name="OMprofile" /> ya lashe gasar Coupe de la Ligue ta 2003–04 tare da Sochaux <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2004 |title=Nantes 1-1 Sochaux, Coupe de la Ligue - Finale, Football |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/match/59364 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205044856/http://www.lequipe.fr/Football/match/59364 |archive-date=5 February 2012 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=L'Equipe |language=fr}}</ref> da kuma gasar Coupe de France ta 2008–09 tare da Guingamp, duk da cewa ƙungiyar Ligue 2 ce a wancan lokacin. An ba shi gwaji daga Cardiff City - wata ƙungiya da ke [[Wales]] amma wacce ke buga wasa a [[tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila]] - a lokacin bazara na 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2008 |title=Bluebirds look at Oruma |url=https://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11704/3940345/ |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> kuma ya zira kwallaye a wasan sada zumunci na 2-2 a Chasetown, <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2008 |title=Report: Chasetown 2-2 Cardiff |url=http://www.cardiffcityfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10335~1359171,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722110932/http://www.cardiffcityfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10335~1359171,00.html |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=Cardiff City F.C.}}</ref> amma ba a ba shi kwangila ba saboda rashin lafiyarsa. <ref name="Jones" /> Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2010 <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2010 |title=Nigeria's Oruma retires from football |url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/134/162/8/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207021544/http://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/134/162/8/index.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> bayan kakar wasa da ƙungiyar Kavala ta Girka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2009 |title=Wilson Oruma Makes U-Turn To Sign For Greek Club Kavala |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2009/07/27/1407138/wilson-oruma-makes-u-turn-to-sign-for-greek-club-kavala |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=goal.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2010 |title=WILSON ORUMA to leave Kavala |url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=735 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=All Nigerian Soccer}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Oruma yana cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekara 17 da suka lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 a shekarar 1993, <ref name="goal">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2013 |title=Top five African 'lost boys' - WILSON ORUMA – Japan 1993 |url=http://www.goal.com/en-gh/slideshow/1763/2/title/top-five-african-lost-boys |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=goal.com}}</ref> ya jagoranci tawagarsa <ref name="goal" /> kuma ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 6. <ref name="goal" /> Ya buga wasanni 19 na kasa da kasa a tsawon shekaru 11 ga [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilson Oruma biography, net worth, age, family, contact & picture |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/15710/wilson-oruma |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> kuma yana cikin tawagar da ta halarci gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1998, inda ya zura kwallaye a wasan da ya buga da Paraguay . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 1998 |title=1998 FIFA World Cup France ™ |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=1013/results/matches/match=8763/report.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717084409/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=1013/results/matches/match=8763/report.html |archive-date=17 July 2007 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance cikin tawagar da ta lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics a shekarar 1996, <ref name="goal" /> shekara guda bayan ya fara bugawa Najeriya wasa, kuma memba ne a tawagar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2002 da 2006, inda ya kammala gasar biyu a matsayi na uku. Bayan ya yi aiki a kulob a Turai, inda ya buga wa ƙungiyoyi kamar Lens, Marseille, Sochaux, Guingamp, da kuma wani lokaci a ƙungiyar Servette ta Switzerland, inda ya lashe Kofin UEFA Intertoto, Ligue 1 da French Cup, kuma ya sami albashi don kula da kansa da iyalinsa bayan ya bar ƙwallon ƙafa. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekarar 2018, Oruma ya fuskanci matsalar motsin rai sakamakon yadda wani fasto da ba a san ko waye ba ya yaudare shi. Ya kasance cikin matsalar tabin hankali shekaru shida bayan da aka ruwaito cewa wani malamin addini da wasu 'yan kasuwar mai na bogi sun damfare shi. An gano cewa Oruma daga ƙarshe ya rasa kuɗi mai yawa, kusan Naira biliyan biyu ga wani jari. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] lkgjmszu28roqlusc0yfu9dwy7ia5nx 840232 840231 2026-05-26T03:55:11Z Sardeeq 39275 840232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wilson Oruma''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1976) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . Ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a Faransa. == Aikin kulob == An haifi Oruma a [[Warri]], Najeriya. Ya isa [[RC Lens]] daga [[Bendel Insurance]] a shekarar 1994. <ref name="OMprofile">{{Cite web |title=Oruma - Effectif pro |url=http://www.om.net/en/Teams/201002/Effectif_pro/1532/ORUMA |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=Olympique Marseille |language=fr}}</ref> A kakar wasa bayan an ba shi aro ga Nancy, <ref name="OMprofile" /> ya koma Lens kuma ya buga wasanni bakwai a kakar wasa ta 1997-98 ta gasar Ligue 1. <ref name="OMprofile" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=1997/98 Ligue 1 table |url=http://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/classement#sai=66&journee1=1&journee2=34&cat=Gen |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=ligue1.com |language=fr}}</ref> Bayan ya wakilci [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1998, ya koma kungiyar Samsunspor ta Turkiyya, <ref name="OMprofile" /> ya koma Faransa bayan shekara guda don bugawa Nîmes wasa. <ref name="OMprofile" /> A shekara ta 2000, an canza Oruma zuwa ƙungiyar Servette ta ƙasar Switzerland, <ref name="OMprofile">{{Cite web |title=Oruma - Effectif pro |url=http://www.om.net/en/Teams/201002/Effectif_pro/1532/ORUMA |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=Olympique Marseille |language=fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.om.net/en/Teams/201002/Effectif_pro/1532/ORUMA "Oruma - Effectif pro"] (in French). Olympique Marseille<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> yana buga wasa a kakar wasa biyu kafin ya sake komawa Faransa, inda ya buga wasa har zuwa 2009 a ƙungiyar Sochaux, <ref name="OMprofile" /> Marseille <ref name="OMprofile" /> da Guingamp, <ref name="OMprofile" /> ya lashe gasar Coupe de la Ligue ta 2003–04 tare da Sochaux <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2004 |title=Nantes 1-1 Sochaux, Coupe de la Ligue - Finale, Football |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/match/59364 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205044856/http://www.lequipe.fr/Football/match/59364 |archive-date=5 February 2012 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=L'Equipe |language=fr}}</ref> da kuma gasar Coupe de France ta 2008–09 tare da Guingamp, duk da cewa ƙungiyar Ligue 2 ce a wancan lokacin. An ba shi gwaji daga Cardiff City - wata ƙungiya da ke [[Wales]] amma wacce ke buga wasa a [[tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila]] - a lokacin bazara na 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2008 |title=Bluebirds look at Oruma |url=https://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11704/3940345/ |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> kuma ya zira kwallaye a wasan sada zumunci na 2-2 a Chasetown, <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2008 |title=Report: Chasetown 2-2 Cardiff |url=http://www.cardiffcityfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10335~1359171,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722110932/http://www.cardiffcityfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10335~1359171,00.html |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=Cardiff City F.C.}}</ref> amma ba a ba shi kwangila ba saboda rashin lafiyarsa. <ref name="Jones" /> Ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a shekarar 2010 <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2010 |title=Nigeria's Oruma retires from football |url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/134/162/8/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207021544/http://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/134/162/8/index.html |archive-date=7 December 2013 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> bayan kakar wasa da ƙungiyar Kavala ta Girka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2009 |title=Wilson Oruma Makes U-Turn To Sign For Greek Club Kavala |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2009/07/27/1407138/wilson-oruma-makes-u-turn-to-sign-for-greek-club-kavala |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=goal.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2010 |title=WILSON ORUMA to leave Kavala |url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=735 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=All Nigerian Soccer}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Oruma yana cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekara 17 da suka lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekara 17 a shekarar 1993, <ref name="goal">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2013 |title=Top five African 'lost boys' - WILSON ORUMA – Japan 1993 |url=http://www.goal.com/en-gh/slideshow/1763/2/title/top-five-african-lost-boys |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=goal.com}}</ref> ya jagoranci tawagarsa <ref name="goal" /> kuma ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar da kwallaye 6. <ref name="goal" /> Ya buga wasanni 19 na kasa da kasa a tsawon shekaru 11 ga [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Najeriya]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilson Oruma biography, net worth, age, family, contact & picture |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/15710/wilson-oruma |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> kuma yana cikin tawagar da ta halarci gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1998, inda ya zura kwallaye a wasan da ya buga da Paraguay . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 1998 |title=1998 FIFA World Cup France ™ |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=1013/results/matches/match=8763/report.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717084409/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=1013/results/matches/match=8763/report.html |archive-date=17 July 2007 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance cikin tawagar da ta lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics a shekarar 1996, <ref name="goal" /> shekara guda bayan ya fara bugawa Najeriya wasa, kuma memba ne a tawagar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2002 da 2006, inda ya kammala gasar biyu a matsayi na uku. Bayan ya yi aiki a kulob a Turai, inda ya buga wa ƙungiyoyi kamar Lens, Marseille, Sochaux, Guingamp, da kuma wani lokaci a ƙungiyar Servette ta Switzerland, inda ya lashe Kofin UEFA Intertoto, Ligue 1 da French Cup, kuma ya sami albashi don kula da kansa da iyalinsa bayan ya bar ƙwallon ƙafa. == Rayuwa ta sirri == A shekarar 2018, Oruma ya fuskanci matsalar motsin rai sakamakon yadda wani fasto da ba a san ko waye ba ya yaudare shi. Ya kasance cikin matsalar tabin hankali shekaru shida bayan da aka ruwaito cewa wani malamin addini da wasu 'yan kasuwar mai na bogi sun damfare shi. An gano cewa Oruma daga ƙarshe ya rasa kuɗi mai yawa, kusan Naira biliyan biyu ga wani jari. [1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] 9rrxgpnuv22aagzc518htw2nvw5lo66 0 152270 840240 2026-05-26T05:35:27Z AsmudEmpire 45212 Kirkira 840240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Bogolo Kenewendo|image = Bogolo Joy Kenewendo 1-crop.jpg | image_size |caption=Bogolo Kenewendo a wani taro na kasa da kasa|birth_date=1987|birth_place=Botswana|nationality=Ɗan Botswana|occupation=Ɗan siyasa, masaniyar tattalin arziki|office=Ministar Zuba Jari, Kasuwanci da Masana’antu ta Botswana|term_start=2018|term_end=2019|alma_mater=[[University of Sussex]]}}'''Bogolo Joy Kenewendo''' fitacciyar ‘yar siyasa ce kuma masaniyar tattalin arziki daga ƙasar [[Botswana]]. Ta shahara a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasan shugabanni mata a nahiyar [[Afirka]], musamman saboda rawar da ta taka wajen bunƙasa tattalin arziki, kasuwanci, da ci gaban matasa. Ta riƙe muƙamin Ministar Zuba Jari, Kasuwanci da Masana’antu ta Botswana tana da ƙuruciya sosai, lamarin da ya jawo hankalin duniya. == Rayuwar Farko da Karatu == An haifi Bogolo Kenewendo a ƙasar Botswana a shekarar 1987. Ta taso cikin yanayin da ya ƙarfafa ilimi da jajircewa wajen ci gaban al’umma. Tun tana yarinya ta nuna sha’awa sosai ga harkokin tattalin arziki da shugabanci. Ta yi karatu a jami’o’i daban-daban inda ta mayar da hankali kan tattalin arziki da harkokin ci gaba. Daga cikin manyan makarantu da ta halarta akwai ''Rubutun tsutsa''[[University of Sussex]] dake [[United Kingdom]]., inda ta ƙara zurfafa ilimi kan tattalin arziki da manufofin raya ƙasa. == Fara Harkokin Siyasa == Bogolo Kenewendo ta shiga harkokin siyasa ne da nufin taimakawa wajen kawo sauyi ga tattalin arzikin Botswana da kuma inganta rayuwar matasa da mata. Ta samu damar aiki a hukumomi da cibiyoyi daban-daban kafin daga baya ta shiga gwamnatin Botswana. A shekarar 2018, shugaban Botswana ya naɗa ta Ministar Zuba Jari, Kasuwanci da Masana’antu. A lokacin tana ɗaya daga cikin matasa mata mafi ƙanƙanta da suka riƙe irin wannan muƙami a Afirka. == Ayyuka da Gudummawa == Bogolo Kenewendo ta yi fice wajen: Ƙarfafa kasuwanci tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka. Tallafawa harkokin matasa da mata a kasuwanci. Inganta manufofin tattalin arziki. Kawo sauye-sauye a fannin zuba jari da masana’antu. Ta kuma kasance cikin masu goyon bayan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci ta nahiyar Afirka wato ''African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)'', wadda ke da nufin haɗa kasuwannin Afirka domin bunƙasa tattalin arziki. == Tasiri a Duniya == Saboda bajintarta, Bogolo Kenewendo ta samu karɓuwa a duniya. Ta halarci manyan taruka na ƙasa da ƙasa inda take magana kan: Tattalin arzikin Afirka Ci gaban matasa Mata a shugabanci Sauyin yanayi da tattalin arziki Haka kuma, an haɗa sunanta cikin jerin matasa shugabanni masu tasiri a duniya. == Kyaututtuka da Karramawa == Bogolo Kenewendo ta samu lambobin yabo da karramawa daga cibiyoyi daban-daban saboda gudummawar da take bayarwa wajen ci gaban Afirka da kuma ƙarfafa mata da matasa. =References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://www.kenewendo.com/ Personal Webpage] * [https://zwnews.com/photo-hot-new-minister-of-trade-industry-and-investment/ Bogolo Kenewendo, Botswana Young Female Minister Rocks Social Media] As of 5 April 2018. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kenewendo, Bogolo}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Botswana economists]] [[Category:21st-century Botswana businesswomen]] [[Category:21st-century Botswana businesspeople]] [[Category:University of Botswana alumni]] [[Category:Members of the National Assembly (Botswana)]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Sussex]] [[Category:21st-century Botswana women politicians]] [[Category:21st-century Botswana politicians]] [[Category:Women government ministers of Botswana]] [[Category:Women members of the Parliament of Botswana]] [[Category:Botswana women economists]] [[Category:Government ministers of Botswana]] kafy9i14sqv99vcww0fuiqf9zw74ovk 0 152271 840267 2026-05-26T11:44:45Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354647383|Crested caracara]]" 840267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Schopfkarakara.jpg|image_caption=An adult crested caracara in [[Serra da Canastra National Park]], Brazil|image_alt=An adult crested caracara perched on a rock|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Caracara plancus'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22733377A95058702 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22733377A95058702.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>|status2=G5|status2_system=TNC|status2_ref=<ref>{{cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1215996/Caracara_plancus |website=explorer.natureserve.org |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref>|genus=Caracara|species=plancus|authority=([[John Frederick Miller|Miller, JF]], 1777)|synonyms=''Polyborus plancus''|range_map=Caracara map.png}} ''Caracara'' mai laushi ('''''Caracara plancus''''') tsuntsu ne mai cin nama (raptor) a cikin dangin falcon, Falconidae . An sanya shi a cikin jinsin ''Polyborus'' kafin a ba shi a cikin nasa jinsin, Caracara . Yana da iyali kuma ana samunsa a kudanci da kudu maso gabashin Amurka, [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] (inda yake a kowace jihar) da kuma mafi yawan ƙasar Latin Amurka, da kuma wasu tsibirai na Caribbean. Caracara mai tsayi yana da sauƙin daidaitawa kuma yana da ƙarfi, ga nau'in da aka samo mafi yawa a cikin neotropics; ana iya samun shi a cikin mahalli da yanayin halittu, gami da yanayin hamada da hamada, yankunan teku ko na bakin teku, gandun daji na [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|subtropical]] da na wurare masu zafi, yankuna masu matsakaici, filayen, maras kyau, har ma a cikin birane. Rubuce-rubuce, ko da yake da wuya, abubuwan da aka gani sun faru har zuwa arewacin [[Minnesota]] da lardunan Kanada na Alberta, Ontario, da Prince Edward Island . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crested caracara (Caracara plancus) |first=Ontario sightings |date=2016 |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=6883&subview=map&taxon_id=4715}}</ref> Yankin kudancin rarrabawar caracara na iya kaiwa har zuwa Tierra del Fuego da Magallanes Region, [[Chile]]. == Magana == Kalmar "caracara" ta samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Tupi|Tsohon Tupi]] {{Lang|tpn|karakará}} . Ƙarin asalin ba shi da tabbas, amma ana zaton yana da onomatopoeic, yana kwaikwayon kiran tsuntsu. An kuma san Caracara mai ƙwanƙwasawa da [[Mikiya|gaggafa]] ta [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], <ref name="allaboutbirdsoverview">{{Cite web |title=Crested Caracara Overview, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Crested_Caracara/overview |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=allaboutbirds.org}}</ref> kodayake ba gaggafa ce ta gaskiya ba. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga wani tsari na 1960 na {{Interlanguage link|Rafael Martín del Campo|es}} [es], wanda ake zaton ya dogara ne akan nazarin hotunan kafin Conquest, cewa "tsuntsu a saman pear mai tsayi" wanda ke da alaƙa da kafa Tenochtitlan mai ban mamaki ne, kuma ba gaggafa mai zinariya ba (wanda ba abu ne mai ban mamaki a Mexico, musamman har zuwa kudu kamar Tenochtitalan) kamar yadda aka nuna a al'ada. Duk da haka, tun aƙalla nasarar Mutanen Espanya, gaggafa ta zinariya ta kasance tsuntsu da ba za a iya canzawa ba tare da labarin kafawa ba, wanda ke nunawa a cikin Alamar ƙasa mai zaman kanta ta Mexico da kuma kasancewa dabba ta ƙasa. === "Texan eagle" === 9Balduin Möllhausen, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus wanda ke tare da binciken jirgin ƙasa na 1853 (wanda Lt. Amiel Weeks Whipple ya jagoranta) daga Kogin Kanada zuwa California tare da layi na 35, ya ba da labarin lura da abin da ya kira "Texan Eagle", wanda, a cikin asusunsa, ya bayyana shi a matsayin ''Polyborus vulgaris'' na Audubon. Wannan gani ya faru ne a cikin Sans Bois Mountains a kudu maso gabashin Oklahoma . == Tarihin lissafi == A cikin shekara ta 1777, mai zane-zane na Ingilishi John Frederick Miller ya haɗa da farantin launi na hannu na ''Caracara'' a cikin Icones animalium et plantarum ("hotuna na duniya da dabba"). Ya kirkiro [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan binomial]] ''Falco plancus'' kuma ya ƙayyade nau'irin yankin a matsayin Tierra del Fuego . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=John Frederick Miller}}</ref> Takamaiman ma'anar plancus ''shinge'' [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] don "gwargwadon". Ana sanya caracara mai laushi a cikin jinsin Caracara (wanda masanin halitta na Jamus Blasius Merrem ya gabatar a 1826. <ref name="ioc">{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |title=Seriemas, falcons |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/falcons/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union}}</ref> An san nau'o'i biyu: <ref name="ioc">{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |title=Seriemas, falcons |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/falcons/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2023">[[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Gill, Frank]]; Donsker, David; [[Pamela Rasmussen|Rasmussen, Pamela]], eds. </cite></ref> * C. p. cheriway (Jacquin, 1784) - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] (Kudancin California, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=14&subview=map&taxon_id=1290157 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> [[Arizona]], [[Florida]], [[Louisiana]], [[Mexico]]" id="mwfw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="New Mexico">New Mexico, [[Texas]]), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=1&subview=map&taxon_id=1290157 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> Mexico (yana cikin kowace jihar), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=6793&subview=map&taxon_id=4712 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> [[Belize]], [[Salvador|El Salvador]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], [[Kolombiya|Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Ecuador]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], French Guiana, da arewacin Roraima, Brazil; <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=any&subview=map&taxon_id=1290157 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> Tsibirin Caribbean na [[Cuba]], Aruba, Guja da Roatán (Honduras), <ref name=":0" /> [[Trinidad]]; tsibirin Pacific Marías (Mexico) da Isla del Rey (Panamá). An ga kowane tsuntsu har zuwa arewacin [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] da Santa Cruz, California.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=418&subview=map&taxon_id=1290157 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> * C. p. plancus (Miller, JF, 1777) - SE [[Peru]], N [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] zuwa Gabashin Brazil, kudu zuwa Tierra del Fuego da Tsibirin Falkland. An riga an rarraba nau'in C. p. cheriway a matsayin nau'in daban, tare da sunan Ingilishi na yau da kullun na arewacin caracara.<ref name="ioc">{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |title=Seriemas, falcons |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/falcons/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2023">[[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Gill, Frank]]; Donsker, David; [[Pamela Rasmussen|Rasmussen, Pamela]], eds. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chesser |first=R.T. |last2=Billerman |first2=S.M. |last3=Burns |first3=K.J. |last4=Cicero |first4=C. |last5=Dunn |first5=J.L. |last6=Hernández-Baños |first6=B.E. |last7=Kratter |first7=A.W. |last8=Lovette |first8=I.J. |last9=Mason |first9=N.A. |last10=Rasmussen |first10=P.C. |last11=Remsen |first11=J.V.J. |last12=Stotz |first12=D.F. |last13=Winker |first13=K. |date=2021 |title=Sixty-second Supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds |journal=Ornithology |volume=138 |issue=ukab037 |doi=10.1093/ornithology/ukab037 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarraba da mazaunin == {{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara, Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina imported from iNaturalist photo 266331930.jpg|desired_width=250|caption=Crested caracaras with a [[black-chested buzzard-eagle]], in Argentina|crop_right_perc=30|crop_top_perc=25}}{{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara and American Black Vulture, Gallant Fox Road, Austin, Texas, USA 468881148.jpg|desired_width=250|caption=In conflict with a black vulture, in Texas|crop_left_perc=20|crop_right_perc=20|crop_top_perc=30|crop_bottom_perc=5}} [[Fayil:Caracara_Courtship_Display_(44541482574).jpg|thumb|Nuni na soyayya, a Texas. Maza, wanda ya ɗan karami, yana gefen hagu.]] Caracara mai siffar crested tana faruwa ne daga Tierra del Fuego a kudancin Amurka ta Kudu zuwa kudancin Amurka, Mexico, da Tsakiyar Amurka. Mutane da ke zaune a tsibirin Falkland suna rayuwa ne a tsaunukan Andean da kuma dazuzzukan da ke da danshi mai yawa, kamar dazuzzukan Amazon, inda aka takaita shi ga sassan da ba a buɗe ba a gefen manyan koguna. In ba haka ba, yana faruwa ne a kusan kowace mazaunin da aka buɗe ko kuma wanda ba a buɗe ba kuma galibi ana samunsa kusa da mutane. An yi rahotanni game da caracara mai ƙwanƙwasawa har zuwa arewacin [[San Francisco]], [[California]].<ref name="GGRO">{{Cite web |title=Rare Raptors |url=http://www.ggro.org/rare-raptors.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003132404/http://www.ggro.org/rare-raptors.html |archive-date=3 October 2009 |access-date=22 August 2009 |publisher=Golden Gate Raptor Observatory}}</ref> kuma, a cikin 2012, kusa da Crescent City, California.<ref name="prj_noah">{{Cite web |date=13 February 2012 |title=caracara sighting record |url=http://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/8974007 |website=Project Noah}}</ref> Wasu an yi imanin cewa suna zaune a Nova Scotia, tare da ganin abubuwa da yawa a cikin shekarun 2010. Wannan nau'in ya zama ruwan dare a tsakiyar da arewacin Texas kwanan nan kuma galibi yana da yawa a kudancin Texas da kuma kudancin iyakar Amurka. Ana iya samunsa (gida) a Kudancin Caribbean (misali Aruba, Curaçao da Bonaire), Mexico, da Tsakiyar Amurka. === A Florida === {{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara, John Paul Landing Park imported from iNaturalist photo 279587601.jpg|desired_width=250|align=right|caption=Showing a full [[crop (anatomy)|crop]], in Texas|crop_top_perc=10|crop_bottom_perc=25|crop_left_perc=20|crop_right_perc=20}}Florida gida ce ga yawan mutanen da ke arewacin arewacin da ke cikin lokacin ƙarshe, wanda ya ƙare a kusa da 12,500 BP. A wannan lokacin, Florida da sauran Gulf Coast an rufe su da itacen oak. Yayin da yanayin zafi ya karu, savanna tsakanin Florida da Texas ya ɓace.<ref name="relict">{{Cite web |title=Chapter VIII. Florida Relict Species |url=http://www.indianriverlagoonenvirothon.com/wildlife_resource/Chapter%20VIII.htm |access-date=23 January 2009 |website=Resource Guide |publisher=Indian River Lagoon Envirothon}}</ref> Caracaras sun sami damar rayuwa a cikin Filayen tsakiyar Florida da marshes tare da Kogin St. Johns. Cabbage palmettos wuri ne da aka fi so, kodayake suna kuma zama a kudancin bishiyoyin oak.<ref name="FWS">{{Cite web |title=Audubon's Crested Caracara |url=http://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/AudubonsCrestedCaracara.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205174850/https://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/AudubonsCrestedCaracara.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2021 |access-date=23 January 2009 |website=South Florida Ecological Services Office |publisher=[[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]]}}</ref> Tarihin su a kan tsibirin Florida na zamani ya haɗa da yankunan Okeechobee, Osceola, Highlands, Glades, Polk, Indian River, St. Lucie, Hardee, DeSoto, Brevard, Collier, da Martin. A halin yanzu sun fi yawa a cikin DeSoto, Glades, Hendry, Highlands, Okeechobee, da Osceola Counties.<ref name="FFWCC">{{Cite web |title=Species Profile: Crested Caracara |url=https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/birds/raptors-and-vultures/crested-caracara/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |publisher=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission}}</ref> An gan shi a Gilashin Gabas har zuwa gabashin Brevard County, Florida (Viera, Florida), inda yanzu ake la'akari da shi a matsayin mazaunin, amma an jera shi a matsayin barazanar. A watan Fabrairun 2023 an gano wani karamar karamar kararrawa a St, Johns County, Florida kuma The St. Johns County Audubon Society ta rubuta shi a shafin sada zumunta. === Gudanarwa === A watan Yulin 2016, mutane da yawa sun ba da rahoton wani caracara na arewacin yankin Michigan, kusa da Munising, kuma sun ɗauki hotonsa. A watan Yunin 2017, an ga wani caracara na arewacin arewa a St. George, New Brunswick, Kanada. An ɗauki wani samfurin a Woodstock, Vermont a watan Maris na 2020. == Bayyanawa == Caracara mai tsayi yana da jimlar tsawon 50-65 in) da fuka-fuki na 120-132 in). Nauyinsa shine 0.9-1.6 , matsakaicin {{Convert|1348|g|lb}} tsuntsaye bakwai daga Tierra del Fuego . Mutanen da suka fito daga yankin kudancin da ke cikin su sun fi girma fiye da waɗanda suka fito daga yankuna masu zafi (kamar yadda mulkin Bergmann ya annabta) kuma sune mafi girman nau'in caracara. A zahiri, su ne nau'in falcon na biyu mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar matsakaicin nauyin jiki, na biyu kawai ga Gyrfalcon.<ref name="CRC" /> Kwayar, ciki, cinya, mafi yawan fuka-fuki, da ƙarshen wutsiya suna da launin murfin kasa, auriculars (fuka-fukan da ke kewaye da kunne), makogwaro, da wuyan suna da fari-buff, kuma kirji, wuyan, mantle, baya, saman wutsiya, crissum (ƙashin wutsiya da ke ke kewaye le cloaca), da ɓangaren wutsiyar suna da fari mai duhu-buff. A cikin jirgin, Firamare na waje yana nuna babban fararen fararen fata ('window'), kamar yadda yake a wasu nau'ikan Caracaras da yawa. Ƙafafun suna da rawaya kuma fatar fuska da cere suna da launin rawaya zuwa ja-orange. (Launi na fuska na iya canzawa dangane da yanayin tsuntsu.) <ref name="peregrinefund.org">{{Cite web |title=Crested Caracara &#124; the Peregrine Fund |url=https://www.peregrinefund.org/explore-raptors-species/falcons/crested-caracara}}</ref> Yara suna kama da manya, amma sun fi launin shuɗi, tare da layi a kirji, wuyansa, da baya, ƙafafu masu launin toka, da fari, daga baya launin ruwan kasa-purple, fatar fuska da cere.<gallery mode="packed" heights="110"> Fayil:Caracara_plancus_MHNT_226_RdN_Malouines.jpg|Eggs, MHNT Fayil:Southern_crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus)_head_juvenile.JPG|Juvenile Fayil:Southern_crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus)_head_young_bird.JPG|Young adult Fayil:Southern_crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus)_head_adult.JPG|Adult Fayil:Caracara2.jpg|An adult and juvenile Fayil:Crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus_plancus)_Los_Glaciares.jpg|adult </gallery> == Halin == {{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara, Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz, Santa Fe, Argentina imported from iNaturalist photo 297801652.jpg|desired_width=250|align=right|caption=Catching a [[feral pigeon]], in Argentina|crop_left_perc=35}}baki mai ƙarfin zuciya, mai cin zarafi, ana ganin caracara mai tsayi sau da yawa yana tafiya a ƙasa yana neman abinci. Yawanci yana cin gawawwakin dabbobi da suka mutu, amma kuma yana satar abinci daga wasu raptors, yana kai hari kan [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] da dabbobi masu rarrafe <ref name="animaldiversity.org">{{Cite web |title=Caracara cheriway (Crested caracara) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Caracara_cheriway/ |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]]}}</ref> gidajen, kuma yana ɗaukar ganima mai rai idan yiwuwar ta taso; galibi wannan kwari ne ko wasu ƙananan ganima, kamar ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, ƙananan tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu ruwa da ruwa, [[kifi]], crabs, sauran shellfish, maggots, da tsutsotsi, <ref name="peregrinefund.org">{{Cite web |title=Crested Caracara &#124; the Peregrine Fund |url=https://www.peregrinefund.org/explore-raptors-species/falcons/crested-caracara}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.peregrinefund.org/explore-raptors-species/falcons/crested-caracara "Crested Caracara &#x7C; the Peregrine Fund"].</cite></ref> amma yana iya haɗawa da halittu har zuwa girman ƙwaro mai dusar ƙanƙara. Hakanan yana iya cin 'ya'yan itace. Yana da rinjaye a kan baƙar fata da turkey gaggafa a gawawwakin. Bugu da ƙari, yana kuma satar abinci daga gare su da buteos, da kuma daga pelicans masu launin ruwan kasa, ibises, da spoonbills, yana bi da kuma tayar da hankali har sai sun sake farfaɗowa ko kuma sun sauke abinci. Caracara mai siffar crested tana ɗaukar abincin da aka kashe da wuta, shanu, da kayan aikin noma. A yankin, har ma ta koyi bin jiragen ƙasa ko motoci don neman abinci da aka jefar. Yanayin wannan nau'in na dammar yana nufin cewa caracara mai siffar crested yana neman abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da abincinsa, misali gobarar daji da kuma zagayawa da ungulu. Yawanci yana kaɗaici ne, amma mutane da yawa na iya taruwa a babban tushen abinci (misali tarkace). Ana kiwo a Kudancin Hemisphere bazara/bazara a kudancin yankinsa, amma lokaci ba shi da tsauri a yankuna masu zafi. Gidan gida babban gini ne, wanda yawanci ake sanyawa a saman itace ko dabino, amma wani lokacin a ƙasa. Girman kama shine ƙwai biyu.<gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Caracara_Plancus_(Carancho)_2.jpg|Young adult, showing the distinctive light 'windows' in the wings Fayil:Crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus_plancus)_in_flight_Leona_Amarga.jpg|adult, showing wing upperside Fayil:Carcara.jpg|Being mobbed by a fork-tailed flycatcher Fayil:Crested_caracaras_(Caracara_plancus_plancus)_on_carcass_Torres_del_Paine.jpg|At a sheep carcass Fayil:Caracará_(Caracara_plancus).JPG|Walking along a beach, in Ilhabela, Brazil </gallery> [[Fayil:Black_vulture_and_crested_caracara_(1).jpg|thumb|Black vulture preining a crested caracara, a Texas]] Akwai lokuta da yawa da aka rubuta na baƙar fata da ke kusantar da kuma rufe caracaras. A kowane hali, halin da ba a saba gani ba ya fara ne da caracara yana sunkuyar da kansa, a cikin gayyatar da ta bayyana don yin amfani da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boies |first=Lori |last2=Tinacba |first2=Franchesca |last3=Shackleford |first3=Terry J. |date=2026-01-12 |title=Urban Green Spaces Set the Stage for Rare Interspecific Allopreening Between Crested Caracara ( Caracara plancus ) and Black Vultures ( Coragyps atratus ) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.72669 |journal=Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/ece3.72669 |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=12794025 |pmid=41531915}}</ref>{{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara eating a turtle (16935208046).jpg|desired_width=250|align=right|caption=Feeding on a [[terrapin]], in Texas|crop_bottom_perc=25|crop_right_perc=10}}A ko'ina cikin mafi yawan kewayonsa, faruwarsa ta zama ruwan dare gama gari. Wataƙila zai amfana daga yaduwar gandun daji a wurare masu zafi na Kudancin Amurka, don haka BirdLife International ta ɗauka ba ta da damuwa. == Yin farauta == A Florida, wasu matakan girma na macizai masu mamayewa na iya cinye caracaras masu tsayi kamar su Burmese pythons, reticulated pythons، Kudancin Afirka dutse pythons. == A cikin al'adu ==   masanin ilimin tsuntsaye na [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] Rafael Martín del Campo ya ba da shawarar cewa arewacin caracara mai yiwuwa shine "gwargwadon" mai tsarki wanda aka nuna a cikin codices na Aztec da yawa kafin Columbus, da kuma Codex na Florentine. An karɓi wannan hoton a matsayin Alamar ƙasa ta Mexico, amma ba tsuntsu ne da aka nuna a kan tutar ba, wanda shine gaggafa ta zinariya (''Aquila chrysaetos''), tsuntsu na ƙasa.<ref name="Gonzalez2004">{{Cite journal |last=González Block |first=Miguel A. |year=2004 |title=El Iztaccuahtli y el Águila Mexicana: ¿Cuauhtli o Águila Real? |url=http://www.arqueomex.com/S2N3nAGUILA70.html |journal=[[Arqueología Mexicana]] |language=es |volume=XII |issue=70 |pages=60–65 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216140206/http://arqueomex.com/S2N3nAGUILA70.html |archive-date=2009-02-16}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ra78j1kwcr00t8jfdybztyfvzx23anh 840268 840267 2026-05-26T11:45:19Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 840268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Speciesbox|image=Schopfkarakara.jpg|image_caption=An adult crested caracara in [[Serra da Canastra National Park]], Brazil|image_alt=An adult crested caracara perched on a rock|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Caracara plancus'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22733377A95058702 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22733377A95058702.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>|status2=G5|status2_system=TNC|status2_ref=<ref>{{cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1215996/Caracara_plancus |website=explorer.natureserve.org |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref>|genus=Caracara|species=plancus|authority=([[John Frederick Miller|Miller, JF]], 1777)|synonyms=''Polyborus plancus''|range_map=Caracara map.png}} ''Caracara'' mai laushi ('''''Caracara plancus''''') tsuntsu ne mai cin nama (raptor) a cikin dangin falcon, Falconidae . An sanya shi a cikin jinsin ''Polyborus'' kafin a ba shi a cikin nasa jinsin, Caracara . Yana da iyali kuma ana samunsa a kudanci da kudu maso gabashin Amurka, [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] (inda yake a kowace jihar) da kuma mafi yawan ƙasar Latin Amurka, da kuma wasu tsibirai na Caribbean. Caracara mai tsayi yana da sauƙin daidaitawa kuma yana da ƙarfi, ga nau'in da aka samo mafi yawa a cikin neotropics; ana iya samun shi a cikin mahalli da yanayin halittu, gami da yanayin hamada da hamada, yankunan teku ko na bakin teku, gandun daji na [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|subtropical]] da na wurare masu zafi, yankuna masu matsakaici, filayen, maras kyau, har ma a cikin birane. Rubuce-rubuce, ko da yake da wuya, abubuwan da aka gani sun faru har zuwa arewacin [[Minnesota]] da lardunan Kanada na Alberta, Ontario, da Prince Edward Island . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crested caracara (Caracara plancus) |first=Ontario sightings |date=2016 |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=6883&subview=map&taxon_id=4715}}</ref> Yankin kudancin rarrabawar caracara na iya kaiwa har zuwa Tierra del Fuego da Magallanes Region, [[Chile]]. == Magana == Kalmar "caracara" ta samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Tupi|Tsohon Tupi]] {{Lang|tpn|karakará}} . Ƙarin asalin ba shi da tabbas, amma ana zaton yana da onomatopoeic, yana kwaikwayon kiran tsuntsu. An kuma san Caracara mai ƙwanƙwasawa da [[Mikiya|gaggafa]] ta [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], <ref name="allaboutbirdsoverview">{{Cite web |title=Crested Caracara Overview, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Crested_Caracara/overview |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=allaboutbirds.org}}</ref> kodayake ba gaggafa ce ta gaskiya ba. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga wani tsari na 1960 na {{Interlanguage link|Rafael Martín del Campo|es}} [es], wanda ake zaton ya dogara ne akan nazarin hotunan kafin Conquest, cewa "tsuntsu a saman pear mai tsayi" wanda ke da alaƙa da kafa Tenochtitlan mai ban mamaki ne, kuma ba gaggafa mai zinariya ba (wanda ba abu ne mai ban mamaki a Mexico, musamman har zuwa kudu kamar Tenochtitalan) kamar yadda aka nuna a al'ada. Duk da haka, tun aƙalla nasarar Mutanen Espanya, gaggafa ta zinariya ta kasance tsuntsu da ba za a iya canzawa ba tare da labarin kafawa ba, wanda ke nunawa a cikin Alamar ƙasa mai zaman kanta ta Mexico da kuma kasancewa dabba ta ƙasa. === "Texan eagle" === 9Balduin Möllhausen, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus wanda ke tare da binciken jirgin ƙasa na 1853 (wanda Lt. Amiel Weeks Whipple ya jagoranta) daga Kogin Kanada zuwa California tare da layi na 35, ya ba da labarin lura da abin da ya kira "Texan Eagle", wanda, a cikin asusunsa, ya bayyana shi a matsayin ''Polyborus vulgaris'' na Audubon. Wannan gani ya faru ne a cikin Sans Bois Mountains a kudu maso gabashin Oklahoma . == Tarihin lissafi == A cikin shekara ta 1777, mai zane-zane na Ingilishi John Frederick Miller ya haɗa da farantin launi na hannu na ''Caracara'' a cikin Icones animalium et plantarum ("hotuna na duniya da dabba"). Ya kirkiro [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan binomial]] ''Falco plancus'' kuma ya ƙayyade nau'irin yankin a matsayin Tierra del Fuego . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=John Frederick Miller}}</ref> Takamaiman ma'anar plancus ''shinge'' [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] don "gwargwadon". Ana sanya caracara mai laushi a cikin jinsin Caracara (wanda masanin halitta na Jamus Blasius Merrem ya gabatar a 1826. <ref name="ioc">{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |title=Seriemas, falcons |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/falcons/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union}}</ref> An san nau'o'i biyu: <ref name="ioc">{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |title=Seriemas, falcons |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/falcons/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2023">[[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Gill, Frank]]; Donsker, David; [[Pamela Rasmussen|Rasmussen, Pamela]], eds. </cite></ref> * C. p. cheriway (Jacquin, 1784) - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] (Kudancin California, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=14&subview=map&taxon_id=1290157 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> [[Arizona]], [[Florida]], [[Louisiana]], [[Mexico]]" id="mwfw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="New Mexico">New Mexico, [[Texas]]), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=1&subview=map&taxon_id=1290157 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> Mexico (yana cikin kowace jihar), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=6793&subview=map&taxon_id=4712 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> [[Belize]], [[Salvador|El Salvador]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], [[Kolombiya|Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Ecuador]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], French Guiana, da arewacin Roraima, Brazil; <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=any&subview=map&taxon_id=1290157 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> Tsibirin Caribbean na [[Cuba]], Aruba, Guja da Roatán (Honduras), <ref name=":0" /> [[Trinidad]]; tsibirin Pacific Marías (Mexico) da Isla del Rey (Panamá). An ga kowane tsuntsu har zuwa arewacin [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] da Santa Cruz, California.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=418&subview=map&taxon_id=1290157 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> * C. p. plancus (Miller, JF, 1777) - SE [[Peru]], N [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] zuwa Gabashin Brazil, kudu zuwa Tierra del Fuego da Tsibirin Falkland. An riga an rarraba nau'in C. p. cheriway a matsayin nau'in daban, tare da sunan Ingilishi na yau da kullun na arewacin caracara.<ref name="ioc">{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |title=Seriemas, falcons |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/falcons/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2023">[[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Gill, Frank]]; Donsker, David; [[Pamela Rasmussen|Rasmussen, Pamela]], eds. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chesser |first=R.T. |last2=Billerman |first2=S.M. |last3=Burns |first3=K.J. |last4=Cicero |first4=C. |last5=Dunn |first5=J.L. |last6=Hernández-Baños |first6=B.E. |last7=Kratter |first7=A.W. |last8=Lovette |first8=I.J. |last9=Mason |first9=N.A. |last10=Rasmussen |first10=P.C. |last11=Remsen |first11=J.V.J. |last12=Stotz |first12=D.F. |last13=Winker |first13=K. |date=2021 |title=Sixty-second Supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds |journal=Ornithology |volume=138 |issue=ukab037 |doi=10.1093/ornithology/ukab037 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarraba da mazaunin == {{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara, Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina imported from iNaturalist photo 266331930.jpg|desired_width=250|caption=Crested caracaras with a [[black-chested buzzard-eagle]], in Argentina|crop_right_perc=30|crop_top_perc=25}}{{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara and American Black Vulture, Gallant Fox Road, Austin, Texas, USA 468881148.jpg|desired_width=250|caption=In conflict with a black vulture, in Texas|crop_left_perc=20|crop_right_perc=20|crop_top_perc=30|crop_bottom_perc=5}} [[Fayil:Caracara_Courtship_Display_(44541482574).jpg|thumb|Nuni na soyayya, a Texas. Maza, wanda ya ɗan karami, yana gefen hagu.]] Caracara mai siffar crested tana faruwa ne daga Tierra del Fuego a kudancin Amurka ta Kudu zuwa kudancin Amurka, Mexico, da Tsakiyar Amurka. Mutane da ke zaune a tsibirin Falkland suna rayuwa ne a tsaunukan Andean da kuma dazuzzukan da ke da danshi mai yawa, kamar dazuzzukan Amazon, inda aka takaita shi ga sassan da ba a buɗe ba a gefen manyan koguna. In ba haka ba, yana faruwa ne a kusan kowace mazaunin da aka buɗe ko kuma wanda ba a buɗe ba kuma galibi ana samunsa kusa da mutane. An yi rahotanni game da caracara mai ƙwanƙwasawa har zuwa arewacin [[San Francisco]], [[California]].<ref name="GGRO">{{Cite web |title=Rare Raptors |url=http://www.ggro.org/rare-raptors.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003132404/http://www.ggro.org/rare-raptors.html |archive-date=3 October 2009 |access-date=22 August 2009 |publisher=Golden Gate Raptor Observatory}}</ref> kuma, a cikin 2012, kusa da Crescent City, California.<ref name="prj_noah">{{Cite web |date=13 February 2012 |title=caracara sighting record |url=http://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/8974007 |website=Project Noah}}</ref> Wasu an yi imanin cewa suna zaune a Nova Scotia, tare da ganin abubuwa da yawa a cikin shekarun 2010. Wannan nau'in ya zama ruwan dare a tsakiyar da arewacin Texas kwanan nan kuma galibi yana da yawa a kudancin Texas da kuma kudancin iyakar Amurka. Ana iya samunsa (gida) a Kudancin Caribbean (misali Aruba, Curaçao da Bonaire), Mexico, da Tsakiyar Amurka. === A Florida === {{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara, John Paul Landing Park imported from iNaturalist photo 279587601.jpg|desired_width=250|align=right|caption=Showing a full [[crop (anatomy)|crop]], in Texas|crop_top_perc=10|crop_bottom_perc=25|crop_left_perc=20|crop_right_perc=20}}Florida gida ce ga yawan mutanen da ke arewacin arewacin da ke cikin lokacin ƙarshe, wanda ya ƙare a kusa da 12,500 BP. A wannan lokacin, Florida da sauran Gulf Coast an rufe su da itacen oak. Yayin da yanayin zafi ya karu, savanna tsakanin Florida da Texas ya ɓace.<ref name="relict">{{Cite web |title=Chapter VIII. Florida Relict Species |url=http://www.indianriverlagoonenvirothon.com/wildlife_resource/Chapter%20VIII.htm |access-date=23 January 2009 |website=Resource Guide |publisher=Indian River Lagoon Envirothon}}</ref> Caracaras sun sami damar rayuwa a cikin Filayen tsakiyar Florida da marshes tare da Kogin St. Johns. Cabbage palmettos wuri ne da aka fi so, kodayake suna kuma zama a kudancin bishiyoyin oak.<ref name="FWS">{{Cite web |title=Audubon's Crested Caracara |url=http://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/AudubonsCrestedCaracara.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205174850/https://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/AudubonsCrestedCaracara.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2021 |access-date=23 January 2009 |website=South Florida Ecological Services Office |publisher=[[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]]}}</ref> Tarihin su a kan tsibirin Florida na zamani ya haɗa da yankunan Okeechobee, Osceola, Highlands, Glades, Polk, Indian River, St. Lucie, Hardee, DeSoto, Brevard, Collier, da Martin. A halin yanzu sun fi yawa a cikin DeSoto, Glades, Hendry, Highlands, Okeechobee, da Osceola Counties.<ref name="FFWCC">{{Cite web |title=Species Profile: Crested Caracara |url=https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/birds/raptors-and-vultures/crested-caracara/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |publisher=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission}}</ref> An gan shi a Gilashin Gabas har zuwa gabashin Brevard County, Florida (Viera, Florida), inda yanzu ake la'akari da shi a matsayin mazaunin, amma an jera shi a matsayin barazanar. A watan Fabrairun 2023 an gano wani karamar karamar kararrawa a St, Johns County, Florida kuma The St. Johns County Audubon Society ta rubuta shi a shafin sada zumunta. === Gudanarwa === A watan Yulin 2016, mutane da yawa sun ba da rahoton wani caracara na arewacin yankin Michigan, kusa da Munising, kuma sun ɗauki hotonsa. A watan Yunin 2017, an ga wani caracara na arewacin arewa a St. George, New Brunswick, Kanada. An ɗauki wani samfurin a Woodstock, Vermont a watan Maris na 2020. == Bayyanawa == Caracara mai tsayi yana da jimlar tsawon 50-65 in) da fuka-fuki na 120-132 in). Nauyinsa shine 0.9-1.6 , matsakaicin {{Convert|1348|g|lb}} tsuntsaye bakwai daga Tierra del Fuego . Mutanen da suka fito daga yankin kudancin da ke cikin su sun fi girma fiye da waɗanda suka fito daga yankuna masu zafi (kamar yadda mulkin Bergmann ya annabta) kuma sune mafi girman nau'in caracara. A zahiri, su ne nau'in falcon na biyu mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar matsakaicin nauyin jiki, na biyu kawai ga Gyrfalcon.<ref name="CRC" /> Kwayar, ciki, cinya, mafi yawan fuka-fuki, da ƙarshen wutsiya suna da launin murfin kasa, auriculars (fuka-fukan da ke kewaye da kunne), makogwaro, da wuyan suna da fari-buff, kuma kirji, wuyan, mantle, baya, saman wutsiya, crissum (ƙashin wutsiya da ke ke kewaye le cloaca), da ɓangaren wutsiyar suna da fari mai duhu-buff. A cikin jirgin, Firamare na waje yana nuna babban fararen fararen fata ('window'), kamar yadda yake a wasu nau'ikan Caracaras da yawa. Ƙafafun suna da rawaya kuma fatar fuska da cere suna da launin rawaya zuwa ja-orange. (Launi na fuska na iya canzawa dangane da yanayin tsuntsu.) <ref name="peregrinefund.org">{{Cite web |title=Crested Caracara &#124; the Peregrine Fund |url=https://www.peregrinefund.org/explore-raptors-species/falcons/crested-caracara}}</ref> Yara suna kama da manya, amma sun fi launin shuɗi, tare da layi a kirji, wuyansa, da baya, ƙafafu masu launin toka, da fari, daga baya launin ruwan kasa-purple, fatar fuska da cere.<gallery mode="packed" heights="110"> Fayil:Caracara_plancus_MHNT_226_RdN_Malouines.jpg|Eggs, MHNT Fayil:Southern_crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus)_head_juvenile.JPG|Juvenile Fayil:Southern_crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus)_head_young_bird.JPG|Young adult Fayil:Southern_crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus)_head_adult.JPG|Adult Fayil:Caracara2.jpg|An adult and juvenile Fayil:Crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus_plancus)_Los_Glaciares.jpg|adult </gallery> == Halin == {{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara, Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz, Santa Fe, Argentina imported from iNaturalist photo 297801652.jpg|desired_width=250|align=right|caption=Catching a [[feral pigeon]], in Argentina|crop_left_perc=35}}baki mai ƙarfin zuciya, mai cin zarafi, ana ganin caracara mai tsayi sau da yawa yana tafiya a ƙasa yana neman abinci. Yawanci yana cin gawawwakin dabbobi da suka mutu, amma kuma yana satar abinci daga wasu raptors, yana kai hari kan [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] da dabbobi masu rarrafe <ref name="animaldiversity.org">{{Cite web |title=Caracara cheriway (Crested caracara) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Caracara_cheriway/ |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]]}}</ref> gidajen, kuma yana ɗaukar ganima mai rai idan yiwuwar ta taso; galibi wannan kwari ne ko wasu ƙananan ganima, kamar ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, ƙananan tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu ruwa da ruwa, [[kifi]], crabs, sauran shellfish, maggots, da tsutsotsi, <ref name="peregrinefund.org">{{Cite web |title=Crested Caracara &#124; the Peregrine Fund |url=https://www.peregrinefund.org/explore-raptors-species/falcons/crested-caracara}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.peregrinefund.org/explore-raptors-species/falcons/crested-caracara "Crested Caracara &#x7C; the Peregrine Fund"].</cite></ref> amma yana iya haɗawa da halittu har zuwa girman ƙwaro mai dusar ƙanƙara. Hakanan yana iya cin 'ya'yan itace. Yana da rinjaye a kan baƙar fata da turkey gaggafa a gawawwakin. Bugu da ƙari, yana kuma satar abinci daga gare su da buteos, da kuma daga pelicans masu launin ruwan kasa, ibises, da spoonbills, yana bi da kuma tayar da hankali har sai sun sake farfaɗowa ko kuma sun sauke abinci. Caracara mai siffar crested tana ɗaukar abincin da aka kashe da wuta, shanu, da kayan aikin noma. A yankin, har ma ta koyi bin jiragen ƙasa ko motoci don neman abinci da aka jefar. Yanayin wannan nau'in na dammar yana nufin cewa caracara mai siffar crested yana neman abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da abincinsa, misali gobarar daji da kuma zagayawa da ungulu. Yawanci yana kaɗaici ne, amma mutane da yawa na iya taruwa a babban tushen abinci (misali tarkace). Ana kiwo a Kudancin Hemisphere bazara/bazara a kudancin yankinsa, amma lokaci ba shi da tsauri a yankuna masu zafi. Gidan gida babban gini ne, wanda yawanci ake sanyawa a saman itace ko dabino, amma wani lokacin a ƙasa. Girman kama shine ƙwai biyu.<gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Caracara_Plancus_(Carancho)_2.jpg|Young adult, showing the distinctive light 'windows' in the wings Fayil:Crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus_plancus)_in_flight_Leona_Amarga.jpg|adult, showing wing upperside Fayil:Carcara.jpg|Being mobbed by a fork-tailed flycatcher Fayil:Crested_caracaras_(Caracara_plancus_plancus)_on_carcass_Torres_del_Paine.jpg|At a sheep carcass Fayil:Caracará_(Caracara_plancus).JPG|Walking along a beach, in Ilhabela, Brazil </gallery> [[Fayil:Black_vulture_and_crested_caracara_(1).jpg|thumb|Black vulture preining a crested caracara, a Texas]] Akwai lokuta da yawa da aka rubuta na baƙar fata da ke kusantar da kuma rufe caracaras. A kowane hali, halin da ba a saba gani ba ya fara ne da caracara yana sunkuyar da kansa, a cikin gayyatar da ta bayyana don yin amfani da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boies |first=Lori |last2=Tinacba |first2=Franchesca |last3=Shackleford |first3=Terry J. |date=2026-01-12 |title=Urban Green Spaces Set the Stage for Rare Interspecific Allopreening Between Crested Caracara ( Caracara plancus ) and Black Vultures ( Coragyps atratus ) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.72669 |journal=Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/ece3.72669 |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=12794025 |pmid=41531915}}</ref>{{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara eating a turtle (16935208046).jpg|desired_width=250|align=right|caption=Feeding on a [[terrapin]], in Texas|crop_bottom_perc=25|crop_right_perc=10}}A ko'ina cikin mafi yawan kewayonsa, faruwarsa ta zama ruwan dare gama gari. Wataƙila zai amfana daga yaduwar gandun daji a wurare masu zafi na Kudancin Amurka, don haka BirdLife International ta ɗauka ba ta da damuwa. == Yin farauta == A Florida, wasu matakan girma na macizai masu mamayewa na iya cinye caracaras masu tsayi kamar su Burmese pythons, reticulated pythons، Kudancin Afirka dutse pythons. == A cikin al'adu ==   masanin ilimin tsuntsaye na [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] Rafael Martín del Campo ya ba da shawarar cewa arewacin caracara mai yiwuwa shine "gwargwadon" mai tsarki wanda aka nuna a cikin codices na Aztec da yawa kafin Columbus, da kuma Codex na Florentine. An karɓi wannan hoton a matsayin Alamar ƙasa ta Mexico, amma ba tsuntsu ne da aka nuna a kan tutar ba, wanda shine gaggafa ta zinariya (''Aquila chrysaetos''), tsuntsu na ƙasa.<ref name="Gonzalez2004">{{Cite journal |last=González Block |first=Miguel A. |year=2004 |title=El Iztaccuahtli y el Águila Mexicana: ¿Cuauhtli o Águila Real? |url=http://www.arqueomex.com/S2N3nAGUILA70.html |journal=[[Arqueología Mexicana]] |language=es |volume=XII |issue=70 |pages=60–65 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216140206/http://arqueomex.com/S2N3nAGUILA70.html |archive-date=2009-02-16}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 78z4cnyh1yc8f7friqudf2s3sydsfdq 840269 840268 2026-05-26T11:45:22Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 840269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}₩ {{Speciesbox|image=Schopfkarakara.jpg|image_caption=An adult crested caracara in [[Serra da Canastra National Park]], Brazil|image_alt=An adult crested caracara perched on a rock|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Caracara plancus'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22733377A95058702 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22733377A95058702.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>|status2=G5|status2_system=TNC|status2_ref=<ref>{{cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1215996/Caracara_plancus |website=explorer.natureserve.org |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref>|genus=Caracara|species=plancus|authority=([[John Frederick Miller|Miller, JF]], 1777)|synonyms=''Polyborus plancus''|range_map=Caracara map.png}} ''Caracara'' mai laushi ('''''Caracara plancus''''') tsuntsu ne mai cin nama (raptor) a cikin dangin falcon, Falconidae . An sanya shi a cikin jinsin ''Polyborus'' kafin a ba shi a cikin nasa jinsin, Caracara . Yana da iyali kuma ana samunsa a kudanci da kudu maso gabashin Amurka, [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] (inda yake a kowace jihar) da kuma mafi yawan ƙasar Latin Amurka, da kuma wasu tsibirai na Caribbean. Caracara mai tsayi yana da sauƙin daidaitawa kuma yana da ƙarfi, ga nau'in da aka samo mafi yawa a cikin neotropics; ana iya samun shi a cikin mahalli da yanayin halittu, gami da yanayin hamada da hamada, yankunan teku ko na bakin teku, gandun daji na [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|subtropical]] da na wurare masu zafi, yankuna masu matsakaici, filayen, maras kyau, har ma a cikin birane. Rubuce-rubuce, ko da yake da wuya, abubuwan da aka gani sun faru har zuwa arewacin [[Minnesota]] da lardunan Kanada na Alberta, Ontario, da Prince Edward Island . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crested caracara (Caracara plancus) |first=Ontario sightings |date=2016 |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=6883&subview=map&taxon_id=4715}}</ref> Yankin kudancin rarrabawar caracara na iya kaiwa har zuwa Tierra del Fuego da Magallanes Region, [[Chile]]. == Magana == Kalmar "caracara" ta samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Tupi|Tsohon Tupi]] {{Lang|tpn|karakará}} . Ƙarin asalin ba shi da tabbas, amma ana zaton yana da onomatopoeic, yana kwaikwayon kiran tsuntsu. An kuma san Caracara mai ƙwanƙwasawa da [[Mikiya|gaggafa]] ta [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], <ref name="allaboutbirdsoverview">{{Cite web |title=Crested Caracara Overview, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Crested_Caracara/overview |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=allaboutbirds.org}}</ref> kodayake ba gaggafa ce ta gaskiya ba. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga wani tsari na 1960 na {{Interlanguage link|Rafael Martín del Campo|es}} [es], wanda ake zaton ya dogara ne akan nazarin hotunan kafin Conquest, cewa "tsuntsu a saman pear mai tsayi" wanda ke da alaƙa da kafa Tenochtitlan mai ban mamaki ne, kuma ba gaggafa mai zinariya ba (wanda ba abu ne mai ban mamaki a Mexico, musamman har zuwa kudu kamar Tenochtitalan) kamar yadda aka nuna a al'ada. Duk da haka, tun aƙalla nasarar Mutanen Espanya, gaggafa ta zinariya ta kasance tsuntsu da ba za a iya canzawa ba tare da labarin kafawa ba, wanda ke nunawa a cikin Alamar ƙasa mai zaman kanta ta Mexico da kuma kasancewa dabba ta ƙasa. === "Texan eagle" === 9Balduin Möllhausen, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus wanda ke tare da binciken jirgin ƙasa na 1853 (wanda Lt. Amiel Weeks Whipple ya jagoranta) daga Kogin Kanada zuwa California tare da layi na 35, ya ba da labarin lura da abin da ya kira "Texan Eagle", wanda, a cikin asusunsa, ya bayyana shi a matsayin ''Polyborus vulgaris'' na Audubon. Wannan gani ya faru ne a cikin Sans Bois Mountains a kudu maso gabashin Oklahoma . == Tarihin lissafi == A cikin shekara ta 1777, mai zane-zane na Ingilishi John Frederick Miller ya haɗa da farantin launi na hannu na ''Caracara'' a cikin Icones animalium et plantarum ("hotuna na duniya da dabba"). Ya kirkiro [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan binomial]] ''Falco plancus'' kuma ya ƙayyade nau'irin yankin a matsayin Tierra del Fuego . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=John Frederick Miller}}</ref> Takamaiman ma'anar plancus ''shinge'' [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] don "gwargwadon". Ana sanya caracara mai laushi a cikin jinsin Caracara (wanda masanin halitta na Jamus Blasius Merrem ya gabatar a 1826. <ref name="ioc">{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |title=Seriemas, falcons |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/falcons/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union}}</ref> An san nau'o'i biyu: <ref name="ioc">{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |title=Seriemas, falcons |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/falcons/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2023">[[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Gill, Frank]]; Donsker, David; [[Pamela Rasmussen|Rasmussen, Pamela]], eds. </cite></ref> * C. p. cheriway (Jacquin, 1784) - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] (Kudancin California, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=14&subview=map&taxon_id=1290157 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> [[Arizona]], [[Florida]], [[Louisiana]], [[Mexico]]" id="mwfw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="New Mexico">New Mexico, [[Texas]]), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=1&subview=map&taxon_id=1290157 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> Mexico (yana cikin kowace jihar), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=6793&subview=map&taxon_id=4712 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> [[Belize]], [[Salvador|El Salvador]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], [[Kolombiya|Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Ecuador]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], French Guiana, da arewacin Roraima, Brazil; <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=any&subview=map&taxon_id=1290157 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> Tsibirin Caribbean na [[Cuba]], Aruba, Guja da Roatán (Honduras), <ref name=":0" /> [[Trinidad]]; tsibirin Pacific Marías (Mexico) da Isla del Rey (Panamá). An ga kowane tsuntsu har zuwa arewacin [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] da Santa Cruz, California.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=418&subview=map&taxon_id=1290157 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> * C. p. plancus (Miller, JF, 1777) - SE [[Peru]], N [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] zuwa Gabashin Brazil, kudu zuwa Tierra del Fuego da Tsibirin Falkland. An riga an rarraba nau'in C. p. cheriway a matsayin nau'in daban, tare da sunan Ingilishi na yau da kullun na arewacin caracara.<ref name="ioc">{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |title=Seriemas, falcons |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/falcons/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2023">[[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Gill, Frank]]; Donsker, David; [[Pamela Rasmussen|Rasmussen, Pamela]], eds. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chesser |first=R.T. |last2=Billerman |first2=S.M. |last3=Burns |first3=K.J. |last4=Cicero |first4=C. |last5=Dunn |first5=J.L. |last6=Hernández-Baños |first6=B.E. |last7=Kratter |first7=A.W. |last8=Lovette |first8=I.J. |last9=Mason |first9=N.A. |last10=Rasmussen |first10=P.C. |last11=Remsen |first11=J.V.J. |last12=Stotz |first12=D.F. |last13=Winker |first13=K. |date=2021 |title=Sixty-second Supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds |journal=Ornithology |volume=138 |issue=ukab037 |doi=10.1093/ornithology/ukab037 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarraba da mazaunin == {{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara, Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina imported from iNaturalist photo 266331930.jpg|desired_width=250|caption=Crested caracaras with a [[black-chested buzzard-eagle]], in Argentina|crop_right_perc=30|crop_top_perc=25}}{{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara and American Black Vulture, Gallant Fox Road, Austin, Texas, USA 468881148.jpg|desired_width=250|caption=In conflict with a black vulture, in Texas|crop_left_perc=20|crop_right_perc=20|crop_top_perc=30|crop_bottom_perc=5}} [[Fayil:Caracara_Courtship_Display_(44541482574).jpg|thumb|Nuni na soyayya, a Texas. Maza, wanda ya ɗan karami, yana gefen hagu.]] Caracara mai siffar crested tana faruwa ne daga Tierra del Fuego a kudancin Amurka ta Kudu zuwa kudancin Amurka, Mexico, da Tsakiyar Amurka. Mutane da ke zaune a tsibirin Falkland suna rayuwa ne a tsaunukan Andean da kuma dazuzzukan da ke da danshi mai yawa, kamar dazuzzukan Amazon, inda aka takaita shi ga sassan da ba a buɗe ba a gefen manyan koguna. In ba haka ba, yana faruwa ne a kusan kowace mazaunin da aka buɗe ko kuma wanda ba a buɗe ba kuma galibi ana samunsa kusa da mutane. An yi rahotanni game da caracara mai ƙwanƙwasawa har zuwa arewacin [[San Francisco]], [[California]].<ref name="GGRO">{{Cite web |title=Rare Raptors |url=http://www.ggro.org/rare-raptors.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003132404/http://www.ggro.org/rare-raptors.html |archive-date=3 October 2009 |access-date=22 August 2009 |publisher=Golden Gate Raptor Observatory}}</ref> kuma, a cikin 2012, kusa da Crescent City, California.<ref name="prj_noah">{{Cite web |date=13 February 2012 |title=caracara sighting record |url=http://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/8974007 |website=Project Noah}}</ref> Wasu an yi imanin cewa suna zaune a Nova Scotia, tare da ganin abubuwa da yawa a cikin shekarun 2010. Wannan nau'in ya zama ruwan dare a tsakiyar da arewacin Texas kwanan nan kuma galibi yana da yawa a kudancin Texas da kuma kudancin iyakar Amurka. Ana iya samunsa (gida) a Kudancin Caribbean (misali Aruba, Curaçao da Bonaire), Mexico, da Tsakiyar Amurka. === A Florida === {{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara, John Paul Landing Park imported from iNaturalist photo 279587601.jpg|desired_width=250|align=right|caption=Showing a full [[crop (anatomy)|crop]], in Texas|crop_top_perc=10|crop_bottom_perc=25|crop_left_perc=20|crop_right_perc=20}}Florida gida ce ga yawan mutanen da ke arewacin arewacin da ke cikin lokacin ƙarshe, wanda ya ƙare a kusa da 12,500 BP. A wannan lokacin, Florida da sauran Gulf Coast an rufe su da itacen oak. Yayin da yanayin zafi ya karu, savanna tsakanin Florida da Texas ya ɓace.<ref name="relict">{{Cite web |title=Chapter VIII. Florida Relict Species |url=http://www.indianriverlagoonenvirothon.com/wildlife_resource/Chapter%20VIII.htm |access-date=23 January 2009 |website=Resource Guide |publisher=Indian River Lagoon Envirothon}}</ref> Caracaras sun sami damar rayuwa a cikin Filayen tsakiyar Florida da marshes tare da Kogin St. Johns. Cabbage palmettos wuri ne da aka fi so, kodayake suna kuma zama a kudancin bishiyoyin oak.<ref name="FWS">{{Cite web |title=Audubon's Crested Caracara |url=http://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/AudubonsCrestedCaracara.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205174850/https://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/AudubonsCrestedCaracara.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2021 |access-date=23 January 2009 |website=South Florida Ecological Services Office |publisher=[[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]]}}</ref> Tarihin su a kan tsibirin Florida na zamani ya haɗa da yankunan Okeechobee, Osceola, Highlands, Glades, Polk, Indian River, St. Lucie, Hardee, DeSoto, Brevard, Collier, da Martin. A halin yanzu sun fi yawa a cikin DeSoto, Glades, Hendry, Highlands, Okeechobee, da Osceola Counties.<ref name="FFWCC">{{Cite web |title=Species Profile: Crested Caracara |url=https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/birds/raptors-and-vultures/crested-caracara/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |publisher=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission}}</ref> An gan shi a Gilashin Gabas har zuwa gabashin Brevard County, Florida (Viera, Florida), inda yanzu ake la'akari da shi a matsayin mazaunin, amma an jera shi a matsayin barazanar. A watan Fabrairun 2023 an gano wani karamar karamar kararrawa a St, Johns County, Florida kuma The St. Johns County Audubon Society ta rubuta shi a shafin sada zumunta. === Gudanarwa === A watan Yulin 2016, mutane da yawa sun ba da rahoton wani caracara na arewacin yankin Michigan, kusa da Munising, kuma sun ɗauki hotonsa. A watan Yunin 2017, an ga wani caracara na arewacin arewa a St. George, New Brunswick, Kanada. An ɗauki wani samfurin a Woodstock, Vermont a watan Maris na 2020. == Bayyanawa == Caracara mai tsayi yana da jimlar tsawon 50-65 in) da fuka-fuki na 120-132 in). Nauyinsa shine 0.9-1.6 , matsakaicin {{Convert|1348|g|lb}} tsuntsaye bakwai daga Tierra del Fuego . Mutanen da suka fito daga yankin kudancin da ke cikin su sun fi girma fiye da waɗanda suka fito daga yankuna masu zafi (kamar yadda mulkin Bergmann ya annabta) kuma sune mafi girman nau'in caracara. A zahiri, su ne nau'in falcon na biyu mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar matsakaicin nauyin jiki, na biyu kawai ga Gyrfalcon.<ref name="CRC" /> Kwayar, ciki, cinya, mafi yawan fuka-fuki, da ƙarshen wutsiya suna da launin murfin kasa, auriculars (fuka-fukan da ke kewaye da kunne), makogwaro, da wuyan suna da fari-buff, kuma kirji, wuyan, mantle, baya, saman wutsiya, crissum (ƙashin wutsiya da ke ke kewaye le cloaca), da ɓangaren wutsiyar suna da fari mai duhu-buff. A cikin jirgin, Firamare na waje yana nuna babban fararen fararen fata ('window'), kamar yadda yake a wasu nau'ikan Caracaras da yawa. Ƙafafun suna da rawaya kuma fatar fuska da cere suna da launin rawaya zuwa ja-orange. (Launi na fuska na iya canzawa dangane da yanayin tsuntsu.) <ref name="peregrinefund.org">{{Cite web |title=Crested Caracara &#124; the Peregrine Fund |url=https://www.peregrinefund.org/explore-raptors-species/falcons/crested-caracara}}</ref> Yara suna kama da manya, amma sun fi launin shuɗi, tare da layi a kirji, wuyansa, da baya, ƙafafu masu launin toka, da fari, daga baya launin ruwan kasa-purple, fatar fuska da cere.<gallery mode="packed" heights="110"> Fayil:Caracara_plancus_MHNT_226_RdN_Malouines.jpg|Eggs, MHNT Fayil:Southern_crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus)_head_juvenile.JPG|Juvenile Fayil:Southern_crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus)_head_young_bird.JPG|Young adult Fayil:Southern_crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus)_head_adult.JPG|Adult Fayil:Caracara2.jpg|An adult and juvenile Fayil:Crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus_plancus)_Los_Glaciares.jpg|adult </gallery> == Halin == {{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara, Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz, Santa Fe, Argentina imported from iNaturalist photo 297801652.jpg|desired_width=250|align=right|caption=Catching a [[feral pigeon]], in Argentina|crop_left_perc=35}}baki mai ƙarfin zuciya, mai cin zarafi, ana ganin caracara mai tsayi sau da yawa yana tafiya a ƙasa yana neman abinci. Yawanci yana cin gawawwakin dabbobi da suka mutu, amma kuma yana satar abinci daga wasu raptors, yana kai hari kan [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] da dabbobi masu rarrafe <ref name="animaldiversity.org">{{Cite web |title=Caracara cheriway (Crested caracara) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Caracara_cheriway/ |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]]}}</ref> gidajen, kuma yana ɗaukar ganima mai rai idan yiwuwar ta taso; galibi wannan kwari ne ko wasu ƙananan ganima, kamar ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, ƙananan tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu ruwa da ruwa, [[kifi]], crabs, sauran shellfish, maggots, da tsutsotsi, <ref name="peregrinefund.org">{{Cite web |title=Crested Caracara &#124; the Peregrine Fund |url=https://www.peregrinefund.org/explore-raptors-species/falcons/crested-caracara}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.peregrinefund.org/explore-raptors-species/falcons/crested-caracara "Crested Caracara &#x7C; the Peregrine Fund"].</cite></ref> amma yana iya haɗawa da halittu har zuwa girman ƙwaro mai dusar ƙanƙara. Hakanan yana iya cin 'ya'yan itace. Yana da rinjaye a kan baƙar fata da turkey gaggafa a gawawwakin. Bugu da ƙari, yana kuma satar abinci daga gare su da buteos, da kuma daga pelicans masu launin ruwan kasa, ibises, da spoonbills, yana bi da kuma tayar da hankali har sai sun sake farfaɗowa ko kuma sun sauke abinci. Caracara mai siffar crested tana ɗaukar abincin da aka kashe da wuta, shanu, da kayan aikin noma. A yankin, har ma ta koyi bin jiragen ƙasa ko motoci don neman abinci da aka jefar. Yanayin wannan nau'in na dammar yana nufin cewa caracara mai siffar crested yana neman abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da abincinsa, misali gobarar daji da kuma zagayawa da ungulu. Yawanci yana kaɗaici ne, amma mutane da yawa na iya taruwa a babban tushen abinci (misali tarkace). Ana kiwo a Kudancin Hemisphere bazara/bazara a kudancin yankinsa, amma lokaci ba shi da tsauri a yankuna masu zafi. Gidan gida babban gini ne, wanda yawanci ake sanyawa a saman itace ko dabino, amma wani lokacin a ƙasa. Girman kama shine ƙwai biyu.<gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Caracara_Plancus_(Carancho)_2.jpg|Young adult, showing the distinctive light 'windows' in the wings Fayil:Crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus_plancus)_in_flight_Leona_Amarga.jpg|adult, showing wing upperside Fayil:Carcara.jpg|Being mobbed by a fork-tailed flycatcher Fayil:Crested_caracaras_(Caracara_plancus_plancus)_on_carcass_Torres_del_Paine.jpg|At a sheep carcass Fayil:Caracará_(Caracara_plancus).JPG|Walking along a beach, in Ilhabela, Brazil </gallery> [[Fayil:Black_vulture_and_crested_caracara_(1).jpg|thumb|Black vulture preining a crested caracara, a Texas]] Akwai lokuta da yawa da aka rubuta na baƙar fata da ke kusantar da kuma rufe caracaras. A kowane hali, halin da ba a saba gani ba ya fara ne da caracara yana sunkuyar da kansa, a cikin gayyatar da ta bayyana don yin amfani da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boies |first=Lori |last2=Tinacba |first2=Franchesca |last3=Shackleford |first3=Terry J. |date=2026-01-12 |title=Urban Green Spaces Set the Stage for Rare Interspecific Allopreening Between Crested Caracara ( Caracara plancus ) and Black Vultures ( Coragyps atratus ) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.72669 |journal=Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/ece3.72669 |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=12794025 |pmid=41531915}}</ref>{{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara eating a turtle (16935208046).jpg|desired_width=250|align=right|caption=Feeding on a [[terrapin]], in Texas|crop_bottom_perc=25|crop_right_perc=10}}A ko'ina cikin mafi yawan kewayonsa, faruwarsa ta zama ruwan dare gama gari. Wataƙila zai amfana daga yaduwar gandun daji a wurare masu zafi na Kudancin Amurka, don haka BirdLife International ta ɗauka ba ta da damuwa. == Yin farauta == A Florida, wasu matakan girma na macizai masu mamayewa na iya cinye caracaras masu tsayi kamar su Burmese pythons, reticulated pythons، Kudancin Afirka dutse pythons. == A cikin al'adu ==   masanin ilimin tsuntsaye na [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] Rafael Martín del Campo ya ba da shawarar cewa arewacin caracara mai yiwuwa shine "gwargwadon" mai tsarki wanda aka nuna a cikin codices na Aztec da yawa kafin Columbus, da kuma Codex na Florentine. An karɓi wannan hoton a matsayin Alamar ƙasa ta Mexico, amma ba tsuntsu ne da aka nuna a kan tutar ba, wanda shine gaggafa ta zinariya (''Aquila chrysaetos''), tsuntsu na ƙasa.<ref name="Gonzalez2004">{{Cite journal |last=González Block |first=Miguel A. |year=2004 |title=El Iztaccuahtli y el Águila Mexicana: ¿Cuauhtli o Águila Real? |url=http://www.arqueomex.com/S2N3nAGUILA70.html |journal=[[Arqueología Mexicana]] |language=es |volume=XII |issue=70 |pages=60–65 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216140206/http://arqueomex.com/S2N3nAGUILA70.html |archive-date=2009-02-16}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7l5fhjevvg35a7jl7mb2msh2f6rrekk 840270 840269 2026-05-26T11:46:00Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 840270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''Caracara'' mai laushi ('''''Caracara plancus''''') tsuntsu ne mai cin nama (raptor) a cikin dangin falcon, Falconidae . An sanya shi a cikin jinsin ''Polyborus'' kafin a ba shi a cikin nasa jinsin, Caracara . Yana da iyali kuma ana samunsa a kudanci da kudu maso gabashin Amurka, [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] (inda yake a kowace jihar) da kuma mafi yawan ƙasar Latin Amurka, da kuma wasu tsibirai na Caribbean. Caracara mai tsayi yana da sauƙin daidaitawa kuma yana da ƙarfi, ga nau'in da aka samo mafi yawa a cikin neotropics; ana iya samun shi a cikin mahalli da yanayin halittu, gami da yanayin hamada da hamada, yankunan teku ko na bakin teku, gandun daji na [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|subtropical]] da na wurare masu zafi, yankuna masu matsakaici, filayen, maras kyau, har ma a cikin birane. Rubuce-rubuce, ko da yake da wuya, abubuwan da aka gani sun faru har zuwa arewacin [[Minnesota]] da lardunan Kanada na Alberta, Ontario, da Prince Edward Island . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crested caracara (Caracara plancus) |first=Ontario sightings |date=2016 |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=6883&subview=map&taxon_id=4715}}</ref> Yankin kudancin rarrabawar caracara na iya kaiwa har zuwa Tierra del Fuego da Magallanes Region, [[Chile]]. == Magana == Kalmar "caracara" ta samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Tupi|Tsohon Tupi]] {{Lang|tpn|karakará}} . Ƙarin asalin ba shi da tabbas, amma ana zaton yana da onomatopoeic, yana kwaikwayon kiran tsuntsu. An kuma san Caracara mai ƙwanƙwasawa da [[Mikiya|gaggafa]] ta [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], <ref name="allaboutbirdsoverview">{{Cite web |title=Crested Caracara Overview, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Crested_Caracara/overview |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=allaboutbirds.org}}</ref> kodayake ba gaggafa ce ta gaskiya ba. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga wani tsari na 1960 na {{Interlanguage link|Rafael Martín del Campo|es}} [es], wanda ake zaton ya dogara ne akan nazarin hotunan kafin Conquest, cewa "tsuntsu a saman pear mai tsayi" wanda ke da alaƙa da kafa Tenochtitlan mai ban mamaki ne, kuma ba gaggafa mai zinariya ba (wanda ba abu ne mai ban mamaki a Mexico, musamman har zuwa kudu kamar Tenochtitalan) kamar yadda aka nuna a al'ada. Duk da haka, tun aƙalla nasarar Mutanen Espanya, gaggafa ta zinariya ta kasance tsuntsu da ba za a iya canzawa ba tare da labarin kafawa ba, wanda ke nunawa a cikin Alamar ƙasa mai zaman kanta ta Mexico da kuma kasancewa dabba ta ƙasa. === "Texan eagle" === 9Balduin Möllhausen, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus wanda ke tare da binciken jirgin ƙasa na 1853 (wanda Lt. Amiel Weeks Whipple ya jagoranta) daga Kogin Kanada zuwa California tare da layi na 35, ya ba da labarin lura da abin da ya kira "Texan Eagle", wanda, a cikin asusunsa, ya bayyana shi a matsayin ''Polyborus vulgaris'' na Audubon. Wannan gani ya faru ne a cikin Sans Bois Mountains a kudu maso gabashin Oklahoma . == Tarihin lissafi == A cikin shekara ta 1777, mai zane-zane na Ingilishi John Frederick Miller ya haɗa da farantin launi na hannu na ''Caracara'' a cikin Icones animalium et plantarum ("hotuna na duniya da dabba"). Ya kirkiro [[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan binomial]] ''Falco plancus'' kuma ya ƙayyade nau'irin yankin a matsayin Tierra del Fuego . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=John Frederick Miller}}</ref> Takamaiman ma'anar plancus ''shinge'' [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] don "gwargwadon". Ana sanya caracara mai laushi a cikin jinsin Caracara (wanda masanin halitta na Jamus Blasius Merrem ya gabatar a 1826. <ref name="ioc">{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |title=Seriemas, falcons |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/falcons/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union}}</ref> An san nau'o'i biyu: <ref name="ioc">{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |title=Seriemas, falcons |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/falcons/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2023">[[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Gill, Frank]]; Donsker, David; [[Pamela Rasmussen|Rasmussen, Pamela]], eds. </cite></ref> * C. p. cheriway (Jacquin, 1784) - [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] (Kudancin California, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=14&subview=map&taxon_id=1290157 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> [[Arizona]], [[Florida]], [[Louisiana]], [[Mexico]]" id="mwfw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="New Mexico">New Mexico, [[Texas]]), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=1&subview=map&taxon_id=1290157 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> Mexico (yana cikin kowace jihar), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=6793&subview=map&taxon_id=4712 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> [[Belize]], [[Salvador|El Salvador]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], [[Kolombiya|Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Ecuador]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], French Guiana, da arewacin Roraima, Brazil; <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=any&subview=map&taxon_id=1290157 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> Tsibirin Caribbean na [[Cuba]], Aruba, Guja da Roatán (Honduras), <ref name=":0" /> [[Trinidad]]; tsibirin Pacific Marías (Mexico) da Isla del Rey (Panamá). An ga kowane tsuntsu har zuwa arewacin [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] da Santa Cruz, California.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observations • iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=418&subview=map&taxon_id=1290157 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[iNaturalist]]}}</ref> * C. p. plancus (Miller, JF, 1777) - SE [[Peru]], N [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] zuwa Gabashin Brazil, kudu zuwa Tierra del Fuego da Tsibirin Falkland. An riga an rarraba nau'in C. p. cheriway a matsayin nau'in daban, tare da sunan Ingilishi na yau da kullun na arewacin caracara.<ref name="ioc">{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |title=Seriemas, falcons |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/falcons/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGillDonskerRasmussen2023">[[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Gill, Frank]]; Donsker, David; [[Pamela Rasmussen|Rasmussen, Pamela]], eds. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chesser |first=R.T. |last2=Billerman |first2=S.M. |last3=Burns |first3=K.J. |last4=Cicero |first4=C. |last5=Dunn |first5=J.L. |last6=Hernández-Baños |first6=B.E. |last7=Kratter |first7=A.W. |last8=Lovette |first8=I.J. |last9=Mason |first9=N.A. |last10=Rasmussen |first10=P.C. |last11=Remsen |first11=J.V.J. |last12=Stotz |first12=D.F. |last13=Winker |first13=K. |date=2021 |title=Sixty-second Supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds |journal=Ornithology |volume=138 |issue=ukab037 |doi=10.1093/ornithology/ukab037 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rarraba da mazaunin == {{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara, Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina imported from iNaturalist photo 266331930.jpg|desired_width=250|caption=Crested caracaras with a [[black-chested buzzard-eagle]], in Argentina|crop_right_perc=30|crop_top_perc=25}}{{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara and American Black Vulture, Gallant Fox Road, Austin, Texas, USA 468881148.jpg|desired_width=250|caption=In conflict with a black vulture, in Texas|crop_left_perc=20|crop_right_perc=20|crop_top_perc=30|crop_bottom_perc=5}} [[Fayil:Caracara_Courtship_Display_(44541482574).jpg|thumb|Nuni na soyayya, a Texas. Maza, wanda ya ɗan karami, yana gefen hagu.]] Caracara mai siffar crested tana faruwa ne daga Tierra del Fuego a kudancin Amurka ta Kudu zuwa kudancin Amurka, Mexico, da Tsakiyar Amurka. Mutane da ke zaune a tsibirin Falkland suna rayuwa ne a tsaunukan Andean da kuma dazuzzukan da ke da danshi mai yawa, kamar dazuzzukan Amazon, inda aka takaita shi ga sassan da ba a buɗe ba a gefen manyan koguna. In ba haka ba, yana faruwa ne a kusan kowace mazaunin da aka buɗe ko kuma wanda ba a buɗe ba kuma galibi ana samunsa kusa da mutane. An yi rahotanni game da caracara mai ƙwanƙwasawa har zuwa arewacin [[San Francisco]], [[California]].<ref name="GGRO">{{Cite web |title=Rare Raptors |url=http://www.ggro.org/rare-raptors.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003132404/http://www.ggro.org/rare-raptors.html |archive-date=3 October 2009 |access-date=22 August 2009 |publisher=Golden Gate Raptor Observatory}}</ref> kuma, a cikin 2012, kusa da Crescent City, California.<ref name="prj_noah">{{Cite web |date=13 February 2012 |title=caracara sighting record |url=http://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/8974007 |website=Project Noah}}</ref> Wasu an yi imanin cewa suna zaune a Nova Scotia, tare da ganin abubuwa da yawa a cikin shekarun 2010. Wannan nau'in ya zama ruwan dare a tsakiyar da arewacin Texas kwanan nan kuma galibi yana da yawa a kudancin Texas da kuma kudancin iyakar Amurka. Ana iya samunsa (gida) a Kudancin Caribbean (misali Aruba, Curaçao da Bonaire), Mexico, da Tsakiyar Amurka. === A Florida === {{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara, John Paul Landing Park imported from iNaturalist photo 279587601.jpg|desired_width=250|align=right|caption=Showing a full [[crop (anatomy)|crop]], in Texas|crop_top_perc=10|crop_bottom_perc=25|crop_left_perc=20|crop_right_perc=20}}Florida gida ce ga yawan mutanen da ke arewacin arewacin da ke cikin lokacin ƙarshe, wanda ya ƙare a kusa da 12,500 BP. A wannan lokacin, Florida da sauran Gulf Coast an rufe su da itacen oak. Yayin da yanayin zafi ya karu, savanna tsakanin Florida da Texas ya ɓace.<ref name="relict">{{Cite web |title=Chapter VIII. Florida Relict Species |url=http://www.indianriverlagoonenvirothon.com/wildlife_resource/Chapter%20VIII.htm |access-date=23 January 2009 |website=Resource Guide |publisher=Indian River Lagoon Envirothon}}</ref> Caracaras sun sami damar rayuwa a cikin Filayen tsakiyar Florida da marshes tare da Kogin St. Johns. Cabbage palmettos wuri ne da aka fi so, kodayake suna kuma zama a kudancin bishiyoyin oak.<ref name="FWS">{{Cite web |title=Audubon's Crested Caracara |url=http://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/AudubonsCrestedCaracara.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205174850/https://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/AudubonsCrestedCaracara.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2021 |access-date=23 January 2009 |website=South Florida Ecological Services Office |publisher=[[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]]}}</ref> Tarihin su a kan tsibirin Florida na zamani ya haɗa da yankunan Okeechobee, Osceola, Highlands, Glades, Polk, Indian River, St. Lucie, Hardee, DeSoto, Brevard, Collier, da Martin. A halin yanzu sun fi yawa a cikin DeSoto, Glades, Hendry, Highlands, Okeechobee, da Osceola Counties.<ref name="FFWCC">{{Cite web |title=Species Profile: Crested Caracara |url=https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/birds/raptors-and-vultures/crested-caracara/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |publisher=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission}}</ref> An gan shi a Gilashin Gabas har zuwa gabashin Brevard County, Florida (Viera, Florida), inda yanzu ake la'akari da shi a matsayin mazaunin, amma an jera shi a matsayin barazanar. A watan Fabrairun 2023 an gano wani karamar karamar kararrawa a St, Johns County, Florida kuma The St. Johns County Audubon Society ta rubuta shi a shafin sada zumunta. === Gudanarwa === A watan Yulin 2016, mutane da yawa sun ba da rahoton wani caracara na arewacin yankin Michigan, kusa da Munising, kuma sun ɗauki hotonsa. A watan Yunin 2017, an ga wani caracara na arewacin arewa a St. George, New Brunswick, Kanada. An ɗauki wani samfurin a Woodstock, Vermont a watan Maris na 2020. == Bayyanawa == Caracara mai tsayi yana da jimlar tsawon 50-65 in) da fuka-fuki na 120-132 in). Nauyinsa shine 0.9-1.6 , matsakaicin {{Convert|1348|g|lb}} tsuntsaye bakwai daga Tierra del Fuego . Mutanen da suka fito daga yankin kudancin da ke cikin su sun fi girma fiye da waɗanda suka fito daga yankuna masu zafi (kamar yadda mulkin Bergmann ya annabta) kuma sune mafi girman nau'in caracara. A zahiri, su ne nau'in falcon na biyu mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar matsakaicin nauyin jiki, na biyu kawai ga Gyrfalcon.<ref name="CRC" /> Kwayar, ciki, cinya, mafi yawan fuka-fuki, da ƙarshen wutsiya suna da launin murfin kasa, auriculars (fuka-fukan da ke kewaye da kunne), makogwaro, da wuyan suna da fari-buff, kuma kirji, wuyan, mantle, baya, saman wutsiya, crissum (ƙashin wutsiya da ke ke kewaye le cloaca), da ɓangaren wutsiyar suna da fari mai duhu-buff. A cikin jirgin, Firamare na waje yana nuna babban fararen fararen fata ('window'), kamar yadda yake a wasu nau'ikan Caracaras da yawa. Ƙafafun suna da rawaya kuma fatar fuska da cere suna da launin rawaya zuwa ja-orange. (Launi na fuska na iya canzawa dangane da yanayin tsuntsu.) <ref name="peregrinefund.org">{{Cite web |title=Crested Caracara &#124; the Peregrine Fund |url=https://www.peregrinefund.org/explore-raptors-species/falcons/crested-caracara}}</ref> Yara suna kama da manya, amma sun fi launin shuɗi, tare da layi a kirji, wuyansa, da baya, ƙafafu masu launin toka, da fari, daga baya launin ruwan kasa-purple, fatar fuska da cere.<gallery mode="packed" heights="110"> Fayil:Caracara_plancus_MHNT_226_RdN_Malouines.jpg|Eggs, MHNT Fayil:Southern_crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus)_head_juvenile.JPG|Juvenile Fayil:Southern_crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus)_head_young_bird.JPG|Young adult Fayil:Southern_crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus)_head_adult.JPG|Adult Fayil:Caracara2.jpg|An adult and juvenile Fayil:Crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus_plancus)_Los_Glaciares.jpg|adult </gallery> == Halin == {{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara, Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz, Santa Fe, Argentina imported from iNaturalist photo 297801652.jpg|desired_width=250|align=right|caption=Catching a [[feral pigeon]], in Argentina|crop_left_perc=35}}baki mai ƙarfin zuciya, mai cin zarafi, ana ganin caracara mai tsayi sau da yawa yana tafiya a ƙasa yana neman abinci. Yawanci yana cin gawawwakin dabbobi da suka mutu, amma kuma yana satar abinci daga wasu raptors, yana kai hari kan [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] da dabbobi masu rarrafe <ref name="animaldiversity.org">{{Cite web |title=Caracara cheriway (Crested caracara) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Caracara_cheriway/ |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]]}}</ref> gidajen, kuma yana ɗaukar ganima mai rai idan yiwuwar ta taso; galibi wannan kwari ne ko wasu ƙananan ganima, kamar ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, ƙananan tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu ruwa da ruwa, [[kifi]], crabs, sauran shellfish, maggots, da tsutsotsi, <ref name="peregrinefund.org">{{Cite web |title=Crested Caracara &#124; the Peregrine Fund |url=https://www.peregrinefund.org/explore-raptors-species/falcons/crested-caracara}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.peregrinefund.org/explore-raptors-species/falcons/crested-caracara "Crested Caracara &#x7C; the Peregrine Fund"].</cite></ref> amma yana iya haɗawa da halittu har zuwa girman ƙwaro mai dusar ƙanƙara. Hakanan yana iya cin 'ya'yan itace. Yana da rinjaye a kan baƙar fata da turkey gaggafa a gawawwakin. Bugu da ƙari, yana kuma satar abinci daga gare su da buteos, da kuma daga pelicans masu launin ruwan kasa, ibises, da spoonbills, yana bi da kuma tayar da hankali har sai sun sake farfaɗowa ko kuma sun sauke abinci. Caracara mai siffar crested tana ɗaukar abincin da aka kashe da wuta, shanu, da kayan aikin noma. A yankin, har ma ta koyi bin jiragen ƙasa ko motoci don neman abinci da aka jefar. Yanayin wannan nau'in na dammar yana nufin cewa caracara mai siffar crested yana neman abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da abincinsa, misali gobarar daji da kuma zagayawa da ungulu. Yawanci yana kaɗaici ne, amma mutane da yawa na iya taruwa a babban tushen abinci (misali tarkace). Ana kiwo a Kudancin Hemisphere bazara/bazara a kudancin yankinsa, amma lokaci ba shi da tsauri a yankuna masu zafi. Gidan gida babban gini ne, wanda yawanci ake sanyawa a saman itace ko dabino, amma wani lokacin a ƙasa. Girman kama shine ƙwai biyu.<gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:Caracara_Plancus_(Carancho)_2.jpg|Young adult, showing the distinctive light 'windows' in the wings Fayil:Crested_caracara_(Caracara_plancus_plancus)_in_flight_Leona_Amarga.jpg|adult, showing wing upperside Fayil:Carcara.jpg|Being mobbed by a fork-tailed flycatcher Fayil:Crested_caracaras_(Caracara_plancus_plancus)_on_carcass_Torres_del_Paine.jpg|At a sheep carcass Fayil:Caracará_(Caracara_plancus).JPG|Walking along a beach, in Ilhabela, Brazil </gallery> [[Fayil:Black_vulture_and_crested_caracara_(1).jpg|thumb|Black vulture preining a crested caracara, a Texas]] Akwai lokuta da yawa da aka rubuta na baƙar fata da ke kusantar da kuma rufe caracaras. A kowane hali, halin da ba a saba gani ba ya fara ne da caracara yana sunkuyar da kansa, a cikin gayyatar da ta bayyana don yin amfani da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boies |first=Lori |last2=Tinacba |first2=Franchesca |last3=Shackleford |first3=Terry J. |date=2026-01-12 |title=Urban Green Spaces Set the Stage for Rare Interspecific Allopreening Between Crested Caracara ( Caracara plancus ) and Black Vultures ( Coragyps atratus ) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.72669 |journal=Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=16 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/ece3.72669 |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=12794025 |pmid=41531915}}</ref>{{Easy CSS image crop|Image=Crested Caracara eating a turtle (16935208046).jpg|desired_width=250|align=right|caption=Feeding on a [[terrapin]], in Texas|crop_bottom_perc=25|crop_right_perc=10}}A ko'ina cikin mafi yawan kewayonsa, faruwarsa ta zama ruwan dare gama gari. Wataƙila zai amfana daga yaduwar gandun daji a wurare masu zafi na Kudancin Amurka, don haka BirdLife International ta ɗauka ba ta da damuwa. == Yin farauta == A Florida, wasu matakan girma na macizai masu mamayewa na iya cinye caracaras masu tsayi kamar su Burmese pythons, reticulated pythons، Kudancin Afirka dutse pythons. == A cikin al'adu ==   masanin ilimin tsuntsaye na [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] Rafael Martín del Campo ya ba da shawarar cewa arewacin caracara mai yiwuwa shine "gwargwadon" mai tsarki wanda aka nuna a cikin codices na Aztec da yawa kafin Columbus, da kuma Codex na Florentine. An karɓi wannan hoton a matsayin Alamar ƙasa ta Mexico, amma ba tsuntsu ne da aka nuna a kan tutar ba, wanda shine gaggafa ta zinariya (''Aquila chrysaetos''), tsuntsu na ƙasa.<ref name="Gonzalez2004">{{Cite journal |last=González Block |first=Miguel A. |year=2004 |title=El Iztaccuahtli y el Águila Mexicana: ¿Cuauhtli o Águila Real? |url=http://www.arqueomex.com/S2N3nAGUILA70.html |journal=[[Arqueología Mexicana]] |language=es |volume=XII |issue=70 |pages=60–65 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216140206/http://arqueomex.com/S2N3nAGUILA70.html |archive-date=2009-02-16}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t4jl89a4qlw2q2775iipio8369fwxvj