Raƙumi

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[[File:Camel seitlich trabend.jpg|thumb|240px|Raƙumi]]
[[File:Camels in Jordan valley (4568207363).jpg|thumb|Raƙumma sunyi layi suna tafiya]]
[[Fayil:Egyptian camel transport3.jpg|thumb|Rakumman masar]]
[[Fayil:Camel Farm in Mongolia 02.jpg|thumb|rakumin gona]]
[[Fayil:20191215 Camel-drawn carts, Pushkar 1207 8771.jpg|thumb|Keken rakumi]]
[[Fayil:Camels Journey.jpg|thumb|rakumman tafiya]]


[[Fayil:Caravan in the desert.jpg|thumb|buzaye kenam yayin tafiye tafiyen dasukeyi]]
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Bilma-Salzkarawane1.jpg|thumb|200px| [[Raƙumi]] a afirka.]]

[[File:Camelmomandbaby.jpg|thumb|150px|Raƙumi]]

'''Raƙumi''' dai wata halitta ce daga cikin dabbobin da Allah maɗaukakin Sarki ya halitta bisa hikima da ikonsa. Babu shakka akwai ayoyi da hikimomi masu yawa tattare da irin tsari na musamman da Allah ya keɓanci raƙumi da su. Kuma ya halicci raƙumi da su ne, domin su zamo ayoyi abin lura ga ma'abota hankali.
[[Fayil:07. Camel Profile, near Silverton, NSW, 07.07.2007.jpg|thumb|Rakumi kusa da Silverton]]
[[Fayil:Camel in desert.JPG|thumb|rakumi a sahara]]
[[Fayil:Haryana camel with patterns.jpg|thumb|Rakumi da sarka]]
[[Fayil:The camel corps at Beersheba2.jpg|thumb|jeren rakumma]]
Kasancewa akwai zafi mai tsananin gaske a [[hamada]], wanda ba duka halittu za su iya jurewa ba. Sannan kuma akwai ƙura haɗe da yashi da take tashi koda yaushe, wadda take rufe duk wata halitta da ta ci karo da ita. Ga babbar halitta kuma ƙurar takan sa wahalar nunfashi da shaƙar iska. Idan ka ɗauke ƙananan halittu dangin su [[kadangare]], raƙumi shi ne kaɗai wata ƙatuwar halitta da take iya rayuwa a cikin [[hamada]]. Kuma mahaliccin raƙumi ya halicce shi ne musamman domin ya rayu a cikin [[hamada]], ya kuma zama mai hidima ga al'ummar dake rayuwa a wannan ɓangare.
[[Fayil:Carmels.jpg|thumb|Rakumma]]
[[Fayil:Un groupe de dromadaire dans le desert tunisien.jpg|thumb|rakumi a sahara]]
Abu mafi muhimmanci da aka fi buƙata a [[hamada]] shi ne [[ruwa]], domin a yi maganin ƙishirwa, amma kuma abu ne mai wahalar gaske a samu ruwa a [[hamada]]. Kuma ba abu ne mai yiwuwa ba, a samu wani abinci a cikin yashin [[hamada]]. Hakan na nufin kenan duk wata [[dabba]] da za ta rayu a [[hamada]], ya zama wajibi ta zamanto tana da wata kariya daga jin ƙishirwa da kuma yunwa. Babu shakka haka abin yake ga raƙumi, domin babu wata [[dabba]] da ta fi shi jure ƙishirwa da yunwa.

Raƙumi zai iya rayuwa har na tsawon ƙwana takwas ba tare da ci ko sha ba. Don haka kum, idan raƙumi ya samu inda zai sha ruwa, kasancewar yana da matuƙar buƙatarsa, sai ya sha ya kuma ajiye wani ruwan a cikinsa. Raƙumi yakan iya shan ruwan da kuma ya kai ɗaya bisa uku na girmansa a cikin minti goma kacal, wato kwatankwacin galan 30 kenan.

Tozon raƙumi kuwa na tattare da kitsen da ya kai kilo 40. Godiya ta tabbata ga wanda ya halicci tozon raƙumi, yadda zai sa raƙumi ya yi ƙwanan da kwanaki a cikin [[hamada]] ba tare da cin abinci ba.

Mafiya yawan dangogin abinci da ake samu a [[hamada]] [[busassu]] ne, kuma masu tauri, amma duk da haka, an tsara halittar kayan cikin raƙumi yadda za su iya narkar da kusan duk wasu nau'o'in abinci da ake samu a [[hamada]], komai taurinsa kuwa. Mahaliccin rakumi ya halittar masa waɗansu irin haƙora yadda za su dace da abincinsa. 

Babu shakka ƙurar hamada na daga cikin gararin da halittun da ke ratsa [[hamada]] ke fama da ita, saboda tana shigar masu ido, ta kuma hana su shaƙar iska yadda ya kamata. Amma mahaliccin raƙumi ya halitta masa wata fata daga saman idonsa kamar gilashi, wadda take sakkowa yayin da iskar [[hamada]] ta taso, sai ta zama kariya ga idon. Sannan ga kuma dogon gashin ido mai kauri da yake hana tsakuwoyin yashin hamada isa ga idon raƙumin.

Har ila yau, an tsara halittar hancin raƙumi yadda idan iska mai yashi ta taso zai iya manne ƙofofin hancinsa, ya riƙa shaƙar iska ta wata ‘yar kafa ta musamman mai cike da kariya, yadda babu wani yashin [[hamada]] da zai shiga cikinsa.

Ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin da abubuwan hawa ke fuskanta yayin ratsa [[hamada]] shi ne kafewa a cikin yashi. Amma irin wannan haɗari bai taɓa faruwa ga raƙumi ba, koda kuwa yana ɗauke da labtun kaya, saboda an kuma halicci ƙafafuwan raƙumi ne musamman saboda ratsa [[hamada]]. Kasancewar kofaton raƙumi yana da wani maganaɗisu da baya barinsa ya kafe cikin yashi, saboda kofaton yana aiki ne kamar takalmin da Bature yake amfani da shi idan zai ratsa ta cikin dusar ƙanƙara. Sannan kuma doguwar ƙafarsa ta nisanta shi da tiririn zafin yashin [[hamada]]. 

Jikinsa kuma na rufe shi da wata fata ta musamman, wadda take iya kare shi daga zafin rana ko kuma zafin yashi a lokacin da yake kwance. Wanna tsari na halittar raƙumi, shi ne abin da ya fito da halittar raƙumi fili, a matsayin wata cikakkiyar halitta.


Bari mu yi wa mai karatu wata tunatarwa ta musamman dangane da ɓangarorin halittar raƙumi da muka bayyana;


* Cikakken tsarin da ya ba shi ikon jure ƙishirwa. 
* Tozonsa da ya ba shi ikon jure yunwa. 
* Ƙafafuwansa da suka ba shi damar tafiya salin-alin cikin hamada.
* Fatar kariya ta ido da take kare shi daga iskar hamada.
* Gashin idonsa da yake kare idon daga tsakuwoyin yashin hamada. 
* Hancinsa da aka halitta da wata kariyar yashi ta musamman. 
* Tsarin bakinsa da ya ba shi ikon cin duk wani abinci a hamada. 
* Kayan cikinsa da suke narkar da duk abin da ya ci komai taurinsa. 
* Fatar cikinsa da take ba shi kariya daga tsananin zafin hamada. 
* Kofatonsa da yake kareshi daga kafewa a cikin yashin hamada.
* Dukkan waɗannan gaɓɓai na raƙumi da muka lissafa, babu ɗaya daga cikin tsarin nan na ƙarya na juyin halitta da ya iya bayyana yadda akai *waɗannan gaɓɓai suka samu.

Saboda haka kuma waɗannan gaɓoɓi na raƙumi da ma sauran da ba mu iya ambaton su anan ba, suna nusar da mu ne ga wata hujja tabbatacciya. Wato dai raƙumi wata ƙasaitacciyar dabbace da mahalicci ya halitta domin ya iya biyan buƙatar al'ummar da suke rayuwa a ɓangaren hamada. Wannan mahalicci kuwa shi ne Allah maɗaukaki kuma mahaliccin komai.


Da na fara takalarsu da zance, sai ga Faisal da Ahmad na gaya min dalilin ziyarar da suka kawo Dubai, wanda ya hada da halartar tseren rakuma. Tseren rakuma? Tambayar da na nanata kenan, ina mai ɗokin son jin labarin. Karaf sai Faisal ya amsa min da cewa, &lt;nowiki&gt;''Ina matukar son kiwon rakuma da kuma tserensu, al'adar zuri'armu ce.'' Ya kara da cewa, ''Kakana na wajen uba da zuri'arsa suna son kiwon rakuma, shi kuma kakana na wajen uwa da tasa zuri'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ar suna son kiwon dawakai. Tun ina yaro nake son rakuma.&lt;ref&gt;Nazari&lt;/ref&gt;

‎Faisal ya ce son rakuma a jinins yakeAsalin hoton,Other&lt;ref&gt;nazari&lt;/ref&gt;

‎Bayanan hoto,Faisal ya ce son rakuma a  jininsa yakeAsalin hoton,Other&lt;ref&gt;Nazari&lt;/ref&gt;

‎Duk da cewa Faisal na aiki da kamfanin sadarwa, to ba ya ga aikin nasa yana kuma kiwon rakuma da taimakon iyalansa saboda a cewarsa, &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Hakan yana rage wahalhalun wajen aiki da muka yi na tsawon mako.&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; A wannan zamanin ana kiwon rakuma ne ba wai don samun nononsu da nama ba kawai kamar yadda aka saba, a maimakon haka yanzu ana amfani da su ne don samun miliyoyin kudi. Faisal ya bayyana min cewa ana ciyar da rakuma abinci mai inganci da suka hada da zuma da madara da kwai da dabino da sauran sinadaran bitamins.&lt;ref&gt;Nazari&lt;/ref&gt;

‎Sai na yi maza na tambaye shi, &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Ku ciyar da rakumi wadannan kayan kwalam har da zuma, hakan bai yi tsada ba?&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;N&lt;/ref&gt;

‎&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Muna kashe fam 1,000 duk wata domin shirin sanya rakumi a gasar tsere.&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; Wannan ce amsar da Faisal ya bani.&lt;ref&gt;G&lt;/ref&gt;

‎Faisal ya kuma shaida min cewa shekarun da rakumi kan fara shiga gasar tsere ya danganta daga shekara biyu zuwa bakwai, da zarar dai mai bayar da horo ya ga cewa rakumin ya shirya.&lt;ref&gt;R&lt;/ref&gt;

‎Dole ne a ce tseren rakumi abu ne mai tsada. Shugabannin kasashen yankin Gulf ne yawanci suke kayyade farashin rakuma. Faisal ya ci gaba da cewa, &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Suna sayen rakuma daga masu shi su kuma kiwata su, amma basa taɓa sayar da su. Masu mulki kan tsaya a matsayi ɗaya da talakawansu a yayin shiga gasar.&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; Ya kara da cewa, &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Suna yin hakan da taimakon mutanen [[Oman]] wadanda suka san ciki da bai na tseren rakuma.&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; Amma farashin rakumi kan kai nawa? Faisal ya ce farashin rakumi na farawa daga kusan dala 55,000 amma farashin kosassu sosai kan haura haka. A shekarar 2010 wani dan kasar Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa mai son tseren rakuma ya kashe fam miliayn 6.5 a kan rakuma uku. Kyaututtukan da ake bayarwa na lashe gasar tseren rakuma na da yawa sosai, daga tsakanin dala miliyan biyar zuwa dala miliyan 10, amma wasu kan samu har dala miliyan 30. Ba abin da ya sha wa Faisal kai a lokacin da yake yi min bayanin wadannan makudan kudade, ni kuwa ya bar ni ina kakabi amma kuma bana so ya gano ni. Amma fa kai wa ga wannan mataki ba abu ne mai sauki ba, dole ne sai rakuman sun tsallake wasu zagaye na gwaji a kasashen yankin Gulf, inda za a bai wa wadanda suka yi nasara damar wucewa zagaye na gaba. Yawan nanata muhimmanci tseren rakuma da Faisal ke yi min ya sa na ƙara gane rawar da ƙasashen yankin Gulf suke da ita a kasuwannin rakuma, su kan sayar da wasu dabbobin su kuma shigar da wasu gasar tsere. Ana yin gasar tseren rakuma a kasa-kasa kowanne mako don a samu damar zabo wadanda za su fi yin abin kirki idan aka zo babbar gasar, kamar, &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Gasar cin kofin yankin Gulf&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;, da Gasar shekara-shekara ta Dubai da kuma Gasar tseren rakuma ta Qatar. Tsawon gudun da rakuman ke yi na tsakanin kilomita daya da rabi zuwa kilomita takwas, ya danganta da shekarun rakuma, da na 'yan shekara biyu da hudu da shida da kuma na 'yan shekara takwas. Duk rakumin da ya yi nasarar lashe gasar, zai samu kyautar karramawa ta takobi da ke nuni da hakan, da kuma tsabar kudi dala miliyan uku. &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Tamkar dai gasar tsalle-tsalle ta Wembley,&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; in ji Faisal. Sai dai tambayar da nayi wa Faisal ita ce, &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Ganin irin wannan makudan kudi da ake kashewa a tseren rakuma, mutane suna saka caca kuwa?&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; Amsar da ya bani ita ce, &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Sam ba a haka, don kuwa haramun ne a Musulunci.&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; A shekarun baya-bayan nan kasashen yankin Gulf sun daina amfani da yara wajen hawan rakuma, a maimakon haka sai suke amfani da butum-butumi bayan sukar da suka yi ta sha daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, wadanda suka ce yara na mutuwa sakamakon tseren rakuman da ake sa su yi. Amma manyan har yanzu suna hawa tseren rakuman in ji Faisal, wanda shi ma ya yi amanna cewa wannan tseren rakuma na iya zama wani shahararren wasa a bangarori daban-daban na duniya, har da Turai. Amma sai na tambaye shi cewa baya ganin sanyi ya yi yawa a Turai? Sai Faisal ya café da cewa, &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Ai su rakuma sun fi son haka ma, saboda yanayin zafi da rana kan rage wa rakuma kuzari. Tseren rakuma a Turai? Wa ya sani ko hakan ya faru nan gaba.&lt;ref&gt;S&lt;/ref&gt;
 Rakumi dabbace Mai dogon tarihi a fadin duniya, rakumi tana daga cikin dabbobi masu daraja a cikin duniya, sannan rakumi na daya daga cikin dabbobi wanda suke jure wahala sosai fiye da mafi yawan dabbobi. Akanyi anfani da fitsarin rakumi wajen yin magani, har ila yau Ana sayarda fitsarin rakumi, wasu daga cikin mutane sun Mai da sayar da fitsarin rakumi tamkar sana'ar su kasan cewar fitsarin rakumi tana maganin cutartuka da dama a jikin mutum, sannan rakumi yana daya daga cikin dabbobi masu tsada a duniya. Rakumi yana daga cikin dabbobin da akafi yawan gani a gidan zoo kuma daya daga cikin dabbobin da akafi sani a duniya. Santtp://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3880536,00.html Tsawon kwanaki nawa raƙumi yake iya yi ba tare da ci ko sha ba]


==Hotuna==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Bactrian.camel.sideon.arp.jpg|Raƙumi
Image:Camel seitlich trabend.jpg|Raƙumi
Image:Camelus dromedarius in Singapore Zoo.JPG|Raƙumi
Image:Turkmen man with camel.jpg|A Raƙumi
Image:Tottori sand dune02 1920.jpg|Raƙumi
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Manazarta==

[[Category:Dabba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="41278" sha1="3tq5bv3gnl63x00ew79ku687sep9rfn" xml:space="preserve">== Barka da zuwa ==

Hi,

Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia.

Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived.

Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!),

--[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC)
:Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]].
:Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC)
::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC)
:::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC)
::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC)
:Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC)

== Help ==

I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC)

==Translation of three sentences==

Dear Ammarpad,

I hope this finds you well.

[[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC)

We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC)
*@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC)
:Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC)

== Facebook page ==

Dear Ammar,

Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia]

Thanks a lot,
Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC)
:Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC)

== Neman Admin ==

Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]]
:[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC)
::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]].
:::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC)

== [[AuwalAzare]] ==

This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC)
:[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC)

== Auwal Azare ==

Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC)
:@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC)

== help ==

Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles.
It's hard to me. 
[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC)
:@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt; .......&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (&lt;ref&gt;misali&lt;/ref&gt;). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC)

== Databox ==

Hi Ammar,

Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this!

By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles).

I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the &quot;labels&quot; system.

Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC)
:You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and  do the appropriate thing. By the way, I  am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC)

== Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki  ==

I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of &quot;Abubakar A Gwanki&quot;  why is being deleted?  Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC)
:{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC)

== Translation request ==
Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC)
:Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC)
::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC)

== Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif ==

Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. 
:Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC)

== Godiya  ==

Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode
:{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC)

aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune

Lamba: 08160956607
Gari: kano Nigeria

== [[Kira]] ==

Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC)
:Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC)

== David oyedepo ==

Wanene crista

== WAM 2018 ==

Salam Ammarpad,  Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode.  [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC)

== Hausa Wikimedians User Group ==

Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC)
:Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC)

Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks
[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC)
:Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC)
::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC)
:Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC)
::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC)

== Moustapha ==

Hakananna sai nayi nazari

== I-mel  ==

Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. 
Na gode.  [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC)

narda

== Gyara ==

Barka da rana!
Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC)
:{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa &quot;Babban shafi&quot; da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC)

== gidanhaki ==

Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki

Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa

Assalam

== Kwankwaso,s wife ==

Kwankwaso,s wife

== Various requests ==
Hello, Could you please:
*Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes.
*Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]].
*Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): 
**[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]].
**[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]].
**[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]].
**[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]].

Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC)

== Alijos A Shehu ==

Sunan DUNiYA

== Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa ==

Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia
:{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina &lt;code&gt;ammar@wikimedia.org.ng&lt;/code&gt;. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC)

== Muhamadu ==

Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL

== yusuf ==

Ibrahim

== sa idu musa ==

riji yan gwamgwam jido  dawakin  kudu  kano

== sa idu  musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu  IP ==

Yayi daidai kobaiyiba  awayar mindakai

== 88465702 ==

Kaka ari

== layisantara ==

lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura  sunwajan gari shadam bu

== Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai  ==

Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna

== babani ==

112202

== Translation ==

I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks.

== ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state ==

barkanku DA 
fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization

 wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire

== Neman taimako ==

Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode.

Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC)
:Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC)

Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC)

== Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi  ==

Facebook 
Wkslm lafiya kalau

== 0852 ==

Aa

== Aliyu iliyasu dangada ==

Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi 
misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin 
muna jinjina maka matuka very good,
[[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC)
:Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC)

== ismail ==

Labaran duniya

== Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun ==

Barkan muda warhaka!
:Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC)

== na kirkira mukala ==

Ya zan sanya reference
::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC)

== From ==

Ghy

== J k musa yaro ==

Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira

Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka

Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa

== mansir isah ==

unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state

Crawle

== aminuidris0808811 ==

aminuiris

== Auwal dalladi kargi ==

An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000

== Databox ==

Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)

:@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta &lt;nowiki&gt;{{databox}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)
::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)

==Neman shawara==
Masha Allah

Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad.

Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka.

A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame.
Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)

:Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka.
:Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia.
:Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC)

&lt;u&gt;ja layi&lt;/u&gt; COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC)

== Jami u lawal ==

Allah yajikan zulaihatu

== Databox ==

Barka da safe, Ammar,

Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add &quot;databox&quot; to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC)
:Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&amp;modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC)

== Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf ==

Kaura ne katsina

SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG  RUGGAR MONDE AR

== Abia ==

Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune

== ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA ==

ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA

== FUNAKAA ==

FUNAKAA

agaskiya inada tambaya

to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki

== Gaisuwa ==

Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC)

:Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC)

== Usman abubakar  ==

Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita

== ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar ==

Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== maganin daji ==

maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== Ali musa  ==

An haife shi

Chida ga watan Oktoba

1986 cikin@

gari gidan kube @

dake jahar maradi 

[[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== Rigar kusa ==

&quot;Rigar kusa&quot; kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state.
Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne.
Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu.
Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury.

== Ghana Boy 055 ==


Chapiou


@ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC)

== ALIYO ==

BORNO

== Namespaces ==

Hi!

You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&amp;diff=213527&amp;oldid=181184 emptied] the page &quot;Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma&quot; some time ago.

There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&amp;oldid=181178#Namespaces

You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good?

Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)

:I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)

== Shehu gibirima  ==

Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC)

== Salisu garba ==

Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot

== Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru ==

Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC)

== ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA ==

KADUNA

== Bbca ==

A

== HAUSA RIGAR SILKE ==

DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC)

== shaaibu ==

JIGAWA

== SHEHU USMANU ==

GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA

== AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia ==

Hello brother,

I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country.

I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

:Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. 
:I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)
::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email.  [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC)

== 7 ==

uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-29458-90|&amp;#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC)

Taba nono na mace

== Lawan abdulhamid ==

Lawan abdulhamid kano

MIYzansa

== Nakasa yin rijista  ==

Nakasa yin rajista miyasane

== SLM ==

SLM

== Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa ==

 08142754552

Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA  taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-11554-74|&amp;#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji ==


suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji 

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-11940-32|&amp;#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Dodik ==

imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-12770-62|&amp;#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Fulani daneji ==

danejawa

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-12974-74|&amp;#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== Tarihin fulani daneji ==

danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-12974-74|&amp;#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC)

== NURA FADA MUHAMMED ==

assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku

== inason zuwa gambiya  ==

neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-13669-78|&amp;#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Nazifi ==

yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-13801-80|&amp;#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Usmanisah01234@gmail.com  ==

Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-14055-73|&amp;#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== AISHA ABDULLAHI ==

assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa

== Abdul Aziz  ==

Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-14413-94|&amp;#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== YAHAYA MUSA  ==

6/3/2026

Ni atemakeni bandasanaa

== Isah Abubakar ==

￼kaduna steste nigeria

￼inaneman temaku kudi 


[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-14783-76|&amp;#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Help ==

Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah ==

Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-14911-34|&amp;#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== INASONASHIGA ==

WALLAHI

== Alkasim  ==

alkasim  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-15496-73|&amp;#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Alkasim  ==

alkasim  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-15496-73|&amp;#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-15494-30|&amp;#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Auwalu mansur gaya  ==

A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata

== Block review ==

Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block.

The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block.
:I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Jimi boi gk ==

Washer boi

== (Ibrahim bako) ==

Bissimillahi rahamani rahim

== Zanshuga ==

masha Allah  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-17709-67|&amp;#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-17806-26|&amp;#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== I need to edit  ==

yusuf bin shaik  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-18422-17|&amp;#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Dari daya ==

Litafi dari daya

== Gali ==

Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu

== ALI ISA JC NAWA ==

CHAM

== Sai anjima ==


sai anjima 

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19045-00|&amp;#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== xxwxx ==

pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-19636-09|&amp;#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC)

== Masaudu  ==

Ina son koyon NAHAWU 


[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20180-81|&amp;#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Ina bukatar taimakonku ==

Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20156-98|&amp;#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Menene amfanin na'a na'a. ==

Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20503-90|&amp;#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Learning physics topics  ==

Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20678-19|&amp;#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== ١٢٣٤٥ ==

روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20875-04|&amp;#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Chrome ==

روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20860-61|&amp;#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Inason shiga kasara ==

yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke


[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-21619-45|&amp;#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Fty ==

Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-21613-47|&amp;#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Alikirashi45  ==

alikirashi

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-21759-98|&amp;#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Alikirashi45  ==

alikirashi

[[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-21759-98|&amp;#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Jibril auwal hamza ==

Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan

== Usseni.  Ibbirashim ==

08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23155-49|&amp;#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Correction  ==

The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. 


Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area.


Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you.  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23654-39|&amp;#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Ahmad Rufai  ==

Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-23571-21|&amp;#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Sutura ==

Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu  ==

Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-24499-81|&amp;#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Misali kasa ko bishyu haka ==

Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-24499-81|&amp;#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Alhamdu lillah  ==

masha Allah  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-24815-45|&amp;#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== Itaciyyar zamani  ==

shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-25442-87|&amp;#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&amp;oldid=30471754 --&gt;

== Ahamad Abba ==

Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-29423-27|&amp;#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== Nazifi  ==

abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-29619-62|&amp;#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci ==

Abdulrrhaman  [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-29631-59|&amp;#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== Brk ==

a [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-30415-61|&amp;#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== 9044000454 ==

abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-32331-29|&amp;#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>3tq5bv3gnl63x00ew79ku687sep9rfn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Warri</title>
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        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
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      <text bytes="12492" sha1="qd23hn10gev4y8vmje1cjkz30dyrfn4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Warri''' birni ne, da ke a jihar [[Delta (jiha)|Delta]], a [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne babban birnin jihar Delta. Bisa ga kimanta a shekarar 2017, jimilar mutane dubu dari shida da sittin da uku. Birnin Warri cibiya ne na man-fetur da ke kudu-maso-kudancin kasannan, kuma gidan gwamnati na Jihar Delta na cikinta. [[Itacipoma|Itace]] matsayin yankin gundumar Turawan Mulkin mallaka na lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Warri, Nigeria – International Cities of Peace&quot;. Retrieved 25 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Warri ta hada yanki da Sapele, duk da cewa a yanzu an hade yankunan Sapele kamar su Okere, Agbassa, [[Uvwie]], [[Okpe]], da kuma [[Udu, Nigeria|Udu]] a matsayin yankin babban Birnin Warri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;GPS coordinates of Warri, Nigeria, DMS, UTM, GeoHash - CountryCoordinate.com&quot;. ''www.countrycoordinate.com''. Retrieved 25 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai gidajen Osubi da filin jirgin sama guda daya a garin. 

Kalmar &quot;Gundumar Warri&quot; a da tana nufin wani yanki na jihar Delta, wanda ke karkashin mulkin turawa na yankin Kudancin Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;Okoh, Oghenetoja (July 2016). &quot;WHO CONTROLS WARRI? HOW ETHNICITY BECAME VOLATILE IN THE WESTERN NIGER DELTA (1928–52)*&quot;. ''The Journal of African History''. '''57''' (2): 209–230. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1017/S0021853716000074. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0021-8537. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 163543228.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hada yanki da Sapele daga Arewa-maso-Gabas, da kuma Rafin Forcados daga Kudu-maso-Gabas, sai kuma Jameson Creek daga kudu-maso-yamma wanda daga baya ta koma karkashin gundumar Delta. [[Effurun]] itace matsayin cibiyar tattalin arzikin birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Exposure assessment of chicken meat to heavy metals and bacterial contaminations in Warri metropolis, Nigeria&quot;. ''ResearchGate''. Retrieved 12 September 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Birnin Warri tana daya daga cikin maya-manyan cibiyoyi sarrafa da kuma kasuwancin man-fetur dake kudancin Najeriya. Itace babban birnin kuma cibiyar kasuwanci na jihar Delta, da yawan mutane akalla mutum 311,970 dangane da kidayar shekara ta 2006.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Archived copy&quot; (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asalin mazauna birnin sun kasance mutanen harsunan [[Urhobo people|Urhobo]], [[Ijaw people|Ijaw]] da [[Itsekiri people|Itsekiri]]. Sannan mafi aksarin mazauna garin kiristoci ne, duk da dai har yanzu akwai kadan dake bin akidar bautan gargajiya na kudancin Najeriya. Birnin tayi fice a harshen Turancin Pijin (Pidjin English).

== Tarihi ==
Warri a da ta kasance babban birnin gundumar mulkin Turawa. Daga bisani an hade Lagos da Yankin Kudancin Najeriya a matsayin yankunan mulkin mallakan Turawa a ranar 28 ga watan February 1906, kuma an daura Walter Egerton a matsayin gwamnan yankin wanda ya rike mukamin har zuwa 1912.

Birnin Warri na nan a gaban kogin Warri wacce ta hade kogin Forcados da na Escravos ta Jones Creek a can yankin Delta. Tarihin garin ya fara ne a karni na 15 lokacin da malaman kiristoci daga Portugal suka kawo masu ziyara. Daga baya kuma ta zamo cibiyar cinikayyar bayi tsankanin Portugal da Germany. Warri ta zamo birni mai daraja a karni na 19 musamman ta dalilin tashan jirgin ruwa da ake sufurin man-ja zuwa kasashen ketare.

Sannan Warri ta zamo cibiyar gundumomi na Turawa a karni na 20. Ta samu cigaba sosai, ta tashi daga kauye ta zamo birni.&lt;ref&gt;Ekeh, Peter Palmer (2005). ''Warri City and British Colonial Rule in Western Niger Delta''. Urhobo Historical Society. p. 31. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-064-924-7|&lt;bdi&gt;978-064-924-7&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jama'a ==
Mafi akasarin mutanen warri sun kasance daga harsunan Urhobo, Itsekiri da kuma Ijaw.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Niger Delta moving from agitation to rebellion?&quot;. ''The New Humanitarian'' (in French). 8 July 2003. Retrieved 25 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Amma saboda bunkasa da cigaban garin, akwai mutane dayawa daga sassa daban daban na kasar.

== Yanayi ==
Birnin na fuskantar matsakaicin ruwan sama da kuma matsakaicin danshi. Yanayin garin ya fada a ''monsoon'' wanda ya rabu zuwa yanayi biyu; lokacin damuna da lokacin rani. Rani yakan fara a tsakanin watan Nuwamba zuwa April kuma ya kunshi yanayin sanyin ''harmattan'' mai zuwa da kura da hazo. Lokacin damunan yana farawa ne daga watan Mayu zuwa October da rashin ruwa na dan lokaci acikin watan Augusta. Yanayin garin na da halayyar ''tropical monsoon climate'' da matsakaicin zafi na shekara-shekara a 32.8 °C (91.0 °F). Ruwan sama a shekara yakan kai 2,770 mm (109 in). Yanayi na zafi yakan kai 28 °C (82 °F) and 32 °C (90 °F). Kasan garin na dauke da isassun ciyayi, sannan akwai itacen timber, Palm da sauran itacen marmari.

{{Weather box
|location = Warri
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan high C = 31.5
|Feb high C = 32.2
|Mar high C = 32.4
|Apr high C = 32.2
|May high C = 31.5
|Jun high C = 30.0
|Jul high C = 28.4
|Aug high C = 28.4
|Sep high C = 28.8
|Oct high C = 30.0
|Nov high C = 31.4
|Dec high C = 31.5
|year high C = 30.7
|Jan mean C = 26.8
|Feb mean C = 27.5
|Mar mean C = 27.9
|Apr mean C = 28.0
|May mean C = 27.3
|Jun mean C = 26.3
|Jul mean C = 25.2
|Aug mean C = 25.3
|Sep mean C = 25.5
|Oct mean C = 26.3
|Nov mean C = 27.1
|Dec mean C = 26.8
|year mean C = 26.7
|Jan low C = 22.1
|Feb low C = 22.9
|Mar low C = 23.5
|Apr low C = 23.8
|May low C = 23.1
|Jun low C = 22.6
|Jul low C = 21.0
|Aug low C = 22.3
|Sep low C = 22.3
|Oct low C = 22.6
|Nov low C = 22.9
|Dec low C = 22.2
|year low C = 22.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 30
|Feb precipitation mm = 58
|Mar precipitation mm = 127
|Apr precipitation mm = 201
|May precipitation mm = 270
|Jun precipitation mm = 367
|Jul precipitation mm = 474
|Aug precipitation mm = 324
|Sep precipitation mm = 457
|Oct precipitation mm = 325
|Nov precipitation mm = 104
|Dec precipitation mm = 31
|year precipitation mm = 2768
|source 1 = Climate-Data.Org&lt;ref name = Climate-Data.Org&gt;
{{cite web
| url = http://en.climate-data.org/location/513/
| title = Climate: Warri
| publisher = [[Climate-Data.org]]
| access-date = 29 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Arziki da gine-gine ==
Akwai Warri Refinery da kuma Petrochemicals a Ekpa, da sauran kamfanonin mai na gida da na kasashen waje a sassa daban daban da ke kusa. Tana daya daga cikin manya manyan tashoshi jiragen ruwa na Najeriya wanda ke nan a Ugbuwangue, Warri.

Saboda rikicin da ke faruwa a yankin, musamman na 1999, mafi yawanci kamfanonin sun ruga zuwa babban birnin da kuma sassan gefe-gefe.

=== Tsaro ===
Akwai barikin sojoji a garin Amphibious Infantry battalion (Effurun Army Base) wanda ke nan a Effurun.

Sojin ruwan Najeriya suna gudanar da harkokinsu a yankin tashar.
Sannan har wayau sojin saman Najeria na da bariki a garin (61 Nigerian Air force).

=== Wasanni ===
Warri na da filin wasannin kwallon kafa wanda ke da fadin dibar mutane 30,000. Wanda shine filin wasan kungiyar kwallon kafa na gida na [[Warri Wolves]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Warri Wolves F.C.|Warri Wolves F.C]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Warri Township Stadium]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sarrafe-sarrafe ===
A cikin birin akwai manya manyan matatun man fetur, sannan akwai kamfanin sarrafe karafa watau ''Delta Steel Company'' wanda kenan a yankin Ovwian–Aladja dake karamar hukumar Udu&lt;ref&gt;&quot;20 years after collapse, steel company resumes operations&quot;. Vanguard (Nigeria). 5 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sanna akwai kamfanin sarrafa gilasai na Beta Glass daga wajen birnin Ughelli, wanda ke da tarin silica da silicates da ake amfani dasu wajen hada gilasai. Sannan har wayau akwai kamfanin rarraba wutar lantarki na Transcorp Power wanda kenan a Ughelli.

== Sufuri ==
=== Jirgin kasa ===
A farkon shekara ta 1991, an fara hada titin jirgin kasan daga kamfanonin sarrafa karafa na [[Ajaokuta]] zuwa tashar jirgin ruwa na Warri wanda ke da nisan kiloitoci 275. Zuwa shekara ta 2006, titin jirgin ya kai kilomita 329 amma har yanzu ba'a kammala sauran kilomita 27 da ya rage zuwa Warri ba. An cigaba da aikin titin a shekara ta 2010. Gwamnati tayi bikin bude titin a watan Satumba shekara ta 2020.

=== Tituna ===
Gwamnatin garin ta kara gyara manyan hanyoyin garin don kara wa garin kyawu.
=== Jirgin Sama ===
Akwai wuraren saukan helikoptoci a wasu manyan kamfanonin man fetur a garin

=== Jiragen Ruwa ===
Sufurin kayayyaki ta ruwa na gudana ne karkashin kulawar Nigerian Ports Authority (Delta Ports) wanda yawanci ya kunshi shigowa da kaya da fitasu daga wasun manyan kamfanoni.

== Makarantu ==
=== Jami'oi ===
Akwai manyan makarantun gaba da sakandare da dama da suka hada da;
*College of Education at Edjeba, Warri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Contact Us – College of Education, Warri|url=https://coewarri.edu.ng/contact-us/|access-date=2021-06-25|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*The Delta State Nursing School, Ogunu, Warri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-26|title=Delta State Schools of Nursing Admission Form 2020/2021|url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/delta-state-schools-of-nursing-form/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=www.myschoolgist.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Eagle Heights University, Omadino, Warri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How Oritsejafor Will Bankroll N2.5 billion Eagle Height University {{!}} Encomium Magazine|url=https://encomium.ng/how-oritsejafor-will-bankroll-n2-5-billion-eagle-height-university/|access-date=2021-06-25|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Nigeria Maritime University]] Okerenkoko, Warri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-06-11|title=Homepage|url=https://www.nmu.edu.ng/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=NMU|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Makarantun Sakandare ===
Makarantun Sakandare sun hada da:
* Yonwuren Secondary School, Warri
* College of Education Demonstration Secondary School, Warri
* Twin Fountain Group of Schools
* Cambridge International School
* Delta Careers College
* Federal Government College
* [[Hussey College Warri|Hussey College, Warri]]
* Nana College, Warri
* Dom Domingos College, Warri
* [[Delta Secondary School, Warri]]
* [[Dore Numa College]], Warri
* [[Essi College]], Warri
* Uwangue College, Warri
* Urhobo College, Effurun
* Classical International Schools
* Ugborikoko Secondary School
* Army Day Secondary School, Effurun 
* College of Commerce Warri
* DSC Technical High School, Ovwian-Aladja
* Our Lady's High School, Effurun
* Mega Stars Christian School, Udu
* Eagles Height School, Ajamhimogha
=== Makarantun firamare===
Makarantun firamare sun hada da:
* Ogiame Primary School, Warri
* Ikengbuwa Primary School, Warri
* [[Caveginia Primary School]], Warri
* Twin Fountain Group of Schools
* HillTop
* International Unity School (IUS)
* [[NNPC]] Staff Primary School
* SNAPS
* [[Alderstown School for the Deaf]]
* Kids Compute Academy

== Wuraren bude ido ==
Akwai wuraren bude ido da dama da mutum zai iya ziyarta a Warri.
* Nana Living History Museum&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-07-09|title=100 years of Nanna of Itsekiri's 'Living History'|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/07/100-years-nanna-itsekiris-living-history/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Red Mangrove swamp
* Falcorp Mangrove Park / Mini Zoo, Ijala, Behind Warri Refinery.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Opening hours: Falcorp Mangrove Park - Warri Zoo and Nature Park|url=https://opening-hours.com.ng/0645149/Falcorp_Mangrove_Park_-_Warri_Zoo_and_Nature_Park|access-date=2021-06-25|website=opening-hours.com.ng|language=en-NG}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Warri Township Stadium]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Warri Township Stadium - Football Stadium|url=https://www.football-lineups.com/stadium/4819/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Football-Lineups}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Shell club, Ogunu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shell Ogunu Golf Club {{!}} All Square Golf|url=https://www.allsquaregolf.com/golf-courses/nigeria/shell-ogunu-golf-club|access-date=2021-06-25|website=www.allsquaregolf.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Shahararrun mutanen==
*[[Isaiah Oghenevwegba Ogedegbe|Isaiah Ogedegbe]], faston kuma marubuci&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|title=Iginla, TeeMac, others eulogise TB Joshua at posthumous birthday|publisher=The Nation Newspaper|access-date=2023-06-20|archive-date=2023-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613210715/https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Paul Eyefian]]
*[[Daniel Dikeji Miyerijesu]] shi ne ya kafa ma' aikatar Alheri ta Allah
*[[Ifeanyi Palmer]] shi ne ya kafa Gospel Harvest Assembly (Word Arena)

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Warri}}
[[Category:Biranen Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>qd23hn10gev4y8vmje1cjkz30dyrfn4</sha1>
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    <title>Sapele (Nijeriya)</title>
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[[File:1895 2d Niger Coast Sapele Yv28 Mi24 SG53 lake.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|1895 2d Niger Coast Sapele Yv28 Mi24 SG53 lake]]
[[File:Admiralty_Chart_No_3307_Plans_in_the_Niger_Delta,_Published_1970.jpg  |thumb|Admiralty Chart No 3307 Plans in the Niger Delta, Published 1970 ]] 
'''Sapele''' na daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|kananan hukumomin]] [[jihar Delta]] dake a kudu masu kudancin [[Nijeriya]].
[[File:Nigerian Navy College of Engineering.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Kwalejin Injiniya na Sojojin Ruwa ta Najeriya, Sapele, Jihar Delta.]]
==Yanayi==

Yanayin garin Sapele yana da zafi mai nauyi a duk shekara, inda lokacin damina kan kasance mai ɗan dumi da gajimare, yayin da lokacin rani kan kasance mai zafi da ɗan ƙaramin gizagizai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sapele Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/51395/Average-Weather-in-Sapele-Nigeria-Year-Round#:~:text=In%20Sapele,%20the%20wet%20season,it%20is%20oppressive%20year%20round. |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Simulated historical climate &amp; weather data for Sapele |url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/sapele_nigeria_2323675 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=meteoblue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
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    <title>Udu (Nijeriya)</title>
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[[Fayil:Udu Drum.jpg|thumb|Gangan yan udom]]
'''Udu''' na daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|kananan hukumomin]] [[jihar Delta]] dake a kudu masu kudancin [[Nijeriya]].
==Yanayi==
Matsakaicin yanayin zafin shekara a Ndiagu-Onicha yana kaiwa 28.58 °C (83.44 °F), kuma ana samun kwanaki 204.98 na saukar ruwan sama a shekara. Yanayin yankin na savanna yana cikin nau’in yanayi mai damina da rani na yankunan tropik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Otor-Udu Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/51397/Average-Weather-in-Otor-Udu-Nigeria-Year-Round#:~:text=In%20Otor-Udu,%20the%20wet,it%20is%20oppressive%20year%20round. |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;


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==Manazarta==
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'''Uvwie''' [[Karamar hukuma]] ce a [[Jihar Delta]] dake a kudu masu kudancin [[Nijeriya]].
==Yanayi==
Uvwie tana da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na 25 °C, sannan akwai koguna da rafuka da dama da ke gudana a cikin yankinta. Garin yana fuskantar yanayi biyu mabambanta, wato lokacin rani da lokacin damina, tare da jimillar ruwan sama da ake kiyasta ya kai milimita 3170 a shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uvwie Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/245/uvwie |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yanayin zafi a garin yana kasancewa kusan iri ɗaya a duk shekara, ba tare da manyan sauye-sauye ba. Matsakaicin yanayin zafin yakan kasance tsakanin 25 °C zuwa 28 °C a cikin garin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ASSESSING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND LOCATIONAL IMPACT OF PETROL SERVICE STATIONS ON UVWIE LGA, DELTA {{!}} ProjectClue |url=https://www.projectclue.com/urban-and-regional-planning/project-topics-materials-for-undergraduate-students/assessing-the-spatial-distribution-and-locational-impact-of-petrol-service-stations-on-uvwie-lga,-delta |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=www.projectclue.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}}

==Manazarta==
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    <title>Burutu</title>
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'''Burutu''' [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma ce ta]] [[Jihar Delta]] dake a kudu masu kudancin [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Burutu | Nigeria | Britannica&quot;. ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 2022-01-31.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana nan a gabar tekun Niger-Delta. Burutu na da alaka da hanyoyin ruwa zuw tituna. Mafi akasarin mutanen wannan yanki sun fito ne daga harshen  [[Ijaw people|Ijo]].
== Bayani ==

=== Birane da Kauyukan Burutu ===
Karamar Hukumar Burutu na da kananan hukumomi da suka hada da;&lt;ref&gt;places (1970-01-01). &quot;Towns &amp; Villages in Burutu « Delta State « Nigeria&quot;. ''Towns &amp; Villages''. Retrieved 2022-01-31.&lt;/ref&gt;

# Burutu-Forcados: Burutu, Forcados, Keremo2
# Iduwun: Kolorugbene, Odimodi, Osamayigben Ogulagha:nBenibayo, Ogulagha, Yobebe, Yokrisobo
# Obatebe: Abadima, Okorogbene, Kalagfionene, Kenlogbene, Obatebe, Opuapale
# Ngbilebiri/Main: Agbodobiri, Akparegmobini, Amasuomo, Biokorgha, Egodor, Egologbene, Gbekebor, Kiagbo, New Town, Ngbilebiri, Ogbeingbene, Ogbolugbiri, Okrika, Yayogbene, Zion-Oyagbene.
# Operemor: Abadiama, Bolu-Ojobo, Bolou Ndoro, Egrangbene, Ekogbene, Ekumugbene, Ojobo, Rougbene.
# Seimibiri: Dunu-Ogusu, Edegbene, Nikorogha, Oboro, Ogbene, Okpokunon, Okuamo
# Toumo: Bolua-Tamigbe, Botu-Mangbebe, Bolu-Tebegbe, Douebido-zion, Founkoro-Gbene, Isreallo-zion, Ogbogbabene, Toru-Temigbe, Torugbene, Toubo Town.

=== Harkokin Kasuwanci ===
A farkon karni na 20, birnin ta fadada a dalilin ayyukan kamfanin Niger da kuma daga baya United African Company (UAC), wacce ke da harajin sufurin kayayyaki na kamfanin Niger (Niger Company) a Burutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Report&quot;. Lagos: Commission of Enquiry into the Disturbances Which Occurred at Burutu on 21 June 1947. 1948: 1. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 34553671&lt;/ref&gt; Kafin farkon. karni na 20, tashar kamfanin na Niger na can a Akassa amma daga baya sun koma yammacin yankin izuwa Burutu zuwa kusa da Forcados. Sai daga baya Burutu ta fara aiki a matsayin tashar jirgin ruwa na sufurin kayayyaki na kamfanonin Niger da kuma UAC, suna jigilar kayayyaki daga jiragen ruwa zuwa garuwan yankunan arewacin Najeriya da yankunan Faransa ta River Niger da River Benue.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A da tashan jirgin ruwan na Burutu na karkashin kulawar UAC,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;An Ocean-going Vessel Alongside the Main Wharves of the United Africa Company's Private Port at Burutu, in Nigeria.&quot; Financial Times, 1 June 1954, p. 8. The Financial Times Historical Archive&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ta koma karkashin tashar  [[Nigeria Port Authority]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Buxton, James. &quot;Cargocats Revitalise Burutu.&quot; Financial Times, 18 Feb. 1976, p. 4. The Financial Times Historical Archive&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Yanayi==

Ba kasafai yanayin zafin yankin ke sauka ƙasa da 64 °F ko kuma ya haura 89 °F ba a duk shekara, tare da lokacin damina mai ɗan dumi da kuma gajimare kaɗan-kaɗan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Burutu Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/51401/Average-Weather-in-Burutu-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Simulated historical climate &amp; weather data for Burutu |url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/burutu_nigeria_2346317 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=meteoblue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yearly &amp; Monthly weather - Burutu, Nigeria |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/nigeria/burutu-climate |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Weather Atlas |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;coord&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Burutu, Delta, Nigeria - City, Town and Village of the world |url=https://en.db-city.com/Nigeria--Delta--Burutu |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=en.db-city.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin Waje ==
*http://cas.umkc.edu/GeoSciences/LCAM/NIGER_DELTA/PAGES/N_Burutu_FocusGroup.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201181640/http://cas.umkc.edu/GeoSciences/LCAM/NIGER_DELTA/PAGES/N_Burutu_FocusGroup.htm |date=2014-02-01 }}

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>08b98eulkmmarbutlh4fhs914a1d68y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bomadi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9749</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843757</id>
      <parentid>258033</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:15:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
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      <text bytes="1906" sha1="k670f3u8u6820759qyf86x3eb5wk1b8" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Bomadi''' [[ƙaramar hukuma]] ce ta [[Ijaw]] da ke cikin [[Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EkehSociety2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ekeh|first1=Peter Palmer|last2=Society|first2=Urhobo Historical|title=History of the Urhobo people of Niger Delta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFdeYB1lIPwC&amp;pg=PA285|accessdate=24 January 2012|date=2007-01-10|publisher=Urhobo Historical Society|isbn=978-978-077-288-8|page=285}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin yana gefen [[Kogin Forçados|Kogin Forcados]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Map - Bomadi - MAP[N]ALL.COM|url=https://www.mapnall.com/en/Map-Bomadi_1443222.html|access-date=2021-09-14|website=www.mapnall.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatar wannan ƙaramar hukuma tana garin '''Bomadi'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da al’ummomi guda goma sha ɗaya, waɗanda suka haɗa da '''Ogriagbene, Esanma, Akugbene, Ogbein-ama, Bomadi, Kpakiama, Ekamuta-gbene, Azebiri, Ogodobiri, Okoloba da Kalafuo-gbene, Adobu, Agoloma, Aven, Bolou Apelebiri, Bolou-Angiama, Odorubu da Ogo-Eze'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bomadi Overview |url=https://booknaija.ng/city/delta/bomadi/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=BookNaija.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar 2006, wannan ƙaramar hukuma tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 86,016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Yanayi==

A garin Bomadi, lokacin rani kan kasance mai tsananin zafi da gizagizai, yayin da lokacin damina kan kasance mai ɗan dumi. Yanayin zafin garin yawanci yana tsakanin 21 °C (70 °F) zuwa 30 °C (86 °F).
{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
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      <sha1>k670f3u8u6820759qyf86x3eb5wk1b8</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Warri ta Arewa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>843853</id>
      <parentid>708057</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T06:33:58Z</timestamp>
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[[Fayil:Effurun Roundabout.jpg|thumb|Warri arewa]]
'''Warri ta Arewa''' Nadaga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan Hukumomin]] [[Jihar Delta]] dake a kudu masu kudancin [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
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[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Warri ta Kudu maso Yamma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9751</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843856</id>
      <parentid>716956</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T06:39:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
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'''Warri ta Kudu maso Yamma''' [[ƙaramar hukuma]] ce a [[Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. An ƙirƙire ta a shekarar 1996 kuma hedikwatarta tana Ogbe-Ijoh, wata al’ummar Ijaw.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Mulki==
Ana gudanar da Warri South-West a matsayin ƙaramar hukuma kamar yadda tsarin ƙananan hukumomi yake a Najeriya. Akwai shugaba, mataimakin shugaba, sakataren ƙaramar hukuma da kuma kansiloli na yankin. Shugaban Ƙaramar Hukumar Warri South-West na yanzu shi ne Chief Sylvester Oromoni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://freshangleng.com/13272/warri-south-west-chairmanship--live-up-to-your-promise--orere-leadership-forum--olf-tells-okowa|title=Warri South-West Chairmanship: Live up to your promise- Orere Leadership Forum, OLF tells Okowa|date=13 September 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.qualitativemagazine.com/?p=7194|title = Warri South West Chairman Hon. Sylvester Oromoni Presents Palliative Packages to Persons with Disabilities|date = 2 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>szg6a8y9thj5xwe14pd76s6phu2ek1o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Warri ta Kudu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9752</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843854</id>
      <parentid>441303</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T06:36:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
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      <text bytes="1194" sha1="jin4yz8qzvpgz912hqsntptq1toyczj" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Warri ta Kudu''' [[ƙaramar hukuma]] ce a [[Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Hedikwatarta tana birnin Warri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ƙaramar hukuma tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 311,970 bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa a ƙasar kuma ita ce cibiyar kasuwanci ta Jihar Delta, tare da Hon. Agbateyiniro Weyinmi Isaac a matsayin shugaban ƙaramar hukumar na yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bikawei |first=Oyinkro |date=2024-07-16 |title=Agbateyiniro Hits Ground Running on First Day In Office, Tours Markets |url=https://www.warrisentinel.com/agbateyiniro-hits-ground-running-on-first-day-in-office-tours-markets/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Warri Sentinel |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Stub}}

==Manazarta==
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[[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>jin4yz8qzvpgz912hqsntptq1toyczj</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aniocha ta Arewa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9753</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843741</id>
      <parentid>441187</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:03:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
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'''Aniocha ta Arewa''' wata [[Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce da ke [[Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]], tare da hedikwatarta a [[Issele-Uku]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin ya ƙunshi wasu rukunin al’ummar [[Anioma]] da garuruwa daban-daban. Sansanin horaswa na dindindin na [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NYSC - Home |url=https://nysc.gov.ng/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=nysc.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Jihar Delta yana garin Issele-Ukwu.

Ƙaramar Hukumar tana da faɗin ƙasa da ya kai kilomita murabba’i 406.00 (hektare 40,600 ko mil murabba’i 156.76), tare da tsayin mita 259 (ƙafa 850) daga matakin teku. Aniocha ta Arewa na da yanayin savanna mai zafi bisa tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen (Aw),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Idumuje, Igboko, Aniocha North |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2338928.html |website=Monday.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da yawan jama’a da ya kai 104,062 bisa ƙidayar shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lambar akwatin gidan waya (postal code) ta yankin ita ce 320.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | accessdate = 2009-10-20 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx| archivedate= 7 October 2009 | url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
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      <sha1>tw174e3dipmd51vdqu3a0uqzl6wuwdw</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Aniocha ta Kudu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9754</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843750</id>
      <parentid>499736</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:10:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
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[[Fayil:Welcome to Ogwashi-Uku signpost, Delta state.jpg|thumb|hoton garin Aniocha ta Kudu]]
'''Aniocha ta kudu''' [[ƙaramar hukuma]] ce a cikin [[Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Hedikwatarta tana garin [[Ogwashi-Uku]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Al’ummomin da ke cikin wannan ƙaramar hukuma sun haɗa da Abah Unor, Adonte, Ashama, Egbudu-Akah, Ejeme-Aniogor, Ejeme-Unor, Ewulu, Isheagu (wanda ya ƙunshi Onuiyi, Atuakpai da Obikwere), Ogwashi Uku (wanda ya ƙunshi Oloh, Isah, Azagba da Igbudu), Nsukwa, Ubulu-Okiti, Ubulu-Ukwu, Ubulu-Unor, Ukwu-Oba da Umute. Wannan ƙaramar hukuma tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 142,045 kamar yadda ƙidayar shekarar 2006 ta nuna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>k777c62tk9e86lp85v42y7sk31y9v87</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ethiope ta Gabas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9755</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843770</id>
      <parentid>502769</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:27:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
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[[Fayil:Southern and Eastern Ethiopia in the middle ages.jpg|thumb|yankin Ethiopia]]
'''Ethiope ta Gabas''' tana tsakiyar [[Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Tana kusa da [[Asagba]], [[Asamagidi]], [[Orerokpe]], [[Ovwori]], [[Orhokpokpor]], [[Eruemukohwarien]], [[Ekrokpe]], [[Ughelli]] da [[Agbasa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethiope East in Delta State |url=https://www.townstovillages.com/ethiope-east-in-delta-state/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=townstovillages.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙaramar hukumar Ethiope ta Gabas tana da gundumomi guda uku da matsugunai guda 67. [[Agbon]], [[Abraka]] da [[Isiokolo]] su ne gundumomin da ke Ethiope ta Gabas, yayin da [[Isiokolo]] ke zama hedikwatar gudanarwar ƙaramar hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-
date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref

Harshen Urhobo shi ne harshen da ake magana da shi a Ethiope East. Akwai matsugunai guda 73 a Ethiope East, duk da cewa suna ƙunshe da ƙauyuka guda 67 da ke cikin wannan ƙaramar hukuma.

Tana da faɗin yanki kilomita murabba’i 380.00, tare da yawan jama'a 200,792 bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 330.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>kw8rh4lgc0tnzri4ckrotlxcxhdgu7l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843772</id>
      <parentid>843770</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:29:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
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[[Fayil:Southern and Eastern Ethiopia in the middle ages.jpg|thumb|yankin Ethiopia]]
'''Ethiope ta Gabas''' tana tsakiyar [[Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Tana kusa da [[Asagba]], [[Asamagidi]], [[Orerokpe]], [[Ovwori]], [[Orhokpokpor]], [[Eruemukohwarien]], [[Ekrokpe]], [[Ughelli]] da [[Agbasa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethiope East in Delta State |url=https://www.townstovillages.com/ethiope-east-in-delta-state/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=townstovillages.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙaramar hukumar Ethiope ta Gabas tana da gundumomi guda uku da matsugunai guda 67. [[Agbon]], [[Abraka]] da [[Isiokolo]] su ne gundumomin da ke Ethiope ta Gabas, yayin da [[Isiokolo]] ke zama hedikwatar gudanarwar ƙaramar hukumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-
date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Harshen Urhobo shi ne harshen da ake magana da shi a Ethiope East. Akwai matsugunai guda 73 a Ethiope East, duk da cewa suna ƙunshe da ƙauyuka guda 67 da ke cikin wannan ƙaramar hukuma.

Tana da faɗin yanki kilomita murabba’i 380.00, tare da yawan jama'a 200,792 bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 330.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>igvmbqvwwcgw92aldeux3zbllyz2ngu</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ethiope ta Yamma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843775</id>
      <parentid>428971</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:30:32Z</timestamp>
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        <id>45277</id>
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[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>ey73z9m7bpxqg7s06q98sx5dzuk8fwm</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>843779</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:34:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352876451|Ethiope West]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6630" sha1="otvnc22jm09ueq9kmk3k6rqxj480vqe" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|official_name=Ethiope West|other_name=|native_name=|nickname=|settlement_type=[[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA]]|motto=|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=|pushpin_label_position=|pushpin_mapsize=|pushpin_map_caption=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name={{flag|Nigeria}}|subdivision_type1=[[States of Nigeria|State]]|subdivision_name1=[[Delta State]]|seat_type=Headquarters|seat=Oghara Town|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=Local Government Chairman|leader_name=Monday Odinigwe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Behold the newly sworn in 25 Local Government Chairmen in Delta State| url = https://freshangleng.com/34708/behold-the-newly-sworn-in-25-local-government-chairmen-in-delta-state | accessdate = 2024-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;|established_title=|established_date=|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=Metric|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=536|area_land_km2=|population_as_of=2006|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=203,592|population_density_km2=|timezone=[[West Africa Time|WAT]]|utc_offset=+1|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|coordinates={{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}|mapframe=yes|mapframe-zoom=8|mapframe-wikidata=yes|mapframe-marker=village|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=|postal_code_type=|postal_code=331|area_code=|blank_name=|blank_info=|website=|footnotes=}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox settlement/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-settlement vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn org&quot;&gt;Yammacin Habasha&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;category&quot;&gt;[[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;mapframe zoom=&quot;8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; frameless=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;250&quot;&gt;[
{&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Ethiope West&quot;,&quot;fill-opacity&quot;:0.1,&quot;stroke&quot;:&quot;#FF0000&quot;,&quot;stroke-width&quot;:2,&quot;fill&quot;:&quot;#606060&quot;},&quot;type&quot;:&quot;ExternalData&quot;,&quot;service&quot;:&quot;geoshape&quot;,&quot;ids&quot;:&quot;Q5403511&quot;},
{&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;stroke-width&quot;:2,&quot;stroke&quot;:&quot;#FF0000&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Ethiope West&quot;},&quot;type&quot;:&quot;ExternalData&quot;,&quot;service&quot;:&quot;geoline&quot;,&quot;ids&quot;:&quot;Q5403511&quot;},
{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Feature&quot;,&quot;geometry&quot;:{&quot;coordinates&quot;:[6,5.6],&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;marker-color&quot;:&quot;#5E74F3&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Ethiope West&quot;,&quot;marker-symbol&quot;:&quot;village&quot;}}
]&lt;/mapframe&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Taswirar hulɗa ta Yammacin Habasha&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |Ma'auni: 5°36′N 6°00′E / 5.6°N 6°E / 5.6; 6&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ethiope_West&amp;params=5.6_N_6_E_type:city(203592)_region:NG-DE &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;5°36′N&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;6°00′E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;5.6°N 6°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;5.6; 6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kasar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon nowrap&quot;&gt;[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] &lt;/span&gt;[[Nigeria|Najeriya]]
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[States of Nigeria|Jiha]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Delta State|Jihar Delta]]
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Hedikwatar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Birnin Oghara
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Gwamnati&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |• Shugaban Karamar Hukumar&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Litinin Odinigwe &lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;101&quot;&gt;[https://freshangleng.com/34708/behold-the-newly-sworn-in-25-local-government-chairmen-in-delta-state &quot;Behold the newly sworn in 25 Local Government Chairmen in Delta State&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-23&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Yankin&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;• Jimillar&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |536 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (207 sq mi) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Yawan jama'a &lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt; (2006)&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;• Jimillar&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |203,592
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Time zone|Yankin lokaci]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[UTC+1]] ([[West Africa Time|WAT]]) 
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Postal code|Lambar gidan waya]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data adr&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;331&lt;/div&gt;
|}
'''Ethiope ta Yamma''' [[ƙaramar hukuma]] ce ta [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Hedikwatarta tana garin Oghara&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da faɗin yanki kilomita murabba’i 536, tare da yawan jama'a 203,592 bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 331.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx |archive-date=2012-11-26 |access-date=2009-10-20 |website= |publisher=NIPOST}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}


{{LGAs and communities of Delta State}}


[[Rukuni:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6408" sha1="nxk9ymmayqumdzfp85tq6zj4u37irqj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|official_name=Ethiope West|other_name=|native_name=|nickname=|settlement_type=[[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA]]|motto=|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=|pushpin_label_position=|pushpin_mapsize=|pushpin_map_caption=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name={{flag|Nigeria}}|subdivision_type1=[[States of Nigeria|State]]|subdivision_name1=[[Delta State]]|seat_type=Headquarters|seat=Oghara Town|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=Local Government Chairman|leader_name=Monday Odinigwe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Behold the newly sworn in 25 Local Government Chairmen in Delta State| url = https://freshangleng.com/34708/behold-the-newly-sworn-in-25-local-government-chairmen-in-delta-state | accessdate = 2024-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;|established_title=|established_date=|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=Metric|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=536|area_land_km2=|population_as_of=2006|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=203,592|population_density_km2=|timezone=[[West Africa Time|WAT]]|utc_offset=+1|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|coordinates={{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}|mapframe=yes|mapframe-zoom=8|mapframe-wikidata=yes|mapframe-marker=village|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=|postal_code_type=|postal_code=331|area_code=|blank_name=|blank_info=|website=|footnotes=}}
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-settlement vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn org&quot;&gt;Yammacin Habasha&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;category&quot;&gt;[[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;mapframe zoom=&quot;8&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; frameless=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;250&quot;&gt;[
{&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Ethiope West&quot;,&quot;fill-opacity&quot;:0.1,&quot;stroke&quot;:&quot;#FF0000&quot;,&quot;stroke-width&quot;:2,&quot;fill&quot;:&quot;#606060&quot;},&quot;type&quot;:&quot;ExternalData&quot;,&quot;service&quot;:&quot;geoshape&quot;,&quot;ids&quot;:&quot;Q5403511&quot;},
{&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;stroke-width&quot;:2,&quot;stroke&quot;:&quot;#FF0000&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Ethiope West&quot;},&quot;type&quot;:&quot;ExternalData&quot;,&quot;service&quot;:&quot;geoline&quot;,&quot;ids&quot;:&quot;Q5403511&quot;},
{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Feature&quot;,&quot;geometry&quot;:{&quot;coordinates&quot;:[6,5.6],&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;},&quot;properties&quot;:{&quot;marker-color&quot;:&quot;#5E74F3&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Ethiope West&quot;,&quot;marker-symbol&quot;:&quot;village&quot;}}
]&lt;/mapframe&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Taswirar hulɗa ta Yammacin Habasha&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |Ma'auni: 5°36′N 6°00′E / 5.6°N 6°E / 5.6; 6&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ethiope_West&amp;params=5.6_N_6_E_type:city(203592)_region:NG-DE &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;5°36′N&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;6°00′E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;5.6°N 6°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;5.6; 6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kasar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon nowrap&quot;&gt;[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] &lt;/span&gt;[[Nigeria|Najeriya]]
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[States of Nigeria|Jiha]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Delta State|Jihar Delta]]
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Hedikwatar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Birnin Oghara
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Gwamnati&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |• Shugaban Karamar Hukumar&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Litinin Odinigwe &lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;101&quot;&gt;[https://freshangleng.com/34708/behold-the-newly-sworn-in-25-local-government-chairmen-in-delta-state &quot;Behold the newly sworn in 25 Local Government Chairmen in Delta State&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-23&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Yankin&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;• Jimillar&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |536 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (207 sq mi) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Yawan jama'a &lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt; (2006)&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;• Jimillar&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |203,592
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Time zone|Yankin lokaci]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[UTC+1]] ([[West Africa Time|WAT]]) 
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Postal code|Lambar gidan waya]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data adr&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;331&lt;/div&gt;
|}
'''Ethiope ta Yamma''' [[ƙaramar hukuma]] ce ta [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Hedikwatarta tana garin Oghara&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da faɗin yanki kilomita murabba’i 536, tare da yawan jama'a 203,592 bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 331.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Post Offices- with map of LGA |url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx |archive-date=2012-11-26 |access-date=2009-10-20 |website= |publisher=NIPOST}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ika ta Kudu</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>843791</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:43:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
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'''Ika ta Kudu''' [[ƙaramar hukuma]] ce ta [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Hedikwatarta tana garin [[Agbor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ƙaramar hukuma tana da yawan jama'a 167,060 bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ika ta Arewa maso Gabas</title>
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      <parentid>257539</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:40:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
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'''Ika ta Arewa maso Gabas''' [[ƙaramar hukuma]] ce ta [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Hedikwatarta tana garin Owa Oyibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ika North East Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/230/ika-north-east|access-date=2021-09-10|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Tana da faɗin yanki kilomita murabba’i 463, tare da yawan jama'a 183,657 bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 321.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | work = | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | accessdate = 2009-10-20 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx | archivedate = 2012-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Birane, Garuruwa da Al'ummomi==
# Achara
# Agban
# Akpama
# Ekwuoma
# Akumazi
# Aliegbo
# Alilor
# Aliobume
# Aliojeh
# Alugba
# Aniekpukwu
# Anieyime
# Aninwachokor
# Ase
# Boji-Boji-Owa
# Eje
# Etiti
# Ibiegwa
# Idumuigwe
# Idumuobior
# Idumuozeh
# Idum-Ile
# Idumu-Oba
# Idumu-Obi
# Idumu-Ukpa
# Idumu-Uleje
# Idumu-Uzougbo
# Ikeze
{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>ejh3miyjwuha5t4dv0fysjekptu7yx4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843788</id>
      <parentid>843787</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:40:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="1579" sha1="qxybmie1001cfo8mhme63pj6kilt3ri" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Ika ta Arewa maso Gabas''' [[ƙaramar hukuma]] ce ta [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Hedikwatarta tana garin Owa Oyibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ika North East Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/230/ika-north-east|access-date=2021-09-10|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Tana da faɗin yanki kilomita murabba’i 463, tare da yawan jama'a 183,657 bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 321.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | work = | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | accessdate = 2009-10-20 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx | archivedate = 2012-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Birane, Garuruwa da Al'ummomi==
# Achara
# Agban
# Akpama
# Ekwuoma
# Akumazi
# Aliegbo
# Alilor
# Aliobume
# Aliojeh
# Alugba
# Aniekpukwu
# Anieyime
# Aninwachokor
# Ase
# Boji-Boji-Owa
# Eje
# Etiti
# Ibiegwa
# Idumuigwe
# Idumuobior
# Idumuozeh
# Idum-Ile
# Idumu-Oba
# Idumu-Obi
# Idumu-Ukpa
# Idumu-Uleje
# Idumu-Uzougbo
# Ikeze
{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>qxybmie1001cfo8mhme63pj6kilt3ri</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ughelli ta Arewa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9759</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843847</id>
      <parentid>503180</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T06:25:18Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
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[[Fayil:Ughelli Kingdom.jpg|thumb|masarautar ughelli]]
[[Fayil:Ughelli Post Office- Delta State.jpg|thumb|ofishin ughelli]]
'''Ughelli ta Arewa''' Nadaga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan Hukumomin]] [[Jihar Delta]] dake a kudu masu kudancin [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-08-23|title=Ughelli North LGA List of Towns and Villages Zip Codes|url=https://nigeriapostcodes.com/ughelli-north-lga-list-towns-villages-zip-codes/|access-date=2022-02-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asaba Town in Delta Nigeria The current traditional ruler of Ughelli clan is HRM Wilson Ojakovo, Oharisi IIII. Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Delta/History-of-Ughelli-in-Delta-State.html|access-date=2022-02-17|website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>7cfr8jklk0kog27iwfj6h4aw073vzlt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ughelli ta Kudu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9760</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843848</id>
      <parentid>269232</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T06:26:31Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
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      <comment>/* Shahararrun mutanen */</comment>
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'''Ughelli ta Kudu''' Nadaga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan Hukumomin]] [[Jihar Delta]] dake a kudu masu kudancin [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ovwigho|first=Bishop O.|last2=Ifie|first2=P. A.|date=2019|title=Gender Disparity in Cassava Production in Ughelli South Local Government Area of Delta State Nigeria|url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/294240/files/EFS_Journal_v04_n01_01_Ovwogho_and_Ifie.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana dauke da masarautun Urhubo guda shida kamar haka: Ughievwen, Arhavwarien, Effurun Otor, Eghwu, Okparabe da kuma Olomu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ughelli South|url=https://deltalgas.org/ughelli-south-2/|access-date=2022-02-17|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217083045/https://deltalgas.org/ughelli-south-2/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Otu-Jeremi]] ce cibiyar karamar hukumar Ughelli ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-04-22|title=BREAKING: Result of suspected COVID-19 patient in Ughelli South is positive|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/04/result-of-suspected-covid-19-patient-in-ughelli-south-is-positivebreaking-result-of-suspected-covid-19-patient-in-ughelli-south-is-positive/|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Itace karamar hukuma ta hudu mafi girma a Jihar Delta.

Tana da fadin murabba’i  786 sqkm (303 sq mi) da kimanin mutum  213,576 dangane da kidayar jama’a ta 2006. Lambar tura sakonni na yankin itace 333.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|access-date=2009-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx|archive-date=2012-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Birane da kauyuka==
* [[Imode, Nijeriya|Kauyen Imode]]
* [[Egbo-Uhurie]]
* [[Ophorigbala]]
* [[Ekakpamre]]
* [[Otokutu]]
* [[Ekrejegbe]]
* [[Ekrokpe]]
* [[Iyara|Eyara]]
* [[Oginibo]]
* [[Urhiephron]]
* [[Okwagbe]]
* [[Olomu]]

==Fitattun mutane==
* [[Isaiah Oghenevwegba Ogedegbe|Isaiah Ogedegbe]], faston kuma marubuci&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|title=Iginla, TeeMac, others eulogise TB Joshua at posthumous birthday|publisher=The Nation Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>2kflnrgc6ndv5cpcfvuimykvq774k37</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ukwuani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9761</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843850</id>
      <parentid>441863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T06:28:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
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'''Ukwuani''' [[ƙaramar hukuma]] ce ta [[Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ozulu|first=George Uchebike|title=Assessing the Impact of Waste Gasoline on the Physicochemical Properties of Soils at Selected Automobile Workshops in Obiaruku, Southern Nigeria|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Ukwuani-Local-Government-Area-Showing-the-Study-Location-Source-Delta-State_fig1_344659082|website=Research Gate|access-date=9 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatarta tana Obiaruku.

Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 112.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | access-date = 2009-10-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx | archive-date = 2012-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>h7oz41tspie5ai41xphr01oeppkk5qe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oshimili ta Kudu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9762</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843843</id>
      <parentid>341379</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T06:16:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="1107" sha1="rnc7bd5aeqauixxp793amq8fl84bp0h" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Oshimili,'''na daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|kananan hukumomin]] [[jihar Delta]] dake a kudu masu kudancin [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mfonobong |first=Daniel |date=2020-07-01 |title=Delta State: List of Local Government Areas &amp; Towns |url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/delta-state-local-government-areas-towns/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Nigerian Infopedia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-10-23 |title=Delta govt hands over Ogbeogonogo Market to Oshimili LGA |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/10/delta-govt-hands-over-ogbeogonogo-market-to-oshimili-lga/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-04-08 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-02-03 |title=Delta offers financial assistance to fire victims |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/02/delta-offers-financial-assistance-to-fire-victims/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-04-08 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>rnc7bd5aeqauixxp793amq8fl84bp0h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oshimili ta Arewa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843838</id>
      <parentid>441221</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T06:14:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843838</origin>
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      <text bytes="752" sha1="k7kp788ussn7hbi0oauencme3stloq5" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Oshimili ta Arewa''' Nadaga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|kananan hukumomin]] [[Jihar Delta]] dake a kudu masu kudancin [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pat&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-04-27 |title=2019: Re-elect my wife, Ajudua begs Oshimili North people |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/04/2019-re-elect-wife-ajudua-begs-oshimili-north-people/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-04-08 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oshimili north LGA |url=http://localgovernment.ng/delta-state/oshimili-north-lga/ |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Journal Of Local Governments Of Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Stub}}

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>k7kp788ussn7hbi0oauencme3stloq5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843841</id>
      <parentid>843838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T06:15:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
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'''Oshimili ta Arewa''' na daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|kananan hukumomin]] [[Jihar Delta]] dake a kudancin [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pat&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-04-27 |title=2019: Re-elect my wife, Ajudua begs Oshimili North people |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/04/2019-re-elect-wife-ajudua-begs-oshimili-north-people/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-04-08 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oshimili north LGA |url=http://localgovernment.ng/delta-state/oshimili-north-lga/ |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Journal Of Local Governments Of Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Stub}}

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>fumry3ycstxopwbidh4xciupciyx3qo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ndokwa ta Gabas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9764</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843830</id>
      <parentid>516369</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T06:10:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
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      <text bytes="1305" sha1="9yonlfpp9pjvsu7ye4ric6om2ghg0w1" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Erishi masquerade.jpg|thumb|Ndoka ta gabas]]
'''Ndokwa ta Gabas''' Ndokwa East ƙaramar hukuma ce ta Jihar Delta, Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DELTA STATE LGAs – WELCOME TO THE DELTA STATE LGAs ONLINE DIRECTORY |url=https://deltalgas.org/ |access-date=2022-09-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatarta tana garin Aboh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da faɗin yanki kilomita murabba’i 1,617 tare da yawan jama'a 103,171 bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 322.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | work = | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | accessdate = 2009-10-20 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx | archivedate = 2012-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙarshen yankin na kudu mafi nisa shi ne Asaba-Assay.

{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>9yonlfpp9pjvsu7ye4ric6om2ghg0w1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843831</id>
      <parentid>843830</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T06:10:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
        <id>45277</id>
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[[Fayil:Erishi masquerade.jpg|thumb|Ndoka ta gabas]]
'''Ndokwa ta Gabas''' Ndokwa East ƙaramar hukuma ce ta Jihar Delta, Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DELTA STATE LGAs – WELCOME TO THE DELTA STATE LGAs ONLINE DIRECTORY |url=https://deltalgas.org/ |access-date=2022-09-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatarta tana garin Aboh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana da faɗin yanki kilomita murabba’i 1,617 tare da yawan jama'a 103,171 bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 322.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | work = | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | accessdate = 2009-10-20 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx | archivedate = 2012-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙarshen yankin na kudu mafi nisa shi ne Asaba-Assay.

{{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>ryfd7ho02qnsv6m6mkholqpnodlxym7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ndokwa ta Yamma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9765</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>498834</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T06:12:16Z</timestamp>
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[[Fayil:Kwale Post Office , Delta State.jpg|thumb|offishie ansan baqi Ndokwa ta Yamma]]
'''Ndokwa ta Yamma''' Nadaga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan Hukumomin]] [[Jihar Delta]] dake a kudu masu kudancin [[Nijeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
{{reflist}} 
[[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>9arkzcaydi1nmnqnpwv1hq65d2oeh8i</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Isoko ta Kudu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9766</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843822</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T06:07:37Z</timestamp>
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[[Fayil:History of Ivrogbo-Irri Town.png|thumb|Isoko ta Kudu]]
[[Fayil:Isoko South - Nigeria - O Odugala.JPG|thumb|Isoko ta Kudu]]
'''Isoko ta Kudu''' [[ƙaramar hukuma]] ce da ke yankin [[Isoko]] na [[Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Hedikwatarta tana Oleh, Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi biyu da suka haɗa yankin Isoko. Ɗayar ita ce Isoko North, wadda hedikwatarta take Ozoro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Wannan ƙaramar hukuma tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 235,147 bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:History_of_Ivrogbo-Irri_Town.png|Garin Ivrogbo Irri, Isoko ta Kudu 
File:Isoko_South_-_Nigeria_-_O_Odugala.JPG|Isoko ta Kudu 
File:Isoko_South_-_Nigeria.jpeg|Isoko ta Kudu
&lt;/gallery&gt; 
{{Stub}}

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>itrozh7xvusng3dkzapv4qm4ngi0au9</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Isoko ta Arewa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Isoko ta Arewa''' na ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi biyu da ke yankin [[Isoko]] na [[Jihar Delta]], kudancin [[Najeriya]], ɗayar kuma ita ce [[Isoko ta Kudu]]. Yawan jama'ar Isoko ta Arewa ya kai 143,559 bisa ga ƙidayar Najeriya ta shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2 February 2009 |title=Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette |url=https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/ng/2009/ng-government-gazette-dated-2009-02-02-no-2.pdf |journal=Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatarta tana garin [[Ozoro]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda yake da filin wasa mai girman Olympic mai ɗaukar mutane 14,000 a Delta State Polytechnic Ozoro, wanda yanzu aka ɗaukaka zuwa jami'a. Akwai gundumomin zaɓe guda 13 a wannan ƙaramar hukuma. Manyan garuruwan Isoko North sun haɗa da Ozoro, Oyede, Odoga-Oyede, Owhelogbo, Otor Owhe, Oghara-Iyede da Emevor. Mazauna yankin galibi Kiristoci ne da masu bautar gargajiya. Isoko North na ɗauke da yankunan da ake hako mai, kuma tana daga cikin wuraren da aka samu wasu rikice-rikicen baya-bayan nan a yankin Neja Delta.
==Shahararrun mutanen==
* [[Sunny Ofehe]], dan siyasa kuma mai fafutukar kare muhalli
* [[Isaiah Oghenevwegba Ogedegbe|Isaiah Ogedegbe]], faston kuma marubuci&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|title=Iginla, TeeMac, others eulogise TB Joshua at posthumous birthday|publisher=The Nation Newspaper|access-date=2023-06-18|archive-date=2023-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613210715/https://thenationonlineng.net/iginla-teemac-others-eulogise-tb-joshua-at-posthumous-birthday/|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Stub}}

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
      <sha1>cmvqewpmu9rv7s9ycabwthzigshux7i</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Patani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Muhammadsanijalingo003</username>
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'''Patani''' [[ƙaramar hukuma]] ce ta [[Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]]. Hedikwatarta tana garin Patani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Delta |url=https://deltastate.gov.ng/about/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DELTA STATE THE BIG HEART |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Tana da faɗin yanki kilomita murabba’i 217 tare da yawan jama'a 67,391 bisa ga ƙidayar shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Administrative Division (States and Local Government Areas) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Lambar gidan waya ta yankin ita ce 333.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Post Offices- with map of LGA | work = | publisher = NIPOST | url = http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx | accessdate = 2009-10-20 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx | archivedate = 2012-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Stub}}
==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Category: Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Madatsar Ruwan Ɓagwai</title>
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[[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]]
'''Watari Dam'''  madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}}
An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 &quot;N da 8 ° 8'12&quot; E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake tsayawa daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan wuce daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm.   

Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]].

Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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[[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]]
'''Watari Dam'''  madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}}
An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 &quot;N da 8 ° 8'12&quot; E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, harma wata shekarar da ruwan sama yai yawa,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba  daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm.   

Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]].

Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <id>843857</id>
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[[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]]
'''Watari Dam'''  madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}}
An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 &quot;N da 8 ° 8'12&quot; E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, harma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba  daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm.   

Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]].

Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843858</id>
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[[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]]
'''Watari Dam'''  madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}}
An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 &quot;N da 8 ° 8'12&quot; E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba  daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm.   

Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]]har ma [[Tsanyawa]].

Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843859</id>
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      <contributor>
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[[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]]
'''Watari Dam'''  madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}}
An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 &quot;N da 8 ° 8'12&quot; E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba  daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm.   

Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]].

Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
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== \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari==
[[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]]
'''Watari Dam'''  madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}}
An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 &quot;N da 8 ° 8'12&quot; E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba  daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm.   

Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]].

Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji.

== Manazarta ==
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== \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari==
[[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]]
'''Watari Dam'''  madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}}
An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 &quot;N da 8 ° 8'12&quot; E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba  daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm.
==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa==   

Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]].

Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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== \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari==
[[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]]
'''Watari Dam'''  madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}}
An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 &quot;N da 8 ° 8'12&quot; E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba  daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm.
==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa==
A nan  ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ruwa.

Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]].

Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji.

== Manazarta ==
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== \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari==
[[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]]
'''Watari Dam'''  madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}}
An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 &quot;N da 8 ° 8'12&quot; E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba  daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm.
==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa==
A nan  ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa.

Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]].

Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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== \Madatsar Ruwa Ta Wari==
[[Fayil:Watari Dam.jpg|thumb|Watari dam]]
'''Watari Dam'''  madatsar ruwa ne dake a karamar hukumar [[Ɓagwai|Bagwai]] a arewa maso yamma ta [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] na [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tasiu|first=Yalwa Ibrahim|date=28 December 2014|title=Effects of anthropogenic factors on the phytoplanktons distribution of Watari Dam, Kano State|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333719137|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Standard Research Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=J. S.|first=Ogutoyin|title=Meteorological Hazards and Development|publisher=Kola Okanlawon Publishers|year=1991|pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{wide image|Panorama of Watari Dam.jpg|600px|Babban Hoto na Madatsar Ruwan Watari dake Ɓagwai}}
An gina madatsar ruwa ta Watari tsakanin shekara alif 1977 zuwa shekarar 1980. An gina madatsar ruwan a kan kuɗin [[Naira|Nijeriya Naira]] ₦ 7,108,000.00. Dam din yana da nisan ƙasa da kilomita 1 daga garin Bagwai da 8km kudu maso yamma da garin [[Bichi]] . Tana da fili mai girman hekta 1,959 tare da adadin ruwa kimanin lita miliyan 92.74 [59,60]. Dam din yana tsakanin latitude 12 ° 9'24 &quot;N da 8 ° 8'12&quot; E tare da yanayi biyu daban (rigar da bushe). Lokacin damina wanda yake cika sosai, har ma wata shekarar idan ruwan sama yai yawa sosai,yakan haura rafin dole wato maraga, daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Oktoba da kuma lokacin rani yakan ragu kadan. Amma bai taɓa kusantar ƙafewa ba  daga watan Nuwamba zuwa watan Afrilu. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, yana tsakanin 16 - 410Cand kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana zuwa daga 700 - 813mm.
==Manyan hanyoyin shigar Ruwa==
A nan  ana nufin manyan Rafukan da ke kai wa Madatsar Ruwan ta Watari ruwa. Rafukan sun hada da '''Rafin Watari''' da kuma '''Rafin Tsamiya.

Al’umma suna amfani da madatsar don ayyukan [[noma]] a yankin. Akwai gidan ruwa wanda yake aika ruwa daga madatsar zuwa wasu sassa na cikin [[birnin Kano]] da sauran garuruwan jihar kamar [[Bichi]] da [[Bagwai]] har ma [[Tsanyawa]].

Ita ce madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a cikin [[jihar Kano]] wacce take da karfin adana ruwa kimanin 104.55Mm2. Dalilin gina madatsar ruwan don hana ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa, [[masunta]] da kuma amfanin na biyu sun hada da samar da ruwa na shakatawa da kuma kiyaye namun daji.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Noufissa Benchehida</title>
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'''Noufissa Benchehida''' (an haife ta a 23 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1975) shahararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta kasar  Morocco.

== Tarihin rayuwarta ==
An haifi [[Noufissa Benchehida]] a Morocco a shekarar 1975. Ta haɓaka sha'awar silima a yarinta.  Ta kuma yi karatu a Cours Florent a Faris. Benchehida ta sami difloma a fannin zane-zane a Kwalejin Nazarin Casablanca.  Ta kuma halarci Ecole supérieure d'hôtellerie et de tourisme à Montpellier.&lt;ref name=&quot;zerrour&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Zerrour |first1=Leila |title=Benchehida Noufissa : «Je ne suis pas seulement une femme flic» |url=https://www.maghress.com/fr/aujourdhui/56778 |website=Maghresslanguage=French |access-date=2020-12-02 |archive-date=2020-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113134457/https://www.maghress.com/fr/aujourdhui/56778 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Noufissa Benchehida ta fara fim ne tun a Shekarar 2004, a cikin ''Syriana'' wanda Stephane Cagan ya ba da umarni.  Ta zama sanannen dan sanda Zineb Hejjami a cikin shirin talabijin ''El kadia'' a shekarar 2006. Ta bayyana cewa ta ji daɗin rawar amma ba ta so ta zama 'yan sanda a cikin' yan sanda, kuma tana son fitowa a fim.  Har ila yau, a cikin shekarar 2006, tana cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Syria, ''Moulouk Attawaif'' . A shekara ta 2011, Noufissa Benchehida na da babban matsayi a matsayin mace wacce ta yi kamfen a madadin matan da aka ci ''zarafinsu'' a ''Agadir Bombay'', wanda Myriam Bakir ya jagoranta.  A shekarar 2015, ta fito a fim din ''Aida''.&lt;ref name=agenzia&gt;{{cite web |title=Noufissa Benchehida |url=http://www.agenziaisabellagullo.net/noufissa-benchehida.html |website=Agenzia Isabella Gullo |language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2016,Noufissa Benchehida ta fito cikin fim mai suna ''A la recherche du pouvoir perdu'' (&quot;In Search of Lost Power&quot;), wanda Mohammed Ahed Bensouda ya jagoranta. Ta nuna Ilham, mawaƙa cabaret wanda ke shiga cikin janar mai ritaya. Ayyukanta sun sa ta sami Sotigui na Zinare a Sotigui Awards na shekarar 2017.  An kuma baiwa Noufissa Benchehida lambar yabo mafi kyau a bikin Fim da Talabijin na Panafrican na [[Ouagadougou]].&lt;ref name=retour&gt;{{cite web |title=Retour de Noufissa Benchida au cinéma : Rôle principal dans le film “Agadir-Bombay” |url=https://www.libe.ma/Retour-de-Noufissa-Benchida-au-cinema-Role-principal-dans-le-film-Agadir-Bombay_a3282.html |website=Liberation |accessdate=7 November 2020 |language=French }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Guisser |first1=Salima |title=Noufissa Benchehida nominée à un nouvel award africain |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/culture/cinema/noufissa-benchehida-nominee-a-un-nouvel-award-africain-2 |website=Aujourdhui Le Maroc |accessdate=7 November 2020 |language=French |date=28 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Noufissa Benchehida tana ji da magana da Faransanci, Larabci, da Turanci.

== Fina-finai ==
* 2004 : ''Syriana''
* 2006 : ''El kadia'' (TV jerin)
* 2006 : ''Moulouk Attawaif'' (TV jerin)
* 2009 : ''Babu''
* 2010 : ''Scars'' (gajeren fim)
* 2010 : ''Une heure enfer'' (Jerin TV)
* 2011 : ''Agadir Bombay''
* 2013 : ''Beb El Fella - Le Cinemonde''
* 2013 : ''Appel Forcé''
* 2015 : ''Aida''
* 2016 : ''Massafat Mile Bihidayi''
* 2016 : ''A la recherche du pouvoir perdu''
* 2018 : ''Wala alik'' (TV jerin)
* 2020 : ''Alopsy'' (gajeren fim)

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [[imdbname:3608595|Noufissa Benchehida]] a [[IMDb|Database na Intanet]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nura Mohammed</title>
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'''Mohammed Nur''' (an haife shi ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, 2002). ɗan wasan [[Kwallan Kwando|ƙwallon ƙafa ta]] [[duniya]] wanda ke buga wa [[Jigawa Golden Stars F.C.|Jigawa Golden Stars]], A matsayin ɗan wasan gaba.

== Ayyuka ==
Ya buga wasan kwallon kafa a kungiyoyin El-Kanemi Feeders, [[El-Kanemi Warriors F.C.|El-Kanemi Warriors]], Kada City da [[Jigawa Golden Stars F.C.|Jigawa Golden Stars]]. 

Ya fara buga wa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|Nijeriya]] tamaula a shekara ta 2018.  An zabi Nur ne a cikin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasashen Afirka ta 2018 kuma ya kafa tarihi a matsayin matashin dan wasa da ya taba fitowa a gasar yana da shekaru 15.&lt;ref name = &quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|pid=69962|accessdate=21 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Meet Mohammed Nur, The Youngest Player At The Ongoing African Nations Championship|url=http://www.konbini.com/ng/lifestyle/meet-mohammed-nur-youngest-player-ongoing-2018-chan/|author=Prince Jacon|publisher=konbini|accessdate=14 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Meet the 15-year-old boy who plays for the Super Eagles|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/15-year-old-nura-mohammed-who-plays-for-the-super-eagles-id7861406.html|date=24 January 2018|author=Tosin Abayomi|accessdate=14 November 2018|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|archive-date=15 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115113347/https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/15-year-old-nura-mohammed-who-plays-for-the-super-eagles-id7861406.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Haifaffun 2002]]
[[Category:'Yan wasan kungiyar Jigawa Golden Stars]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
[[Category:Yan kwallon kafa]]
[[Category:Maza]]</text>
      <sha1>havy70xkmpnydmu5j6c8xrel6hwvk14</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Othman Jerandi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1822" sha1="o2wlim9twr12hz2pn7q2a0qd7axc8np" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:OthmanJerandi.jpg|thumb|hoton othman jerandi]]
[[Fayil:Kristian Vigenin and Othman Jerandi.jpg|thumb|Othman Jerandi daga gefen hagu ]]
'''Othman Jerandi''' ( {{Lang-ar|عثمان الجرندي}}   ) ɗan siyasan [[Tunisiya]] ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya. &lt;ref name=&quot;uno&quot;&gt;[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/bio4311.doc.htm « New Permanent Representative of Tunisia Presents Credentials », ''Organisation des Nations unies'', 23 août 2011]&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Waje daga Maris din shekarar 2013 zuwa Janairun shekarata 2014. A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2023, Fadar Shugaban Kasa ta sanar da korar sa tare da maye gurbinsa da, Nabil Ammar.[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230208-tunisie-le-ministre-des-affaires-%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res-othman-jerandi-limog%C3%A9-par-le-pr%C3%A9sident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208135646/https://amp.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230208-tunisie-le-ministre-des-affaires-%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res-othman-jerandi-limog%C3%A9-par-le-pr%C3%A9sident |date=2023-02-08 }}.

== Aiki ==
Tare da digiri a fannin sadarwa, ya fara aiki a shekarar 1979 &lt;ref name=&quot;webdo&quot;&gt;{{In lang|fr}} [http://www.webdo.tn/2013/03/08/othmane-jarandi-nouveau-chef-de-la-diplomatie-35-ans-de-carriere-et-des-connexions-avec-lonu/ « Othmane Jarandi, nouveau chef de la diplomatie – 35 ans de carrière et des connexions avec l’ONU », ''Webdo'', 8 mars 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701144701/https://www.webdo.tn/2013/03/08/othmane-jarandi-nouveau-chef-de-la-diplomatie-35-ans-de-carriere-et-des-connexions-avec-lonu/ |date=2022-07-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt; a gwamnatin firaminista Hedi Amara Nouira .

== Manazarta ==
{{S-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef}}
{{S-ttl}}
{{S-aft}}
{{S-end}}

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Mutanan Tunusiya]]
[[Category:Minista]]</text>
      <sha1>o2wlim9twr12hz2pn7q2a0qd7axc8np</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>21908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843695</id>
      <parentid>842809</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:28:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci</comment>
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      <text bytes="11304" sha1="10g4fk4gf3pckcil5dh69o0mitzctf9" xml:space="preserve">Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin.
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|[[User:Yakubu Yakubu|Yakubu Yakubu]]
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|[[User:Alisar.888|Alisar.888]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Alisar.888|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026
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|Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026
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|Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:90nikos|90nikos]]
|[[Special:Contributions/90nikos|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Daydream moon|Daydream moon]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Daydream moon|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:IcedEarthMinistries|IcedEarthMinistries]]
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|Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:PaganTerror|PaganTerror]]
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|Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Sp Gamawa|Sp Gamawa]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Sp Gamawa|Gudummuwa]]
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|Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026
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|Laraba, 27 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Surajr7|Surajr7]]
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|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Danfinklerr|Danfinklerr]]
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|[[User:Macrakis|Macrakis]]
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|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Muhammadsanijalingo003|Muhammadsanijalingo003]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Muhammadsanijalingo003|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Eureka-WMF|Eureka-WMF]]
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|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:ShehabTweel165|ShehabTweel165]]
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|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Гренадеръ|Гренадеръ]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Гренадеръ|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Elprof01|Elprof01]]
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|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Dan Gatan Baahir Maishaddaa|Dan Gatan Baahir Maishaddaa]]
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|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Abbamagaji257|Abbamagaji257]]
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|Alhamis, 28 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:EclecticArkie|EclecticArkie]]
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|Jumma'a, 29 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Varaprasad Sidam|Varaprasad Sidam]]
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|Jumma'a, 29 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Amimqj|Amimqj]]
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|Jumma'a, 29 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Ebshow|Ebshow]]
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|Jumma'a, 29 ga Mayu 2026
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|48
|[[User:ClaveScottPH|ClaveScottPH]]
|[[Special:Contributions/ClaveScottPH|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 29 ga Mayu 2026
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|49
|[[User:DWòelɔ̃ame|DWòelɔ̃ame]]
|[[Special:Contributions/DWòelɔ̃ame|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 29 ga Mayu 2026
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|50
|[[User:JackyM59|JackyM59]]
|[[Special:Contributions/JackyM59|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 29 ga Mayu 2026
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|51
|[[User:Estazinu|Estazinu]]
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|Jumma'a, 29 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Findinscots|Findinscots]]
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|Jumma'a, 29 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Editres|Editres]]
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|Jumma'a, 29 ga Mayu 2026
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|54
|[[User:أَديـب|أَديـب]]
|[[Special:Contributions/أَديـب|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 29 ga Mayu 2026
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|55
|[[User:Najiyasultana|Najiyasultana]]
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|[[User:Godsgrace007|Godsgrace007]]
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|Jumma'a, 29 ga Mayu 2026
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|57
|[[User:Олег Нікітюк|Олег Нікітюк]]
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|[[User:Eaxyst|Eaxyst]]
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|[[User:רחביה|רחביה]]
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|[[User:ZIGGYBLAQ|ZIGGYBLAQ]]
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|Jumma'a, 29 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:Ezinwaken|Ezinwaken]]
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|Jumma'a, 29 ga Mayu 2026
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|[[User:HalloIchBinTG|HalloIchBinTG]]
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|[[User:Anastesia chi|Anastesia chi]]
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|[[User:Анори Уньойл|Анори Уньойл]]
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|[[User:Kim Nito|Kim Nito]]
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|[[User:브릴란떼|브릴란떼]]
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|72
|[[User:الطيب اجديع|الطيب اجديع]]
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|73
|[[User:Ahmed310302 wiki|Ahmed310302 wiki]]
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|[[User:Sreehari lijinas|Sreehari lijinas]]
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  <page>
    <title>Okahandja</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843451</id>
      <parentid>720190</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T14:14:49Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <text bytes="1585" sha1="r1tohg3vq0cbzv14e50awxo854xk10k" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Okahandja Bahnhof.jpg|thumb|hoton okahandja]]
[[Fayil:Feste Okahandja.jpg|thumb|Birni ne na okahandja]]
[[Fayil:Okahandja 1.jpg|thumb|okahandja]]
[[Fayil:Okahandja mucipality.jpg|thumb|Okahandja mucipality]]
'''Okahandja''' birnin na Okahandja na nufin wurin da koguna biyu (Okakango da Okamita) ke kwarara zuwa cikin juna don su zama ɗaya mai faɗi a Otjiherero. ne  na mutane 24,100 a Yankin Otjozondjupa, tsakiyar Namibia, kuma babban gundumar gundumar zaɓen Okahandja. An san shi da Garin Lambun Namibia. Yana cikin 70 kilomita arewa da Windhoek akan hanyar B1.3 An kafa ta a kusa da 1800, ta ƙungiyoyin gida biyu, Herero da Nama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities/list |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-10-03 |archive-date=2013-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610203011/http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities%2Flist |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Okahandja na nufin wurin da koguna biyu (Okakango da Okamita) ke kwarara zuwa cikin juna don su zama ɗaya mai faɗi a Otjiherero.

Wani fasto dan kasar Jamus, Heinrich Schmelen, ya zama Bature na farko da ya ziyarci garin a shekarar 1827. A shekara ta 1844, an tura masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje guda biyu zuwa garin, Heinrich Kleinschmidt da Hugo Hahn. Ikilisiya ta samo asali daga wannan lokacin. An kafa gidan soja a yunƙurin Theodor Leutwein a cikin 1894, kuma wannan ranar ce aka amince da ita a matsayin tushen garin.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20130610203011/http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities%2Flist&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Okey Bakassi</title>
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      <text bytes="2765" sha1="izyb9gvcz18sm3pgtzj0zet7onbh4i3" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Okechukwu Anthony Onyegbule''' (haife Oktoba 23, 1969), aka fi sani da '''Okey Bakassi''' ne a Nijeriya tsayawar-up ƴar kamanci da actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/02/ill-always-be-a-politician-okey-bakassi/|title=I’ll always be a politician – Okey Bakassi|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]|last1=Egole|first1=Anozie|last2=Arenyeka|first2=Laju|date=3 February 2013|accessdate=29 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/comedian-okey-bakassi-grass-stardom/|title=Comedian Okey Bakassi, from grass to stardom|work=Newswatch Times|last=Adegun|first=Aanu|date=5 December 2013|accessdate=29 March 2016|archive-date=20 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120174949/http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/comedian-okey-bakassi-grass-stardom|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2014, ya lashe kyautar &quot;Best Actor in a Leading Role (Igbo)&quot; category  shekarar 2014 na Best of Nollywood Awards saboda rawar da ya taka a fim din ''Onye Ozi''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/bon-awards-2014-tope-tedela-ivie-okujaye-silence-win-big-id3205982.html|title=Tope Tedela, Ivie Okujaye, 'Silence' Win Big|work=Pulse Nigeria|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|date=17 October 2014|accessdate=29 March 2016|archive-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405153702/http://pulse.ng/movies/bon-awards-2014-tope-tedela-ivie-okujaye-silence-win-big-id3205982.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.36ng.com.ng/2014/10/17/bon-awards-2014-complete-list-of-winners/|title=BON Awards 2014 Complete List Of Winners|work=36NG|last=Oleniju|first=Segun|date=17 October 2014|accessdate=29 March 2016|archive-date=4 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204111456/http://www.36ng.com.ng/2014/10/17/bon-awards-2014-complete-list-of-winners/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwar farko da aiki ==
Okey Bakassi ya kasance yana son nishaɗantarwa duk da cewa Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar River River da ya karanta ba ta da sashen wasan kwaikwayo na Theatre.

Okay Bakassi da wasu ɗalibai masu irin tunani da sha'awa sun hadu suka kafa ƙungiyar '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Theatre Kolleagues'''' da kuma nufin yin wasa da nishadantar da al'ummar jami'a. Okey, bayan jami'a ya zo Legas sannan ya gana da fitaccen mai shirya fina-finai kuma darakta, Zeb Ejiro wanda a shekarar 1993 ya ba shi damarsa ta farko ta fitowa a wani shirin gidan talabijin na cibiyar sadarwa - 'Fortunes' inda ya yi wasa da Nick, ɗaya daga cikin masu tsaron lafiyar Johnson.

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Official website|okeybakassi.tv}}
* {{IMDb name|nm2358951|Okey Bakassi}}
[[Category:Mutanan Najeriya]]
[[Category:Ƴan Fim]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tafkin Ichkeul</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339956510|Lake Ichkeul]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Lake Ichkeul''' ( Arabic     ) wani [[tafki]] ne a arewacin [[Tunisiya]], wanda ke da nisan kilomita 20 (mil 12) zuwa Bizerte, birni mafi arewa a Afirka a [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . Tafkin da wuraren dausayi na '''Ichkeul National Park''' muhimmin wuri ne na tsayawa ga ɗaruruwan dubban tsuntsaye masu ƙaura kowace shekara. Daga cikin baƙi na tafkin akwai [[Agwagwa|agwagi]], geese, shamuwa, da flamingoes masu ruwan hoda . Gina [[madatsar ruwa]] a kan kogunan ciyar da tafkin ya haifar da manyan canje-canje ga daidaiton [[Ecology|muhalli]] na tafkin da wuraren dausayi.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Ichkeul_National_Park-130277.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Tafkin Ichkeul]]
A zamanin daular Hafsid, tafkin Ichkuel ya kasance wurin ajiyar kaya a ƙarni na 13. Daga baya ya zama mallakar jama'a a farkon ƙarni na 20 a lokacin mulkin Faransa . Tun daga shekarar 1980, ya kasance [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Wurin Tarihi na Duniya na UNESCO]] .

Saboda madatsun ruwa sun rage kwararar ruwan da ke shiga tafkuna da dausayi sosai, an maye gurbin gadawar ciyawa, dausayi, da sauran nau'ikan shuke-shuke masu ruwa mai tsabta da tsire-tsire masu son gishiri. Waɗannan canje-canjen sun haifar da raguwa sosai a yawan tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura, waɗanda suka dogara da cakuda shuke-shuken da suka wanzu a da.

A cewar shafin yanar gizon UNESCO, gwamnatin Tunisiya ta ɗauki wasu matakai don kiyaye ruwan sha da kuma rage gishiri, kuma an cire tafkin daga jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya na UNESCO da ke cikin haɗari a shekarar 2006.

Duk da haka, wasu rahotanni daga Ƙungiyar Kare Muhalli ta Duniya sun nuna cewa gishirin ya riga ya yi yawa kuma yiwuwar gyarawa na iya ɓacewa da sauri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ichkeul Lake, Tunisia : Image of the Day |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=6209 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ichkeul National Park ==
[[Fayil:Ichkeul_National_Park_0001.jpg|thumb|459x459px|Wurin shakatawa na Ichkeul, [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Wurin Tarihi na Duniya]] a Tunisiya.]]
Wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Ichkeul wani wuri ne na tarihi na duniya wanda ke arewacin [[Tunisiya]], 25&amp;nbsp;kilomita kudu maso yammacin Bizerte da kuma kilomita 15&amp;nbsp;kilomita arewa da Mateur . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ichkeul National Park 8 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/008.pdf |access-date=31 May 2015 |publisher=UNESCO: World Heritage}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wurin shakatawa yana cikin jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|wuraren tarihi]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]] tun daga shekarar 1980, kuma tsakanin 1996 da 2006 wurin shakatawar shi ma yana cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na duniya da ke cikin haɗari na ƙungiyar. Ma'aikatar Noma ta Tunisiya ce ke kula da wurin shakatawar.

Shukar fure {{Interlanguage link|Teucrium_schoenenbergeri|fr}} An girbe Nabli da aka samu a Tunisiya kawai a shekarar 1965 a wurin shakatawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schoenenberger A., Nabli M.A. |first= |date=1990 |title=Isotype of Teucrium schoenenbergeri Nabli [family LAMIACEAE] |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.MPU001289 |journal=Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Lettres Botaniques |volume=137 |issue=4,5 |pages=314}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Parcichkeul3.jpg|alt=View of Ichkeul National Park| Ra'ayin Ichkeul National Park
Fayil:Ichkeul002.jpg|alt=Lake landscape| Yanayin shimfidar tafkin
Fayil:Ichkeul003.jpg|alt=Lakefront| Gefen tafkin
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Lake Ichkeul''' ( Arabic     ) wani [[tafki]] ne a arewacin [[Tunisiya]], wanda ke da nisan kilomita 20 (mil 12) zuwa Bizerte, birni mafi arewa a Afirka a [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . Tafkin da wuraren dausayi na '''Ichkeul National Park''' muhimmin wuri ne na tsayawa ga ɗaruruwan dubban tsuntsaye masu ƙaura kowace shekara. Daga cikin baƙi na tafkin akwai [[Agwagwa|agwagi]], geese, shamuwa, da flamingoes masu ruwan hoda . Gina [[madatsar ruwa]] a kan kogunan ciyar da tafkin ya haifar da manyan canje-canje ga daidaiton [[Ecology|muhalli]] na tafkin da wuraren dausayi.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Ichkeul_National_Park-130277.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Tafkin Ichkeul]]
A zamanin daular Hafsid, tafkin Ichkuel ya kasance wurin ajiyar kaya a ƙarni na 13. Daga baya ya zama mallakar jama'a a farkon ƙarni na 20 a lokacin mulkin Faransa . Tun daga shekarar 1980, ya kasance [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Wurin Tarihi na Duniya na UNESCO]] .

Saboda madatsun ruwa sun rage kwararar ruwan da ke shiga tafkuna da dausayi sosai, an maye gurbin gadawar ciyawa, dausayi, da sauran nau'ikan shuke-shuke masu ruwa mai tsabta da tsire-tsire masu son gishiri. Waɗannan canje-canjen sun haifar da raguwa sosai a yawan tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura, waɗanda suka dogara da cakuda shuke-shuken da suka wanzu a da.

A cewar shafin yanar gizon UNESCO, gwamnatin Tunisiya ta ɗauki wasu matakai don kiyaye ruwan sha da kuma rage gishiri, kuma an cire tafkin daga jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya na UNESCO da ke cikin haɗari a shekarar 2006.

Duk da haka, wasu rahotanni daga Ƙungiyar Kare Muhalli ta Duniya sun nuna cewa gishirin ya riga ya yi yawa kuma yiwuwar gyarawa na iya ɓacewa da sauri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ichkeul Lake, Tunisia : Image of the Day |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=6209 |access-date=2017-07-01 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ichkeul National Park ==
[[Fayil:Ichkeul_National_Park_0001.jpg|thumb|459x459px|Wurin shakatawa na Ichkeul, [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Wurin Tarihi na Duniya]] a Tunisiya.]]
Wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Ichkeul wani wuri ne na tarihi na duniya wanda ke arewacin [[Tunisiya]], 25&amp;nbsp;kilomita kudu maso yammacin Bizerte da kuma kilomita 15&amp;nbsp;kilomita arewa da Mateur . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ichkeul National Park 8 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/008.pdf |access-date=31 May 2015 |publisher=UNESCO: World Heritage}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wurin shakatawa yana cikin jerin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|wuraren tarihi]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]] tun daga shekarar 1980, kuma tsakanin 1996 da 2006 wurin shakatawar shi ma yana cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na duniya da ke cikin haɗari na ƙungiyar. Ma'aikatar Noma ta Tunisiya ce ke kula da wurin shakatawar.

Shukar fure {{Interlanguage link|Teucrium_schoenenbergeri|fr}} An girbe Nabli da aka samu a Tunisiya kawai a shekarar 1965 a wurin shakatawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schoenenberger A., Nabli M.A. |first= |date=1990 |title=Isotype of Teucrium schoenenbergeri Nabli [family LAMIACEAE] |url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.MPU001289 |journal=Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Lettres Botaniques |volume=137 |issue=4,5 |pages=314}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Parcichkeul3.jpg|alt=View of Ichkeul National Park| Ra'ayin Ichkeul National Park
Fayil:Ichkeul002.jpg|alt=Lake landscape| Yanayin shimfidar tafkin
Fayil:Ichkeul003.jpg|alt=Lakefront| Gefen tafkin
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ogolcho</title>
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'''Ogolcho''' birni ne, da ke kudu maso gabashin [[Itofiya|Habasha]]. Tana cikin yankin Arsi na yankin Oromia, tana da latitude da longitude na {{Coord|08|03|N|39|00|E}} tare da tsayin mita 1687 sama da matakin teku. Ita ce cibiyar gudanarwa ta Ziway Dugda woreda.

== Dubawa ==
A cewar gwamnatin yankin Oromia, a halin yanzu wannan garin yana da sabis na tarho da gidan waya, amma babu wutar lantarki. &lt;ref&gt;[http://oromiagov.org/Socio%20Economic%20Profile/Arsi/Arsi%20Zone.pdf ''Socio-economic profile of Arsi Zone''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927040516/http://oromiagov.org/Socio%20Economic%20Profile/Arsi/Arsi%20Zone.pdf |date=2007-09-27 }}, Government of Oromia Region (last accessed 19 January 2008)&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da kayyade akan gidan yanar gizon Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Nordic, Ogolcho ita ce cibiyar gudanarwa na gundumar aƙalla a farkon shekarun 1980. &lt;ref&gt;[http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/k/ORTKUH.pdf &quot;Local History in Ethiopia&quot;]{{Dead link|date=July 2016|fix-attempted=yes}} (pdf) The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 16 January 2008)&lt;/ref&gt;

Bisa kididdigar da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tsakiya ta fitar a shekarar 2005, Ogolcho tana da kimanin adadin mutane 4,338 wadanda 2,220 daga cikinsu maza ne, 2,118 kuma mata ne.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm CSA 2005 National Statistics] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123121716/http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm |date=November 23, 2006 }}, Table B.4&lt;/ref&gt; Kididdiga ta kasa ta shekarar 1994 ta ba da rahoton cewa wannan garin yana da jimillar mutane 2,424 wadanda 1,204 daga cikinsu maza ne kuma 1,220 mata ne.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tanis</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354359570|Tanis]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="16071" sha1="lwzfhggx9bjeym3x1ocxkbx2zzw3kyw" xml:space="preserve">'''Tanis''' / / ˈteɪnɪs / TAY - TAY ;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tanis |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/tanis |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ancient Greek   {{IPA|grc|tánis|}} ; Latin   {{IPA|la|'tanɪs|}} ) ko '''San al-Hagar''' ( Arabic     ; Ancient Egyptian   {{IPA|egy|ˈcʼuʕnat|}} ;  Akkadian     ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oracc RINAP Ashurbanipal 011 |url=http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap5/Q003710/html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712210719/http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap5/Q003710/html |archive-date=2019-07-12 |access-date=2019-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Coptic   ko kuma {{Lang|cop|ϫⲁⲁⲛⲉ}} ko {{Lang|cop|ϫⲁⲛⲏ}} ;   Biblical Hebrew 

== Tarihi ==
Ba a tabbatar da Tanis ba kafin Daular Masar ta 19, lokacin da take babban birnin ƙasar Masar ta 14.  {{Efn|Biblical archaeologist [[Benjamin Mazar]] believed that the [[Year 400 Stela]], found in Tanis and datable to the 13th century BC, can be an evidence that the site had some settlement in the 18th or 17th century BC.&lt;ref&gt;Benjamin Mazar, ''Encyclopedia Miqrait'', &quot;Eretz Yisrael&quot;, p. 682&lt;/ref&gt;}} Wani rubutu da aka rubuta a haikali da aka rubuta game da zamanin Ramesses na Biyu ya ambaci &quot;Filin Tanis&quot;, yayin da birnin ''da ke cikin Se'' ya kasance amintacce a cikin takardu biyu na Daular 20 : Onomasticon na Amenope da [[Story of wenamun|Labarin Wenamun]], a matsayin wurin zama na Fir'aunan da zai zama Smendes .  {{Rp|921}}

Gine-ginen Tanite da aka fi sani da farko an same su ne tun zamanin Daular 21. Duk da cewa wasu abubuwan tarihi da aka samu a Tanis an same su ne tun kafin Daular 21, yawancinsu an kawo su can ne daga biranen da ke kusa, galibi daga tsohon babban birnin Pi-Ramesses, don sake amfani da su. &lt;ref name=&quot;robins&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Gay Robins}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakika, a ƙarshen [[Sabuwar Masarautar Masar|Sabuwar Masarautar,]] an yi watsi da gidan sarauta na Pi-Ramesses saboda reshen Nilu Pelusiac a Delta ya lalace kuma tashar jiragen ruwansa ta zama ba za a iya amfani da ita ba.  {{Rp|922}}

Bayan watsi da Pi-Ramesses, Tanis ta zama cibiyar ikon Fir'auna na Daular 21, sannan daga baya a Daular 22 (tare da Bubastis ).  &lt;ref name=&quot;robins&quot; /&gt; Sarakunan waɗannan dauloli biyu sun goyi bayan halalcinsu a matsayin sarakunan Upper Egypt da [[Lower Egypt]] da lakabi na gargajiya da ayyukan gini, kodayake sun yi kama da waɗanda suka yi fice idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda suka yi fice a lokacin Sabuwar Masarautar.  Wani abin mamaki na waɗannan sarakunan shine ginawa da faɗaɗa Babban Haikali na Amun-Ra a Tanis (a lokacin, Amun-Ra ya maye gurbin Seth a matsayin babban allahn gabashin Delta), yayin da aka keɓe ƙananan haikali ga Mut da Khonsu waɗanda, tare da Amun-Ra, suka kafa Theban Triad . &lt;ref name=&quot;robins&quot; /&gt; Kwaikwayon da aka yi da gangan ga Thebes ya ƙara jaddada gaskiyar cewa waɗannan alloli suna ɗauke da sunayensu na asali na Theban, wanda ya sa aka fi ambaton Thebes fiye da Tanis kanta.  {{Rp|922}}Bugu da ƙari, sabuwar makabartar sarauta da ke Tanis ta yi nasarar maye gurbin wadda ke cikin [[Valley of the Kings|kwarin Theban na Sarakuna]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;robins&quot; /&gt;

Bayan Daular 22, Tanis ta rasa matsayinta na gidan sarauta, amma ta zama babban birnin ƙasar Masar ta 19. Tun daga Daular 30, Tanis ta fuskanci wani sabon mataki na ci gaban gine-gine wanda ya ci gaba a zamanin Ptolemaic .  {{Rp|922}}Ya ci gaba da zama a cikin jama'a har zuwa lokacin da aka yi watsi da shi a zamanin Romawa .  A zamanin da, wurin zama na bishop-bishop na Tanis, waɗanda suka bi Cocin Orthodox na Coptic . 

== Nazarin da tono ==
[[Fayil:Tanis_(Sân)._Plan_des_ruines_et_des_environs_(NYPL_b14212718-1268196).jpg|thumb|Taswirar farko ta Tanis kamar yadda Jacotin ya zana a cikin ''Bayani na l'Égypte'']]
Binciken farko na Tanis ya samo asali ne a shekarar 1798 a lokacin mamayar Faransa a Masar da Siriya . Pierre Jacotin, wani injiniya ɗan Faransa, ya zana taswirar wurin a cikin ''Bayanin de l'Égypte .''  Jean-Jacques Rifaud ne ya fara haƙa shi a shekarar 1825, wanda ya gano sphinxes biyu masu ruwan hoda waɗanda yanzu haka suke cikin Musée du Louvre . Sai kuma François Auguste Ferdinand Mariette wanda ya haƙa rami tsakanin 1860 da 1864. William Matthew Flinders Petrie ne ya kula da haƙa ramin daga 1883 zuwa 1886. Pierre Montet ne ya ɗauki nauyin aikin daga 1929 zuwa 1956, wanda ya gano babban gidan sarauta na zamanin matsakaici na uku a 1939. Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa (MFFT) yana nazarin wurin tun 1965 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jean Yoyotte da Philippe Brissaud, da kuma François Leclère tun 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brewer |first=Douglas J. |date=1992 |title=Cahiers De Tanis I by Philippe Brissaud |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/1357237?journalCode=basor |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=288 |pages=89–90 |doi=10.2307/1357237 |issn=0003-097X |jstor=1357237 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi ta muhawara sosai kan ko Tanis zai iya zama birnin Zoan na Littafi Mai Tsarki inda Ibraniyawa za su fuskanci bauta ta Fir'aunanci ko a'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=TANIS (SAN EL-HAGAR): THE LOST GOLDEN CITY DURING THE AGES (ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL STUDIES) |url=https://www.jotr.eu/index.php/volume25-2/283-tanis-san-el-hagar-the-lost-golden-city-during-the-ages-archaeological-and-historical-studies |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=www.jotr.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pierre Montet, yayin da yake ƙaddamar da manyan kamfen ɗinsa na tono ƙasa a shekarun 1930, ya fara ne daga wannan tushe. Yana fatan gano alamun da za su tabbatar da labaran [[Tsohon Alkawari]] . Tono ƙasa da kansa ya wargaza wannan hasashe a hankali, koda kuwa yana kare wannan alaƙar Littafi Mai Tsarki har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Sai da aka gano Qantir / Pi-Ramesses da kuma sake fara tono ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Jean Yoyotte ne aka mayar da wurin Tanis a cikin dogon tarihin wuraren da ke cikin delta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography and publications {{!}} Jean Yoyotte - Egyptology {{!}} Collège de France |url=https://www.college-de-france.fr/en/chair/jean-yoyotte-egyptology-statutory-chair/biography |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.college-de-france.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kango ==
Ko da yake an yi bincike a Tanis na ɗan lokaci a farkon ƙarni na 19, Auguste Mariette ne ya yi manyan tono-tonen kayan tarihi a can a shekarun 1860.  A shekara ta 1866, Karl Richard Lepsius ya gano kwafin Dokar Canopus, wani rubutu a cikin Girka da Masar, a Tanis. Ba kamar [[Dutsen Rosetta]] ba, wanda aka gano shekaru 67 da suka gabata, wannan rubutun ya haɗa da cikakken rubutun [[Hotunan Masar|hieroglyphic]], don haka ya ba da damar kwatanta rubutun Girka kai tsaye da hieroglyphs da kuma tabbatar da daidaiton hanyar Jean-François Champollion na [[Bayyana rubutun Masar na dā|fahimtar hieroglyphs]] . 

A cikin ƙarni na gaba, Faransawa sun gudanar da kamfen na tono ƙasa da dama wanda Pierre Montet ya jagoranta, sannan Jean Yoyotte sannan kuma Philippe Brissaud ya jagoranta.  {{Rp|921}}Na wani lokaci, yawan abubuwan tarihi da ke ɗauke da zane-zanen Ramesses na Biyu ko Merenptah ya sa masana ilmin kayan tarihi suka yi imani da cewa Tanis da Pi-Ramesses a zahiri iri ɗaya ne. Bugu da ƙari, gano Stela na Shekara ta 400 a Tanis ya haifar da hasashen cewa ya kamata a danganta Tanis da tsohuwar, tsohon babban birnin Hyksos, Avaris . Sake gano ainihin wuraren tarihi na Pi-Ramesses ( Qantir ) da Avaris ( Tell el-Dab'a ) daga baya ya bayyana a fili cewa asalin abubuwan da aka gano a baya ba daidai ba ne, kuma duk abubuwan tarihi na Ramesside da kafin Ramesside a Tanis an kawo su nan ne daga Pi-Ramesses ko wasu birane. &lt;ref name=&quot;bard&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|921–2}}
[[Fayil:Tanis_I.jpg|left|thumb|Kaburburan Sarauta na Tanis]]
Akwai kango na wasu haikali da dama, ciki har da babban haikali da aka keɓe wa Amun, da kuma wani muhimmin wurin ibada na sarauta na Zamanin Tsakiya na Uku (wanda ya ƙunshi kaburburan Fir'auna guda ɗaya da aka sani ba tare da an yi su ba, an shigar da kabarin Tutankhamun a zamanin da). Binne-kaburburan Fir'auna uku na Daular 21 da 22 - Psusennes I, Amenemope da Shoshenq II - sun tsira daga ɓarnar 'yan fashin kabari a tsawon zamanin da. Pierre Montet ya gano su ba tare da an yi su ba a cikin 1939 da 1940 kuma ya tabbatar da cewa suna ɗauke da babban kundin zinare, kayan ado, lapis lazuli da sauran duwatsu masu daraja, da kuma abin rufe fuska na jana'izar waɗannan sarakuna.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treasures of Tanis - Archaeology Magazine Archive |url=https://archive.archaeology.org/0505/abstracts/tanis.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=archive.archaeology.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yau, manyan sassan haikalin da aka keɓe wa Amun-Ra har yanzu ana iya bambanta su ta hanyar kasancewar manyan tubalan da ke nuna ginshiƙai daban-daban kamar yadda yake a sauran gidajen ibada na Masar. Yanzu sun faɗi ƙasa kuma suna kwance a hanya ɗaya, wataƙila girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi ta ruguje su a zamanin Byzantine. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=TANIS (SAN EL-HAGAR): THE LOST GOLDEN CITY DURING THE AGES (ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL STUDIES) |url=https://www.jotr.eu/index.php/volume25-2/283-tanis-san-el-hagar-the-lost-golden-city-during-the-ages-archaeological-and-historical-studies |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=www.jotr.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun fannoni na wurin Tanis. Masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun ƙidaya sama da ashirin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Saleh |first=Atef M. |last2=Mourad |first2=Sherif A. |last3=Elanwar |first3=Hazem H. |last4=Metwally |first4=Omar K. |last5=Zeidan |first5=Eissa |last6=Adam |first6=Mahmoud A. |last7=Ameen |first7=Mostafa F. |last8=Helal |first8=Khalid R. |last9=Sholqamy |first9=Mohamed S. |last10=Allam |first10=Hussien E. |last11=Ismael |first11=Mohamed A. |last12=Mostafa |first12=Khaled A. |last13=Helal |first13=Hany M. |last14=Elbanhawy |first14=Amr Y. |last15=Grosse |first15=Christian U. |date=2023-02-04 |title=The restoration and erection of the world's first elevated obelisk |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=2065 |bibcode=2023NatSR..13.2065S |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-29092-z |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=9899242 |pmid=36739445}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan allolin Tanis sune Amun; matarsa, Mut; da ɗansu Khonsu, waɗanda suka samar da triad ɗin Tanite. Duk da haka, wannan triad ɗin yayi kama da na Thebes, wanda ya sa malamai da yawa suka yi magana game da Tanis a matsayin arewacin Thebes. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gómez |first=Alba María Villar |date=2016 |title=Notes on the cult of the Theban gods at Tanis: a general of Psusennes I |url=https://revistas.uam.es/isimu/article/view/7784 |journal=ISIMU |language=es |volume=18 |pages=271–276 |doi=10.15366/isimu2015-2016.18-19.016 |issn=2659-9090 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2009, Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Masar ta ruwaito cewa masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun gano wani tafki mai tsarki a cikin haikalin Mut da ke Tanis. Tafkin, wanda aka gina da tubalan dutse, tsawonsa ya kai mita 15 da zurfinsa mita 5. An gano shi a ƙasa da ƙasa mita 12 a cikin yanayi mai kyau. Da an gina tafkin a ƙarshen Daular 25 - farkon Daular 26. 

A shekarar 2011, binciken hotunan tauraron dan adam masu inganci, karkashin jagorancin masanin ilmin kayan tarihi [[Sarah Parcak]] na Jami'ar Alabama da ke Birmingham, ya gano ganuwar tubalan laka da yawa, tituna, da manyan gidaje, wadanda suka kai ga tsarin birni gaba daya, a wani yanki da ya bayyana babu komai a karkashin hotunan al'ada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Space Archaeology - Street plan of Tanis |url=https://www.age-of-the-sage.org/space_archaeology/satellite_street_plan_tanis.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Abigail |title=Space Archaeologist Sarah Parcak Uses Satellites to Uncover Ancient Egyptian Ruins |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/space-archaeologist-sarah-parcak-winner-smithsonians-history-ingenuity-award-180961120/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata tawagar masana ilmin kayan tarihi ta Faransa ta zabi wani wuri daga cikin hotunan kuma ta tabbatar da gine-ginen tubalan laka kimanin 30&amp;nbsp;cm a ƙasa da saman.  Duk da haka, an yi Allah wadai da ikirarin cewa fasahar ta nuna dala 17 daga Ministan Tarihi na lokacin, Zahi Hawass, a matsayin &quot;ba daidai ba ne kwata-kwata.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Theodoulou |first=Michael |date=May 29, 2011 |title=Idea of 17 hidden pyramids is 'wrong' |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/idea-of-17-hidden-pyramids-is-wrong-1.403723 |access-date=October 18, 2016 |publisher=The National}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da aka gano da kayan tarihi masu mahimmanci ==
A cikin binciken da Montet da sauran masana tarihi suka yi a Tanis, an gano muhimman abubuwa da dama na musamman. Lokacin da Montet ta buɗe kaburburan sarakuna Psusennes I, Amenemope, da Shoshenq II, an gano dukkan ukun tare da kaburburansu cike da dukkan abubuwan da aka yi wa jana'izar asali. Duk sarakuna uku har yanzu ana ƙawata su da abin rufe fuska na zinare da zinariya - wani abu da ba a saba gani ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treasures of Tanis - Archaeology Magazine Archive |url=https://archive.archaeology.org/0505/abstracts/tanis.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=archive.archaeology.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani kayan tarihi kuma shine Pectoral of King Amenemope, wani kayan ado da zai saka a wuyansa a ƙirjinsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=Egypt |date=2022-08-11 |title=Pectoral of King Amenemope |url=https://egypt-museum.com/pectoral-of-king-amenemope/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Egypt Museum |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alamar ta nuna alloli mata Isis da Nephthys suna riƙe da scarab mai launin lapis lazuli tare da zane na Amenemope. &lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt;

A cikin kabarin Janar Wendjebauendjed, Babban Firist na Khonsu a Tanis, an sami jerin kwano da kofuna da aka yi da zinare ta Montet. Ɗaya daga cikin kwano na zinare yana da fure mai launin ruwan hoda a tsakiya. Ana tsammanin furen yana wakiltar Haɗa Ƙasashe Biyu ta hanyar haɗa alamun papyrus da lotus waɗanda sune alamomi biyu na Sama da Ƙasan Masar.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=Egypt |date=2022-07-30 |title=Gold Bowl of Wendjebauendjed |url=https://egypt-museum.com/gold-bowl-of-wendjebauendjed/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Egypt Museum |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nassoshin al'adu ==
The [[Baibûl|Biblical]] story of [[Musa|Moses]] being found in the marshes of the Nile River (Book of Exodus, {{Bibleverse||Exodus|2:3-5|HE}}) is often set at Tanis, which is often identified with Zoan (Hebrew: צֹועַן ''Ṣōʕan'').

A cikin fim ɗin ''Indiana Jones'' na shekarar 1981 ''mai suna Raiders of the Lost Ark'', an nuna Tanis a matsayin birni da ya ɓace wanda guguwar [[Guguwar ƙura|yashi]] ta binne shi a da, kafin wani balaguron Nazi ya sake gano shi yana neman Akwatin Alkawari . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Handwerk |first=Brian |date=21 January 2017 |title=&quot;Lost City&quot; of Tanis |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeology/tanis-egypt/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009183838/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeology/tanis-egypt/ |archive-date=October 9, 2019 |website=[[National Geographic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wurin burbushin Tanis, wanda zai iya adana gawawwaki na musamman daga [[Abubuwan da suka faru na Cretaceous-Paleogene|abin da ya faru na ɓacewar Cretaceous-Paleogene]], an sanya masa suna ne da birnin. Masanin burbushin halittu Robert de Palma ya zaɓi sunan ne bisa ga mahimmancin Tanis wajen fayyace hieroglyphs, da kuma rawar da ya taka a cikin ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' a matsayin wurin ɓoye na Akwatin Alkawari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=Alanna |date=May 19, 2019 |title=Why this stunning dinosaur fossil discovery has scientists stomping mad |url=https://www.macleans.ca/society/science/why-this-stunning-dinosaur-fossil-discovery-has-scientists-stomping-mad/ |journal=Maclean's}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Tanis''' / / ˈteɪnɪs / TAY - TAY ;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tanis |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/tanis |access-date=21 September 2019 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ancient Greek   {{IPA|grc|tánis|}} ; Latin   {{IPA|la|'tanɪs|}} ) ko '''San al-Hagar''' ( Arabic     ; Ancient Egyptian   {{IPA|egy|ˈcʼuʕnat|}} ;  Akkadian     ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oracc RINAP Ashurbanipal 011 |url=http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap5/Q003710/html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712210719/http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap5/Q003710/html |archive-date=2019-07-12 |access-date=2019-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Coptic   ko kuma {{Lang|cop|ϫⲁⲁⲛⲉ}} ko {{Lang|cop|ϫⲁⲛⲏ}} ;   Biblical Hebrew 

== Tarihi ==
Ba a tabbatar da Tanis ba kafin Daular Masar ta 19, lokacin da take babban birnin ƙasar Masar ta 14.  {{Efn|Biblical archaeologist [[Benjamin Mazar]] believed that the [[Year 400 Stela]], found in Tanis and datable to the 13th century BC, can be an evidence that the site had some settlement in the 18th or 17th century BC.&lt;ref&gt;Benjamin Mazar, ''Encyclopedia Miqrait'', &quot;Eretz Yisrael&quot;, p. 682&lt;/ref&gt;}} Wani rubutu da aka rubuta a haikali da aka rubuta game da zamanin Ramesses na Biyu ya ambaci &quot;Filin Tanis&quot;, yayin da birnin ''da ke cikin Se'' ya kasance amintacce a cikin takardu biyu na Daular 20 : Onomasticon na Amenope da [[Story of wenamun|Labarin Wenamun]], a matsayin wurin zama na Fir'aunan da zai zama Smendes .  {{Rp|921}}

Gine-ginen Tanite da aka fi sani da farko an same su ne tun zamanin Daular 21. Duk da cewa wasu abubuwan tarihi da aka samu a Tanis an same su ne tun kafin Daular 21, yawancinsu an kawo su can ne daga biranen da ke kusa, galibi daga tsohon babban birnin Pi-Ramesses, don sake amfani da su. &lt;ref name=&quot;robins&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Gay Robins}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakika, a ƙarshen [[Sabuwar Masarautar Masar|Sabuwar Masarautar,]] an yi watsi da gidan sarauta na Pi-Ramesses saboda reshen Nilu Pelusiac a Delta ya lalace kuma tashar jiragen ruwansa ta zama ba za a iya amfani da ita ba.  {{Rp|922}}

Bayan watsi da Pi-Ramesses, Tanis ta zama cibiyar ikon Fir'auna na Daular 21, sannan daga baya a Daular 22 (tare da Bubastis ).  &lt;ref name=&quot;robins&quot; /&gt; Sarakunan waɗannan dauloli biyu sun goyi bayan halalcinsu a matsayin sarakunan Upper Egypt da [[Lower Egypt]] da lakabi na gargajiya da ayyukan gini, kodayake sun yi kama da waɗanda suka yi fice idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda suka yi fice a lokacin Sabuwar Masarautar.  Wani abin mamaki na waɗannan sarakunan shine ginawa da faɗaɗa Babban Haikali na Amun-Ra a Tanis (a lokacin, Amun-Ra ya maye gurbin Seth a matsayin babban allahn gabashin Delta), yayin da aka keɓe ƙananan haikali ga Mut da Khonsu waɗanda, tare da Amun-Ra, suka kafa Theban Triad . &lt;ref name=&quot;robins&quot; /&gt; Kwaikwayon da aka yi da gangan ga Thebes ya ƙara jaddada gaskiyar cewa waɗannan alloli suna ɗauke da sunayensu na asali na Theban, wanda ya sa aka fi ambaton Thebes fiye da Tanis kanta.  {{Rp|922}}Bugu da ƙari, sabuwar makabartar sarauta da ke Tanis ta yi nasarar maye gurbin wadda ke cikin [[Valley of the Kings|kwarin Theban na Sarakuna]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;robins&quot; /&gt;

Bayan Daular 22, Tanis ta rasa matsayinta na gidan sarauta, amma ta zama babban birnin ƙasar Masar ta 19. Tun daga Daular 30, Tanis ta fuskanci wani sabon mataki na ci gaban gine-gine wanda ya ci gaba a zamanin Ptolemaic .  {{Rp|922}}Ya ci gaba da zama a cikin jama'a har zuwa lokacin da aka yi watsi da shi a zamanin Romawa .  A zamanin da, wurin zama na bishop-bishop na Tanis, waɗanda suka bi Cocin Orthodox na Coptic . 

== Nazarin da tono ==
[[Fayil:Tanis_(Sân)._Plan_des_ruines_et_des_environs_(NYPL_b14212718-1268196).jpg|thumb|Taswirar farko ta Tanis kamar yadda Jacotin ya zana a cikin ''Bayani na l'Égypte'']]
Binciken farko na Tanis ya samo asali ne a shekarar 1798 a lokacin mamayar Faransa a Masar da Siriya . Pierre Jacotin, wani injiniya ɗan Faransa, ya zana taswirar wurin a cikin ''Bayanin de l'Égypte .''  Jean-Jacques Rifaud ne ya fara haƙa shi a shekarar 1825, wanda ya gano sphinxes biyu masu ruwan hoda waɗanda yanzu haka suke cikin Musée du Louvre . Sai kuma François Auguste Ferdinand Mariette wanda ya haƙa rami tsakanin 1860 da 1864. William Matthew Flinders Petrie ne ya kula da haƙa ramin daga 1883 zuwa 1886. Pierre Montet ne ya ɗauki nauyin aikin daga 1929 zuwa 1956, wanda ya gano babban gidan sarauta na zamanin matsakaici na uku a 1939. Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa (MFFT) yana nazarin wurin tun 1965 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jean Yoyotte da Philippe Brissaud, da kuma François Leclère tun 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brewer |first=Douglas J. |date=1992 |title=Cahiers De Tanis I by Philippe Brissaud |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/1357237?journalCode=basor |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=288 |pages=89–90 |doi=10.2307/1357237 |issn=0003-097X |jstor=1357237 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi ta muhawara sosai kan ko Tanis zai iya zama birnin Zoan na Littafi Mai Tsarki inda Ibraniyawa za su fuskanci bauta ta Fir'aunanci ko a'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=TANIS (SAN EL-HAGAR): THE LOST GOLDEN CITY DURING THE AGES (ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL STUDIES) |url=https://www.jotr.eu/index.php/volume25-2/283-tanis-san-el-hagar-the-lost-golden-city-during-the-ages-archaeological-and-historical-studies |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=www.jotr.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pierre Montet, yayin da yake ƙaddamar da manyan kamfen ɗinsa na tono ƙasa a shekarun 1930, ya fara ne daga wannan tushe. Yana fatan gano alamun da za su tabbatar da labaran [[Tsohon Alkawari]] . Tono ƙasa da kansa ya wargaza wannan hasashe a hankali, koda kuwa yana kare wannan alaƙar Littafi Mai Tsarki har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Sai da aka gano Qantir / Pi-Ramesses da kuma sake fara tono ƙasa a ƙarƙashin Jean Yoyotte ne aka mayar da wurin Tanis a cikin dogon tarihin wuraren da ke cikin delta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography and publications {{!}} Jean Yoyotte - Egyptology {{!}} Collège de France |url=https://www.college-de-france.fr/en/chair/jean-yoyotte-egyptology-statutory-chair/biography |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.college-de-france.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kango ==
Ko da yake an yi bincike a Tanis na ɗan lokaci a farkon ƙarni na 19, Auguste Mariette ne ya yi manyan tono-tonen kayan tarihi a can a shekarun 1860.  A shekara ta 1866, Karl Richard Lepsius ya gano kwafin Dokar Canopus, wani rubutu a cikin Girka da Masar, a Tanis. Ba kamar [[Dutsen Rosetta]] ba, wanda aka gano shekaru 67 da suka gabata, wannan rubutun ya haɗa da cikakken rubutun [[Hotunan Masar|hieroglyphic]], don haka ya ba da damar kwatanta rubutun Girka kai tsaye da hieroglyphs da kuma tabbatar da daidaiton hanyar Jean-François Champollion na [[Bayyana rubutun Masar na dā|fahimtar hieroglyphs]] . 

A cikin ƙarni na gaba, Faransawa sun gudanar da kamfen na tono ƙasa da dama wanda Pierre Montet ya jagoranta, sannan Jean Yoyotte sannan kuma Philippe Brissaud ya jagoranta.  {{Rp|921}}Na wani lokaci, yawan abubuwan tarihi da ke ɗauke da zane-zanen Ramesses na Biyu ko Merenptah ya sa masana ilmin kayan tarihi suka yi imani da cewa Tanis da Pi-Ramesses a zahiri iri ɗaya ne. Bugu da ƙari, gano Stela na Shekara ta 400 a Tanis ya haifar da hasashen cewa ya kamata a danganta Tanis da tsohuwar, tsohon babban birnin Hyksos, Avaris . Sake gano ainihin wuraren tarihi na Pi-Ramesses ( Qantir ) da Avaris ( Tell el-Dab'a ) daga baya ya bayyana a fili cewa asalin abubuwan da aka gano a baya ba daidai ba ne, kuma duk abubuwan tarihi na Ramesside da kafin Ramesside a Tanis an kawo su nan ne daga Pi-Ramesses ko wasu birane. &lt;ref name=&quot;bard&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|921–2}}
[[Fayil:Tanis_I.jpg|left|thumb|Kaburburan Sarauta na Tanis]]
Akwai kango na wasu haikali da dama, ciki har da babban haikali da aka keɓe wa Amun, da kuma wani muhimmin wurin ibada na sarauta na Zamanin Tsakiya na Uku (wanda ya ƙunshi kaburburan Fir'auna guda ɗaya da aka sani ba tare da an yi su ba, an shigar da kabarin Tutankhamun a zamanin da). Binne-kaburburan Fir'auna uku na Daular 21 da 22 - Psusennes I, Amenemope da Shoshenq II - sun tsira daga ɓarnar 'yan fashin kabari a tsawon zamanin da. Pierre Montet ya gano su ba tare da an yi su ba a cikin 1939 da 1940 kuma ya tabbatar da cewa suna ɗauke da babban kundin zinare, kayan ado, lapis lazuli da sauran duwatsu masu daraja, da kuma abin rufe fuska na jana'izar waɗannan sarakuna.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treasures of Tanis - Archaeology Magazine Archive |url=https://archive.archaeology.org/0505/abstracts/tanis.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=archive.archaeology.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yau, manyan sassan haikalin da aka keɓe wa Amun-Ra har yanzu ana iya bambanta su ta hanyar kasancewar manyan tubalan da ke nuna ginshiƙai daban-daban kamar yadda yake a sauran gidajen ibada na Masar. Yanzu sun faɗi ƙasa kuma suna kwance a hanya ɗaya, wataƙila girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi ta ruguje su a zamanin Byzantine. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=TANIS (SAN EL-HAGAR): THE LOST GOLDEN CITY DURING THE AGES (ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL STUDIES) |url=https://www.jotr.eu/index.php/volume25-2/283-tanis-san-el-hagar-the-lost-golden-city-during-the-ages-archaeological-and-historical-studies |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=www.jotr.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun fannoni na wurin Tanis. Masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun ƙidaya sama da ashirin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Saleh |first=Atef M. |last2=Mourad |first2=Sherif A. |last3=Elanwar |first3=Hazem H. |last4=Metwally |first4=Omar K. |last5=Zeidan |first5=Eissa |last6=Adam |first6=Mahmoud A. |last7=Ameen |first7=Mostafa F. |last8=Helal |first8=Khalid R. |last9=Sholqamy |first9=Mohamed S. |last10=Allam |first10=Hussien E. |last11=Ismael |first11=Mohamed A. |last12=Mostafa |first12=Khaled A. |last13=Helal |first13=Hany M. |last14=Elbanhawy |first14=Amr Y. |last15=Grosse |first15=Christian U. |date=2023-02-04 |title=The restoration and erection of the world's first elevated obelisk |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=2065 |bibcode=2023NatSR..13.2065S |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-29092-z |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=9899242 |pmid=36739445}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan allolin Tanis sune Amun; matarsa, Mut; da ɗansu Khonsu, waɗanda suka samar da triad ɗin Tanite. Duk da haka, wannan triad ɗin yayi kama da na Thebes, wanda ya sa malamai da yawa suka yi magana game da Tanis a matsayin arewacin Thebes. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gómez |first=Alba María Villar |date=2016 |title=Notes on the cult of the Theban gods at Tanis: a general of Psusennes I |url=https://revistas.uam.es/isimu/article/view/7784 |journal=ISIMU |language=es |volume=18 |pages=271–276 |doi=10.15366/isimu2015-2016.18-19.016 |issn=2659-9090 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2009, Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Masar ta ruwaito cewa masana ilmin kayan tarihi sun gano wani tafki mai tsarki a cikin haikalin Mut da ke Tanis. Tafkin, wanda aka gina da tubalan dutse, tsawonsa ya kai mita 15 da zurfinsa mita 5. An gano shi a ƙasa da ƙasa mita 12 a cikin yanayi mai kyau. Da an gina tafkin a ƙarshen Daular 25 - farkon Daular 26. 

A shekarar 2011, binciken hotunan tauraron dan adam masu inganci, karkashin jagorancin masanin ilmin kayan tarihi [[Sarah Parcak]] na Jami'ar Alabama da ke Birmingham, ya gano ganuwar tubalan laka da yawa, tituna, da manyan gidaje, wadanda suka kai ga tsarin birni gaba daya, a wani yanki da ya bayyana babu komai a karkashin hotunan al'ada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Space Archaeology - Street plan of Tanis |url=https://www.age-of-the-sage.org/space_archaeology/satellite_street_plan_tanis.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Abigail |title=Space Archaeologist Sarah Parcak Uses Satellites to Uncover Ancient Egyptian Ruins |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/space-archaeologist-sarah-parcak-winner-smithsonians-history-ingenuity-award-180961120/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wata tawagar masana ilmin kayan tarihi ta Faransa ta zabi wani wuri daga cikin hotunan kuma ta tabbatar da gine-ginen tubalan laka kimanin 30&amp;nbsp;cm a ƙasa da saman.  Duk da haka, an yi Allah wadai da ikirarin cewa fasahar ta nuna dala 17 daga Ministan Tarihi na lokacin, Zahi Hawass, a matsayin &quot;ba daidai ba ne kwata-kwata.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Theodoulou |first=Michael |date=May 29, 2011 |title=Idea of 17 hidden pyramids is 'wrong' |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/idea-of-17-hidden-pyramids-is-wrong-1.403723 |access-date=October 18, 2016 |publisher=The National}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da aka gano da kayan tarihi masu mahimmanci ==
A cikin binciken da Montet da sauran masana tarihi suka yi a Tanis, an gano muhimman abubuwa da dama na musamman. Lokacin da Montet ta buɗe kaburburan sarakuna Psusennes I, Amenemope, da Shoshenq II, an gano dukkan ukun tare da kaburburansu cike da dukkan abubuwan da aka yi wa jana'izar asali. Duk sarakuna uku har yanzu ana ƙawata su da abin rufe fuska na zinare da zinariya - wani abu da ba a saba gani ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Treasures of Tanis - Archaeology Magazine Archive |url=https://archive.archaeology.org/0505/abstracts/tanis.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=archive.archaeology.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani kayan tarihi kuma shine Pectoral of King Amenemope, wani kayan ado da zai saka a wuyansa a ƙirjinsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=Egypt |date=2022-08-11 |title=Pectoral of King Amenemope |url=https://egypt-museum.com/pectoral-of-king-amenemope/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Egypt Museum |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alamar ta nuna alloli mata Isis da Nephthys suna riƙe da scarab mai launin lapis lazuli tare da zane na Amenemope. &lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot; /&gt;

A cikin kabarin Janar Wendjebauendjed, Babban Firist na Khonsu a Tanis, an sami jerin kwano da kofuna da aka yi da zinare ta Montet. Ɗaya daga cikin kwano na zinare yana da fure mai launin ruwan hoda a tsakiya. Ana tsammanin furen yana wakiltar Haɗa Ƙasashe Biyu ta hanyar haɗa alamun papyrus da lotus waɗanda sune alamomi biyu na Sama da Ƙasan Masar.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=Egypt |date=2022-07-30 |title=Gold Bowl of Wendjebauendjed |url=https://egypt-museum.com/gold-bowl-of-wendjebauendjed/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Egypt Museum |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nassoshin al'adu ==
The [[Baibûl|Biblical]] story of [[Musa|Moses]] being found in the marshes of the Nile River (Book of Exodus, {{Bibleverse||Exodus|2:3-5|HE}}) is often set at Tanis, which is often identified with Zoan (Hebrew: צֹועַן ''Ṣōʕan'').

A cikin fim ɗin ''Indiana Jones'' na shekarar 1981 ''mai suna Raiders of the Lost Ark'', an nuna Tanis a matsayin birni da ya ɓace wanda guguwar [[Guguwar ƙura|yashi]] ta binne shi a da, kafin wani balaguron Nazi ya sake gano shi yana neman Akwatin Alkawari . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Handwerk |first=Brian |date=21 January 2017 |title=&quot;Lost City&quot; of Tanis |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeology/tanis-egypt/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009183838/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeology/tanis-egypt/ |archive-date=October 9, 2019 |website=[[National Geographic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wurin burbushin Tanis, wanda zai iya adana gawawwaki na musamman daga [[Abubuwan da suka faru na Cretaceous-Paleogene|abin da ya faru na ɓacewar Cretaceous-Paleogene]], an sanya masa suna ne da birnin. Masanin burbushin halittu Robert de Palma ya zaɓi sunan ne bisa ga mahimmancin Tanis wajen fayyace hieroglyphs, da kuma rawar da ya taka a cikin ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' a matsayin wurin ɓoye na Akwatin Alkawari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=Alanna |date=May 19, 2019 |title=Why this stunning dinosaur fossil discovery has scientists stomping mad |url=https://www.macleans.ca/society/science/why-this-stunning-dinosaur-fossil-discovery-has-scientists-stomping-mad/ |journal=Maclean's}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Oluremi Atanda''' masanin kimiyyar noma ne na [[Najeriya]], mai gudanarwa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Femi|first=Ibirogba|date=January 20, 2020|title=Specialists, association suggest ways to make cocoa highest forex earner in Nigeria|url=https://guardian.ng/features/agro-care/specialists-association-suggest-ways-to-make-cocoa-highest-forex-earner-in-nigeria/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132125/https://guardian.ng/features/agro-care/specialists-association-suggest-ways-to-make-cocoa-highest-forex-earner-in-nigeria/|archive-date=December 22, 2023|access-date=|website=|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma mai riƙe da odar [[Najeriya]] [[Order of the Federal Republic|ta Tarayyar Najeriya]] (OFR).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=ATANDA Oluremi Ademola {{!}} GCI Museum|url=http://www.gcimuseum.org/content/atanda-oluremi-ademola|access-date=2020-09-12|website=www.gcimuseum.org}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

An haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1939, a [[Iwo (Nijeriya)|Iwo]], [[Jihar Osun]], Atanda ya halarci Cibiyar Horar da Al’umma ta Amin, makarantar Alƙur’ani a Iwo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-09-21|title=I inherited my father's brilliance and mother's entrepreneurial mind|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/i-inherited-my-fathers-brilliance-and-mothers-entrepreneurial-mind-dr-oluremi-atanda/|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;  har zuwa shekara ta 1946. Ya fara karatunsa na firamare a shekarar 1946 a makarantar Baptist Day School Oke Odo a Iwo kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1952. Ya yi karatun sakandare, ya halarci Kwalejin Molusi, Ijebu Igbo. Bayan kammala jarrabawar kammala sakandare a shekarar 1958 a Kwalejin Gwamnati, Ibadan,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=|date=2016-11-15|title=ATANDA, Chief (Dr.) Oluremi Ademola|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/atanda-chief-dr-oluremi-ademola/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ya ci gaba da karatun Kimiyyar Noma a Jami'ar [[Nottingham]] ta [[Ingila]]. Daga baya ya sami PhD a Jami'ar [[Newcastle]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

Ya fara aikinsa na bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta Cocoa ta [[Yammacin Afirka]] da ke Ibadan a shekarar 1964, kuma ya yi aiki a can har zuwa 1972 lokacin da ya shiga Majalisar Binciken Noma ta [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Participants at the 3rd Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops|url=http://www.istrc.org/images/Documents/Symposiums/Third/3rd_symposium_proceedings_1b.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132132/http://www.istrc.org/images/Documents/Symposiums/Third/3rd_symposium_proceedings_1b.pdf|archive-date=2023-12-22|access-date=|website=|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekarar 1975, ya bar majalisar ya zama darakta a ma’aikatar noma ta tarayya. Tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1979, Atanda ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Binciken hatsi ta ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Daily Times|date=September 27, 1978|title=Increased Rice Production Expected|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SWBEAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=National%20Cereals%20Research%20Institute%20Oluremi%20Atanda&amp;pg=PA170-IA276|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-14|website=Google Books: Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa, Issues 2005-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Cibiyar Binciken Gandun Daji ta [[Najeriya]] tsakanin shekarun 1979 zuwa 1980,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Annual Report of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria|publisher=Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria|year=1979|isbn=|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  da Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta [[Jihar Oyo]] a tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=L.A|first=Are|title=Serving to Survive and Succeed: Case Study of Ogun-Oshun River Basin Development Authority|publisher=University Press Ibadan|year=2003|isbn=|location=|pages=Pages 7 and 139}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Catalyst: A Quarterly Magazine of Oyo State Public Service|publisher=Oyo State Government|year=1979|isbn=|location=Ibadan|pages=1–13}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Ya kuma tuntuɓi wasu hukumomi da suka haɗa da Hukumar Abinci da Noma ta  [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]]. Ya kasance a kwamitin amintattu na Cibiyar Noma ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa  (IITA), a tsakanin shekarun 1976 zuwa 1978.

Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba a kwamitin kula da tallafin noma na gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] a tsakanin shekarun 1986 zuwa 1987, Atanda ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati bayan kusan shekaru 25. Masani ne a fannin ilimi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Saka|first=Balogun|title=80 Glorious Years of Soun Ajagungbade III, JP, Con|publisher=Celebrity Publication|year=2000|isbn=9783842315|location=|pages=96}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Atanda shine mai mallakar rukunin Makarantun Atanda.

Atanda shine Eketa na Iwo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Punch|date=|title=Oluwo lacks understanding of Ibadan history, says CCII|url=https://punchng.com/oluwo-lacks-understanding-of-ibadan-history-says-ccii/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  kuma shugaban kwamitin amintattu na Iwo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-12-22|title=How Aregbesola's intervention averted disruption of 2017 Iwo Day celebration {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/253314-aregbesolas-intervention-averted-disruption-2017-iwo-day-celebration.html|access-date=2020-09-16|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
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      <comment>Kalaman na rashin tsaro na De General sun zo ne yayin wani shiri kai tsaye tare da TikToker Jobbad, inda mai wasan barkwanci ya tattauna matsalar rashin tsaro da kuma rawar da 'yan kasar za su iya takawa wajen inganta harkokin mulki.</comment>
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'''Sunday,''' wanda aka fi sani da '''De General''', ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na kasar Najeriya kuma mai kirkirar abun ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-26 |title=Online comedy is more lucrative than it seems — De General |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/online-comedy-is-more-lucrative-than-it-seems-de-general/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207222820/https://editor.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/online-comedy-is-more-lucrative-than-it-seems-de-general/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; taɓa yin kama da mahaukaci don ya ba da gudummawa ga al'umma ta hanyar ba da gud gudummawar kuɗi ga duk wanda zai iya taimaka masa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-21 |title=Why I disguise as mad man to bless people, by De General The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/why-i-disguise-as-mad-man-to-bless-people-by-de-general/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Mai wasan kwaikwayo yana samun kuɗi daga ƙirƙirar abun ciki a [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] da man hajar YouTube.  ɗauki [[Jackie Chan]] a matsayin abin koyi saboda shi ɗan gwagwarmaya ne wanda ke amfani da hanyoyin ban dariya don yin aiki.
&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
== Rikici ==
Hukumar Kula  Dokar Magunguna ta Kasa (NDLEA) ta kama De General saboda zargin da ake yi a cikin kwayoyi kuma an tsare shi a tsare shi na mako guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-19 |title=De General spends one week in NDLEA custody, awaits trial in 'drug' case |url=http://lifestyle.thecable.ng/de-general-spends-one-week-in-ndlea-custody-awaits-trial-in-drug-case/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=TheCable Lifestyle |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; M shari'a Daniel Osiagor ya yanke masa hukunci a babban kotun Tarayya, alƙalin ya tabbatar da cewa an sami adadin minti daya kawai saboda haka an gargadi shi kawai kuma ba a yanke masa hukunci ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-19 |title=De General spends one week in NDLEA custody, awaits trial in 'drug' case |url=http://lifestyle.thecable.ng/de-general-spends-one-week-in-ndlea-custody-awaits-trial-in-drug-case/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=TheCable Lifestyle |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

an sake shi, De General ya share iska ta hanyar yarda da cewa kodayake an sami tramadol da Cannabis a gidansa, Ba ya cikin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi ban da wasan kwaikwayo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olowolagba |first=Fikayo |date=2022-01-26 |title=I'm not a drug trafficker - Comedian De General speaks after release |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/01/26/im-not-a-drug-trafficker-comedian-de-general-speaks-after-release/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Online |first=The Eagle |date=2022-01-26 |title=I'm not a drug dealer - Instagram comedian, De General - |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/im-not-a-drug-dealer-instagram-comedian-de-general/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalaman na rashin tsaro na [https://moderncrux.com/de-general-insecurity-comments-comedian-urges-nigerians-to-vote-instead-of-protest/ De General sun zo] ne yayin wani shiri kai tsaye tare da TikToker Jobbad, inda mai wasan barkwanci ya tattauna matsalar rashin tsaro da kuma rawar da 'yan kasar za su iya takawa wajen inganta harkokin mulki&lt;ref&gt;[https://moderncrux.com/de-general-insecurity-comments-comedian-urges-nigerians-to-vote-instead-of-protest/]&lt;/ref&gt;

Jama'a, magoya baya da sauran fitattun mutane sun sadu da abin kunya na miyagun ƙwayoyi. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka amsa shi  BasketMouth wanda ya ji cewa ɓata kuɗin haraji ne.  ila yau, Ƙungiyar Marubutan Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Najeriya (HURIWA) ta hukunta fareti na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ta NDLEA yayin da yake kare [[Abba Kyari]] wanda ake zargi da miyagun ƙwayoyi kamar yadda yake a lokacin abin da ya faru. Mista Macaroni  kuma yi Allah wadai da yadda aka bi da De General a lokacin kama shi.

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Haɗuwa</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355787448|Tozeur]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2493" sha1="2mjpfcql6leld6ej8pktid4u1r1nwac" xml:space="preserve">'''Tozeur''' ( Arabic     ; Berber languages     ) birni ne da ke kudu maso yammacin [[Tunisiya]] . Birnin yana arewa maso yammacin [[Chott el Djerid]], tsakanin wannan Chott da ƙaramin [[Shatt al Gharsah|Chott el Gharsa]] . Babban birnin Gundumar Tozeur ne. Shi ne wurin tsohon birnin kuma tsohon bishop na Tusuros, wanda ya kasance wurin tarihi na Katolika na Latin.

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
A zamanin Romawa, an san Tozeur da Tusuros ko Thusuros, kuma yana cikin lardin [[Byzacena]] na Romawa a Afirka .

Akwai zato da dama game da asalin sunan Tozeur. Wata hasashe ta danganta sunan da Fir'aunan Masar Tausret, wanda sunansa ke nufin &quot;mai iko&quot; a zamanin daular Masar. Bayan mulkinta a matsayin sarkin ƙarshe na Daular Masar ta Sha tara, an ce Masarautar Kush ta ba Tozeur girmamawa a matsayin girmamawa. Wannan ka'ida tana da goyon bayan kamanceceniya tsakanin Tozeur da tsoffin biranen Masar, musamman amfani da busasshen laka da aka yi da rana da kuma wanda aka yi da murhu.

Masanin falsafa na Tunisiya Youssef Seddik ya kuma nuna asalin tsohon Masar, yana mai cewa kalmar &quot;T&quot; galibi ana samunta a cikin kalmomin toponyms kamar Thebes, Tamazret, yayin da &quot;Ozeur&quot; na iya zama sigar Latin da aka yi amfani da ita a matsayin Osiris, wato allahn Masar na dā. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LES VOYAGES DE CLAIRE ET ALEX! - TOZEUR |url=https://claire-alex.fr.gd/TOZEUR.htm |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=claire-alex.fr.gd}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Memoires société des sciences de l'agriculture et des arts de la de Lille |trans-title=Memoirs of the Society of Agricultural Sciences and Arts of Lille |url=https://lillonum.univ-lille.fr/files/original/2154ea69520645865528ef20d45b7ff78d8901ca.pdf |website=lillonum.univ-lille.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A lokacin Daular Romawa da [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]] da kuma a Masarautar Vandal, Tozeur shine wurin da Tusuros ya kasance, a lardin [[Byzacena]] na Romawa (wanda a asali ɓangare ne na Afirka Proconsularis ).

=== Bishop ===
A wannan lokacin, wurin zama ne na wani bishop na suffragan, wanda ake kira ''Tusuros'' . 

Yana cikin yankin [[Sahel]] na gabar tekun [[Byzacena]], kusa da garuruwan Aquae da Nefta da kuma kudancin Capsa da Ad Turres, {{Sfn|Shaw|2011}} Tursuros na Roman ya zama muhimmin cibiyar Donatism . {{Sfn|Shaw|2011}}

Bishof ya daina aiki bayan [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|zuwan Musulunci]] a ƙarni na bakwai. Gawar wani tsohon coci tana bayyane a cikin harsashin wani tsohon [[masallaci]] .</text>
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'''Tozeur''' ( Arabic     ; Berber languages     ) birni ne da ke kudu maso yammacin [[Tunisiya]] . Birnin yana arewa maso yammacin [[Chott el Djerid]], tsakanin wannan Chott da ƙaramin [[Shatt al Gharsah|Chott el Gharsa]] . Babban birnin Gundumar Tozeur ne. Shi ne wurin tsohon birnin kuma tsohon bishop na Tusuros, wanda ya kasance wurin tarihi na Katolika na Latin.

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
A zamanin Romawa, an san Tozeur da Tusuros ko Thusuros, kuma yana cikin lardin [[Byzacena]] na Romawa a Afirka .

Akwai zato da dama game da asalin sunan Tozeur. Wata hasashe ta danganta sunan da Fir'aunan Masar Tausret, wanda sunansa ke nufin &quot;mai iko&quot; a zamanin daular Masar. Bayan mulkinta a matsayin sarkin ƙarshe na Daular Masar ta Sha tara, an ce Masarautar Kush ta ba Tozeur girmamawa a matsayin girmamawa. Wannan ka'ida tana da goyon bayan kamanceceniya tsakanin Tozeur da tsoffin biranen Masar, musamman amfani da busasshen laka da aka yi da rana da kuma wanda aka yi da murhu.

Masanin falsafa na Tunisiya Youssef Seddik ya kuma nuna asalin tsohon Masar, yana mai cewa kalmar &quot;T&quot; galibi ana samunta a cikin kalmomin toponyms kamar Thebes, Tamazret, yayin da &quot;Ozeur&quot; na iya zama sigar Latin da aka yi amfani da ita a matsayin Osiris, wato allahn Masar na dā. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LES VOYAGES DE CLAIRE ET ALEX! - TOZEUR |url=https://claire-alex.fr.gd/TOZEUR.htm |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=claire-alex.fr.gd}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Memoires société des sciences de l'agriculture et des arts de la de Lille |trans-title=Memoirs of the Society of Agricultural Sciences and Arts of Lille |url=https://lillonum.univ-lille.fr/files/original/2154ea69520645865528ef20d45b7ff78d8901ca.pdf |website=lillonum.univ-lille.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A lokacin Daular Romawa da [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]] da kuma a Masarautar Vandal, Tozeur shine wurin da Tusuros ya kasance, a lardin [[Byzacena]] na Romawa (wanda a asali ɓangare ne na Afirka Proconsularis ).

=== Bishop ===
A wannan lokacin, wurin zama ne na wani bishop na suffragan, wanda ake kira ''Tusuros'' . 

Yana cikin yankin [[Sahel]] na gabar tekun [[Byzacena]], kusa da garuruwan Aquae da Nefta da kuma kudancin Capsa da Ad Turres, {{Sfn|Shaw|2011}} Tursuros na Roman ya zama muhimmin cibiyar Donatism . {{Sfn|Shaw|2011}}

Bishof ya daina aiki bayan [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|zuwan Musulunci]] a ƙarni na bakwai. Gawar wani tsohon coci tana bayyane a cikin harsashin wani tsohon [[masallaci]] .

==manazarta==</text>
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'''Chris Ekiyor''' (an haife shi ranar 17 ga Maris, 1972) likitan hakora ne kuma shugaban majalisar matasan Ijaw. Shi ne wanda ya kafa RAHI Medical Outreach, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke biyan bukatun kiwon lafiya na yankunan karkarar Afirka tare da mayar da hankali kan yankin Neja Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ResearchGate |date=2026 |title=Christopher Peres Ekiyor |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christopher-Ekiyor |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-24 |website=researchgate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Rayuwar farko da ilimi==
Dr. Ekiyor likitan haƙora ne wanda yake da digirin MBA, MPH da PhD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Popular News |date=2026-03-27 |title=Bomadi/Patani 2027: Chris Ekiyor mandate as the definitive choice for the Federal Constituency |url=https://www.popularnews9ja.com.ng/bomadi-patani-2027-chris-ekiyor-mandate-as-the-definitive-choice-for-the-federal-constituency/ |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-24 |website=popularnews}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya rasa matarsa, Misis Gloria Ememerurai Ekiyor (wadda aka haifa da sunan Okagbare) a shekarar 2024. Tana da shekaru 42 a duniya kuma uwa ce ga yara biyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Popular News |date=2024 |title=Delta APC commiserates with Chris Ekiyor over demise of his wife |url=https://www.popularnews9ja.com.ng/delta-apc-commiserates-with-chris-ekiyor-over-demise-of-his-wife/ |url-status=live |access-date=2026-05-24 |website=popularnews}}&lt;/ref&gt;

 {{Stub}} 

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 
[[Category:Haifaffun 1972]]</text>
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    <title>Ofishin Ilimi na Ghana</title>
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'''Ofishin Ilimi na Ghana (GES) ''' hukuma ce ta [[Gwamnatin Ghana|gwamnati]] a karkashin Ma'aikatar Ilimi da ke da alhakin aiwatar da manufofin gwamnati waɗanda ke tabbatar da cewa 'Yan Ghana na shekarun zuwa makaranta ba tare da la'akari da kabilanci ba, jinsi, nakasassu, addini da siyasa suna samun ilimi mai inganci. Hukumar Ilimi ta Ghana tana karkashin jagorancin majalisa mai mambobi goma sha biyar da ake kira GES.&lt;ref name=&quot;GES&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Education Service |url=https://ges.gov.gh |access-date=12 November 2019 |publisher=Ghana Education Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa hukumar ne a cikin 1974 ta Majalisar Ceto ta Kasa. Yana haɗin gwiwa tare da kungiyoyi kuma an rarraba shi cikin raka'a daban-daban don tabbatar da aiwatar da aikinsa &lt;ref name=&quot;GES&quot;/&gt; ga al'ummar Ghana.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa Hukumar Ilimi ta Ghana (GES) a cikin 1974 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ayyukan Jama'a na Ghana ta Majalisar Ceto ta Kasa a karkashin Dokar Majalisar Ceto Ta Kasa (NRCD 247).  Daga baya NRCD 252, NRCD 357 da Dokar Majalisar Soja ta Koli (SMCD 63) suka yi gyare-gyare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A cikin Kundin [[Tsarin mulkin Ghana|Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Hudu]], Dokokin Majalisar Dokoki sun yi gyare-gyare a cikin dokokin da suka gabata; Dokar 506 (1994) da Dokar 778 (2008). &lt;ref name=&quot;GES&quot;/&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ofishin Ilimi na Ghana yana da alhakin;

* Bayar da kuma kula da Ilimi na asali, Babban Ilimi, Ilimi na Fasaha da Ilimi Na Musamman.
* Rijistar, sa ido da kuma bincika cibiyoyin ilimi masu zaman kansu.
* Bayar da shawarwari ga Ministan Ilimi don manufofi da shirye-shiryen ilimi.
* Inganta inganci da cikakken ci gaban baiwa tsakanin membobinta.
* Rijistar malamai da sabunta rajistar dukkan malamai a cikin tsarin jama'a.
* Gudanar da wasu ayyuka waɗanda ke tasiri ga cimma ayyukan da aka ƙayyade a sama.
* Ci gaba da ka'idojin ƙwararru da kuma halin ma'aikatanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;GES&quot;/&gt;

== Haɗin kai ==
Kungiyoyi masu zuwa da masu ruwa da tsaki suna haɗin GES a aiwatar da shirye-shiryenta da ayyukanta:

* [[UNICEF|Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]- Don Shirin Ilimi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNICEF assists GES to train 19,876 HIV/AIDS educatorsh |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/UNICEF-assists-GES-to-train-19-876-HIV-AIDS-educators-144147 |access-date=12 November 2019 |publisher=ghanaweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka- Don Haɗin gwiwa don Ayyukan Ilimi: Tasirin Jama'a, Ilimi, Innovation da Inganta Ayyukan Karatu a Makarantu na Firamare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education |url=https://www.usaid.gov/ghana/education |access-date=12 November 2019 |publisher=USAID |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017213911/https://www.usaid.gov/ghana/education |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Beljik|Belgium]] / TeleVIC- Don Sayarwa da Shigar da Haɗin E-koyon Lab don manyan makarantun sakandare 240. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ghana Education Project |url=https://www.televic-education.com/en/references/ghana-education-project |access-date=12 November 2019 |publisher=TELEVIC |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921132033/https://www.televic-education.com/en/references/ghana-education-project |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* United Kingdom for International Development- Don Shirin Ilimi na Ƙarin Ƙasa.
* Kreditanstalt Wiederaufbau (KfW) - Don Taimako na Horar da Kwarewa: Shirin Voucher.
* [[Bankin Duniya]]- Don Shirin Inganta Ilimi na Sakandare na Ghana.
* [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]]- Don fadadawa da ci gaba da aikin makarantar sakandare 26 da ke akwai.&lt;ref name=&quot;GES&quot;/&gt;

== Shirye-shiryen yanzu ==
Shirye-shiryen da Hukumar Ilimi ta Ghana ke gudanarwa a yanzu sune:

* Shirin Addini na Ilimi na asali (CBE): Shirin ilmantarwa da aka yi niyya daga Yara na Makaranta (OOSC) tsakanin shekaru 8 zuwa 14 daga wasu yankuna mafi talauci na kasar. Shirin yana neman taimaka wa yara su koyi karatu, rubutu da ƙidaya a cikin watanni tara.
* Shirin Inganta Ilimi na Sakandare (SEIP): An aiwatar da shi a watan Satumbar 2017 bisa ga Mataki na 25 1b na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1992, wanda ya bayyana cewa &quot;Ilimi na Sakandaren a cikin nau'ikansa daban-daban ciki har da ilimin fasaha da sana'a, za a samar da shi gaba ɗaya kuma yana da damar kowa ta kowace hanya mai dacewa, kuma musamman, ta hanyar ci gaba da gabatar da ilimi kyauta. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://moe.gov.gh/index.php/secondary-education-improvement-project/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-06-18 |archive-date=2024-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618011022/https://moe.gov.gh/index.php/secondary-education-improvement-project/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Shirin Ilimi na Musamman da na Musamman (SIE).
* Shirin Gudanar da Ilimi na Pre-tertiary . &lt;ref name=&quot;GES&quot;/&gt;

== Rarrabawar ==

* Jagora da Ba da Shawara (G&amp;C) Rukunin- Sashe wanda babban burinsa shine ya taimaka wa mutane ganowa da haɓaka damar iliminsu, sana'a da tunanin mutum kuma saboda haka cimma matakin farin ciki na mutum.
* Shirin Ilimi na Lafiya na Makaranta (SHEP) Sashin- Wannan sashin shine tabbatar da cewa ana ba da cikakken ilimin kiwon lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki da kuma ayyukan tallafi masu alaƙa a makarantu don samar da yara da ƙwarewar rayuwa mai kyau, wanda zai haifar da inganta rayuwar yara da sakamakon ilimi, gami da shiga makaranta, riƙewa da aikin ilimi.
* Sashen Ilimi na Musamman (SPED) - Wannan ɓangaren yana da alhakin ƙirƙirar daidaitattun damar ilimi ga masu koyo da matasa masu nakasa da bukatun ilimi na musamman ta hanyar samar da tsarin tallafi mai ɗorewa a cikin yanayin makaranta.
* Sashen Ilimi na Sakandare- Wannan sashen yana taimakawa Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Ghana don aiwatar da saka idanu kan manufofin Ma'aikatu ta Ilimi, samar da jagororin kan samun dama ga ilimi, inganta ilimi mai inganci, da inganta ilimi yadda ya kamata, da ingantawa da kuma lalata Kimiyya, Lissafi, Fasaha &amp; Injiniya a matakin Cycle na Biyu.
* Sashen Ilimi na asali- Wannan ɓangaren ya ƙunshi babban ɓangaren da wasu raka'a guda uku: Sashin Ilimi na Yara (ECE), Sashin Makarantu Masu zaman kansu da Sashin Ilimin 'Yan Mata (GEU). Manufarta ita ce tabbatar da cewa ana ba da ilimi na asali a cikin ƙasar yadda ya kamata kuma yadda ya kamata.
* Sashen Ilimi na Fasaha da Kwarewa- Wannan ɓangaren yana da alhakin aiwatar da Ilimi na Kwarewa da Kwarewar Pre-tertiary a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;GES&quot;/&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Ma'aikatar Ilimi
* [[Ilimi a Ghana]]
* [https://moe.gov.gh/index.php/free-shs-policy/ SHS kyauta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611051134/https://moe.gov.gh/index.php/free-shs-policy/ |date=2024-06-11 }}

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==</text>
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'''Nuhu Mbogo Kyabasinga''' (1835-1921) yarima ne na [[Uganda]]_Kingdom&quot; id=&quot;mwCw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Buganda Kingdom&quot;&gt;Masarautar Buganda, wanda aka sani da rawar da ya taka a cikin al'ummar musulmi ta Uganda . An haife shi ga Kabaka (sarki) '''Suuna Kalema''' I da matarsa Kubina kuma ya kasance sananne a lokacinsa. Mbogo kuma ɗan'uwan Kabaka Muteesa I ne, wanda ya kasance wani muhimmin mutum a Masarautar Buganda. Mbogo ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Islama a Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Browse In Prince, 1801–1860: The Antebellum Era and Slave Economy |url=https://oxfordaasc.com/browse?btog=chap&amp;t=AASC_Occupations%3A396&amp;t0=AASC_Eras%3A4 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Oxford African American Studies Center |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125195352/https://oxfordaasc.com/browse?btog=chap&amp;t=AASC_Occupations:396&amp;t0=AASC_Eras:4 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Nuhu Mbogo Kyabasinga yarima ne (Mulangila) na Masarautar Buganda wanda aka haife shi a 1835 ga Kabaka [[Suuna Kalema I]] da Kubina, matarsa. Kyabasinga ta girma a cikin gidan sarauta kuma ta sami ilimi na yau da kullun. Ya ci gaba da sha'awar Islama tun yana ƙarami kuma ya zama mai shiga tsakani a cikin al'ummar musulmi ta Uganda, daga ƙarshe ya tashi zuwa matsayin jagoranci a cikin al-umma. Kyabasinga an dauke shi a matsayin mai basira da ibada, wanda sadaukarwarsa ga bangaskiyarsa ta yi tasiri sosai ga ci gaban Islama a Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Did you know what relationship Nuhu Mbogo had with Mutesa I? |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1527346 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbogo da Islama a cikin Uganda ==
Nuhu Mbogo Kyabasinga, wanda aka fi sani da Mbogo, wani muhimmin mutum ne a tarihin Islama a Uganda . An haifi Mbogo ne a cikin wani fitaccen dangin sarauta na Buganda a cikin 1835 kuma an san shi da sha'awarsa ga Islama tun yana ƙarami. Ya tuba zuwa addinin Islama kuma ya zama memba mai aiki a cikin al'ummar musulmi a Uganda. Mbogo ya yi tafiya zuwa gabar tekun Gabashin Afirka a cikin shekarun 1860, inda ya yi karatun tauhidin Islama da [[Larabci]].  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}Ya koma Uganda kuma ya zama malami mai daraja da mai wa'azi a cikin al'ummar musulmi. Kokarin Mbogo ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga kafa kungiyar Musulmi ta Uganda (UMA) a cikin 1900, kungiyar farko ta Musulmai a Uganda. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban farko na UMA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBNAC |url=https://www.bbnac.org/buganda-attractions/attraction/kibuli_mosque/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.bbnac.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A duk rayuwarsa, Mbogo ya himmatu ga inganta Islama tsakanin 'yan uwansa na Uganda kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaba da ci gaban addini a kasar. An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane a tarihin Islama a Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-18 |title=Development of a forward-looking Muslim community in Uganda |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/development-of-a-forward-looking-muslim-community-in-uganda-4128802 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbogo a gudun hijira ==
A ƙarshen shekarun 1880, Nuhu Mbogo Kyabasinga ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar iko tsakanin Masarautar Buganda da masarautar makwabta ta Bunyoro-Kitara . An zargi Mbogo da yin aiki tare da Bunyoro-Kitara kuma daga baya dan uwansa (Sarki) Kabaka Mwanga II, Sarkin Buganda ya tuhume shi da cin amana. A shekara ta 1888, an tura Mbogo gudun hijira zuwa tsibirin Bukasa tsibirin da ke kan Tafkin Victoria, inda ya kasance kusan shekaru goma. Duk da gudun hijira, Mbogo ya ci gaba da inganta Islama da kuma kula da alakarsa da duniyar musulmi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Omulangira Nuhu Mbogo – NBS Television |url=https://nbs.ug/tag/omulangira-nuhu-mbogo/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328221104/https://nbs.ug/tag/omulangira-nuhu-mbogo/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UJI ( Uganda Jamatel Islam) – UGANDA JAMATEL ISLAM KAMPALA |url=https://muscoosa.org/uji/uji/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ɗaga gudun hijira ta Mbogo a shekara ta 1897, biyo bayan canji a yanayin siyasa. Ya koma Buganda kuma ya ci gaba da matsayinsa na jagora a cikin al'ummar musulmi. Ana ganin gudun hijira da dawowar Mbogo a matsayin muhimman bangarorin gadonsa kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga sunansa a matsayin jagora mai ƙarfin zuciya da ƙuduri.

A duk rayuwarsa, Mbogo ya kasance mai sadaukarwa don inganta Islama da tallafawa bukatun 'yan uwansa Musulmai. Duk da wahalar da ya fuskanta a lokacin gudun hijira, sadaukarwar Mbogo ga bangaskiyarsa da juriyarsa a fuskar wahala ya sanya shi mutum mai daraja a tarihin Islama a Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agataliikonfuufu: Amadda ga Nuhu Mbogo, Abasiraamu bagajjukidde. |url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/articledetails/119703123 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Bukedde |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328221109/https://www.bukedde.co.ug/articledetails/119703123 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-07 |title=Olunaku lw'amadda ga Nuhu Mbogo lufuuke lwa gandaalo. {{!}} Dembe FM 90.4 |url=https://www.dembefm.ug/amawulire/olunaku-lwamadda-ga-nuhu-mbogo-lufuuke-lwa-gandaalo.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328221104/https://www.dembefm.ug/amawulire/olunaku-lwamadda-ga-nuhu-mbogo-lufuuke-lwa-gandaalo.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yake-yake na addini a Uganda ==
Nuhu Mbogo Kyabasinga ya shiga cikin rikice-rikicen addini da yake-yake da yawa a Uganda, musamman wadanda ke tsakanin Islama da Kiristanci. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin juriya ta Musulmi game da yunkurin Kabaka Mwanga II na murkushe Islama a Masarautar Buganda a karshen karni na 19.  An zargi Mbogo da yin aiki tare da masarautar makwabta ta Bunyoro-Kitara kuma an tura shi gudun hijira a 1888, amma ya koma Buganda a 1897.  A farkon karni na 20, Mbogo ya soke da'awarsa ga kursiyin don zama jagora ga Musulmai a karkashin gwamnatin Burtaniya ta Protectorate of Uganda . Ta hanyar aiki kai tsaye tare da masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da yawancin Krista na Uganda, an san Mbogo a matsayin babban iko a kan mulkin Islama a Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kasozi |first=Abdu B. |date=1986 |title=The spread of Islam in Uganda |url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=049058789 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kabaka Mutebi's elder brother converts to Islam – Kampala Sun |url=https://www.kampalasun.co.ug/kabaka-mutebis-elder-brother-converts-to-islam/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328221107/https://www.kampalasun.co.ug/kabaka-mutebis-elder-brother-converts-to-islam/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Nuhu Mbogo Kyabasinga, fitaccen jagora a cikin al'ummar musulmi a Uganda, ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Satumba 1921, yana da shekaru 86. Mutane da yawa sun halarci jana'izarsa, ciki har da dangin sarauta na Buganda, wakilan al'ummar musulmi, da kuma 'yan siyasa na gida da na kasa. An ci gaba da yin bikin gadon Mbogo bayan mutuwarsa, yayin da ake tunawa da shi a matsayin mai fafutukar adalci da haƙƙin ɗan adam. An binne shi bisa ga al'adun Islama a makabartar Musulmi a [[Kampala]]. A yau, an san Mbogo a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane a tarihin Islama a Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kaaya |first=Sadab Kitatta |date=24 June 2014 |title=Muslims remember Prince Nuhu Mbogo |url=https://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/sizzling-faith/32414-muslims-remember-prince-nuhu-mbogo |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328221103/https://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/sizzling-faith/32414-muslims-remember-prince-nuhu-mbogo |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-29 |title=Muslims celebrate 123rd anniversary of Nuhu Mbogo grand return |url=https://www.ntv.co.ughttps//www.ntv.co.ug/ug/news/national/muslims-celebrate-123rd-anniversary-of-nuhu-mbogo-grand-return-2380454 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=NTV Uganda |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Masallacin Mbogo ==
Musulmai na Uganda daga [[Kawempe]], yankin da aka binne Mbogo a cikin kabarin sarauta, sun gina daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a kasar a matsayin abin tunawa ga Nuhu Mbogo. Masallacin ana kiransa Masallacin Mbogo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NewVision |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/masjid-mbogo-gets-a-facelift-130458}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== manazarta ==
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Mbogo, Nuhu Kyabasinga}}
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  <page>
    <title>Pannie Kianzad</title>
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Pannie Pantea Kianzad (an haife ta 8 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1991) yar ƙasar Sweden ce haifaffen ɗan ƙasar Sweden gauraye mai fasaha wanda ya fafata a gasar Ultimate Fighting Championship a rukunin mata na Bantamweight, wanda a baya ya yi yaƙi a Invicta FC da Cage Warriors inda ta riƙe taken bantamweight. 

== Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Kianzad ta fara wasan dambe ne tun tana shekara 14 a duniya, kuma ta cigaba da fafatawa a damben dambe kusan 30. A shekara ta 2010, ta shiga gasar zakarun ƙasar Sweden a Shootfighting kuma ta zo a matsayi na biyu da samun lambar azurfa bayan ta sha kashi a hannun Lina Länsberg a wasan karshe. A shekara mai zuwa, tana da shekaru 19, ta zama zakaran Sweden a Shootfighting ta hanyar kayar da Genesini Serena ta biyayya (armbar) a zagaye na biyu.

Bayan ta zama ƙwararriyar MMA, ta rama hasarar da ta yi a kan Lina Länsberg a yaƙinta na uku, wanda TKO ta yi nasara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TMMA - Trophy MMA 1 |url=http://www.sherdog.com/events/TMMA-Trophy-MMA-1-27127 |website=Sherdog}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami nasara kai tsaye guda biyar a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kafin ta sanya hannu kan Cage Warriors . A wannan lokacin ta sauya sheka daga kungiyar Kaisho a Helsingborg, [[Sweden]], zuwa Rumble Sports a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]] . Kamar yadda na 2016 Kianzad yayi horo tare da ƙungiyar Arte Suave a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]]

=== Cage Warriors. ===
A cikin shekarar 2014 Kianzad ya sanya hannu tare da babban tallan Burtaniya Cage Warriors . Ta fara wasanta na gabatarwa da Megan van Houtum akan Agusta 22, 2014, a Cage Warriors 71. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-08-19 |title=Pannie Kianzad gets Megan van Houtum at Cage Warriors 71 |url=http://www.mmaviking.com/pannie-kianzad-gets-megan-van-houtum-at-cage-warriors-71/ |publisher=mmaviking.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi nasara a yaƙin da TKO ta yi a zagaye na uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-09-01 |title=Womens MMA report: Correia and Dudieva earn UFC wins, Swedes dominate at Cage Warriors 71 |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2014/09/womens-mma-report-correia-and-dudieva-earn-ufc-wins-swedes-dominate-at-cage-warriors-71 |publisher=MMAjunkie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana sa ran Kianzad zai fuskanci Agnieszka Niedzwiedz a matsayin wanda ba kowa ba ne na bantamweight a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2014, a Cage Warriors 74, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-08-29 |title=Kianzad vs Niedzwiedz set for Cage Warriors 74 on Nov. 15 |url=http://fightnetwork.com/news/50026:kianzad-vs-niedzwiedz-set-for-cage-warriors-74-on-nov-15/ |publisher=fightnetwork.com |access-date=2024-10-21 |archive-date=2014-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129055055/http://fightnetwork.com/news/50026:kianzad-vs-niedzwiedz-set-for-cage-warriors-74-on-nov-15/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; amma Niedzwiedz ya tilasta janyewa daga fafatawar saboda rauni kuma an canza abokin hamayyar Kianzad ya zama dan wasan Finnish Eeva Siiskonen. . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-11-09 |title=Niedzwiedz out, Siiskonen in vs Kianzad at Cage Warriors 74 |url=http://irishmma.com/niedzwiedz-out-siiskonen-in-vs-pianzad-at-cage-warriors-74/ |publisher=irishmma.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-11-10 |title=Eeva Siiskonen replaces Agnieszka Niedzwiedz in saturdays Cage Warriors 74 title fight |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2014/11/eeva-siiskonen-replaces-agnieszka-niedzwiedz-in-saturdays-cage-warriors-74-title-fight |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan zagaye biyar Kianzad ta doke Siiskonen da yanke shawara gaba ɗaya (50–45, 50–45, 49–46) don zama zakaran gwajin [[dafi]] na mata na Cage Warriors. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-11-15 |title=Cage Warriors 74 results: Nicolas Dalby, Pannie Kianzad claim title victories |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2014/11/cage-warriors-74-results |access-date=2014-11-15 |publisher=MMAjunkie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nordic Weekend Roundup from England, Finland, Estonia, and Lithuania |url=http://www.mmaviking.com/nordic-weekend-roundup-from-england-finland-estonia-and-lithuania/ |website=Nordic MMA Everyday at MMA Viking}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Invicta Fighting Championship ===
Bayan da ta zauna ba tare da nasara ba ta hanyar yakin farko na 7, kuma tana da'awar taken Cage Warriors, Kianzad ta sami wani mataki a cikin aikinta kamar yadda Invicta FC ta sanya hannu a cikin Maris, 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-03-24 |title=Invicta FC adds unbeaten Pannie Kianzad to bantamweight roster |url=http://combatpress.com/2015/03/invicta-fc-adds-unbeaten-pannie-kianzad-to-bantamweight-roster/ |publisher=combatpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-03-24 |title=Undefeated bantamweight Pannie Kianzad signs with Invicta FC |url=http://wmmaroundup.com/blog/2015/03/undefeated-bantamweight-pannie-kianzad-signs-with-invicta-fc/ |publisher=wmmaroundup.com |access-date=2024-10-21 |archive-date=2018-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523010935/http://wmmaroundup.com/blog/2015/03/undefeated-bantamweight-pannie-kianzad-signs-with-invicta-fc/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-03-25 |title=Pannie Kianzad signed to Invicta FC; I'm coming to take over |url=http://www.mmaviking.com/pannie-kianzad-signed-to-invicta-fc-im-coming-to-take-over/ |publisher=mmaviking.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi wasanta na farko na talla da Jessica-Rose Clark a kan Yuli 9, 2015, a Invicta FC 13 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-06-12 |title=Faith Van Duin vs Christiane 'Cyborg' Justino title fight announced for Invicta FC 13, Jessy-Rose Clark to meet Pannie Kianzad in promotional debut |url=http://fightnewsaustralia.com/index.php/news/1191-faith-van-duin-vs-cristiane-cyborg-justino-title-fight-announced-for-invicta-fc-13-jessy-rose-clark-to-meet-pannie-kianzad-in-promotional-debut |publisher=fightnewsaustralia.com }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kianzad ya yi nasara a fafatawar da wani mataki na bai daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-07-09 |title=Invicta FC 13 results: Pannie Kianzad stays undefeated, looks impressive in UD win |url=http://www.bjpenn.com/invicta-fc-13-results-pannie-kianzad-stays-undefeated-looks-impressive-in-ud-win/ |publisher=bjpenn.com |access-date=2024-10-21 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191501/http://www.bjpenn.com/invicta-fc-13-results-pannie-kianzad-stays-undefeated-looks-impressive-in-ud-win/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-07-10 |title=Pannie Kianzad wins in dominant fashion at Invicta 13 |url=http://www.mmaviking.com/pannie-kianzad-wins-in-dominant-fashion-at-invicta-13/ |publisher=mmaviking.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Kianzad zai fuskanci sabuwar zakara Tonya Eveinger a fafatawar da ake yi a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2015, a Invicta FC 14 . Koyaya, Kianzad ya rasa nauyi don yaƙin don haka an canza shi zuwa fafatawar da ba ta da taken. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-08-10 |title=Invicta FC 14 gets new headliner with Tonya Evinger vs Pannie Kianzad |url=http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Invicta-FC-14-Gets-New-Headliner-with-Tonya-Evinger-vs-Pannie-Kianzad-90407 |publisher=sherdog.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-08-10 |title=Pannie Kianzad steps in to headline Invicta FC 14 |url=http://www.mmaviking.com/pannie-kianzad-steps-in-to-headline-invicta-fc-14/ |publisher=mmaviking.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; TKO ta sha kashi a zagaye na biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-09-13 |title=Invicta FC 14 results: Evinger dominates Kianzad in non-title main event |url=http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2015/9/13/9318827/invicta-fc-14-results-and-highlights-evinger-dominates-kianzad-mma-news |publisher=bloodyelbow.com |access-date=2024-10-21 |archive-date=2018-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523011314/https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2015/9/13/9318827/invicta-fc-14-results-and-highlights-evinger-dominates-kianzad-mma-news |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi yaƙi da Raquel Pa'aluhi a ranar 14 ga Janairun shekarar 2017, a Invicta FC 21 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-08 |title=Raquel Pa'aluhi vs. Pannie Kianzad, Jodie Esquibel vs. DeAnna Bennett added to Invicta FC 21 |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2016/12/8/13890172/raquel-pa-aluhi-vs-pannie-kianzad-jodie-esquibel-vs-deanna-bennett |publisher=mmafighting.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ne ta hanyar sallamawa sakamakon shakewar da ta yi a baya a zagayen farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-01-14 |title=Invicta FC 21 results: Megan Anderson captures interim 145-pound title, calls out future UFC champ |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/01/invicta-fc-21-results-megan-anderson-captures-interim-145-pound-title-calls-out-future-ufc-champ |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kianzad ya fuskanci Sarah Kaufman a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2018, a Invicta FC 27 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-12-19 |title=Sarah Kaufman vs. Pannie Kianzad headlines Invicta FC 27 on Jan. 13 |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2017/12/sarah-kaufman-pannie-kianzad-headliner-invicta-fc-27-jan-13 |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A nauyi-ins, Kianzad yayi nauyin 136.7 Ibs, ya ɓace 0.7 Ibs na babba a cikin bantamweight na 136 Ibs. An ci tarar Kianzad kashi ashirin da biyar cikin 100 na jakar fadanta saboda rashin [[kiba]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sherdog.com |title=Invicta FC 27 Weigh-in Video &amp; Results: Co-Headliner Pannie Kianzad Misses Mark |url=http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Invicta-FC-27-Weighin-Video-Results-CoHeadliner-Pannie-Kianzad-Misses-Mark-131073 |access-date=2018-01-14 |website=Sherdog}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DNA |first=MMA |title=Uitslagen : Invicta FC 27 : Kianzad vs. Kaufman |url=http://mmadna.nl/uitslagen-invicta-fc-27-kianzad-vs-kaufman/ |access-date=2018-01-14 |website=mmadna.nl |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kianzad ya yi yaƙi da Bianca Daimoni a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2018, a Invicta FC 29 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-09 |title=Pannie Kianzad, Pearl Gonzalez among additions to Invicta FC 29's nine-bout lineup |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2018/04/pannie-kianzad-pearl-gonzalez-among-additions-to-invicta-fc-29s-nine-bout-lineup |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A nauyi-ins, Kianzad yana da nauyin 134.8 lbs yayin da Daimoni ya yi nauyi 139.6, ya ɓace 3.6 lbs na babba a cikin bantamweight na 136 lbs kuma fafatawar ta ci gaba da ɗaukar nauyi. An ci tarar Daimoni kashi ashirin da biyar cikin dari na jakar kuɗinta saboda rashin nauyi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=invictafc.com |title=Invicta FC 29: Kaufman vs. Lehner Official Weigh-in Results |url=http://www.invictafc.com/2018/05/03/invicta-fc-29-kaufman-vs-lehner-official-weigh-in-results/ |access-date=2018-05-03 |website=InvictaFC |archive-date=2018-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508233415/http://www.invictafc.com/2018/05/03/invicta-fc-29-kaufman-vs-lehner-official-weigh-in-results/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kianzad ta yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara baki daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-04 |title=Invicta FC 29 Results: Kaufman Submits Lehner, Claims Bantamweight Title |url=http://www.invictafc.com/2018/05/04/invicta-fc-29-results-kaufman-submits-lehner-claims-bantamweight-title/ |publisher=invictafc.com |access-date=2024-10-21 |archive-date=2018-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509033417/http://www.invictafc.com/2018/05/04/invicta-fc-29-results-kaufman-submits-lehner-claims-bantamweight-title/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kimanin wata guda bayan haka ta yi yaƙi da Kerry Hughes a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2018, a Danish MMA Night 1. Kianzad ya yi fice sosai kuma ya yi nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gabaɗaya. 

=== Mafi Girma 28 ===
A cikin watan Agusta 2018 Kianzad's ponsor Combat Dollies ya bayyana cewa an zabe ta a matsayin mai fada a kan The Ultimate Fighter 28, inda za ta yi takara a featherweight. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bournemouth Business Combat Dollies Reveals Kianzad in The Ultimate Fighter 28 |url=http://www.businessindorset.co.uk/newsStory.aspx?storyID=2416&amp;sectionID=1#.W4P0iuhKjIU |access-date=2018-08-27 |website=www.businessindorset.co.uk |archive-date=2018-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827174055/http://www.businessindorset.co.uk/newsStory.aspx?storyID=2416&amp;sectionID=1#.W4P0iuhKjIU |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 August 2018 |title=UK SPORTS BRAND COMBAT DOLLIES REVEALS PANNIE KIANZAD TO STAR IN THE ULTIMATE FIGHTER 28 - openPR |url=https://www.openpr.com/news/1194745/UK-SPORTS-BRAND-COMBAT-DOLLIES-REVEALS-PANNIE-KIANZAD-TO-STAR-IN-THE-ULTIMATE-FIGHTER-28.html |access-date=2018-08-27 |website=www.openpr.com |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909063417/https://www.openpr.com/news/1194745/uk-sports-brand-combat-dollies-reveals-pannie-kianzad-to-star-in-the-ultimate-fighter-28.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ultimate Fighter and Combat Dollies Sign Pro MMA Fighter Pannie Kianzad |url=https://etradewire.com/news/the-ultimate-fighter-and-combat-dollies-sign-pro-mma-fighter-pannie-kianzad |access-date=2018-08-27 |website=E Wire News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kianzad shine na hudu wanda koci Kelvin Gastelum ya zaba (na biyu a tsakanin masu nauyi). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-08-29 |title='The Ultimate Fighter 28: Heavy Hitters' Episode 1 recap |url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/08/the-ultimate-fighter-28-heavy-hitters-episode-1-recap-ufc-tuf |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fafata da Katharina Lehner a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar. Ta yi nasara a yakin da yanke shawara baki daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-09-05 |title='The Ultimate Fighter 28: Heavy Hitters' Episode 2 recap |url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/09/the-ultimate-fighter-28-heavy-hitters-episode-2-recap-ufc-tuf |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar, Kianzad ya hadu da Julija Stoliarenko . Ta yi nasara a fafatawar da yanke shawara baki daya, inda ta samu gurbi a wasan karshe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-11-14 |title='The Ultimate Fighter 28: Heavy Hitters' Episode 10 recap |url=https://mmajunkie.com/2018/11/the-ultimate-fighter-28-heavy-hitters-episode-10-recap-ufc-tuf |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gasar Yaƙin Ƙarshe ===
Kianzad ya fuskanci Macy Chiasson a wasan karshe a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2018, a The Ultimate Fighter 28 Finale . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Ultimate Fighter 28 Finale |url=http://www.ufc.com/event/tuf-28-finale-2018 |access-date=2018-08-24 |publisher=Ultimate Fighting Championship}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ta yi rashin nasara a baya-baya tsirara ta shake sallama a zagaye na biyu. 

Kianzad ba ta sami kwangila daga UFC ba bayan rashin ta a TUF 28 Finale. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Leary |first=Ryan |date=2019-05-09 |title=Kianzad Ready to Shine at Superior Challenge After 'Hard' UFC News |url=http://www.mmaviking.com/kianzad-ready-to-shine-at-superior-challenge-after-hard-ufc-news/ |access-date=2019-05-10 |website=Nordic MMA Everyday at MMA Viking |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bayan-UFC aiki ===
A cikin komawarta zuwa fagen Turai, Kianzad ta koma baya zuwa rukunin bantamweight kuma ta fuskanci tsohon sojan Bellator Iony Razafiarison a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2019, a Super Challenge 19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=O'Leary |first=Ryan |date=2019-05-09 |title=Kianzad Ready to Shine at Superior Challenge After 'Hard' UFC News |url=http://www.mmaviking.com/kianzad-ready-to-shine-at-superior-challenge-after-hard-ufc-news/ |access-date=2019-05-10 |website=Nordic MMA Everyday at MMA Viking |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi nasara a yakin da yanke shawara baki daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-05-13 |title=Fight Photos : Kianzad Outstrikes Razafiarison at SC 19 |url=http://www.mmaviking.com/pannie-kianzad-outstrikes-opponent-to-win-in-stockholm/ |publisher=mmaviking.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Koma zuwa Gasar Yaƙi na Ƙarshe ===
Kianzad ya maye gurbin Melissa Gatto a cikin gajeren sanarwa game da Julia Avila akan Yuli 6, 2019, a UFC 239 . &lt;ref name=&quot;GattoOut&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nolan King and Mike Bohn |date=2019-06-24 |title=UFC 239: With Melissa Gatto out, Pannie Kianzad returns to take on Julia Avila |url=https://mmajunkie.com/2019/06/melissa-gatto-out-pannie-kianzad-returns-vs-julia-avila-ufc-239 |access-date=2019-06-24 |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara da yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shillan |first=Keith |date=2019-07-06 |title=UFC 239 Results: Julia Avila Cruises to Unanimous Decision Victory Over Pannie Kianzad |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/07/06/ufc-239-results-julia-avila-cruises-to-unanimous-decision-victory-over-pannie-kianzad/ |access-date=2019-07-07 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kianzad ya fuskanci Jessica-Rose Clark a sake wasa a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2019, a UFC Fight Night 163 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-20 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark to rematch Pannie Kianzad at UFC Moscow |url=https://www.fightnewsaustralia.com/jessica-rose-clark-to-rematch-pannie-kianzad-at-ufc-moscow/ |publisher=fightnewsaustralia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi nasara a yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2019-11-09 |title=UFC Moscow Results: Pannie Kianzad Cruises to Decision Win in Rematch with Jessica-Rose Clark |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/11/09/ufc-moscow-results-pannie-kianzad-vs-jessica-rose-clark/ |access-date=2019-11-09 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Kianzad zai fuskanci Bethe Correia a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2020, a UFC 249 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DNA |first=MMA |date=7 February 2020 |title=Bethe Correia treft Pannie Kianzad tijdens UFC 250 in São Paulo |url=https://mmadna.nl/bethe-correia-treft-pannie-kianzad-tijdens-ufc-250-in-sao-paulo/ |access-date=2020-02-07 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, Dana White, shugaban UFC ya ba da sanarwar cewa an dage wannan taron zuwa kwanan wata mai zuwa &lt;ref name=&quot;Postpone&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brett Okamoto |date=2020-04-09 |title=Dana White says UFC 249 will not happen April 18 |url=https://www.espn.com/mma/story/_/id/29018339/dana-white-says-ufc-249-not-happen-april-18 |access-date=2020-04-09 |website=espn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe an yi fafatawar a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2020, a UFC akan ESPN 14 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-23 |title=Bethe Correia vs. Pannie Kianzad rebooked for UFC event on July 25th. |url=https://www.fightbookmma.com/bethe-correia-vs-pannie-kianzad-rebooked-for-ufc-event-on-july-25th/ |access-date=2020-06-13 |website=FightBook MMA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kianzad ya yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara baki daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vreeland |first=Daniel |date=2020-07-25 |title=UFC Fight Island 3 Results: Pannie Kianzad Beats Up Game Bethe Correira |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2020/07/25/ufc-fight-island-3-results-bethe-correia-vs-pannie-kianzad/ |access-date=2020-07-25 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kianzad ta shiga matsayi na UFC a karon farko a cikin aikinta bayan nasarar da ta samu akan #13 a matsayin Correia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 2020 |title=Pannie Kianzad wants 'badass' Raquel Pennington next: 'It would be an honor to fight her' |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/07/ufc-pannie-kianzad-wants-badass-raquel-pennington-bout}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kianzad ya fuskanci Sijara Eubanks a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2020, a UFC Fight Night 183 . &lt;ref name=&quot;twoadded&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adam Guillen Jr. |date=2020-11-17 |title=Cirkunov vs Spann, Eubanks vs Kianzad added to UFC Vegas 17 on Dec. 19 |url=https://www.mmamania.com/2020/11/17/21572290/cirkunov-spann-eubanks-kianzad-added-ufc-vegas-17-dec-19-espn-aepx-mma |access-date=2020-11-18 |publisher=mmamania.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi nasara a yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2020-12-19 |title=UFC Vegas 17 Results: Pannie Kianzad Gets by Sijara Eubanks |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2020/12/19/ufc-vegas-17-results-sijara-eubanks-vs-pannie-kianzad/ |access-date=2020-12-20 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kianzad ya fuskanci Alexis Davis Yuni 12, 2021, a UFC 263 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DNA |first=MMA |date=2021-05-11 |title=Pannie Kianzad vs. Alexis Davis toegevoegd aan UFC 263 in Glendale, Arizona |url=https://mmadna.nl/pannie-kianzad-vs-alexis-davis-toegevoegd-aan-ufc-263-in-glendale-arizona/ |access-date=2021-05-12 |website=MMA DNA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi nasara a yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2021-06-12 |title=UFC 263 Results: Pannie Kianzad Survives Close Fight with Alexis Davis |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/06/12/ufc-263-results-pannie-kianzad-vs-alexis-davis/ |access-date=2021-06-13 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kianzad ya fuskanci Raquel Pennington a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2021, a UFC Fight Night 192 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DNA |first=MMA |date=2021-07-04 |title=Pannie Kianzad treft Raquel Pennington op 18 september |url=https://mmadna.nl/pannie-kianzad-treft-raquel-pennington-op-18-september/ |access-date=2021-07-04 |website=MMA DNA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evanoff |first=Josh |date=2021-09-18 |title=UFC Vegas 37 Results: Raquel Pennington Edges Out Pannie Kianzad |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/09/18/ufc-vegas-37-results-raquel-pennington-edges-pannie-kianzad/ |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kianzad ya fuskanci Lina Länsberg a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2022, a UFC akan ESPN 34 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-26 |title=Länsberg en Kianzad in Zweeds onderonsje op 16 april |url=https://www.eurosport.nl/mixed-martial-arts/ufc/2022/lansberg-kianzad-in-zweeds-onderonsje-op-16-april_sto8739556/story.shtml |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=Eurosport |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi nasara a yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2022-04-16 |title=UFC Vegas 51: Pannie Kianzad Beats Lina Lansberg At Her Own Game |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/04/16/ufc-vegas-51-lina-lansberg-vs-pannie-kianzad/ |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kianzad ya fuskanci Ketlen Vieira a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2023, a UFC akan ESPN+ 82 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Vieira vs. Kianzad&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Guilherme |date=2023-05-09 |title=UFC adds Ketlen Vieira vs. Pannie Kianzad to London show in July |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2023/5/9/23716680/ufc-ketlen-vieira-pannie-kianzad-london-card-july |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=MMA Fighting |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2023-07-22 |title=UFC London: Ketlen Vieira's Ground Game Too Much for Pannie Kianzad |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/07/22/ufc-london-ketlen-vieira-vs-pannie-kianzad/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kianzad ya fuskanci Macy Chiasson a sake wasa a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2024, a UFC Fight Night 239 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-16 |title=Bloody Elbow predictions for UFC Vegas 88 main card |url=https://bloodyelbow.com/2024/03/16/bloody-elbow-predictions-for-ufc-vegas-88-main-card/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara a gasar ta baya-baya tsirara a shake a zagayen farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2024-03-16 |title=UFC Vegas 88: Macy Chiasson Submits Pannie Kianzad Again in TUF 28 Rematch |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2024/03/16/ufc-vegas-88-macy-chiasson-submits-pannie-kianzad-again-in-tuf-28-rematch/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kianzad ya fuskanci Karol Rosa a ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2024 a UFC akan ESPN 61 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Diego Ribas |date=2024-07-09 |title=UFC encaminha Karol Rosa vs Pannie Kianzad para o dia 10 de agosto |url=https://agfight.com/ufc/ufc-encaminha-karol-rosa-vs-pannie-kianzad-para-o-dia-10-de-agosto/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |publisher=Ag. Fight - Agencia de noticias |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2024-08-10 |title=UFC Vegas 95: Karol Rosa Puts on Dominant Showing, Bloodies Pannie Kianzad |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2024/08/10/ufc-vegas-95-karol-rosa-puts-on-dominant-showing-bloodies-pannie-kianzad/ |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Agusta, 2024, an ba da rahoton cewa an cire Kianzad daga jerin sunayen UFC. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tobias Lindkvist |date=2024-08-30 |title=Pannie Kianzad parts way with UFC: Here’s her biggest achievements! 
==Manazarta==
|url=https://frontkick.online/latest/pannie-kianzad-is-no-longer-in-the-ufc/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |publisher=frontkick.online}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=Aug 28, 2024 |title=❌ Fighter removed: Pannie Kianzad |url=https://x.com/RosterTracker/status/1828571209702719999 |access-date=Aug 30, 2024 |website=UFC Roster Watch on X}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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  <page>
    <title>Parzenica (tsarin jama'a)</title>
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    <id>94328</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="3830" sha1="1205s2wwy248saxwztqn8j61aak2bov" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Fayil:Parzenica_close-up.jpg|thumb|Parzenica embroidery a kan wando na maza na karni na 19, Podhale. Tarin Gidan Tarihin Tatra a Zakopane.]]
'''parzenica''' tsari ne na sana'a na gargajiya mai siffar zuciya da kuma zane-zane na Mutanen Goral, waɗanda ke zaune a yankin tsaunuka na kudancin [[Poland]]. Sau da yawa ana samun sa a kan sashi na gaba a saman [[wando]] na maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Condra, Jill. 2013. ''Encyclopedia of National Dress: Traditional Clothing Around the World''. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, p. 600.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hinds, Joan. 2002. ''World of Embellishment: Add Global Designs to Contemporary Fashions &amp; Décor''. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, p. 77.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Wannan halayyar kayan ado mai yiwuwa ta samo asali ne a [[Hungariya|Hungary]], kuma a farkon karni na 20 ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ado da aka fi sani a yankin Podhale.Asalin kalmar ba a bayyane yake ba, mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da kalmomin tsohuwar yaren Poland parzn delete da ''parznić'' ma'anar yin wani abu mai datti. Da farko sunan kuma ya shafi wasu abubuwa daban-daban da suka shahara a rayuwar yau da kullun ta mutanen Goral, gami da siffofin katako da aka yi amfani da su wajen samar da cuku da siffofin zuciya da aka yi da su a zane-zane na katako. .&lt;sup&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;Asalin tsarin da kansa ba a bayyane yake ba, wasu marubuta sun yi imanin cewa an shigo da shi daga [[Hungariya|Hungary]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A rabi na biyu na karni na 19, parzenicas na farko da aka yi a cikin Tatras sun kasance kawai madauki masu sauƙi, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ƙarfafa yankan a gaban takalma. Irin waɗannan madauki sun hana masana'antar ulu daga fashewa. Tare da lokaci masu sana'a na gida sun karɓi igiya mai launin shudi ko ja kuma sun ƙara ƙarin madauki don ƙirƙirar ƙirar kayan ado maimakon madauki mai sauƙi. Tare da lokaci an maye gurbin zane mai amfani da kayan ado kuma an kara karin launuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nowak-Hermanowicz |first=Krystyna |date=2014 |title=The Costume |journal=Ethnologia Polona |volume=35 |pages=101–123}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayyanawa ==
[[Fayil:Members_of_the_'Wiyrchowianie'_folklore_group_in_Podhale_costume.jpg|thumb|Kayan gargajiya daga Podhale, kayan ado na parzenica a kan wando na maza]]
Parzenica embroidery (wanda ake kira ''cyfra'') ya samo asali ne daga tsakiyar karni na 19. Da farko sun kasance madauki masu sauƙi, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ƙarfafa yankan a gaban takalma. Suna da ayyuka masu amfani kuma suna kare zane daga fashewa. &quot;Knightly knot&quot; kayan ado ne da aka shimfiɗa a cikin igiya uku, halayyar kayan ado na maza na tsaunuka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mulkiewicz |first=Olga |year=1955 |title=Parzenice gorczańskie |url=http://www.cyfrowaetnografia.pl/dlibra/editions-content?id=4061 |journal=Polska Sztuka Ludowa - Konteksty |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=217–222 |access-date=2025-02-26 |archive-date=2016-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122221959/http://www.cyfrowaetnografia.pl/dlibra/editions-content?id=4061 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; sau da yawa ana amfani dashi azaman tushe don parzenica. Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin nau'ikan parzenicas, wanda ke cikin kayan gargajiya na mazauna tsaunuka na Beskid Sądecki, Gorce Mountains da sauran yankuna.

Kayan zamani na parzenica ya samo asali ne daga waɗancan masu sa tufafi waɗanda suka fara amfani da jan ko blue na ruwa, a lokaci guda suna ƙara yawan madauki. Daga baya an maye gurbin ƙirar aikace-aikace tare da zane-zane. Yin amfani da yarn ulu ya ba da damar parzenica ya zama mai launi kuma a ƙarshe ya zama kayan ado na wando, wanda ƙwararrun Masu sa tufafi da masu zane-zane suka haɓaka.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Gorals
* Kayan ado na kasa na Poland
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Patricia Bauer</title>
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'''Patricia J. Bauer''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1957) ita ce Asa Griggs Candler Farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Emory . An san ta da bincike a fannin ci gaban fahimta, tare da takamaiman mayar da hankali kan yadda yara ke bunkasa tunaninsu na farko da kuma yadda iyayensu, takwarorinsu, da kuma yanayin da ke kewaye da su ke rinjayar ƙwaƙwalwar su. Binciken ta ya binciki abin da ya faru na amnesia na yara da kuma yadda sauye-sauyen zamantakewa, fahimta, da jijiyoyi ke da alaƙa da ci gaban ƙwaƙwalwar Tarihin rayuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patricia J. Bauer |url=http://psychology.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/bauer-patricia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014002344/http://psychology.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/bauer-patricia.html |archive-date=2018-10-14 |access-date=2017-10-15 |website=psychology.emory.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba Bauer lambar yabo ta American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Award don gudummawar aiki na farko ga ilimin halayyar dan adam a yankin ci gaba (1993) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology |url=http://www.apa.org/about/awards/early-career-contribution.aspx?tab=4 |access-date=20 November 2017 |website=apa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma American Psychological Foundation Robert L. Fantz Award (1993). Littafinta mai suna Remembering the Times of Our Lives: Memory in Infancy and Beyond an kira shi Littafin Shekara (2007) ta hanyar Cibiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya. Tare da Simona Ghetti, Bauer ya shirya kundin Origins and Development of Recollection: Perspectives from Psychology and Neuroscience (2012).  Tare da Robyn Fivush, ta shirya ''The'' Wiley Handbook on the Development of Children's Memory (2014).  Bauer ya yi aiki a matsayin edita na Journal of Cognition and Development (2005-2009), ''Society for Research in Child Development Monographs'' (2013-2018), da Psychological Science (2020-yanzu).

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Bauer ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Indiana ta Tsakiya a 1981. Ta tafi makarantar digiri a Jami'ar Miami inda ta sami MA da Ph.D. a cikin Experimental Developmental Psychology . A makarantar digiri, Cecilia Shore ce ta jagoranci Bauer, wacce ta gabatar da ita ga ilimin kwayar halitta na Piaget. Jagorancin Cecilia ya ilimantar da ita wajen amfani da ka'idar constructivist ga batutuwa daban-daban game da harshe da fahimta.

Bayan kammala karatunta, Bauer ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar California, San Diego, inda ta gudanar da karatu game da rarraba jarirai da yara ƙanana tare da Jean Mandler . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mandler |first=Jean M. |last2=Bauer |first2=Patricia J. |year=1988 |title=The cradle of categorization: Is the basic level basic? |journal=Cognitive Development |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=247–264 |doi=10.1016/0885-2014(88)90011-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin ta shiga bangaren koyarwa na Jami'ar Emory a shekara ta 2007, Bauer ya rike mukamai a Cibiyar Ci gaban Yara a Jami'ar Minnesota (1989-2005) da kuma Jami'ar Duke (2005-2007). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emory College of Arts and Sciences Faculty Profile: Patricia J. Bauer |url=http://psychology.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/bauer-patricia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014002344/http://psychology.emory.edu/home/people/faculty/bauer-patricia.html |archive-date=2018-10-14 |access-date=2017-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayinda take a Jami'ar Minnesota, an ba Bauer lambar yabo ta Horace T. Morse University of Minnesota Alumni Association Award for Outstanding Contributions to Undergraduate Education (2002). A nan, ta haɗu da ƙaramin ƙungiyar masu basira da masu burin digiri da ɗaliban digiri, waɗanda aka motsa su don ci gaba da bincike kan asalin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta dogon lokaci da canjin ka'idarta daga jariri zuwa ƙuruciya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=APA Distinguished Scientific Awards for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology |url=http://www.apa.org/about/awards/early-career-contribution.aspx |access-date=2017-11-28 |website=APA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Bauer an san ta sosai saboda bincikenta game da ci gaban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tare da takamaiman mai da hankali kan ƙwaƙwalyar tarihin mutane, abubuwa, da abubuwan da suka faru na muhimmancin mutum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dodson |first=Reviewed by Chad S. |last2=Jaswal |first2=Vikram K. |date=2010-08-11 |title=A Review of: &quot;Remembering the Times of Our Lives: Memory in Infancy and Beyond. By Patricia J. Bauer.&quot; |journal=Journal of Cognition and Development |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=390–392 |doi=10.1080/15248372.2010.491522 |issn=1524-8372 |s2cid=141816959}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don gudanar da bincikenta, gami da bin diddigin ido da matakan lantarki. Ayyukan Bauer sun nuna dalilai da yawa waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar abubuwan tunawa, gami da yanayin da wani taron ya faru da ƙarfin motsin zuciyarsa, da kuma yadda bayanin ya danganta da wasu bayanan da aka riga aka adana a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Emory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ScholarBlogs {{!}} Emory's Own WordPress Instance for Teaching and Research |url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/ |access-date=16 October 2017 |website=scholarblogs.emory.edu |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014152030/https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafan wakilci ==

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Me jarirai suke tunawa da rayuwarsu? Tunawa da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru ta yara masu shekaru daya zuwa biyu. Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam na Amurka, 51 (1), 29-41.
* [Hasiya] Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa ya biyo bayan wani: Tasirin tsarin lokaci akan tunatarwar abubuwan da suka faru na yara masu shekaru 1 zuwa 2. Ilimin Halitta na Ci gaba, 25 (2), 197-206.
* [Hasiya] Sanya doki a gaban karusar: Amfani da tsari na lokaci don tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru ta yara masu shekara guda. Ilimin Halitta na Ci gaba, 28 (3), 441-452.
* daga Haan, M., Bauer, P. J., Georgieff, M. K., &amp; Nelson, C. A. (2000). Bayyana ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin jarirai masu ƙarancin haɗari masu shekaru 19 waɗanda aka haifa tsakanin makonni 27 zuwa 42 na ciki. ''Magungunan Ci Gaban da Neurology na Yara'', ''42'' (5), 304-312.
* [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Halin rarraba: Shin matakin asali ne? [Hotuna a shafi na 9]
* Thanujeni Pathman, Anousheh Shafa, Elizabeth A. Vogt, Patricia J. Bauer (2024): ƙwaƙwalwar yara da manya don tsari na abubuwan da suka faru a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya: Nazarin farko game da ƙwaƙwalwarsa ta hanyar ɗaukar hoto da abubuwan da suka shafi taron, Neuropsychologia, Volume 196, 2024, 108835, .

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Paula Caplan</title>
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'''Joan Caplan''' (7 ga Yuli, 1947 - 21 ga Yuli, 2021) masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na Amurka, mai fafutuka, marubuciya, kuma mai zane. 

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Caplan ta kasance abokin tarayya a Cibiyar DuBois ta [[Jami'ar Harvard]], darektan Shirin Voices of Diversity, kuma ta kasance Fellow a baya a Shirin Mata da Manufofin Jama'a na Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy a Harvard. A baya ta kasance cikakken farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, mataimakiyar farfesa a harkokin halayyar mutum, kuma malami a Nazarin Mata a Jami'ar Toronto, da kuma shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Mata ta Ilimi a can, kuma Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halitta ta Amirka ta zaba ta a matsayin &quot;mafi kyawun masanin halayyar mace&quot;. Ta kuma koyar a Jami'ar Harvard, Kwalejin Connecticut, da Jami'ar Rhode Island, ta ba da daruruwan adiresoshin da aka gayyata, kuma ta yi tambayoyi sama da 1,000 na kafofin watsa labarai game da batutuwan zamantakewa. Ita ce marubucin The Myth of Women's Masochism, Don't Blame Mother, da sauran littattafai da yawa. Littafinta na goma sha biyu kuma na karshe shi ne Lokacin da Johnny da Jane suka zo gida: Yadda Dukkanin Mu Za Mu Iya Taimaka Tsohon Sojoji, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Amurka ta 2011 don Kwararru da Kwarewa a cikin rukunin Psychology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Paula J. Caplan, Ph.D. |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/experts/paula-j-caplan-phd |website=Psychology Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Douglas Eby |title=Paula Caplan Interview |url=http://talentdevelop.com/interviews/pcaplan.html |website=Talent Development Resources |access-date=2025-03-12 |archive-date=2019-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205082430/http://talentdevelop.com/interviews/pcaplan.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farawa a cikin shekarun 1980s, Caplan ya damu da cewa binciken kwakwalwa ba na kimiyya ba ne, cewa ba wa wani lakabin kwakwalwa ba ya rage wahalarsu, kuma lakabin su yana ɗauke da babbar haɗari ta lahani. Caplan ta yi magana da damuwarta ga jama'a. A cikin littafinta, They Say You're Crazy: Yadda Worlds Most Powerful Psychiatrists Decide Who's Normal, Caplan ta tattauna yanayin ganewar asali da kuma yadda DSM ke ba da gudummawa ga kuskuren musamman na psychiatry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Carl C. |date=1995-11-22 |title=They Say You're Crazy: How the World's Most Powerful Psychiatrists Decide Who's Normal |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/391937 |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=274 |issue=20 |pages=1639 |doi=10.1001/jama.1995.03530200077048 |issn=0098-7484}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta nemi ilimantar da jama'a game da yanayin rashin tsari na binciken kwakwalwa da kuma rashin mafita ga mutanen da aka cutar da su ta hanyar samun irin waɗannan alamomi, gami da yadda samun binciken kwakwalwa kuma lakabin sau da yawa na iya tsayawa a hanyar warkewa.

Paula Caplan ta mutu a ranar 21 ga Yuli, 2021, a Rockville, Maryland . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Obituary for Paula Joan Caplan &amp;#124; Snowden Funeral Home |url=https://www.snowdencares.com/obituary/Paula-Caplan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Mawallafin ===
Caplan ya rubuta littattafai goma sha biyu.

== Dubi kuma ==

* James Gottstein
* David Oaks
* Elyn Saks

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Norah Bigirwa-Nyendwoha</title>
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'''Norah Bigirwa-Nyendwoha''' (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba 1968) 'yar siyasar ƙasar Uganda ce kuma mace 'yar majalisa. A cikin shekarar 2016, an zaɓe ta a matsayin wakiliyar mata a majalisa a gundumar Buliisa. A babban zaɓen Uganda na shekarar 2021, an sake zaɓen ta a matsayi makamancin haka. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=350 |access-date=2021-03-11 |website=www.parliament.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Norah Bigirwa Nyendwoha Archives |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/norah-bigirwa-nyendwoha/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bigirwa Norah Nyendwoha - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/bigirwa-norah-nyendwoha-10189/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atuhairwe |first=Robert |date=2022-05-16 |title=Bullisa residents demand health care in face of population surge |url=https://thealbertinejournal.com/bullisa-residents-demand-health-care-in-face-of-population-surge/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=The Albertine Journal |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208125522/https://thealbertinejournal.com/bullisa-residents-demand-health-care-in-face-of-population-surge/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mamba ce a jam'iyyar National Resistance Movement mai mulki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HON. NORAH NYENDWOHA BIGIRWA, Aspiring MP 2021-2026, BULIISA |url=http://www.ugandadecides.com/aspirant.php?profile=2803 |access-date=2021-03-11 |website=www.ugandadecides.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A majalisa ta goma sha ɗaya, Norah tana aiki a kwamitin kula da harkokin ƙasashen waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Committee on Foreign Affairs – Parliament Watch |url=https://parliamentwatch.ug/committees/committee-on-foreign-affairs/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
A cikin shekarar 1992, Norah ta kammala karatun difloma a Nazarin Kasuwanci a Kwalejin Nazarin Kasuwanci ta ƙasa da ke Nakawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/norah-bigirwa-nyendwoha/|title = Norah Bigirwa Nyendwoha Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bigirwa Norah Nyendwoha - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/bigirwa-norah-nyendwoha-10189/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Parliamentarians for Evaluation - Hon. Bigirwa Norah Nyendwoha |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyZoOBCrD8g |language=en |access-date=2023-02-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atuhairwe |first=Robert |date=2022-05-16 |title=Bullisa residents demand health care in face of population surge |url=https://thealbertinejournal.com/bullisa-residents-demand-health-care-in-face-of-population-surge/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=The Albertine Journal |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208125522/https://thealbertinejournal.com/bullisa-residents-demand-health-care-in-face-of-population-surge/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 1995, ta sami takardar shedar fasaha ta Accounting daga Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Uganda. Ita ce cibiyar da bayan shekaru 4 ta samu Diploma Officers Finance. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=350 |website=www.parliament.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarar 2003, ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Ndejje]] tare da digiri na farko a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci a [[Kampala]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uganda Caucus on Tourism and Conservation |url=https://www.internationalconservation.org/publications/caucus-lists/uptcc.pdf |publisher=Parliament of Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran ayyuka ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Taken Aiki
! Ƙungiya
! Lokacin Aiki
|-
| Mataimakin Manajan Ayyuka
| Ayyukan Tsabtace A&amp;M
| 2012-2015
|-
| Babban Akanta
| Hukumar kula da namun daji ta Uganda
| 2003-2010
|-
| Mataimakin Asusun
| Aikin Sabis na Lafiya na gundumar, gundumar Mukono
| 1994-2003&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/norah-bigirwa-nyendwoha/|title = Norah Bigirwa Nyendwoha Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bigirwa Norah Nyendwoha - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls |url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/bigirwa-norah-nyendwoha-10189/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=visiblepolls.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Parliamentarians for Evaluation - Hon. Bigirwa Norah Nyendwoha |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyZoOBCrD8g |language=en |access-date=2023-02-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Atuhairwe |first=Robert |date=2022-05-16 |title=Bullisa residents demand health care in face of population surge |url=https://thealbertinejournal.com/bullisa-residents-demand-health-care-in-face-of-population-surge/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=The Albertine Journal |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}


== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki na goma na Uganda
* Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki na goma sha daya na Uganda
* Dan majalisa
* Majalisar Uganda

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Pauline Eyebe Effa</title>
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'''Pauline Eyebe Effa''' [[Malami|malama]] ce 'yar [[Kamaru]], masaniya a fannin tattalin arziki, kuma 'yar kasuwa. An ba ta kyautar Vivendi Universal Prize a cikin shekarar 2002.

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==

=== Rayuwar farko, ilimi, da farkon aiki ===
Pauline Eyebe Effa ta girma a [[Kamaru]] kuma ta yi karatunta a Faransa. Ta yi digirin digirgir a fannin adabin zamani, digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin harsuna, da kuma DEA a fannin sadarwa daga Jami’ar Lille-III. Ta kuma sami digiri na biyu a fannin Tattalin Arziki na zamantakewa da ci gaban gida daga Jami'ar Valenciennes. A halin yanzu, ta yi rajista a cikin shirin PhD a cikin ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Katolika ta [[Lille]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2019 |title=Pauline EYEBE EFFA, la référence de l’Economie Sociale et Solidaire au Cameroun |url=http://www.lesdirigeantes.com/pauline-eyebe-effa-la-reference-de-leconomie-sociale-et-solidaire-au-cameroun/ |access-date=14 April 2024 |publisher=lesdirigeantes.com |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219233616/http://www.lesdirigeantes.com/pauline-eyebe-effa-la-reference-de-leconomie-sociale-et-solidaire-au-cameroun/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aiki ===
Ta yi aiki a matsayin malama a Armentières. A cikin shekarar 1998, ta kafa masana'antar haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa da ke mai da hankali kan sake yin amfani da masaku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 June 2019 |title=Pauline EYEBE EFFA, la référence de l’Economie Sociale et Solidaire au Cameroun |url=http://www.lesdirigeantes.com/pauline-eyebe-effa-la-reference-de-leconomie-sociale-et-solidaire-au-cameroun/ |access-date=14 April 2024 |publisher=lesdirigeantes.com |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219233616/http://www.lesdirigeantes.com/pauline-eyebe-effa-la-reference-de-leconomie-sociale-et-solidaire-au-cameroun/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana aiki a matsayin shugabar wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ta sadaukar da tattalin arzikin zamantakewa da haɗin kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International |url=https://www.groupe-sos.org/action-internationale/ |access-date=6 April 2024 |publisher=Groupe SOS}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pauline Eyebe Effa Archives |url=https://africities.org/fr/speakers/pauline-eyebe-effa/ |access-date=6 April 2024 |publisher=Africities |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214231624/https://africities.org/fr/speakers/pauline-eyebe-effa/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cameroun : L’économie qui cherche sa voie |url=https://africanbusinessjournal.info/cameroun-leconomie-sociale-et-solidaire-cherche-sa-voie/ |access-date=6 April 2024 |publisher=African Business Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Forum mondial de l'ESS(GSEF) à Dakar 1-6 mai 2023 |url=https://www.ciriec-france.org/ciriec/cms/7135-7728/forum-mondial-de-l-ess-gsef-a-dakar-1-6-mai-2023.dhtml |access-date=6 April 2024 |publisher=CIRIEC France}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da karramawa ==
A cikin shekarar 2022, ta sami kyautar Vivendi Universal Prize don kasuwanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International |url=https://www.groupe-sos.org/action-internationale/ |access-date=6 April 2024 |publisher=Groupe SOS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310106334|Keketso Rantso]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Keketso '''Rantsh'''''' (ko Rantšo) Minista ne a [[Lesotho]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohloboli |first=Marafaele |date=2021-02-15 |title=Lesotho: Two Ministers Fired |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202102150749.html |access-date=2021-09-25 |website=allAfrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Ayyuka da Ayyuka a Lesotho wanda aka nada a watan Yunin 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-19 |title=Honourable Keketso Rantšo |url=https://www.gov.ls/people/honourable-keketso-rantso/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925110331/https://www.gov.ls/people/honourable-keketso-rantso/ |archive-date=2021-09-25 |access-date=2021-09-25 |website=Government of Lesotho |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minister of Labour and Employment of the Kingdom of Lesotho, Keketso Rantšo |url=http://www.ilo.org/africa/WCMS_749999/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=2021-09-25 |website=www.ilo.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi da aiki ==
Rantso ta kammala karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta Siloe . Ta sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Masentle da kuma difloma a Nazarin Kasuwanci da difloma a cikin Nazarin Sakatariyar. An zabi Rantso a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare na Lesotho Congress for Democracy Youth league a shekara ta 2003. A shekara ta 2005, ta zama babban sakatare. Rantso ta wakilci Majalisar Lesotho don Dimokuradiyya a shekarar 2012 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a da Sufuri. Ta rike mukamai daban-daban a cikin gwamnati kafin a nada ta a matsayin Ministan Kwadago da Ayyuka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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'''Nvumetta Ruth Kavuma''' wacce aka fi sani da '''Ruth Kavuma''' 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Uganda, 'yar rotari kuma mai ilimi. Ita ce shugabar Afirka ta farko a makarantar sakandare ta Gayaza tsawon shekaru 11 tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Ruth Nvumetta Kavuma – Gayaza Old Girls Association |url=https://gayazaoldgirls.com/imt_team/hon-ruth-nvumetta-kavuma/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Kavuma was Gayaza High's first Ugandan headteacher |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/kavuma-was-gayaza-high-s-first-ugandan-headteacher-1579192 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ta bar [[Makarantar Sakandare ta Gayaza|makarantar sakandare ta Gayaza]] ta shiga harkokin siyasa inda ta zama ‘yar majalisa a majalisar dokoki ta takwas a Uganda mai wakiltar gundumar Kalanga a karkashin jam’iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=RH Commodity Security in Uganda: Perspectives of Parliament Ruth Kavuma Nvumetta Woman MP, Kalangala District (Ssese Islands) Member, Network of African. - ppt download |url=https://slideplayer.com/slide/6590900/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=slideplayer.com |archive-date=2025-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216040215/https://slideplayer.com/slide/6590900/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce mamba ta kafa [[Taron Mata Masu Ilimi na Afirka|Forum for African Women Educationalists]] (FAWE) kuma ita ce shugabar hukumar farko ta Uganda Chapter, kungiyar da ke ba da shawara ga ilimin yara mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haife ta a tsibirin Ssese ga James Lutaaya kuma an haife ta a makarantar sakandare ta Gayaza. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Tana da ‘ya’ya hudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ilimi ==
A cikin 1963, ta shiga makarantar Gayaza Junior sannan ta shiga makarantar sakandare ta Gayaza a 1970. Ta kasance prefect kuma tana buga wasan kwallon raga. Ta yi karatun digiri a Jami’ar Makerere inda ta yi digirin ta a fannin Physics, Chemistry da Mathematics, sannan ta bar Chemistry for Psychology.

== Sana'a ==
Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar hukumar tantancewa da rijista ta kasa (NIRA). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-14 |title=Joseph Biribonwa appointed new NIRA board chairperson |url=http://nilepost.co.ug/2020/01/14/joseph-biribonwa-appointed-new-nira-board-chairperson/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Nile Post |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ruth Nvumetta Kavuma Archives |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/ruth-nvumetta-kavuma/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NIRA {{!}} National Identification &amp; Registration Authority |url=https://www.nira.go.ug/about-nira/board-of-directors |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.nira.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New NIRA board sworn in |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1514964 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=New Vision |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Ruth Nvumetta Kavuma, the Deputy Chairperson NIRA Board takes Oath :: Uganda Radionetwork |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/a/file.php?fileId=191829 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=ugandaradionetwork.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita mamba ce ta hanyar sadarwa ta Ministoci da 'Yan Majalisu na Afirka Reshen Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A lokacin tafiyarta ta siyasa a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda, ta yi aiki a kwamitin kudi wanda ya ba ta damar bayar da shawarwari kan albarkatun da za su tallafa wa kayayyakin kiwon lafiyar haihuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Tsohuwar shugabar kungiyar Mama Alive Initiatives (MAI) ce kuma mamba a kungiyar 'yan majalisar mata a Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta kasance 'yar kungiyar Rotary Club na tsibirin Kampala Ssese kuma ta kasance shugabar kungiyar da ta shude kuma tsohon gwamnan kulob din. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ta kuma jagoranci aikin gina bankin Rotary na asibitin Mengo wanda har yanzu yana aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ita mamba ce ta hukumar kula da 'ya mace Uganda kuma mamba a hukumar Kisaakate Kya Nnabagereka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A farkon rayuwarta, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da injiniya tare da Ofishin gidan waya da sadarwa na Uganda. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Bayan wani lokaci, ta gane cewa ba ta son injiniyanci kuma ta koma Makerere don samun Diploma na Digiri a Ilimi (1979-1980). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Bayan wannan kwas sai aka tura ta zuwa Sakandaren Gayaza sannan ta tafi siyasa a shekarar 2001 kuma ta zama ‘yar majalisar wakilai daga gundumar Kalangala. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ta bar siyasar da ke barazana ga NRM a matsayinta na jam'iyyar siyasa kan dan siyasar adawa ya karbi kujerar dan majalisar wakilai na gundumar Kalangala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KAAYA |first=SADAB KITATTA |title=Kalangala's Kikoola, Ruth Kavuma leave NRM in tight corner |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/7766-kalangalas-kikoola-ruth-kavuma-leave-nrm-in-tight-corner |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb |archive-date=2022-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322185830/https://observer.ug/news-headlines/7766-kalangalas-kikoola-ruth-kavuma-leave-nrm-in-tight-corner |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da ta shiga makarantar sakandare ta Gayaza don koyarwa, sai aka zabe ta zuwa kungiyar iyaye da malamai a matsayin wakiliyar malamai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Daga baya aka nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar mai rikon kwarya kuma daga baya aka tabbatar da ita a matsayin shugabar makarantar. Wannan ya faru ne lokacin da Sheelagh Warren, shugabar makarantar ta cika shekaru 60 da yin ritaya kuma tana komawa Ingila. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A halin yanzu ita ce mai ba da shawara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Uganda]
* [https://www.gayazahs.sc.ug/about/ Yanar Gizo na Gayaza High School]
* [https://www.nira.go.ug/about-nira/board-of-directors Yanar Gizo don Hukumar Gudanarwa-NIRA]

== Nassoshi ==

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    <title>Pachira glabra</title>
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{{Reflist|group=nb}}

'''''Pachira glabra''''' (syn. ''Bombacopsis glabra'')  itace mai laushi ne na wurare masu zafi a cikin dangin mallow, Malvaceae, asalin gabashin [[Brazil]], inda yake girma tare da hanyoyin ruwa. An san shi da sunayen da ba na kimiyya ba Guinea peanut,   Faransanci peanut,  Saba nut,  '''itacen kudi''', da '''Itacen sa'a'''. Yana da yawa daga cikin waɗannan sunayen na yau da kullun tare da irin wannan ''P. aquatica

== Bayyana ==
[[Fayil:Castaño_(Pachira_glabra)_(14295858313).jpg|thumb|Fure]]
[[Fayil:Pachira_glabra_BotGardBln1105LeavesFruitB.jpg|thumb|Itacen]]
Pachira glabra ya kai tsawo na mita 9-18 (30-60 , kuma ganye suna da fili tare da fan na 5 zuwa 9 takardu. Yana da gashin gashi mai launin shuɗi mai laushi kuma sau da yawa ana kumbura a tushe, har ma a lokacin ƙuruciya. Babban, fararen, furanni masu ƙanshi suna fure a kan dogon, ƙwanƙwasawa, yana buɗewa da dare kuma yana sauka a tsakiyar rana mai zuwa. 'Ya'yan itacen da ke da tsawon mita 10-20 (4-8 in) mai laushi ya rabu a dabi'a don bayyana tsaba mai launin ruwan kasa 10 zuwa 25 wanda ba dai-dai ba ne wanda ke da kusan 2.5 centimetres (1.0 in) in) a diamita.

=== Irin waɗannan nau'o'in ===
''Pachira aquatica'' (Malabar chestnut) yayi kama da juna, yana da irin wannan amfani da abinci da kayan ado, kuma yana da sunaye iri ɗaya. ''''P. aquatica&amp;nbsp;''&amp;nbsp;'' tana da launin toka mai laushi, yayin da ''P. glabra&amp;nbsp;'' ta kasance mai laushi mai launin toka,  kuma P. aquática za ta samar da akwati mai kumbura kawai tare da shekaru.  Hakazalika, furanni na ''P. aquatica&amp;nbsp;'' suna da fure-fure masu ja da ja anthers,  yayin da furanni na F.''P. glabra&amp;nbsp;'' duk fari ne. Bugu da kari, furanni na ''P. aquatica&amp;nbsp;'' sun kasance da ɗan gajeren lokaci fiye da na ''P. glabra&amp;nbsp;''. ''P. glabra&amp;nbsp;'' capsules (ya'yan itace) kore ne maimakon launin ruwan kasa kamar na ''P. aquatica&amp;nbsp;''. Shuka na ''P. glabra&amp;nbsp;'' ma sun fi na ''P. aquatica&amp;nbsp;.

== Rarraba da mazaunin ==
Wannan nau'in ya samo asali ne daga gabashin [[Brazil]],  inda yake girma tare da koguna da sauran hanyoyin ruwa. 

Itacen yana iya daidaitawa sosai da ƙasa daban-daban kuma yana bunƙasa a cikin cikakken rana ko inuwa. Itacen yana da tsayayya da fari da ambaliyar ruwa.

== Amfani da shi ==

=== Abincin abinci ===
''P. glabra'' yana girma a Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka a matsayin amfanin gona. Tsuntsaye suna da wadataccen mai kuma suna dauke da 16% furotin da 40-50% mai. Tsuntsaye suna da ɗanɗano mai kama da man shanu  kuma yawanci ana tafasa su ko gasa su,  tare da  kuma tsaba da aka gasa wani lokacin ana niƙa su don yin abin sha mai zafi. Ana kuma cin ganyayyaki da furanni.

=== Kayan ado ===
Za'a iya shuka ƙananan bishiyoyin ''P. glabra'' cikin sauƙi a cikin furanni kuma su tsira daga yanayi daban-daban muddin sun kasance sama da yanayin sanyi. Ana sayar da su ta hanyar kasuwanci a matsayin kayan ado tare da ƙananan bishiyoyi da yawa a cikin tukunya ɗaya, an haɗa su; samfurori suna kama da ''P. aquatica'' kuma ƙananan kayan ado da aka siyar a matsayin P.''P. aquatica'' kusan duk ''P. glabra'' ne. began, the plants are usually ''P. glabra'' rather than ''P. aquatica''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:Pangpang Shu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HKTree&quot;/&gt;|group=nb}}

== Bayani ==

== Manazarta ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Duarte&quot;&gt;Odilo Duarte and Robert E. Paull. &quot;Pachira aquatica/Malabar chestnut Pachira insignis/wild chestnut.&quot; ''The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts.'' Jules Janick and Robert E. Paull, eds. [[Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International|CABI]], 2008. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC&amp;pg=PA183 p. 183.] {{ISBN|9780851996387}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawaiian&quot;&gt;[http://www.hawaiiantropicalplants.com/fruit.html Edible Plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209064610/http://www.hawaiiantropicalplants.com/fruit.html |date=2023-12-09 }} at Hawaiian Tropical Plant Nursery. Retrieved 10 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;HKTree&quot;&gt;[http://www.hktree.com/tree/Pachira%20glabra.htm 馬拉巴栗] at HK Tree.com. Retrieved 10 May 2020. {{in lang|zh}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;:Pangpang Shu&quot;&gt;胖胖樹 (王瑞閔) [Wang Jui-min]. 利未亞的禮物: —生活中的非洲植物誌：給大人的植物學，來自非洲大陸的植物學啟蒙 ''African Plants''. 麥浩斯 [My House], 2023. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XjbeEAAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA143#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false p. 143 fn16.] {{inlang|zh}} {{ISBN|9789864089635}}. Quotation: 「學名：Pachira glabra Pasq . ,中文名可以稱為光瓜栗。早期長期誤用水瓜栗的學名 Pachira aquatica ,而大家習慣的馬拉巴栗也音譯自 Pachira aquatica 的英文名 Malabar chestnut 。實際上台灣栽培的都是 Pachira glabra.」''&quot;Scientific name: ''Pachira glabra'' Pasq. In Chinese it can be called ''guanggua li''. In the early days, the scientific name of ''Pachira aquatica'', ''shuigua li'', was incorrectly used for a long time, and the ''Malaba li'' that everyone is accustomed to is also transliterated from the English name of ''Pachira aquatica'', the Malabar chestnut. In fact, all species cultivated in Taiwan are ''Pachira glabra''.&quot;''&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PBCRC&quot;&gt;[http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/201200023.html &quot;''Pachira glabra'' Pasq.&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605231317/http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/201200023.html |date=2024-06-05 }} at Plant Biodiversity Conservatory and Research Core of University of Connecticut. Retrieved 10 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PFAF&quot;&gt;[https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pachira+glabra &quot;Pachira glabra - Pasq.&quot;] at Plants For A Future. Retrieved 10 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PlantList&quot;&gt;[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2412756 &quot;''Pachira glabra'' Pasq.&quot;] at the Plant List. Retrieved 10 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ofishin mulkin mallaka</title>
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      <text bytes="2884" sha1="tqxdlw9opu2u5g24hk89iosvylwfyzt" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}Ofishin mulkin mallaka wani sashen gwamnati ne na Masarautar Burtaniya kuma daga baya na Ƙasar Ingila, wanda aka fara kirkirar shi a cikin 1768 daga Sashen Kudancin don magance harkokin mulkin mallaka a Arewacin Amurka (musamman Koloni goma sha uku, da kuma, yankuna Kanada da suka samu kwanan nan daga Faransa), har sai sun haɗu da sabon Ofishin Gida a cikin 1782. A cikin 1801, an sauya al'amuran mulkin mallaka zuwa Ofishin Yakin a cikin jagorancin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon, wanda ya zama Ofishin Yaki da Yakin don kula da kare yankunan Daular Burtaniya. An sake kirkirar Ofishin mulkin mallaka a matsayin sashen daban 1854, a karkashin Sakataren mulkin mallaka. Daga karshe an hade shi cikin Ofishin Commonwealth a shekarar 1966.

Duk da sunansa, Ofishin mulkin mallaka yana da alhakin yawancin, amma ba duka ba, na yankunan Daular Burtaniya; masu kariya sun fada ƙarƙashin ikon Ofishin Harkokin Waje, kuma Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ne ke mulkin Shugabannin Burtaniya a Indiya har zuwa 1858, lokacin da aka kafa Ofishin Indiya don kula da gudanar da sabon Mataimakin Sarauta na Indiya (Crown An mallaki Indiya kai tsaye ta hanyar Mataimakin Sarki bayan tawaye ta Indiya), yayin da Ofishin mulkin Mallaka ya maye gurbinsa a cikin harkokin Masarauta a cikin 1925.
==Ofishin mulkin mallaka na farko (1768-1782)==
Kafin shekara ta 1768, alhakin al'amuran mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ya kasance wani ɓangare na ayyukan Sakataren Gwamnati na Sashen Kudancin da kwamitin Majalisar Privy da aka sani da Hukumar Ciniki da Shuke-shuke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/colonial-office/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-07-21 |archive-date=2022-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725085852/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/colonial-office |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baya ga haka, Ma'aikatar Indiya ce ke da alhakin dangantaka da 'yan asalin ƙasar a Arewacin Amurka daga 1755 zuwa gaba.

A cikin 1768 an kafa Sashen Amurka ko na mulkin mallaka, don magance al'amuran mulkin mallaka a Amurka ta Burtaniya. Tare da asarar goma sha uku daga cikin yankunanta, duk da haka, an soke sashen a cikin shekara ta 1782. An ba da alhakin sauran yankuna ga Ofishin Cikin Gida, kuma daga baya a cikin 1801 an canja shi zuwa Ma'aikatar Yakin.

==Yaƙi da Ofishin mulkin mallaka (1801-1854)==
An sake sunan Ofishin Yakin da Ofishin Yaki a cikin 1801, a ƙarƙashin sabon Sakataren Gwamnati na Yakin da Koloni, don nuna karuwar muhimmancin yankuna. A cikin 1825 an kirkiro sabon mukamin Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Koloni a cikin wannan ofishin. Robert William Hay ne ya gudanar da shi da farko. Wadanda suka gaje shi sune James Stephen, Herman Merivale, Frederic Rogers, Robert Herbert da Robert Henry Meade . &lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=TAo5leVaqrwC&amp;pg=PA168&lt;/ref&gt; [ana buƙatar hujja]

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Palsa</title>
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      <text bytes="29792" sha1="npelikokjr1g5eubjbgxq7bufvmw9nb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Palsaaerialview.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Kungiyar palsas masu tasowa kamar yadda aka gani daga sama]]
Palsas tuddai ne na peat tare da turɓaya mai daskarewa na dindindin da ma'adinai. Su ne wani abu na al'ada a cikin yankin polar da [[Yanayi na Subarctic|subpolar]] na ''permafrost'' mai tsawo. Ɗaya daga cikin halayensu shine samun gangara masu tsawo waɗanda ke tashi sama da laka. Wannan yana haifar da tara dusar [[Ƙanƙara (tsananin sanyi)|ƙanƙara]] mai yawa a kusa da su. Taron da ke saman palsas ba su da dusar ƙanƙara har ma a cikin hunturu, saboda iska tana ɗaukar dusar ƙara da ajiya a kan gangaren da sauran wurare a kan laka mai laushi. Palsas na iya kaiwa {{Convert|150|m}}   a diamita kuma yana iya kaiwa tsawo na {{Convert|12|m}}  . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kujala |first=Kauko |last2=Seppälä |first2=Matti |last3=Holappa |first3=Teuvo |date=2008 |title=Physical properties of peat and palsa formation |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165232X07001644 |journal=Cold Regions Science and Technology |language=en |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=408–414 |bibcode=2008CRST...52..408K |doi=10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.08.002 |issn=0165-232X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana samun permafrost a kan palsa mires kawai a cikin palsas da kansu, kuma kafa shi ya dogara ne akan kaddarorin jiki na peat. Dry peat ne mai kyau insulator, amma rigar peat gudanar da zafi mafi kyau, kuma daskarewa peat ya fi kyau a gudanar da zafi. Wannan yana nufin cewa sanyi na iya shiga cikin zurfin yadudduka, kuma wannan zafi na iya gudana cikin sauƙi daga zurfin yadadduka a cikin hunturu, yayin da busassun peat a saman palsa yana rufe ainihin daskarewa kuma yana hana shi narkewa a lokacin rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Wannan yana nufin cewa palsas na iya rayuwa a cikin yanayi inda matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yake ƙasa da yanayin daskarewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sollid |first=J. L. |last2=Sørbel |first2=L. |date=1974 |title=Palsa bogs at Haugtjørnin, Dovrefjell, South Norway |journal=[[Norwegian Journal of Geography|Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift]] |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=53–60 |bibcode=1974NGTid..28...53S |doi=10.1080/00291957408621868 |issn=0029-1951}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A {{Convert|3|m}} ne a palsa ba tare da turɓaya rufe. Suna cikin karamin kewayon fiye da palsas, yawanci suna faruwa a cikin tsarin yanayi na teku. Koyaya duka palsas da lithalsas suna da ɗan ƙarami idan aka kwatanta da pingos, yawanci ƙasa da 3  . 

== Ci gaban Palsa ==
Ana iya fara Palsas a yankunan da ke cikin moor ko [[bog]] inda sanyi na hunturu ke shiga cikin sauri fiye da yankunan da suka kewaye, watakila saboda wani nau'i mai laushi na dusar ƙanƙara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=OUGS Mainland Europe {{!}} The Open University Geological Society: Palsas &amp; Lithalsas (2005) |url=http://www.ougseurope.org/index.php?id=32 |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=www.ougseurope.org |archive-date=2021-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209073734/http://www.ougseurope.org/index.php?id=32 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin Ruwan zafi wanda aka bayar ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfi yana ba da damar zurfin daskarewa a cikin hunturu. Wannan kankara na iya kasancewa a lokacin rani tare da ci gaba da 'bump' har zuwa santimita da yawa saboda sanyi. Yankin da ya fi girma na palsa zai kasance yana da dusar ƙanƙara mai laushi, yana ba da damar sanyaya mafi girma a cikin hunturu, yayin da a lokacin rani kayan saman (musamman idan kwayoyin halitta) zai bushe kuma ya samar da rufi mai zafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Seppälä |first=Matti |date=2011 |title=Synthesis of studies of palsa formation underlining the importance of local environmental and physical characteristics |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589400007183/type/journal_article |journal=Quaternary Research |language=en |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=366–370 |bibcode=2011QuRes..75..366S |doi=10.1016/j.yqres.2010.09.007 |issn=0033-5894 |s2cid=129299212 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka zafin jiki na ciki yana da ƙarancin ƙasa da ke kusa. Wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga samar da [[Gilashin kankara|ruwan tabarau na kankara]] wanda ke girma ta hanyar zana ruwan da ke kewaye. Yaduwar kankara a kan daskarewa yana matsa lamba a kan ƙasa da ke kewaye da ita, yana ƙara tilasta ruwa daga sararin samaniya wanda ke tarawa kuma yana ƙara girman ruwan tabarau mai girma. Kyakkyawan ra'ayi mai kyau yana tasowa. Canje-canje a cikin danshi da ciyayi za su kasance kamar yadda za su adana sabon ƙanƙara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mattipalsa1986&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Seppälä |first=Matti |author-link=Matti Seppälä |year=1986 |title=The origin of palsas |journal=[[Geografiska Annaler|Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography]] |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=141–147 |bibcode=1986GeAnA..68..141S |doi=10.1080/04353676.1986.11880167}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yankin ƙasa da ke sama a hankali ana ɗaga shi ta hanyar ƙanƙara. A cikin sashi, ƙwayoyin kankara na palsa suna nuna shimfidawa, wanda ya haifar da lokacin sanyi na hunturu. Matsawa daga ruwa daga pores ba shi da mahimmanci, duk da haka, tunda ƙasa mai laushi tana da ruwa kuma don haka koyaushe tana samar da isasshen ruwa don ci gaban kankara.

Masana kimiyya da yawa sun yarda cewa ci gaban palsa yana da cyclic inda ci gaba har sai an kai wani nau'i na palsa. Lokacin da wannan ya faru matsin lamba a saman mafi girman layin peat zai haifar da tsagewa a cikin layin peat wanda zai haifar da zamewar layin peat zuwa gefen palsa. Kamar yadda wannan Layer na peat ke haifar da sakamako mai rufewa koma baya na Layer zai fallasa permafrost a cikin palsa kuma ya fara narkewa. A wannan yanayin, narkewar palsa wani bangare ne na al'ada na ci gaban cyclic kuma, zai yiwu ga sababbin siffofin palsa na embryonic su bunkasa a wannan yanki. Koyaya, binciken da aka yi akan siffofin palsa da farko ana lura da dome palsas a yankunan arewa. Wadannan wuraren binciken suna cikin ainihin yankin don abubuwan da suka faru na palsa sabili da haka ci gaban cyclic ne wanda ya dace kawai ga dome palsas a cikin ainihin yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sollid |first=Johan Ludvig |last2=Sørbel |first2=Leif |date=1998 |title=Palsa Bogs as a Climate Indicator: Examples from Dovrefjell, Southern Norway |journal=Ambio |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=287–291 |issn=0044-7447 |jstor=4314737}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Palsa plateaus sau da yawa ba su da tsari mai laushi wanda ke haifar da tsagewa a cikin yadudduka da lalacewar dome palsas. Amma a cikin tsaunuka na palsa, fadada sanyi wanda ke haifar da kumburi zai haifar da wuri mara kyau kuma ya kara yiwuwar tara ruwa a saman kuma ya haifar da koma baya da narkewa. Wannan tsari, wanda ke haifar da narkewa kamar yadda fashewar layin peat a cikin dome palsas, wani bangare ne na al'ada a cikin tsawon rayuwa na palsa plateaus amma ba wani ɓangare na juyin halitta ba ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sollid |first=Johan Ludvig |last2=Sørbel |first2=Leif |date=1998 |title=Palsa Bogs as a Climate Indicator: Examples from Dovrefjell, Southern Norway |journal=Ambio |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=287–291 |issn=0044-7447 |jstor=4314737}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Palsas sun bayyana suna wucewa ta hanyar sake zagayowar ci gaba wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da narkewa da rushewa. Bude fashewa wanda yawanci ke tare da girma na palsa da ruwan da ke tattare da palsas, mai yiwuwa ne sakamakon nauyin su da ke rage girman da ke kusa, muhimman abubuwa ne a cikin wannan tsari. Gaskiyar cewa palsas a matakai daban-daban na girma da lalacewa suna faruwa tare ya nuna cewa rushewarsu ba lallai ba ne ta nuna canjin yanayi. Duk abin da yawanci ya rage bayan da palsa ya rushe shi ne wani bakin ciki kewaye da wani rim.

== Yanayin Yanayi ==
[[Fayil:Storflaket.JPG|thumb|Storflaket peat bog kusa da Abisko a arewacin [[Sweden]] wani tsaunin tsaunuka ne. Yana nuna wasu alamun rushewa kamar tsagewa a kan iyakokinta.]]
Ɗaya daga cikin takamaiman nau'in laka wanda tsarin palsa ya bayyana ana kiransa laka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wramner, P. Wester, K. Backe, S. Gunnarsson, U. Hahn, N. |date=2017 |title=Palsmyren Mannavuoma – förändringar under ett halvsekel |journal=Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift |volume=111: 3–4 |pages=140–151}}
[[Rukuni:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]
[[Rukuni:CS1: long volume value]]&lt;/ref&gt; Amma, wani lokacin ana bayyana nau'in yanayi a matsayin palsa bogs, duk da haka, dukansu suna nufin Dubi mai laushi inda tuddai na palsa ke faruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zuidhoff |first=Frieda S. |last2=Kolstrup |first2=Else |date=2005 |title=Palsa Development and Associated Vegetation in Northern Sweden |journal=Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research |language=en |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=49–60 |doi=10.1657/1523-0430(2005)037[0049:PDAAVI]2.0.CO;2 |issn=1523-0430 |s2cid=130063886}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin palsa mires, palsas waɗanda ke cikin matakai daban-daban na ci gaba na iya bayyana saboda ci gaban cyclic na tsarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mattipalsa1986&quot;/&gt; Sabili da haka, fasalin fashewar palsas ya zama ruwan dare a cikin waɗannan yankuna waɗanda za'a iya gani a matsayin tafkuna masu zagaye, wuraren buɗewa ko ƙananan tsaunuka masu zagaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mattipalsa1986&quot; /&gt;

An bayyana mutum palsa a matsayin tudu ko mafi girma a cikin turfland tare da tsakiya na turfland mai daskarewa na dindindin da / ko ƙasa mai ma'adinai tare da mafi girman aiki na turf.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Tsarin ƙasa yana faruwa a yankunan da ke da ƙanƙara mai ƙanƙanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jahn1986&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jahn |first=Alfred |author-link=Alfred Jahn |year=1986 |title=Remarks on the origin of palsa frost mounds |journal=[[Biuletyn Peryglacjalny]] |volume=31 |pages=123–130}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban ɓangaren palsas yana daskarewa har abada, gami da lokacin rani, yayin da Layer na peat ke haifar da tasirin keɓewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mattipalsa1986&quot;/&gt; Yawancin palsas suna da siffar oval ko elongated amma an bayyana siffofi daban-daban na palsas. A wasu wurare (Laivadalen da Keinovuopio a arewacin [[Sweden]]), an sami tarin palsa wanda ya kunshi palsas masu kama da dome da yawa. A wasu wurare (Seitajaure a arewacin Sweden), an bayyana wani tsarin palsa. A nan an sami palsa-plateaus da yawa waɗanda ke da shimfidar wurare da gefuna masu tsayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

Hanyoyin palsa sun haɗa da tuddai, filayen da tuddai na girma daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;Natenpals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |title=pals |url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/pals |access-date=November 23, 2022 |website=[[Nationalencyklopedin]] |publisher=Cydonia Development |language=sv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Palsas a Iceland an bayyana su a matsayin siffar hump, siffar dike, siffar tudu, siffar zobe, da kuma siffar garkuwa. Wadanda ke cikin [[Norway]] ana kiransu palsa plateaus, esker palsas, string palsas, conical ko dome-shaped palsas, da palsa complexes. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}

Nisa yawanci {{Convert|10-30|m}} ne, da tsayi {{Convert|15-150|m}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Koyaya, tsayin har zuwa {{Convert|500|m}} an ba da rahoton esker-kamar ginshiƙan palsa da ke gudana a layi daya da gradient na [[bog]] . Tsawon tsayin da ke ƙasa da {{Convert|1|m}} har zuwa {{Convert|6-7|m}}, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; amma yana iya kaiwa kusan {{Convert|10|m}} a matsakaicin sama da kewayen yankin. Manya-manyan nau'ikan sun fi ƙanƙan da ƙanana. A wurare, palsas suna haɗuwa don samar da gine-ginen mita ɗari da yawa. Jigon permafrost ya ƙunshi [[Gilashin kankara|ruwan tabarau na kankara]] waɗanda ba su da kauri fiye da {{Convert|2-3|cm}}, kodayake ruwan tabarau na gida har zuwa kusan {{Convert|40|cm}} an yi bayanin kauri.

A lokacin ci gaban cyclic, palsa yana wucewa ta matakai da yawa inda yanayin ya bambanta. A matakin farko na ci gaba, palsas suna da shimfidar wuri ba tare da tsagewa a cikin layin peat ba kuma ba za a iya ganin alamun lalacewa ba. Sau da yawa ƙananan ne kuma suna da siffar dome kuma galibi ana kiransu embryo palsas . &lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zuidhoff |first=Frieda S. |last2=Kolstrup |first2=Else |date=2005 |title=Palsa Development and Associated Vegetation in Northern Sweden |journal=Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research |language=en |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=49–60 |doi=10.1657/1523-0430(2005)037[0049:PDAAVI]2.0.CO;2 |issn=1523-0430 |s2cid=130063886}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan matakin ana kirkirar yadudduka na kankara wanda galibi ana samun su a cikin ƙuƙwalwar ƙanƙara. An ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan yadudduka na kankara an halicce su ne ta hanyar [[rarraba kankara]] amma, tabbas yana da tsalle-tsalle wanda [[Silt|shiru]] dalilin da ya sa aka kafa yadudduka. Hawan tsayi na tsakiya yana faruwa wanda ya daskare lokacin da permafrost ya isa yankin kuma ya haifar da kankara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Seppälä |first=Matti |date=2011 |title=Synthesis of studies of palsa formation underlining the importance of local environmental and physical characteristics |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033589400007183/type/journal_article |journal=Quaternary Research |language=en |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=366–370 |bibcode=2011QuRes..75..366S |doi=10.1016/j.yqres.2010.09.007 |issn=0033-5894 |s2cid=129299212 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanciyar hankali, lokacin da ya girma, farfajiyar ta tashi zuwa matakin da dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin hunturu ke raguwa da iska wanda hakan ke ba da damar zurfafa daskarewa. A cikin matakin balaga, ƙuƙwalwar ƙanƙara ta kai bayan layin peat a cikin ƙasa mai laushi kuma a lokacin rani narkewar ƙuƙwalwa tana faruwa amma ba har zuwa inda ƙuƙarar ta narke gaba ɗaya ba. Ragewa na iya haifar da tafkunan da ke kusa da palsa kuma a wasu lokuta, raguwa a cikin lakabin peat tare da waɗannan tafkunan na iya kasancewa a cikin matakin kwanciyar hankali. Koyaya, waɗannan raguwa suna da ƙananan girma kuma babu alamun ganuwar toshewa da ake gani a lokacin matakin sable. A lokacin da yake raguwa, duk da haka, palsas suna da manyan tsagewa har zuwa mita da yawa wanda ke raba layin peat zuwa tubalan kuma abin da ake kira [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]] toshe yana faruwa. Kusa da palsas a cikin mataki mai ƙasƙanci sau da yawa ana samun tafkuna da yawa, saboda narkewar ƙuƙwalwar daskarewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt; [[Hanyoyin Aeolian|Rugujewar iska]] sau da yawa tana shafar layin peat har zuwa irin wannan matakin da yake raguwa a cikin kauri tare da wasu lokuta da yawa decimeters. Lokacin da palsa plateaus ke cikin mummunan mataki ana iya ganin tafkuna da yawa a kan shimfidar shimfidar wuri wanda sau da yawa yana da rushewar toshe makwabta. Lokacin da rushewar toshewa ya faru ana nuna ƙasa mai ma'adinai sau da yawa tare da tsagewa, musamman ma lokacin da layin peat ya yi tsayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:72&quot; /&gt;

== Yankin da aka rarraba ==
[[Fayil:Zoneofpalsas.jpg|thumb|Taswirar Anders Rapp na iyakar palsas da permafrost a cikin Fennoscandia]]
Palsas sune siffofi na yankunan yankin permafrost kuma saboda haka ana samun su a yankunan Subarctic na arewacin [[Kanada]] da [[Alaska]], Siberia, arewacin Fennoscandia da [[Ayislan|Iceland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mattipalsa1986&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jahn1986&quot;/&gt; Kusan suna da alaƙa da kasancewar peat  kuma galibi suna faruwa a yankunan da hunturu ke da tsawo kuma dusar ƙanƙara tana da ƙanƙanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jahn1986&quot; /&gt; A wasu wurare palsas suna fadada zuwa cikin permafrost; a wasu suna hutawa a kan wani substratum wanda ba a daskare ba.

A cikin kudancin kudancin palsa ya kasance daga mafi girman glacial na ƙarshe an gano shi a gefen [[Argentina]] na Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego kawai arewacin Cami Lake . &lt;ref name=&quot;Trombotto2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jorge Rabassa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya samun ragowar Ice-Age palsas a [[Hochmooren]] na Tsakiyar Turai, kamar Hohen Venn a yankin iyakar Jamus da Belgium.

== Tasirin canjin yanayi ==

=== Tasirin a kan siffofin palsa saboda canjin yanayi ===
Rushewar nau'ikan palsa da ja da baya na permafrost a cikin tsakiyar palsa baya nuna kai tsaye ga canjin yanayi. Kamar yadda palsas ke da ci gaban keken keke narkewar ainihin wani bangare ne na ci gaban palsa. Koyaya, canjin yanayin yanayi yana shafar siffofin palsa. Siffofin palsa waɗanda ke kwance a cikin bakin wurin abin da ya faru sun fi dogaro da yanayin yanayin rayuwa fiye da siffofin palsa kusa da ainihin yankin abin da ya faru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; An yi nazari akan siffofin palsa a cikin 1998 a Dovrefjell, a kudancin Norway. A lokacin lura, ma'aunin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ya faɗi ƙasa da {{Convert|0|C}} a yankin. Wadannan wurare tabbas suna da damuwa ga canje-canje a yanayin zafi; kawai ƙaramin zafin zafi zai iya yin tasiri mai girma akan wanzuwar palsas a takamaiman yanki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Ma'auni daga tashoshin meteorological a yankin sun nuna cewa ma'aunin zafin jiki na shekara ya tashi 0.8&amp;nbsp;°C tsakanin lokacin 1901-1930 da 1961-1990. Tun farkon yanayin dumamar yanayi a cikin 1930s, gabaɗayan palsa bogs da manyan palsa plateaus sun narke gaba ɗaya a yankin Dovrefjell. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Palsa bogs' hankali ga canje-canje a yanayin zafi ya sa su zama alamar yanayi mai kyau.  Binciken da aka yi a yankin Dovrefjell ya kammala cewa idan ana amfani da palsas azaman alamun yanayi yana da mahimmanci don raba manyan canje-canje a cikin rarraba permafrost daga ƙananan canje-canje. Ƙananan canje-canje suna faruwa ta hanyar gajeriyar sauye-sauyen yanayi waɗanda ke ɗaukar shekaru kaɗan kawai. Ƙananan palsas na dome, wanda kuma za'a iya kiransa amfrayo palsas, na iya tasowa a sakamakon ƙananan bambance-bambance a yanayin yanayi kamar ƴan bayan sanyi. Yayin da waɗannan ƙananan palsas ke ɓacewa bayan ƴan shekaru kaɗan, sun kasa kafa su azaman dindindin na dindindin. An lura da wannan al'amari a cikin Dovrefjell a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kuma yana haifar da babban canji a yanayin yanayin inda zafin jiki ya tashi zuwa matakin da passas ba zai iya fara haɓaka ci gaban hawan keke ba. Wannan shi ne sakamakon sauyin yanayi tare da yanayin dumamar yanayi wanda aka lura a yankin Dovrefjell. A wannan yanki, yanayin bai yi sanyi ba don sabbin nau'ikan palsa don kafawa a cikin ɗaukacin karni na 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Koyaya, wasu rashin tabbas game da yadda yanayin yankin ke shafar samar da siffofin palsa kuma musamman ilimin ruwa na palsa mires har yanzu yana nan. Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar ƙarin sa ido mai aiki da alaƙar sa da yanayin yanayi na gida don ƙayyade tasirin canjin yanayi a kan mares na palsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

=== Palsa da GHG-fluxes ===
Saboda saman tuddai na palsas sun fi bushewa da kuma [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] fiye da kewayenta, suna haifar da mosaic na microhabitats a cikin laka. Abubuwan da suka faru na palsa an ƙayyade su ne ta hanyar dalilai da yawa na yanayi, kamar zafin iska, hazo da kaurin dusar ƙanƙara. Sabili da haka, karuwar zafin jiki da hazo na iya haifar da narkewar turɓaya mai daskarewa da raguwar turɓayar. Wannan yana haifar da wani nau'i mai aiki da kuma yanayin da ya fi dacewa. Saboda haka, shuke-shuke suna canzawa cikin daidaitawa da yanayin da ya fi dacewa. Ana hasashen fadada rigar don amfana da sphagnum mosses da graminoids, a kan kudin shuke-shuke na bushewa. Canje-canje masu alaƙa a cikin iskar gas mai ɗorewa suna ƙara ɗaukar CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; da ƙara fitar da methane, galibi saboda fadada graminoids masu tsayi.

=== Ci gaba da faruwar palsa mires a Fennoscandia ===
Abubuwan da suka faru na palsa mires suna cikin haɗari ta hanyar dalilai da yawa. Mafi mahimmanci daga cikin waɗannan shine canjin yanayi, tare da palsa mires da ke gefen rarrabawar yanayi shine mafi rauni. Canjin yanayi yana haifar da karuwa a cikin matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara, wanda dole ne ya kasance a ƙarƙashin {{Convert|0|C}} ° C (32 ° F) don palsas ya ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Natura 2000: Myrar -&gt; Palsmyrar |url=http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Stod-i-miljoarbetet/Vagledningar/Skyddad-natur/Natura-2000/Natura-2000-Myrar/ |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=Naturvårdsverket |language=sv}}
[[Rukuni:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; Palsas kuma gabaɗaya suna buƙatar ƙananan hazo (yawanci &lt; 500 mm a kowace shekara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parviainen |first=Miia |last2=Luoto |first2=Miska |date=2007 |title=Climate envelopes of mire complex types in fennoscandia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2007.00314.x |journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography |language=en |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=137–151 |bibcode=2007GeAnA..89..137P |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0459.2007.00314.x |issn=0435-3676 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;), kuma ƙaruwa a cikin hazo saboda canjin yanayi na iya haifar da lalacewar palsa da narkewa. Karin dusar ƙanƙara na iya nufin cewa palsas sun fi ƙanƙanta sabili da haka ba sa samun sanyi a cikin hunturu. Sabanin haka, karuwar ruwan sama a cikin watanni na rani na iya haifar da yanayin zafi na ƙasa mafi girma da kuma canja wurin zafi zuwa ainihin palsa. Sakamakon ya riga ya kasance bayyane: yawancin karatu  &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;  sun ba da rahoton lalacewar palsa mires a cikin shekarun da suka gabata tare da babban dalilin asarar yankin zama shine canjin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Borge |first=Amund F. |last2=Westermann |first2=Sebastian |last3=Solheim |first3=Ingvild |last4=Etzelmüller |first4=Bernd |date=2017-01-02 |title=Strong degradation of palsas and peat plateaus in northern Norway during the last 60 years |url=https://www.the-cryosphere.net/11/1/2017/ |journal=The Cryosphere |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |bibcode=2017TCry...11....1B |doi=10.5194/tc-11-1-2017 |issn=1994-0416 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zuidhoff |first=Frieda S |last2=Kolstrup |first2=Else |date=2000 |title=Changes in palsa distribution in relation to climate change in Laivadalen, northern Sweden, especially 1960-1997 |journal=Permafrost and Periglacial Processes |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=55–69 |bibcode=2000PPPr...11...55Z |doi=10.1002/(sici)1099-1530(200001/03)11:1&lt;55::aid-ppp338&gt;3.0.co;2-t |issn=1045-6740}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; An yi amfani da samfuran ambulaf ɗin yanayi don hango hasashen rarrabawar palsas a nan gaba a ƙarƙashin [[Rarraba Hanyoyin Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a|Yanayin canjin yanayi]] daban-daban: ɗayan irin wannan binciken ya gano cewa Fennoscandia na iya zama yanayin da bai dace da palsas ba a shekara ta 2040, kuma ana buƙatar ragewa mai ƙarfi (SSP1-2.6) don riƙe wani yanki mai dacewa don palsas a Yammacin Siberia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fewster |first=Richard E. |last2=Morris |first2=Paul J. |last3=Ivanovic |first3=Ruza F. |last4=Swindles |first4=Graeme T. |last5=Peregon |first5=Anna M. |last6=Smith |first6=Christopher J. |date=2022 |title=Imminent loss of climate space for permafrost peatlands in Europe and Western Siberia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-022-01296-7 |journal=Nature Climate Change |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=373–379 |bibcode=2022NatCC..12..373F |doi=10.1038/s41558-022-01296-7 |issn=1758-6798}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani abu kuma shi ne barbashi daga yanayin yanayi wanda zai iya rinjayar hydrochemistry da raguwar kwayoyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, gine-ginen al'umma da kuma irin waɗannan da ke da tasiri a kan ilimin ruwa da hydrochemistry na iya lalata mazaunin palsa mires. Amma, tasirin daga irin wannan aikin ba shi da yawa idan aka yi la'akari da girman yankin da ya faru wanda yake da girma idan aka kwatanta da yankin da ya shafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt; Palsa mires wani nau'i ne na mazaunin da aka ba da fifiko a cikin Dokokin EU na Species and Habitats sabili da haka kiyaye palsa mires a cikin Sweden da Finland yana da matukar sha'awa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Za'a iya cika kiyaye wannan mazaunin tare da matakan irin wannan cewa suna ci gaba da kasancewa da matsayi mai kyau na kiyayewa kuma ana kauce wa lalacewar palsa. Amma a cikin 2013 Sweden ta ba da rahoton matsayin kiyayewa ga palsa mires ya zama matalauta kuma a wurare da yawa palsas sun rushe kuma akwai babban haɗari na halaka. 

=== Tasiri a kan yanayin halittu da jinsuna ===
Wani nau'in palsa na al'ada yana da babban matakin bambancin halittu, daga nau'ikan nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban zuwa ƙananan kwayoyin kamar kwayoyin cuta. Wannan yafi yawa saboda musamman saboda kyawawan abubuwan da ke cikin minerotrophic-ombrotrophic da kuma yanayin teburin ruwa, wanda ke ba da damar kasancewar microhabitats da yawa da aka rarraba a matakai daban-daban na rigar. Palsa mires an jera su a matsayin nau'in mazaunin fifiko ta Tarayyar Turai, kuma canjin yanayi na iya haifar da babban haɗari ga tsarin halittu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Luoto |first=Miska |last2=Heikkinen |first2=Risto K. |last3=Carter |first3=Timothy R. |date=2004 |title=Loss of palsa mires in Europe and biological consequences |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0376892904001018/type/journal_article |journal=Environmental Conservation |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=30–37 |bibcode=2004EnvCo..31...30L |doi=10.1017/S0376892904001018 |issn=0376-8929 |s2cid=86157282 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake an gudanar da bincike mai yawa game da lalacewar palsa mires, har yanzu akwai babban rata game da abin da ke tattare da rikice-rikice na halittu a cikin yanayin halittu. A zahiri, ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da kwayoyin da ke zaune a cikin palsas ba. Yana da mahimmanci a sami ƙarin ilimi game da rarraba waɗannan kwayoyin, da kuma alamu na wadatar jinsuna na dogon lokaci, don fahimtar da hango hasashen yiwuwar asarar palsa. Ba tare da wannan mahimmin ilimin ba, fahimtar muhimmancin halittu na palsa mires yana da wuyar tantancewa.

Binciken da ake da shi game da tasirin muhalli na koma baya ba shi da yawa. Kamar yadda yawancin nau'o'in kiwo ba na musamman ga palsa mires ba, tambayar yiwuwar halakawa sakamakon raguwar palsa mirs har yanzu ba tabbatacce ba ne. Ba a kai ba duk da haka, don ba da shawarar cewa homogenization na palsa mires zai kawo sakamakon halittu. Akwai wasu (ko da yake kaɗan) binciken da aka gudanar akan abubuwan muhalli da ke da alhakin yawan jinsuna, wanda [[Water table|zurfin teburin ruwa]] shine abin da aka ba da shawara. Don samun nasarar gudanar da cikakken bincike kan tasirin halittu masu yawa a wannan yanki, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tsara nau'ikan halittu da yawa da ke zaune a yankunan palsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Luoto |first=Miska |last2=Heikkinen |first2=Risto K. |last3=Carter |first3=Timothy R. |date=2004 |title=Loss of palsa mires in Europe and biological consequences |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0376892904001018/type/journal_article |journal=Environmental Conservation |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=30–37 |bibcode=2004EnvCo..31...30L |doi=10.1017/S0376892904001018 |issn=0376-8929 |s2cid=86157282 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Bambance-bambance da kamanceceniya tsakanin pingos da palsas ==
Dukansu palsas da pingos sune tuddai na sanyi; duk da haka, pingos yawanci sun fi palsas girma kuma suna iya kaiwa tsawo sama da 50 m,  yayin da mafi girman palsas ba ya wuce 7-10 m. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jahn1986&quot;/&gt; Mafi mahimmanci, palsas ba su da ƙanƙara mai ƙanƙanta, ko kankara wanda ke samuwa sakamakon ruwan ƙasa na gida. Koyaya, ga pingos, halayyar ma'anar ita ce kasancewar kankara mai shiga tsakani a cikin mafi yawan ainihin. Palsas ya samo asali ne daga tarin ruwan kankara ta hanyar cryosuction, da pingos sakamakon matsin lamba idan yana buɗewa, da matsin lamba na hydrostatic idan an rufe shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elsevier&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, sabanin pingos waɗanda yawanci ke warewa, palsas yawanci suna tasowa a cikin ƙungiyoyi tare da wasu palsas, kamar a cikin abin da ake kira palsa bog.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jahn1986&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ba kamar pingos ba, palsas ba sa buƙatar permafrost da ke kewaye da su don girma, ganin yadda palsa ne permafrest. Pingos kuma suna girma a ƙasa da Layer mai aiki, wanda shine zurfin da zagaye na shekara-shekara ke faruwa, kuma palsas suna girma a cikin Layer mai kunnawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Dukkanin palsas da pingos sun samo asali ne daga daskarewa na ruwa zuwa kankara. Palsas, duk da haka, ba lallai bane su buƙatar matsin lamba mai kyau (don yin allurar ruwa), tunda ƙasa mai laushi tana da ruwa kuma sabili da haka tana da isasshen wadata don tsinkaye mai girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Palsas na iya girma a gefe har zuwa wani nau'i mai yawa yana samar da &quot;palsa plateau&quot;, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;permafrost plateau&quot;. Pingos ba sa girma a gefe har zuwa daidai saboda ci gaban pingos yana da yawa sama; don haka koyaushe tuddai ne. Hakazalika, palsas na iya raguwa a gefe yayin da suke riƙe da tsayinsu; lalacewar pingos suna bin tsari daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ross Mackay |first=J. |author-link=John Ross Mackay |year=1978 |title=Contemporary pingos: A discussion |journal=[[Biuletyn Peryglacjalny]] |volume=27 |pages=133–154}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'anar kalmomi da ma'anar ==
Palsa (jama'a: palsas) kalma ce daga Harshen Finnish wanda ke nufin &quot;hummock da ke tashi daga wani bog tare da core na kankara&quot;, wanda shi ma aro ne daga Arewacin Sami, ''balsa'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Definition of palsa {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/palsa |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda palsas musamman ke tasowa a cikin moorlands, saboda haka ana kiransu ''palsamoors''. ''Bugor'' da ''bulginniakhs'' kalmomi ne na gaba ɗaya a cikin [[Rashanci|Harshen Rasha]] (na ƙarshe na asalin Yakutian) don duka palsas da pingos.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
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  <page>
    <title>Nura Abba Rimi</title>
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'''Nura Abba Rimi''' (an haife shi ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1968) jami'n diflomasiyya ne a Najeriya wanda a halin yanzu yake aiki a matsayin Sakatare na Dindindin, [[Ma'aikatar Masana'antu, Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari ta Tarayya (Nijeriya)|Ma'aikatar Masana'antu, Ciniki da Zuba Jari ta Tarayya]] . Ya kasance Jakadan Tarayyar Najeriya a [[Misra|Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar]],wanda a yanzu yake  goyon bayan samar da   [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|ƙasar Falasdinu]] da [[Eritrea|ƙasar Eritrea]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;BRA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2021 |title=Nigerian Ambassador to Egypt and Palestine, Nura Abba Rimi Presents Letters Of Credence |url=https://www.businessreviewafrika.com/nigerian-ambassador-to-egypt-and-palestine-nura-abba-rimi-presents-letters-of-credence/ |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=businessreviewafrika.com |archive-date=14 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514022224/https://www.businessreviewafrika.com/nigerian-ambassador-to-egypt-and-palestine-nura-abba-rimi-presents-letters-of-credence/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Embassy of Nigeria in Cairo |url=https://www.123embassy.com/Embassy/17337/Nigeria-in-Cairo |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=123embassy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin naɗin sa a matsayin Jakada, Rimi ya kasance Babban Jami'in gudanarwa kuma Jami'in kula da shige da fice  a fadar Villa na Shugaban ƙasa da ke [[Abuja]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;BLO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Buhari's Liaison Officer, Nura Rimi, Sent On Diplomatic Posting To UAE |url=https://saharareporters.com/2015/10/10/buhari%E2%80%99s-liaison-officer-nura-rimi-sent-diplomatic-posting-uae |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=saharareporters.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin Jami'in yarjejeniya na Shugaban kasa tsakanin Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] da Shugaban da aka zaba, [[Muhammadu Buhari]], a lokacin miƙa mulki a shekarar 2015.

A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2023, Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ya nada Rimi a matsayin Sakatare na Dindindin a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ma'aikatantan Tarayya, &quot;wanda ya fito a saman 'yan takarar da suka cancanta bayan tsarin auna ƙwazo mai zurfi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=President Tinubu Appoints Eight New Permanent Secretaries |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/news/president-tinubu-appoints-eight-new-permanent-secretaries/ |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=statehouse.gov.ng |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125000841/https://statehouse.gov.ng/news/president-tinubu-appoints-eight-new-permanent-secretaries/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category:Haifaffun  1968]]
[[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Olatunji Oyeyemi Moronfoye</title>
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'''Olatunji Oyeyemi Moronfoye''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan yaɗa labarai a [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] a lokacin mulkin tsohon Gwamna [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nation |first=The |date=2021-11-23 |title=EFCC re-arraigns ex-Kwara commissioner |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/efcc-re-arraigns-ex-kwara-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rigingimu ==
[[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|EFCC]] ta gurfanar da Moronfoye a shekarar 2015 kan zargin amfani da ofishi ba bisa ka'ida ba, hauhawar farashin kwangila fiye da yadda ya kamata, karkatar da kuɗaɗen jama'a, da kuma karkatar kuɗi. An zarge shi da bayar da kwangila fiye da N200 miliyan ga wata kamfanin da yake da hannu acikin ta. An gurfanar da shi tare da Ope Saraki, tsohon mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Gwamna Abdulfatah Ahmed, wanda shi ma ya fuskanci irin wannan laifukan. Dukkansu biyu sun samu beli bayan an gurfanar da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=eribake |first=akintayo |date=2015-05-14 |title=N371m contract scam: Moronfoye, Kwara Commissioner, Ope Saraki arraigned |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/n371m-contract-scam-moronfoye-kwara-commissioner-ope-saraki-arraigned/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=N371m Scam: Court Adjourns Ex-Kwara Commissioner's Case |url=https://nta.ng/2016/06/16/n371m-scam-court-adjourns-ex-kwara-commissioners-case/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Nigerian Television Authority - Africa's Largest TV Network |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121120758/https://nta.ng/2016/06/16/n371m-scam-court-adjourns-ex-kwara-commissioners-case/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NAN |date=2016-02-09 |title=EFCC re-arraigns ex-Kwara Commissioner, Saraki’s cousin over contract scam {{!}} |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/efcc-re-arraigns-ex-kwara-commissioner-sarakis-cousin-over-contract-scam/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gaurav Singh Chouhan</title>
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'''Gaurav Singh Chouhan''' sananne ne a [[Indiya]], [[marubuci]] kuma mai ƙarfafa gwiwa. An haife shi a [[Delhi]], asalinsa kuma daga Mainpuri a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Ya taɓa yin aiki a fim da talabijin.&lt;ref&gt;https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/gaurav-singh-chouhan-diary-to-success-indian-actor-public-figure-9540308.html&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na mutum sananne, yana rubuce-rubuce kan batutuwan zamantakewa da fitattun mutane, tare da ƙarfafa matasa da ƙwararru ta hanyar jawabai masu ƙarfafa gwiwa. Hakanan shi ne marubucin littafin A Journey Through Broken Dreams (2025).&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=maVkEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Gaurav+Singh+Chouhan%22&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon rayuwa da ilimi ==
An haifi Gaurav Singh Chouhan a Delhi, Indiya, a cikin iyali na matsakaicin matsayi wanda ke daraja ilimi da al’adun gargajiya. Ya kammala karatunsa na farko a [[Delhi]], inda ya fara nuna sha’awa a fannin adabi, rubuce-rubuce, da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo.

Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami’ar Chaudhary Charan Singh]], Meerut, domin yin karatun B.A. LL.B. (digiri a fannin shari’a). Hada karatun shari’a da sha’awarsa ta rubuce-rubuce da jawabai masu ƙarfafa gwiwa ya taimaka wajen gina aikinsa mai fannoni da dama.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AOFTEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Gaurav+Singh+Chouhan%22&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;

== Falsafar Rayuwa ==
Chouhan yana jaddada muhimmancin juriya, gaskiya, da iya daidaitawa da yanayi. Yana ɗaukar cewa ƙimomi (values) su ne ya kamata su zama hanyar jagora ga mutum a cikin rayuwa da aiki.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zohran Mamdani</title>
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{{audio|Zohran Mamdani.ogg|'''Zohran Kwame Mamdani'''}} (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba, 1991) ɗan siyasa ne, ɗan asalin [[Uganda]] da [[Indiya]] wanda yake zaune a [[Amurka]]. Shi ne ɗan majalisar jiha a New York mai wakiltar Gunduma ta 36, wanda ya haɗa yankuna irin su Astoria da Birnin Long Island a Birnin [[New York]]. Mamdani ɗan jam’iyyar Democrat ne, kuma yana daga cikin mambobin Democratic Socialists  na Amurka. A shekarar 2025, ya tsaya takara don zama Magajin Garin Birnin New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://nyassembly.gov/mem/Zohran-K-Mamdani/video/22553/ |title=Zohran K. Mamdani – Assembly District 36 – Video |work=Assembly Member Directory |publisher=[[New York State Assembly]] |date=June 6, 2023 |access-date=June 26, 2025 |archive-date=May 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526191854/https://nyassembly.gov/mem/Zohran-K-Mamdani/video/22553/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=Esz9XzuzOo8&amp;t=12s |title=New York for the Many {{!}} Zohran Mamdani (Vote June 23) |first=Zohran |last=Mamdani |time=00:12 |via=[[YouTube]] |date=June 15, 2020 |access-date=June 27, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Instagram |postid=DKPKzEguiz2 |user=zohrankmamdani |title=Our new TV + digital ad is now live: freeze the rent. |date=May 29, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh2025&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Anshul |script-title=hi:ज़ोहरान ममदानी: न्यूयॉर्क मेयर का चुनाव लड़ रहे भारतीय मूल के नेता कौन हैं? |trans-title=Zohran Mamdani: Who are the Indian-American leaders running for New York mayor? |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/c07dz9298zgo |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=June 27, 2025 |language=hi |date=June 25, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
Zohran Mamdani an haife shi a [[Kampala]], babban birnin Uganda. Mahaifinsa, Mahmood Mamdani, sanannen masanin siyasa ne kuma malami, yayin da mahaifiyarsa Mira Nair fitacciyar mai shirya fina-finai ce ta Indiya. Iyalinsa sun koma Amurka tun yana ƙarami. Ya halarci Kwalejin Bowdoin a Maine, inda ya karanci Africana. Bayan kammala karatunsa, yayi aiki a matsayin mai taimakon jama’a da kuma mai shirya harkokin al’umma a New York.

== Siyasa ==
[[File:Zohran Mamdani at the Resist Fascism Rally in Bryant Park on Oct 27th 2024.jpg||thumb||Mamdani a wajen gangamin adawa da wariyar launin fata a  [[Bryant Park]], Oktoba 27, 2024]]


A matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa, ya kasance mai tsayawa kan kare haƙƙoƙin masu haya,  rage farashin sufuri, da tallafawa masu karamin karfi. Har ila yau, yana da ra’ayin “democratic socialist”, wato ra’ayin dake neman daidaito a tsakanin talakawa da masu kuɗi.

== Manufofi ==
# '''Gidaje masu arha:''' Mamdani yana goyon bayan tsare-tsaren da za su kare masu haya daga hauhawar farashin haya da kuma hana korar su daga gidajensu.
# '''Sufuri kyauta:''' Ya yi kira da a fara shirin gwaji na sufuri kyauta (''free bus pilot'') domin rage wa jama’a wahala.
#'''Abinci mai rahusa:''' Ya nemi gwamnati ta bude kantunan abinci a kowanne yanki na birnin domin rage tsadar kayan abinci.
# '''Kare ma’aikata:''' Ya goyi bayan dokokin dake kare hakkin ma’aikata masu motar haya, musamman bayan matsalolin bashi na &quot;taxi medallion&quot;.

== Takarar Magajin Garin New York ==
A shekarar 2025, Mamdani ya sanar da aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar Magajin Garin Birnin New York a karkashin jam’iyyar Democrat. Ya samu goyon baya daga matasa da masu ra’ayin canji a Siyasa.  

A watan Yuni shekarata 2025, ya lashe zaben sharar fage na jam'iyyar Democrat, inda ya doke tsofaffin shahararrun yan siyasa,  wannan nasara ta sashi cikin manyan ‘yan takarar da ke neman kujerar Magajin Gari.

== Rayuwa ta kashin kai ==
Zohran Mamdani yana zaune a Astoria, Queens, tare da matarsa. Yana magana a fili game da adalcin jama’a, yaƙi da wariya, da kuma kare marasa ƙarfi. 
Tushen rayuwarsa daga Uganda, Indiya da Amurka hakan ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan siyasa da ke haɗa al’adun duniya cikin ra’ayinsa na adalci da hadin kai.

== Girmamawa da tasiri ==
Mamdani yana daga cikin sabbin matasan siyasa da suka kawo sauyi a tsarin siyasa na New York. Ra’ayinsa na siyasa ya jawo hankalin al’umma, musamman matasa da ma’aikata, kuma yana daga cikin fitattun ‘yan ''Democratic Socialists'' na Amurka a halin yanzu.

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Mutanen Uganda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Park Myung-soo</title>
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'''Park Myung-soo''' ( dan Korea ne ; an haife shi Satumba 27, 1970) ɗan wasan barkwanci ne na Koriya ta Kudu, MC, mawaƙi, kuma marubucin waƙa wanda ya yi muhawara a talabijin a cikin 1993, yana fitowa akan MBC . Ya dauki nauyin babban shirin ban dariya iri-iri ''mara iyaka'' kuma ya shirya ''kwanan wata a shirin rediyon karfe 2'' . Ya fito da wakokin kade-kade da yawa, wadanda suka hada da &quot;Prince of the Sea&quot;, wanda LPG ta rufe a 2007.

== Rayuwar Farko ==
== Sana'a ==

=== Qalubale ===
A kan ''Ƙalubale mara iyaka'', Park shine &quot;umarni na biyu&quot; (2인자), wanda yana sanya shi ƙasa da mai masaukin baki Yoo Jae-suk, wanda shine &quot;umarni na farko&quot; (1인자). Wannan ya haifar da gag ɗin gudu wanda sau da yawa yakan yi barkwanci game da hambarar da Yoo Jae-suk a matsayin shugaba kuma ya zama &quot;umarni na farko&quot; da kansa. Ya kuma kira &quot; Rice Insect &quot; ( 벼멸구 ), laƙabi na abokin hamayya ga sanannen &quot;Crasshopper&quot; na Yoo Jae-suk. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ya kamata laƙabinsa ya zama &quot;Big Star&quot; (거성/巨星''Geoseong'' ). Wani lokaci yakan yi kokarin yin amfani da girmansa ta hanyar karantar da sauran ’yan uwa a kan batutuwa daban-daban, kamar zama tauraro; duk da haka, da wuya su ɗauke shi da muhimmanci.

Wani laƙabi kuma shine &quot;Shugaba Chicken,&quot; dangane da shagon kaji na Kyochon wanda a da yake sarrafa shi. A halin yanzu shi ne manajan babban birnin [[Seoul]] na gidan cin abinci na Imsil Cheese Pizza.

A cikin Oktoba 2007, Park ta sami wani laƙabi, &quot;ɗan'uwa mara daraja&quot; ( 하찮은 형 ) bayan mai masaukin baki Noh Hong-chul ya kira shi a matsayin &quot;mutumin mara amfani da jiki mara amfani&quot; (하찮은 박명수님, 하찮은 몸) idan aka kwatanta da dan wasan ska mai daraja ta duniya Kim Yuna . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2007 |title=Park Myung-soo, the importance of knowing the story |url=http://www.heraldbiz.com/SITE/data/html_dir/2007/10/30/200710300331.asp |access-date=February 20, 2010 |website=heraldbiz.com |archive-date=April 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412001349/http://www.heraldbiz.com/SITE/data/html_dir/2007/10/30/200710300331.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani sunan barkwanci mai alaka shine &quot;Uba&quot; ( 아버지 ) tunda shi ne babba a cikin sauran 'yan ''Kalubale mara iyaka'' kuma saboda raunin karfinsa da gashin goshi a hankali.

Park ya shahara da repertoire na &quot;tsawa&quot; ( 호통개그 ), wanda cikin bacin rai da tsautsayi ya tsawatar da abokan aikinsa akan wasu abubuwa marasa muhimmanci. Wannan ya haifar da wani laƙabi, “Ɗan Iblis” ( 악마의 아들 ). Laƙabin da ke da alaƙa shi ne &quot;Tsohon Aljanin&quot;, bisa laƙabin abokin haɗin gwiwar [[Noh Hong-chul]] &quot;Young Devil&quot; da aka karɓa a cikin shirin &quot;Jakar Kuɗi&quot; na musamman inda wasu biyu suka saci akwati mai cike da kuɗi daga [[Jeong Hyeong-don]] kuma daga baya suka ƙulla makirci don karɓewa daga juna. Wani al’amari na halinsa shi ne halinsa na tauye kalamai da kuma bata lokacin da ake zagi, wanda hakan ya sa sauran membobin su dauke shi da muhimmanci.

Halinsa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon kuma an san shi da jayayya da jayayya game da ƙananan batutuwa tare da abokin tarayya Jeong Jun-ha . Mutum mai zafin fuska na Park ya saba wa dabarar Jeong Jun-ha, mai sauƙin tunani wanda lokaci-lokaci yakan sa tsohon ya rasa haƙurinsa. Dangantaka ta musamman tsakanin Jeong da Park ta zama yanki na lokaci-lokaci da ake kira &quot; Ha &amp;amp;amp; Soo &quot;. &quot;Ha &amp; Soo&quot; kuma ana iya kiransa &quot;Peter &amp; Jonathan&quot; tare da Park a matsayin &quot;Peter&quot; da Jeong a matsayin &quot;Jonathan&quot;. Wani laƙabin irin wannan shine &quot;Red Pepper&quot; ( 고춧가루 ) bayan Jeong ya yi ba'a game da shi da Park a matsayin kayan yaji (&quot;jajayen barkono da barkono baƙi&quot;) don Yoo Jae-suk cewa kasancewa tsakiyar shirin (&quot;babban menu&quot;) yayin ''ƙalubale mara iyaka'' &quot;Face-Off&quot; na musamman. Su biyun sun kuma lashe lambar yabo ta &quot;Mafi kyawun Ma'aurata&quot; a 2011 MBC Entertainment Awards, wanda ya sa su zama ma'aurata na farko da maza da suka taba lashe kambun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 30, 2011 |title=Park Myung-soo-Jung Junha, MBC Entertainment Awards – Best Couple Award |url=http://sports.chosun.com/news/utype.htm?id=201112310100206350017937&amp;ServiceDate=20111230 |access-date=February 17, 2012 |website=[[Sports Chosun]] |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112055/http://sports.chosun.com/news/utype.htm?id=201112310100206350017937&amp;ServiceDate=20111230 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rediyo ===
Park kuma sanannen rediyon DJ ne, yana ɗaukar shirye-shiryen rediyo daban-daban a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. A cikin 2016 da 2021, ya sami Mafi kyawun Kyautar Rediyo DJ a KBS Entertainment Awards don Nunin Rediyon Cool FM Park 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2012 |title=MBC's ′Infinity Challenge′ Invites Viewers to Concert with Park Myung Soo-Composed Songs |url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/article/23129 |access-date=July 3, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 7, 2013 |title=Park Myung Soo Pushes SNSD and Baek Ji Young Out of First Place on Music Charts |url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/article/25707 |access-date=July 3, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Park Myung Soo is Listed as an Official Composer |url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/article/26494 |access-date=July 3, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Panda (gari)</title>
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'''Panda''' matsuguni ne da ke cikin [[Akko (Nijeriya)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Akko]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]]. Panda da Gombe suna da tazarar kusan kilomita 45 (mil 28) a tsakaninsu. Panda kuma tana da nisan kilomita 446 (mil 277) daga [[Abuja]], babban birnin Nijeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panda, Nigeria - Facts and information on Panda - Nigeria.Places-in-the-world.com |url=https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/2325077-place-panda.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=nigeria.places-in-the-world.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lambar akwatin gidan waya (postcode) ta yankin ita ce 771102.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panda, Akko - Postcode - 771102 - Nigeria Postcode |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-akko-kumo-panda.html#google_vignette |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.nigeriapostcode.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi ==
A Panda, lokacin rani na ɗan kasancewa da gizagizai kaɗan, yayin da lokacin damina ke da nauyi tare da cunkoson gizagizai, kuma yanayi na da zafi a duk tsawon shekara. Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara yana canzawa tsakanin 27°F da 34°F.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-31 |title=Weather Forecast Panda - Nigeria (Gombe) : free 15 day weather forecasts |url=https://www.weathercrave.com/weather-forecast-nigeria/city-503975/weather-forecast-panda-today |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Weather Crave |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

[[Rukuni:Jihar Gombe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Offornze Amucheazi</title>
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'''Offornze Dike Amucheazi Liaten ⓘ, SAN, FCIAArb''' Farfesa ne na [[Doka|shari'a]] na Najeriya &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Review – Goldline &amp; Jacobs Publishing |url=https://goldlineandjacobs.org/constitutional-review/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223014358/https://goldlineandjacobs.org/constitutional-review/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya|Babban Lauya na Najeriya]] . Shi ne Kwamishinan Filaye da Tsare-tsare na Birane da Yankuna na yanzu, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2022-03-29 |title=Full list of Commissioners, special advisers appointed by Soludo |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/full-list-of-commissioners-special-advisers-appointed-by-soludo/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Professor Offornze D. Amucheazi – MINISTRY OF LANDS, ANAMBRA STATE |url=https://www.mol.anambrastate.gov.ng/professor-offornze-d-amucheazi/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=www.mol.anambrastate.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Edokwe |first=Bridget |date=2022-03-29 |title=[FULL LIST] Soludo Appoints Commissioners in Anambra |url=https://barristerng.com/full-list-soludo-appoints-commissioners-in-anambra/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=BarristerNG.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi ==
A yanzu haka, ainihin bayanan sirrin Amucheazi ba sa cikin jama'a saboda ba ya da cikakken suna game da iyalinsa da aikinsa.

Amma an haife shi a Jihar Anambra, Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 (bisa ga jadawalin karatunsa). Ya kuma yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Jihar Anambra.

Domin karatunsa na jami'a, ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] Nsukka (UNN) don samun digiri a fannin shari'a, inda ya kammala karatunsa da digiri na LL.B (Hons) a shekarar 1990. Daga nan aka kira shi zuwa Lauyan Najeriya a matsayin Lauya kuma Lauya [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]] a shekarar 1991. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Professor Offornze D. Amucheazi – MINISTRY OF LANDS, ANAMBRA STATE |url=https://www.mol.anambrastate.gov.ng/professor-offornze-d-amucheazi/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=www.mol.anambrastate.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Review – Goldline &amp; Jacobs Publishing |url=https://goldlineandjacobs.org/constitutional-review/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223014358/https://goldlineandjacobs.org/constitutional-review/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2022-03-29 |title=Full list of Commissioners, special advisers appointed by Soludo |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/full-list-of-commissioners-special-advisers-appointed-by-soludo/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Arbitration Association - Member public profile |url=https://afaa.ngo/Sys/PublicProfile/54157921 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=afaa.ngo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karatunsa na ci gaba da ci gaban sana'a sun haɗa da takaddun shaida a fannin Gudanar da Jagoranci na Dabaru daga Jami'ar Oxford da Gina Tsarin Mulki a Afirka daga [[Jami'ar Tsakiyar Turai]], Budapest.

== Sana'a ==

=== Aikin ilimi ===
Amucheazi wani rumbun adana digiri da cancanta ne. Digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a (LL.B), Jami'ar Najeriya (1990), Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya (BL). (1991), Digiri na biyu a fannin Shari'a (LL.M), Jami'ar Najeriya (1995), Digiri na uku a fannin Falsafa (Ph.D.), Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe, Awka (2004), Takardar shaidar Gudanar da Jagoranci na Dabaru daga Jami'ar Oxford, Burtaniya. (2014), Takardar shaidar Gina Kundin Tsarin Mulki a Afirka daga Jami'ar Tsakiyar Turai Budapest, Hungary. (2017) &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Arbitration Association - Member public profile |url=https://afaa.ngo/Sys/PublicProfile/54157921 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=afaa.ngo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a Faculty of Law, Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe da ke Awka, yana aiki a sassa daban-daban kamar tsohuwar HOD, Sashen Dokar Kasuwanci da Kadarori, tsohuwar HOD, sashen Shari'a na Jama'a da na Masu Zaman Kansu. An kuma san shi da jagoranci da jajircewarsa ga ilimi, musamman kafa &quot;Kyautar Farfesa Elo Amucheazi ga Mafi Kyawun Ɗalibi Mai Digiri a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa&quot; a Jami'ar UNIZIK a shekarar 2018, wacce darajarta ta kai N50,000 kowace shekara na tsawon shekaru 10 na farko (tare da shirye-shiryen tsawaitawa da ƙarin kuɗaɗen shiga). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2022-03-29 |title=Full list of Commissioners, special advisers appointed by Soludo |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/full-list-of-commissioners-special-advisers-appointed-by-soludo/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sana'ar ƙwararru ===
Kwararren lauya ne mai ƙwarewa sama da shekaru talatin. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kamfanin lauyoyi na Amucheazi, Ozioko and Co., wanda ke da ofisoshi a Abuja da Enugu. Aikinsa ya mayar da hankali kan dokar kasuwanci, takaddamar kadarori, sulhu tsakanin masu rikici (ADR), da kuma batutuwan kundin tsarin mulki.

== Siyasa ==
A fannin ayyukan gwamnati, an naɗa Amucheazi kuma an tabbatar da shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Filaye a watan Afrilun 2022. A wannan matsayin, yana kula da harkokin kula da filaye, binciken ƙasa, da kuma haɓaka kadarori, yana mai alƙawarin samar da ayyuka mafi kyau. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da kuma 'Yancin Karatu ==

* Memba na Kotun Sasantawa ta Legas (LCA)
* Memba, Kwamitin 'Yan Tsattsauran Ra'ayi na Jihar Edo da kuma Kotunan Kofa Masu Kofa Da Dama na Jihar Enugu
* Abokin Hulɗa na Cibiyar Alƙalai ta Chartered a Najeriya (FCArb) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2022-03-29 |title=Full list of Commissioners, special advisers appointed by Soludo |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/full-list-of-commissioners-special-advisers-appointed-by-soludo/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Abokin Cibiyar Masu Sasantawa da Masu Sasantawa, (FICMC)
* Abokin Hulɗa na Cibiyar Masu Sulhu ta Masana'antar Gine-gine (FICIARB) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2022-03-29 |title=Full list of Commissioners, special advisers appointed by Soludo |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/full-list-of-commissioners-special-advisers-appointed-by-soludo/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Babban Lauyan Najeriya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2022-03-29 |title=Full list of Commissioners, special advisers appointed by Soludo |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/full-list-of-commissioners-special-advisers-appointed-by-soludo/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Lauyoyi yan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Paul Moran (mai daukar hoto)</title>
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'''Paul William Moran''' (30 ga Mayu 1963 - 22 ga Maris 2003) ya kasance ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa na Australiya na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Australiya kuma ƙwararren ɗan jarida na duniya. An kashe Moran da bam din mota mai kashe kansa a wani wurin dubawa da ke kusa da Khurmal, a arewa maso gabashin Iraki kusa da iyakar da Iran a lokacin Yaƙin Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chivers |first=C.J. |date=22 March 2003 |title=Journalist Dies as Car Explodes in Northern Iraq |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/22/international/worldspecial/22CND-KURDS.html |access-date=12 February 2014 |website=New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spacedailydaily&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2003 |title=BBC cameraman killed in landmine blast in northern Iraq |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/2003/030402191536.1jg2pccl.html |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=Spacedaily.com |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113546/http://www.spacedaily.com/2003/030402191536.1jg2pccl.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Biography |url=http://www.paulmoran.org/biography.html |access-date=27 November 2012 |publisher=paulmoran.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne na farko da ya mutu a kafofin watsa labarai na duniya a Yaƙin Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;theage&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;memorial&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 March 2003 |title=Paul Moran – ABC Staff Memorial – Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://www.abc.net.au/corp/memorial/paulmoran.htm |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=Abc.net.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;prwatch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rouse |first=Paul |date=30 November 2006 |title=First Casualty |url=http://www.prwatch.org/node/5509}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Media Entertainment &amp; Arts Alliance, Moran na ɗaya daga cikin shari'o'i uku na Australiya inda aka kashe 'yan jarida ba tare da hukunta su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;pressfreedom&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Media Entertainment &amp; Arts Alliance |year=2014 |title=Press Freedom and Australians Abroad |url=http://www.pressfreedom.org.au/press-freedom-report/international/press-freedom-and-australians-abroad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505234052/http://www.pressfreedom.org.au/press-freedom-report/international/press-freedom-and-australians-abroad |archive-date=5 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani na sirri ==
Paul Moran shi ne ƙarami a cikin iyali na yara maza huɗu. An haife shi kuma ya girma a Adelaide ga iyayensa, Gerry da Kath Moran.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;memorial&quot;/&gt; Alma mater dinsa shine [[Kwalejin Zuciya Mai Tsarki (Adelaide)|Kwalejin Zuciya Mai Tsarki]] a Adelaide.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt; A cikin 1990, Moran ya koma London, kuma a nan ne ya fara hulɗa da Gabas ta Tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt; Ya auri Ivana Rapajic kuma ma'auratan suna da 'yar da aka haifa wata daya kafin mutuwar Moran yana da shekaru 39.&lt;ref name=&quot;theguardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Annie Lawson |date=24 March 2003 |title=Colleague mourns ABC cameraman &amp;#124; Media &amp;#124; MediaGuardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/mar/24/tvnews.iraqandthemedia1 |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=Theguardian.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Paul Moran ya kasance mai daukar hoto mai zaman kansa ga Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Australia.&lt;ref name=&quot;cpj&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lefkow |first=Jessica |title=Dangerously Adrift |url=http://www.paulmoran.org/projects.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya koma London 1990 kuma a can ne ya fara hulɗa da Gabas ta Tsakiya wanda zai haifar da sha'awarsa a wannan yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;memorial&quot;/&gt; Dangantakar aiki ta Moran tare da Rendon Group da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Iraqi (INC) ta haifar da babban labarin labarai na kasa da kasa wanda aka yi niyyar yin rikodin shirin Iraqi na ɓoye don haɓaka makamai na hallaka jama'a kafin Yaƙin Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;prwatch&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;more2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=No justice for Paul Moran &amp;#124; International &amp;#124; 2013 Press Media Alliance Freedom Report |url=http://www.pressfreedom.org.au/2013-report/international/no-justice-for-paul-moran |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227033916/http://www.pressfreedom.org.au/2013-report/international/no-justice-for-paul-moran |archive-date=27 February 2014 |access-date=12 February 2014 |publisher=Pressfreedom.org.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moran ya yi aiki ga ABC a matsayin mai daukar hoto a arewacin Iraki a shekara ta 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;memorial&quot; /&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Moran ya yi aiki ga ABC na Ostiraliya kuma yana tafiya daga Sulaymaniyah zuwa wani tushe da makamai masu linzami na Amurka suka harbe shi kuma na Ansar al-Islam ne a ranar 22 ga Maris 2003. Kungiyarsa ta isa wani wurin dubawa kuma Moran yana harbi bidiyo lokacin da bam din mota ya fashe a cikin taksi mai wucewa, ya kashe Moran kuma ya ji wa Eric Campbell rauni. Wasu mutane uku ko hudu ban da Moran sun mutu a wurin dubawa a Khurmal kuma wasu 23 ban da Campbell sun ji rauni. An zargi Ansar al-Islam da aiwatar da harin bam din mota don mayar da martani ga harin da Amurka ta kai a baya.[1][2][3][4]

== Yanayi ==
An dauki Paul Moran ne bayan Iraki ta mamaye Kuwait don yin aiki ga sabis na talabijin na Kuwait. Wadanda suka san shi sun ce ya fi son rayuwa mai zaman kanta. Ya shafe shekara guda yana yin fim game da 'yan gudun hijira da batutuwan jin kai da suka fuskanta, mai taken, Dangerously Adrift.&lt;ref name=&quot;memorial&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lefkow |first=Jessica |title=Dangerously Adrift |url=http://www.paulmoran.org/projects.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Kwamitin Kare Jarida, tun daga shekarar 2013 an kashe 'yan jarida ɗari da hamsin a Iraki tun lokacin da Amurka ta mamaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;cpj&quot;/&gt;

== Halin da aka yi ==
Eric Campbell, wanda ɗan jarida ne na ABC TV, ya zargi Mullah Krekar, [[Salafiyya|Salafist]] na Ansar al-Islam, da harin.&lt;ref name=&quot;ppp2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=No justice for Paul Moran &amp;#124; International &amp;#124; 2013 Press Media Alliance Freedom Report |url=http://www.pressfreedom.org.au/2013-report/international/no-justice-for-paul-moran |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227033916/http://www.pressfreedom.org.au/2013-report/international/no-justice-for-paul-moran |archive-date=27 February 2014 |access-date=12 February 2014 |publisher=Pressfreedom.org.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Koïchiro Matsuura, darektan [[UNESCO]], ya ce, &quot;A cikin yakin da ya haɗa da mummunan yakin kafofin watsa labarai, aikin neman bayanai masu zaman kansu yana da mahimmanci idan ra'ayin jama'a na duniya shine ya guje wa zama manufa ta magudi da farfaganda&quot; kuma kisan 'yan jarida kamar Moran ya saba wa Mataki na 79 na Yarjejeniyar Ƙarin Geneva.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lefkow |first=Jessica |title=Dangerously Adrift |url=http://www.paulmoran.org/projects.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2003]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oskar Höcker</title>
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'''Oskar Höcker''' (13 Yuni 1840 - 8 Afrilu 1894) marubucin litattafan tarihi ne na Jamus ga yara kuma [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]].

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Oskar Höcker a wani yanki na Eilenburg, a lardin Prussian na Saxony, kamar yadda ɗan'uwansa, marubucin Gustav Höcker. Ya yi karatu a [[Chemnitz]] .

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 19 ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo tare da F.W. Porth, ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na kotun sarauta a [[Dresden]], Masarautar Saxony . Ya yi a [[Bremen]], Rostock, Reichenberg, Stettin, Meiningen, kuma daga 1866 zuwa 1882 a kotun da ke Karlsruhe . A shekara ta 1883 aikinsa ya koma [[Berlin]], inda ya taka leda a dukkan manyan matakai kuma ya kasance memba na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Deutsches . &lt;ref name=&quot;NDB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Eckhard |title=Höcker, Oskar |url=http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/artikelNDB_pnd116923873.html |access-date=6 September 2010 |publisher=Neue Deutsche Biographie 9 (1972) |archive-date=26 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426060257/https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/artikelNDB_pnd116923873.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Oscar Blumenthal ya ambaci shi a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kamfanin, kuma mai sukar Otto Brahm ya yaba da &quot;ƙwarewarsa ta musamman&quot;, yana kwatanta shi da Josef Kainz.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDB&quot; /&gt; Daga baya ya shiga Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Lessing . &lt;ref name=&quot;abenteuer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oskar Höcker |url=http://www.abenteuerroman.info/autor/hoeckero/hoeckero.htm |access-date=6 September 2010 |publisher=Jugendbücher: Abenteuerromane des 19. Jh. für Jugendliche}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don tallafawa iyalinsa da ke ƙaruwa [1] (yana da yara goma [2]) ya fara aiki na biyu a matsayin marubucin Littattafan yara, kuma bayan 1870 an buga shi akai-akai ga sanannen mai wallafa Arnold Hirt na Leipzig. [3] Musamman a kudancin Jamus littattafansa (wanda aka fi sani da Höckerle) sun zama sanannun mutane.[1] A cikin yawancin littattafan da ya rubuta ya yi ƙoƙari ya ilimantar da matasa masu karatu a tarihin cocin Kirista da tarihin al'adun Jamus. Magnum opus dinsa jerin jerin litattafai ne guda biyar na tarihi, wanda ya kai kundin 20, kan ci gaban bourgeoisie na Jamus, Frederick II na Prussia da tarihin Prussia, Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Imperial ta Jamus, tarihin Jamus tun lokacin gyarawa, da tarihin Kiristanci.[2] Ya mutu daga yanayin tashin hankali a lokacin da yake aiki a wasan kwaikwayo da wallafe-wallafen, a Berlin. Ɗansa, Paul Oskar Höcker, shi ma ya zama marubuci.

== Littattafan da aka rubuta (zaɓin) ==

* ''Soldatenleben im Kriege. Eine Erzählung aus Deutschlands jüngster Vergangenheit'' . Stuttgart: Schmidt u. Spring, 1871.
* ''Kuma Moltkes Leben. Unterm Halbmonde. Tarihin Erzählung aus der Zeit der Wanderjahre kayan aiki na deutschen Kriegshelden während seine Aufenthaltes im Osmanischen Reiche''. Leipzig: Spamer, 1873.
* Janar von Werder, der Vertheidiger Süddeutschlands. Bielefeld: Velhagen u. Klasing, 1874.
* Du sollst Deinen Bruder nicht hassen a cikin Deinem Herzen!  (Masu 19, 17)  Eine schwedische Dorfgeschichte, der reiferen Jugend Обо. Stuttgart: Schmidt ko Spring, 1874.
* Ka mutu Rache ist mein!  (Masu Biyu 32, 35.)  Eine Geschichte aus unserer Zeit, den Jungen und Alten Обо. Stuttgart: Schmidt u. Spring, 1875.
* ''Die Lüge ist ein häßlicher Schandfleck (Sir. 20, 26). Eine lehrreiche Erzählung für Knaben und Mädchen''. Stuttgart: Schmidt u. Spring, 1878.
* ''Der Marschall Vorwärts da sein getreuer Piepenmeister . Tarihin Erzählung aus der Zeit der deutschen Befreiungkriege'' . Leipzig: Spamer, 1880.
* An yi amfani da su. [Hasiya]
* ''Dämonen im Bauernhof. Eine Schwarzwälder Dorfgeschichte der reiferen Jugend und dem Volke'' Обо. Düsseldorf: Bagel, 1882.
* ''Yesu, Zuversicht! Erzählung aus der Zeit des großen Kurfürsten''. Düsseldorf: Bagel, 1883.
* ''Schulstube da Schlachtfeld. Eine Erzählung für die Jugend''. Düsseldorf: Bagel, 1883.
* ''Preußens Heer - Preußans Ehr! Militär- und kulturgeschichtliche Bilder aus drei Jahrhunderten'' . Leipzig: Hirt, 1883.
* ''William Shakespeare da Altengland. Kulturhistorische Erzählung aus der Regierungszeit Elisabeths''. Berlin: Ebhardt, 1884.
* ''Unter dem Joche der Cäsaren. Kulturgeschichtliche Erzählung aus der Zeit des Kaisers Hadrian und den Tagen des Verfalls Judäa's.'' Leipzig: Hirt, 1884.
* ''Bilder aus dem Städteleben Augsburgs und Nürnbergs''. Leipzig: Wigand, 1884.
* ''Merksteine deutschen Bürgertums. Kulturgeschichtliche Bilder aus dem Mittelalter'' . Leipzig: Hirt, 1886.
* ''Der Storchenbauer. Eine Dorfgeschichte aus dem badischen Schwarzwald für die Jugend'' . Stuttgart: Schmidt u. Spring, 1886.
* ''Wani manzo ne na deutscher''. Leipzig: Hirt, 1887. Tr. a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland kamar ''De Deutsche Heiden-Apostel'', Rotterdam: Wenk &amp; Birkhoff, 1902.
* ''Kaiser Friedrich als Prinz, Feldherr da Herrscher''. Berlin: Leo, 1888.
* ''Fursunoni na Vaterland! A cikin wani labari mai suna Deutschlands''. Stuttgart: Schmidt u. Spring, 1888.
* Ya mutu Turmkäte von Köln. Erzählung aus dem rheinischen Kaufmannsleben im 16. Jarirai. Berlin: Mehring, 1888.
* ''Ka ajiye a cikin der Zeit, don haka ka sami Du a cikin der Not. Eine Erzählung aus dem oberschlesischen Volksleben''. [Hasiya]
* ''Daidai da Seiltänzers. Eine Erzählung für die liebe Jugend''. Stuttgart: Schmidt u. Spring, 1893.

=== Reprints ===

* ''Robinson Crusoe. Nach der Defoe'schen Erzählung''. Reprint na bugu na biyar (Berlin: Meidinger 1895). [Hasiya]  .{{ISBN|978-3-939791-14-0}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Category: Marubuci]] 
[[Category:Mutanen Jamus]]
[[Category:Mutuwan  1894]]</text>
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    <title>Oliver Peake</title>
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'''Oliver John Peake''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2006) ɗan wasan kurket ne na Australiya wanda ke buga wasan kurket na cikin gida na Australiya ga Victoria da Melbourne Renegades. Shi ɗan wasan kurket ne na hagu kuma mai buga ƙwallo na hannun dama.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Peake a Geelong a Victoria, kuma ya halarci [[Kwalejin St Joseph, Geelong|Kwalejin St Joseph's]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2025 {{!}} SJOCA EDM {{!}} SJC Alumni Big Bash Debut |url=https://www.sjc.vic.edu.au/news/2025-sjoca-edm-sjc-alumni-big-bash-debut |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=SJC |language=en |archive-date=2025-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219045423/https://www.sjc.vic.edu.au/news/2025-sjoca-edm-sjc-alumni-big-bash-debut |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; sannan daga baya ya halarci [[Makarantar Grammar ta Geelong|Makarantar Grammar Geelong]] bisa tallafin karatu a fannin wasanni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amy |first=Paul |date=10 November 2024 |title=Batting wunderkind Ollie Peake primed for Victorian seconds call-up, as he looks to launch from prodigious Under 19s record |url=https://www.thechronicle.com.au/sport/cricket/batting-wunderkind-ollie-peake-primed-for-victorian-seconds-callup-as-he-looks-to-launch-from-prodigious-under-19s-record/news-story/fab50988d8eb7c1bc3b541f917e7cc76?amp&amp;nk=0d575c05e145e74dba90274bca25cce5-1733251087 |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=The Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa tsohon ɗan wasan kurket ne na Victoria Clinton Peake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2024 |title=Thirty years after father Clinton's triple hundred versus India U-19, son Oliver Peake scores hundred |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/oliver-peake-clinton-triple-hundred-india-vs-australia-u19-9612221/lite/ |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin gida ==
Peake ya buga wasa da South Barwon Cricket Club, yana buga wasanni biyu tare da mahaifinsa, kafin ya koma bugawa Geelong Cricket Club a gasar Victorian Premier Cricket . Duk da haka, ƙungiyarsa ba ta yi daidai da gwarzon ɗan wasan ba, James Tilders wanda ya zira kwallaye 5 a wasan da suka yi da Peake. An naɗa shi a matsayin ɗan wasan Cricket na shekara na Australian Cricket Society a watan Oktoban 2024.[1] [2]

A watan Nuwamba na 2024, an zaɓe shi don ya buga wasan kurket na biyu na XI ga Victoria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2025 {{!}} SJOCA EDM {{!}} SJC Alumni Big Bash Debut |url=https://www.sjc.vic.edu.au/news/2025-sjoca-edm-sjc-alumni-big-bash-debut |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=SJC |language=en |archive-date=2025-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219045423/https://www.sjc.vic.edu.au/news/2025-sjoca-edm-sjc-alumni-big-bash-debut |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 18 ga Janairu 2025, ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar Big Bash League ga Melbourne Renegades da Brisbane Heat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amy |first=Paul |date=10 November 2024 |title=Batting wunderkind Ollie Peake primed for Victorian seconds call-up, as he looks to launch from prodigious Under 19s record |url=https://www.thechronicle.com.au/sport/cricket/batting-wunderkind-ollie-peake-primed-for-victorian-seconds-callup-as-he-looks-to-launch-from-prodigious-under-19s-record/news-story/fab50988d8eb7c1bc3b541f917e7cc76?amp&amp;nk=0d575c05e145e74dba90274bca25cce5-1733251087 |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=The Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 October 2024 |title=Thirty years after father Clinton's triple hundred versus India U-19, son Oliver Peake scores hundred |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/oliver-peake-clinton-triple-hundred-india-vs-australia-u19-9612221/lite/ |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peake shi ma ya fara buga wasa a matakin farko a wannan kakar, inda ya buga wasan ƙarshe na Sheffield Shield na Victoria na kakar 2024-25, da Western Australia a [[Ƙasar WACA|WACA Ground]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2025 {{!}} SJOCA EDM {{!}} SJC Alumni Big Bash Debut |url=https://www.sjc.vic.edu.au/news/2025-sjoca-edm-sjc-alumni-big-bash-debut |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=SJC |language=en |archive-date=2025-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219045423/https://www.sjc.vic.edu.au/news/2025-sjoca-edm-sjc-alumni-big-bash-debut |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amy |first=Paul |date=10 November 2024 |title=Batting wunderkind Ollie Peake primed for Victorian seconds call-up, as he looks to launch from prodigious Under 19s record |url=https://www.thechronicle.com.au/sport/cricket/batting-wunderkind-ollie-peake-primed-for-victorian-seconds-callup-as-he-looks-to-launch-from-prodigious-under-19s-record/news-story/fab50988d8eb7c1bc3b541f917e7cc76?amp&amp;nk=0d575c05e145e74dba90274bca25cce5-1733251087 |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=The Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peake ya ci wa Victoria kwallaye a zagaye na farko, tare da gudummawar 52.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 March 2025 |title=Handscomb, debutant Peake hold their own with attrition on WACA green top |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sheffield-shield-2024-25-1444468/western-australia-vs-victoria-29th-match-1444521/match-report-1 |publisher=[[ESPNCricinfo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba shi kwangilar sabuwar jiha a watan Mayu na 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;lewis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paynter |first=Jack |last2=Cameron |first2=Louis |date=6 May 2025 |title=Vics' young guns elevated after impressing in debut seasons |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4260581/harry-dixon-oliver-peake-contract-upgrades-victoria-squad-list-2025-26-season-sheffield-shield |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=Cricket.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wata mai zuwa, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta BBL tare da Melbourne Renegades.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2025 |title=Rising Peake lands first full Big Bash deal |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4298977/rising-peake-lands-first-full-big-bash-deal |access-date=16 Dec 2025 |website=Cricket.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 15 ga Disamba 2025, Peake ya zira kwallaye na farko a rabin ƙarni a wasansa na biyu, da Brisbane Heat, inda ya zira kwallaye 57 daga kwallaye 29.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2025 {{!}} SJOCA EDM {{!}} SJC Alumni Big Bash Debut |url=https://www.sjc.vic.edu.au/news/2025-sjoca-edm-sjc-alumni-big-bash-debut |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=SJC |language=en |archive-date=2025-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219045423/https://www.sjc.vic.edu.au/news/2025-sjoca-edm-sjc-alumni-big-bash-debut |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Obagaji</title>
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'''Obagaji''' wani gari ne kuma hedkwatar karamar hukumar [[Agatu]], [[Benue (jiha)|Jihar Benue]], Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Obagaji, Nigeria - Facts and information on Obagaji - Nigeria.Places-in-the-world.com |url=https://nigeria.places-in-the-world.com/2348308-place-Obagaji.html |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=nigeria.places-in-the-world.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayi / yanayin ƙasa ==
Daga Fabrairu 4 zuwa Afrilu 17, lokacin zafi, wanda ke da matsakaicin [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] na yau da kullun wanda ya wuce 93 ° F, yana da tsawon watanni 2.4. Tare da matsakaicin 95 ° F da ƙasa na 75 ° F, Maris shine watan da ya fi zafi a shekara a Obagaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Compare current season to climate for Obagaji |url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatecomparison/obagaji_nigeria_2348308 |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=meteoblue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin sanyi na watanni 4.0, wanda ke gudana daga Yuni 22 zuwa Oktoba 24, yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun na kasa da 86 ° F. Tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 65 ° F da kuma sama da 88 ° F, Disamba shine watan da ya fi sanyi a shekara a Obagaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title=Weather Obagaji |url=https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/week/obagaji_nigeria_2348308 |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=meteoblue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kullum yana tashi a kusa da 84 ° F, da wuya ya sauka ƙasa da 81 ° F ko ya tashi sama da 87 ° F. A ranar 18 ga watan Agusta, matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun yana mafi ƙasƙanci, 84 ° F.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Obagaji August Weather, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/m/55082/8/Average-Weather-in-August-in-Obagaji-Nigeria |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin sauka na yau da kullun yana motsawa a kusa da 73 ° F, da wuya ya sauka ƙasa da 71 ° F ko ya tashi sama da 74 ° F. A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun shine 73 ° F.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather in Obagaji for a week |url=https://www.gismeteo.com/weather-obagaji-300198/weekly/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=GISMETEO.COM |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin Obagaji, yanayin zafi yawanci ya bambanta daga 75 ° F zuwa 95 ° F a ranar 16 ga Maris, ranar da ta fi zafi a shekara, kuma daga 64 ° F zuwa 89 ° F a mokolo 31 ga Disamba, ranar da aka fi sanyi a shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather Obagaji {{!}} Forecast, Radar, Lightning &amp; Satellite |url=https://meteologix.com/ng/weather/2348308-obagaji |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Meteologix.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Pelaghia Roșu</title>
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[[Fayil:RO_CJ_Mărișel_2012_(8).jpg|thumb|Bust na Pelaghia Roșu a Mărișel]]
'''Pelaghia Roșu''' (1800 - 10 ga Yuni 1870) ta kasance mai juyin juya hali [[Romainiya|na Romania]] wadda ta shiga juyin juya halin Transylvania na 1848–1849. A watan Maris na 1849, ta jagoranci wata runduna ta mata don kare ƙauyenta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Newsweek&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://newsweek.ro/istorie/povestea-pelaghiei-femeia-din-oastea-lui-avram-iancu-care-i-a-pus-pe-fuga-pe-maghiari-ce-a-facut|title=Povestea Pelaghiei, femeia din oastea lui Avram Iancu. I-a pus pe fugă pe maghiari. Ce a făcut|language=ro|first=Alin|last=Crișan|publisher=[[Newsweek|Newsweek Romania]]|date=November 11, 2023|access-date=November 17, 2024|archive-date=February 23, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223101639/https://newsweek.ro/istorie/povestea-pelaghiei-femeia-din-oastea-lui-avram-iancu-care-i-a-pus-pe-fuga-pe-maghiari-ce-a-facut|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fayil:RO_CJ_Mărișel_2012_(14).jpg|thumb|Kabarin Roșu a Mărișel]]
An haife ta a Mărișel, wani ƙaramin ƙauye kusa da Cluj-Napoca . Mahaifinta, Ioan Dufle, yana koyar da gida, ta amfani da littattafan Romania, bayan haka ta tafi karatu na tsawon shekaru 3 a Budapest . Ta auri Ioan Roșu kuma tana da ɗa ɗaya, mai suna Indrei (Andrei), wanda daga baya ya yi yaƙi da sojojin Avram Iancu a lokacin juyin juya halin Transylvania.&lt;ref name=&quot;Newsweek&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

* Păcățian, Teodor V. - Cartea de aur sau luptele siyasa-naționale ale românilor de sub coroana ungară, juzu'i I, 2nd edition, Sibiu, Tipografia Iosif Marschall
* Șandor, Teodor - Mărișel și Fântânele, istorie vie, Făclia, ziar independent de Cluj, 11 ga Yuli 2008</text>
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      <text bytes="4796" sha1="glkcs772apkqwruij5jnjluusw34vl0" xml:space="preserve">'''Nurit Hirsh''' (Ibraniyawa; an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1942) mawaki ne na Isra'ila, mai shirya kuma mai gudanarwa wanda ya rubuta waƙoƙin Ibrananci sama da dubu.&lt;ref name=&quot;nurit-hirsh1&quot;/&gt; Uku daga cikin shahararrun waƙoƙinta da aka fi sani da su sune ''Ba-Shanah ha-Ba'ah'' (''Shekara Mai zuwa'', kalmomin Ehud Manor), ''Oseh Shalom bi-Meromav'' (rubutu daga addu'ar Kaddish).  da kuma A-Ba-Ni-Bi, wanda ya lashe gasar Eurovision Song Contest ta 1978. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-30 |title=N12 - הכתבה האחרונה של רינה מצליח - שיחה מרגשת עם נורית הירש... |url=https://www.mako.co.il/news-entertainment/2022_q4/Article-94a0b3e913d5581027.htm |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=N12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Nurit Hirsh (Rosenfeld) ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Kiɗa a Tel Aviv, tana karatun piano. Ta kuma yi karatun abun da ke ciki tare da Mordecai Seter, orchestration tare da Noam Sheriff da kuma gudanarwa tare da László Roth . Ta yi karatun clarinet tare da Yaacov Barnea na Isra'ila Philharmonic Orchestra . &lt;ref name=&quot;nurit-hirsh1&quot;/&gt; Hirsh ta yi aikin soja na IDF tare da ƙungiyar nishaɗi na rundunar soja. Ta fara yin waka bayan kammala aikinta, ta fara aiki tare da ''Perach Halilach'', wanda Uri Asaf ya rubuta a 1965 kuma wanda mawaƙa Chava Alberstein ya shahara.

A shekara ta 1971 Joy ta rufe waƙarta &quot;Bashana Haba'a&quot; a matsayin &quot;Shekara Mai zuwa&quot; wanda Rod McBrien ya samar.

Tare da Ilanit ta shiga gasar waƙoƙin Athens . Har ila yau a cikin 1971 ta wakilci Isra'ila a cikin Split Song Festival (Yugoslavia) tare da 'Na'ari bayam beito', wanda Edna Goren ya yi, a cikin sigar Serbo-Croatian ('Moren plovi dragi Alfred'), ta Ibrica Jusić. A cikin Viña del Mar Song Festival a Chile ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu tare da 'Hora nova' wanda Aliza Azikri ya yi. Ta sami lambar yabo ta farko a bikin waƙoƙin yara na Malta na 1972 tare da 'Makhela Aliza'.

A shekara ta 1973, waƙarta Ey Sham, wadda Ilanit ta yi, ta kasance ta huɗu a Gasar Waƙoƙin Eurovision a Luxembourg. Ta shirya waƙar kuma ta jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Ita ce mace ta biyu da ta jagoranci gasar bayan Monica Dominique, wacce ta gudanar da shigarwar Sweden You're Summer a wannan shekarar.

Ta lashe bikin yara na IBA a 1976 tare da 'Lassie shuvi habaita' wanda [[Edna Lev]] ta raira.

A cikin 1978 Eurovision Song Contest, ta sake jagorantar ƙungiyar mawaƙa don shigar Isra'ila A-Ba-Ni-Bi, wanda ta tsara, kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar farko.

A shekara ta 1979 ta rubuta 'Papa Popeye' wanda ya lashe bikin waƙoƙin yara na Portugal na Figueira da Foz . A cikin wannan shekarar ta rubuta 'Ina so in gaya wa duniya game da ku' wanda ya zo na biyu a cikin Castlebar Song Festival (Ireland). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=And the conductor is...&amp;#124;...a website dedicated to all conductors of the Eurovision Song Contest |url=http://www.andtheconductoris.eu/index.htm?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurovisionartists.nl%2Fconductor%2Fdir020.asp%3FID=129 |access-date=2026-03-08 |archive-date=2016-12-16 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161216021547/http://www.andtheconductoris.eu/index.htm?http://www.eurovisionartists.nl/conductor/dir020.asp%3FID=129 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta lashe bikin yara na IBA tare da 'Shuvi harmonica' a 1984 da 'Lo na'atsor' a 1985, duka biyun Yardena Arazi ne suka rera su.

Hirsh ya rubuta fina-finai na fina-fukk da hudu na Isra'ila, daga cikinsu ''Lupo!'' , ''Katz da Karasso'', Behind Walls da fim din Ephraim Kishon, The Policeman, wanda aka zaba don mafi kyawun hoto na kasashen waje a 1972 Academy Awards . Ta gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na Sallah Shabati a lokacin shekaru uku a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Habima na Isra'ila . &lt;ref name=&quot;nurit-hirsh1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nurit Hirsh, official website |url=http://www.nurit-hirsh.com |access-date=2010-09-30 |publisher=Nurit-hirsh.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2000, ta kasance baƙo mai daraja a wani kide-kide na musamman a Mann Auditorium a Tel Aviv, inda ta buga piano tare da Isra'ila Philharmonic . Ta yi aiki tare da 'yarta, Ruth Rosenfeld, mawaƙan opera, a wurare a duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;nurit-hirsh1&quot;/&gt;

Ta yi aiki tare da Ehud Manor a kai a kai kuma ta saita yawancin waƙoƙinsa zuwa kiɗa, daga cikinsu Habatim Shenigmeru Leyad Hayam, Bashanah Haba'ah, Lalechet Shevi Acharayich da sauran waƙoƙi, mafi yawansu Ilanit, Ofra Fuchs da Rivka Zohar ne suka yi. Hirsh kuma an san shi da Oseh Shalom Bimromav, wanda aka tsara don bikin Hasidic Song na farko, wanda aka gudanar a shekarar 1969, kuma wanda ya dauki lambar yabo ta uku. Tun daga wannan lokacin waƙarta ta zama wani ɓangare na liturgy a majami'u da al'ummomin Yahudawa a duk duniya.[1]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osing language</title>
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Bahasa Osing), wanda aka fi sani da ''Baza Banyuwangi'', yaren [[Javanese language|Javanese]] na zamani ne na [[Osing people|Mutanen Osing]] na [[East Java|Gabashin Java]], Indonesia. Yaren Osing yana amfani da diphthongization na musamman (canja wasula [i] zuwa [ai] da wasula [u] zuwa [au]) wanda ba a samu a cikin wasu yarukan Javanese. An rarraba su da farko a cikin Banyuwangi Regency, amma kuma ana iya samun su a gabashin [[Jember Regency]], musamman a gundumomin Panti da W Fe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Darojatin |first=Elok |date=2020 |title=Pemertahanan Bahasa Using di Desa Serut Kecamatan Panti Kabupaten Jember (Kajian Sosiolinguistik) |url=https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/lingua/article/viewFile/19900/12165 |journal=Lingua: Jurnal Sastra, Bahasa, dan Pengajarannya |language=id |location=[[Semarang]] |publisher=[[Universitas Negeri Semarang]] |volume=16 |pages= |doi= |issn=2549-3183 |doi-access= }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hasbullah |first=Izur |date=2018 |title=Variasi Dialektal di Kabupaten Jember dan Banyuwangi Bagian Selatan |url=https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/jurnal-sapala/article/view/30123/27612 |journal=Jurnal Sapala |language=id |location=[[Surabaya]] |publisher=[[Universitas Negeri Surabaya]] |volume=5 |issn= |access-date=26 July 2025 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu kalmomin Osing suna da infix /-y-/ 'ngumbyah', 'kidyang', waɗanda ake furta /ngumbah/ da /kidang/ a cikin [[Harshen Javanese|Javanese]], bi da bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;EVA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Projects &gt; Javanese Dialectology &gt; Osing Dialect |url=http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/osing.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131202/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/osing.php |archive-date=14 May 2011 |access-date=14 May 2011 |website=Jakarta Field Station}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Hasan Ali (mai fafutuka)|Hasan Ali]], mai ba da shawara game da amfani da harshe a Banyuwangi ne ya buga ƙamus na harshe a shekara ta 2002.

== Kalmomin kalmomi ==
Kalmomin Osing daban-daban sun hada da: &lt;ref name=&quot;EVA&quot;/&gt;

* ''osing / sing'' 'ba' (ka'idar Javanese: ora) 
* paran 'me' (ma'auni na Javanese) 
* &quot;Idan&quot; (alamu na Javanese) 
* ''kelendhi'' 'yadda' (tsarin Javanese: kepiyè, piyè) 
* ''maning'' 'sake' (ma'auni na Javanese: manèh, [[Yaren Banyumasan]] da wasu Gresik na Javanes suma suna amfani da 'maning') 
* ''isun'' 'Ni / ni' (ma'auni na Javanese: aku, Lamongan da Gresik wani lokacin kuma suna amfani da 'esun') 
* ''rikå'' 'ku' (ka'idar Javanese: kowè, [[Yaren Banyumasan]] kuma yana amfani da &quot;rikå&quot;) 
* ''zobe'' /nong 'in/at/on' (ka'idar Javanese: ning, nang, Malang kuma yana amfani da 'nong', [[Harshen Balinese]] da Tsohon Javanese suma suna amfani da &quot;ring&quot;) 
* masiyå/''ambèknå'' 'ko da'/'ko da yake' (ma'auni na Javanese: senadyan, senajan, najan, yaren Arekan na Javanish kuma yana amfani da 'masiyå' / ambekna) 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oluwatoyin A. Odeku</title>
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'''Oluwatoyin Adepeju Odeku''' farfesa ce ta Najeriya a fannin magunguna da fasahar magunguna, mai gudanar da ilimi, kuma mai ba da shawara. Tana da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], inda ta yi aiki a matsayin Dean na Faculty of Pharmacy . An san ta da bincike a cikin tsarin samar da magunguna da tsarin isar da magunguna, da kuma gudummawar da ta bayar ga jagorantar mata a kimiyya.&lt;ref name=&quot;african_scientists&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oluwatoyin Odeku Profile |url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/odeku/ |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=African Scientists Directory}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Odeku ta sami digiri na farko na Pharmacy (B.Pharm.) daga Jami'ar Ife wadda yanzu aka sani da [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]], Ile-Ife, Najeriya. Daga baya ta sami digiri na Master of Science (M.Sc.), 1992 da Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) daga Jami'ar Ibadan, Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;african_scientists&quot;/&gt;

Har ila yau, tana da digiri na Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) daga [[Jami'ar Benin]] kuma ta sami horo a cikin gudanar da ilimi mafi girma a [[Jamus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;naip&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Professor Oluwatoyin A. Odeku |url=https://staging.naipnigeria.org/professor-oluwatoyin-a-odeku-2/ |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=NAIP Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Farfesa Odeku ta yi karatun postdoctoral a Jami'ar Ibrananci, Urushalima, Isra'ila . 

== Ayyukan ilimi ==
Odeku ta fara aikinta na ilimi a Jami'ar Ibadan a 1993, a matsayin Mataimakin Malami. Ta tashi zuwa matsayin farfesa a shekara ta 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;daad&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Professor Oluwatoyin Odeku Biography |url=https://static.daad.de/media/daad_de/pdfs_nicht_barrierefrei/infos-services-fuer-hochschulen/projektsteckbriefe/daad_gender_conference_proceedings_2017.pdf |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=DAAD}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farfesa a fannin magunguna da fasahar magunguna. Ta zama Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka (ASS) a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ORCID |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0732-1304 |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=orcid.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta rike mukamai da yawa na jagoranci, ciki har da, Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy, Director, Office of International Programs, Head of Department (Acting) da Sub-Dean (Undergraduate). &lt;ref name=&quot;daad&quot;/&gt;

=== Ayyuka ===
A lokacin taron shekara-shekara na 97 na Ƙungiyar Magunguna ta Najeriya (PSN), wanda ya faru a Uyo, Akwa Ibom, jihar daga 4-9 Nuwamba, Farfesa Odeku ya sami lambar yabo ta 2024 na babbar lambar yabo ta May &amp; Baker Professional Service a Pharmacy. Wadannan darajar tsabar kudi don Kyautar sun kasance N1m. Yayinda yake karɓar kyautar, Farfesa Oluwatoyin ya bayyana cewa, &quot;Na ƙidaya shi babban girmamawa don zama mai karɓar kyautar ƙwararren sabis na Mayu da Baker na 2024. Ina godiya ga Allah da iyalina saboda goyon bayansu. Ina godiya ga May da Baker don ci gaba da amincewa da gudummawa ga sana'ar kantin magani a tsawon shekaru. Ina fatan May da Baker ci gaba da samun nasara. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ojalumo |first=Ranmilowo |date=2024-11-15 |title=Ex-UI Pharmacy Dean, Odeku Wins May &amp; Baker Professional Service Award |url=http://pharmanewsonline.com/ex-ui-pharmacy-dean-odeku-wins-may-baker-professional-service-award/ |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=Pharmanewsonline |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Majalisar Likitocin Najeriya (PCN) ta haɗu a Kaduna don tattauna game da Najeriya da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Farfesa Odeku ya kasance a can kuma ya yi magana a kan wani batu mai laushi: Rage barazanar shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ta hanyar bayanai, ilimi da sadarwa. A cikin jawabinta, ta ce, &quot;yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi yana kashewa. Yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi yana rage makomar gaba. Yara don Allah kada su shiga cikin shan miyagun ƙwayoyi... yana canza tsarin kwakwalwar ku. Yana sarrafa kwakwalwar ku saboda ya shafi kwakwalwa, wasu za su zama masu zalunci ko masu baƙin ciki. Suna kama da ba a kula da su ba. Suna shiga cikin hali mai ban mamaki. &quot;[1][2]

a ranar Alhamis, 02 ga Oktoba, 2014, Farfesa Odeku ta gabatar da lacca ta farko a Jami'ar Ibadan . Taken shi ne, &quot;Ci gaban magunguna na asali: Labari ko gaskiya. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Inaugural Lecturer Series 2013/2014 |date=2014 |title=Development of indigenous pharmaceutical excipients : myth or reality : an inaugural lecture delivered at the University of Ibadan on Thursday, 02 October, 2014 |url=https://catalog.nlm.nih.gov/discovery/fulldisplay/alma9916600033406676/01NLM_INST:01NLM_INST |url-status=live |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=catalog.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken ta yana mai da hankali kan magunguna, tsarin isar da magunguna, kimiyyar polymer, da fasahar magunguna.&lt;ref name=&quot;african_scientists&quot;/&gt;

Ta kuma rike mukamai na ziyara da bincike a Jamus, [[Isra'ila]], da [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;naip&quot;/&gt;

== Bincike da wallafe-wallafe ==
Abubuwan da Odeku ke sha'awa a kansu sun haɗa da tsarin samar da magunguna da kuma isar da su, abubuwan da ke taimakawa wajen samar da magunguna da kuma polymers, da kuma haɓaka magungunan da ke hana kamuwa da ciwon suga.

== Jagora da bayar da shawarwari ==
Odeku ta kafa Cibiyar Ci gaban Cibiyar Kimiyya (WAAN) a cikin 2018, wani shiri na jagoranci da nufin inganta yawan bincike da ci gaban aiki tsakanin malaman mata.&lt;ref name=&quot;nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Odeh |first=Onche |date=12 December 2024 |title=Mentorship is a way of paying it forward |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-024-00337-x |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukanta na jagoranci suna magance kalubalen da mata ke fuskanta a kimiyya, gami da ma'auni na aiki da rayuwa da kuma shingen ma'aikata.&lt;ref name=&quot;nature&quot;/&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da karbuwa ==
Odeku ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa, ciki har da:

* Kyautar Halitta don Jagora a Kimiyya (Yammacin Afirka, 2024) &lt;ref name=&quot;nature&quot;/&gt;
* Kyautar Ayyukan Kwararru ta Mayu &amp; Baker a cikin Pharmacy (2024) &lt;ref name=&quot;pharmanews&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ex-UI Pharmacy Dean Odeku wins May &amp; Baker Professional Service Award |url=https://pharmanewsonline.com/ex-ui-pharmacy-dean-odeku-wins-may-baker-professional-service-award/ |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=PharmaNews}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Humboldt Alumni don Shirye-shiryen Sabuntawa (2021) &lt;ref name=&quot;alumniportal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scheffer |first=Ulrike |date=2025-02-25 |title=Equal opportunities for women in Nigeria |url=https://www.alumniportal-deutschland.org/en/magazine/alumni-stories/equal-opportunities-women-nigeria/ |access-date=17 March 2026 |website=Alumniportal Deutschland |archive-date=2026-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260420134037/https://www.alumniportal-deutschland.org/en/magazine/alumni-stories/equal-opportunities-women-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ita memba ce ta [[Makarantar Kimiyya ta Najeriya|Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Najeriya]], da Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria, da Kwalejin Pharmacy ta Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;naip&quot;/&gt;

== Haɗin sana'a ==
Odeku memba ne na kungiyoyin kimiyya da yawa, gami da Kungiyar Kimiyya ta Najeriya da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;alumniportal&quot;/&gt;

Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Jakadan Humboldt Masanin Kimiyya na Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;alumniportal&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Odeku ta yi aure tare da yara kuma ta yi magana game da muhimmancin tallafin iyali wajen ba mata damar bin ayyukan ilimi.&lt;ref name=&quot;alumniportal&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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    <title>Pengiran Nooriyah</title>
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'''Pengiran [[Alhaji|Hajah]] Nooriyah binti Pengiran Haji Yussof''' jami'ar diflomasiyya ce 'yar ƙasar Brunei wadda ta zama jakadiya a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] tun daga shekarar 2019, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=directoryofmissionabroad_Korea |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bn/Pages/directoryofmissionabroad_Korea.aspx |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=mfa.gov.bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tsohuwar shugabar ofishin jakadancin Brunei a Kota Kinabalu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bruneian Consulate General in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia |url=https://visacent.com/consulate-general/bruneian-consulate-general-in-kota-kinabalu-malaysia/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=visacent.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana kuma cikin jakada mai daraja Membobin ƙungiyar Asiya ta Koriya. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honorary Ambassador Members |url=https://asiasociety.org/korea/honorary-ambassador-members |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=asiasociety.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin diflomasiyya ==
A farkon aikinta, ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar bincike a Sashen Siyasa na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje .

Christina Liew ta gana da Pengiran Nooriyah don tattaunawa kan yiwuwar haɗin gwiwa da Brunei Darussalam Tourism don haɓaka haɓakar yawon buɗe ido a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2018. Wuraren shakatawa na yawon buɗe ido a ƙasarta, a cewarta, sun haɗa da Jerudong Park, Taman Mahkota, Ulu Temburong National Park, Kampong Ayer, [[Masallaci|masallatai]], wurin shakatawa mai taken ruwa, da [[Tafki|tafkuna]] . Ta ce, Kota Kinabalu wuri ne da 'yan ƙasar Brunei ke so su ziyarta, musamman a lokacin hutun makaranta da kuma a watan Disamba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-10-03 |title=Looking forward to Brunei tourism spin-offs |url=https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/127680/looking-forward-to-brunei-tourism-spin-offs/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=dailyexpress.com.my}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2019, [[Al-Muhtadee Billah|Yarima Al-Muhtadee Billah]] ya tarbi sabbin wakilan Brunei da aka naɗa, ciki har da Pengiran Nooriyah a matsayin jakadar Brunei a Jamhuriyar Koriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-04-16 |title=Crown Prince receives in audience newly appointed and outgoing envoys |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/crown-prince-receives-in-audience-newly-appointed-and-outgoing-envoys-2/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722221541/https://borneobulletin.com.bn/crown-prince-receives-in-audience-newly-appointed-and-outgoing-envoys-2/ |archive-date=22 July 2022 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=borneobulletin.com.bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wannan rana, an gabatar mata da takardar shaidarta daga [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah]] a Istana Nurul Iman . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohamad Azmi Awang Damit |date=2019-04-15 |title=INFODEPT01-004 |url=http://www.infofoto.gov.bn/main.php?g2_itemId=816211 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=infofoto.gov.bn |language=ms}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Brunei, Pengiran Nooriyah, ya kai ziyarar fatan alheri ga Tun Juhar Mahiruddin da matarsa, Norlidah, a Istana Seri Kinabalu a ranar 22 ga wata. A cewarta, manufar ziyarar ita ce tattaunawa da Juhar game da rantsar da ita a matsayin sabuwar jakadar kasar a Koriya ta Kudu a watan Mayu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-04-22 |title=Kunjungan perpisahan Pengiran Nooriyah terhadap Tun Juhar |url=https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2019/04/22/kunjungan-perpisahan-pengiran-nooriyah-terhadap-tun-juhar |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=utusanborneo.com.my |language=ms}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pehin Dato Halbi ya jagoranci tawagar Brunei zuwa taron tattaunawa kan tsaro na Seoul (SDD 2023) da kuma baje kolin sararin samaniya da tsaro na Seoul (ADEX) da aka gudanar a [[Seoul]], daga 17 zuwa 22 ga Oktoba 2023, tare da Pengiran Nooriyah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Perkukuh kerjasama keselamatan, keamanan melalui dialog |url=https://www.jpm.gov.bn/Lists/Berita%20JPM%202022/NewDispForm.aspx?ID=699&amp;source=/SitePages/Home.aspx |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=jpm.gov.bn |language=ms }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND RBAF DELEGATION ATTENDS 2023 SEOUL DEFENSE DIALOGUE (SDD) AND AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE EXHIBITION (ADEX) |url=https://www.mindef.gov.bn/Lists/News/DispForm.aspx?ID=6057 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=mindef.gov.bn |archive-date=2023-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216062145/https://www.mindef.gov.bn/Lists/News/DispForm.aspx?ID=6057 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=MinDef, RBAF at South Korean defence forum |url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/mindef-rbaf-at-south-korean-defence-forum/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=MinDef, RBAF at South Korean defence forum |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Pengiran Nooriyah ita ce diyar mai martaba Pengiran Lela Wijaya Pengiran Dato Seri Laila Jasa Haji Yussof (1917-2004), da matarsa Pengiran Datin Hajjah Siti Hadizah, wanda duka biyun zuriyar gidan sarauta ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=A. V. M. Horton |date=2004-01-01 |title=Negara Brunei Darussalam: obituaries 2004. |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&amp;sw=w&amp;issn=00067806&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r&amp;id=GALE%7CA134382050&amp;sid=googleScholar&amp;linkaccess=abs |journal=Borneo Research Bulletin |language=English |volume=35 |pages=8–17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da jimlar ƴan'uwa 10 da ƴan'uwa mata 4, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; waɗanda suka haɗa da Pengiran Menudin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lyna Mohammad |date=2005-09-16 |title=Sultanate – News {{!}} Negara Brunei Darussalam {{!}} Deputy Sultan visits MINDEF directorate |url=http://www.sultanate.com/news_server/16_sept_3.html |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=sultanate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya ta rike taken Dayangku . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honorary Ambassador Members |url=https://asiasociety.org/korea/honorary-ambassador-members |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=asiasociety.org |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://asiasociety.org/korea/honorary-ambassador-members &quot;Honorary Ambassador Members&quot;]. ''asiasociety.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 December&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Otiko Afisa Djaba</title>
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      <text bytes="7655" sha1="9janbelwidg5rrmecb4j65bq6ivxkwg" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Otiko Afisa Djaba''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1962) 'yar siyasar Ghana ce. Shirin da ta yi a baya shi ne mai shirya mata na kasa don Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriot . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Did Otiko Djaba Earn The NPP National Women Organizer Position On Merit? – NDC Man Ask |url=https://www.modernghana.com/thread/389346/705741/1 |access-date=2016-09-16 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Is Georgette Djaba, Otiko Djaba's Subject of Media Reference? |url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/comment/features/201410/220397.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019102149/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/comment/features/201410/220397.php |archive-date=2022-10-19 |access-date=2016-09-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=adomonline.com |title=Ghana News - Otiko Djaba dissociates herself from sister's comments |url=http://ghana-news.adomonline.com/politics/2014/October-22nd/otiko-djaba-dissociates-herself-from-sisters-comments.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920052145/http://ghana-news.adomonline.com/politics/2014/October-22nd/otiko-djaba-dissociates-herself-from-sisters-comments.php |archive-date=2016-09-20 |access-date=2016-09-16 |website=ghana-news.adomonline}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Myjoyonline.com |title=Ghana News - Don't condemn Ken Agyapong; investigate allegations – Otiko Djaba |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2016/July-18th/dont-condemn-ken-agyapong-investigate-allegations-otiko-djaba.php |access-date=2016-09-16 |website=myjoyonline. |archive-date=2016-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922085413/http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2016/July-18th/dont-condemn-ken-agyapong-investigate-allegations-otiko-djaba.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma kasance tsohuwar ministan Jima'i, Yara da Tsaron Jama'a.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Djaba a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 1962 ga Henry Kojo Djaba da Rosalind Sheita Bawa a Koforidua a [[Ghana]])&quot; id=&quot;mwIA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Eastern Region (Ghana)&quot;&gt;Yankin Gabas Ghana . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 November 2014 |title=Henry Djaba's finest: Dede Djaba v. Otiko Afisa Djaba |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/diaspora/Henry-Djaba-s-finest-Dede-Djaba-v-Otiko-Afisa-Djaba-334565 |access-date=2016-09-16 |website=ghanaweb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Djaba |first=Georgette |title=Otiko Afisah Djaba - a remarkable and dynamic politician and ambassador for peace in the Northern Region |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/189206/otiko-afisah-djaba-a-remarkable-and-dynamic-politician-and.html |access-date=2016-09-16 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ita ce ta biyu a cikin 'yan uwa ashirin da daya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quaicoe-Duho&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quaicoe-Duho |first=Rebecca |title=Otiko Djaba: A true politician - Graphic Online - {{!}} 2016 |url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/otiko-djaba-a-true-politician.html |access-date=2016-09-16 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Djaba ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Tamale (yanzu babbar makarantar sakandare ce ta Tamale). Tana da difloma a cikin sadarwa da tallace-tallace daga wata ma'aikata a Ingila. Ta kuma sami horo a matsayin mai nazarin tsarin kwamfuta daga kwaleji a Ingila. &lt;ref name=&quot;Quaicoe-Duho&quot;/&gt;

== Rayuwar siyasa ==
A shekara ta 2008, Djaba ta yi takarar kujerar Bole Bamboi a tikitin NPP amma ta sha kashi a hannun tsohon shugaban kasa, [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]]  kuma daga baya ta zama Mai shirya Mata na New Patriotic Party . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Myjoyonline.com |title=Otiko Djaba thanks NPP Delegates - MyJoyOnline |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2014/april-15th/otiko-djaba-thanks-npp-delegates.php |access-date=2017-02-18 |website=myjoyonline |archive-date=2017-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219105039/http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2014/april-15th/otiko-djaba-thanks-npp-delegates.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; An nada ta Ministan Jima'i, Yara da Tsaron Jama'a a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Otiko Djaba In New York... |url=http://m.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201702/304981.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212221357/https://m.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201702/304981.php |archive-date=2023-02-12 |access-date=2017-02-04 |website=mobile peace fm online |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 2018, an nada ta jakadan Ghana a [[Italiya]] amma ta ki amincewa da tayin.

Otiko Djaba an ba ta suna Ministan Mataimakin Afirka mafi kyau na 2018 ta hanyar mai shirya fina-finai na Los Angeles, Ms Zuriel Elisie Oduwole, wanda ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Otiko Djaba named 2018 Best African Gender Minister : Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection |url=https://www.mogcsp.gov.gh/hon-otiko-djaba-named-2018-best-african-gender-minister/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=www.mogcsp.gov.gh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hamayya da matsayin minista ===
'Yan majalisa marasa rinjaye sun fita daga tsarin jefa kuri'a don amincewa da nadin Djaba a matsayin Ministan Jima'i, Yara da Tsaro na Jama'a gaba ɗaya suna cewa &quot;sun yi imanin cewa halin da take ciki da halin ba su ba da tabbacin cewa za ta iya inganta kula da al'amuran yara da mata na Ghana&quot;.[1] Kafin babban zaben 2016 a Ghana, Djaba ta yi kira ga kabilun Gonja da su zabi John Mahama saboda bai kasance mai aminci a gare su ba, ta bayyana shi a wani taron siyasa a 2016 a matsayin &quot;mummunan, mara cancanta da rashin bege&quot;. [2] Ta ci gaba da cewa maganganun ta ba su da tsoratarwa kuma cewa &quot;ba ta da wani ya nemi gafara&quot;, tana ci gaba da dagewa kan amfani da wannan harshe don bayyana tsohon shugaban.[3][4] Wasu damuwa guda biyu kuma 'yan majalisa na adawa sun tayar da su: na farko shine game da keta dokar Shirin Ayyukan Kasa na Ghana 426 sashi na 7 wanda ke ba da umarnin duk masu karatun jami'a su yi aikin shekara guda na kasa ga kasar kafin su hau mulki. Na biyu ya kasance game da ta sake jaddada da'awar cewa Charlotte Osei ta ba da ni'imar jima'i ga Mahama don musayar matsayinta na shugaban Hukumar Zabe ta Ghana.[5]

Duk da cewa 'yan adawa sun fice daga kuri'un sirri, Djaba ta sami kuri'u 152 masu kyau sama da kashi 50% da ake buƙata don tabbatar mata da matsayin.&lt;ref name=&quot;floor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Myjoyonline.com |date=2017-02-07 |title=Otiko evades Minority resistance to secure ministerial appointment |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2017/february-7th/otiko-evades-minority-resistance-to-secure-ministerial-appointment.php |access-date=2017-02-08 |archive-date=2017-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207220813/http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2017/February-7th/otiko-evades-minority-resistance-to-secure-ministerial-appointment.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madam Otiko Afisa Djaba yanzu tana karbar bakuncin shirin talabijin a kan TV3 mai suna &quot;Bari muyi magana&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2019 |title=Former Gender Minister Otiko Djaba now TV show host |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Former-Gender-Minister-Otiko-Djaba-now-TV-show-host-751955}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Otiko ita ce 'yar'uwar tsohuwar Mataimakin Ministan Sufuri [[Joyce Bawah Mogtari]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-22 |title=Akufo-Addo disrespected my sister - Joyce Bawa Mogtari |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Akufo-Addo-disrespected-my-sister-Joyce-Bawa-Mogtari-801465 |access-date=2020-10-25 |website=Ghanaweb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pablo Barrios</title>
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      <text bytes="3701" sha1="jxxrh3yk1ka1n4hvhxci7u1v1m9fl9i" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| name               = Pablo Barrios
| full_name          = Pablo Barrios Rivas
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|2003|6|15}}
| birth_place        = Madrid, Spain
| position           = Midfielder
| currentclub        = Atlético Madrid
| clubnumber         = 24
| youthyears1        = 2008–2011
| youthclubs1        = Moratalaz
| youthyears2        = 2011–2017
| youthclubs2        = Real Madrid
| youthyears3        = 2017–2022
| youthclubs3        = Atlético Madrid
| years1             = 2022–
| clubs1             = Atlético Madrid B
| caps1              = 15
| goals1             = 0
| years2             = 2022–
| clubs2             = Atlético Madrid
| caps2              = 50
| goals2             = 3
| nationalyears1     = 2019
| nationalteam1      = Spain U16
| nationalcaps1      = 6
| nationalgoals1     = 0
| nationalyears2     = 2022–
| nationalteam2      = Spain U21
| nationalcaps2      = 10
| nationalgoals2     = 1
| club-update        = 30 March 2026
| nationalteam-update= 30 March 2026
}}
'''Pablo Barrios Rivas''' (an haife shi 15 ga Yuni 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya (midfielder) ga ƙungiyar [[Atlético Madrid]] a gasar [[La Liga]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pablo Barrios Profile|url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/jugadores/pablo-barrios|publisher=Atlético Madrid Official Website|access-date=30 March 2026}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Rayuwar Farko ==
An haifi Pablo Barrios a Madrid, Spain. Ya fara taka leda tun yana ƙarami a makarantar horar da matasa ta Moratalaz kafin ya koma makarantar matasa ta [[Real Madrid]]. Daga baya ya koma makarantar matasa ta [[Atlético Madrid]] a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pablo Barrios – Youth Career|url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/pablo-barrios/profil/spieler/|publisher=Transfermarkt|access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Aikin Ƙungiya ==
Barrios ya fara buga wa Atlético Madrid B wasa a shekarar 2022 kafin daga bisani ya samu damar taka leda a babbar ƙungiyar a kakar 2022–23.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Barrios makes first team debut|url=https://www.marca.com|publisher=Marca|access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin matasan ‘yan wasa da suka samu amincewar kociyan ƙungiyar, [[Diego Simeone]], sakamakon ƙwazonsa a tsakiyar fili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Simeone praises Barrios|url=https://www.as.com|publisher=AS|access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A kakar 2023–24, ya ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin wasan ƙungiyar a gasar La Liga da kuma wasannin Turai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pablo Barrios Stats 2023/24|url=https://www.laliga.com|publisher=La Liga Official Website|access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Aikin Ƙasa ==
Barrios ya wakilci Spain a matakin matasa, ciki har da Spain U16 da Spain U21.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Pablo Barrios – Spain Youth|url=https://www.rfef.es|publisher=Royal Spanish Football Federation|access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance cikin matasan ‘yan wasa masu tasowa da ake sa ran za su taka rawa a babbar tawagar ƙasar Spain nan gaba.
== Salon Wasansa ==
Barrios ɗan tsakiya ne mai iya sarrafa ƙwallo da rarraba ita cikin hikima. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen riƙe ƙwallo, wucewa mai inganci, da kuma taimakawa wajen kai hari daga tsakiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Player Analysis: Pablo Barrios|url=https://www.goal.com|publisher=Goal|access-date=30 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spanish footballers]]
[[Category:Atlético Madrid players]]
[[Category:La Liga players]]
[[Category:People from Madrid]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Obed Vargas</title>
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      <text bytes="3582" sha1="mkgkwpo6s349feesu44eklgztb0sf8c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| name = Obed Vargas
| full_name = Obed Vargas
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2005|8|5}}
| birth_place = Anchorage, Alaska, United States
| position = Midfielder
| currentclub = Seattle Sounders FC
| clubnumber = 73
| youthyears1 = 2019–2021
| youthclubs1 = Seattle Sounders FC Academy
| years1 = 2021–
| clubs1 = Seattle Sounders FC
| caps1 = 60+
| goals1 = 1+
| nationalyears1 = 2022–
| nationalteam1 = Mexico U20
| nationalcaps1 = 10+
| nationalgoals1 = 0
}}

'''Obed Vargas''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Agusta, 2005) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan asalin Amurka mai wakiltar Mexico wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan tsakiya (midfielder) a ƙungiyar [[Seattle Sounders FC]] ta gasar Major League Soccer (MLS).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Obed Vargas Profile |url=https://www.soundersfc.com/players/obed-vargas/ |publisher=Seattle Sounders FC |access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar Farko ==
An haifi Vargas a birnin Anchorage, Alaska, a ƙasar Amurka, amma yana da asalin ƙasar Mexico ta hannun iyayensa. Ya taso yana sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, kuma daga baya ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Seattle Sounders FC Academy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Obed Vargas Biography |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/players/obed-vargas/ |publisher=MLS Soccer |access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin Ƙungiya ==
Vargas ya shiga Seattle Sounders FC Academy a shekarar 2019, inda ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai a matakin matasa. A shekarar 2021, ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararru da babbar ƙungiyar Seattle Sounders FC, lamarin da ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin matasa mafi ƙanƙanta da suka taka leda a MLS.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sounders sign Obed Vargas |url=https://www.soundersfc.com/news/sounders-sign-midfielder-obed-vargas |publisher=Seattle Sounders FC |access-date=1 April 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar wasa a hukumance a shekarar 2021, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kakar 2022 lokacin da Seattle Sounders ta lashe kofin [[CONCACAF Champions League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Seattle Sounders win Concacaf Champions League |url=https://www.concacaf.com/champions-league/news/seattle-sounders-win/ |publisher=CONCACAF |access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin Ƙasa ==
Saboda kasancewarsa ɗan asalin Amurka mai jini na Mexico, Vargas yana da damar wakiltar ƙasashen biyu. Ya zaɓi wakiltar Mexico a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 (U20), inda ya fara bugawa a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Obed Vargas called up to Mexico U20 |url=https://miseleccion.mx/noticias/ |publisher=Federación Mexicana de Fútbol |access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon Wasa ==
Vargas ɗan tsakiya ne mai iya rarraba ƙwallo da kyau, tare da kwarewa wajen karewa da kuma fara kai hari daga tsakiya. Ana yabonsa saboda hangen nesa, kwantar da hankali, da kuma ƙwarewar sa a matakin matasa duk da ƙarancin shekarunsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Obed Vargas Scouting Report |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/ |publisher=MLS Soccer |access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarori ==
=== Seattle Sounders FC
* [[CONCACAF Champions League]]: 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Concacaf Champions League 2022 Final |url=https://www.concacaf.com/champions-league/ |publisher=CONCACAF |access-date=1 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American soccer players]]
[[Category:Mexican footballers]]
[[Category:Seattle Sounders FC players]]
[[Category:Major League Soccer players]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Orion Samuelson</title>
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      <text bytes="13174" sha1="3dram14ryq9gg3xbrib1g9nyxyrx8ex" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Orion Clifford Samuelson''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pitzl |first=Ashlee |last2=Kirkpatrick |first2=Marion |last3=McCullough |first3=Currey |date=2026-03-17 |title=RFD-TV Remembers Rural Broadcaster Orion Samuelson |url=https://www.rfdtv.com/rfd-tv-remembers-rural-broadcaster-orion-samuelson |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=RFD-TV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; / / ˈɔːriən / OR -ee-ən ; Maris 31, 1934 - Maris 16, 2026) ɗan jarida ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda aka san shi da watsa shirye-shiryen noma da kuma iyawarsa na bayyana harkokin noma da samar da abinci ta hanyar da za a iya fahimta. &lt;ref name=&quot;feder&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Feder |first=Robert |date=December 17, 2020 |title=Robservations: WGN Radio names Steve Alexander to succeed Orion Samuelson |url=https://robertfeder.dailyherald.com/2020/12/17/robservations-wgn-radio-names-steve-alexander-succeed-orion-samuelson/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=Daily Herald |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An shigar da shi cikin Gidan Rediyon Shahara a 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;hof&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Samuelson Bio |url=http://www.radiohof.org/newstalk/orionsamuelson.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123124228/http://www.radiohof.org/newstalk/orionsamuelson.html |archive-date=2013-01-23 |website=Radio Hall of Fame}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da aiki ==
An haifi Samuelson a wata gonar kiwo kusa da Ontario, Wisconsin, a ranar 31 ga Maris, 1934. &lt;ref name=&quot;hof&quot;/&gt;  Lokacin da yake girma a gonar, ana sa ran Samuelson zai karɓi ragamar kasuwancin iyali, amma cutar ƙafa (cutar Legg-Calvé-Perthes )  ya sa ba zai yiwu a yi aiki mai nauyi ba kuma ya bar shi ya kasa tafiya tsawon lokaci mai yawa a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;wgntv.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 December 2020 |title=Legendary agribusiness broadcaster Orion Samuelson on 60 years |url=https://wgntv.com/news/legendary-agribusiness-broadcaster-orion-samuelson-on-60-years/ }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ya yi tunanin zama fasto na Lutheran kafin ya yanke shawarar yin watanni shida na makarantar rediyo a Cibiyar Harkokin Jiragen Sama ta Amurka da ke Minneapolis. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Aikinsa na farko ya kasance a [[Wisconsin]], a WKLJ a Sparta (a matsayin mai wasan tsere na polka), &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; WHBY a Appleton, da WBAY-TV / AM a Green Bay .

An ji shi a rediyon WGN a Chicago tsawon shekaru sittin yana matsayin babban mai watsa shirye-shiryen noma na tashar daga 1960 zuwa 2020, &lt;ref name=&quot;feder&quot;/&gt; yana samun aikin bayan da magabacinsa [[Norm Kraft]] ya yi murabus ba zato ba tsammani daga aikinsa a rediyo .  A watan Mayu na 1960, ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko da Samuelson ya yi wa WGN shine ya jagoranci ''National Barn Dance'', wani shiri mai dogon lokaci da WGN ta samu lokacin da rediyon WLS ya daina hulɗa da mujallar ''Prairie Farmer'' . WLS ya koma &quot;The Station With Personality&quot; kuma ya fara buga wasan rock 'n' roll . Shekaru uku bayan ya yi aiki a WGN, Samuelson shine ma'aikacin da ya karanta labarin kisan gillar John F. Kennedy . Aikinsa ya sa ya ci abincin dare a Fadar White House kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙasashe 43, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=You Can't Dream Big Enough |url=https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/16299039-you-can-t-dream-big-enough}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ciki har da [[Cuba]], inda ya yi musabaha da Fidel Castro, [[Moscow]] inda ya haɗu da Mikhail Gorbachev, da [[Ingila]] don watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye daga Royal Agricultural Show . Ya yi tafiya tare da Sakataren Noma da Firayim Ministan [[Indiya]] don ganin [[Taj Mahal]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;wgntv.com&quot;/&gt; Ya yi hira da/ko ya haɗu da kowane shugaban Amurka daga Dwight D. Eisenhower zuwa [[Donald Trump]], &lt;ref name=&quot;investigatemidwest.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2019 |title=President Trump makes surprise phone call during Decatur Farm Progress Show |url=https://investigatemidwest.org/2019/08/30/president-trump-makes-surprise-phone-call-during-decatur-farm-progress-show/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ciki har da [[John F. Kennedy]] (lokacin da yake Sanata), Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, George HW Bush, [[George W. Bush]], da [[Bill Clinton]], &lt;ref name=&quot;I'm a Lutheran: Orion Samuelson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 December 2017 |title=I'm a Lutheran: Orion Samuelson |url=https://www.livinglutheran.org/2017/12/27515/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;investigatemidwest.org&quot; /&gt; da kuma, bayan ya shafe shekaru 20 yana aiki a Ofishin Oval, [[Harry S. Truman]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;I'm a Lutheran: Orion Samuelson&quot; /&gt; Ya ɗauki Reagan a matsayin Shugaban da ya fi so gabaɗaya saboda ƙwarewar magana da juna, da kuma Truman shugaban Democrat da ya fi so saboda jagorancin da ya nuna a shekarun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

During the 1960s, Samuelson hosted an early-morning show on WGN-TV, ''Top 'O' the Morning'', first with organist Harold Turner, then with Max Armstrong. From 1975 to 2005, Samuelson was the host of ''U.S. Farm Report'', a weekly television newsmagazine dedicated to agriculture. ''U.S. Farm Report'' continued without Samuelson after his departure. Samuelson hosted a similar show, ''This Week in Agribusiness'', along with his longtime collaborator Max Armstrong, until his retirement, and continued to make occasional commentaries on that show with Armstrong as host. Both shows aired on 190 Midwest stations&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Radio Hall of Fame - Orion Samuelson, Farm Broadcaster |url=http://www.radiohof.org/newstalk/orionsamuelson.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123124228/http://www.radiohof.org/newstalk/orionsamuelson.html |archive-date=23 January 2013 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=www.radiohof.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; via first-run syndication.&lt;ref name=&quot;hof&quot;/&gt; He also served as the on-site host for RFD-TV's coverage of the Rose Parade.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

A fannin siyasa, Samuelson ɗan jam'iyyar Republican ne; ya goyi bayan samar da man fetur na ethanol daga masara, don taimakawa manoman Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.iwu.edu/news/2007/spk_SamuelsonWrap_407.html |access-date=2026-04-12 |archive-date=2022-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703170555/https://www.iwu.edu/news/2007/spk_SamuelsonWrap_407.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2004, Dennis Hastert ya tuntubi Samuelson game da tsayawa takara a kan [[Barack Obama]] a zaɓen Majalisar Dattawa ta Amurka na 2004 a Illinois ; duk da cewa Samuelson yana sha'awar shiga takarar, ya fuskanci matsin lamba saboda kamuwa da cutar makogwaro da likitoci da matarsa suka yi gargadin cewa zai yi ajalinsa idan ya yi ƙoƙarin yin kamfen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bergmeier |first=Dave |date=2024-03-29 |title=Ag broadcasting giant Samuelson turns 90 |url=https://hpj.com/2024/03/29/ag-broadcasting-giant-samuelson-turns-90/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=High Plains Journal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ɓangaren da ba shi da sauƙi, Samuelson da wata ƙungiyar studio da aka yi wa lakabi da &quot;Uff da Band&quot; sun taɓa yin rikodin waƙoƙin Yogi Yorgesson masu daɗi &quot; I Yust Go Nuts at Christmas &quot; da &quot;Yingle Bells&quot;. Samuelson ya riƙe wannan matsayi a masana'antar watsa labarai tsawon shekaru 60 a jere har zuwa 2020, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WGN's Orion Samuelson to have heart surgery |url=http://www.robertfeder.com/2015/09/10/wgns-orion-samuelson-to-have-heart-surgery/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya zo na biyu bayan mai gabatar da shirin Rediyon Los Angeles Dodgers Vin Scully .

A shekara ta 2001, an nada Samuelson a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar Kwalejin Lincoln ta Illinois kuma an ba shi [[Lincoln Medal|Order of Lincoln]] - mafi girman kyautar da [[Illinois|Jihar Illinois]] ta bayar. Jami'ar Illinois ta ba wa Samuelson digirin girmamawa na Likitancin Wasiku. An karrama shi a bikin baje kolin Wisconsin Corn/Soy Expo na 2010 a Wisconsin Dells . Samuelson ya sami wani zane na doki na Norway da aka sassaka musamman don tunawa da bikin daga shugabannin [[Wisconsin Corn Growers Association|Ƙungiyar Manoman Masara ta Wisconsin]], [[Wisconsin Soybean Association|Ƙungiyar Soybean ta Wisconsin]], [[Wisconsin Agri-Services Association|Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Agri-Services ta Wisconsin]], da [[Wisconsin Pork Association|Ƙungiyar Alade ta Wisconsin]] . A ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2010, an sanya wa Dr. sunan Orion Samuelson Way ta birnin Chicago. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Orion Samuelson, Voice of Agriculture'' (The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry) |url=http://www.nationalgrange.org/Convention/Conv_2006orionsamuelson.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129234712/http://www.nationalgrange.org/Convention/Conv_2006orionsamuelson.htm |archive-date=2006-11-29 |access-date=2010-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A shekara ta 2014, an ba shi kyautar VERITAS ta American Agri-Women (AAW). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2014 |title=American Agri-Women presents highest honor to Orion Samuelson |url=http://americanagriwomen.org/content/uploads/2015/10/AAW14Veritas-Samuelson-Final.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105064132/http://americanagriwomen.org/content/uploads/2015/10/AAW14Veritas-Samuelson-Final.doc |archive-date=January 5, 2017 |archive-format=DOC |website=American Agri-Women |format=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Samuelson ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Gidauniyar Jagorancin Noma ta Illinois (IALF) bayan ya taɓa yin aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa. Ya kuma yi aiki a Bennett Round Table na Gidauniyar Farm, kuma memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na Agriculture Future of America, kwamitin gudanarwa na Farm Safety 4 Just Kids, da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa na Bankin Albarkatun Abinci, kuma amintacce ne na Gidauniyar Cornerstone ta Lutheran Social Services ta Illinois, kuma memba ne na kwamitin amintattu na Majalisar 4-H ta Ƙasa.

A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Samuelson ya buga tarihin rayuwarsa mai suna ''You Can't Dream Big Enough'' ta hanyar Bantry Bay Media. 

A shekarar 2014, ƙungiyar CME da kuma gidauniyar National Association of Farm Broadcasting (NAFB) sun sanar da wanda ya fara karɓar tallafin karatu na Orion Samuelson ($5,000) ga ɗalibi na farko a Jami'ar Illinois, Urbana-Champaign . An bayar da tallafin karatu ga ɗalibi na kwaleji da ke neman aiki a fannin sadarwa a fannin noma. 

A ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2020, Samuelson ya sanar da yin ritaya daga WGN Radio. Yaɗa shirye-shiryensa na ƙarshe a WGN shine rahoton kasuwanci na tsakar rana a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;wgntv.com&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Feder |first=Robert |date= |title=Orion Samuelson to retire after 60 years at WGN Radio |url=https://www.robertfeder.com/2020/09/23/orion-samuelson-retire-60-years-wgn-radio/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-09-23 |website=www.robertfeder.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Steve Alexander ya gaje shi a WGN &lt;ref name=&quot;feder&quot;/&gt; kuma Mike Pearson ya gaje shi a shirin ''This Week in Agribusiness'' .

== Mutuwa ==
Samuelson ya mutu a gidansa da ke Huntley, Illinois, a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2026, yana da shekaru 91.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bradley |first=Ben |date=March 16, 2026 |title=Chicago broadcast legend Orion Samuelson dies at 91 |url=https://wgntv.com/news/chicago-news/chicago-broadcast-legend-orion-samuelson-dies-at/ |access-date=March 17, 2026 |publisher=WGN9 |archive-date=March 17, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260317180815/https://wgntv.com/news/chicago-news/chicago-broadcast-legend-orion-samuelson-dies-at/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==

* Zauren Shahararrun Rediyon Ƙasa, 2003 &lt;ref name=&quot;hof&quot;/&gt;
* Kyautar Bajintar Ayyukan Gona ta Ofishin Gona na Amurka, 1998 &lt;ref name=&quot;hof&quot; /&gt;
* Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Watsa Labarai ta Gonaki, 1999 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NAFB Hall of Fame |url=https://nafb.com/node/100061 |access-date=August 1, 2025 |website=nafb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Tsoffin Dalibai na 4-H &lt;ref name=&quot;hof&quot; /&gt;
* Oscar &lt;ref name=&quot;hof&quot; /&gt;
* Norsk Høstfest Scandinavian-American Hall of Fame &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Hall of Fame'' (Norsk Høstfest) |url=http://www.hostfest.com/halloffame/view.asp?ID=14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007235015/http://hostfest.com/halloffame/view.asp?ID=14 |archive-date=2010-10-07 |access-date=2010-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* An naɗa Orion Samuelson a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar Kwalejin Lincoln ta Illinois kuma gwamnan Illinois ya ba shi Order of Lincoln (mafi girman girmamawa a jihar) a shekarar 2001 a fannin Sadarwa da Noma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Laureates by Year - The Lincoln Academy of Illinois |url=http://thelincolnacademyofillinois.org/4632-2/#toggle-id-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118231557/https://thelincolnacademyofillinois.org/4632-2/#toggle-id-15 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |access-date=2016-03-07 |website=The Lincoln Academy of Illinois |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Matan Agri-Veritas ta Amurka, 2014 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Directory 2016–2017: Veritas Awards |url=https://owaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/AAW-Directory-3-26-17.pdf |access-date=17 March 2026 |publisher=AAW |page=48}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
===manazarta===</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ory Okolloh</title>
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      <text bytes="14261" sha1="mhfhmexe3k83m21h4vtgcg23jzuajs4" xml:space="preserve">[[image:Ory Okolloh, Sept. 2006.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Okolloh in 2006]]
{{Infobox person
| name               = Ory Okolloh
| citizenship        = Kenya
| education          = University of Pittsburgh
 Harvard Law School
| occupation         = Activist, Lawyer, and Blogger
| organization       = Covington and Burling
Thomson Reuters Founders Share Company
Safaricom 
GSMA Foundation
}}
'''Ory Okolloh''' (ko '''Ory Okolloh Mwangi) ''') ‘yar gwagwarmaya ce, lauya kuma mai rubutun yanar gizo daga ƙasar Kenya. Ita abokiyar hulɗa ce a Verod-Kepple Africa Ventures, wani kamfanin zuba jari na Afirka baki ɗaya da ke da hedikwata a Lagos, Najeriya, tare da ofisoshi a Nairobi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Njanja |first=Annie |date=2024-04-09 |title=Pan-African VC Verod-Kepple closes its first fund at $60M |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/04/09/verod-kepple-closes-first-fund-at-60m/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kene-Okafor |first=Tage |date=2023-04-12 |title=Backed by Japanese investors, Verod-Kepple's fund will invest in Series A and B startups across Africa |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/12/backed-by-japanese-investors-verod-kepples-fund-will-invest-in-series-a-and-b-startups-across-africa/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Tom |date=2024-04-12 |title=Verod-Kepple Africa Ventures closes pan-African venture fund at $60m |url=https://disruptafrica.com/2024/04/12/verod-kepple-africa-ventures-closes-pan-african-venture-fund-at-60m/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Disrupt Africa |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta taba aiki a matsayin manajan darakta a Omidyar Network,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohammed |first=Omar |date=2015-06-09 |title=Why aren't more wealthy Africans backing the continent's start-ups? |url=https://qz.com/423821/why-arent-more-wealthy-africans-backing-the-continents-start-ups/ |access-date=2015-09-27 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] - Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kozlowska |first=Hanna |date=2015-04-06 |title=#147notjustanumber aims to name all those slain in Kenya attack |url=https://qz.com/377336/147notjustanumber-is-the-hashtag-that-gives-life-to-each-person-slain-in-the-kenya-attack/ |access-date=2015-09-27 |website=Quartz}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a matsayin manajin manufofi na Afirka tare da [[Google]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ms. Ory A, Okolloh |url=https://www.stanbicbank.co.ke/kenya/personal/about-us/stanbic-kenya-foundation/ |access-date=2021-04-24 |website=www.stanbicbank.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=week |first=Stay up to date on the editors' picks of the |date=2020-12-20 |title=Ory Okolloh exits Google for Omidyar Network |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/technology/ory-okolloh-exits-google-for-omidyar-network-2032832 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Business Daily |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kira Ory mutane 100 mafi tasiri a shekarar 2014. [https://time.com/70848/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430233826/https://time.com/70848/ |date=2025-04-30 }}.

== Ilimi ==
Okolloh ta sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa, summa cum laude, daga Jami'ar Pittsburgh . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ory Okolloh |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/ory-okolloh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=World Economic Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kammala karatu daga Harvard Law School a shekara ta 2005 tare da Juris Doctor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ory Okolloh – Kenya Yearbook Editorial Board |url=https://sectors.kenyayearbook.go.ke/ory-okolloh/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=Kenya Yearbook }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatunta, ta ki amincewa da tayin aiki daga kamfanin lauya na DC don komawa Kenya don yin aiki a kan lissafin gwamnati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2014 |title=Time 100: Ory Okolloh, Voice of the African Citizen |url=https://techcabal.com/2014/04/25/time-100-ory-okolloh-voice-of-the-african-citizen/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=TechCabal }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A shekara ta 2006, Okolloh ya kafa shafin yanar gizon Mzalendo (Swahili: &quot;Mai kishin kasa&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;mcclatchy&quot; /&gt; Shafin ya nemi kara yawan alhakin gwamnati ta hanyar yin rikodin takardun kudi, jawabai, 'yan majalisa, da umarni masu tsayawa.

Lokacin da [[Kenya]] ta shiga cikin tashin hankali bayan zaben shugaban kasa mai rikitarwa a shekara ta 2007, Okolloh ya kirkiro Ushahidi (Swahili: &quot;Witness&quot;), shafin yanar gizo da kayan aiki wanda ya tattara kuma ya rubuta rahotanni na shaidu na tashin hankali ta amfani da saƙonnin rubutu da Google Maps.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nyabola |first=Nanjala |date=2021-03-08 |title=In Nairobi, Female Coders Are Flipping the Silicon Valley Trope on Its Head |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/female-coders-from-nairobi |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga wannan lokacin an daidaita fasahar don fadada dalilai (gami da saka idanu kan zabe da bin diddigin samar da magunguna) kuma an yi amfani da ita a wasu ƙasashe da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jay |date=2008-01-09 |title=How to Use the Web To Show the Truth |url=https://thehistoryoftheweb.com/how-to-use-the-web-to-show-the-truth/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=The History of the Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Newsweek |date=2010-03-03 |title='Ushahidi' Technology Saves Lives in Haiti and Chile |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ushahidi-technology-saves-lives-haiti-and-chile-210262 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ory Okolloh tana da wani shafin rubutun yanar gizo na kanta mai suna Kenyan Pundit, wanda aka bayyana a shafin Global Voices Online. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kuma ta yi aiki a Covington da Burling, [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta kasar Kenya.|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kenya]], da Bankin Duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Okolloh |first=Ory |title=About |url=https://www.kenyanpundit.com/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021170513/https://www.kenyanpundit.com/about/ |archive-date=2009-10-21 |access-date=2009-09-11 |website=Kenyan Pundit}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada Okolloh a cikin kwamitin Thomson Reuters Founders Share Company, jikin da ke aiki a matsayin mai kula da ka'idodin Thomson Reuters Trust a watan Mayu 2015.  Ta yi ritaya daga kamfanin a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban a shekarar da ta gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thomson Reuters Founders Share Company appoints Aidan Eyakuze to its Board of Directors |url=https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en/press-releases/2025/january/thomson-reuters-founders-share-company-appoints-aidan-eyakuze-to-its-board-of-directors |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=www.thomsonreuters.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okolloh ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin darektan mai zaman kansa a Safaricom tun daga watan Fabrairun 2023 .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=week |first=Stay up to date on the editors' picks of the |date=2023-02-27 |title=Safaricom replaces Bitange Ndemo in new board changes |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/safaricom-replaces-bitange-ndemo-in-new-board-changes-4139466 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Business Daily |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Augustine |first=Abraham |date=2023-03-02 |title=Ushahidi's Ory Okolloh joins Safaricom board |url=https://techcabal.com/2023/03/02/safaricom-new-board-members/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=TechCabal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta tashi daga mukamin a watan Yulin shekara ta 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-29 |title=Major Changes in Safaricom's Board of Directors: Ory Okolloh and Francesco Bianco Exit - Techish Kenya |url=https://tech-ish.com/2024/07/29/major-changes-in-safaricoms-board-of-directors-ory-okolloh-and-francesco-bianco-exit/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta taba aiki a kwamitin Stanbic Bank Foundation Kenya, daga Afrilu 2020 zuwa Yuli 2024,  kuma a matsayin darakta mara zartarwa na Stanbic Bank har zuwa Disamba 2020, lokacin da ta yi murabus.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mbabazi |first=Eunniah |date=2020-12-10 |title=Ory Okolloh Resigns from Stanbic Board WEF 9th Dec |url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/ory-okolloh-resigns-from-stanbic-board/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Kenyan Wall Street - Business, Markets &amp; Finance Insights |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khusoko |date=2020-12-09 |title=Stanbic Bank's Non-Executive Director Ory Okolloh Resigns |url=https://khusoko.com/2020/12/09/stanbic-banks-non-executive-director-ory-okolloh-resigns/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Khusoko - East African Markets |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=week |first=Stay up to date on the editors' picks of the |date=2020-09-19 |title=Omidyar MD Ory Okolloh joins Stanbic board |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/profiles/omidyar-md-ory-okolloh-joins-stanbic-board-2282718 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Business Daily |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2025, an nada ta a cikin kwamitin Gidauniyar GSMA . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lukhanyu |first=Milcah |date=2025-02-13 |title=Ory Okolloh Joins GSMA Foundation Board |url=https://khusoko.com/2025/02/13/ory-okolloh-joins-gsma-foundation-board/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Khusoko - East African Markets |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An nada ta a cikin Kwamitin Kepple Group a Japan a watan Mayu 2025, a matsayin Darakta na waje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bwire |first=Ronald |date=2025-05-01 |title=Japan's Kepple Group Appoints Ory Okolloh as Outide Director |url=https://techmoran.com/2025/05/02/japans-kepple-group-appoints-ory-okolloh-as-director-to-its-board/ |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=TechMoran |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ory memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Afirka na Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africa Advisory Board |url=https://africa.harvard.edu/africa-advisory-board |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=africa.harvard.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, tana da hannu a cikin allon kungiyoyi masu zuwa:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+
!Shirye-shiryen
!Matsayi
!Ranar da aka nada shi
!Bayanan da aka ambata
|-
|Ƙungiyar Van Leer
|Mai kula da kwamitin
|Yuli 2020
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ory Okolloh |url=https://vanleerfoundation.org/team/ory-okolloh/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Van Leer Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ecofin |first=Agence |title=Ory Okolloh, la Kenyane qui soutient les entrepreneurs impactant en Afrique via le venture capital |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/entreprendre/0404-107142-ory-okolloh-la-kenyane-qui-soutient-les-entrepreneurs-impactant-en-afrique-via-le-venture-capital |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Agence Ecofin |language=fr-fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Masana'antar giya ta Gabashin Afirka Ltd
|Ba babban darektan ba
|Oktoba 2020
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ory Okolloh {{!}} EABL |url=https://www.eabl.com/our-people/ory-okolloh |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=www.eabl.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mbabazi |first=Eunniah |date=2020-10-22 |title=EABL Appoints Ms Ory Okolloh as Non-Executive Director |url=https://kenyanwallstreet.com/eabl-appoints-ory-okolloh-as-director/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Kenyan Wall Street - Business, Markets &amp; Finance Insights |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya: East African Breweries says it has put strategies to achieve gender balance by 2025 |url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/kenya-east-african-breweries-says-it-has-put-strategies-in-place-to-achieve-gender-balance-by-2025/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Business &amp; Human Rights Resource Centre |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ka bar Afirka
|Ba babban darektan ba
|Yuni 2021
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Africa Board {{!}} About Deloitte Africa{{!}} Deloitte Africa |url=https://www.deloitte.com/za/en/about/people/africa-board.html |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=www.deloitte.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Gidauniyar Kungiyar Adecco
|memba na kwamitin
|Yuli 2021
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who We Are |url=https://www.adeccogroup.com/innovationfoundation/Who-We-Are |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627041242/https://www.adeccogroup.com/innovationfoundation/Who-We-Are |archive-date=2024-06-27 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=www.adeccogroup.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Innovation Foundation |url=https://www.fundraiso.ch/en/organisations/innovation-foundation |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=www.fundraiso.ch |language=en-CH}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Gidauniyar GSMA
|memba na kwamitin
|Fabrairu 2025
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=lboulter@gsma.com |date=2025-02-05 |title=GSMA Foundation Board welcomes new members |url=https://www.gsma.com/newsroom/all-documents/gsma-foundation-board-welcomes-new-members/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Newsroom |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Kungiyar Kepple ta Japan
|Daraktan waje
|Mayu 2025
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ケップルグループの社外取締役にOry Okolloh氏、田中 渓氏、社外監査役にEric Marcks氏が就任 |url=https://corp.kepple.co.jp/press/20250501 |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=株式会社ケップル コーポレートサイト |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;
|}

== Kyaututtuka ==

* 2012, ''Forbes'' ya lissafa &quot;Mata mafi Nasara a Afirka&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-02 |title=Binyavanga, Ory Okolloh named Time's most influential people |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/binyavanga-ory-okolloh-named-time-s-most-influential-people-976360 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013, &quot;Mata mafi iko a Afirka a Fasaha&quot; 
* 2014, Jerin ''[[Time (magazine)|Lokaci]]'' &quot;Mutanen 100 Mafi Tasiri&quot;  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet the Black Women on Time's Most Influential List |url=https://www.bet.com/photo-gallery/009134/meet-the-black-women-on-time-s-most-influential-list/gns996 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=BET |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Nsofwa Petronella Sampa''' 'yar gwagwarmayar cutar kanjamau ce ta Zambiya kuma mai ba da shawara kan ilimin halayyar dan adam. Ayyukan Sampa suna mai da hankali kan aiki tare da mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamau da nakasa. Ta kasance mai karɓar Mandela Washington Fellowship, &lt;ref name=&quot;Duquesne&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2018 |title=Duquesne University to Strengthen African Ties With Mandela Exchange Grant |url=https://www.duq.edu/news/duquesne-university-to-strengthen-african-ties-with-mandela-exchange-grant |access-date=18 December 2018 |website=Duquesne University}}&lt;/ref&gt; YALI  mai halarta kuma mai cin gajiyar PEPFAR. Bayan gano matsayinta na cutar kanjamau, Sampa ta fara bayar da shawarwari ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar kanjamaun daji / AIDS.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Sampa a Zambia, kasar da ke da annobar cutar kanjamau. Mahaifinta ya mutu a shekara ta 1994  lokacin da take da shekaru 2 kuma mahaifiyarta ta mutu a shekara de 2002 lokacin da Sampa ke da shekaru 10 kawai.  Kakan Sampa ya zama mai kula da ita, kuma ta koma tare da shi. Sampa ta sha magani kowace rana ba tare da sanin dalilin da ya sa take shan shi ba ko kuma menene, ko kuma dalilin da ya ya sa 'yan uwanta da ke zaune a cikin gidan guda ba su yi haka ba, &lt;ref name=&quot;Zimba&quot; /&gt; kamar yadda iyalin ba su tattauna shi ba. A shekara ta 2003, ta yi tuntuɓe a kan fayil ɗin likitancinta, wanda ya bayyana bayanan da ke canza rayuwa cewa an gano ta da cutar HIV a lokacin da take da shekaru 3, amma a wannan lokacin ba ta tambayi kowane tambaya ko tattauna shi da danginta ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimba&quot; /&gt;

Sampa ta halarci Mary Queen of Peace  don karatun firamare kuma daga baya ta shiga [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana]] don karatun sakandare. Yayinda yake cikin makarantar kwana, wani takwaransa ya gano cewa Sampa yana kan maganin rigakafin retroviral (ARV). Ba da daɗewa ba aka faɗakar da dukan makarantar kuma Sampa ta sami kanta a matsayin mai laushi kuma a ware ta, saboda wasu ɗalibai ba za su raba ɗakin kwana tare da ita ba. Ta yi baƙin ciki sosai, kuma ta watsar da magungunan ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mwale&quot; /&gt; Rashin lafiyarta ya kara muni, kuma dole ne ta bar makaranta. Ta kamu da cututtukan da ke faruwa, [[tarin fuka]] da [[Sanƙarau|meningitis]], kuma a sakamakon haka ta makance kuma kurma a kunne daya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mwale&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CHIMWEMWE&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimba&quot; /&gt; Gwaggowar Sampa ta yi wa kwararren kwararren HIV / AIDS, [[Mannasseh Phiri]], shawara game da Sampa, kuma daga gare shi ne ta koyi cewa mahaifiyarta ta mutu saboda cutar HIV / AIDS da ta shafi, kuma ita kanta ta kamu da kwayar cutar a lokacin haihuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mwale&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CHIMWEMWE&quot; /&gt; Bayan ya warke, Sampa ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Munali, wacce ta ba da ilimi ga marasa gani, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mwale&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CHIMWEMWE&quot; /&gt; kuma ta koyi rubutun makafi a ɗakin karatu na Zambia don marasa gani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimba&quot; /&gt; Daga nan sai ta yi karatun ba da shawara na asibiti da na zamantakewa a [[Chainama College of Health Sciences|Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Chainama]] a 2013 don ta iya aiki tare da mutanen da ke zaune tare da cutar kanjamau da nakasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mwale&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Zimba&quot; /&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Sampa mai fafutukar cutar kanjamau ce kuma mai ba da shawara kan ilimin halayyar dan adam. Tana aiki tare da mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau don inganta matsayinsu, rayuwa da kyau, &lt;ref name=&quot;Embassy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 February 2015 |title=Living Positively |url=http://usembassyzambia.podbean.com/2015/02/ |access-date=18 December 2018 |website=U.S. Embassy Zambia}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma karfafa iyalai su tattauna batutuwan kiwon lafiya tare da yara.  Tana taimaka wa wadanda ke dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau su bi tsarin magani. Ya zuwa Mayu , Sampa yana aiki a kan aikin Positive Movement don karfafa mutanen da ke da nakasa, musamman makafi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kambandu |first=Mali |date=2019-05-17 |title=Speaker Announcement: Nsofwa Petronella Sampa |url=http://tedxlusaka.com/speaker-announcement-nsofwa-petronella-sampa/ |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=TEDxLusaka |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sampa ƙwararren mai ba da shawara ne na Psychosocial da Clinical wanda ya rayu tare da kwayar cutar kanjamau na tsawon shekaru 26.&lt;ref name=&quot;TEDxLusaka2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Speaker Announcement: Nsofwa Petronella Sampa |url=https://www.tedxlusaka.com/blog/speaker-announcement-nsofwa-petronella-sampa |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=TEDxLusaka}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makaho ta samo asali ne daga cututtukan da suka hada da tarin fuka da meningitis saboda rashin bin maganin antiretroviral lokacin da aka lalata ta a makaranta.&lt;ref name=&quot;TEDxLusaka2026&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2014, ta sami lambar yabo ta PEPFAR Champions ga mutanen da ke aiki a fagen cutar kanjamau.&lt;ref name=&quot;TEDxLusaka2026&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2015, ta sami lambar yabo ta Youth Movers bayan marigayi Dr. Manasseh Phiri ya zaba ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;TEDxLusaka2026&quot; /&gt; Ta yi aiki tare da Southern African AIDS Trust a matsayin mai magana mai motsawa kuma ta zama Mandela Washington Fellow a shekarar 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;TEDxLusaka2026&quot; /&gt; Sampa ya yi magana a TEDxLusaka 2019 game da zargi da bin doka.&lt;ref name=&quot;TEDxLusaka2026&quot; /&gt; Ta kafa Positive Movement don kare hakkin jima'i da na haihuwa da kuma gina al'umma mai hada kai wanda ba ya hukunta mutane bisa ga nakasa ko matsayin HIV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=COVID could reverse gains made in access to SRHR… |url=https://genderlinks.org.za/news/covid-could-reverse-gains-made-in-access-to-srhr/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=Gender Links }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==
A shekara ta 2014, ta kasance mai cin gajiyar Shirin Gaggawa na Shugaban kasa don Taimako na cutar kanjamau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Embassy&quot;/&gt; A cikin 2017, ta lashe kyautar Mandela Washington Fellowship daga Matasan Shugabannin Afirka wanda ya ba ta damar yin horo a cikin jagorancin jama'a a Amurka.

== Manazarta ==
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'''Norovelomampionona Roberthine Rabetafika''' 'yar siyasa ce ta Madagascar . memba ce ta Majalisar Dokokin Madagascar, an zabe ta a zaben 'yan majalisa na Madagascar na 2007 a matsayin memba na jam'iyyar [[Isandra]]_Mivoatsa&quot; id=&quot;mwCA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Isandra Mivoatsa&quot;&gt;Isandra Mivoatsa . An sake zabar ta a shekarar 2013 a matsayin memba na Vondrona Politika - VP-MMM .  Tana wakiltar mazabar Isandra .

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.assemblee-nationale.mg/fr/ficheindiv.php?id=38 Bayani a shafin yanar gizon Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214043730/http://www.assemblee-nationale.mg/fr/ficheindiv.php?id=38 |date=2012-02-14 }}
{{National Assembly of Madagascar members (2007–2013)}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>cbgp7g50k6qz8uaot30g3fryno9boiu</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ollie Watkins</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T15:06:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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'''Oliver George Arthur Watkins''' (an haife shi 30 Disamba 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne daga [[Ingila]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai kai hari ga kulob ɗin [[Aston Villa FC]] a gasar [[Premier League]], sannan yana wakiltar tawagar ƙasar [[Ingila]] a matakin manya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/players/olliewatkins |title=Ollie Watkins Profile |publisher=Aston Villa FC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Oliver George Arthur Watkins&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=20 October 2020 |title=2020/21 Premier League squads confirmed |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1869523 |access-date=26 March 2021 |publisher=Premier League}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ranar 30 Disemban 1995 a birnin [[Torquay]], a ƙasar Ingila. Ya fara sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, inda ya shiga makarantar horaswa ta kulob ɗin [[Exeter City F.C.|Exeter City F.C]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.exetercityfc.co.uk/news/2020/september/watkins-premier-league-move/ |title=Watkins Premier League Move |publisher=Exeter City FC }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Watkins ya fito ne daga tsatson mutanen Jamaica&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Dear |first1=Alice |date=11 July 2024 |title=Who is Ollie Watkins? Age, ethnicity, height, net worth, girlfriend and children explained |url=https://www.heart.co.uk/showbiz/celebrities/athletes/ollie-watkins-ethnicity-height-net-worth-girlfriend-children/ |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=Heart}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya kasance masoyin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Arsenal ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=8 November 2020 |title=Ollie Watkins: 'I'm an Arsenal fan – my grandad won't be too happy!' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/arsenal-fc-news-ollie-watkins-grandad-b58739.html |access-date=25 November 2020 |newspaper=Evening Standard |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifiyar shi Delsi-May ce ta raine shi wacce ta kasance kwararriyar mawakiya ce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ostlere |first=Lawrence |date=2023-10-12 |title=Ollie Watkins: 'I used to shop in Sainsbury's ... I came to Villa and I couldn't' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/ollie-watkins-aston-villa-england-interview-b2428103.html |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=The Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-07-12 |title=A family man with a superstar mother: Ollie Watkins, the man behind that goal |url=https://m.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/a-family-man-with-a-superstar-mother-ollie-watkins-the-man-behind-that-goal/a1540746117.html |access-date=2024-11-02 |work=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Watkins ya taso ne daga [[Newton Abbot]] kuma ya halacci kwalejin South Dartmoor Community da ke [[Ashburton]] tare da [[Matt Jay]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=25 March 2021 |title=From the playing fields of South Devon to England and the World Cup – star footballer Ollie does mum and family proud |url=https://www.torbayweekly.co.uk/news/local-news/1221490/from-the-playing-fields-of-south-devon-to-england-and-the-world-cup-star-footballer-ollie-does-mum-and-family-proud.html |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=Torbay Weekly |publisher=Clear Sky Publishing}}&lt;/ref&gt; da [[Jamie Reid]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Alumni |url=https://www.southdartmoor.devon.sch.uk/page/?title=Alumni&amp;pid=7 |website=South Devon Community College}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Watkins ya fara buga kwallon kafa na farko da kungiyar horar da yara ta Buckland Athletic a lokacin yana da shekaru shida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gilliver |first=Liam |date=11 July 2024 |title=Ollie Watkins' former club in Devon go wild after striker fires Lions to finals |url=https://www.cornwalllive.com/ollie-watkins-former-club-devon-9403917 |website=Devon Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan ya koma kungiyar horaswa ta Newton Town F.C. na tsawon shekara daya inda ya wakilci Devon County Football Association tare da [[Sam Gallagher]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=My journey: Ollie Watkins on how he went from Newton Town to playing for England |url=https://www.englandfootball.com/articles/2024/Feb/26/ollie-watkins-grassroots-story-20240224 |website=England Football}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Aikin kulob ==
=== Exeter City ===
Watkins ya fara taka leda a matakin ƙwararru tare da Exeter City a shekarar 2014. A kakar wasa ta 2016–17, ya lashe kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasa na kulob bayan ya zura kwallaye masu yawa a gasar [[English Football League Two]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.efl.com/news/2017/april/watkins-award/ |title=EFL Awards |publisher=English Football League}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Brentford ===
A shekarar 2017 ya koma [[Brentford F.C.]] inda ya ci gaba da nuna bajintarsa a gasar [[EFL Championship]]. A kakar wasa ta 2019–20, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan wasan gasar bayan ya zura kwallaye 25, wanda ya taimaka wa kulob ɗin kai wa wasan neman hawa gasar Premier League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/en/news/article/ollie-watkins-2019-20-awards |title=Watkins Championship Season |publisher=Brentford FC }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aston Villa ===
A watan Satumba 2020, Watkins ya koma [[Aston Villa F.C.]] kan kuɗi mai tsoka. Ya fara haskakawa ne bayan ya zura kwallaye uku (hat-trick) a wasan da suka doke [[Liverpool F.C.]] da ci 7–2 a gasar Premier League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/match/58954 |title=Aston Villa 7-2 Liverpool |publisher=Premier League}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin ya zama muhimmin ɗan wasa a ƙungiyar.

== Aikin ƙasa ==
Watkins ya fara buga wa tawagar ƙasar Ingila wasa a shekarar 2021. Ya fara zura kwallo a wasansa na farko da ya buga wa ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.englandfootball.com/articles/2021/Mar/25/england-san-marino-report-20212503 |title=England Match Report |publisher=The FA }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasa ==
Watkins an san shi da saurin gudu, iya matsawa baya don karɓar ƙwallo, da kuma ƙwarewa wajen zura kwallaye. Yana taka rawa sosai wajen taimaka wa abokan wasansa da ƙirƙirar damammaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11677/12100000/ollie-watkins-analysis |title=Watkins Performance Analysis |publisher=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar wasanni ==
===Kulob===
{{updated|match played 19 April 2026}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[FA Cup]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[EFL Cup]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe 
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Exeter City F.C.|Exeter City]]
|[[2013–14 Exeter City F.C. season|2013–14]]&lt;ref name=&quot;sb1314&quot;&gt;{{soccerbase season|74516|2013|access-date=26 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[EFL League Two|League Two]]
|1||0||0||0||0||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||0||0||1||0
|-
|[[2014–15 Exeter City F.C. season|2014–15]]&lt;ref name=&quot;sb1415&quot;&gt;{{soccerbase season|74516|2014|access-date=26 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|League Two
|2||0||0||0||0||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||1{{efn|Appearance in [[Football League Trophy]]}}||1||3||1
|-
|[[2015–16 Exeter City F.C. season|2015–16]]&lt;ref name=&quot;sb1516&quot;&gt;{{soccerbase season|74516|2015|access-date=26 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|League Two
|20||8||2||1||0||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||0||0||22||9
|-
|[[2016–17 Exeter City F.C. season|2016–17]]&lt;ref name=&quot;sb1617&quot;&gt;{{soccerbase season|74516|2016|access-date=26 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|League Two
|45||13||0||0||2||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||5{{efn|Two appearances and one goal in [[EFL Trophy]], three appearances and two goals in [[EFL League Two play-offs|League Two play-offs]]}}||3||52||16
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!68||21||2||1||2||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||6||4||78||26
|-
|[[Weston-super-Mare A.F.C.|Weston-super-Mare]] (loan)
|[[2014–15 Conference South|2014–15]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/ollie-watkins/334174/ |title=O. Watkins: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007114539/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/ollie-watkins/334174/ |archive-date=7 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Conference South]]
|24||10|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||1{{efn|Appearance in [[FA Trophy]]}}||0||25||10
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Brentford F.C.|Brentford]]
|[[2017–18 Brentford F.C. season|2017–18]]&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|74516|2017|access-date=26 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[EFL Championship|Championship]]
|45||10||1||0||2||1|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||48||11
|-
|[[2018–19 Brentford F.C. season|2018–19]]&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|74516|2018|access-date=26 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Championship
|41||10||3||2||1||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||45||12
|-
|[[2019–20 Brentford F.C. season|2019–20]]&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|74516|2019|access-date=26 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Championship
|46||25||0||0||1||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||3{{efn|Appearances in [[EFL Championship play-offs|Championship play-offs]]}}||1||50||26
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!132||45||4||2||4||1|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||3||1||143||49
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
|[[2020–21 Aston Villa F.C. season|2020–21]]&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|74516|2020|access-date=7 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Premier League]]
|37||14||0||0||3||2|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||40||16
|-
|[[2021–22 Aston Villa F.C. season|2021–22]]&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|74516|2021|access-date=12 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|35||11||1||0||0||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||36||11
|-
|[[2022–23 Aston Villa F.C. season|2022–23]]&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|74516|2022|access-date=14 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|37||15||1||0||2||1|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||40||16
|-
|[[2023–24 Aston Villa F.C. season|2023–24]]&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|74516|2023|access-date=19 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|37||19||3||0||1||0||12{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}}||8|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||53||27
|-
|[[2024–25 Aston Villa F.C. season|2024–25]]&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|74516|2024|access-date=16 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|38||16||4||0||0||0||12{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}}||1|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||54||17
|-
|[[2025–26 Aston Villa F.C. season|2025–26]]&lt;ref&gt;{{soccerbase season|74516|2025|access-date=21 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|32||11||2||0||1||0||12{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||4|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||47||15
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!216||86||11||0||7||3||36||13|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||270||102
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!440||162||17||3||13||4||36||13||10||5||516||187
|}

{{notelist}}

===Kasa da kasa===
{{updated|match played 9 October 2025}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wfnat&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe354032/ollie-watkins/international-matches/ |title=Ollie Watkins: Internationals |website=worldfootball.net |publisher=Heimspiel Medien |date=&lt;!-- citation bot adds wrong date --&gt; |access-date=16 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+ Appearances and goals by national team and year
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[Ingila]]
|2021||5||1
|-
|2022||2||1
|-
|2023||2||1
|-
|2024||9||2
|-
|2025||2||1
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total||20||6
|}

{{updated|match played 9 October 2025}}
:''England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Watkins goal''&lt;ref name=&quot;wfnat&quot;/&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ List of international goals scored by Ollie Watkins
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;|No.
!scope=&quot;col&quot;|Date
!scope=&quot;col&quot;|Venue
!scope=&quot;col&quot;|Cap
!scope=&quot;col&quot;|Opponent
!scope=&quot;col&quot;|Score
!scope=&quot;col&quot;|Result
!scope=&quot;col&quot;|Competition
!scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|1||25 March 2021||[[Wembley Stadium]], London, England||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|1||San Marino|| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |5–0||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|5–0||[[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification]]||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/match/england-j9N9ZNFA/san-marino-Wlrb53yT/?mid=QionvHet |title=England 5–0 San Marino: Match: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Sportsight |access-date=16 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|2||29 March 2022||[[Wembley Stadium]], London, England||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|7||{{fb|CIV}}||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|1–0||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|3–0||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/match/england-j9N9ZNFA/ivory-coast-G2FRjBgn/?mid=dzEjp3Tk |title=England 3–0 Ivory Coast: Match: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Sportsight |access-date=16 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|3||13 October 2023||[[Wembley Stadium]], London, England||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|8||[[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]]|| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |1–0||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|1–0||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/match/australia-xSrf6qMM/england-j9N9ZNFA/?mid=QTv4LgpT |title=England 1–0 Australia: Match: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Sportsight |access-date=16 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|4||10 July 2024||[[Westfalenstadion]], Dortmund, Germany||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|14||{{fb|NED}}||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|2–1||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|2–1||[[UEFA Euro 2024]]||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/match/england-j9N9ZNFA/netherlands-WYintcWb/?mid=v3Rv8Lk2 |title=Netherlands 1–2 England: Match: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Sportsight |access-date=16 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|5||14 November 2024||[[Olympic Stadium (Athens)|Olympic Stadium]], Athens, Greece||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|18||[[Girka (ƙasa)|Greece]]|| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |1–0|| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|3–0||[[2024–25 UEFA Nations League B]]||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/match/england-j9N9ZNFA/greece-COuk57Ci/?mid=GpWc3arc |title=Greece 0–3 England: Match: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Sportsight |access-date=16 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|6||9 October 2025||[[Wembley Stadium]], London, England||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|20||[[Wales]]|| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |2–0||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|3–0||[[Friendly (association football)|Friendly]]||style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/match/england-j9N9ZNFA/wales-YcUP0Nqp/?mid=WSMUejIP |title=England 3–0 Wales: Match: Summary |website=Soccerway |publisher=Sportsight |access-date=16 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Nasarori ==
'''Ingila'''
* Wanda suka zo na biyu a Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyar Turai: 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=McNulty |first=Phil |date=14 July 2024 |title=Spain 2–1 England: Heartbreak for England in Euro 2024 Final |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cp68zzx8x4rt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715010859/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cp68zzx8x4rt |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;
'''Nashi na kan sa'''
* Gwarzon dan wasa mai mabiya na wata: March 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;PFA&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Ollie Watkins Wins PFA Player Of The Month For March |url=https://www.exetercityfc.co.uk/news/2016/april/ollie-watkins-wins-pfa-player-of-the-month-for-march/ |access-date=18 July 2017 |publisher=Exeter City F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafa Matashi na Wata: March 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;EFL&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=EFL Official Website Ollie Watkins named Football League Young Player of the Month |url=https://www.efl.com/news/2016/april/ollie-watkins-named-football-league-young-player-of-the-month/ |access-date=19 July 2017 |publisher=English Football League}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gwarzon Dan Wasan League Two na Wata: January 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;POTM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Ollie Watkins wins player of the month award for January |url=http://www.exetercityfc.co.uk/news/article/2016-17/ollie-watkins-wins-player-of-the-month-award-for-january-3566347.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155714/http://www.exetercityfc.co.uk/news/article/2016-17/ollie-watkins-wins-player-of-the-month-award-for-january-3566347.aspx |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=18 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gwarzon Dan Wasan EFL Matashi na Shekara: April 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 April 2017 |title=Ollie Watkins Named EFL Young Player of the Year |url=https://www.exetercityfc.co.uk/news/2017/april/ollie-watkins-named-efl-young-player-of-the-year |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=Exeter City F.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gwarzon Dan Wasan EFL na Shekara: 2019–20&lt;ref name=&quot;EFLAwards&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=27 August 2020 |title=EFL Awards: Brentford striker Ollie Watkins wins Championship Player of the Season |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53929973 |access-date=27 August 2020 |website=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta PFA ta Shekara: 2019–20 Championship,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=8 September 2020 |title=Jordan Henderson among five Liverpool players in PFA team of the year |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/jordan-henderson-among-five-liverpool-183100275.html |access-date=15 January 2023 |website=Yahoo! Sport |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430140435/https://sports.yahoo.com/jordan-henderson-among-five-liverpool-183100275.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023–24 Premier League&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=20 August 2024 |title=PFA Premier League Team of the Year |url=https://www.thepfa.com/news/2024/8/20/pfa-premier-league-team-of-the-year-2024 |access-date=20 August 2024 |publisher=Professional Footballers' Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dan wasan mabiya kungiyar [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] na Kakar Wasan: 2023–24&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-05-14 |title=Ollie Watkins collects End of Season Awards double |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2024/may/14/Watkins-voted-Supporters--Player-of-the-Season/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Aston Villa Football Club}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gwarzon Dan wasan kungiyar [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] na Kakar Wasan: 2023–24&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-05-14 |title=Ollie Watkins collects End of Season Awards double |url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/news/2024/may/14/Watkins-voted-Supporters--Player-of-the-Season/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Aston Villa Football Club}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gwarzon ɗan wasa mai dabara na Premier League: 2023–24&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 May 2024 |title=Man City make history with fourth title in a row |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/4019801 |access-date=19 May 2024 |publisher=Premier League}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kungiyar masu Masoya na Premier League: 2023–24&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revealed: 2023/24 Fan Team of the Season |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/4029023 |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=premierleague.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Kungiyar Kwallon kafa ta ''The Athletic'' Premier League na Kakar: 2023–24&lt;ref name=&quot;Athletic 2324 PotS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 May 2024 |title=The Athletic's end-of-season awards, 2023–24: Men's football |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5476993/2024/05/21/athletic-end-of-season-awards-2023-24-men/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604020851/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5476993/2024/05/21/athletic-end-of-season-awards-2023-24-men/ |archive-date=4 June 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=The Athletic |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references/&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nuhu Abatneh</title>
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Noah Abraham Sewonet Abatneh (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2004) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na Kanada wanda ke buga wa Atletico Ottawa a Gasar Firimiya ta Kanada.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife shi a Toronto, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 2, 2022 |title=Serie D Lamezia Terme, che colpi! In gialloblu gli under Kanoute e Abatneh |trans-title=Serie D Lamezia Terme, what a hit! Under yellow and blue Kanoute and Abatneh |url=https://vibosport.it/serie-d-lamezia-terme-che-colpi-in-gialloblu-gli-under-kanoute-e-abatneh/ |website=Vibo Sport |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abatneh ya zauna a duka Philippines da Masar, kafin ya koma Kanada, ya koma Ottawa tun yana yaro. &lt;ref name=&quot;kitch&quot; /&gt; Abatneh ya fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa yana da shekaru biyar tare da Kwalejin Ottawa St. Anthony Futuro,  kuma yana wasa tare da Kwalar Ottawa Royals Futuro . &lt;ref name=&quot;kitch&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2014 yana da shekaru tara, ya tafi Ingila don horar da makarantar Arsenal da makarantar Fulham, yana karɓar tayin shiga Fulham, amma ya zaɓi ya kasance a Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2014 |title=Ottawa youth makes impression with Arsenal, Fulham soccer academies |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-youth-makes-impression-with-arsenal-fulham-soccer-academies-1.2777442 |website=[[CBC Sports]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sake komawa horo tare da kungiyoyin biyu a shekara mai zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kitch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2015 |title=Two young Westboro soccer players look ahead to a stellar year |url=https://kitchissippi.com/2015/01/12/westboro-soccer/ |website=Kitchissippi Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2016, ya koma Italiya kuma ya shiga Sashin Matasan AS Roma, bayan gwaji na watanni uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2016 |title=Noah Abatneh (2004) offered an official contract with AS Roma in the Italian Serie A |url=https://www.ottawastanthonyfuturo.com/achievements2016 |website=[[Ottawa St. Anthony Italia|Ottawa St. Anthony SC]] |access-date=May 5, 2026 |archive-date=March 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306143831/https://www.ottawastanthonyfuturo.com/achievements2016/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga nan sai ya shiga shirin matasa na ASD Savio . A watan Yunin 2020, ya shiga Tsarin matasa na Lazio.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2020 |title=Abatneh e Formisano approdano alla Lazio |trans-title=Abatneh and Formisano join Lazio |url=https://www.saviocalcio.it/abatneh-e-formisano-approdano-alla-lazio/ |website=ASD Savio |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Steven |date=June 17, 2020 |title=Official: Lazio Sign ASD Savio Calcio's Noah Abatneh |url=https://thelaziali.com/2020/06/17/lazio-noah-abatneh-sign-transfer-savio/ |website=The Laziali}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kulob din ==
A watan Satumbar 2022, Lazio ta ba da rancensa ga kungiyar Jerin D Lamezia Terme . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2022 |title=Noah Abatneh è un nuovo calciatore dell'F.C. Lamezia Terme |trans-title=Noah Abatneh is a new footballer of FC Lamezia Terme |url=https://www.lameziaterme.it/noah-abatneh-nuovo-calciatore-fc-lamezia-terme/ |website=Lamezia Terme |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2022 |title=Noah Abatneh è un calciatore gialloblu |trans-title=Noah Abatneh is a yellow-blue footballer |url=https://www.fclameziaterme.it/noah-abatneh-e-un-calciatore-gialloblu/ |website=[[F.C. Lamezia Terme]] |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2023, an ba da rancensa ga wani kulob din Serie D, Campodarsego .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2023 |title=Noah Abatneh è un nuovo calciatore del Campodarsego Calcio |trans-title=Noah Abatneh is a new player of Campodarsego Calcio |url=https://www.campodarsegocalcio.it/2023/01/31/noah-abatneh-un-calciatore-del-campodarsego-calcio/ |website=[[A.C.D. Campodarsego]] |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leo |first=Enrico |date=February 1, 2023 |title=Serie D, calciomercato: Campodarsego, per la fascia sinistra c'è Abatneh dalla Lazio |trans-title=Serie D, transfer market: Campodarsego, for the left wing there is Abatneh from Lazio |url=https://www.padovaoggi.it/sport/calcio/serie-d-calciomercato-campodarsego-abatneh-dalla-lazio-1-febbraio-2023.html |website=Padova Oggi |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda, tare da ƙarin zaɓin kulob din tare da kulob din Premier League na Kanada York United FC . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2023 |title=York United FC announces signing of Canadian defender Noah Abatneh |url=https://yorkunitedfc.canpl.ca/article/york-united-fc-announces-signing-of-canadian-defender-noah-abatneh |website=[[York United FC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=John |date=April 17, 2023 |title=York United Adds Canada U-20 Defender Noah Abatneh |url=https://northerntribune.ca/york-united-noah-abatneh/ |website=Northern Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da York United, an canza shi zuwa tsakiya bayan ya buga wasa a tsakiya da kuma dama a baya a cikin aikinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Healey |first=Joshua |date=August 16, 2024 |title=Why Noah Abatneh of York United could be next CanPL star to earn CanMNT considerations |url=https://onesoccer.ca/a/healey-why-noah-abatneh-of-york-united-could-be-next-canadian-premier-league-star-to-earn-can-mnt-considerations |website=[[OneSoccer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa da HFX Wanderers . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2022 |title=NASH: Time to replicate superb Halifax performance back at home this weekend |url=https://yorkunitedfc.canpl.ca/article/nash-time-to-replicate-superb-halifax-performance-back-at-home-this-weekend |website=[[York United FC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara farawa a ranar 24 ga Yuni, a kan Cavalry FC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Asante |first=Ridwan Ibrahim |date=June 26, 2023 |title=Analysis: Noah's Arc: Impressive Abatneh delivers big on first Nine Stripes start |url=https://yorkunitedfc.canpl.ca/article/analysis-noahs-arc-impressive-abatneh-delivers-big-on-first-nine-stripes-start |website=[[York United FC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2024, ya zira kwallaye na farko a nasarar 3-1 a kan Valour FC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tierney |first=Mitchell |date=May 10, 2024 |title=Match Analysis: York United complete comeback against Valour to secure victory in the CPL's 500th match |url=https://canpl.ca/article/match-analysis-york-united-valour-fc-cpl-500 |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshen kakar 2024, an zabi shi don Kyautar 'yan wasan Kanada mafi kyau na kasa da shekara 21.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2024 |title=Noah Abatneh nominated for CPL's Best Canadian Under-21 Player |url=https://yorkunitedfc.canpl.ca/article/canada-soccer-best-young-player-noah-abatneh-york-united-canadian-premier-league |website=[[York United FC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2024 |title=Abatneh, Gazdov, Poku nominated for Canadian Premier League's Best Canadian Under-21 Player Award |url=https://canpl.ca/article/abatneh-gazdov-poku-nominated-for-canadian-premier-leagues-best-canadian-under-21-player-award |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan kasa da kasa ==
An haifi Abatneh a Kanada ga mahaifin Habasha da mahaifiyar Kanada. A watan Janairun 2021, an kira shi zuwa Kanada U20 don sansani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Meuti |first=Federico |date=December 16, 2021 |title=Lazio, dal Canada arriva la chiamata. Un'aquila convocata dalla nazionale biancorossa |trans-title=Lazio, the call comes from Canada. An eagle called up by the red and white national team |url=https://www.gazzettaregionale.it/nazionali/2021/12/16/news/lazio-dal-canada-arriva-la-chiamata-un-aquila-convocata-dalla-nazionale-biancorossa-125300/ |website=Gazzetta Regionale |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zampilli |first=Valentina |date=December 16, 2021 |title=Nazionale – La chiamata arriva d'oltreoceano, Abatneh vola in America |trans-title=National – The call comes from overseas, Abatneh flies to America |url=https://piccoleaquile1900.altervista.org/nazionale-la-chiamata-arriva-doltreoceano-abatneh-vola-in-america/ |website=Picco Aquile |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake kiransa a watan Maris na shekara ta 2022 don wasannin sada zumunci biyu da Costa Rica U20.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Under 18: Abatneh convocato in Nazionale |trans-title=Under 18: Abatneh called up to the national team |url=https://www.sslazio.it/it/giovanili/news/66808-under-18-abatneh-convocato-in-nazionale |website=[[S.S. Lazio]] |language=it |access-date=May 5, 2026 |archive-date=April 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417223814/https://www.sslazio.it/it/giovanili/news/66808-under-18-abatneh-convocato-in-nazionale |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zampilli |first=Valentina |date=March 9, 2022 |title=Nazionale – Abatneh vola in America, il Canada chiama la giovane aquila! |trans-title=National – Abatneh flies to America, Canada calls the young eagle! |url=https://piccoleaquile1900.altervista.org/nazionale-abatneh-vola-in-america-il-canada-chiama-la-giovane-aquila/?doing_wp_cron=1681768795.2375938892364501953125 |website=Picco Aquile |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, an kira shi zuwa tawagar gasar cin kofin CONCACAF U-20 ta 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fefè |first=Tommaso |title=Lazio, un giovane aquilotto protagonista dell'U20 del Canadadi |trans-title=Lazio, a young eagle protagonist of Canada's U20 |url=https://www.sololalazio.it/2022/06/17/lazio-un-giovane-aquilotto-protagonista-dellu20-del-canada/ |website=Solo Lalazio |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2026, an sanya masa suna zuwa Babban ƙungiyar Kanada a karo na farko, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tierney |first=Mitchell |date=January 6, 2026 |title='Dream come true': Abatneh, Coimbra on first CanMNT callups |url=https://www.canpl.ca/news/dream-come-true-abatneh-coimbra-on-first-canmnt-callups |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; don sansanin horo da abokantaka da Guatemala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2026 |title=Atlético Ottawa defender Noah Abatneh called up to CANMNT squad |url=https://www.canpl.ca/atleticoottawa/news/atletico-ottawa-defender-noah-abatneh-called-up-to-canmnt-squad |website=[[Atlético Ottawa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Healey |first=Josh |date=January 6, 2025 |title=CanMNT announces January squad, including Coimbra, Abatneh and Jimoh |url=https://www.hfxfootballpost.ca/canmnt-announces-january-squad-including-coimbra-abatneh-and-jimoh/ |website=HFX Football Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bayyana a wasan da ya yi da Guatamala, duk da haka, kamar yadda aka sanya shi a matsayin abokantaka na matakin B, bai ƙidaya a matsayin babban jami'in ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2026 |title=Jimoh, Coimbra, Abatneh make CanMNT impact in friendly vs. Guatemala |url=https://www.canpl.ca/news/jimoh-coimbra-abatneh-make-canmnt-impact-in-friendly-vs-guatemala |website=[[Canadian Premier League]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kididdigar aiki ==
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! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Wasanni
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin Cikin Gida
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
|Lazio
|2022–23
|Jerin A
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Lamezia Terme (an ba da rancen) 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022–23
|Jerin D
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|1 [ƙasa-alpha 1]
|0
|5
|0
|-
|Campodarsego (rashin kuɗi) 
|Jerin D
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|0
|0
|4
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |York United
|2023
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Gasar Firimiya ta Kanada
|12
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|12
|0
|-
|2024
|22
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|23
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!34
!1
!0
!0
!1
!0
!0
!0
!35
!1
|-
|Atletico Ottawa
|2025
|Gasar Firimiya ta Kanada
|23
|1
|2
|0
|4
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|29
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!65
!2
!2
!0
!5
!0
!1
!0
!73
!2
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'''Andrew Uwe''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Agusta 1963) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya fafata a gasar maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1988. [1]

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'''Andrew Uwe''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Agusta 1963) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya fafata a gasar maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1988. [1]&lt;ref&gt;Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. &quot;Andrew Uwe Olympic Results&quot;. Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Andrew Uwe''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Agusta 1963) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya fafata a gasar maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1988. [1]&lt;ref&gt;Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. &quot;Andrew Uwe Olympic Results&quot;. Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="5990" sha1="5vr3go2x8pe9ito6grpzawhcb924qkm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Oke Akpoveta''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Disamba 1991)   [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Najeriya wanda a matsayinsa na ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Division 3 ta Åstorps FF .

== Sana'a ==
Akpoveta ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu tare da Brøndby a gasar Superliga ta Denmark a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 2011. Ya fara buga wasa a hukumance a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta da FC Midtjylland . Ya ji rauni a ranar 6 ga watan Satumba a wasan da suka buga da FC Copenhagen kuma bai buga sauran kakar wasa ba. A ranar 6 ga Janairu 2014, an soke kwangilarsa da Brøndby bisa amincewar juna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brøndby IF og Oke Akpoveta ophæver kontrakten |url=http://brondby.com/article.asp?aid=76446&amp;id=145 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112104223/http://brondby.com/article.asp?aid=76446&amp;id=145 |archive-date=12 January 2014 |access-date=2 February 2014 |website=Brondby.com |publisher=[[Brøndby IF]] |language=Danish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2014, Akpoveta ya koma Ravan Baku a gasar Premier ta Azerbaijan, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin watanni 18. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ravan 5 players signed'&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Rəvan&quot; 5 futbolçu ilə anlaşdı |url=http://www.revanfc.az/news/1059/%E2%80%9CR%C9%99van%E2%80%9D+5+futbol%C3%A7u+il%C9%99+anla%C5%9Fd%C4%B1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209034325/http://www.revanfc.az/news/1059/%E2%80%9CR%C9%99van%E2%80%9D+5+futbol%C3%A7u+il%C9%99+anla%C5%9Fd%C4%B1/ |archive-date=9 February 2014 |access-date=1 February 2014 |website=RevanFC.az |publisher=[[Ravan Baku FK]] |language=Azerbaijani}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2014, an ba Akpoveta izinin komawa Denmark na tsawon kwanaki biyu, amma daga baya ya kasa komawa kulob din, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rəvan futbolçusunu itirib |url=http://www.azerisport.com/az/futbol/20140509013542607.html |access-date=9 May 2014 |website=AzeriSport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya bar kulob din har abada a karshen kakar wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Налетай, торопись, в Ряване распродажа! |url=http://www.azerifootball.com/ru/13/news/24352.html |access-date=18 June 2014 |website=AzeriFootball.com |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 16 ga Yuli, 2014, Akpoveta ya koma Denmark, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin watanni 18 da ƙungiyar Brønshøj ta Denmark . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=OKE AKPOVETA TIL BRØNSHØJ |url=http://www.bronshojboldklub.dk/Divisionshold/Nyheder/Oke-Akpoveta-til-Broenshoej |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052944/http://www.bronshojboldklub.dk/Divisionshold/Nyheder/Oke-Akpoveta-til-Broenshoej |archive-date=9 October 2018 |access-date=18 July 2014 |website=BronshojBoldklub.dk |publisher=[[Brønshøj BK]] |language=Danish}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Official : Oke Akpoveta Returns To Denmark, Signs Contract With Bronshoj |url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=12633 |access-date=18 July 2014 |website=AllNigeriaSoccer.com |publisher=All Nigeria Soccer}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2015, Akpoveta ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin watanni 12 da ƙungiyar Lyngby ta Denmark ta First Division . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2016 |title=Oke Akpoveta færdig i Lyngby |url=http://www.bold.dk/fodbold/nyheder/oke-akpoveta-faerdig-i-lyngby/ |website=Bold.dk |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin canja wurin wasa na watan Janairu, an ba Akpoveta aro ga ƙungiyar Superettan ta Sweden IK Frej har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2015-16. Ya burge, inda ya zira kwallaye 12 a wasanni 13. Sakamakon haka, a ranar 13 ga Yuli 2016, ƙungiyar Superettan Dalkurd ta bayyana cewa ƙungiyar ta sayi Akpoveta a kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta bayan wasu makonni da aka yi ta rade-radin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IK Frej Täbys målfarlige Akpoveta klar för Dalkurd |url=http://www.dt.se/fotboll/superettan/ik-frej-tabys-malfarlige-akpoveta-klar-for-dalkurd |access-date=13 July 2016 |website=DT.se |publisher=[[Dalarnas Tidningar]] |language=Swedish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan gwaji da ƙungiyar abokan hamayyar Superettan Helsingborgs IF inda ya taimaka a wasan sada zumunci da Odense, Akpoveta ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Helsingborgs IF a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2017 kan kuɗin da ba a sani ba. 

A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2019, Akpoveta ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin watanni shida da kulob din Sabail FK na Azerbaijan . &lt;ref name=&quot;Oke Akpoveta&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 February 2019 |title=OKE AKPOVETA &quot;SƏBAİL&quot;DƏ! |url=https://sabailfc.az/az/2019/02/16/oke-akpoveta-s%C9%99baild%C9%99/ |access-date=18 February 2019 |website=sabailfc.az |publisher=Sabail FK |language=Azerbaijani }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga Yuli 2019, Akpoveta ya koma IK Frej, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da rabi. [1] Bayan watanni shida, a watan Janairun 2020, Akpoveta ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Norrby IF . [2] Daga nan Akpoveta ya yi ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da ƙungiyar Al-Thoqbah ta Saudiyya, [3] ƙungiyar KPV ta Finland, [4] da kuma ƙungiyar Höganäs ta Sweden [5] kafin ya koma ƙungiyar Valletta ta Malta a ranar 25 ga Yulin 2022. [6] [7] Kwantiraginsa da Valletta ya ƙare ne bisa amincewar juna a ranar 29 ga Disamba, 2022, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa mai zaman kansa. [8]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2023, Akpoveta ya sanya hannu kan kwangila da ƙungiyar KPV ta ƙasar Finland har tsawon kakar wasa ta bana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tervetuloa Oke Akpoveta |trans-title=Welcome Oke Akpoveta |url=https://kpv.fi/uutiset/135048/tervetuloa-oke-akpoveta |access-date=3 August 2023 |publisher=kpv.fi |language=Finnish}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallaye a wasansa na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derbystä tasuri |url=https://kpv.fi/ottelut/349175?tab=report |publisher=kpv.fi |language=Finnish}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2024, ya koma ƙungiyar Åstorps FF ta Sweden Division 3. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]]</text>
      <sha1>5vr3go2x8pe9ito6grpzawhcb924qkm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pedro Conde (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>150217</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843622</id>
      <parentid>837101</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T20:21:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>843622</origin>
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      <text bytes="8364" sha1="mfo81brty0f8y8altpaytaimnmpmy1w" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Pedro Conde''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba.

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Córdoba ===
An haife shi a Villafranca de Cordoba, [[Andalusia]], Conde ya sauke karatu daga makarantar matasa ta Cordoba CF. Ya yi babban wasansa na farko tare da tanadi a cikin lokacin 2006–07, a cikin Tercera División .

Conde ya buga wasansa na farko a matsayin ƙwararre a ranar 3 ga Satumba 2008, inda ya maye gurbin Pepe Díaz a minti na 82 bayan rashin nasara 2-1 a waje da CD Tenerife a zagaye na biyu na Copa del Rey .  Ya shafe mafi yawan lokacinsa yana wasa tare da ƙungiyar B, koyaushe yana wasa a ƙananan lig.

=== Mai Tafiya ===
A lokacin bazara na 2009, Conde ya koma [[Atlético Madrid]], inda aka tura shi ƙungiyar C a rukuni na huɗu. Daga baya ya ci gaba da aikinsa a wannan matakin amma kuma a Segunda División B, yana wakiltar Real Jaén, CD Pozoblanco,  Granada CF B, CD Alcoyano,  UD Melilla  da Mérida AD ; ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe ta kare a matsayi na takwas a kakar wasa ta farko a matakin rukuni na uku, inda ya kasance a matsayi na uku a jerin 'yan wasa mafi zura kwallaye a rukuni kuma na uku a jimilla.  

=== PAS Giannina ===
A ranar 7 ga Yulin 2016, yana da shekaru 28, Conde ya koma ƙasar waje a karon farko a rayuwarsa kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da PAS Giannina a gasar Super League ta Girka .   Ya zira kwallaye ne kawai a wasansa na biyu a gasar UEFA Europa League, amma a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 1-2 a hannun AZ Alkmaar a zagaye na uku na cancantar shiga gasar (1-3 a jimilla). 

A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2016, Conde ya zura kwallaye uku a raga domin taimakawa masu masaukin baki su doke Athlitiki Enosi Larissa FC da ci 4-0 a filin wasa na Zosimades .  Ya kammala kakar wasa da kwallaye 14 a dukkan gasa, inda ya zura kwallaye 13 a gasar da ke matsayi na uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 February 2018 |title=Pedro Conde iguala los 13 goles que marcó la pasada temporada en liga |trans-title=Pedro Conde equals the 13 goals he scored last season in league |url=https://migrantesdelbalon.com/pedro-conde-vuelve-a-liderar-el-pichichi-en-grecia/ |access-date=26 October 2021 |publisher=Migrantes del Balón |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Conde ya zura kwallaye takwas jimilla a farkon kakar wasa ta 2017-18, wanda hakan ya sa Panathinaikos FC ta nuna sha'awarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 January 2018 |title=Panathinaikos eyeing Pedro Pérez Conde |url=http://www.sportlike.gr/alles-eidiseis/panathinaikos-eyeing-pedro-prez-conde/432486 |access-date=6 January 2018 |publisher=Sport Like |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107060955/http://www.sportlike.gr/alles-eidiseis/panathinaikos-eyeing-pedro-prez-conde/432486 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 10 ga Janairu 2018, kwallayen da ya ci a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Girka sun taimaka wa masu masaukin baki su doke Levadiakos FC da ci 4-0 sannan suka tsallake bayan rashin nasara 1-0. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2018 |title=Πάρτι πρόκρισης με σούπερ Κόντε ο ΠΑΣ Γιάννινα, 4–0 τον Λεβαδειακό |trans-title=Qualification party for PAS Giannina with Super Conde, 4–0 to Levadiakos |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/GreekCup/prokrish-me-souper-konte-o-pas-giannina-3-0-ton-levadeiako.5023480.html |access-date=11 January 2018 |publisher=Sport 24 |language=el |archive-date=12 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112155953/http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/GreekCup/prokrish-me-souper-konte-o-pas-giannina-3-0-ton-levadeiako.5023480.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE) ===
A ranar 28 ga Agusta 2018, Conde ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu a Baniyas Club kan kuɗin da ya kai kusan €800,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 August 2018 |title=Pedro Pérez Conde officially joins Baniyas Sports (pic) |url=https://www.sdna.gr/news-english/article/506404/pedro-perez-conde-officially-joins-baniyas-sports-pic |access-date=28 August 2018 |publisher=SDNA}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2020, ya sanya hannu da Shabab Al Ahli Club shi ma a gasar zakarun UAE . 

=== Komawa zuwa PAS ===
Conde ya koma PAS Giannina a ranar 9 ga Agusta 2021, yana da shekaru 33. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Επίσημη η επιστροφή του Κόντε στον ΠΑΣ Γιάννινα |trans-title=Conde return to PAS Giannina is official |url=https://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/2032687/episimi-i-epistrofi-toy-konte-ston-pas-giannina |access-date=9 August 2021 |publisher=Gazzetta |language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko a ranar 12 ga Satumba, ta hanyar bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka doke PAOK FC da ci 1-0 a waje. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2021 |title=ΠΑΟΚ – ΠΑΣ Γιάννινα 0–1: Πασάς στην Τούμπα με τον Κόντε να εκμεταλλεύεται το τραγικό λάθος του Ζίβκοβιτς |trans-title=PAOK – PAS Giannina 0–1: Pasha in Toumba with Conde taking advantage of Zivkovic's tragic mistake |url=https://www.sport24.gr/football/paok-pas-giannina-0-1-pasas-stin-toympa-me-ton-konte-na-ekmetalleyetai-to-tragiko-lathos-toy-zivkovits.9352515.html |access-date=12 September 2021 |publisher=Sport 24 |language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 18 ga Satumba 2021, Conde ya samu rauni a jijiyar giciye a wasan da suka yi da Panathinaikos FC, inda aka dakatar da shi daga buga wasa har tsawon kakar wasa ta bana . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 September 2021 |title=ΠΑΣ Γιάννινα: &quot;Χοντρή&quot; ζημιά για Κόντε |trans-title=PAS Giannina: &quot;Heavy&quot; damage for Conde (photos) |url=https://www.onsports.gr/podosfairo/superleague/story/744818/pas-giannina-xontri-zimia-gia-konte-photos |access-date=30 January 2022 |publisher=Onsports |language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Copa del Rey]], [[Greek Football Cup]], [[UAE President's Cup]]}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Córdoba B
|2006–07
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Tercera División
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|3
|1
|-
|2007–08
|35
|14
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|35
|14
|-
|2008–09
|36
|16
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|36
|16
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!74
!31
!0
!0
!0
!0
!74
!31
|-
|Jaén
|2010–11
|Segunda División B
|24
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|24
|2
|-
|Pozoblanco
|2011–12
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Tercera División
|36
|20
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|36
|20
|-
|Granada B
|2012–13
|41
|23
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|41
|23
|-
|Alcoyano
|2013–14
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Segunda División B
|32
|4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|32
|4
|-
|Melilla
|2014–15
|34
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|34
|3
|-
|Mérida
|2015–16
|36
|17
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|37
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |PAS Giannina
|2016–17
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Super League Greece
|25
|13
|3
|0
|2{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}}
|1
|30
|14
|-
|2017–18
|26
|14
|5
|6
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|31
|20
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!51
!27
!8
!6
!2
!1
!61
!34
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Baniyas
|2018–19
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |UAE Pro League
|25
|18
|6
|5
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|31
|23
|-
|2019–20
|12
|7
|6
|7
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|18
|14
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!37
!25
!12
!12
!0
!0
!49
!37
|-
|Shabab Al Ahli
|2019–20
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |UAE Pro League
|5
|0
|1
|0
|6{{Efn|Appearances in [[AFC Champions League]]}}
|2
|12
|2
|-
|Al Dhafra
|2020–21
|13
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|13
|5
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |PAS Giannina
|2021–22
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Super League Greece
|5
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|5
|1
|-
|2022–23
|5
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|5
|1
|-
|2023–24
|27
|9
|1
|0
|0
|0
|28
|9
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!37
!11
!1
!0
!0
!0
!38
!11
|-
|Volos
|2024–25
|Super League Greece
|30
|4
|1
|0
|0
|0
|31
|4
|-
|PAS Giannina
|2025–26
|Super League Greece 2
|9
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|9
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!459
!172
!24
!18
!8
!3
!491
!193
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]</text>
      <sha1>mfo81brty0f8y8altpaytaimnmpmy1w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oussama Bouyaghlafen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>150867</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843565</id>
      <parentid>834953</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T17:32:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13371</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2809" sha1="aaybgosctr9oinbmzazzl3cmlu11xb6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Oussama Bouyaghlafen''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1998) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan]] ƙasar Holland wanda ke buga [[Mai buga tsakiya|ƙwallon gefe]] a ƙungiyar Tweede Divisie Kozakken Boys . 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Den Bosch ===
Bouyaghlafen ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a ƙungiyoyin [[Rotterdam]] a Sparta AV, SVV, Alexandria '66, kafin ya koma makarantar matasa ta Willem II a 2013. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, ya shiga sashen matasa na FC Den Bosch . 

Ya fara buga wasa a Eerste Division a FC Den Bosch a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2016 a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun VVV-Venlo da ci 3-1, inda ya maye gurbin Stefano Beltrame a minti na 83. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 October 2016 |title=Game Report by Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/10/21/netherlands/eerste-divisie/vvv-venlo/fc-den-bosch/2240662/ |publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa har zuwa watan Yunin 2020 tare da Den Bosch a watan Disamba na 2017, tare da zabin karin shekara guda. 

=== Birnin Almere ===
A watan Mayun 2020, Bouyaghlafen ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Almere City . [1] Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 30 ga Agusta a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0 da MVV, inda ya maye gurbin Ilias Alhaft a minti na 61. [2] [3] Bayan rabin wata, a ranar 15 ga Satumba, Bouyaghlafen ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Almere City a wasan da suka doke TOP Oss da ci 3-0 a gida. A farkon wasan, ya lashe bugun fenariti, inda ya kafa kwallon da Thomas Verheydt ya ci. [4] Tare da Almere City, ya kai wasan zagaye na gaba don samun ci gaba a kakar wasa ta farko, amma kungiyar za ta ga an doke ta ne daga NEC da ta lashe wasan zagaye na farko a zagaye na farko. [5]

Bayan kakar wasa ta 2021-22, Almere City ba ta tsawaita kwangilar Bouyaghlafen ba, kuma ya bar ƙungiyar a matsayin ɗan wasa mai zaman kansa. 

=== De Treffers ===
A kan 25 Yuli 2022, Bouyaghlafen ya shiga ƙungiyar Tweede Divisie De Treffers . 

=== Yaran Kozakken ===
A ranar 20 ga Maris 2024, Kozakken Boys ta sanar da sayen Bouyaghlafen kafin kakar wasa ta 2024-25. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 March 2024 |title=Kozakken Boys contracteert Oussama Bouyaghlafen |url=https://www.kozakkenboys.nl/1/1966/kozakken-boys-contracteert-oussama-bouyaghlafen/ |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=Kozakken Boys |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haifi Bouyaghlafen a [[Holand|ƙasar Netherlands]], kuma asalinsa ɗan [[Moroko|ƙasar Morocco]] ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=De 11 van Oussama Bouyaghlafen &amp;#124; Supportersclub FC Den Bosch |url=https://www.scfcdb.nl/2017/10/12/de-11-van-oussama-bouyaghlafen/ }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osas Okoro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1831" sha1="gk3ju26m886nydg1gjptro5z7e91m9c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Osadebamwen Moses Okoro''' Listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1990) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya wanda ke bugawa [[Enugu Rangers]] wasa, a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] .

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
'Yan'uwan Okoro, [[Stanley Okoro|Stanley]] da Charles, suma 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 April 2011 |title=Little Messi tag suits me – Okoro |url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/little-messi-tag-suits-me-%E2%80%93-okoro/ |access-date=1 June 2014 |publisher=NBF Topics |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162745/http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/little-messi-tag-suits-me-%E2%80%93-okoro/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kulob ==
Okoro ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya a [[Bayelsa United F.C.|Bayelsa United]], Heartland da [[Enugu Rangers]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{NFT player|id=41936|accessdate=10 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na 2016, an nada shi gwarzon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Edo ta shekara ta Edo FA 

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Ya fara buga wa Najeriya wasa a shekarar 2011. [1] An sanya shi a cikin tawagar Najeriya a gasar CAF U-23 Championship ta 2011 da kuma gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2016. [2]

=== Manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa ===

: ''Sakamakon da sakamakon ya nuna adadin kwallayen da Najeriya ta ci a farko.'' 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
!A'a
! Kwanan wata
! Wuri
! Abokin hamayya
! Ci
! Sakamako
! Gasar
|-
| 1.
| 18 Janairu 2016
| Stade Régional Nyamirambo, [[Kigali]], Rwanda
|{{Fb|NIG}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; | '''1''' – 0
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 4–1
| Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta 2016
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Osun United FC</title>
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      <text bytes="3982" sha1="b5d35tjprr3oq26eo27bz7vanwj2xvx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Osun United FC
| fullname = Osun United Football Club
| nickname = Omoluabi Giants
| founded = 1996
| ground = Osogbo Township Stadium
| capacity = 10,000
| owner = Gwamnatin Jihar Osun
| chairman = 
| manager = 
| league = Nigeria National League
| season = 
| position = 
| website = 
}}

'''Osun United FC''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Najeriya wadda take da hedikwata a garin Osogbo, babban birnin [[Jihar Osun]], Najeriya. Ƙungiyar tana wakiltar jihar Osun a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa, kuma tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka shahara a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/osun-united/startseite/verein/44725 |title=Osun United FC Profile |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa ƙungiyar Osun United FC a shekarar 1996 domin haɓaka wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da bai wa matasan jihar Osun damar nuna bajintarsu a matakin ƙasa. Tun bayan kafuwarta, ƙungiyar ta kasance tana fafatawa a matakai daban-daban na gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/osun-united-fc/16918/ |title=Osun United FC History |website=Global Sports Archive |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osun United FC tana buga wasanninta na gida ne a filin wasa na '''Osogbo Township Stadium''' wanda yake a Osogbo. Filin wasan yana ɗaukar dubban magoya baya kuma yana daga cikin manyan wuraren wasanni a jihar Osun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng |title=Osogbo Township Stadium Information |website=Goal Nigeria |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyar ta yi suna wajen bai wa matasa dama musamman 'yan wasa daga yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Wasu daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka taka leda a ƙungiyar sun samu damar ci gaba zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Osun United committed to youth development |newspaper=The Nation Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osun United FC ta taba fafatawa a gasar '''Nigeria National League (NNL)''' wanda ita ce mataki na biyu a tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Ƙungiyar tana ƙoƙarin samun gurbin hawa zuwa gasar firimiya ta Najeriya wato '''Nigeria Premier Football League'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://nnl.com.ng/ |title=Nigeria National League Clubs |website=NNL Official Website |access-date=15 Mayu 2026 |archive-date=2026-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416053240/https://nnl.com.ng/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Magoya bayan Osun United FC suna daga cikin masu goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin Osun. Ƙungiyar tana da kyakkyawar alaƙa da al’ummar jihar ta hanyar shirye-shiryen ci gaban matasa da wasannin sada zumunta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Osun United Fans Continue Support for Club |newspaper=Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Osun United FC ta fara ne da manufar samar da wata ƙungiya mai wakiltar jihar Osun a manyan gasa na ƙasa. A cikin shekarun farko na kafuwarta, ƙungiyar ta fi mayar da hankali kan haɓaka matasan 'yan wasa da shiga gasannin cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.flashscore.com/team/osun-united/ |title=Osun United Team History |website=Flashscore |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filin wasa ==
Ƙungiyar tana amfani da '''Osogbo Township Stadium''' a matsayin filin wasanta na gida. Filin wasan yana karɓar wasannin cikin gida da sauran shirye-shiryen wasanni na jihar Osun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.soccerway.com/teams/nigeria/osun-united/ |title=Osun United Venue |website=Soccerway |access-date=15 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gasa ==
* Nigeria National League (NNL)
* State FA Cup
* Friendly Competitions

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Nigeria National League]]
* [[Jihar Osun]]
* [[Ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Jihar Osun]]
[[Category:An kafa a 1996]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2403" sha1="5vlam4idzv876cmjrzekbs07angypqj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox stadium
| name = Oghara Stadium
| location = Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria
| country = Nigeria
| type = Multi-purpose stadium
| surface = Grass (commonly reported for Nigerian community stadiums)
| tenants = Local football clubs and community events
}}

== Oghara Stadium ==
'''Oghara Stadium''' wani filin wasa ne da ke cikin garin Oghara a Jihar Delta, Najeriya. Ana amfani da shi wajen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma wasu tarukan wasanni na cikin gida da al’umma. Filin yana daga cikin muhimman wuraren wasanni a yankin Delta State.  
&lt;ref&gt;World Stadiums – Nigeria Stadium Listings (General Reference on Nigerian Stadium Facilities). https://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/nigeria.shtml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616045646/http://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/nigeria.shtml |date=2025-06-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri (Location) ==
Filin wasan yana cikin Oghara, wanda ke cikin Ethiope West Local Government Area na Jihar Delta. Wannan yankin yana da muhimmanci wajen haɓaka wasanni da harkokin matasa a jihar.  
&lt;ref&gt;Britannica – Delta State Overview and Geography Context. https://www.britannica.com/place/Delta-state-Nigeria&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani (Usage) ==
Oghara Stadium ana amfani da shi wajen wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na gida, horar da ‘yan wasa, da kuma wasu tarukan al’umma kamar bukukuwa da gasar makarantu. Ba shi da cikakken bayanin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ke amfani da shi a kai a kai, amma yana taka rawa a matakin ƙananan wasanni.  
&lt;ref&gt;Stadium Infrastructure in Nigeria – Sports Development Reports. https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/football&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmanci ==
Filin yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka matasa masu sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin Delta. Hakanan yana ƙara wa al’umma damar samun wurin motsa jiki da gudanar da gasa. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen inganta zamantakewa da haɗin kai tsakanin matasa.  
&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO – Sport for Development and Peace Overview. https://www.unesco.org/en/sport-and-anti-doping/sport-development-and-peace&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kammalawa ==
Oghara Stadium muhimmin fili ne na wasanni a Najeriya, musamman a matakin jiha da ƙananan hukumomi. Duk da cewa ba shi daga manyan filayen wasa na ƙasa, yana da rawar da yake takawa wajen inganta ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran wasanni a yankin Delta.  
&lt;ref&gt;World Bank – Youth and Sports Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/sport&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Obi Iwuagwu</title>
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'''Obichere Chilaka Iwuagwu''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 1965, a Obohia, [[Ahiazu Mbaise]]) farfesa ne na Najeriya na Tarihin tattalin arziki, nazarin ci gaba da Manufofin jama'a a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] . Binciken da yake so ya kunshi batutuwa kamar Tarihin tattalin arziki, tattalin arzikin ci gaba da Ci gaba mai ɗorewa, manufofin jama'a da gina al'umma, da [[Tsarin abinci]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2009 |title=Contributors |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/127/article/492485/pdf |journal=African Economic History |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=181–182 |issn=2163-9108}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iwuagwu shi ne darektan Najeriya na Cibiyar Confucius a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], kuma mataimakin darektan da ya gabata na [[Institute of African and Diaspora Studies|Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Diaspora]] ta jami'ar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2023 |title=UNILAG Confucius Institute Marks Smooth Transition of Leadership: Sends-forth Professor Maduagwu and Welcomes New Nigerian Director |url=https://unilag.edu.ng/?p=27659 |website=Unilag.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nico |date=2018-02-26 |title=Empower Traditional Rulers To End Insecurity, Iwuagwu Tells FG – NICO |url=https://nico.gov.ng/2018/02/26/empower-traditional-rulers-to-end-insecurity-iwuagwu-tells-fg/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224151829/https://nico.gov.ng/2018/02/26/empower-traditional-rulers-to-end-insecurity-iwuagwu-tells-fg/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Obizi, Mbaise a shekarar 1981; Iwuagwu ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar jihar Imo|Jami'ar Jihar Imo]] inda ya sami digiri na farko a tarihi a shekarar 1988. Daga nan sai ya shiga Jami'ar Legas inda ya sami digiri na biyu da PhD. a cikin tarihi a cikin 1992 da 1998 bi da bi.

Iwuagwu ya shiga bangaren koyarwa a Sashen Tarihi da Nazarin Dabarun Jami'ar Legas a shekara ta 2005 a matsayin Malami na II. Ya tashi a cikin matsayi har sai ya zama cikakken farfesa a shekarar 2020. A cikin shekara ta 2012, Iwuagwu ya kasance Masanin Ziyarar a [[Suzhou]])&quot; id=&quot;mwKw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Soochow University (Suzhou)&quot;&gt;Jami'ar Soochow, Suzhou a kasar Sin. Ya kuma kasance Masanin Ziyarar a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Beijing, China a shekarar 2015. 

== Littattafan da aka zaɓa ==
[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]  (2021), Ginin Kasar a Afirka: Batutuwan, Kalubale da Abubuwan da ke tasowa, Jami'ar Legas Press &amp; Bookshop Ltd.

 Iwuagwu,obi(2008).batutuwa atarihin tattalin arzikin igbo.shine nafarko awallafa littattafan ilimi.ISBN 978-978-37266-9-7.

{{Cite journal |last=University of Lagos, Nigeria |last2=Iwuagwu |first2=Obi |date=2020-08-17 |title=Development albatross: a historical analysis of Nigeria's economic development planning experience, 1960 – 2015 |url=https://kijhus.kiu.ac.ug/assets/articles/1597826683_development-albatross-a-historical-analysis-of-nigeria%E2%80%99s-economic-development-planning-experience-1960-%E2%80%93-2015.pdf |journal=Kampala International University Interdisciplinary Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=335–352 |doi=10.59568/KIJHUS-2020-1-2-22}}

{{Cite journal |last=Iwuagwu |first=Obi |date=2012 |title=The spread of cassava (manioc) in Igboland, south-east Nigeria: a reappraisal of the evidence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23317131 |journal=The Agricultural History Review |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=60–76 |issn=0002-1490 |jstor=23317131}}

Iwuagwu,obi(2009). najeriya da kalubalen Masha naantun cigaba.dabarar hada masana anti wura guda.tarihin tattalin arzikin afurka.37(1):151-180.ISSN21639108.

Iwuagwu, Obi (2009), &quot; Siyasa ta Ci gaban Infrastructure a Karkara ta Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya, 1946 - 1976&quot;, Uzu: Jaridar Tarihi da Nazarin Duniya, 11 (1), 111-123.

{{Cite journal |last=Iwuagwu |first=Obi |date=2006 |title=Rural development in Eastern Nigeria: An assessment of colonial and post colonial development plans in the former Owerri Province, 1946 - 1976 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/lhr/article/view/32549/0 |journal=Lagos Historical Review |language=en |volume=6 |pages=118–132 |doi=10.4314/lhr.v6i1.32549 |issn=1596-5031 |url-access=subscription}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Gereb Mihiz''' tafki ne da ke cikin [[Hintalo Wajirat]] ''woreda'' na Yankin Tigray a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . An gina madatsar ruwan da ke riƙe da tafkin a cikin 1998 ta hanyar SAERT . 

== Halayen madatsar ruwa ==

* Tsawon madatsar ruwan: mita 17.5.&amp;nbsp;
* Tsawon tsaunukan madatsar ruwa: mita 403&amp;nbsp;
* Faɗin [[Hanyar Zube|Hanyar zubar da ruwa]]: mita 15&amp;nbsp;

== Capacity ==

* Ikon asali: 1300000 m3&amp;nbsp;
* [[Dead storage|Matattu ajiya]]: 325000 m3&amp;nbsp;
* Yankin tafkin: hekta 30&amp;nbsp;

A shekara ta 2002, an kiyasta tsawon rayuwar tafkin (tsawon da ya gabata kafin a cika shi da turɓaya) a shekaru 21.
[[Fayil:26._Gereb_Mihiz_2.jpg|thumb|Gereb Mihiz]]

== Ruwa ==

* Yankin da aka tsara don ban ruwa: hekta 80&amp;nbsp;
* Yankin da aka yi ban ruwa a 2002: hekta 38&amp;nbsp;

== Muhalli ==
Rashin tafkin yana da girman kilomita 17.16, tare da kewayon kilomita 20.38 da tsawon mita 4910. Wannan tafkin yana fama da saurin yaduwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Reservoirs in Tigray: characteristics and sediment deposition problems |journal=Land Degradation and Development |volume=17 |pages=211–230 |doi=10.1002/ldr.698 |s2cid=129834993 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lithology na tafkin shine Mekelle Dolerite da Agula Shale .  Wani ɓangare na ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don ban ruwa ya ɓace ta hanyar tsomawa; sakamako mai kyau shi ne cewa wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga sake caji na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2008 |title=Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: A quantitative analysis of its controlling factors |journal=Catena |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |bibcode=2008Caten..75...65H |doi=10.1016/j.catena.2008.04.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1793" sha1="k4wrip9u1na3xix219md5hhra7czjo2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Gereb Mihiz''' tafki ne da ke cikin [[Hintalo Wajirat]] ''woreda'' na Yankin Tigray a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . An gina madatsar ruwan da ke riƙe da tafkin a cikin 1998 ta hanyar SAERT . 

== Halayen madatsar ruwa ==

* Tsawon madatsar ruwan: mita 17.5.&amp;nbsp;
* Tsawon tsaunukan madatsar ruwa: mita 403&amp;nbsp;
* Faɗin [[Hanyar Zube|Hanyar zubar da ruwa]]: mita 15&amp;nbsp;

== Capacity ==

* Ikon asali: 1300000 m3&amp;nbsp;
* [[Dead storage|Matattu ajiya]]: 325000 m3&amp;nbsp;
* Yankin tafkin: hekta 30&amp;nbsp;

A shekara ta 2002, an kiyasta tsawon rayuwar tafkin (tsawon da ya gabata kafin a cika shi da turɓaya) a shekaru 21.
[[Fayil:26._Gereb_Mihiz_2.jpg|thumb|Gereb Mihiz]]

== Ruwa ==

* Yankin da aka tsara don ban ruwa: hekta 80&amp;nbsp;
* Yankin da aka yi ban ruwa a 2002: hekta 38&amp;nbsp;

== Muhalli ==
Rashin tafkin yana da girman kilomita 17.16, tare da kewayon kilomita 20.38 da tsawon mita 4910. Wannan tafkin yana fama da saurin yaduwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Reservoirs in Tigray: characteristics and sediment deposition problems |journal=Land Degradation and Development |volume=17 |pages=211–230 |doi=10.1002/ldr.698 |s2cid=129834993 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lithology na tafkin shine Mekelle Dolerite da Agula Shale .  Wani ɓangare na ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don ban ruwa ya ɓace ta hanyar tsomawa; sakamako mai kyau shi ne cewa wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga sake caji na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2008 |title=Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: A quantitative analysis of its controlling factors |journal=Catena |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |bibcode=2008Caten..75...65H |doi=10.1016/j.catena.2008.04.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oasis na Tekuna</title>
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Jirgin ruwan '''''Oasis of the Seas''''' wani [[JIRGIN RUWA NA FASINJA DON SHKATAWA SHAKATWA|jirgin ruwa]] ne da Royal Caribbean International ke sarrafawa. Ita ce ta farko a cikin ajin ta, ajin ''Oasis'', wanda jiragen ruwan sa suka kasance manyan jiragen fasinja a duniya, har sai da aka zarce su a shekarar 2024 ta hannun &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwfg&quot;&gt;Icon&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . An shimfida jirgin ruwan ta a watan Nuwamba na 2007 kuma an kammala ta aka kai ta Royal Caribbean a watan Oktoba na 2009. A lokacin ginin, ''Oasis of the Seas'' ta kafa sabon tarihi na ɗaukar fasinjoji 6,669. &lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday20100408&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sloan |first=Gene |date=8 April 2010 |title=Record set as Oasis of the Seas sails with more than 6,000 passengers |url=http://travel.usatoday.com/cruises/post/2010/04/record-set-as-oasis-of-the-seas-sails-with-more-than-6000-passengers/87141/1 |access-date=14 August 2010 |website=[[USA Today]] |series=Cruise Log}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta haɗu da jiragen ruwa na ''Allure of the Seas'' a watan Disamba na 2010, ''Harmony of the Seas'' a watan Mayu na 2016, ''Symphony of the Seas'' a watan Afrilu na 2018, da ''Wonder of the Seas'' a watan Maris na 2022, da kuma ''Utopia of the Seas'' a watan Yuli na 2024. Ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na 2024, ''Oasis of the Seas'' tana gudanar da tafiye-tafiye a [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Port Everglades da ke Fort Lauderdale, Florida, da kuma Cape Liberty (Bayonne), New Jersey.

''Oasis of the Seas'' surpassed the Freedom-class cruise ships (also owned by Royal Caribbean) to become the largest cruise ship in the world at that time. Later, ''Oasis of the Seas'' was surpassed by ''Allure of the Seas'' by 50 millimetres (2 inches).&lt;ref name=&quot;shipgaz23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sjöström |first=Pär-Henrik |date=10 December 2010 |title=Larger than her sister |url=http://issuu.com/shipgaz/docs/shipgaz6_2010 |url-status=dead |journal=Shipgaz |issue=6 |page=22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319094736/https://issuu.com/shipgaz/docs/shipgaz6_2010 |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=14 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2016, her second sister ship ''Harmony of the Seas'' became the new record holder with a length of {{Convert|362.12|m|ft}}, and in March 2018, ''Symphony of the Seas'', the fourth member of the ''Oasis'' class, became the new world's largest cruise ship with a length of 361.012 m (1,184.42 ft) and a tonnage of 228,081 GT.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Oasis_of_the_Seas_(15397828812).jpg|alt=Oasis of the Seas at night|right|thumb|Oasis of the Seas da dare kafin gyare-gyare]]
An ba da umarnin jirgin a watan Fabrairun 2006 kuma an tsara shi a ƙarƙashin sunan &quot;Project Genesis&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;nortrade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 February 2006 |title=Royal Caribbean orders a giant cruise vessel from Aker Yards |url=http://www.nortrade.com/sectors/news/royal-caribbean-orders-a-giant-cruise-vessel-from-aker-yards/ |access-date=8 March 2016 |website=Nortrade |publisher=Media Digital AS }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; STX Europe Turku Shipyard, [[Finland]] ce ta kwantar da ita a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2007. Kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar cewa an sami cikakken kudade don Oasis of the Seas a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;oasis20090415&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fain |first=Richard |date=15 April 2009 |title=Thanks a Billion |url=http://www.oasisoftheseas.com/chairmans-blog/?p=216 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091128102724/http://www.oasisoftheseas.com/chairmans-blog/?p=216 |archive-date=28 November 2009 |access-date=12 June 2009 |publisher=Royal Caribbean International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunan Oasis of the Seas ya samo asali ne daga gasar da aka gudanar a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008. &lt;ref name=&quot;clog100112&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sloan |first=Gene |date=23 May 2008 |title=Royal Caribbean's next ships will be Oasis, Allure |url=http://travel.usatoday.com/cruises/post/2008/05/royal-caribbeans-next-ships-will-be-oasis-allure-/772912/1 |access-date=19 July 2012 |website=[[USA Today]] |series=Cruise Log}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya sunan jirgin a hukumance a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2009 yayin aikin sadaka na Gidauniyar Make-A-Wish. A wannan bikin jirgin ya dauki nauyin &quot;godmothers&quot; guda bakwai, kowannensu yana wakiltar ɗayan unguwanni bakwai da ke cikin jirgin. Uwargidanta sune [[Gloria Estefan]], Michelle Kwan, Dara Torres, Keshia Knight Pulliam, Shawn Johnson, Jane Seymour da Daisy Fuentes.&lt;ref name=&quot;article2746230&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Her går gigantskipet hårfint under |trans-title=Here goes the giant ship under narrowly |url=http://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/article2746230.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308142946/http://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/article2746230.ece |archive-date=8 March 2010 |access-date=13 August 2010 |publisher=Nettavisen |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da jirgin ya fara fitowa daga jirgin ruwan Jiragen ruwa da ke jan jirgin daga tashar jiragen ruwa sun kasa sarrafa jirgin, wanda ya haifar da gefen tashar jiragen sama na jirgin ya buga tashar jiragen kasa. Wannan ya haifar da wasu lalacewar kayan kwalliya da ƙananan lalacewar kwalliya, wanda aka gyara kuma bai shafi ranar isar da jirgin ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldsbiggest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 July 2010 |title=World record Cruise Ship |url=http://tv.sky.com/world-record-cruise-ship |access-date=28 July 2010 |website=Sky.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kammala jirgin kuma an mika shi ga Royal Caribbean a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2009. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, ta bar Finland zuwa Amurka.{{Convert|30|cm|0}} Yayinda yake fita daga [[Tekun Baltic]], jirgin ya wuce karkashin Babban Belt Fixed Link a Denmark a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2009 a 23:18 UTC. Ginin yana da sarari na {{Convert|65|m|0}}   sama da ruwa; Oasis yawanci yana da iska na 72  ft). Hanyar da ke ƙarƙashin gadar ta yiwu ne saboda janyewar bututun telescoping, kuma an sami ƙarin 30  in) ta hanyar tasirin squat inda jiragen da ke tafiya da sauri  tashar da ba ta da zurfi za a jawo su cikin ruwa. Kusa da gadar a {{Convert|23|kn}} km / h; 26 ,  jirgin ya wuce a ƙarƙashinsa tare da ƙasa da 60 centimeters (2 ft) na izini. &lt;ref name=&quot;mariden20091101&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;drdk20091101&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Ci gaba ta hanyar Channel Channel, Oasis of the Seas ya tsaya a takaice a cikin Solent don ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa 300 da ke cikin jirgin suna yin aikin kammalawa su iya sauka, sannan su bar kan hanyar zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Port Everglades a Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Jirgin ya isa can a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2009, inda aka shigar da tsire-tsire na wurare masu zafi kafin wasu tafiye-tafiye na gabatarwa da tafiyarta ta farko a ranar 5 ga Disamba 2009.

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Dawa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1318438666|Dawa River]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="7027" sha1="gy9dz6utsnbcii0qo5fx3sx7somx0dz" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Dawa''' ( Somali   ; Laga Daawwaa(Oromo) Italian   (an samo shi a [[Gabashin Afirka]], yana da fadin ƙasa mai fadin 58,961&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2.&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woldemariyam |first=Fikadu |last2=Ayenew |first2=Tenalem |date=2016 |title=Application of hydrochemical and isotopic techniques to understand groundwater recharge and flow systems in the Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Earth Sciences |volume=75 |issue=12 |doi=10.1007/s12665-016-5777-0 |s2cid=132722791}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana ratsa manyan ƙasashe uku: [[Kenya]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], da [[Somaliya]], inda kashi 81% ke samuwa a yankin Habasha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 1&quot; /&gt; An san ta da yanayin ƙasa mai sarkakiya, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar nau'ikan lithology da tsarin gine-gine, wanda ya samo asali ne daga kusancin kogin da abubuwan da suka faru [[Dutsen Volcano|na aman wuta da tectonic]] da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woldemariyam |first=Fikadu |last2=Ayenew |first2=Tenalem |date=2016-07-25 |title=Identification of hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater of Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=188 |issue=8 |page=481 |doi=10.1007/s10661-016-5480-3 |issn=0167-6369 |pmid=27456694 |s2cid=7744765}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faɗin kogin yana da gangara mai laushi a kowane gefen dutsen da aka fallasa. Kogin Dawa yana gudana kudu maso gabas don zama wani ɓangare na iyakar Habasha da Somaliya da kuma iyakar Habasha da Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; Awata, Digati, da Mormora su ne kawai manyan koguna da ke kwarara zuwa Dawa.

== Wuri da kuma yanayin jiki ==
Kogin Dawa yana da matsakaicin tsayi da mafi ƙaranci sama da matakin teku na {{Convert|3098|m|ft|0}} da {{Convert|169|metres|feet|0}} bi da bi. Karkatar da kwarin yana zuwa kudu maso gabas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woldemariyam |first=Fikadu |last2=Ayenew |first2=Tenalem |date=2016 |title=Application of hydrochemical and isotopic techniques to understand groundwater recharge and flow systems in the Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Earth Sciences |volume=75 |issue=12 |doi=10.1007/s12665-016-5777-0 |s2cid=132722791}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWoldemariyamAyenew2016&quot;&gt;Woldemariyam, Fikadu; Ayenew, Tenalem (2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ainihin wurin yana tsakanin 3.92°- 6.47° N da 38.02°- 42.08° E. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 1&quot; /&gt; Wani yanki mai yawa na yankin da ke arewa da arewa maso yamma ana bambanta shi da [[Ridge|tuddai]] da kwaruruka, yayin da yankin kudu da kudu maso gabas ana bambanta shi da ƙasa mai laushi, ƙarancin sauƙi, dogayen [[Ƙorama|kwaruruka]], tuddai masu tabo da ƙasa mai tsayi da ke daidai da babban kogin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Manalebish Debalike Asfaw |last2=Semu Mitiku Kassa |last3=Lungu |first3=Edward M. |last4=Woldeamlak Bewket |date=2019 |title=Effects of temperature and rainfall in plant–herbivore interactions at different altitude |journal=Ecological Modelling |volume=406 |pages=50–59 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.05.011 |issn=0304-3800}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Dawa ya ƙunshi yanki mai sanyi, yanki mai yanayi mai zafi da kuma wurare masu zafi, waɗannan su ne manyan [[Yanayin yanayi|yankuna uku na yanayin]] ƙasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot; /&gt; Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Ƙasa ta Habasha ta tattara ruwan sama na wata-wata daga 1996 zuwa 2016 kuma ta gano cewa akwai babban bambanci tsakanin yankunan da ruwan sama ya yi yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da yankin tsaunuka masu sanyi, da ƙarancin ruwan sama a yankunan da ke da zafi na kogin Dawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin matsakaicin ruwan sama yana da kusan {{Convert|1500|mm|in|-1}} a ƙarshen arewa kuma yana raguwa daidai da tsayin zuwa {{Convert|200|mm|in|0}} kusa da mashigar kogin a ƙarshen kudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara shine kusan {{Convert|15.5|°C|°F|1}} a ƙarshen arewa da {{Convert|28|°C|°F|1}} zuwa ƙarshen kudu. [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwan ƙasa]] yawanci yana da sanyi tare da zafin jiki tsakanin {{Convert|17.1|to|29.0|°C|°F}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot; /&gt; Ga kowace ƙasa, ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya ya bambanta sosai, tare da gishiri mafi girma a cikin ƙasa mai laushi fiye da ƙasa mai aman wuta . &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 1&quot; /&gt;

== Hadadden ƙasa ==
Kogin Dawa ya shahara da yanayin ƙasa na musamman. Yana da tsarin ilimin halittu daban-daban da tsarin gine-gine, wanda aka samar sakamakon wurin da kwarin yake kusa da abubuwan da suka faru na aman wuta da yawa. Yawanci, a gefen kogin, rukunin ginshiki yana tsaye a gefen tsakiya na kwarin, a tsakanin tsaunukan arewa maso yamma, duwatsun aman wuta da kuma kudu maso gabashin ƙwanƙolin ƙasa mai faɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woldemariyam |first=Fikadu |last2=Ayenew |first2=Tenalem |date=2016-07-25 |title=Identification of hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater of Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=188 |issue=8 |page=481 |doi=10.1007/s10661-016-5480-3 |issn=0167-6369 |pmid=27456694 |s2cid=7744765}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWoldemariyamAyenew2016&quot;&gt;Woldemariyam, Fikadu; Ayenew, Tenalem (25 July 2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin ƙasa yana rufe sassan kudu maso yammacin Kogin Dawa. Karoo, wanda shine mafi tsufa a cikin jerin kuma ya ƙunshi dutse da shale, an rufe shi da Adigrat Sandstone . Mafi tsufa zuwa Cretaceous shirye-shiryen sedimentary suna rufe dutsen Adigrat. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; Abubuwan lura da haƙa ƙasa a yankin sun nuna cewa samuwar ta karye sosai, wanda ke haifar da samuwar ruwan ƙasa mai kyau don faruwa da motsawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; Sabbin tsarin suna mamaye da na'urori masu hana ruwa shiga waɗanda ke hana motsi na ruwan ƙasa, kamar marmara da shale . &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; A wani ɓangare na Kogin Dawa, akwai wani yanki mai kauri wanda ba ya shiga ruwa wanda ke rufe samuwar Hamanlie kuma yana sanya wannan mai samar da ruwa ya wuce zurfin da za a iya araha don haƙa [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyar ruwa]] ta al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; Gabaɗaya, tsoffin duwatsu suna shiga ruwa kuma suna sha, sakamakon haka suna karɓar da kuma aika ruwa mai yawa. Duk da haka, sabbin duwatsun ba sa shiga ruwa kuma suna aiki a matsayin shinge ga kwararar ruwa a tsaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; Motsin ruwan ƙasa yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin yanayin yanayi kuma gabaɗaya yana kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas. A yankunan tsaunuka masu danshi, kwararar ruwa tana faruwa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama na gida da fitar da ruwan ƙasa, galibi a matsayin maɓuɓɓugai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; A gefe guda kuma, a yankin Semiarid a kudu maso gabas, ruwa yana faruwa a kaikaice daga ambaliyar ruwa da kuma bayan lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa, daga ruwan ƙasa mara zurfi a cikin gadajen ruwa . A mafi yawan lokuta, haƙo ruwan ƙasa ta hanyar al'ummomi yana faruwa ta hanyar wucin gadi ta hanyar tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa, ko haƙo rijiya mai sauƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt;</text>
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'''Kogin Dawa''' ( Somali   ; Laga Daawwaa(Oromo) Italian   (an samo shi a [[Gabashin Afirka]], yana da fadin ƙasa mai fadin 58,961&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2.&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woldemariyam |first=Fikadu |last2=Ayenew |first2=Tenalem |date=2016 |title=Application of hydrochemical and isotopic techniques to understand groundwater recharge and flow systems in the Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Earth Sciences |volume=75 |issue=12 |doi=10.1007/s12665-016-5777-0 |s2cid=132722791}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana ratsa manyan ƙasashe uku: [[Kenya]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], da [[Somaliya]], inda kashi 81% ke samuwa a yankin Habasha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 1&quot; /&gt; An san ta da yanayin ƙasa mai sarkakiya, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar nau'ikan lithology da tsarin gine-gine, wanda ya samo asali ne daga kusancin kogin da abubuwan da suka faru [[Dutsen Volcano|na aman wuta da tectonic]] da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woldemariyam |first=Fikadu |last2=Ayenew |first2=Tenalem |date=2016-07-25 |title=Identification of hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater of Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=188 |issue=8 |page=481 |doi=10.1007/s10661-016-5480-3 |issn=0167-6369 |pmid=27456694 |s2cid=7744765}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faɗin kogin yana da gangara mai laushi a kowane gefen dutsen da aka fallasa. Kogin Dawa yana gudana kudu maso gabas don zama wani ɓangare na iyakar Habasha da Somaliya da kuma iyakar Habasha da Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; Awata, Digati, da Mormora su ne kawai manyan koguna da ke kwarara zuwa Dawa.

== Wuri da kuma yanayin jiki ==
Kogin Dawa yana da matsakaicin tsayi da mafi ƙaranci sama da matakin teku na {{Convert|3098|m|ft|0}} da {{Convert|169|metres|feet|0}} bi da bi. Karkatar da kwarin yana zuwa kudu maso gabas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woldemariyam |first=Fikadu |last2=Ayenew |first2=Tenalem |date=2016 |title=Application of hydrochemical and isotopic techniques to understand groundwater recharge and flow systems in the Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Earth Sciences |volume=75 |issue=12 |doi=10.1007/s12665-016-5777-0 |s2cid=132722791}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWoldemariyamAyenew2016&quot;&gt;Woldemariyam, Fikadu; Ayenew, Tenalem (2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ainihin wurin yana tsakanin 3.92°- 6.47° N da 38.02°- 42.08° E. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 1&quot; /&gt; Wani yanki mai yawa na yankin da ke arewa da arewa maso yamma ana bambanta shi da [[Ridge|tuddai]] da kwaruruka, yayin da yankin kudu da kudu maso gabas ana bambanta shi da ƙasa mai laushi, ƙarancin sauƙi, dogayen [[Ƙorama|kwaruruka]], tuddai masu tabo da ƙasa mai tsayi da ke daidai da babban kogin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Manalebish Debalike Asfaw |last2=Semu Mitiku Kassa |last3=Lungu |first3=Edward M. |last4=Woldeamlak Bewket |date=2019 |title=Effects of temperature and rainfall in plant–herbivore interactions at different altitude |journal=Ecological Modelling |volume=406 |pages=50–59 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.05.011 |issn=0304-3800}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Dawa ya ƙunshi yanki mai sanyi, yanki mai yanayi mai zafi da kuma wurare masu zafi, waɗannan su ne manyan [[Yanayin yanayi|yankuna uku na yanayin]] ƙasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot; /&gt; Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Ƙasa ta Habasha ta tattara ruwan sama na wata-wata daga 1996 zuwa 2016 kuma ta gano cewa akwai babban bambanci tsakanin yankunan da ruwan sama ya yi yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da yankin tsaunuka masu sanyi, da ƙarancin ruwan sama a yankunan da ke da zafi na kogin Dawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin matsakaicin ruwan sama yana da kusan {{Convert|1500|mm|in|-1}} a ƙarshen arewa kuma yana raguwa daidai da tsayin zuwa {{Convert|200|mm|in|0}} kusa da mashigar kogin a ƙarshen kudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara shine kusan {{Convert|15.5|°C|°F|1}} a ƙarshen arewa da {{Convert|28|°C|°F|1}} zuwa ƙarshen kudu. [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwan ƙasa]] yawanci yana da sanyi tare da zafin jiki tsakanin {{Convert|17.1|to|29.0|°C|°F}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;Number3&quot; /&gt; Ga kowace ƙasa, ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya ya bambanta sosai, tare da gishiri mafi girma a cikin ƙasa mai laushi fiye da ƙasa mai aman wuta . &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 1&quot; /&gt;

== Hadadden ƙasa ==
Kogin Dawa ya shahara da yanayin ƙasa na musamman. Yana da tsarin ilimin halittu daban-daban da tsarin gine-gine, wanda aka samar sakamakon wurin da kwarin yake kusa da abubuwan da suka faru na aman wuta da yawa. Yawanci, a gefen kogin, rukunin ginshiki yana tsaye a gefen tsakiya na kwarin, a tsakanin tsaunukan arewa maso yamma, duwatsun aman wuta da kuma kudu maso gabashin ƙwanƙolin ƙasa mai faɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Woldemariyam |first=Fikadu |last2=Ayenew |first2=Tenalem |date=2016-07-25 |title=Identification of hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater of Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |volume=188 |issue=8 |page=481 |doi=10.1007/s10661-016-5480-3 |issn=0167-6369 |pmid=27456694 |s2cid=7744765}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWoldemariyamAyenew2016&quot;&gt;Woldemariyam, Fikadu; Ayenew, Tenalem (25 July 2016). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin ƙasa yana rufe sassan kudu maso yammacin Kogin Dawa. Karoo, wanda shine mafi tsufa a cikin jerin kuma ya ƙunshi dutse da shale, an rufe shi da Adigrat Sandstone . Mafi tsufa zuwa Cretaceous shirye-shiryen sedimentary suna rufe dutsen Adigrat. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; Abubuwan lura da haƙa ƙasa a yankin sun nuna cewa samuwar ta karye sosai, wanda ke haifar da samuwar ruwan ƙasa mai kyau don faruwa da motsawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; Sabbin tsarin suna mamaye da na'urori masu hana ruwa shiga waɗanda ke hana motsi na ruwan ƙasa, kamar marmara da shale . &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; A wani ɓangare na Kogin Dawa, akwai wani yanki mai kauri wanda ba ya shiga ruwa wanda ke rufe samuwar Hamanlie kuma yana sanya wannan mai samar da ruwa ya wuce zurfin da za a iya araha don haƙa [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyar ruwa]] ta al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; Gabaɗaya, tsoffin duwatsu suna shiga ruwa kuma suna sha, sakamakon haka suna karɓar da kuma aika ruwa mai yawa. Duk da haka, sabbin duwatsun ba sa shiga ruwa kuma suna aiki a matsayin shinge ga kwararar ruwa a tsaye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; Motsin ruwan ƙasa yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin yanayin yanayi kuma gabaɗaya yana kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas. A yankunan tsaunuka masu danshi, kwararar ruwa tana faruwa kai tsaye daga ruwan sama na gida da fitar da ruwan ƙasa, galibi a matsayin maɓuɓɓugai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt; A gefe guda kuma, a yankin Semiarid a kudu maso gabas, ruwa yana faruwa a kaikaice daga ambaliyar ruwa da kuma bayan lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa, daga ruwan ƙasa mara zurfi a cikin gadajen ruwa . A mafi yawan lokuta, haƙo ruwan ƙasa ta hanyar al'ummomi yana faruwa ta hanyar wucin gadi ta hanyar tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa, ko haƙo rijiya mai sauƙi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Source 2&quot; /&gt;

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>NPFL Youth League</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153449</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843364</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T11:59:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''NPFL Youth League''' wata gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta matasan 'yan wasa da aka kafa domin haɓaka ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya ƙarƙashin kulawar '''Nigeria Premier Football League (NPFL)'''. An ƙaddamar da gasar a kakar wasa ta 2023–24 domin samar wa ƙungiyoyin NPFL wata hanyar bunƙasa matasan 'yan wasa da za su iya kaiwa manyan ƙungiyoyi da kuma tawagogin ƙasa a nan gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Youth Football Revamp: NPFL Launches New Youth League |url=https:/...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6664" sha1="3fe9tcauqxcra3js2w3c2ibrxz4ogh7" xml:space="preserve">'''NPFL Youth League''' wata gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta matasan 'yan wasa da aka kafa domin haɓaka ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya ƙarƙashin kulawar '''Nigeria Premier Football League (NPFL)'''. An ƙaddamar da gasar a kakar wasa ta 2023–24 domin samar wa ƙungiyoyin NPFL wata hanyar bunƙasa matasan 'yan wasa da za su iya kaiwa manyan ƙungiyoyi da kuma tawagogin ƙasa a nan gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Youth Football Revamp: NPFL Launches New Youth League |url=https://thewillnews.com/2023/11/13/youth-football-revamp-npfl-launches-new-youth-league/ |work=TheWill Nigeria |date=13 Nuwamba 2023 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Inyama heads NPFL Youth League Organising Committee |url=https://npfl.com.ng/2023/11/13/inyama-heads-npfl-youth-league-organising-committee/ |work=NPFL Media |date=13 Nuwamba 2023 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Hukumar NPFL ta sanar da kafa gasar NPFL Youth League a watan Nuwamban 2023 a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin farfaɗo da tsarin haɓaka matasan 'yan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. Shugaban NPFL, Gbenga Elegbeleye, ya bayyana cewa manufar gasar ita ce tabbatar da cewa dukkan ƙungiyoyin NPFL suna da ƙungiyoyin matasa masu gasa, tare da samar da tsarin sauya matasa zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi cikin sauƙi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Inyama heads NPFL Youth League Organising Committee |url=https://npfl.com.ng/2023/11/13/inyama-heads-npfl-youth-league-organising-committee/ |work=NPFL Media |date=13 Nuwamba 2023 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=NPFL Appoints New Youth League Organising Committee To Invigorate League |url=https://www.sports247.ng/npfl-appoints-new-youth-league-organising-committee-to-invigorate-league/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=13 Nuwamba 2023 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa kwamitin mutum bakwai domin tsara da gudanar da gasar, inda tsohon shugaban ƙungiyar Abia Warriors, Emeka Inyama, ya zama shugaban kwamitin. Sauran mambobin sun haɗa da Paul Ede, Patrick Paschal, Sabo Abdullahi Eka, Nicholas Morris Kemeghde, Gafar Liameed da Dr. Sunday Obaseki a matsayin sakatare.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Elegbeleye explains decision to start U-17 NPFL youth league |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/elegbeleye-explains-decision-to-star-u-17-npfl-youth-league/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=9 Disamba 2023 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Inyama heads NPFL Youth League Organising Committee |url=https://npfl.com.ng/2023/11/13/inyama-heads-npfl-youth-league-organising-committee/ |work=NPFL Media |date=13 Nuwamba 2023 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofi ==
Babbar manufar gasar ita ce samar da wata hanya ta ci gaban matasan 'yan wasa daga matakin makarantu da ƙananan rukuni zuwa ƙungiyoyin NPFL da kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙasa. Shugaban NPFL, Gbenga Elegbeleye, ya bayyana cewa gasar za ta taimaka wajen gano sabbin hazikan 'yan wasa da kuma rage dogaro da sayen 'yan wasa daga wasu ƙungiyoyi, domin ƙungiyoyi su riƙa haɓaka 'yan wasansu daga gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Why we introduced U-17 youth league – NPFL |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/why-we-introduced-u-17-youth-league-npfl/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=3 Maris 2024 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=NPFL Youth League: Clubs face sanctions for non-participation |url=https://npfl.com.ng/2024/01/27/npfl-youth-league-clubs-face-sanctions-for-non-participation/ |work=NPFL Media |date=27 Janairu 2024 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2024, Elegbeleye ya ƙara bayyana cewa gasar tana da nufin ƙarfafa tattalin arziƙin ƙungiyoyin NPFL ta hanyar haɓaka matasa da za a iya sayarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje ko kuma su taka muhimmiyar rawa a manyan ƙungiyoyin cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Elegbeleye gives reason for creation of NPFL Youth League |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/07/25/elegbeleye-gives-reason-for-creation-of-npfl-youth-league/ |work=Daily Post Nigeria |date=25 Yuli 2024 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin Gasar ==
A farkon kakar wasa ta 2023–24, an tsara gasar ne ga 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 (U-17). An raba ƙungiyoyin NPFL guda 20 zuwa yankuna daban-daban domin gudanar da wasannin share fage. Cibiyoyin da aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da Lafia, Kaduna, Enugu, Ekiti da Port Harcourt. Bayan kammala wasannin yankuna, ƙungiyoyin da suka yi fice sun samu tikitin zuwa matakin ƙarshe na gasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=NPFL Youth League kicks off Feb 1 in five centres |url=https://npfl.com.ng/2024/01/29/npfl-youth-league-kicks-off-feb-1-in-five-centres/ |work=NPFL Media |date=29 Janairu 2024 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=NPFL Youth League: Clubs face sanctions for non-participation |url=https://npfl.com.ng/2024/01/27/npfl-youth-league-clubs-face-sanctions-for-non-participation/ |work=NPFL Media |date=27 Janairu 2024 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya, a kakar wasa ta 2024–25, an faɗaɗa tsarin zuwa matakin U-19, inda aka raba ƙungiyoyi zuwa rukuni uku a Ikenne, Umuahia da Kano. Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi kowa ƙwazo daga kowanne rukuni sun samu damar shiga gasar ƙarshen kakar domin tantance zakaran NPFL Youth League.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=NPFL Youth League holds in Ikenne, Umuahia, Kano |url=https://npfl.com.ng/2025/08/03/npfl-youth-league-holds-in-ikenne-umuahia-kano/ |work=NPFL Media |date=3 Agusta 2025 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmanci ga Ƙwallon Ƙafar Najeriya ==
Masu gudanar da NPFL sun bayyana cewa gasar matasa za ta zama tushen zaɓen 'yan wasa ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na Najeriya a matakan matasa. Haka kuma ana kallonta a matsayin wata hanya ta samar da ƙwararrun 'yan wasa masu iya maye gurbin tsofaffin 'yan wasa a manyan ƙungiyoyi da kuma samar da sababbin taurari irin su Victor Osimhen da Ademola Lookman a nan gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Why we introduced U-17 youth league – NPFL |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/why-we-introduced-u-17-youth-league-npfl/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=3 Maris 2024 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=NPFL Youth League: Elegbeleye Explains Vision Behind Nigeria’s New Talent Pipeline |url=https://www.sports247.ng/npfl-youth-league-elegbeleye-explains-vision-behind-nigerias-new-talent-pipeline/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=19 Oktoba 2025 |access-date=30 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Nigeria Premier Football League]]
* [[Nigeria Football Federation]]
* [[Nigeria National League]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Football competitions in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Youth football in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2023]]
[[Category:Nigeria Premier Football League]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nigerian Players Union</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843365</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T12:02:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox organization | name = Nigerian Players Union | native_name = National Association of Nigerian Professional Footballers (NANPF) | type = Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa | headquarters = Najeriya | region_served = Najeriya | membership = 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa masu sana'a da tsofaffin 'yan wasa | key_people = Tijani Babangida | affiliation = FIFPRO }}  '''Nigerian Players Union''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''National Association of Nigerian Professiona...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6128" sha1="76pb27d553m559tp9uywoh0lr9nho5n" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organization
| name = Nigerian Players Union
| native_name = National Association of Nigerian Professional Footballers (NANPF)
| type = Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
| headquarters = Najeriya
| region_served = Najeriya
| membership = 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa masu sana'a da tsofaffin 'yan wasa
| key_people = Tijani Babangida
| affiliation = FIFPRO
}}

'''Nigerian Players Union''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''National Association of Nigerian Professional Footballers (NANPF)''') ƙungiya ce da ke wakiltar muradun da walwalar 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa masu sana'a a Najeriya. An kafa ƙungiyar domin kare haƙƙin 'yan wasa, tabbatar da biyan albashi da alawus-alawus yadda ya kamata, da kuma samar da kariya ga 'yan wasa a harkokin kwangila da jin daɗinsu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Nigeria Players Union decries unfair labour practices against Nigerian footballers |url=https://dailysportsng.com/news/10071-Nigeria-Players-Union-decries-unfair-labour-practices-against-Nigerian-footballers |work=Daily Sports Nigeria |date=29 March 2018 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A tsawon shekaru, ƙungiyar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin da ke kare haƙƙin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. Sai dai an samu rikice-rikicen shugabanci da suka jawo rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin ƙungiyar na sama da shekaru goma. A shekarar 2020 ne aka gudanar da zaɓen haɗin kai wanda ya kawo ƙarshen rikicin, inda tsohon ɗan wasan Super Eagles '''Tijani Babangida''' ya zama shugaban haɗaɗɗiyar ƙungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Dare hails players union as Babangida becomes unified president |url=https://guardian.ng/news/dare-hails-players-union-as-babangida-becomes-unified-president/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=24 November 2020 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofi ==
Babban manufar ƙungiyar ita ce kare haƙƙin 'yan wasa a dukkan matakan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. Ƙungiyar tana sa ido kan yadda ƙungiyoyi ke mutunta yarjejeniyoyin kwangila, biyan albashi da kari, da kuma samar da ingantattun yanayin aiki ga 'yan wasa. Haka kuma tana taimakawa wajen warware rikice-rikicen da suka shafi kwangila tsakanin 'yan wasa da kulake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=NANPF Set Up Framework On Players Welfare |url=https://silvernews.com.ng/2025/07/25/nanpf-set-up-framework-on-players-welfare/ |work=Silver News |date=25 July 2025 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kare walwalar 'yan wasa ==
NANPF ta yi ta bayyana damuwa kan matsalolin rashin biyan albashi, kari da kuma rashin kyakkyawan yanayin zaman sansani da wasu kulake ke yi wa 'yan wasa. A shekarar 2019 ƙungiyar ta yi kira ga hukumomin lig-lig na Najeriya su tabbatar cewa kulake suna da ƙarfin biyan haƙƙoƙin 'yan wasa kafin a ba su damar shiga gasar ƙwararru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Players' union laments poor treatment of players by Nigerian clubs |url=https://blueprint.ng/players-union-laments-poor-treatment-of-players-by-nigerian-clubs/ |work=Blueprint Newspapers |date=28 December 2019 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2020 kuma ƙungiyar ta yi barazanar kai ƙorafi ga FIFA da FIFPRO kan matsalar rashin biyan albashi ga 'yan wasa a wasu kulake na Najeriya, musamman bayan matsin tattalin arzikin da annobar COVID-19 ta haifar. Shugaban ƙungiyar Tijani Babangida ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar za ta nemi taimakon hukumomin ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya domin kare haƙƙin 'yan wasan Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Nigeria Football Players Union to report to FIFA over non payment of players salaries |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2020/06/30/nigeria-football-players-union-to-report-to-fifa-over-non-payment-of-players-salaries/ |work=Within Nigeria |date=30 June 2020 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin inshora da tallafin lafiya ==
Ƙungiyar ta daɗe tana kira ga hukumomin ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya da su samar da tsarin inshora da tallafin lafiya ga tsofaffi da kuma masu taka leda. Wannan kira ya ƙara ƙarfi bayan rashin lafiyar fitaccen tsohon kyaftin ɗin Najeriya, Christian Chukwu, inda ƙungiyar ta nuna muhimmancin samar da kariyar lafiya ga 'yan wasa bayan sun yi ritaya daga buga wasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Nigeria players union renews call for insurance system after Christian Chukwu illness |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37508365/nigeria-players-union-renews-call-insurance-system-christian-chukwu-illness |work=ESPN |date=21 April 2019 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dangantaka da FIFPRO ==
NANPF tana cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki tare da '''FIFPRO''', wato ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke wakiltar 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya. Ta wannan hanyar ne ƙungiyar ke samun damar kai koke-koken 'yan wasan Najeriya zuwa matakin duniya da kuma samun goyon baya a harkokin kare haƙƙin ma'aikatan ƙwallon ƙafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Nigeria Football Players Union to report to FIFA over non payment of players salaries |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2020/06/30/nigeria-football-players-union-to-report-to-fifa-over-non-payment-of-players-salaries/ |work=Within Nigeria |date=30 June 2020 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabbin ƙungiyoyin 'yan wasa ==
A shekarar 2021 wasu tsofaffin 'yan wasan Najeriya sun ƙaddamar da wata sabuwar ƙungiya mai suna '''All Nigerian Players Union (ANPU)''', suna masu cewa manufarsu ita ce inganta walwalar 'yan wasa da kuma kawo sabbin dabarun gudanar da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. Wannan mataki ya biyo bayan dogon lokaci na rikice-rikicen shugabanci a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin 'yan wasa na ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=New Nigerian Players’ Union Unveiled in Lagos |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2021/10/12/new-nigerian-players-union-unveiled-in-lagos/ |work=THISDAY |date=12 October 2021 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Nigeria Football Federation]]
* [[FIFPRO]]
* [[Nigeria Premier Football League]]
* [[Tijani Babangida]]

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Football in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Sports organizations in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Association football players' trade unions]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Nigeria]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Okon Uya</title>
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        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Okon Edet Uya | birth_date = 3 Oktoba 1942 | birth_place = Okuko, Urue Offong/Oruko, Akwa Ibom, Najeriya | death_date = {{death date and age|2014|4|17|1942|10|3}} | death_place = Calabar, Cross River, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, masanin tarihi, jami'in diflomasiyya | office = Shugaban Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ƙasa (NECON) | term_start = 1993 | term_end = 19 Nuwamba 1993 | predecessor = Humphrey Nwosu | successor = Sumner Dag...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1528" sha1="k9msadby6871hee93702wsb94ngjdya" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Okon Edet Uya
| birth_date = 3 Oktoba 1942
| birth_place = Okuko, Urue Offong/Oruko, Akwa Ibom, Najeriya
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|4|17|1942|10|3}}
| death_place = Calabar, Cross River, Najeriya
| nationality = Ɗan Najeriya
| occupation = Farfesa, masanin tarihi, jami'in diflomasiyya
| office = Shugaban Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ƙasa (NECON)
| term_start = 1993
| term_end = 19 Nuwamba 1993
| predecessor = Humphrey Nwosu
| successor = Sumner Dagogo-Jack
| known_for = Tarihin Afirka, tarihin mutanen Oron, da shugabancin NECON
}}

'''Okon Edet Uya''' (3 Oktoba 1942 – 17 Afrilu 2014) fitaccen masanin tarihi ne ɗan Najeriya, farfesa, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma tsohon shugaban '''National Electoral Commission of Nigeria (NECON)'''. Ya shahara wajen bincike kan tarihin Afirka, tarihin mutanen Oron da kuma nazarin bautar bayi da al'ummar Afirka-Amurka. Ya kuma kasance jakadan Najeriya a ƙasashen Argentina, Peru, Paraguay da Chile kafin shiga harkokin gudanar da zaɓe a lokacin gwamnatin soja ta Janar Ibrahim Babangida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2014/04/18/okon-uya-ex-necon-chairman-dies/ |title=Okon Uya, ex-NECON chairman dies |work=PM News |date=18 April 2014 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.africanewscircle.com/?p=3021 |title=Prof. Okon Edet Uya, Former NECON Chairman Dies at 71 |publisher=Africa News Circle |date=18 April 2014 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==

An haifi Okon Edet Uya a ranar</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Professional Footballers Association of Nigeria</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T12:05:02Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox organization | name = Professional Footballers Association of Nigeria | abbreviation = PFAN | type = Ƙungiyar ƙwararrun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa | headquarters = Najeriya | region_served = Najeriya | membership = Ƙwararrun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya | leader_title = Shugaba | leader_name = Tijjani Babangida | website =  }}  '''Professional Footballers Association of Nigeria''' ('''PFAN''') ƙungiya ce da ke wakiltar muradun ƙwararrun 'yan wasan ƙwallo...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6903" sha1="5y9b8iydn7xrqmojsxbh416p2mqcylb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organization
| name = Professional Footballers Association of Nigeria
| abbreviation = PFAN
| type = Ƙungiyar ƙwararrun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
| headquarters = Najeriya
| region_served = Najeriya
| membership = Ƙwararrun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya
| leader_title = Shugaba
| leader_name = Tijjani Babangida
| website = 
}}

'''Professional Footballers Association of Nigeria''' ('''PFAN''') ƙungiya ce da ke wakiltar muradun ƙwararrun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya. An kafa ƙungiyar ne domin kare haƙƙoƙin 'yan wasa, inganta jin daɗinsu, da kuma tabbatar da cewa ana mutunta yarjejeniyoyin aiki tsakanin 'yan wasa da ƙungiyoyinsu. PFAN tana kuma taka rawa wajen kare walwalar tsofaffin 'yan wasa tare da neman gyare-gyare a harkokin gudanar da ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Professional Footballers Association Of Nigeria Hits The Ground Running |url=https://www.sports247.ng/professional-footballers-association-of-nigeria-hits-the-ground-running/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=24 November 2020 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An ƙaddamar da PFAN a shekarar 2020 bayan haɗewar wasu ƙungiyoyin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da suka kasance suna aiki daban-daban a Najeriya. Bayan haɗewar, an kafa sabon tsarin shugabanci tare da tsohon ɗan wasan Najeriya, Tijjani Babangida, a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar. Manufar haɗewar ita ce samar da ƙungiya guda ɗaya mai ƙarfi da za ta wakilci dukkan ƙwararrun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar nan kamar yadda ake yi a sauran ƙasashe na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Professional Footballers Association Of Nigeria Hits The Ground Running |url=https://www.sports247.ng/professional-footballers-association-of-nigeria-hits-the-ground-running/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=24 November 2020 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofi ==
Daga cikin manyan manufofin PFAN akwai kare haƙƙoƙin 'yan wasa, tabbatar da biyan albashi da alawus-alawus yadda ya kamata, taimakawa wajen warware rikice-rikicen kwangila, da kuma tallafa wa walwalar 'yan wasa bayan sun yi ritaya daga wasa. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar tana ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa ƙa'idojin da ake amfani da su wajen tafiyar da ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya sun dace da ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=PFAN Highlights Plight Of Neglected Nigerian Footballers |url=https://von.gov.ng/pfan-highlights-plight-of-neglected-nigerian-footballers/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=27 August 2021 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=PFAN Seeks ICPC’s Intervention Over Maltreatment of Nigerian Football Players |url=https://icpc.gov.ng/pfan-seeks-icpcs-intervention-over-maltreatment-of-nigerian-football-players/ |work=Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission |date=2021 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kare haƙƙin 'yan wasa ==
A shekarar 2021, PFAN ta bayyana damuwarta kan yadda wasu kulake a Najeriya ke cin zarafin 'yan wasa ta hanyar rashin biyan albashi, karya yarjejeniyoyin aiki, da kuma sallamar 'yan wasa ba tare da bin ka'ida ba. Ƙungiyar ta kai koken waɗannan matsaloli ga Hukumar ICPC tare da neman tallafin gwamnati domin kare haƙƙin 'yan wasan cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=PFAN seeks ICPC’s intervention over neglect of Nigerian footballers |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/pfan-seeks-icpcs-intervention-over-neglect-of-nigerian-footballers/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=27 August 2021 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=PFAN Highlights Plight Of Neglected Nigerian Footballers |url=https://von.gov.ng/pfan-highlights-plight-of-neglected-nigerian-footballers/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=27 August 2021 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikice-rikice da sulhu ==
PFAN ta fuskanci wasu rikice-rikicen cikin gida bayan kafuwarta, lamarin da ya haifar da kafa kwamitin sulhu domin haɗa kan mambobinta da warware sabanin da ya taso tsakanin wasu ɓangarori. A shekarar 2023, ƙungiyar ta sanar da kafa kwamitin sulhu mai mutum goma domin yin aiki tare da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=PFAN sets up 10-man Reconciliation Committee |url=https://von.gov.ng/pfan-sets-up-10-man-reconciliation-committee/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=6 January 2023 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan lokaci kuma, shugabannin PFAN sun jaddada goyon bayansu ga yunƙurin sulhun da Hukumar Kwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ta ƙaddamar, suna masu cewa haɗin kai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin 'yan wasa yana da muhimmanci wajen ci gaban harkar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=PFAN Fully Committed To NFF Reconciliation Process, Says President |url=https://von.gov.ng/pfan-fully-committed-to-nff-reconciliation-process-says-president/ |work=Voice of Nigeria |date=16 April 2023 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Tijani Babangida assures end to hostilities among PFAN |url=https://www.africasport.net/article/football/tijani-babangida-assures-end-to-hostilities-among-pfan |work=Africa Sport Network |date=17 April 2023 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hulɗa da hukumomi ==
PFAN tana aiki tare da hukumomin wasanni da na gwamnati wajen inganta walwalar 'yan wasa. A shekarar 2025, shugabannin ƙungiyar sun gana da shugabancin National Sports Commission (NSC), inda aka tattauna hanyoyin inganta jin daɗin 'yan wasa da samar da manufofin da za su kare muradunsu a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=NSC Will Prioritize Athletes' Welfare – Dikko |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/nsc-will-prioritize-athletes-welfare-dikko/ |work=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=9 January 2025 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shugabanci ==
Tun bayan kafa PFAN, tsohon ɗan wasan Super Eagles, Tijjani Babangida, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin ƙungiyar. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, PFAN ta mai da hankali kan kare haƙƙin 'yan wasa, sasanta rikice-rikice, da kuma ƙarfafa haɗin kai tsakanin tsofaffi da na yanzu cikin harkar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Professional Footballers Association Of Nigeria Hits The Ground Running |url=https://www.sports247.ng/professional-footballers-association-of-nigeria-hits-the-ground-running/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=24 November 2020 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Player’s Union President Tijani Babangida Calls For Harmony Amongst Players Bodies |url=https://www.sports247.ng/players-union-president-tijani-babangida-calls-for-harmony-amongst-players-bodies/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=24 December 2024 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Nigeria Football Federation]]
* [[Super Eagles]]
* [[Nigeria Premier Football League]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Wasanni a Najeriya]]
[[Category:An kafa su a shekarar 2020 a Najeriya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sports Writers Association of Nigeria</title>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox organization | name = Sports Writers Association of Nigeria | abbreviation = SWAN | formation = 1 Fabrairu 1964 | type = Ƙungiyar 'yan jaridar wasanni | headquarters = Moshood Abiola Stadium, Abuja, Najeriya | location = Abuja | shugaban = Isaiah Benjamin | website = https://swannational.com.ng }}  '''Sports Writers Association of Nigeria''' ('''SWAN''') ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ke haɗa 'yan jaridar wasanni a Najeriya. An kafa ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1964 domin haɗ...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6789" sha1="lyg6l9kylk06y3v0neyo8dxtego4h8u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organization
| name = Sports Writers Association of Nigeria
| abbreviation = SWAN
| formation = 1 Fabrairu 1964
| type = Ƙungiyar 'yan jaridar wasanni
| headquarters = Moshood Abiola Stadium, Abuja, Najeriya
| location = Abuja
| shugaban = Isaiah Benjamin
| website = https://swannational.com.ng
}}

'''Sports Writers Association of Nigeria''' ('''SWAN''') ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ke haɗa 'yan jaridar wasanni a Najeriya. An kafa ta a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1964 domin haɗa masu rubuce-rubuce da rahotannin wasanni a ƙarƙashin inuwa guda tare da bunƙasa aikin jaridar wasanni da kare muradun mambobinta. Tun daga kafuwarta, ƙungiyar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun 'yan jarida da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗa wasanni da bayar da gudummawa ga ci gaban harkokin wasanni a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2020/02/01/swan-marks-56th-anniversary-hails-sports-journalists/ |title=SWAN Marks 56th Anniversary, Hails Sports Journalists |publisher=THISDAYLIVE |date=1 February 2020 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://swannational.com.ng/about-us/ |title=About Us – Sports Writers Association of Nigeria |publisher=SWAN National |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa SWAN ne a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1964 a Legas lokacin da wasu fitattun 'yan jarida masu kula da rahotannin wasanni suka haɗu domin samar da ƙungiyar da za ta wakilci harkar jaridar wasanni a Najeriya. Taron kafuwar ya gudana a ofishin jaridar ''Daily Times'' da ke Broad Street a Legas. Adebayo Thompson na ''Morning Post'' ne ya zama shugaban farko, yayin da Babington Bakare ya zama mataimakin shugaba. Maurice Domboh na ''West African Pilot'' ya kasance sakatare na farko, yayin da Ishola Folorunsho na Radio Nigeria ya zama ma'aji. Daga baya ƙungiyar ta faɗaɗa daga Legas zuwa jihohin Najeriya daban-daban har ta zama ƙungiyar ƙasa baki ɗaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://sportsvillagesquare.com/2025/06/09/nigerian-sports-writers-body-swan-at-61-unveils-plans-marking-6-decades-of-establishment/ |title=Nigerian sports writers’ body, SWAN at 61 unveils plans marking 6 decades of establishment |publisher=Sports Village Square |date=9 June 2025 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2018/02/01/sirawoo-harps-on-professionalism-unity-on-swans-anniversary/ |title=Sirawoo Harps on Professionalism, Unity on SWAN's Anniversary |publisher=THISDAYLIVE |date=1 February 2018 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofi ==
Babban manufar SWAN ita ce haɓaka aikin jaridar wasanni a Najeriya tare da tabbatar da ƙa'idojin ƙwarewa da ɗabi'a a cikin rahotannin wasanni. Haka kuma ƙungiyar tana kare haƙƙoƙin mambobinta, tana ba da shawarwari kan manufofin wasanni, kuma tana taimakawa wajen haɗa masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar wasanni da kafafen yaɗa labarai. SWAN na kallon kanta a matsayin gada tsakanin 'yan wasa, magoya baya, hukumomin wasanni da jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2016/07/27/swan-members-are-critical-stakeholders-in-nigerian-sports/ |title=SWAN Members Are Critical Stakeholders in Nigerian Sports |publisher=THISDAYLIVE |date=27 July 2016 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://dailypost.ng/2016/07/27/swan-advises-administrators-see-sports-journalists-critical-stakeholders/ |title=SWAN advises administrators to see sports journalists as critical stakeholders |publisher=Daily Post |date=27 July 2016 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsari da shugabanci ==
SWAN tana da rassa a jihohin Najeriya da kuma Babban Birnin Tarayya Abuja. Ƙungiyar na gudanar da ayyukanta ta hanyar shugabancin ƙasa da kuma shugabannin jihohi. A shekarun baya-bayan nan, Isaiah Benjamin ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar na ƙasa. Hedikwatar ƙungiyar tana cikin harabar Moshood Abiola Stadium a Abuja, inda ake gudanar da muhimman tarurruka da ayyukan gudanarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://swannational.com.ng/about-us/ |title=About Us – Sports Writers Association of Nigeria |publisher=SWAN National |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://von.gov.ng/swan-launches-n2bn-drive-to-construct-headquarters-in-abuja/ |title=SWAN Launches N2bn Drive to Construct Headquarters in Abuja |publisher=Voice of Nigeria |date=1 November 2025 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa ga harkokin wasanni ==
Tsawon shekaru da dama, SWAN ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa wasanni a Najeriya ta hanyar rahotanni, nazari da wayar da kan jama'a. Ƙungiyar tana shirya tarurruka, laccoci da bukukuwan karramawa ga fitattun mutane a harkar wasanni. Haka kuma tana amfani da muryarta wajen yin kira ga gwamnatoci da hukumomin wasanni su aiwatar da manufofin da za su inganta ci gaban wasanni a ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2016/07/27/swan-members-are-critical-stakeholders-in-nigerian-sports/ |title=SWAN Members Are Critical Stakeholders in Nigerian Sports |publisher=THISDAYLIVE |date=27 July 2016 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://independent.ng/get-involved-in-sports-politics-swan-president-urges-members/ |title=Get Involved In Sports Politics SWAN President Urges Members |publisher=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=24 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cika shekaru 60 ==
A shekarar 2024 SWAN ta cika shekaru 60 da kafuwa, yayin da aka gudanar da manyan bukukuwan murnar cika shekaru sittin a shekarar 2025. A lokacin bikin, ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da tambarin musamman na cika shekaru 60 tare da bayyana shirye-shiryen tunawa da gudummawar da ta bayar ga aikin jaridar wasanni a Najeriya. Haka kuma an ƙaddamar da wani kamfen na tara kuɗi domin gina sabon ginin hedikwatar ƙungiyar a Abuja.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://von.gov.ng/sports-writers-association-of-nigeria-unveils-60th-anniversary-logo/ |title=Sports Writers Association Of Nigeria Unveils 60th Anniversary Logo |publisher=Voice of Nigeria |date=9 June 2025 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/swan-unveils-60th-anniversary-logo-flags-off-diamond-jubilee-celebrations/ |title=SWAN Unveils 60th Anniversary Logo, Flags Off Diamond Jubilee Celebrations |publisher=Sports247 Nigeria |date=8 June 2025 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://von.gov.ng/swan-launches-n2bn-drive-to-construct-headquarters-in-abuja/ |title=SWAN Launches N2bn Drive to Construct Headquarters in Abuja |publisher=Voice of Nigeria |date=1 November 2025 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* Nigerian Union of Journalists
* Najeriya
* Jaridar wasanni

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ƙungiyoyi a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Wasanni a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Jarida a Najeriya]]
[[Category:An kafa su a 1964]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abel Guobadia</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Abel Guobadia | honorific_suffix = OFR | birth_name = Abel Ibude Guobadia | birth_date = {{birth date|1932|6|28}} | birth_place = Benin City, Najeriya | death_date = {{death date and age|2011|2|4|1932|6|28}} | death_place = Benin City, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Malami, masanin kimiyyar lissafin jiki, jami'in gwamnati, jami'in diflomasiyya | known_for = Shugaban Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC) }}  '''Sir Abel Ibu...</comment>
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      <text bytes="7827" sha1="0avsamm58jq3kdxqnylr1b3qgkzi71j" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Abel Guobadia
| honorific_suffix = OFR
| birth_name = Abel Ibude Guobadia
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|6|28}}
| birth_place = Benin City, Najeriya
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|2|4|1932|6|28}}
| death_place = Benin City, Najeriya
| nationality = Ɗan Najeriya
| occupation = Malami, masanin kimiyyar lissafin jiki, jami'in gwamnati, jami'in diflomasiyya
| known_for = Shugaban Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC)
}}

'''Sir Abel Ibude Guobadia''' OFR (28 Yuni 1932 – 4 Fabrairu 2011) fitaccen malami ne, masanin kimiyyar lissafin jiki (Physics), jami'in gwamnati, ɗan diflomasiyya kuma shugaban gudanar da zaɓe daga Najeriya. Ya yi suna musamman a matsayin shugaban '''Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC)''' daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2005. Haka kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a ci gaban ilimi da gudanar da jami'o'i a Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://dailytrust.com/inec-mourns-guobadia/ |title=INEC mourns Guobadia |work=Daily Trust |date=2011-02-05 |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==

An haifi Abel Guobadia a ranar 28 Yuni 1932 a garin Benin City, wanda yanzu yake cikin Jihar Edo a Najeriya. Ya yi karatun firamare a C.M.S. Primary School da ke Benin City tsakanin shekarun 1939 da 1945. Daga nan ya halarci Government College Ibadan daga shekarar 1946 zuwa 1951. Bayan haka ya shiga University College Ibadan inda ya yi karatun kimiyya tsakanin shekarun 1952 zuwa 1957. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Guobadia |title=Abel Guobadia |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1962 ya samu tallafin karatu zuwa Amurka inda ya yi karatun digirgir (PhD) a fannin '''Solid State Physics''' a Jami'ar Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, wanda ya kammala a shekarar 1966. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Guobadia |title=Abel Guobadia |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin koyarwa ==

Kafin tafiyarsa zuwa Amurka domin karatun digirgir, Guobadia ya koyar a makarantu da dama a Najeriya. Daga cikin wuraren da ya koyar akwai:

* Osogbo Grammar School
* Ilesha Grammar School
* Government College Ughelli
* Edo College, Benin City
* Government College Ibadan
* Jami'ar Najeriya da ke Nsukka

Bayan dawowarsa daga Amurka a shekarar 1966, ya zama babban malami (Senior Lecturer) sannan shugaban Sashen Physics a Jami'ar Lagos. Ya yi wannan aiki har zuwa shekarar 1971. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/04/inec-and-its-professors-of-iniquity-by-ikechukwu-amaechi/ |title=INEC and its professors of iniquity |work=Vanguard |date=2026-04-12 |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa ga ilimin jami'a ==

Guobadia ya yi aiki a '''National Universities Commission (NUC)''' a shekarun 1970 da farkon shekarun 1980. Ya rike mukaman Daraktan Tsare-tsaren Ilimi da kuma Babban Sakatare na Hukumar. A wannan matsayi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara manufofin ilimin jami'a a Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Guobadia |title=Abel Guobadia |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1983 ya taimaka wajen kafa sashen ba da shawarwari (Consultancy Services Unit) a Jami'ar Benin kuma ya zama darakta na farko na sashen. Daga baya ya taimaka wajen kafa '''Igbinedion University, Okada''', ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'in masu zaman kansu na farko a Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Guobadia |title=Abel Guobadia |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan gwamnati ==

A watan Janairu na shekarar 1984 gwamnatin soja ta nada shi Kwamishinan Ilimi na tsohuwar Jihar Bendel. Daga baya kuma ya zama Kwamishinan Kudi da Tsare-tsaren Tattalin Arziki na jihar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Guobadia |title=Abel Guobadia |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1987 gwamnatin Janar Ibrahim Babangida ta nada shi jakadan Najeriya na farko da ya zauna a Jamhuriyar Koriya ta Kudu. Wannan mukami ya sa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta dangantakar Najeriya da Koriya ta Kudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/04/inec-and-its-professors-of-iniquity-by-ikechukwu-amaechi/ |title=INEC and its professors of iniquity |work=Vanguard |date=2026-04-12 |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shugabancin INEC ==

A shekarar 2000 Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya nada Guobadia a matsayin shugaban '''Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC)'''. Majalisar Dattawa ta tabbatar da nadin nasa a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://dailyreport.ng/fact-file-full-list-of-inec-chairman/ |title=Fact File: Full List of INEC Chairman |work=Daily Report Nigeria |date=2025-10-10 |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_National_Electoral_Commission_(Nigeria) |title=Independent National Electoral Commission |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya jagoranci gudanar da babban zaɓen shekarar 2003, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman zaɓuɓɓukan da aka gudanar a farkon Jamhuriya ta Hudu. Duk da cewa an samu korafe-korafe kan wasu matsaloli a zaɓen, ana ganin cewa ya taimaka wajen ƙarfafa cibiyar gudanar da zaɓe a Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://dailyreport.ng/fact-file-full-list-of-inec-chairman/ |title=Fact File: Full List of INEC Chairman |work=Daily Report Nigeria |date=2025-10-10 |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2005 ya yi ritaya bayan kammala wa'adinsa na shekaru biyar, lamarin da ya sa ya zama shugaban INEC na farko tun bayan samun 'yancin kai da ya kammala wa'adinsa gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://dailytrust.com/inec-mourns-guobadia/ |title=INEC mourns Guobadia |work=Daily Trust |date=2011-02-05 |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/04/inec-and-its-professors-of-iniquity-by-ikechukwu-amaechi/ |title=INEC and its professors of iniquity |work=Vanguard |date=2026-04-12 |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran ayyuka ==

Guobadia ya kasance shugaban kungiyar '''Science Teachers Association of Nigeria (STAN)''' daga shekarar 1971 zuwa 1976. Haka kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitocin gudanarwa na jami'o'i da dama a Najeriya, ciki har da kasancewa Pro-Chancellor na Edo State University, Ekpoma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Guobadia |title=Abel Guobadia |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma jagoranci kwamitin amintattu na '''Women's Health and Action Research Centre (WHARC)''' da ke Benin City. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Guobadia |title=Abel Guobadia |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rasuwa ==

Abel Guobadia ya rasu a ranar 4 Fabrairu 2011 yana da shekaru 78 a duniya. Bayan rasuwarsa, INEC ta bayyana shi a matsayin fitaccen ɗan ƙasa kuma gwarzon ma'aikacin gwamnati wanda ya taimaka wajen ƙarfafa tsarin dimokuraɗiyya a Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://dailytrust.com/inec-mourns-guobadia/ |title=INEC mourns Guobadia |work=Daily Trust |date=2011-02-05 |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://saharareporters.com/2011/02/04/former-inec-chairman-abel-guobadia-dead |title=Former INEC Chairman, Abel Guobadia, Is Dead |work=Sahara Reporters |date=2011-02-04 |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Nigerian educators]]
[[Category:Nigerian physicists]]
[[Category:Nigerian diplomats]]
[[Category:Chairmen of the Independent National Electoral Commission]]
[[Category:University of Lagos academics]]
[[Category:University of Pittsburgh alumni]]
[[Category:People from Benin City]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the Federal Republic]]
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    <title>Nigeria Football and Other Sports Supporters Group</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi:  {{Infobox organization | name = Nigeria Football and Other Sports Supporters Club | abbreviation = NFSSC | type = Kungiyar magoya bayan wasanni | headquarters = Najeriya | region_served = Najeriya | leader_title = President General | leader_name = Rafiu Ladipo | leader_title2 = National Chairman | leader_name2 = Samuel Ikpea | focus = Tallafa wa ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran wasannin Najeriya }}  '''Nigeria Football and Other Sports Supporters Club''' ('''NFSSC''') ƙun...</comment>
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{{Infobox organization
| name = Nigeria Football and Other Sports Supporters Club
| abbreviation = NFSSC
| type = Kungiyar magoya bayan wasanni
| headquarters = Najeriya
| region_served = Najeriya
| leader_title = President General
| leader_name = Rafiu Ladipo
| leader_title2 = National Chairman
| leader_name2 = Samuel Ikpea
| focus = Tallafa wa ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran wasannin Najeriya
}}

'''Nigeria Football and Other Sports Supporters Club''' ('''NFSSC''') ƙungiya ce ta magoya bayan wasanni a Najeriya wadda aka kafa domin tallafa wa ƙungiyoyin ƙasar a gasannin cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa. Ƙungiyar ta yi fice wajen ƙarfafa gwiwar 'yan wasan Najeriya, musamman ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa kamar Super Eagles, Super Falcons da sauran wakilan ƙasar a manyan gasa. A tsawon shekaru, NFSSC ta zama ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ƙungiyoyin magoya baya a Afirka saboda yadda mambobinta ke amfani da kiɗa, rawa, ganguna da kayan ado masu launin tutar Najeriya wajen nuna goyon baya ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=President General Of The Nigeria Football And Other Sports Supporters Club Vows Various Supporters Re-Unity In Nigeria |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=10 Satumba 2020 |url=https://www.sports247.ng/president-general-of-the-nigeria-football-and-other-sports-supporters-club-vows-various-supporters-re-unity-in-nigeria/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa ƙungiyar ne domin haɗa kan magoya bayan wasannin Najeriya da kuma samar da tsari na goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Rafiu Ladipo, ƙungiyar ta samu karɓuwa a cikin gida da wajen Najeriya, inda ta kasance tana raka ƙungiyoyin ƙasa zuwa gasar cin kofin Afirka, gasar cin kofin duniya da sauran manyan wasanni. Tsawon lokaci, ƙungiyar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan da ke ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka al'adun goyon bayan wasanni a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=No faction in Supporters Club, says Ladipo |work=Daily Times Nigeria |date=7 Agusta 2017 |url=https://dailytimesng.com/no-faction-supporters-club-says-ladipo/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikice-rikice da rabuwar kai ==
Daga shekarun bayan gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2014, an samu rikice-rikice da suka haifar da rabuwar kai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin magoya baya a Najeriya. Wannan ya janyo samuwar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban masu zaman kansu. Duk da haka, shugabannin NFSSC sun ci gaba da kira ga haɗin kai domin dawo da ƙarfi da tasirin da ƙungiyar ta taɓa samu a baya. Rafiu Ladipo ya sha bayyana cewa haɗin kai tsakanin magoya baya zai taimaka wajen inganta goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin ƙasar da kuma kare muradun magoya baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=President General Of The Nigeria Football And Other Sports Supporters Club Vows Various Supporters Re-Unity In Nigeria |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=10 Satumba 2020 |url=https://www.sports247.ng/president-general-of-the-nigeria-football-and-other-sports-supporters-club-vows-various-supporters-re-unity-in-nigeria/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Okumagba emerges interim chairman as NSC, NFF end supporters clubs’ feud |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=25 Fabrairu 2025 |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/football/okumagba-emerges-interim-chairman-as-nsc-nff-end-supporters-clubs-feud/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hulɗa da Hukumar NFF ==
NFSSC ta daɗe tana aiki tare da Hukumar Kwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya (NFF) wajen tallafa wa ƙungiyoyin ƙasa. Sai dai a wasu lokuta shugabannin ƙungiyar sun nuna damuwa kan yadda ake rage muhimmancin gudummawar da magoya baya ke bayarwa ga ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa. A shekarar 2024, shugabannin ƙungiyar sun soki NFF bisa rashin gayyatar ƙungiyar zuwa wani babban taron hukumar duk da rawar da take takawa wajen tallafawa ƙungiyoyin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Supporters Club deplores NFF’s ‘negation’ of contributions to national teams |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=25 Oktoba 2024 |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/supporters-club-deplores-nffs-negation-of-contributions-to-national-teams/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jagoranci ==
Rafiu Ladipo yana daga cikin fitattun shugabannin magoya bayan wasanni a Najeriya, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin President General na NFSSC na tsawon shekaru. A ƙarƙashinsa, ƙungiyar ta samu wakilci a tarukan nahiyar Afirka da suka shafi magoya bayan wasanni. Haka kuma Samuel Ikpea ya kasance National Chairman na ƙungiyar, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tafiyar da harkokin yau da kullum na ƙungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Nigeria to Host Maiden African Supporters Awards in Lagos |work=Africa Sport Network |date=12 Janairu 2026 |url=https://www.africasport.net/article/football/nigeria-to-host-maiden-african-supporters-awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Supporters Club deplores NFF’s ‘negation’ of contributions to national teams |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=25 Oktoba 2024 |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/supporters-club-deplores-nffs-negation-of-contributions-to-national-teams/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri a Afirka ==
A shekarar 2026, Najeriya ta samu damar karɓar bakuncin bikin farko na African Supporters Awards bayan nasarorin da wakilan NFSSC suka samu a taron Confederation of African Sports Supporters (CASS). A wannan taro, an naɗa Rafiu Ladipo a matsayin Patron na ƙungiyar magoya bayan wasanni ta nahiyar Afirka, yayin da Samuel Ikpea ya zama shugaban kwamitin shirya bikin. Wannan ya ƙara nuna tasirin da NFSSC ke da shi a fannin goyon bayan wasanni a nahiyar Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Nigeria to Host Maiden African Supporters Awards in Lagos |work=Africa Sport Network |date=12 Janairu 2026 |url=https://www.africasport.net/article/football/nigeria-to-host-maiden-african-supporters-awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Nigeria Football Federation]]
* [[Super Eagles]]
* [[Super Falcons]]

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kungiyoyin wasanni na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Kungiyoyin magoya bayan ƙwallon ƙafa]]
[[Category:Wasanni a Najeriya]]

Bayanan da ke sama sun samo asali ne daga rahotannin The Guardian Nigeria, Sports247 Nigeria, Daily Times Nigeria, da Africa Sport Network.</text>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox organization | name = ValueJet Cup Organising Committee | image =  | caption = Kwamitin shirya gasar ValueJet Cup | formation = 2022 | type = Kwamitin shirya gasar ƙwallon ƙafa | headquarters = Ikenne, Jihar Ogun, Najeriya | region_served = Najeriya | leader_title = Shugaba | leader_name = Marigayi Otunba Tade Azeez | key_people = Tobi Adepoju (Shugaban Sadarwa), Oye Bawala (Daraktan Gasa) | website =  }}  '''ValueJet Cup Organising Committee''' (Kwamitin Shirya Gas...</comment>
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| formation = 2022
| type = Kwamitin shirya gasar ƙwallon ƙafa
| headquarters = Ikenne, Jihar Ogun, Najeriya
| region_served = Najeriya
| leader_title = Shugaba
| leader_name = Marigayi Otunba Tade Azeez
| key_people = Tobi Adepoju (Shugaban Sadarwa), Oye Bawala (Daraktan Gasa)
| website = 
}}

'''ValueJet Cup Organising Committee''' (Kwamitin Shirya Gasar ValueJet Cup) ƙungiya ce da ke da alhakin tsara, gudanarwa da kuma kula da gasar '''ValueJet Cup''', wata babbar gasar shirye-shiryen kakar wasa (pre-season tournament) ta ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya. An kafa kwamitin ne domin samar wa ƙungiyoyin gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya (NPFL) da masu wakiltar ƙasar a gasannin nahiyar Afirka wata dama ta shirya kakar wasa cikin yanayi mai inganci da gasa mai ƙarfi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Organisers of ValueJet Cup 2.0 announces Aug. 4 as kick-off date |url=https://www.africasport.net/article/football/organisers-of-valuejet-cup-20-announces-aug-4-as-kick-off-date |work=Africa Sport Network |date=18 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=ValueJet Pre-season football Championship returns with top NPFL clubs |url=https://www.sports247.ng/valuejet-pre-season-football-championship-returns-with-top-npfl-clubs/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=29 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An fara gudanar da gasar ValueJet Cup a shekarar 2022 bayan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu shirya gasar da kamfanin jiragen sama na ValueJet Airline a matsayin babban mai ɗaukar nauyi. Kwamitin shirya gasar ya bayyana cewa manufarsa ita ce mayar da gasar ta zama wani babban abin tarihi da zai taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya tare da samar da yanayi mai kyau ga ƙungiyoyi kafin fara kakar wasa. A lokacin ƙaddamar da tambarin gasar, shugaban kwamitin, Otunba Tade Azeez, ya bayyana cewa an yi shekaru ana shirya irin wannan gasa domin tallata martabar Jihar Ogun kafin daga bisani aka mayar da ita wani aiki na dindindin mai ƙima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Organizers Launch ValueJet Cup Brand Identity |url=https://www.sports247.ng/organizers-launch-valuejet-cup-brand-identity/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=22 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Organisers plans big for Valuejet Cup, launch identity |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/organisers-plans-big-for-valuejet-cup-launch-identity/ |work=New Telegraph |date=23 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofi ==
Babbar manufar kwamitin ita ce samar da wata gasa mai inganci da za ta taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin Najeriya da ke shirin shiga gasannin cikin gida da na nahiyar Afirka. Haka kuma kwamitin yana da burin gina gasar da za ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun gasannin shirye-shiryen kakar wasa a Afirka, tare da jawo masu ɗaukar nauyi, kafafen yaɗa labarai da magoya baya daga sassa daban-daban na nahiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=ValueJet Cup 2023 announces N2m bounty for Champions |url=https://www.africasport.net/article/football/valuejet-cup-2023-announces-n2m-bounty-for-champions |work=Africa Sport Network |date=29 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=ValueJet Cup: Organisers earmark N2M for 2023 winners |url=https://www.nationalaccordnewspaper.com/valuejet-cup-organisers-earmark-n2m-for-2023-winners/ |work=National Accord |date=30 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jagoranci ==
Daga cikin fitattun shugabannin kwamitin akwai '''Otunba Tade Azeez''', wanda ya kasance shugaban kwamitin tun farkon gasar. Azeez tsohon mataimakin shugaban Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Jihar Legas ne kuma tsohon shugaban Ƙungiyar Alƙalan Wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, gasar ta samu ci gaba a fannoni da dama ciki har da yawan ƙungiyoyin da ke halarta, kuɗaɗen lada da kuma yada wasanni kai tsaye ga masu kallo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=ValueJet Pre-season football Championship returns with top NPFL clubs |url=https://www.sports247.ng/valuejet-pre-season-football-championship-returns-with-top-npfl-clubs/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=29 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=ValueJet Cup: Organisers earmark N2M for 2023 winners |url=https://www.nationalaccordnewspaper.com/valuejet-cup-organisers-earmark-n2m-for-2023-winners/ |work=National Accord |date=30 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shugaban sashen sadarwa na gasar, '''Tobi Adepoju''', ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina martabar gasar da kuma tallata ta a kafafen yaɗa labarai. Ya bayyana cewa kwamitin ya yi nazari kan yadda manyan gasannin shirye-shiryen kakar wasa na duniya ke gudana domin ɗaukar darussa da za su taimaka wajen bunƙasa ValueJet Cup zuwa matakin duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Organizers Launch ValueJet Cup Brand Identity |url=https://www.sports247.ng/organizers-launch-valuejet-cup-brand-identity/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=22 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Organisers plans big for Valuejet Cup, launch identity |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/organisers-plans-big-for-valuejet-cup-launch-identity/ |work=New Telegraph |date=23 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ci gaban gasar ==
A shekarar 2023, kwamitin ya ƙara yawan kuɗaɗen lada da tallafin shiga gasar ga ƙungiyoyin da suka halarta. An ware Naira miliyan 2 ga zakarun gasar, yayin da sauran ƙungiyoyi suka samu kuɗaɗen halarta da na sufuri. Hakan ya nuna ƙoƙarin kwamitin na ƙara darajar gasar a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=ValueJet Cup: Organisers earmark N2M for 2023 winners |url=https://www.nationalaccordnewspaper.com/valuejet-cup-organisers-earmark-n2m-for-2023-winners/ |work=National Accord |date=30 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=ValueJet Cup 2023 announces N2m bounty for Champions |url=https://www.africasport.net/article/football/valuejet-cup-2023-announces-n2m-bounty-for-champions |work=Africa Sport Network |date=29 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2024 kuma, kwamitin ya sanar da ƙarin kusan kashi 300 cikin 100 na kuɗaɗen lada, inda jimillar kuɗaɗen da aka ware wa gasar suka kai Naira miliyan 16. Haka kuma an faɗaɗa gasar ta yadda ƙungiyoyi daga wajen Najeriya suka samu damar shiga, lamarin da ya ƙara wa gasar armashi da martaba a yankin Afirka ta Yamma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=2024 Valuejet Preseason Tournament gets 300% increment in prize money |url=https://www.africasport.net/article/football/2024-valuejet-preseason-tournament-gets-300-increment-in-prize-money |work=Africa Sport Network |date=19 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan rasuwar Tade Azeez ==
A shekarar 2025, masu shirya gasar sun sanar da cewa za a gudanar da ValueJet Cup na shekarar a matsayin tunawa da marigayi Otunba Tade Azeez, wanda ya rasu bayan ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa da bunƙasa gasar. Daraktan gasar, Oye Bawala, ya bayyana cewa za a ci gaba da tafiyar da manufofin da marigayin ya shimfiɗa domin tabbatar da cewa gasar ta ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan gasannin shirye-shiryen kakar wasa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Value Jet Cup 2025 Pre-season Tournament set to honour Otunba Tade Azeez |url=https://www.sports247.ng/value-jet-cup-2025-pre-season-tournament-set-to-honour-otunba-tade-azeez/ |work=Sports247 Nigeria |date=30 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* ValueJet Cup
* Najeriya Premier Football League
* Remo Stars F.C.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Wasanni a Najeriya]]
[[Category:An kafa su a shekarar 2022]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gothia Cup Nigeria Partners</title>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox organization | name = Gothia Cup Nigeria Partners | type = Ƙungiyar tallafawa da shirya gasar matasan ƙwallon ƙafa | headquarters = Najeriya | area_served = Najeriya | focus = Haɓaka matasan 'yan ƙwallon ƙafa da samar da damar shiga Gothia Cup | parent_organization = Gothia Cup | website = gothiacup.se }}  '''Gothia Cup Nigeria Partners''' ƙungiya ce da ke aiki a matsayin abokiyar hulɗa ta gasar matasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya ta '''Gothia Cup''' a Najeriya....</comment>
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      <text bytes="5158" sha1="cwxaoojicasgtfz9uxmzk1d16jdom8o" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organization
| name = Gothia Cup Nigeria Partners
| type = Ƙungiyar tallafawa da shirya gasar matasan ƙwallon ƙafa
| headquarters = Najeriya
| area_served = Najeriya
| focus = Haɓaka matasan 'yan ƙwallon ƙafa da samar da damar shiga Gothia Cup
| parent_organization = Gothia Cup
| website = gothiacup.se
}}

'''Gothia Cup Nigeria Partners''' ƙungiya ce da ke aiki a matsayin abokiyar hulɗa ta gasar matasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya ta '''Gothia Cup''' a Najeriya. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da shirya gasannin neman wakilai, gano hazikan matasa, da kuma samar da damar da ƙungiyoyin matasa daga Najeriya za su wakilci ƙasar a gasar Gothia Cup da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara a birnin Gothenburg na ƙasar Sweden.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://gothiacup.se/en/about-us |publisher=Gothia Cup |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gothia Cup ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi yawan ƙasashe masu halartar gasar matasan ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya. Tun bayan kafuwarta a shekarar 1975, gasar ta zama wata muhimmiyar hanya ta haɗa matasa daga ƙasashe daban-daban ta hanyar ƙwallon ƙafa. A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, wakilan Najeriya sun samu gagarumar nasara a wannan gasa, lamarin da ya ƙara jawo hankalin masu ruwa da tsaki kan bunƙasa wasan matasa a ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://gothiacup.se/en/about-us |publisher=Gothia Cup |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A matsayin abokiyar hulɗar Gothia Cup a Najeriya, Gothia Cup Nigeria Partners na shirya gasannin neman wakilai da za su wakilci ƙasar a Sweden. Irin waɗannan gasanni suna bai wa matasan 'yan wasa damar nuna bajintarsu tare da samun damar fafatawa da takwarorinsu daga sassa daban-daban na duniya. A shekarar 2026, Inspire Sports Academy ta lashe gasar neman gurbin wakiltar Najeriya a Gothia Cup ta matasa, inda ta samu damar zuwa Sweden domin wakiltar ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Inspire Sports Academy Clinches Gothia Cup U-17 Title, Set To Represent Nigeria In Sweden |url=https://gongnews.net/inspire-sports-academy-clinches-gothia-cup-u-17-title-set-to-represent-nigeria-in-sweden/ |publisher=GongNews |date=22 March 2026 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙoƙarin da Gothia Cup Nigeria Partners ke yi ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa wasan matasa a Najeriya. Ta hanyar haɗa ƙungiyoyin makarantu, makarantun horas da ƙwallo da cibiyoyin haɓaka matasa, ƙungiyar tana samar da wata hanya da matasa za su iya bayyana kansu a idon masu neman hazaka daga cikin gida da ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Nigeria's representative, Derby FA departs Nigeria for debut Gothia Cup in Sweden |url=https://www.africasport.net/news/nigeria-s-representative-derby-fa-departs-nigeria-for-debut-gothia-cup |publisher=Africa Sport Network |date=12 July 2025 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Najeriya ta samu gagarumar nasara a gasar Gothia Cup ta shekarar 2025 lokacin da ƙungiyoyin Sporting Supreme FC, Beyond Limits Football Academy da Nigerian Eagles suka lashe kofuna a rukunan U-18, U-17 da U-16 bi da bi. Wannan nasara ta nuna irin tasirin shirye-shiryen haɓaka matasa da kuma damar da ake samu ta hanyar tsarin haɗin gwiwar Gothia Cup a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Gothia Cup 2025: Nigerian Clubs Makes History With Triple Titles As Sporting Supreme FC, Nigerian Eagles Clinch U18, U16 Trophies |url=https://www.sports247.ng/gothia-cup-2025-nigerian-clubs-makes-history-with-triple-titles-as-sporting-supreme-fc-nigerian-eagles-clinch-u18-u16-trophies/ |publisher=Sports247 Nigeria |date=20 July 2025 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma, wasu ƙungiyoyin Najeriya kamar Sporting Lagos sun kafa tarihi a gasar Gothia Cup. A shekarar 2024, Sporting Lagos ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Najeriya da suka samu babban nasara a gasar, yayin da ɗan wasanta Akomolede Babatunde ya samu lambar gwarzon ɗan wasa (MVP) na gasar. Irin waɗannan nasarori sun ƙara nuna muhimmancin ayyukan da Gothia Cup Nigeria Partners ke yi wajen bai wa matasan Najeriya damar fafatawa a matakin duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Nigerian throw-in star dubbed 'New Delap' named Gothia Cup MVP in historic Sporting Lagos win |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/nigerian-throw-in-star-dubbed-new-delap-named-gothia-cup-mvp-in-historic-sporting-lagos-win-2024072106455193068 |publisher=Pulse Sports Nigeria |date=21 July 2024 |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofi ==
* Haɓaka matasan 'yan ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya.
* Shirya gasannin neman wakilan Najeriya zuwa Gothia Cup.
* Samar da damar baje kolin hazakar matasa a matakin duniya.
* Ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin cibiyoyin horas da ƙwallo da ƙungiyoyin matasa.
* Tallafawa ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafar matasa ta hanyar ilimi da gogayya ta ƙasa da ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://gothiacup.se/en/about-us |publisher=Gothia Cup |access-date=30 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Gothia Cup]]
* [[Nigeria Football Federation]]
* [[Sporting Lagos]]
* [[Beyond Limits Football Academy]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]]
[[Category:Wasanni a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Gothia Cup]]
[[Category:Ƙungiyoyin tallafawa wasanni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abiodun Alao</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T12:18:38Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
        <id>45024</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Abiodun Alao | birth_name = Charles Abiodun Alao | birth_date = 1961 | birth_place = Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Malami, masanin harkokin Afirka, marubuci | employer = King's College London | known_for = Nazarin harkokin tsaro, siyasa da ci gaban Afirka | education = Jami'ar Ibadan, Jami'ar Ife, King's College London }}  '''Abiodun Alao''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1961) masanin ilimi ne ɗan Najeriya, farfesa a fannin Nazarin...</comment>
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| name = Abiodun Alao
| birth_name = Charles Abiodun Alao
| birth_date = 1961
| birth_place = Najeriya
| nationality = Ɗan Najeriya
| occupation = Malami, masanin harkokin Afirka, marubuci
| employer = King's College London
| known_for = Nazarin harkokin tsaro, siyasa da ci gaban Afirka
| education = Jami'ar Ibadan, Jami'ar Ife, King's College London
}}

'''Abiodun Alao''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1961) masanin ilimi ne ɗan Najeriya, farfesa a fannin Nazarin Afirka (African Studies), kuma marubuci wanda ya yi fice wajen bincike kan harkokin tsaro, siyasa, albarkatun ƙasa, rikice-rikice da ci gaban Afirka. Yana aiki a matsayin Farfesa na Nazarin Afirka a King's College London kuma ya kasance daga cikin manyan masana da suka yi tasiri wajen fahimtar matsalolin tsaro da ci gaba a nahiyar Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/abiodun-alao |title=Professor Abiodun Alao |publisher=King's College London |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==

An haifi Abiodun Alao a Najeriya cikin iyalin malamai. Ya yi karatun firamare a garuruwan Iwo da Ogbomosho, sannan ya yi karatun sakandare a Fiditi Grammar School da Federal Government College, Ilorin. Bayan haka ya samu digirin farko (BA) a Tarihi daga University of Ibadan a shekarar 1983, sannan ya sami digirin digirgir na biyu (MA) a Harkokin Ƙasa da Ƙasa daga Obafemi Awolowo University (wacce a lokacin ake kira University of Ife) a shekarar 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/abiodun-alao |title=Professor Abiodun Alao |publisher=King's College London |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 4

Daga baya ya tafi Birtaniya inda ya yi karatun digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin War Studies a King's College London a matsayin Ford Foundation Scholar. Ya kammala bincikensa kan tasirin yaƙin neman 'yancin Zimbabwe ga tsaro da harkokin siyasa a yankin Kudancin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/abiodun-alao |title=Professor Abiodun Alao |publisher=King's College London |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5

== Aikin koyarwa ==

Alao ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1985 a Sashen Harkokin Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Jami'ar Ife. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Visiting Research Associate a Jami'ar Zimbabwe. Ya shiga King's College London a shekarun 1990, inda ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban kafin ya zama Farfesa na Nazarin Afirka a shekarar 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/abiodun-alao |title=Professor Abiodun Alao |publisher=King's College London |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 6

Har ila yau, ya taba zama Daraktan Cibiyar African Leadership Centre, sannan ya yi aikin koyarwa a matsayin Visiting Professor a Nigerian Defence Academy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.africanleadershipcentre.org/prof-abiodun-alao |title=Prof. Abiodun Alao |publisher=African Leadership Centre |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 8

== Bincike da gudummawa ==

Abiodun Alao ya mayar da hankali kan bincike a fannoni kamar:

* Tsaro da zaman lafiya a Afirka
* Siyasa da hulɗar ƙasashen duniya
* Gudanar da albarkatun ƙasa
* Rikice-rikicen addini
* Ci gaban ƙasashen Afirka
* Jagoranci da manufofin ƙasa

Ya gudanar da ayyuka da shawarwari ga ƙungiyoyi da dama na duniya, ciki har da:

* United Nations
* African Union
* European Union
* World Bank
* ECOWAS

Ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar kwararru da ta ba Majalisar Dinkin Duniya shawara kan yakin basasar Saliyo, sannan ya taimaka wajen tsara takardun manufofin tsaro na Tarayyar Afirka da Liberia bayan yaƙin basasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.africanleadershipcentre.org/prof-abiodun-alao |title=Prof. Abiodun Alao |publisher=African Leadership Centre |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 14

== Muhimman littattafai ==

Abiodun Alao ya wallafa littattafai da dama, daga cikinsu akwai:

* ''Brothers at War: Dissidence and Rebellion in Southern Africa'' (1994)
* ''The Burden of Collective Goodwill: The International Involvement in the Liberian Civil War'' (1996)
* ''Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa: The Tragedy of Endowment'' (2007)
* ''Mugabe and the Politics of Security in Zimbabwe'' (2012)
* ''China and African Security'' (2017)
* ''A New Narrative for Africa: Voice and Agency'' (2019)
* ''Rage and Carnage in the Name of God: Religious Violence in Nigeria'' (2022)
* ''Religion, Public Health and Human Security in Nigeria'' (2023)

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/a-new-narrative-for-africa-voice-and-agency |title=A New Narrative for Africa: Voice and Agency |publisher=King's College London |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/rage-and-carnage-in-the-name-of-god-religious-violence-in-nigeria |title=Rage and Carnage in the Name of God |publisher=King's College London |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
15

== Girmamawa ==

A ranar 26 Afrilu 2016, Abiodun Alao ya zama ɗaya daga cikin Baƙaƙen 'yan Afirka na farko da suka gabatar da Inaugural Lecture a King's College London tun bayan kafuwar jami'ar a shekarar 1829. Lakcarsa mai taken ''&quot;Africa: A Voice to be Heard, Not a Problem to be Solved&quot;'' ta samu kulawa sosai a fagen ilimi da nazarin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/university-of-london-nigerian-become-first-black-scholar-to-give-lecture-2024080515043859471 |title=Nigerian become first black scholar to give lecture |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=27 April 2016 |access-date=2026-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; 16

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nigerian educators]]
[[Category:Nigerian academics]]
[[Category:Nigerian writers]]
[[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]]
[[Category:Obafemi Awolowo University alumni]]
[[Category:King's College London alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of King's College London]]
[[Category:Nigerian political scientists]]
[[Category:Nigerian scholars]]</text>
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    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Nalubaale</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338150598|Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5908" sha1="tnrezsczw53bv2rrsgzei3x8u5ecmog" xml:space="preserve">'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta ''Nalubaale''''', wacce aka fi sani da Owen Falls Dam, tashar wutar lantarki ce a fadin [[White Nile]] kusa da asalin ta a [[Tafkin Victoria]] a Uganda . Nalubaale shine sunan Luganda na Tafkin Victoria.

== Wurin da yake ==
Dam din yana zaune a fadin Kogin Nilu tsakanin garin Jinja, a cikin Gundumar Jinja kimanin kilomita 85 (53 , ta hanyar hanya, gabashin [[Kampala]], [[Babban birni|babban birnin]] Uganda kuma birni mafi girma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Map Showing Kampala And Nalubaale Power Station With Distance Marker |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?%20fromplace=Kampala%20()&amp;toplace=Njeru%20(Mukono)&amp;fromlat=0.3155556&amp;tolat=0.4186111&amp;fromlng=32.5655556&amp;tolng=33.1730556 |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=Globeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Kafin gina madatsar ruwan, matakan ruwa a Tafkin Victoria sun daidaita ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta halitta a gefen arewacin tafkin. Ruwan tafkin da ke tashi zai zubo a kan madatsar ruwa zuwa White Nile, wanda ke gudana ta Uganda, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, da Masar kafin ya zubo cikin Bahar Rum. Lokacin da matakan ruwa suka ragu sosai, kwarara cikin kogi ya daina.

A shekara ta 1947, Charles Redvers Westlake, injiniyan Ingila, ya ba da rahoton ga Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Uganda yana ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Owen Falls kusa da birnin Jinja. Wannan ya haifar da kafa Hukumar Lantarki ta Uganda (UEB), tare da Westlake a matsayin shugabanta na farko. Yarjejeniya tsakanin Uganda da Masar ta tabbatar da cewa madatsar ruwan ba za ta canza yanayin Nilu ba. Injiniyan mai ba da shawara a kan aikin shine Sir Alexander Gibb &amp;amp;amp; Partners . An fitar da tan dubu tamanin na kayan shuka da kayan gini (ciki har da tan 36,000 na siminti) daga Turai a cikin mawuyacin lokacin bayan yakin. Daga nan ne aka ja su kilomita 1,200 (750  ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa daga Mombasa zuwa Jinja. An kammala madatsar ruwan a cikin shekaru uku, a gaban jadawalin a shekara ta 1954, inda aka nutse [[Ripon Falls]].

Yana samar da wutar lantarki ga Uganda da sassan makwabta [[Kenya]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Kulawa da wadatar tashar sun ragu sosai a lokacin gwamnatin [[Idi Amin]].

Matsayin tashar wutar lantarki ta Nalubaale shine 180 megawatts (MW). Da farko an tsara shi ne don turbines goma da aka kimanta a 15 MW kowannensu (don jimlar 150 MW. An sake gyara tashar a cikin shekarun 1990s don gyara lalacewar da aka tara daga shekaru goma na rikicewar farar hula. A lokacin gyare-gyare, an kara ƙarfin fitarwa na janareto, wanda ya kawo ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na Nalubaale zuwa 180 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=3 February 2012 |title=Owen Falls Dam: Powering Uganda for Five Decades |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1299372/owen-falls-dam-powering-uganda-decades |access-date=20 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Ayyuka ==
Gwamnatin Uganda, ta hanyar Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Uganda (UEGCL), kashi 100 cikin dari na gwamnati, ta ba da izinin aiki, gudanarwa da kulawa na shekaru 20 ga Eskom Uganda Limited, reshe na Eskom, kamfanin makamashi na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], don rufe duka tashar wutar lantarki ta Nalubaale da tashar wutar wutar lantarki ta Kiira da ke kusa. Yarjejeniyar ta fara ne a shekara ta 2002. Wutar da aka samar a nan, ana sayar da ita ga Kamfanin Gudanar da Wutar Lantarki na Uganda Limited (UETCL), mai sayarwa guda ɗaya. UETCL kuma tana sayar da wutar ga [https://www.uedcl.co.ug/ UEDCL], mai rarraba makamashi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joseph Olanyo |date=5 August 2012 |title=Eskom To Invest US$20 Million On Nalubaale And Kiira Dams |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=20203:eskom-to-invest-20m-on-nalubaale-kiira-dams&amp;catid=38:business |access-date=10 September 2014 |website=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, yarjejeniyar shekaru 20 tare da Eskom don madatsun biyu ta ƙare kuma ba a sabunta ta ba. Kamfanin Uganda Electricity Generation Limited (UEGCL) ya karɓi kulawar tashoshin wutar lantarki kuma ya sha kashi 93 cikin ɗari na ma'aikatan Eskom Uganda, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;OveR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Odyek |date=27 March 2023 |title=Government Takes Over Management of Nalubaale, Kiira Power Stations |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/govt-takes-over-management-of-nalubaale-kiira-NV_156930 |access-date=1  November 2023 |website=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kulawa ==
A cikin 2021, Eskom Uganda Limited ta hayar da ''Babcon Uganda Limited'' a farashin USh888 miliyan (kimanin US $ 251,000) don gyarawa da ƙarfafa matakan wutar lantarki zuwa raka'a 1, 5 da 9. An zargi lalacewar matakala da Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR), wanda ke haifar da lokacin da ruwa ya amsa tare da kankare, a tsawon lokaci, yana haifar da fadada kankare da sassauta kayan aikin da aka haɗe.&lt;ref name=&quot;RepR1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nelson Mandela |date=31 July 2021 |title=Eskom Uganda invests UGX. 888M to renovate Nalubaale Powerhouse Staircases |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/business/2021/07/eskom-uganda-invests-ugx-888m-to-renovate-nalubaale-powerhouse-staircases.html |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=PML Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, Sinohydro Corporation Limited ta kammala gyare-gyare ga tsarin madatsar ruwan. Gyaran da ya dauki kusan shekara guda, an yi shi ne don dakatar da zubar da ruwa saboda &quot;rugujewar labule&quot;. Ana sa ran cewa gyaran, na ƙarshe da aka yi a 1999, zai ba madatsar ruwan akalla wasu shekaru 20 na rayuwa. Gyaran ya kashe USh11.6 biliyan (US $ 3.3 miliyan). &lt;ref name=&quot;RepR2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hakim Kanyere |date=9 September 2021 |title=Refurbishment of Nalubaale power dam complete |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2021/09/09/refurbishment-of-nalubaale-power-dam-complete/ |access-date=13 September 2021 |website=Nile Post Uganda |place=Kampala, Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta ''Nalubaale''''', wacce aka fi sani da Owen Falls Dam, tashar wutar lantarki ce a fadin [[White Nile]] kusa da asalin ta a [[Tafkin Victoria]] a Uganda . Nalubaale shine sunan Luganda na Tafkin Victoria.

== Wurin da yake ==
Dam din yana zaune a fadin Kogin Nilu tsakanin garin Jinja, a cikin Gundumar Jinja kimanin kilomita 85 (53 , ta hanyar hanya, gabashin [[Kampala]], [[Babban birni|babban birnin]] Uganda kuma birni mafi girma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Map Showing Kampala And Nalubaale Power Station With Distance Marker |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?%20fromplace=Kampala%20()&amp;toplace=Njeru%20(Mukono)&amp;fromlat=0.3155556&amp;tolat=0.4186111&amp;fromlng=32.5655556&amp;tolng=33.1730556 |access-date=7 May 2014 |publisher=Globeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Kafin gina madatsar ruwan, matakan ruwa a Tafkin Victoria sun daidaita ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta halitta a gefen arewacin tafkin. Ruwan tafkin da ke tashi zai zubo a kan madatsar ruwa zuwa White Nile, wanda ke gudana ta Uganda, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, da Masar kafin ya zubo cikin Bahar Rum. Lokacin da matakan ruwa suka ragu sosai, kwarara cikin kogi ya daina.

A shekara ta 1947, Charles Redvers Westlake, injiniyan Ingila, ya ba da rahoton ga Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Uganda yana ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Owen Falls kusa da birnin Jinja. Wannan ya haifar da kafa Hukumar Lantarki ta Uganda (UEB), tare da Westlake a matsayin shugabanta na farko. Yarjejeniya tsakanin Uganda da Masar ta tabbatar da cewa madatsar ruwan ba za ta canza yanayin Nilu ba. Injiniyan mai ba da shawara a kan aikin shine Sir Alexander Gibb &amp;amp;amp; Partners . An fitar da tan dubu tamanin na kayan shuka da kayan gini (ciki har da tan 36,000 na siminti) daga Turai a cikin mawuyacin lokacin bayan yakin. Daga nan ne aka ja su kilomita 1,200 (750  ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa daga Mombasa zuwa Jinja. An kammala madatsar ruwan a cikin shekaru uku, a gaban jadawalin a shekara ta 1954, inda aka nutse [[Ripon Falls]].

Yana samar da wutar lantarki ga Uganda da sassan makwabta [[Kenya]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Kulawa da wadatar tashar sun ragu sosai a lokacin gwamnatin [[Idi Amin]].

Matsayin tashar wutar lantarki ta Nalubaale shine 180 megawatts (MW). Da farko an tsara shi ne don turbines goma da aka kimanta a 15 MW kowannensu (don jimlar 150 MW. An sake gyara tashar a cikin shekarun 1990s don gyara lalacewar da aka tara daga shekaru goma na rikicewar farar hula. A lokacin gyare-gyare, an kara ƙarfin fitarwa na janareto, wanda ya kawo ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na Nalubaale zuwa 180 MW.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasita |first=Ibrahim |date=3 February 2012 |title=Owen Falls Dam: Powering Uganda for Five Decades |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1299372/owen-falls-dam-powering-uganda-decades |access-date=20 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Ayyuka ==
Gwamnatin Uganda, ta hanyar Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Uganda (UEGCL), kashi 100 cikin dari na gwamnati, ta ba da izinin aiki, gudanarwa da kulawa na shekaru 20 ga Eskom Uganda Limited, reshe na Eskom, kamfanin makamashi na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], don rufe duka tashar wutar lantarki ta Nalubaale da tashar wutar wutar lantarki ta Kiira da ke kusa. Yarjejeniyar ta fara ne a shekara ta 2002. Wutar da aka samar a nan, ana sayar da ita ga Kamfanin Gudanar da Wutar Lantarki na Uganda Limited (UETCL), mai sayarwa guda ɗaya. UETCL kuma tana sayar da wutar ga [https://www.uedcl.co.ug/ UEDCL], mai rarraba makamashi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joseph Olanyo |date=5 August 2012 |title=Eskom To Invest US$20 Million On Nalubaale And Kiira Dams |url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=20203:eskom-to-invest-20m-on-nalubaale-kiira-dams&amp;catid=38:business |access-date=10 September 2014 |website=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, yarjejeniyar shekaru 20 tare da Eskom don madatsun biyu ta ƙare kuma ba a sabunta ta ba. Kamfanin Uganda Electricity Generation Limited (UEGCL) ya karɓi kulawar tashoshin wutar lantarki kuma ya sha kashi 93 cikin ɗari na ma'aikatan Eskom Uganda, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;OveR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=John Odyek |date=27 March 2023 |title=Government Takes Over Management of Nalubaale, Kiira Power Stations |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/govt-takes-over-management-of-nalubaale-kiira-NV_156930 |access-date=1  November 2023 |website=[[New Vision]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kulawa ==
A cikin 2021, Eskom Uganda Limited ta hayar da ''Babcon Uganda Limited'' a farashin USh888 miliyan (kimanin US $ 251,000) don gyarawa da ƙarfafa matakan wutar lantarki zuwa raka'a 1, 5 da 9. An zargi lalacewar matakala da Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR), wanda ke haifar da lokacin da ruwa ya amsa tare da kankare, a tsawon lokaci, yana haifar da fadada kankare da sassauta kayan aikin da aka haɗe.&lt;ref name=&quot;RepR1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nelson Mandela |date=31 July 2021 |title=Eskom Uganda invests UGX. 888M to renovate Nalubaale Powerhouse Staircases |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/business/2021/07/eskom-uganda-invests-ugx-888m-to-renovate-nalubaale-powerhouse-staircases.html |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=PML Daily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, Sinohydro Corporation Limited ta kammala gyare-gyare ga tsarin madatsar ruwan. Gyaran da ya dauki kusan shekara guda, an yi shi ne don dakatar da zubar da ruwa saboda &quot;rugujewar labule&quot;. Ana sa ran cewa gyaran, na ƙarshe da aka yi a 1999, zai ba madatsar ruwan akalla wasu shekaru 20 na rayuwa. Gyaran ya kashe USh11.6 biliyan (US $ 3.3 miliyan). &lt;ref name=&quot;RepR2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hakim Kanyere |date=9 September 2021 |title=Refurbishment of Nalubaale power dam complete |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2021/09/09/refurbishment-of-nalubaale-power-dam-complete/ |access-date=13 September 2021 |website=Nile Post Uganda |place=Kampala, Uganda}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Msunduzi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293645516|Msunduzi River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Msunduzi''' kogi ne da ke KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. An kuma san shi da sunansa na harshen Ingilishi, ''Kogin Dusi''. Sunan asali, ''Msunduzi'', shine [[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]].

Msunduzi wani magudanar ruwa ne da ke ratsa [[Kogin Umgeni|kogin Mngeni]].

== A Pietermaritzburg ==
Msunduzi ta ratsa tsakiyar Pietermaritzburg, babban birnin lardin. An rufe wani yanki na kogin da ke cikin birnin da igiyoyi, kuma ana amfani da shi don [[Kwale-kwale|hawan kwale-kwale]] da kuma yin atisayen kwale-kwale. Wannan sashe, wanda aka sani da sansanin 'yan gudun hijira, an kuma gabatar da shi don haɓaka wani rukunin wasanni da ofis, gami da filin wasan kwale-kwale na Olympics. 

Gundumar Msunduzi, wacce Pietermaritzburg ke da ita, ta samo sunanta ne daga kogin.

== Marathon na Dusi Canoe ==
Gasar Marathon ta Dusi Canoe Marathon ta shekara-shekara ce ta kwale-kwale daga Pietermaritzburg zuwa [[Durban]], wacce ke farawa a kan Msunduzi, kuma ta ƙare a kan [[Kogin Umgeni|Mngeni]]. Tseren yana jan hankalin masu tuka kwale-kwale kimanin 2000, kuma yana samun [[Kafofin yada labarai|rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai]] na ƙasa a Afirka ta Kudu. Tseren ya fara ne a shekarar 1951. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=de Villiers |first=Hugo |date=April 1975 |others=Internet Archive |title=Duzi Marathon |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_south-african-panorama_1975-04_20_4 |journal=Panorama |language=English |publisher=Information Service of South Africa |volume=20 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|1}}

== Matsalolin ingancin ruwa ==
A yankin Pietermaritzburg, kogin a wasu lokutan yana ɗauke da adadin ƙwayoyin cuta na ''E. coli'' har zuwa 50,000 a kowace 100 ml. Wannan yana haifar da yawan kamuwa da cuta (64% na waɗanda aka yi wa tambayoyi a wani bincike) na matsalolin lafiya a cikin masu tuƙa kwale-kwale da ke amfani da kogin. Waɗannan sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|gudawa]] (wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Dusi guts&quot;), da kuma kamuwa da cutar ido da kunne, da kuma yankewar [[Sepsis|ƙwayoyin cuta]]. Ana kyautata zaton rashin ingancin ruwa yana faruwa ne sakamakon magudanar ruwa kusa da kogin da ke cika a lokacin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, da kuma zubar da ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.  Waɗannan haɗarin lafiya suna barazana ga tseren kwale-kwale na shekara-shekara.  A taƙaice, ingancin ruwan kogin Msunduzi ba shi da kyau kuma yana iya zama babbar barazana ga lafiya ga waɗanda suka jure wa ruwansa.

An kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, wato Duzi-Umgeni Conservation Trust (DUCT), don daidaita ayyukan da nufin inganta ingancin ruwa, da kuma kiyaye yankunan da ke kewaye da kogin. (DUCT ita ce ke da alhakin alkaluman da aka ambata a sama). Bayan yin kamfe ga DUCT, Gundumar Msunduzi ta fara shirin rand miliyan 10 (kudin SA) don gyara da inganta tsarin najasa a shekarar 2016. DUCT kuma tana gwada gidajen shara a matsayin hanyar kamawa da kuma cire shara da aka zubar ba bisa ka'ida ba.

== Manazarta ==
Msunduzi RiverMtamvuna RiverMsunduzi RiverMtamvuna RiverMsunduzi RiverMtamvuna RiverMsunduzi RiverMtamvuna RiverMsunduzi RiverMtamvuna RiverMsunduzi RiverMsunduzi RiverMtamvuna RiverMsunduzi RiverMtamvuna RiverMsunduzi RiverMtamvuna RiverMsunduzi RiverMtamvuna RiverMsunduzi River

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.dusi.co.za Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma na Marathon na Dusi Canoe]
* [http://www.sapaddler.co.za Mujallar SA Paddler]{{Dead link|date=February 2018}}
* [https://www.duct.org.za/ Yanar Gizo na DUCT, Duzi-Umgeni Conservation Trust, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka kafa don kare kogin da kewayensa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060814194629/http://www.umgeni.co.za/HomePage1.aspx Shafin yanar gizo na Umgeni Water, hukumar samar da ruwa da ke da alhakin kula da kogin]
* [https://www.myriver.co.za Yanar gizo mai ɗauke da cikakkun taswira, bidiyo da hotuna ko kuma kogin don taimaka wa masu tuƙa kwale-kwale]</text>
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'''Kogin Msunduzi''' kogi ne da ke KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. An kuma san shi da sunansa na harshen Ingilishi, ''Kogin Dusi''. Sunan asali, ''Msunduzi'', shine [[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]].

Msunduzi wani magudanar ruwa ne da ke ratsa [[Kogin Umgeni|kogin Mngeni]].

== A Pietermaritzburg ==
Msunduzi ta ratsa tsakiyar Pietermaritzburg, babban birnin lardin. An rufe wani yanki na kogin da ke cikin birnin da igiyoyi, kuma ana amfani da shi don [[Kwale-kwale|hawan kwale-kwale]] da kuma yin atisayen kwale-kwale. Wannan sashe, wanda aka sani da sansanin 'yan gudun hijira, an kuma gabatar da shi don haɓaka wani rukunin wasanni da ofis, gami da filin wasan kwale-kwale na Olympics. 

Gundumar Msunduzi, wacce Pietermaritzburg ke da ita, ta samo sunanta ne daga kogin.

== Marathon na Dusi Canoe ==
Gasar Marathon ta Dusi Canoe Marathon ta shekara-shekara ce ta kwale-kwale daga Pietermaritzburg zuwa [[Durban]], wacce ke farawa a kan Msunduzi, kuma ta ƙare a kan [[Kogin Umgeni|Mngeni]]. Tseren yana jan hankalin masu tuka kwale-kwale kimanin 2000, kuma yana samun [[Kafofin yada labarai|rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai]] na ƙasa a Afirka ta Kudu. Tseren ya fara ne a shekarar 1951. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=de Villiers |first=Hugo |date=April 1975 |others=Internet Archive |title=Duzi Marathon |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_south-african-panorama_1975-04_20_4 |journal=Panorama |language=English |publisher=Information Service of South Africa |volume=20 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|1}}

== Matsalolin ingancin ruwa ==
A yankin Pietermaritzburg, kogin a wasu lokutan yana ɗauke da adadin ƙwayoyin cuta na ''E. coli'' har zuwa 50,000 a kowace 100 ml. Wannan yana haifar da yawan kamuwa da cuta (64% na waɗanda aka yi wa tambayoyi a wani bincike) na matsalolin lafiya a cikin masu tuƙa kwale-kwale da ke amfani da kogin. Waɗannan sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|gudawa]] (wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Dusi guts&quot;), da kuma kamuwa da cutar ido da kunne, da kuma yankewar [[Sepsis|ƙwayoyin cuta]]. Ana kyautata zaton rashin ingancin ruwa yana faruwa ne sakamakon magudanar ruwa kusa da kogin da ke cika a lokacin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, da kuma zubar da ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.  Waɗannan haɗarin lafiya suna barazana ga tseren kwale-kwale na shekara-shekara.  A taƙaice, ingancin ruwan kogin Msunduzi ba shi da kyau kuma yana iya zama babbar barazana ga lafiya ga waɗanda suka jure wa ruwansa.

An kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, wato Duzi-Umgeni Conservation Trust (DUCT), don daidaita ayyukan da nufin inganta ingancin ruwa, da kuma kiyaye yankunan da ke kewaye da kogin. (DUCT ita ce ke da alhakin alkaluman da aka ambata a sama). Bayan yin kamfe ga DUCT, Gundumar Msunduzi ta fara shirin rand miliyan 10 (kudin SA) don gyara da inganta tsarin najasa a shekarar 2016. DUCT kuma tana gwada gidajen shara a matsayin hanyar kamawa da kuma cire shara da aka zubar ba bisa ka'ida ba.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.dusi.co.za Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma na Marathon na Dusi Canoe]
* [http://www.sapaddler.co.za Mujallar SA Paddler]{{Dead link|date=February 2018}}
* [https://www.duct.org.za/ Yanar Gizo na DUCT, Duzi-Umgeni Conservation Trust, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka kafa don kare kogin da kewayensa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060814194629/http://www.umgeni.co.za/HomePage1.aspx Shafin yanar gizo na Umgeni Water, hukumar samar da ruwa da ke da alhakin kula da kogin]
* [https://www.myriver.co.za Yanar gizo mai ɗauke da cikakkun taswira, bidiyo da hotuna ko kuma kogin don taimaka wa masu tuƙa kwale-kwale]</text>
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'''Kogin Msunduzi''' kogi ne da ke KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. An kuma san shi da sunansa na harshen Ingilishi, ''Kogin Dusi''. Sunan asali, ''Msunduzi'', shine [[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]].

Msunduzi wani magudanar ruwa ne da ke ratsa [[Kogin Umgeni|kogin Mngeni]].

== A Pietermaritzburg ==
Msunduzi ta ratsa tsakiyar Pietermaritzburg, babban birnin lardin. An rufe wani yanki na kogin da ke cikin birnin da igiyoyi, kuma ana amfani da shi don [[Kwale-kwale|hawan kwale-kwale]] da kuma yin atisayen kwale-kwale. Wannan sashe, wanda aka sani da sansanin 'yan gudun hijira, an kuma gabatar da shi don haɓaka wani rukunin wasanni da ofis, gami da filin wasan kwale-kwale na Olympics. 

Gundumar Msunduzi, wacce Pietermaritzburg ke da ita, ta samo sunanta ne daga kogin.

== Marathon na Dusi Canoe ==
Gasar Marathon ta Dusi Canoe Marathon ta shekara-shekara ce ta kwale-kwale daga Pietermaritzburg zuwa [[Durban]], wacce ke farawa a kan Msunduzi, kuma ta ƙare a kan [[Kogin Umgeni|Mngeni]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_south-african-panorama_1975-04_20_4 |last=de Villiers|first=Hugo|date=April 1975|title=Duzi Marathon |journal=Panorama |volume=20|issue=4 |publisher=Information Service of South Africa |others=Internet Archive |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tseren yana jan hankalin masu tuka kwale-kwale kimanin 2000, kuma yana samun [[Kafofin yada labarai|rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai]] na ƙasa a Afirka ta Kudu. Tseren ya fara ne a shekarar 1951. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=de Villiers |first=Hugo |date=April 1975 |others=Internet Archive |title=Duzi Marathon |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_south-african-panorama_1975-04_20_4 |journal=Panorama |language=English |publisher=Information Service of South Africa |volume=20 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|1}}

== Matsalolin ingancin ruwa ==
A yankin Pietermaritzburg, kogin a wasu lokutan yana ɗauke da adadin ƙwayoyin cuta na ''E. coli'' har zuwa 50,000 a kowace 100 ml. Wannan yana haifar da yawan kamuwa da cuta (64% na waɗanda aka yi wa tambayoyi a wani bincike) na matsalolin lafiya a cikin masu tuƙa kwale-kwale da ke amfani da kogin. Waɗannan sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|gudawa]] (wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Dusi guts&quot;), da kuma kamuwa da cutar ido da kunne, da kuma yankewar [[Sepsis|ƙwayoyin cuta]]. Ana kyautata zaton rashin ingancin ruwa yana faruwa ne sakamakon magudanar ruwa kusa da kogin da ke cika a lokacin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, da kuma zubar da ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.  Waɗannan haɗarin lafiya suna barazana ga tseren kwale-kwale na shekara-shekara.  A taƙaice, ingancin ruwan kogin Msunduzi ba shi da kyau kuma yana iya zama babbar barazana ga lafiya ga waɗanda suka jure wa ruwansa.

An kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, wato Duzi-Umgeni Conservation Trust (DUCT), don daidaita ayyukan da nufin inganta ingancin ruwa, da kuma kiyaye yankunan da ke kewaye da kogin. (DUCT ita ce ke da alhakin alkaluman da aka ambata a sama). Bayan yin kamfe ga DUCT, Gundumar Msunduzi ta fara shirin rand miliyan 10 (kudin SA) don gyara da inganta tsarin najasa a shekarar 2016. DUCT kuma tana gwada gidajen shara a matsayin hanyar kamawa da kuma cire shara da aka zubar ba bisa ka'ida ba.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.dusi.co.za Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma na Marathon na Dusi Canoe]
* [http://www.sapaddler.co.za Mujallar SA Paddler]{{Dead link|date=February 2018}}
* [https://www.duct.org.za/ Yanar Gizo na DUCT, Duzi-Umgeni Conservation Trust, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka kafa don kare kogin da kewayensa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060814194629/http://www.umgeni.co.za/HomePage1.aspx Shafin yanar gizo na Umgeni Water, hukumar samar da ruwa da ke da alhakin kula da kogin]
* [https://www.myriver.co.za Yanar gizo mai ɗauke da cikakkun taswira, bidiyo da hotuna ko kuma kogin don taimaka wa masu tuƙa kwale-kwale]</text>
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'''Kogin Msunduzi''' kogi ne da ke KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. An kuma san shi da sunansa na harshen Ingilishi, ''Kogin Dusi''. Sunan asali, ''Msunduzi'', shine [[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]].

Msunduzi wani magudanar ruwa ne da ke ratsa [[Kogin Umgeni|kogin Mngeni]].

== A Pietermaritzburg ==
Msunduzi ta ratsa tsakiyar Pietermaritzburg, babban birnin lardin. An rufe wani yanki na kogin da ke cikin birnin da igiyoyi, kuma ana amfani da shi don [[Kwale-kwale|hawan kwale-kwale]] da kuma yin atisayen kwale-kwale. Wannan sashe, wanda aka sani da sansanin 'yan gudun hijira, an kuma gabatar da shi don haɓaka wani rukunin wasanni da ofis, gami da filin wasan kwale-kwale na Olympics. 

Gundumar Msunduzi, wacce Pietermaritzburg ke da ita, ta samo sunanta ne daga kogin.

== Marathon na Dusi Canoe ==
Gasar Marathon ta Dusi Canoe Marathon ta shekara-shekara ce ta kwale-kwale daga Pietermaritzburg zuwa [[Durban]], wacce ke farawa a kan Msunduzi, kuma ta ƙare a kan [[Kogin Umgeni|Mngeni]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_south-african-panorama_1975-04_20_4 |last=de Villiers|first=Hugo|date=April 1975|title=Duzi Marathon |journal=Panorama |volume=20|issue=4 |publisher=Information Service of South Africa |others=Internet Archive |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tseren yana jan hankalin masu tuka kwale-kwale kimanin 2000, kuma yana samun [[Kafofin yada labarai|rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai]] na ƙasa a Afirka ta Kudu. Tseren ya fara ne a shekarar 1951. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=de Villiers |first=Hugo |date=April 1975 |others=Internet Archive |title=Duzi Marathon |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_south-african-panorama_1975-04_20_4 |journal=Panorama |language=English |publisher=Information Service of South Africa |volume=20 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|1}}

== Matsalolin ingancin ruwa ==
A yankin Pietermaritzburg, kogin a wasu lokutan yana ɗauke da adadin ƙwayoyin cuta na ''E. coli'' har zuwa 50,000 a kowace 100 ml. Wannan yana haifar da yawan kamuwa da cuta (64% na waɗanda aka yi wa tambayoyi a wani bincike) na matsalolin lafiya a cikin masu tuƙa kwale-kwale da ke amfani da kogin. Waɗannan sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|gudawa]] (wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Dusi guts&quot;), da kuma kamuwa da cutar ido da kunne, da kuma yankewar [[Sepsis|ƙwayoyin cuta]].&lt;ref&gt;DUCT staff (2006), [http://www.dusi.org.za/viewarticle.php?p_id=347 DUCT NEWS (April 2006)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060601053055/http://www.dusi.org.za/viewarticle.php?p_id=347 |date=2006-06-01 }}, retrieved 24 June 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kyautata zaton rashin ingancin ruwa yana faruwa ne sakamakon magudanar ruwa kusa da kogin da ke cika a lokacin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, da kuma zubar da ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.  Waɗannan haɗarin lafiya suna barazana ga tseren kwale-kwale na shekara-shekara.&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, K. (2001), [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=ct20011228203810450D214958 'Dusi Guts' threatens annual canoe race], ''IOL'', retrieved 24 June 2006&lt;/ref&gt;  A taƙaice, ingancin ruwan kogin Msunduzi ba shi da kyau kuma yana iya zama babbar barazana ga lafiya ga waɗanda suka jure wa ruwansa.

An kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, wato Duzi-Umgeni Conservation Trust (DUCT), don daidaita ayyukan da nufin inganta ingancin ruwa, da kuma kiyaye yankunan da ke kewaye da kogin. (DUCT ita ce ke da alhakin alkaluman da aka ambata a sama). Bayan yin kamfe ga DUCT, Gundumar Msunduzi ta fara shirin rand miliyan 10 (kudin SA) don gyara da inganta tsarin najasa a shekarar 2016. DUCT kuma tana gwada gidajen shara a matsayin hanyar kamawa da kuma cire shara da aka zubar ba bisa ka'ida ba.&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, K. (2001), [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=ct20011228203810450D214958 'Dusi Guts' threatens annual canoe race], ''IOL'', retrieved 24 June 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.dusi.co.za Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma na Marathon na Dusi Canoe]
* [http://www.sapaddler.co.za Mujallar SA Paddler]{{Dead link|date=February 2018}}
* [https://www.duct.org.za/ Yanar Gizo na DUCT, Duzi-Umgeni Conservation Trust, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka kafa don kare kogin da kewayensa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060814194629/http://www.umgeni.co.za/HomePage1.aspx Shafin yanar gizo na Umgeni Water, hukumar samar da ruwa da ke da alhakin kula da kogin]
* [https://www.myriver.co.za Yanar gizo mai ɗauke da cikakkun taswira, bidiyo da hotuna ko kuma kogin don taimaka wa masu tuƙa kwale-kwale]</text>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Msunduzi''' kogi ne da ke KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. An kuma san shi da sunansa na harshen Ingilishi, ''Kogin Dusi''. Sunan asali, ''Msunduzi'', shine [[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]].

Msunduzi wani magudanar ruwa ne da ke ratsa [[Kogin Umgeni|kogin Mngeni]].

== A Pietermaritzburg ==
Msunduzi ta ratsa tsakiyar Pietermaritzburg, babban birnin lardin. An rufe wani yanki na kogin da ke cikin birnin da igiyoyi, kuma ana amfani da shi don [[Kwale-kwale|hawan kwale-kwale]] da kuma yin atisayen kwale-kwale. Wannan sashe, wanda aka sani da sansanin 'yan gudun hijira, an kuma gabatar da shi don haɓaka wani rukunin wasanni da ofis, gami da filin wasan kwale-kwale na Olympics. 

Gundumar Msunduzi, wacce Pietermaritzburg ke da ita, ta samo sunanta ne daga kogin.

== Marathon na Dusi Canoe ==
Gasar Marathon ta Dusi Canoe Marathon ta shekara-shekara ce ta kwale-kwale daga Pietermaritzburg zuwa [[Durban]], wacce ke farawa a kan Msunduzi, kuma ta ƙare a kan [[Kogin Umgeni|Mngeni]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_south-african-panorama_1975-04_20_4 |last=de Villiers|first=Hugo|date=April 1975|title=Duzi Marathon |journal=Panorama |volume=20|issue=4 |publisher=Information Service of South Africa |others=Internet Archive |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tseren yana jan hankalin masu tuka kwale-kwale kimanin 2000, kuma yana samun [[Kafofin yada labarai|rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai]] na ƙasa a Afirka ta Kudu. Tseren ya fara ne a shekarar 1951. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=de Villiers |first=Hugo |date=April 1975 |others=Internet Archive |title=Duzi Marathon |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_south-african-panorama_1975-04_20_4 |journal=Panorama |language=English |publisher=Information Service of South Africa |volume=20 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|1}}

== Matsalolin ingancin ruwa ==
A yankin Pietermaritzburg, kogin a wasu lokutan yana ɗauke da adadin ƙwayoyin cuta na ''E. coli'' har zuwa 50,000 a kowace 100 ml. Wannan yana haifar da yawan kamuwa da cuta (64% na waɗanda aka yi wa tambayoyi a wani bincike) na matsalolin lafiya a cikin masu tuƙa kwale-kwale da ke amfani da kogin. Waɗannan sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|gudawa]] (wanda aka fi sani da &quot;Dusi guts&quot;), da kuma kamuwa da cutar ido da kunne, da kuma yankewar [[Sepsis|ƙwayoyin cuta]].&lt;ref&gt;DUCT staff (2006), [http://www.dusi.org.za/viewarticle.php?p_id=347 DUCT NEWS (April 2006)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060601053055/http://www.dusi.org.za/viewarticle.php?p_id=347 |date=2006-06-01 }}, retrieved 24 June 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kyautata zaton rashin ingancin ruwa yana faruwa ne sakamakon magudanar ruwa kusa da kogin da ke cika a lokacin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, da kuma zubar da ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.  Waɗannan haɗarin lafiya suna barazana ga tseren kwale-kwale na shekara-shekara.&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, K. (2001), [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=ct20011228203810450D214958 'Dusi Guts' threatens annual canoe race], ''IOL'', retrieved 24 June 2006&lt;/ref&gt;  A taƙaice, ingancin ruwan kogin Msunduzi ba shi da kyau kuma yana iya zama babbar barazana ga lafiya ga waɗanda suka jure wa ruwansa.

An kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, wato Duzi-Umgeni Conservation Trust (DUCT), don daidaita ayyukan da nufin inganta ingancin ruwa, da kuma kiyaye yankunan da ke kewaye da kogin. (DUCT ita ce ke da alhakin alkaluman da aka ambata a sama). Bayan yin kamfe ga DUCT, Gundumar Msunduzi ta fara shirin rand miliyan 10 (kudin SA) don gyara da inganta tsarin najasa a shekarar 2016. DUCT kuma tana gwada gidajen shara a matsayin hanyar kamawa da kuma cire shara da aka zubar ba bisa ka'ida ba.&lt;ref&gt;Robinson, K. (2001), [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=ct20011228203810450D214958 'Dusi Guts' threatens annual canoe race], ''IOL'', retrieved 24 June 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.dusi.co.za Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma na Marathon na Dusi Canoe]
* [http://www.sapaddler.co.za Mujallar SA Paddler]{{Dead link|date=February 2018}}
* [https://www.duct.org.za/ Yanar Gizo na DUCT, Duzi-Umgeni Conservation Trust, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka kafa don kare kogin da kewayensa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060814194629/http://www.umgeni.co.za/HomePage1.aspx Shafin yanar gizo na Umgeni Water, hukumar samar da ruwa da ke da alhakin kula da kogin]
* [https://www.myriver.co.za Yanar gizo mai ɗauke da cikakkun taswira, bidiyo da hotuna ko kuma kogin don taimaka wa masu tuƙa kwale-kwale]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Adawro</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292585000|Adawro River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Adawro''' wani kogi ne na kwarin Nilu . Tana tasowa a kan tsaunin Ts'ats'en na Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], tana gudana zuwa arewa don rasa a ƙarshe a cikin Giba da Tekezé River . 

== Halaye ==
Adawro wani kogi ne mai tsaunuka, tare da matsakaicin gangara na mita 117 a kowace kilomita. Kogin ya yanke wani kwari a cikin basalt da ke kewaye da shi.
[[Fayil:Adawro.jpg|left|thumb|Kogin Adawro]]

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Runoff galibi yana faruwa ne a cikin nau'ikan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]]). Wadannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin da ke da tsawo, sau da yawa ƙananan ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Mafi girman irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa suna da sau 50 zuwa 100 mafi girma fiye da yadda ya gabata. Girman ambaliyar ruwa a cikin wannan kogi duk da haka ya ragu saboda tsoma baki a cikin tafkin, gami da kafa Adawro exclosure a kan gangaren saman tafkin. Tsarin kiyayewa na jiki kamar su dutse bunds  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma duba madatsun ruwa suma suna tsayar da runoff. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x |s2cid=98547102}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Log_dam_in_Adawro_river.jpg|left|thumb|Dam din a cikin kogin Adawro]]
[[Fayil:Log_dam_building_in_Adawro.jpg|left|thumb|Ginin madatsar ruwa a Adawro]]
Da yake lura da cewa, a cikin koguna masu cike da gado, an lalata madatsar ruwa ta hanyar Abrasion, an shigar da madatsar katako mai fuska a fadin wannan kogi. An saka su a bakin kogin, 0.5-1 m sama da gado, kuma bangarorin su na sama sun fuskanci manyan duwatsu. Irin waɗannan madatsun ruwa suna haifar da tafkin ruwa na wucin gadi, yada yawan kwararar ruwa a duk faɗin tashar, da kuma zubar da turɓaya. Bayan gwaji a karkashin matsanancin yanayin kwarara (ciki har da guguwa biyu mai tsanani) ya bayyana cewa kashi 60% na madatsun ruwa sun tsayayya da ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi, musamman a saman kogin. Manoma makwabta suna jin daɗin irin waɗannan tsarin don sarrafa koguna na farko tare da nauyin gado mai laushi saboda dabarar tana da arha kuma ana iya shigar da ita cikin sauƙi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyssen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Boulder-Faced Log Dams as an Alternative for Gabion Check Dams in First-Order Ephemeral Streams with Coarse Bed Load in Ethiopia |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/580811 |journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering |volume=143 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001217 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka haɗu da su a cikin kogin na iya samo asali ne daga kowane wuri mafi girma a cikin tafkin. A cikin mafi girman tsawo na kogin, kawai raguwar dutse na saman lithological raka'a za su kasance a cikin kogin, yayin da mafi ƙanƙanta mutum na iya samun cikakkiyar cakuda duk lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan rukunin lithological masu zuwa suna faruwa a cikin tafkin.

* Babban dutse
* Abubuwan da aka adana a cikin tafkin
* Ƙananan basalt
* [[Tsarin Amba Aradam]]

[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin a cikin hanyar ruwa ta radial na Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin koguna na Habasha

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Adawro''' wani kogi ne na kwarin Nilu . Tana tasowa a kan tsaunin Ts'ats'en na Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], tana gudana zuwa arewa don rasa a ƙarshe a cikin Giba da Tekezé River . 

== Halaye ==
Adawro wani kogi ne mai tsaunuka, tare da matsakaicin gangara na mita 117 a kowace kilomita. Kogin ya yanke wani kwari a cikin basalt da ke kewaye da shi.
[[Fayil:Adawro.jpg|left|thumb|Kogin Adawro]]

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Runoff galibi yana faruwa ne a cikin nau'ikan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]]). Wadannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin da ke da tsawo, sau da yawa ƙananan ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Mafi girman irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa suna da sau 50 zuwa 100 mafi girma fiye da yadda ya gabata. Girman ambaliyar ruwa a cikin wannan kogi duk da haka ya ragu saboda tsoma baki a cikin tafkin, gami da kafa Adawro exclosure a kan gangaren saman tafkin. Tsarin kiyayewa na jiki kamar su dutse bunds  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma duba madatsun ruwa suma suna tsayar da runoff. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x |s2cid=98547102}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Log_dam_in_Adawro_river.jpg|left|thumb|Dam din a cikin kogin Adawro]]
[[Fayil:Log_dam_building_in_Adawro.jpg|left|thumb|Ginin madatsar ruwa a Adawro]]
Da yake lura da cewa, a cikin koguna masu cike da gado, an lalata madatsar ruwa ta hanyar Abrasion, an shigar da madatsar katako mai fuska a fadin wannan kogi. An saka su a bakin kogin, 0.5-1 m sama da gado, kuma bangarorin su na sama sun fuskanci manyan duwatsu. Irin waɗannan madatsun ruwa suna haifar da tafkin ruwa na wucin gadi, yada yawan kwararar ruwa a duk faɗin tashar, da kuma zubar da turɓaya. Bayan gwaji a karkashin matsanancin yanayin kwarara (ciki har da guguwa biyu mai tsanani) ya bayyana cewa kashi 60% na madatsun ruwa sun tsayayya da ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi, musamman a saman kogin. Manoma makwabta suna jin daɗin irin waɗannan tsarin don sarrafa koguna na farko tare da nauyin gado mai laushi saboda dabarar tana da arha kuma ana iya shigar da ita cikin sauƙi.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyssen&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Boulder-Faced Log Dams as an Alternative for Gabion Check Dams in First-Order Ephemeral Streams with Coarse Bed Load in Ethiopia |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/580811 |journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering |volume=143 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001217 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka haɗu da su a cikin kogin na iya samo asali ne daga kowane wuri mafi girma a cikin tafkin. A cikin mafi girman tsawo na kogin, kawai raguwar dutse na saman lithological raka'a za su kasance a cikin kogin, yayin da mafi ƙanƙanta mutum na iya samun cikakkiyar cakuda duk lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan rukunin lithological masu zuwa suna faruwa a cikin tafkin.

* Babban dutse
* Abubuwan da aka adana a cikin tafkin
* Ƙananan basalt
* [[Tsarin Amba Aradam]]

[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin a cikin hanyar ruwa ta radial na Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin koguna na Habasha

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kogin Adda (Sudan ta Kudu)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355272149|Adda River (South Sudan)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Adda''' wani kogi ne na [[Sudan ta Kudu]], mai ba da gudummawa ga [[Bahr al-Arab]].

Kogin yana gudana ta Yammacin Bahr el Ghazal, [[Sudan ta Kudu]]. Matsakaicin tsawo shine mita 499 (1,637  sama da matakin teku. Ya haɗu da Kogin Umbelasha a gaban garin [[Radom, Sudan]], don samar da Bahr al-Arab, wanda ke bayyana iyakar tsakanin Sudan ta Kudu da Sudan.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Adda''' wani kogi ne na [[Sudan ta Kudu]], mai ba da gudummawa ga [[Bahr al-Arab]].

Kogin yana gudana ta Yammacin Bahr el Ghazal, [[Sudan ta Kudu]]. Matsakaicin tsawo shine mita 499 (1,637  sama da matakin teku. Ya haɗu da Kogin Umbelasha a gaban garin [[Radom, Sudan]], don samar da Bahr al-Arab, wanda ke bayyana iyakar tsakanin Sudan ta Kudu da Sudan.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Azef</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1258858314|Azef River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Azef''' wani kogi ne a cikin kwarin Nilu . Tana tasowa a cikin duwatsun Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], tana gudana zuwa arewa don rasa a ƙarshe zuwa cikin [[Kogin Wari|Weri'i]] wanda hakan ya fito cikin Kogin Tekezé . 
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin a cikin hanyar ruwa ta radial na Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Halaye ==
[[Fayil:Azef_gorge.jpg|thumb|Kwarin Azef]]
Kogin dutse ne mai tsawo, tare da matsakaicin gangara na mita 63 a kowace kilomita. Tare da maɓuɓɓugarsa, kogin ya yanke wani zurfi mai zurfi.

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Runoff galibi yana faruwa ne a cikin nau'ikan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]]). Wadannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin da ke da tsawo, sau da yawa ƙananan ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Mafi girman irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa suna da sau 50 zuwa 100 mafi girma fiye da yadda ya gabata. Girman ambaliyar ruwa a cikin wannan kogi duk da haka ya ragu saboda tsoma baki a cikin tafkin. A kan gangaren da ke da tsawo, an kafa shinge; tsire-tsire masu yawa suna ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen shiga, karancin ambaliyar ruwa da ingantaccen tushe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na jiki kamar su dutse&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |bibcode=2015ZGm....59..477T |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma duba madatsun ruwa suma suna tsayar da runoff.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |bibcode=2017JHyd..545..299G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa zuwa ga gorge ==
Transhumance yana faruwa ne a lokacin ruwan sama na rani, lokacin da ƙasashen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka suka mamaye amfanin gona. Matasa makiyaya za su kai shanu na ƙauyen zuwa ga kwarin kuma da dare a cikin ƙananan koguna. Gorges suna da kyau sosai a matsayin yankin da ake nufi da su, saboda akwai ruwa da kuma ci gaba mai kyau na tsire-tsire na halitta.&lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka haɗu da su a cikin kogin na iya samo asali ne daga kowane wuri mafi girma a cikin tafkin. A cikin mafi girman tsawo na kogin, kawai raguwar dutse na saman lithological raka'a za su kasance a cikin kogin, yayin da mafi ƙanƙanta mutum na iya samun cikakkiyar cakuda duk lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan rukunin lithological masu zuwa suna faruwa a cikin tafkin.

* Babban dutse
* Abubuwan da aka adana a cikin tafkin
* Ƙananan basalt
* [[Tsarin Amba Aradam]]
* Antalo Limestone
* Quaternary ruwa mai laushi tufa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moeyersons |first=J. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sandstone mai tsananin gaske

== Yankin halitta ==
A duk hanyarsa, wannan kogi ya zama iyaka tsakanin kananan hukumomin Addi Walka da Haddinnet.

== Tafiya a gefen kogi ==
[[Fayil:Footpath_in_Azef.jpg|thumb|Hanyar tafiya a cikin Azef]]
An kafa hanyoyin tafiya a fadin da kuma tare da wannan kogi. Ba a yi waƙoƙin alama a ƙasa amma ana iya bin su ta amfani da saukewa. Fayilolin GPX.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Hanyar '''1''', daga yankin bazara na kogin Azef zuwa bakinsa a Agefet, galibi yana bin gefen kogin A Joseph

A lokacin ruwan sama, ambaliyar ruwa na iya faruwa a Agefet kuma ana ba da shawarar kada a bi kogin. A wasu lokuta yana iya zama ba zai yiwu a haye kogin Agefet a lokacin ruwan sama ba.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin koguna na Habasha

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Azef''' wani kogi ne a cikin kwarin Nilu . Tana tasowa a cikin duwatsun Dogu'a Tembien a arewacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], tana gudana zuwa arewa don rasa a ƙarshe zuwa cikin [[Kogin Wari|Weri'i]] wanda hakan ya fito cikin Kogin Tekezé . 
[[Fayil:DT_drainage.jpg|thumb|Kogin a cikin hanyar ruwa ta radial na Dogu'a Tembien]]

== Halaye ==
[[Fayil:Azef_gorge.jpg|thumb|Kwarin Azef]]
Kogin dutse ne mai tsawo, tare da matsakaicin gangara na mita 63 a kowace kilomita. Tare da maɓuɓɓugarsa, kogin ya yanke wani zurfi mai zurfi.

== Ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa ==
Runoff galibi yana faruwa ne a cikin nau'ikan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (wanda ake kira [[ambaliyar ruwa]]). Wadannan suna da alaƙa da yanayin da ke da tsawo, sau da yawa ƙananan ciyayi da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Mafi girman irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa suna da sau 50 zuwa 100 mafi girma fiye da yadda ya gabata. Girman ambaliyar ruwa a cikin wannan kogi duk da haka ya ragu saboda tsoma baki a cikin tafkin. A kan gangaren da ke da tsawo, an kafa shinge; tsire-tsire masu yawa suna ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen shiga, karancin ambaliyar ruwa da ingantaccen tushe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descheemaeker |first=K. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin kiyayewa na jiki kamar su dutse&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Poesen |first2=Jean |last3=Gebremichael |first3=Desta |last4=Vancampenhout |first4=Karen |last5=d'Aes |first5=Margo |last6=Yihdego |first6=Gebremedhin |last7=Govers |first7=Gerard |last8=Leirs |first8=Herwig |last9=Moeyersons |first9=Jan |last10=Naudts |first10=Jozef |last11=Haregeweyn |first11=Nigussie |last12=Haile |first12=Mitiku |last13=Deckers |first13=Jozef |date=2007 |title=Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900 |journal=Soil and Tillage Research |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |bibcode=2015ZGm....59..477T |doi=10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma duba madatsun ruwa suma suna tsayar da runoff.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=J. |last2=Veyret-Picot |first2=M. |last3=Poesen |first3=J. |last4=Moeyersons |first4=J. |last5=Haile |first5=Mitiku |last6=Deckers |first6=J. |last7=Govers |first7=G. |date=2004 |title=The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal=Soil Use and Management |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |date=2017 |title=Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |bibcode=2017JHyd..545..299G |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudanarwa zuwa ga gorge ==
Transhumance yana faruwa ne a lokacin ruwan sama na rani, lokacin da ƙasashen da ke kusa da ƙauyuka suka mamaye amfanin gona. Matasa makiyaya za su kai shanu na ƙauyen zuwa ga kwarin kuma da dare a cikin ƙananan koguna. Gorges suna da kyau sosai a matsayin yankin da ake nufi da su, saboda akwai ruwa da kuma ci gaba mai kyau na tsire-tsire na halitta.&lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyssen |first=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |date=2009 |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duwatsu da duwatsu a cikin kogin ==
Duwatsu da duwatsu da aka haɗu da su a cikin kogin na iya samo asali ne daga kowane wuri mafi girma a cikin tafkin. A cikin mafi girman tsawo na kogin, kawai raguwar dutse na saman lithological raka'a za su kasance a cikin kogin, yayin da mafi ƙanƙanta mutum na iya samun cikakkiyar cakuda duk lithologies da kogin ya haye. Daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan rukunin lithological masu zuwa suna faruwa a cikin tafkin.

* Babban dutse
* Abubuwan da aka adana a cikin tafkin
* Ƙananan basalt
* [[Tsarin Amba Aradam]]
* Antalo Limestone
* Quaternary ruwa mai laushi tufa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moeyersons |first=J. and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sandstone mai tsananin gaske

== Yankin halitta ==
A duk hanyarsa, wannan kogi ya zama iyaka tsakanin kananan hukumomin Addi Walka da Haddinnet.

== Tafiya a gefen kogi ==
[[Fayil:Footpath_in_Azef.jpg|thumb|Hanyar tafiya a cikin Azef]]
An kafa hanyoyin tafiya a fadin da kuma tare da wannan kogi. Ba a yi waƙoƙin alama a ƙasa amma ana iya bin su ta amfani da saukewa. Fayilolin GPX.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Hanyar '''1''', daga yankin bazara na kogin Azef zuwa bakinsa a Agefet, galibi yana bin gefen kogin A Joseph

A lokacin ruwan sama, ambaliyar ruwa na iya faruwa a Agefet kuma ana ba da shawarar kada a bi kogin. A wasu lokuta yana iya zama ba zai yiwu a haye kogin Agefet a lokacin ruwan sama ba.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin koguna na Habasha

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    <title>Yankin Mara Wetland</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298707390|Mara Wetland]]&quot;</comment>
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Mara Wetland wani tafki ne mai ambaliyar ruwa wanda ke kusa da [[Tafkin Victoria]] inda [[Kogin Mara]] ke zubar da ruwa a ciki. 
[[Fayil:Masai_Mara_River_aerial.jpg|thumb|Kogin Masai Mara]]
[[Kogin Mara]] ne ke ciyar da wuri mai laushi, wanda ke da tushe a cikin tsaunukan Mau na Kenya.

== Babban Batutuwan ==
Yankin Mara, kamar sauran wuraren da ke da ruwa, muhimmiyar tushe ce ta albarkatun kasa da mazauni ga dabbobi da tsire-tsire iri-iri. Ana samun nau'ikan shuke-shuke da yawa, manyan sune papyrus (''Matende'' / ''Matete'') da cattail (mabi syn). Rayuwar al'ummomin da ke zaune a kusa da wuri mai laushi ya dogara da ayyuka daban-daban da wuri mai raƙuman ruwa ke bayarwa. Babban ayyukan tattalin arziki na zamantakewa na al'ummomin da ke kusa da Mara Wetland shine kamun kifi da girbi na papyrus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tshering |first=Kuenzang |title=Spatial Variation of Denitrification in Mara Wetland, Tanzania |url=https://www.academia.edu/5451536}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Fishing_at_the_Mara_Wetland.JPG|thumb|Wani masunta da ke riƙe da kifin Kambale / Mumi (Clarias sp.) wanda aka ɗauke shi daga Mara Wetland. Kifi a Mara Wetland yawanci don abinci na gida ne da siyarwa]]
Fiye da kashi 80% na yawan jama'a a cikin al'ummomin da ke kusa da wuri mai laushi suna rayuwa ta yau da kullun daga ayyukan kamun kifi. Kodayake girbi na papyrus yana daga cikin manyan ayyukan tattalin arziki na al'umma a kusa da Mara Wetland, 5% ne kawai na papyrus ake girbewa a kowace shekara. Ana amfani da papyrus a cikin samar da kayayyakin gida kamar mats, kwando, allon, teburin rufi, kwantena na kayan lambu, inuwa na fitila, pads da armseats.

== Barazanar ==
Yankin Mara yana ci gaba da lalacewa duk da kokarin da aka yi na ceton halittu masu yawa. Canji a cikin amfani da ƙasa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata shine babban matsala a cikin kogin Mara. Sabili da haka, kariya ga wuri mai laushi daga asarar halittu iri-iri yana da mahimmanci don inganta lafiyarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tshering |first=Kuenzang |title=Spatial Variation of Denitrification in Mara Wetland, Tanzania |url=https://www.academia.edu/5451536}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin shekarun 1950 zuwa 2006, yawan ruwan yanayi a cikin Mara ya canza sosai a cikin ma'anar cewa yanzu akwai tsaunuka da ƙananan a cikin kogin. Wadannan abubuwan suna da alaƙa da canje-canje a cikin amfani da ƙasa a cikin yankin da aka kama: raguwar murfin ciyayi yana haifar da saurin ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Land Cover Change Effects on Flow regime of Mara River |url=http://idl.iscram.org/files/mutie/2005/802_Mutie_etal2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121331/http://idl.iscram.org/files/mutie/2005/802_Mutie_etal2005.pdf |archive-date=2019-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusa da bakin kogi a Tanzania, matakan ruwa masu saurin canzawa a Tafkin Victoria na ƙarni da ya gabata sun kara da matsalolin fitar da Kogin Mara. Sakamakon haka, ambaliyar ruwa ta zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma manyan sassan tafkin Mara na Tanzania sun zama na dindindin maimakon wuraren tafki na wucin gadi. Wadannan abubuwan sun haifar da canjin rufe ƙasa daga busasshiyar ƙasa (wanda a wasu lokuta ya ambaliya) zuwa gandun daji na ruwa, zuwa ciyayi na ruwa tare da tsire-tsire masu alaƙa da ruwa daban-daban kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, inda a ƙarshe ''Cyperus papyrus'' ya zama ɗayan mafi yawan nau'ikan. Wadannan canje-canje masu sauri sun sami manyan tasiri a kan muhalli da hanyoyin rayuwa dangane da shi. Kowane mataki yana da tasiri daban-daban a kan kowane aikin rayuwa amma gabaɗaya, manoman shanu sun ga makiyaya suna raguwa da sauri, masunta sun ga jikin ruwa yana ƙaruwa kuma daga baya ya sake raguwa, kuma sabbin ayyukan rayuwa kamar yin mats daga papyrus sun karu sosai.

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Mara Wetland wani tafki ne mai ambaliyar ruwa wanda ke kusa da [[Tafkin Victoria]] inda [[Kogin Mara]] ke zubar da ruwa a ciki. 
[[Fayil:Masai_Mara_River_aerial.jpg|thumb|Kogin Masai Mara]]
[[Kogin Mara]] ne ke ciyar da wuri mai laushi, wanda ke da tushe a cikin tsaunukan Mau na Kenya.

== Babban Batutuwan ==
Yankin Mara, kamar sauran wuraren da ke da ruwa, muhimmiyar tushe ce ta albarkatun kasa da mazauni ga dabbobi da tsire-tsire iri-iri. Ana samun nau'ikan shuke-shuke da yawa, manyan sune papyrus (''Matende'' / ''Matete'') da cattail (mabi syn). Rayuwar al'ummomin da ke zaune a kusa da wuri mai laushi ya dogara da ayyuka daban-daban da wuri mai raƙuman ruwa ke bayarwa. Babban ayyukan tattalin arziki na zamantakewa na al'ummomin da ke kusa da Mara Wetland shine kamun kifi da girbi na papyrus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tshering |first=Kuenzang |title=Spatial Variation of Denitrification in Mara Wetland, Tanzania |url=https://www.academia.edu/5451536}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Fishing_at_the_Mara_Wetland.JPG|thumb|Wani masunta da ke riƙe da kifin Kambale / Mumi (Clarias sp.) wanda aka ɗauke shi daga Mara Wetland. Kifi a Mara Wetland yawanci don abinci na gida ne da siyarwa]]
Fiye da kashi 80% na yawan jama'a a cikin al'ummomin da ke kusa da wuri mai laushi suna rayuwa ta yau da kullun daga ayyukan kamun kifi. Kodayake girbi na papyrus yana daga cikin manyan ayyukan tattalin arziki na al'umma a kusa da Mara Wetland, 5% ne kawai na papyrus ake girbewa a kowace shekara. Ana amfani da papyrus a cikin samar da kayayyakin gida kamar mats, kwando, allon, teburin rufi, kwantena na kayan lambu, inuwa na fitila, pads da armseats.

== Barazanar ==
Yankin Mara yana ci gaba da lalacewa duk da kokarin da aka yi na ceton halittu masu yawa. Canji a cikin amfani da ƙasa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata shine babban matsala a cikin kogin Mara. Sabili da haka, kariya ga wuri mai laushi daga asarar halittu iri-iri yana da mahimmanci don inganta lafiyarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tshering |first=Kuenzang |title=Spatial Variation of Denitrification in Mara Wetland, Tanzania |url=https://www.academia.edu/5451536}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsakanin shekarun 1950 zuwa 2006, yawan ruwan yanayi a cikin Mara ya canza sosai a cikin ma'anar cewa yanzu akwai tsaunuka da ƙananan a cikin kogin. Wadannan abubuwan suna da alaƙa da canje-canje a cikin amfani da ƙasa a cikin yankin da aka kama: raguwar murfin ciyayi yana haifar da saurin ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Land Cover Change Effects on Flow regime of Mara River |url=http://idl.iscram.org/files/mutie/2005/802_Mutie_etal2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121331/http://idl.iscram.org/files/mutie/2005/802_Mutie_etal2005.pdf |archive-date=2019-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kusa da bakin kogi a Tanzania, matakan ruwa masu saurin canzawa a Tafkin Victoria na ƙarni da ya gabata sun kara da matsalolin fitar da Kogin Mara. Sakamakon haka, ambaliyar ruwa ta zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma manyan sassan tafkin Mara na Tanzania sun zama na dindindin maimakon wuraren tafki na wucin gadi. Wadannan abubuwan sun haifar da canjin rufe ƙasa daga busasshiyar ƙasa (wanda a wasu lokuta ya ambaliya) zuwa gandun daji na ruwa, zuwa ciyayi na ruwa tare da tsire-tsire masu alaƙa da ruwa daban-daban kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, inda a ƙarshe ''Cyperus papyrus'' ya zama ɗayan mafi yawan nau'ikan. Wadannan canje-canje masu sauri sun sami manyan tasiri a kan muhalli da hanyoyin rayuwa dangane da shi. Kowane mataki yana da tasiri daban-daban a kan kowane aikin rayuwa amma gabaɗaya, manoman shanu sun ga makiyaya suna raguwa da sauri, masunta sun ga jikin ruwa yana ƙaruwa kuma daga baya ya sake raguwa, kuma sabbin ayyukan rayuwa kamar yin mats daga papyrus sun karu sosai.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruzizi I Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1281693761|Ruzizi I Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Ruzizi I''' ( French   ( {{Convert|29.8|MW}}tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa  a kan kogin Rusizi tsakanin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] .

== Wuri ==
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ruzizi I tana kan kogin Rusizi tsakanin Rwanda da DRC. Birnin [[Bukavu]], DRC, yana arewa da yamma da madatsar ruwan, kuma matsugunin [[Burongo]], Rwanda, yana kudu maso gabas. {{Sfn|Way: Ruzizi I Hydro Power Plant (195072407)}} Madatsar ruwan tana da {{Convert|3|km}} daga gangaren [[Tafkin kivu|tafkin Kivu]] da ambaliyar ruwa a saman Kogin Rusizi. Yana cikin kwarin da ke gudana ta cikin tsaunukan da ke da {{Convert|1460|m}} sama da matakin teku a [[Bukavu]], a saman kogin. Yankin da ke magudanar ruwa galibi birni ne. {{Sfn|Muvundja|Walumona|Dusabe|Alunga|2022}}

== Dam ==
Kamfanin Société Nationale d'Électricité (SNEL) ne ke gudanar da madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki. Madatsar ruwa ta Ruzizi I Gravity tana da {{Convert|15|m}}tsayin ƙafa  da {{Convert|195|m}} tsayi. {{Sfn|Ruzizi’s Transmission System}} Tafkin Kivu yana aiki a matsayin ma'ajiyar ruwa. {{Sfn|RUZIZI I &amp; II INGEROP}} An sanya tsani na kifi a lokacin gina madatsun ruwa don kifaye masu ƙaura kamar cyprinids . Duk da haka, masu gudanar da madatsun ruwa ba su kula da kwararar ruwa a cikin tsani ba. {{Sfn|Muvundja|Walumona|Dusabe|Alunga|2022}}

An ƙaddamar da Ruzizi I a shekarar 1959. {{Sfn|Ruzizi III Hydropower Plant Project}} Kamfanin yana da injinan turbine guda biyu na Kaplan mai ƙarfin MW 7 da injinan turbine guda biyu na Kaplan mai ƙarfin MW 9.1. An ƙaddamar da injinan turbine tsakanin 1958 da 1973. {{Sfn|RUZIZI I &amp; II INGEROP}} Yana da ƙarfin MW 29.8 gaba ɗaya. {{Sfn|Ruzizi’s Transmission System}} Kamfanin ya fuskanci matsalolin fasaha da rashin kyakkyawan tsarin gudanarwa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, Ruzizi I yana aiki da matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na kimanin MW 16. {{Sfn|Muvundja|Walumona|Dusabe|Alunga|2022}}

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'''Tashar wutar lantarki ta Ruzizi I''' ( French   ( {{Convert|29.8|MW}}tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa  a kan kogin Rusizi tsakanin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] .

== Wuri ==
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ruzizi I tana kan kogin Rusizi tsakanin Rwanda da DRC. Birnin [[Bukavu]], DRC, yana arewa da yamma da madatsar ruwan, kuma matsugunin [[Burongo]], Rwanda, yana kudu maso gabas. {{Sfn|Way: Ruzizi I Hydro Power Plant (195072407)}} Madatsar ruwan tana da {{Convert|3|km}} daga gangaren [[Tafkin kivu|tafkin Kivu]] da ambaliyar ruwa a saman Kogin Rusizi. Yana cikin kwarin da ke gudana ta cikin tsaunukan da ke da {{Convert|1460|m}} sama da matakin teku a [[Bukavu]], a saman kogin. Yankin da ke magudanar ruwa galibi birni ne. {{Sfn|Muvundja|Walumona|Dusabe|Alunga|2022}}

== Dam ==
Kamfanin Société Nationale d'Électricité (SNEL) ne ke gudanar da madatsar ruwa da tashar wutar lantarki. Madatsar ruwa ta Ruzizi I Gravity tana da {{Convert|15|m}}tsayin ƙafa  da {{Convert|195|m}} tsayi. {{Sfn|Ruzizi’s Transmission System}} Tafkin Kivu yana aiki a matsayin ma'ajiyar ruwa. {{Sfn|RUZIZI I &amp; II INGEROP}} An sanya tsani na kifi a lokacin gina madatsun ruwa don kifaye masu ƙaura kamar cyprinids . Duk da haka, masu gudanar da madatsun ruwa ba su kula da kwararar ruwa a cikin tsani ba. {{Sfn|Muvundja|Walumona|Dusabe|Alunga|2022}}

An ƙaddamar da Ruzizi I a shekarar 1959. {{Sfn|Ruzizi III Hydropower Plant Project}} Kamfanin yana da injinan turbine guda biyu na Kaplan mai ƙarfin MW 7 da injinan turbine guda biyu na Kaplan mai ƙarfin MW 9.1. An ƙaddamar da injinan turbine tsakanin 1958 da 1973. {{Sfn|RUZIZI I &amp; II INGEROP}} Yana da ƙarfin MW 29.8 gaba ɗaya. {{Sfn|Ruzizi’s Transmission System}} Kamfanin ya fuskanci matsalolin fasaha da rashin kyakkyawan tsarin gudanarwa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, Ruzizi I yana aiki da matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na kimanin MW 16. {{Sfn|Muvundja|Walumona|Dusabe|Alunga|2022}}

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  <page>
    <title>Yankin Nilu</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347608965|Nile crocodile]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Yankin Nilu''' ('''''Crocodylus niloticus''''') babban yashi ne na asali a wuraren zama na [[Kada|giwa]] mai laushi a [[Afirka]], inda yake a cikin ƙasashe 26. An rarraba shi sosai a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka]], yana faruwa mafi yawa a yankunan gabas, kudu, da tsakiya na nahiyar, kuma yana rayuwa a cikin nau'ikan yanayin ruwa daban-daban kamar [[Tafki|tabkuna]], [[Kogi|koguna]], maras kyau da maras kyau. A wasu lokuta yana zaune a cikin [[Delta|Deltas]], tabkuna masu ruwan gishiri kuma da wuya a yi ruwan gishiri. Yankin ya taɓa shimfiɗa daga Kogin Nilu a ko'ina cikin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]]. [[Tafkin Turkana]] a [[Kenya]] yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan mutanen Nilu marasa damuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Modha |first=M. L. |date=1967 |title=The Ecology of the Nile Crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'' Laurenti) on Central Island, Lake Rudolf |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=74–95 |bibcode=1967AfJEc...5...74M |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1967.tb00763.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabaɗaya, giwayen Nilu mai girma yana tsakanin 3.5 da 5  ft 6 in da 16 ft 5 in) a tsawon kuma yana da nauyin 225 zuwa 750  . Koyaya, an rubuta samfurori da suka wuce {{Cvt|6.1|m}} m (20  a tsawon da {{Cvt|1000|kg}} kg (2,200   nauyi. Ita ce mafi girman mai farauta a Afirka, kuma ana iya la'akari da ita ta biyu mafi girma a duniya, bayan giwayen ruwan gishiri (''Crocodylus porosus'').  &lt;ref name=&quot;Wood 1983&quot;&gt;Wood, G. (1983). ''The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats.'' Sterling Pub Co Inc. {{ISBN|978-0-85112-235-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Girman yana da jima'i dimorphic, tare da mata yawanci kusan 30% karami fiye da maza. Yankin yana da kauri, gashin gashi, fata mai dauke da makamai.

Yankunan Nilu sune masu cin zarafin lokaci; Yankunan da ke da tsananin tashin hankali, suna iya ɗaukar kusan kowane dabba a cikin kewayon su. Su ne masu ilimin gama gari, suna shan ganima iri-iri,  &lt;ref name=&quot;Cott&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cott, H.B. |year=1961 |title=Scientific results of an inquiry into the ecology and economic status of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodilus niloticus'') in Uganda and Northern Rhodesia |journal=The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=211–356 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1961.tb00220.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da abincin da ya kunshi mafi yawan nau'ikan kifi, dabbobi masu rarrafe, tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu shayarwa. A matsayin masu cin zarafi, suna iya jira sa'o'i, kwanaki, har ma da makonni don lokacin da ya dace don kai farmaki. Su ne masu saurin cin nama kuma suna jiran damar da wani abu Masu cin nama ya zo da kyau a cikin kewayon hari. Ko da dabbobi masu saurin gudu ba su da kariya ga kai farmaki. Kamar sauran crocodiles, Nile crocodiels suna da karfi sosai wanda yake na musamman a tsakanin dukkan dabbobi, kuma mai kaifi, hakora masu kaifi waɗanda ke nutsewa cikin nama, suna ba da damar riƙewa wanda kusan ba zai yiwu a saki ba. Za su iya amfani da karfi mai ƙarfi na dogon lokaci, babban fa'ida don riƙe babban ganima a ƙarƙashin ruwa don nutsar da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guggisberg&quot; /&gt;

== Ma'anar asali da suna ==
[[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan binomial]] ''Crocodylus ''Niloticus'''' ya samo asali ne daga Girkanci κρόκη, ''kroke'' (&quot;pebble&quot;), δρῖλος, ''drilos'' (&quot;worm&quot;), yana nufin fatarsa mai laushi; da niloticus, ma'ana &quot;daga Kogin Nilu&quot;. Ana kiran giwayen Nilu  ''timsah al-nil'' a cikin [[Larabci]], ''mamba'' a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], ''Yaxaas'' a cikin [[Harshen Somaliya|Somaliya]], ''garwe'' a cikin [[Yaren Shona|Shona]], ''Ngwenya'' a cikin [[Harshen Arewacin Ndebele|Ndebele]], ''ngwena'' a cikin Venda, ''kwena'' a cikin Sotho da [[Harshen Tswana|Tswana]], da ''tanin ha-yeor'' a cikin [[Ibrananci]]. Har ila yau, wani lokacin ana kiranta da crocodile na Afirka, crocodile ya Habasha, da crocodil na yau da kullun.&lt;ref name=&quot;library.sandiegozoo.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nile Crocodile Fact Sheet |url=http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/nile_crocodile/crocodile.html#die |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430005914/http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/nile_crocodile/crocodile.html#diet |archive-date=30 April 2017 |access-date=25 April 2013 |publisher=Library.sandiegozoo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin lissafi ==
Kodayake a halin yanzu ba a san wasu nau'o'in ba, an ba da shawarar kusan bakwai, galibi saboda bambancin bayyanar da girman da aka lura a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban a duk faɗin Afirka. Wadannan sun hada da ''C. n. africanus'' (wanda ba a san shi ba da sunan giwayen Nilu na Gabashin Afirka), C. n' chamses (giwayen Nile na Yammacin Afirka), C n. cowiei (giwajin Nilu na Afirka ta Kudu), C.''C. n. madagascariensis'' (gwanen Madagascar ko Madagascar Nile, wanda aka fi sani da crocodile Mada, wanda ke fassara zuwa giwayen Madagascar), C.n. niloticus (yanciyanci) &lt;ref name=&quot;Crocodilian.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group |url=http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/csp_cnil.htm |access-date=25 April 2013 |publisher=Crocodilian.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmitz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmitz, A. |last2=Mansfeld, P. |last3=Hekkala, E. |last4=Shine, T. |last5=Nickel, H. |last6=Amato, G. |last7=Böhme, W. |year=2003 |title=Molecular evidence for species level divergence in African Nile crocodiles ''Crocodylus niloticus'' (Laurenti, 1786) |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=2 |issue=8 |page=703 |bibcode=2003CRPal...2..703S |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2003.07.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin binciken da aka yi game da yanayin al'ummomi daban-daban, gami da C. (n.) suchus, an gano bayyanar Nilu crocodile sensu lato ya fi bambanci fiye da na kowane nau'in crocodile da aka sani a halin yanzu, kuma aƙalla wasu daga cikin waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da alaƙa da yankin. Misali, wani bincike a kan [[Tafkin Turkana]] a Kenya (ba bisa ka'ida ba za a sanya wannan yawan jama'a a cikin ''C. n. pauciscutatus'') ya gano cewa crocodiles na cikin gida suna da mafi yawan osteoderms a cikin ventral surface fiye da sauran sanannun jama'a, kuma saboda haka suna da ƙarancin ƙima a kasuwancin fata, suna da ƙididdigar yawan jama'ar yankin a ƙarshen karni na 20. Rarrabawar giwayen Afirka ta Yamma (''C. suchus'') daga giwayen Nilu an goyi bayan halayen morphological, &lt;ref name=&quot;Nestler2012&quot; /&gt;  nazarin kayan [[Genetics|kwayar halitta]] &lt;ref name=&quot;hekkala&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hekkala, E. |last2=Shirley, M.H. |last3=Amato, G. |last4=Austin, J.D. |last5=Charter, S. |last6=Thorbjarnarson, J. |last7=Vliet, K.A. |last8=Houck, M.L. |last9=Desalle, R. |last10=Blum, M.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=An ancient icon reveals new mysteries: mummy DNA resurrects a cryptic species within the Nile crocodile |journal=[[Molecular Ecology]] |volume=20 |issue=20 |pages=4199–4215 |bibcode=2011MolEc..20.4199H |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05245.x |pmid=21906195}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma abubuwan da aka fi so. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schmitz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmitz, A. |last2=Mansfeld, P. |last3=Hekkala, E. |last4=Shine, T. |last5=Nickel, H. |last6=Amato, G. |last7=Böhme, W. |year=2003 |title=Molecular evidence for species level divergence in African Nile crocodiles ''Crocodylus niloticus'' (Laurenti, 1786) |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=2 |issue=8 |page=703 |bibcode=2003CRPal...2..703S |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2003.07.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; IUCN ba ta amince da rabuwa da su biyu ba kamar yadda kimantawarsu ta ƙarshe game da rukuni ta kasance a cikin 2008 da 2009, &lt;ref name=&quot;Nestler2012&quot; /&gt; shekaru kafin wallafe-wallafen farko da ke tallafawa bambancin crocodiles na Yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;hekkala&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cunningham&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Yankin Nilu''' ('''''Crocodylus niloticus''''') babban yashi ne na asali a wuraren zama na [[Kada|giwa]] mai laushi a [[Afirka]], inda yake a cikin ƙasashe 26. An rarraba shi sosai a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka]], yana faruwa mafi yawa a yankunan gabas, kudu, da tsakiya na nahiyar, kuma yana rayuwa a cikin nau'ikan yanayin ruwa daban-daban kamar [[Tafki|tabkuna]], [[Kogi|koguna]], maras kyau da maras kyau. A wasu lokuta yana zaune a cikin [[Delta|Deltas]], tabkuna masu ruwan gishiri kuma da wuya a yi ruwan gishiri. Yankin ya taɓa shimfiɗa daga Kogin Nilu a ko'ina cikin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]]. [[Tafkin Turkana]] a [[Kenya]] yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan mutanen Nilu marasa damuwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Modha |first=M. L. |date=1967 |title=The Ecology of the Nile Crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'' Laurenti) on Central Island, Lake Rudolf |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=74–95 |bibcode=1967AfJEc...5...74M |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1967.tb00763.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabaɗaya, giwayen Nilu mai girma yana tsakanin 3.5 da 5  ft 6 in da 16 ft 5 in) a tsawon kuma yana da nauyin 225 zuwa 750  . Koyaya, an rubuta samfurori da suka wuce {{Cvt|6.1|m}} m (20  a tsawon da {{Cvt|1000|kg}} kg (2,200   nauyi. Ita ce mafi girman mai farauta a Afirka, kuma ana iya la'akari da ita ta biyu mafi girma a duniya, bayan giwayen ruwan gishiri (''Crocodylus porosus'').  &lt;ref name=&quot;Wood 1983&quot;&gt;Wood, G. (1983). ''The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats.'' Sterling Pub Co Inc. {{ISBN|978-0-85112-235-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Girman yana da jima'i dimorphic, tare da mata yawanci kusan 30% karami fiye da maza. Yankin yana da kauri, gashin gashi, fata mai dauke da makamai.

Yankunan Nilu sune masu cin zarafin lokaci; Yankunan da ke da tsananin tashin hankali, suna iya ɗaukar kusan kowane dabba a cikin kewayon su. Su ne masu ilimin gama gari, suna shan ganima iri-iri,  &lt;ref name=&quot;Cott&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cott, H.B. |year=1961 |title=Scientific results of an inquiry into the ecology and economic status of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodilus niloticus'') in Uganda and Northern Rhodesia |journal=The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=211–356 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1961.tb00220.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da abincin da ya kunshi mafi yawan nau'ikan kifi, dabbobi masu rarrafe, tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu shayarwa. A matsayin masu cin zarafi, suna iya jira sa'o'i, kwanaki, har ma da makonni don lokacin da ya dace don kai farmaki. Su ne masu saurin cin nama kuma suna jiran damar da wani abu Masu cin nama ya zo da kyau a cikin kewayon hari. Ko da dabbobi masu saurin gudu ba su da kariya ga kai farmaki. Kamar sauran crocodiles, Nile crocodiels suna da karfi sosai wanda yake na musamman a tsakanin dukkan dabbobi, kuma mai kaifi, hakora masu kaifi waɗanda ke nutsewa cikin nama, suna ba da damar riƙewa wanda kusan ba zai yiwu a saki ba. Za su iya amfani da karfi mai ƙarfi na dogon lokaci, babban fa'ida don riƙe babban ganima a ƙarƙashin ruwa don nutsar da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guggisberg&quot; /&gt;

== Ma'anar asali da suna ==
[[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan binomial]] ''Crocodylus ''Niloticus'''' ya samo asali ne daga Girkanci κρόκη, ''kroke'' (&quot;pebble&quot;), δρῖλος, ''drilos'' (&quot;worm&quot;), yana nufin fatarsa mai laushi; da niloticus, ma'ana &quot;daga Kogin Nilu&quot;. Ana kiran giwayen Nilu  ''timsah al-nil'' a cikin [[Larabci]], ''mamba'' a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], ''Yaxaas'' a cikin [[Harshen Somaliya|Somaliya]], ''garwe'' a cikin [[Yaren Shona|Shona]], ''Ngwenya'' a cikin [[Harshen Arewacin Ndebele|Ndebele]], ''ngwena'' a cikin Venda, ''kwena'' a cikin Sotho da [[Harshen Tswana|Tswana]], da ''tanin ha-yeor'' a cikin [[Ibrananci]]. Har ila yau, wani lokacin ana kiranta da crocodile na Afirka, crocodile ya Habasha, da crocodil na yau da kullun.&lt;ref name=&quot;library.sandiegozoo.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nile Crocodile Fact Sheet |url=http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/nile_crocodile/crocodile.html#die |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430005914/http://library.sandiegozoo.org/factsheets/nile_crocodile/crocodile.html#diet |archive-date=30 April 2017 |access-date=25 April 2013 |publisher=Library.sandiegozoo.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin lissafi ==
Kodayake a halin yanzu ba a san wasu nau'o'in ba, an ba da shawarar kusan bakwai, galibi saboda bambancin bayyanar da girman da aka lura a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban a duk faɗin Afirka. Wadannan sun hada da ''C. n. africanus'' (wanda ba a san shi ba da sunan giwayen Nilu na Gabashin Afirka), C. n' chamses (giwayen Nile na Yammacin Afirka), C n. cowiei (giwajin Nilu na Afirka ta Kudu), C.''C. n. madagascariensis'' (gwanen Madagascar ko Madagascar Nile, wanda aka fi sani da crocodile Mada, wanda ke fassara zuwa giwayen Madagascar), C.n. niloticus (yanciyanci) &lt;ref name=&quot;Crocodilian.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group |url=http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/csp_cnil.htm |access-date=25 April 2013 |publisher=Crocodilian.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmitz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmitz, A. |last2=Mansfeld, P. |last3=Hekkala, E. |last4=Shine, T. |last5=Nickel, H. |last6=Amato, G. |last7=Böhme, W. |year=2003 |title=Molecular evidence for species level divergence in African Nile crocodiles ''Crocodylus niloticus'' (Laurenti, 1786) |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=2 |issue=8 |page=703 |bibcode=2003CRPal...2..703S |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2003.07.002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin binciken da aka yi game da yanayin al'ummomi daban-daban, gami da C. (n.) suchus, an gano bayyanar Nilu crocodile sensu lato ya fi bambanci fiye da na kowane nau'in crocodile da aka sani a halin yanzu, kuma aƙalla wasu daga cikin waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da alaƙa da yankin. Misali, wani bincike a kan [[Tafkin Turkana]] a Kenya (ba bisa ka'ida ba za a sanya wannan yawan jama'a a cikin ''C. n. pauciscutatus'') ya gano cewa crocodiles na cikin gida suna da mafi yawan osteoderms a cikin ventral surface fiye da sauran sanannun jama'a, kuma saboda haka suna da ƙarancin ƙima a kasuwancin fata, suna da ƙididdigar yawan jama'ar yankin a ƙarshen karni na 20. Rarrabawar giwayen Afirka ta Yamma (''C. suchus'') daga giwayen Nilu an goyi bayan halayen morphological, &lt;ref name=&quot;Nestler2012&quot; /&gt;  nazarin kayan [[Genetics|kwayar halitta]] &lt;ref name=&quot;hekkala&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hekkala, E. |last2=Shirley, M.H. |last3=Amato, G. |last4=Austin, J.D. |last5=Charter, S. |last6=Thorbjarnarson, J. |last7=Vliet, K.A. |last8=Houck, M.L. |last9=Desalle, R. |last10=Blum, M.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=An ancient icon reveals new mysteries: mummy DNA resurrects a cryptic species within the Nile crocodile |journal=[[Molecular Ecology]] |volume=20 |issue=20 |pages=4199–4215 |bibcode=2011MolEc..20.4199H |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05245.x |pmid=21906195}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma abubuwan da aka fi so. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schmitz&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schmitz, A. |last2=Mansfeld, P. |last3=Hekkala, E. |last4=Shine, T. |last5=Nickel, H. |last6=Amato, G. |last7=Böhme, W. |year=2003 |title=Molecular evidence for species level divergence in African Nile crocodiles ''Crocodylus niloticus'' (Laurenti, 1786) |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=2 |issue=8 |page=703 |bibcode=2003CRPal...2..703S |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2003.07.002}}&lt;/ref&gt; IUCN ba ta amince da rabuwa da su biyu ba kamar yadda kimantawarsu ta ƙarshe game da rukuni ta kasance a cikin 2008 da 2009, &lt;ref name=&quot;Nestler2012&quot; /&gt; shekaru kafin wallafe-wallafen farko da ke tallafawa bambancin crocodiles na Yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;hekkala&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cunningham&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin ruwa na Nilu</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1234417781|Nile silt]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1482" sha1="qu9m6vsiepgni65k85nm20vjw492v3a" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Karima,nile_silt.jpg|thumb|Karima, Nile Silt]]
Silt na Nilu ko laka na Nilu wani [[Kayan Tangaran|yumbu]] ne wanda aka yi amfani da shi a ko'ina a cikin masana'antar [[tukwane]] ta Masar ta Dā, wanda aka samo daga wuraren da ke cikin Nilu na Quaternary.

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
Ana iya gano silt na Nilu a cikin petrographic, idan binciken gani na macroscopic ya bar duk wata shakka game da asalin ko ainihi. Ana amfani da Silt don shuka amfanin gona mafi kyau ga mutanen da ke zaune a gefen Kogin Nilu.

Abubuwan farko na silt na Nilu, kamar yadda microscope na petrographic ya bayyana, sun haɗa da: 

* Ya ƙunshi yashi mara kyau zuwa ƙwayoyin quartz masu girman yashi, a cikin adadi daban-daban da girman kewayon
* Babban rabo na kayan haɗi da ma'adanai masu nauyi, galibi ciki har da opaques da ma'aunin Mica, amphibole, pyroxene da ƙungiyoyin feldspar. Sauran ma'adanai daban-daban (har zuwa nau'in ma'adinai 45) na iya kasancewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassan1976&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |year=1976 |title=Heavy minerals and the evolution of the modern Nile |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=425–444 |bibcode=1976QuRes...6..425H |doi=10.1016/0033-5894(67)90006-3 |issn=0033-5894}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yankin nama na kayan lambu (watau ragowar shuka) da kayan da suka danganci (phytoliths) galibi ana iya gani a cikin yumbu.
* Matrix wanda ba calcareous ba tare da kayan lambu masu yawa ko ragowarsa a matsayin phytoliths ko voids.

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      <text bytes="1493" sha1="myl42tgaq8ik4pkqktoeg32upe5i9qd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Karima,nile_silt.jpg|thumb|Karima, Nile Silt]]
Silt na Nilu ko laka na Nilu wani [[Kayan Tangaran|yumbu]] ne wanda aka yi amfani da shi a ko'ina a cikin masana'antar [[tukwane]] ta Masar ta Dā, wanda aka samo daga wuraren da ke cikin Nilu na Quaternary.

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
Ana iya gano silt na Nilu a cikin petrographic, idan binciken gani na macroscopic ya bar duk wata shakka game da asalin ko ainihi. Ana amfani da Silt don shuka amfanin gona mafi kyau ga mutanen da ke zaune a gefen Kogin Nilu.

Abubuwan farko na silt na Nilu, kamar yadda microscope na petrographic ya bayyana, sun haɗa da: 

* Ya ƙunshi yashi mara kyau zuwa ƙwayoyin quartz masu girman yashi, a cikin adadi daban-daban da girman kewayon
* Babban rabo na kayan haɗi da ma'adanai masu nauyi, galibi ciki har da opaques da ma'aunin Mica, amphibole, pyroxene da ƙungiyoyin feldspar. Sauran ma'adanai daban-daban (har zuwa nau'in ma'adinai 45) na iya kasancewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassan1976&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Fekri A. |year=1976 |title=Heavy minerals and the evolution of the modern Nile |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=425–444 |bibcode=1976QuRes...6..425H |doi=10.1016/0033-5894(67)90006-3 |issn=0033-5894}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yankin nama na kayan lambu (watau ragowar shuka) da kayan da suka danganci (phytoliths) galibi ana iya gani a cikin yumbu.
* Matrix wanda ba calcareous ba tare da kayan lambu masu yawa ko ragowarsa a matsayin phytoliths ko voids.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Ruzizi II Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1281693800|Ruzizi II Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ruzizi II Tashar wutar lantarki''' ( French   ( {{Convert|44|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kan Kogin Rusizi tsakanin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]]

== Wuri ==
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ruzizi II tana kan kogin Rusizi tsakanin Rwanda da Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Congo. {{Sfn|Historique SINELAC}} Tana da {{Convert|16|km}} daga gangaren [[Tafkin kivu|tafkin Kivu]] da ambaliyar ruwa a saman Kogin Rusizi. Yana cikin kwarin da ke gudana ta cikin tsaunukan da ke da {{Convert|1460|m}} sama da matakin teku a [[Bukavu]], a saman kogin. Yankin da ke cike da ruwa ya haɗa da haɗakar amfani da filayen birni, na birni da na karkara. {{Sfn|Muvundja|Walumona|Dusabe|Alunga|2022}}

== Gine-gine ==
An gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Ruzizi II tsakanin 1983 da 1989. {{Sfn|La Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs}} An ba da kuɗin ginin ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin bashi na ci gaba tsakanin ƙasashen membobin da Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa kowace ƙasa ta ba da kuɗin da aka samu ga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasashen Manyan Tafkuna (SINELAC), wanda zai gudanar da aikin. {{Sfn|Development Credit Agreement Ruzizi II}}

== Dam ==
Madatsar ruwa ta Ruzizi II Gravity Dam ce ke ciyar da tashar wutar lantarki, {{Convert|14|m}}tsayin ƙafa  da {{Convert|85|m}} tsayi. {{Sfn|Ruzizi’s Transmission System}} Ruwan sharar birni ya gurɓata madatsar ruwan. An sanya tsani na kifi yayin gina madatsar ruwa don kifaye masu ƙaura kamar cyprinids. Duk da haka, masu aikin madatsar ruwan ba su kula da kwararar ruwa a cikin tsani ba. {{Sfn|Muvundja|Walumona|Dusabe|Alunga|2022}}

== Shuka ==
Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki yana da injinan samar da wutar lantarki guda uku na Francis . {{Sfn|Ruzizi’s Transmission System}} Yana samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma na MW 44, kuma yana da yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin GWH 200 a kowace shekara. {{Sfn|La Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs}} Tsakanin 1991 da 2001, ya samar da, a matsakaici, kashi 45% na wutar lantarki ta Rwanda, kashi 17% na wutar lantarki ta Burundi da kashi 21% na wutar lantarki ta DRC. {{Sfn|Regional Programme of Action}} Kamfanin ya fuskanci matsalolin fasaha da rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, matsakaicin fitarwa shine MW 25. {{Sfn|Muvundja|Walumona|Dusabe|Alunga|2022}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Ruzizi II Tashar wutar lantarki''' ( French   ( {{Convert|44|MW}} tashar wutar lantarki ta ruwa a kan Kogin Rusizi tsakanin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo]]

== Wuri ==
Tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ruzizi II tana kan kogin Rusizi tsakanin Rwanda da Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Congo. {{Sfn|Historique SINELAC}} Tana da {{Convert|16|km}} daga gangaren [[Tafkin kivu|tafkin Kivu]] da ambaliyar ruwa a saman Kogin Rusizi. Yana cikin kwarin da ke gudana ta cikin tsaunukan da ke da {{Convert|1460|m}} sama da matakin teku a [[Bukavu]], a saman kogin. Yankin da ke cike da ruwa ya haɗa da haɗakar amfani da filayen birni, na birni da na karkara. {{Sfn|Muvundja|Walumona|Dusabe|Alunga|2022}}

== Gine-gine ==
An gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Ruzizi II tsakanin 1983 da 1989. {{Sfn|La Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs}} An ba da kuɗin ginin ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin bashi na ci gaba tsakanin ƙasashen membobin da Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Ƙasashen Duniya, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa kowace ƙasa ta ba da kuɗin da aka samu ga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasashen Manyan Tafkuna (SINELAC), wanda zai gudanar da aikin. {{Sfn|Development Credit Agreement Ruzizi II}}

== Dam ==
Madatsar ruwa ta Ruzizi II Gravity Dam ce ke ciyar da tashar wutar lantarki, {{Convert|14|m}}tsayin ƙafa  da {{Convert|85|m}} tsayi. {{Sfn|Ruzizi’s Transmission System}} Ruwan sharar birni ya gurɓata madatsar ruwan. An sanya tsani na kifi yayin gina madatsar ruwa don kifaye masu ƙaura kamar cyprinids. Duk da haka, masu aikin madatsar ruwan ba su kula da kwararar ruwa a cikin tsani ba. {{Sfn|Muvundja|Walumona|Dusabe|Alunga|2022}}

== Shuka ==
Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki yana da injinan samar da wutar lantarki guda uku na Francis . {{Sfn|Ruzizi’s Transmission System}} Yana samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma na MW 44, kuma yana da yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin GWH 200 a kowace shekara. {{Sfn|La Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs}} Tsakanin 1991 da 2001, ya samar da, a matsakaici, kashi 45% na wutar lantarki ta Rwanda, kashi 17% na wutar lantarki ta Burundi da kashi 21% na wutar lantarki ta DRC. {{Sfn|Regional Programme of Action}} Kamfanin ya fuskanci matsalolin fasaha da rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, matsakaicin fitarwa shine MW 25. {{Sfn|Muvundja|Walumona|Dusabe|Alunga|2022}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1280703585|Ruzizi III Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruzizi III''' wata tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara za ta samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 206 idan an kammala ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Harris |date=4 January 2016 |title=AfDB approves financing for 147-MW Ruzizi 3 hydropower plant |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2016/01/afdb-approves-financing-for-147-mw-ruzizi-3-hydropower-plant.html |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=Hydroworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Joint&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rwirahira |first=Rodriguez |date=2 July 2017 |title=Rwanda's joint study on Lake Kivu with DRC |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/rwanda/News/Rwanda-Joint-study-on-Lake-Kivu-DRC-/1433218-3995702-txh6v7z/index.html |access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarkin tana kan [[kogin Ruzizi]], tana kan iyakar da ke tsakanin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Congo]] (DRC). Wurin da take yana da nisan {{Convert|5|km|0}} kai tsaye yamma da garin Bugarama, a gundumar Rusizi, a lardin Yammacin Rwanda, kimanin {{Convert|280|km|0}}, kudu maso yammacin [[Kigali]], babban birnin wannan ƙasar.  Kimanin daidaitattun tashoshin wutar lantarki na Ruzizi III sune: &lt;ref name=&quot;Fin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Harris |date=4 January 2016 |title=AfDB approves financing for 147-MW Ruzizi 3 hydropower plant |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2016/01/afdb-approves-financing-for-147-mw-ruzizi-3-hydropower-plant.html |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=Hydroworld.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMichael_Harris2016&quot;&gt;Michael Harris (4 January 2016). [http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2016/01/afdb-approves-financing-for-147-mw-ruzizi-3-hydropower-plant.html &quot;AfDB approves financing for 147-MW Ruzizi 3 hydropower plant&quot;]. ''Hydroworld.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 June&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Bayani ==
Wannan tashar wutar lantarki ita ce ta uku a cikin jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke kan Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke amfanar ƙasashen [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DRC]] da [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . Tashoshin wutar lantarki sun haɗa da [[Ruzizi I Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa|Ruzizi I]] (megawatts 29.8) da Ruzizi II (megawatts 43.8), waɗanda dukkansu ke arewa maso yammacin Ruzizi III kuma duka suna aiki har zuwa watan Yunin 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Harris |date=4 January 2016 |title=AfDB approves financing for 147-MW Ruzizi 3 hydropower plant |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2016/01/afdb-approves-financing-for-147-mw-ruzizi-3-hydropower-plant.html |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=Hydroworld.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMichael_Harris2016&quot;&gt;Michael Harris (4 January 2016). [http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2016/01/afdb-approves-financing-for-147-mw-ruzizi-3-hydropower-plant.html &quot;AfDB approves financing for 147-MW Ruzizi 3 hydropower plant&quot;]. ''Hydroworld.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 June&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Za a rarraba wutar lantarki da aka samar ga ƙasashe uku ta hanyar hanyoyin rarraba wutar lantarki da ake da su, waɗanda aka haɗa da Ruzizi I da Ruzizi II. Za a gyara tashoshin wutar lantarki da hanyoyin watsa wutar lantarki. Ana sa ran Rwanda za ta sha megawatts 68 na megawatts 206 da aka samar a Ruzizi III. &lt;ref name=&quot;Grey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esi-Africa |date=20 May 2016 |title=Rwanda secures grant to increase share in Ruzizi III project |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/news/rwanda-secures-grant-increase-share-ruzizi-iii-project/ |access-date=28 June 2017 |publisher=Esi-Africa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tallafin Kuɗi ==
Ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2015, an ƙididdige kuɗin ginin a kan dala miliyan 625.19 na Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bud&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=AfDB |date=29 December 2015 |title=AfDB approves Ruzizi III hydropower plant project, bringing green energy to Burundi, DRC and Rwanda |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/afdb-approves-ruzizi-iii-hydropower-plant-project-bringing-green-energy-to-burundi-drc-and-rwanda-15275/ |access-date=28 June 2017 |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin wannan, &quot;Dala miliyan 138.88 za ta kasance ƙarƙashin tagar ɓangaren gwamnati na AfDB, kuma dala miliyan 50.22 za ta kasance ƙarƙashin tagar ɓangarorin masu zaman kansu&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bud&quot; /&gt; Sauran masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=European Commission |date=28 June 2017 |title=Project ID: ITF-08: Ruzizi Hydropower Plant |url=https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/ruzizi-hydropower-plant_en |access-date=28 June 2017 |publisher=European Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt; KfW &lt;ref name=&quot;Bud&quot; /&gt; da Bankin Duniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;Grey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esi-Africa |date=20 May 2016 |title=Rwanda secures grant to increase share in Ruzizi III project |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/news/rwanda-secures-grant-increase-share-ruzizi-iii-project/ |access-date=28 June 2017 |publisher=Esi-Africa.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEsi-Africa2016&quot;&gt;Esi-Africa (20 May 2016). [https://www.esi-africa.com/news/rwanda-secures-grant-increase-share-ruzizi-iii-project/ &quot;Rwanda secures grant to increase share in Ruzizi III project&quot;]. Esi-Africa.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 June&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa kuɗin ya kai dala miliyan 450. &lt;ref name=&quot;Joint&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rwirahira |first=Rodriguez |date=2 July 2017 |title=Rwanda's joint study on Lake Kivu with DRC |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/rwanda/News/Rwanda-Joint-study-on-Lake-Kivu-DRC-/1433218-3995702-txh6v7z/index.html |access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRwirahira2017&quot;&gt;Rwirahira, Rodriguez (2 July 2017). [https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/rwanda/News/Rwanda-Joint-study-on-Lake-Kivu-DRC-/1433218-3995702-txh6v7z/index.html &quot;Rwanda's joint study on Lake Kivu with DRC&quot;]. ''[[The EastAfrican]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 July&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran kammala rufewar kuɗi nan da tsakiyar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FICOU |first=Moctar |date=2 March 2020 |title=Energie propre : 10 millions de Congolais bénéficieront du projet Ruzizi III |url=https://www.vivafrik.com/2020/03/02/energie-propre-10-millions-de-congolais-beneficieront-du-projet-ruzizi-iii-a35015.html |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=VivAfrik}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
A watan Agusta na 2019, an ruwaito cewa gwamnatocin Afirka uku da abin ya shafa sun zaɓi Scatec (wanda a da ake kira SN Power ) da Industrial Promotion Services (IPS) tare don aiwatar da wannan aikin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Ƙungiyar ta kafa wani kamfanin haɗin gwiwa, mai suna '''Ruzizi III Energy Limited (REL)''' . Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna mallakar tashar wutar lantarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;9R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Power Technology |date=27 August 2019 |title=Ruzizi III Hydropower Plant Project |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/ruzizi-iii-hydropower-plant-project/ |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=Power-Technology.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;10R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Ingram |date=17 November 2021 |title=Applications being accepted to develop 206-MW Ruzizi III hydropower project |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/applications-being-accepted-to-develop-206-mw-ruzizi-iii-hydropower-project/ |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=Hydroreview.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruzizi III''' wata tashar samar da wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara za ta samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 206 idan an kammala ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Harris |date=4 January 2016 |title=AfDB approves financing for 147-MW Ruzizi 3 hydropower plant |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2016/01/afdb-approves-financing-for-147-mw-ruzizi-3-hydropower-plant.html |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=Hydroworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Joint&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rwirahira |first=Rodriguez |date=2 July 2017 |title=Rwanda's joint study on Lake Kivu with DRC |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/rwanda/News/Rwanda-Joint-study-on-Lake-Kivu-DRC-/1433218-3995702-txh6v7z/index.html |access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarkin tana kan [[kogin Ruzizi]], tana kan iyakar da ke tsakanin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Congo]] (DRC). Wurin da take yana da nisan {{Convert|5|km|0}} kai tsaye yamma da garin Bugarama, a gundumar Rusizi, a lardin Yammacin Rwanda, kimanin {{Convert|280|km|0}}, kudu maso yammacin [[Kigali]], babban birnin wannan ƙasar.  Kimanin daidaitattun tashoshin wutar lantarki na Ruzizi III sune: &lt;ref name=&quot;Fin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Harris |date=4 January 2016 |title=AfDB approves financing for 147-MW Ruzizi 3 hydropower plant |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2016/01/afdb-approves-financing-for-147-mw-ruzizi-3-hydropower-plant.html |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=Hydroworld.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMichael_Harris2016&quot;&gt;Michael Harris (4 January 2016). [http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2016/01/afdb-approves-financing-for-147-mw-ruzizi-3-hydropower-plant.html &quot;AfDB approves financing for 147-MW Ruzizi 3 hydropower plant&quot;]. ''Hydroworld.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 June&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Bayani ==
Wannan tashar wutar lantarki ita ce ta uku a cikin jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke kan Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke amfanar ƙasashen [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|DRC]] da [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] . Tashoshin wutar lantarki sun haɗa da [[Ruzizi I Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa|Ruzizi I]] (megawatts 29.8) da Ruzizi II (megawatts 43.8), waɗanda dukkansu ke arewa maso yammacin Ruzizi III kuma duka suna aiki har zuwa watan Yunin 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Harris |date=4 January 2016 |title=AfDB approves financing for 147-MW Ruzizi 3 hydropower plant |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2016/01/afdb-approves-financing-for-147-mw-ruzizi-3-hydropower-plant.html |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=Hydroworld.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMichael_Harris2016&quot;&gt;Michael Harris (4 January 2016). [http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2016/01/afdb-approves-financing-for-147-mw-ruzizi-3-hydropower-plant.html &quot;AfDB approves financing for 147-MW Ruzizi 3 hydropower plant&quot;]. ''Hydroworld.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 June&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Za a rarraba wutar lantarki da aka samar ga ƙasashe uku ta hanyar hanyoyin rarraba wutar lantarki da ake da su, waɗanda aka haɗa da Ruzizi I da Ruzizi II. Za a gyara tashoshin wutar lantarki da hanyoyin watsa wutar lantarki. Ana sa ran Rwanda za ta sha megawatts 68 na megawatts 206 da aka samar a Ruzizi III. &lt;ref name=&quot;Grey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esi-Africa |date=20 May 2016 |title=Rwanda secures grant to increase share in Ruzizi III project |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/news/rwanda-secures-grant-increase-share-ruzizi-iii-project/ |access-date=28 June 2017 |publisher=Esi-Africa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tallafin Kuɗi ==
Ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2015, an ƙididdige kuɗin ginin a kan dala miliyan 625.19 na Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bud&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=AfDB |date=29 December 2015 |title=AfDB approves Ruzizi III hydropower plant project, bringing green energy to Burundi, DRC and Rwanda |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/afdb-approves-ruzizi-iii-hydropower-plant-project-bringing-green-energy-to-burundi-drc-and-rwanda-15275/ |access-date=28 June 2017 |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin wannan, &quot;Dala miliyan 138.88 za ta kasance ƙarƙashin tagar ɓangaren gwamnati na AfDB, kuma dala miliyan 50.22 za ta kasance ƙarƙashin tagar ɓangarorin masu zaman kansu&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bud&quot; /&gt; Sauran masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=European Commission |date=28 June 2017 |title=Project ID: ITF-08: Ruzizi Hydropower Plant |url=https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/ruzizi-hydropower-plant_en |access-date=28 June 2017 |publisher=European Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt; KfW &lt;ref name=&quot;Bud&quot; /&gt; da Bankin Duniya . &lt;ref name=&quot;Grey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esi-Africa |date=20 May 2016 |title=Rwanda secures grant to increase share in Ruzizi III project |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/news/rwanda-secures-grant-increase-share-ruzizi-iii-project/ |access-date=28 June 2017 |publisher=Esi-Africa.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEsi-Africa2016&quot;&gt;Esi-Africa (20 May 2016). [https://www.esi-africa.com/news/rwanda-secures-grant-increase-share-ruzizi-iii-project/ &quot;Rwanda secures grant to increase share in Ruzizi III project&quot;]. Esi-Africa.com&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 June&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa kuɗin ya kai dala miliyan 450. &lt;ref name=&quot;Joint&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rwirahira |first=Rodriguez |date=2 July 2017 |title=Rwanda's joint study on Lake Kivu with DRC |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/rwanda/News/Rwanda-Joint-study-on-Lake-Kivu-DRC-/1433218-3995702-txh6v7z/index.html |access-date=2 July 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRwirahira2017&quot;&gt;Rwirahira, Rodriguez (2 July 2017). [https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/rwanda/News/Rwanda-Joint-study-on-Lake-Kivu-DRC-/1433218-3995702-txh6v7z/index.html &quot;Rwanda's joint study on Lake Kivu with DRC&quot;]. ''[[The EastAfrican]]''. Nairobi&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 July&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran kammala rufewar kuɗi nan da tsakiyar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FICOU |first=Moctar |date=2 March 2020 |title=Energie propre : 10 millions de Congolais bénéficieront du projet Ruzizi III |url=https://www.vivafrik.com/2020/03/02/energie-propre-10-millions-de-congolais-beneficieront-du-projet-ruzizi-iii-a35015.html |access-date=8 April 2020 |website=VivAfrik}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
A watan Agusta na 2019, an ruwaito cewa gwamnatocin Afirka uku da abin ya shafa sun zaɓi Scatec (wanda a da ake kira SN Power ) da Industrial Promotion Services (IPS) tare don aiwatar da wannan aikin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Ƙungiyar ta kafa wani kamfanin haɗin gwiwa, mai suna '''Ruzizi III Energy Limited (REL)''' . Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna mallakar tashar wutar lantarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;9R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Power Technology |date=27 August 2019 |title=Ruzizi III Hydropower Plant Project |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/ruzizi-iii-hydropower-plant-project/ |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=Power-Technology.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;10R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Ingram |date=17 November 2021 |title=Applications being accepted to develop 206-MW Ruzizi III hydropower project |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/applications-being-accepted-to-develop-206-mw-ruzizi-iii-hydropower-project/ |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=Hydroreview.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nilus (tatsuniyoyi)</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344844596|Nilus (mythology)]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Blockquote|And Tethys bore to Ocean eddying rivers, Nilus, and [[Alpheus (mythology)|Alpheus]], and deep-swirling [[Eridanos (mythology)|Eridanus]].}}{{Blockquote|From Oceanus and Tethys [were born] the [[Oceanid]]es . . . Of the same descent Rivers : [[Strymon (river)|Strymon]], Nile, [[Euphrates]], [[Tanais River|Tanais]], [[Indus River|Indus]], [[Cephissus (mythology)|Cephisus]], [[Ismenus]], [[Achelous River|Axenus]], [[Achelous]], [[Simoeis]], [[Inachus]], Alpheus, [[Thermodon]], [[Scamander|Scamandrus]], [[Tigris]], [[Meander (mythology)|Maeandrus]], [[Orontes River|Orontes]].}}

A cikin tatsuniyoyin Helenanci, '''Nilu''' (/ˈnaɪləs/; Tsohon Helenanci: ,  ; mai suna / /, NYE-las ko NEE-las) yana ɗaya daga cikin alloli 3,000 na kogi, waɗanda ke wakiltar allahn [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] kanta. Nilus ɗan alloli ne na ruwa Oceanus da Tethys. 

== Iyali ==
Nilus na ɗaya daga cikin alloli 3,000 na kogi 'ya'yan Titans Oceanus da' yar'uwarsa Tethys .  Ya kasance mahaifin yara da yawa, daga cikinsu sun hada da Memphis  (mahaifiyar Libya ta Epaphus sarki na Masar).

Jikarsa Libya ta zama uwa ga Belus da Agenor . Daga nan sai waɗannan 'ya'yan suka auri (mai yiwuwa) ƙananan 'ya'yan ɗansa Nilus mai suna Anchiroe  da Telephassa, bi da bi. An ce an haifi 'ya mace Chione  ga Nilus da Callirhoe, wani ɗan Teku . Sauran 'ya'yansa sun haɗa da: Argiope,  Anippe,  Eurryroe, Europa  kuma wataƙila Caliadne, Polyxo da Thebe

== Labaran Tarihi ==

=== Iyaye ===

* Hesiod, ''Theogony'':
{{Blockquote|When Epaphos was ruler of the Aigyptians (Egyptians), he married Neilos' daughter Memphis, and in her honour founded the polis of Memphis, and fathered a daughter Libya. [N.B. Libya was the ancient Greek name for the continent of Africa.]}}

* Hyginus, Fabulae:''Labarai:''
{{Blockquote|From Oceanus and Tethys [were born] the [[Oceanid]]es . . . Of the same descent Rivers : [[Strymon (river)|Strymon]], Nile, [[Euphrates]], [[Tanais River|Tanais]], [[Indus River|Indus]], [[Cephissus (mythology)|Cephisus]], [[Ismenus]], [[Achelous River|Axenus]], [[Achelous]], [[Simoeis]], [[Inachus]], Alpheus, [[Thermodon]], [[Scamander|Scamandrus]], [[Tigris]], [[Meander (mythology)|Maeandrus]], [[Orontes River|Orontes]].}}

=== 'Ya'ya ===

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
{{Blockquote|When Epaphos was ruler of the Aigyptians (Egyptians), he married Neilos' daughter Memphis, and in her honour founded the polis of Memphis, and fathered a daughter Libya. [N.B. Libya was the ancient Greek name for the continent of Africa.]}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Hapi (Allahn Niile) 
* Hoton Allah na Kogin Nilu, Naples

== Manazarta ==</text>
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A cikin tatsuniyoyin Helenanci, '''Nilu''' (/ˈnaɪləs/; Tsohon Helenanci: ,  ; mai suna / /, NYE-las ko NEE-las) yana ɗaya daga cikin alloli 3,000 na kogi, waɗanda ke wakiltar allahn [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] kanta. Nilus ɗan alloli ne na ruwa Oceanus da Tethys. 

== Iyali ==
Nilus na ɗaya daga cikin alloli 3,000 na kogi 'ya'yan Titans Oceanus da' yar'uwarsa Tethys .  Ya kasance mahaifin yara da yawa, daga cikinsu sun hada da Memphis  (mahaifiyar Libya ta Epaphus sarki na Masar).

Jikarsa Libya ta zama uwa ga Belus da Agenor . Daga nan sai waɗannan 'ya'yan suka auri (mai yiwuwa) ƙananan 'ya'yan ɗansa Nilus mai suna Anchiroe  da Telephassa, bi da bi. An ce an haifi 'ya mace Chione  ga Nilus da Callirhoe, wani ɗan Teku . Sauran 'ya'yansa sun haɗa da: Argiope,  Anippe,  Eurryroe, Europa  kuma wataƙila Caliadne, Polyxo da Thebe

== Labaran Tarihi ==

=== Iyaye ===

* Hesiod, ''Theogony'':
{{Blockquote|When Epaphos was ruler of the Aigyptians (Egyptians), he married Neilos' daughter Memphis, and in her honour founded the polis of Memphis, and fathered a daughter Libya. [N.B. Libya was the ancient Greek name for the continent of Africa.]}}

* Hyginus, Fabulae:''Labarai:''
{{Blockquote|From Oceanus and Tethys [were born] the [[Oceanid]]es . . . Of the same descent Rivers : [[Strymon (river)|Strymon]], Nile, [[Euphrates]], [[Tanais River|Tanais]], [[Indus River|Indus]], [[Cephissus (mythology)|Cephisus]], [[Ismenus]], [[Achelous River|Axenus]], [[Achelous]], [[Simoeis]], [[Inachus]], Alpheus, [[Thermodon]], [[Scamander|Scamandrus]], [[Tigris]], [[Meander (mythology)|Maeandrus]], [[Orontes River|Orontes]].}}

=== 'Ya'ya ===

* [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
{{Blockquote|When Epaphos was ruler of the Aigyptians (Egyptians), he married Neilos' daughter Memphis, and in her honour founded the polis of Memphis, and fathered a daughter Libya. [N.B. Libya was the ancient Greek name for the continent of Africa.]}}

== Dubi kuma ==

* Hapi (Allahn Niile) 
* Hoton Allah na Kogin Nilu, Naples

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>PS Sudan</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>843405</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T12:44:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337160252|PS Sudan]]&quot;</comment>
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'''PS ''Sudan''''' Jirgin ruwa ne mai ɗaukar fasinjoji a kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a [[Misra|Misira]] .  Tare da PS ''Arabiya'', ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan jiragen ruwa a cikin jirgin ruwa na Nilu na Thomas Cook.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=The Cook Era of travel on the Nile (1877-1950) |url=http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/history/the-cook-era-of-travel-on-the-nile.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318101102/http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/history/the-cook-era-of-travel-on-the-nile.asp |archive-date=18 March 2011 |access-date= |website=Steam Ship Sudan Egypte |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gina jirgin a cikin 1885 don dangin sarauta na Masar. An canza shi zuwa jirgin ruwa a cikin 1921. 

A cikin 1933, [[Agatha Christie]] da mijinta sun tafi jirgin ruwa a cikin PS ''Sudan'', wanda ya yi mata wahayi zuwa ga rubuta Mutuwa a kan Nilu . 

Jirgin ya shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na karni na 20 kuma yana cikin lalacewa. A shekara ta 2000, kamfanin tafiye-tafiye na Faransa, Voyageurs du Monde, ya sayi ta kuma ya mayar da ita aiki a shekara ta 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediscovered&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=The Steam Ship Sudan is rediscovered (2000...) |url=http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/history/the-sudan-is-rediscovered.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521045423/http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/history/the-sudan-is-rediscovered.asp |archive-date=21 May 2010 |access-date= |website=Steam Ship Sudan Egypte |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da reshen su na Burtaniya, Original Travel,  yanzu suna aiki ne kawai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goldsmith |first=Courtney |date=2017-01-09 |title=Voyageurs du Monde eyes English-speaking market with 60 per cent stake in UK travel company Original Travel |url=https://www.cityam.com/voyageurs-du-monde-eyes-english-speaking-market-60-per-cent/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=City AM |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin sauyawar [[Agatha Christie]]'s Death on the Nile na shekara ta 2004 don karo na uku na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ITV Agatha Chrisgie's Poirot tare da David Suchet a matsayin Poirot, an yi fim a wasu al'amuran a wurin da ke cikin ''Sudan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediscovered&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=The Steam Ship Sudan is rediscovered (2000...) |url=http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/history/the-sudan-is-rediscovered.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521045423/http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/history/the-sudan-is-rediscovered.asp |archive-date=21 May 2010 |access-date= |website=Steam Ship Sudan Egypte |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Otal din Sofitel Winter Palace

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''PS ''Sudan''''' Jirgin ruwa ne mai ɗaukar fasinjoji a kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a [[Misra|Misira]] .  Tare da PS ''Arabiya'', ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan jiragen ruwa a cikin jirgin ruwa na Nilu na Thomas Cook.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=The Cook Era of travel on the Nile (1877-1950) |url=http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/history/the-cook-era-of-travel-on-the-nile.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318101102/http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/history/the-cook-era-of-travel-on-the-nile.asp |archive-date=18 March 2011 |access-date= |website=Steam Ship Sudan Egypte |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gina jirgin a cikin 1885 don dangin sarauta na Masar. An canza shi zuwa jirgin ruwa a cikin 1921. 

A cikin 1933, [[Agatha Christie]] da mijinta sun tafi jirgin ruwa a cikin PS ''Sudan'', wanda ya yi mata wahayi zuwa ga rubuta Mutuwa a kan Nilu . 

Jirgin ya shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na karni na 20 kuma yana cikin lalacewa. A shekara ta 2000, kamfanin tafiye-tafiye na Faransa, Voyageurs du Monde, ya sayi ta kuma ya mayar da ita aiki a shekara ta 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediscovered&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=The Steam Ship Sudan is rediscovered (2000...) |url=http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/history/the-sudan-is-rediscovered.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521045423/http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/history/the-sudan-is-rediscovered.asp |archive-date=21 May 2010 |access-date= |website=Steam Ship Sudan Egypte |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da reshen su na Burtaniya, Original Travel,  yanzu suna aiki ne kawai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goldsmith |first=Courtney |date=2017-01-09 |title=Voyageurs du Monde eyes English-speaking market with 60 per cent stake in UK travel company Original Travel |url=https://www.cityam.com/voyageurs-du-monde-eyes-english-speaking-market-60-per-cent/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=City AM |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin sauyawar [[Agatha Christie]]'s Death on the Nile na shekara ta 2004 don karo na uku na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ITV Agatha Chrisgie's Poirot tare da David Suchet a matsayin Poirot, an yi fim a wasu al'amuran a wurin da ke cikin ''Sudan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediscovered&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=The Steam Ship Sudan is rediscovered (2000...) |url=http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/history/the-sudan-is-rediscovered.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521045423/http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/history/the-sudan-is-rediscovered.asp |archive-date=21 May 2010 |access-date= |website=Steam Ship Sudan Egypte |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Otal din Sofitel Winter Palace

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin Tsaro</title>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1137815543|Assiut Barrage]]&quot;</comment>
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Assiut Barrage madatsar ruwa ce a kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a garin Assiut a Upper Egypt (mil 250 zuwa kudancin [[Kairo|Alkahira]]). An kammala shi a cikin 1903.&lt;ref&gt; Egypt Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Invitation for the Pre-qualification Process for the Consulting Services for Final Design and Construction Supervision of the New Assiut Barrage and Hydropower Plant Project&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Shahararren injiniyan Burtaniya Sir William Willcocks ne ya tsara shi wanda kuma ya tsara kuma ya gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan Low, tafkin Nilu na farko, kimanin kilomita 350 (560  sama. An gina madatsar ruwan Assiut tsakanin 1898 da 1903, kuma tare da tafkin, an samar da shi don karkatar da ruwan kogi zuwa babbar hanyar ban ruwa ta Masar, Ibrahimiya Canal, a lokacin lokacin karancin ruwa. An kiyasta madatsar ruwan ta kai £ 525,000 amma a lokacin da aka kammala ta kai £ 870,000. Babban dan kwangila na aikin shine dan kwangila ne na Burtaniya John Aird &amp; Co .  Girman aikin ya kunshi 2,400,000 cubic yadudduka na aikin ƙasa, 125,000 cubic yaduttuka na kankare, 85,000 cubic yards na masonry, 125,000 cubic yards na pitching da fiye da 4,000 ton na bututun ƙarfe.

Dam din ya kunshi madatsar ruwa mai kimanin ƙafa 2,769 (844  wanda aka shimfiɗa a bangarorin biyu ta bankunan ƙasa, yana yin jimlar tsawon kimanin ƙafa 3,937 (1,200 . Akwai ramuka 111 masu tsayi na mita 5 (16 feet 5  a cikin madatsar ruwan. Ana iya rufe su ta hanyar ƙofofin ƙarfe {{Convert|16|ft|m}}  tsawo. An kafa matakai da arches a kan dandalin masonry {{Convert|87|ft|m}}  fadi da {{Convert|10|ft|m}}  kauri. Wannan dandalin yana karewa a bangarorin da ke sama da ƙasa ta hanyar layi mai ci gaba da rashin ruwa na baƙin ƙarfe da aka yi da takarda mai laushi tare da haɗin gwiwa. Wannan tarin ya kai cikin yashi na kogi zuwa zurfin ƙafa 23 (7.0  a ƙasa da saman dandalin kuma yana hana shi lalacewa. Ana kare gadon kogin daga rushewa don faɗin ƙafa 67 (20  sama da ruwa ta hanyar dutse da aka shimfiɗa a kan bargo na yumbu don bincika shiga, kuma a gefen ƙasa don wannan faɗin ta hanyar dutsen da ke da gado mai juyawa a ƙarƙashin, don haka duk wani maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke sama da shingen ba zai iya haifar da yashi tare da su ba daga ƙarƙashin hanya.

Matakan da ke tsakanin ramuka suna da tsawon ƙafa 51 (16  sama da ƙasa kuma suna da faɗin ƙafa 6.56 (2.00  ban da kowane tashar jirgin ruwa na talatin, wanda ke da sau biyu wannan faɗin. Hanyar tana da ƙafa 41 (12  sama da saman dandalin masonry. Dam din yana da matsakaicin tsawo na kimanin ƙafa 48 (15 , matsakaicin ruwa da aka riƙe kusan ƙafa 33.5 (10.2 . An gina shi da dutse, dandalin tushe da aka ambata a sama shine kankare. An gina kulle mai tsawon mita 262.5 (80.0) da faɗin mita 52.8 (16.1  kuma yana iya wucewa mafi girman jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa na Nilu a madatsar ruwan.
[[Fayil:Assiut_Barrage_2.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Ibrahimiya Canal Intake Regulator, kuma an kammala shi a 1902]]

== Harin da aka yi gyare-gyare da ingantawa ==
Tsakanin shekara ta 1934 zuwa 1938 Gwamnatin Masar ta gudanar da manyan ayyukan gyare-gyare a madatsar ruwa da kuma shugaban mai kula da Ibrahimiya, musamman fadada matakai, fadada sassan kusanci da sabunta kayan aikin ruwa. An sake fasalin madatsar ruwan a cikin 1938 don ƙara girman da ya dace zuwa {{Convert|13.8|ft|m}}  daga {{Convert|13.0|ft|m}}  wanda aka ba da izini a ƙarƙashin ƙirar asali. A shekara ta 1956 an gudanar da ayyuka a babban mai kula da Ibrahimiya sakamakon manyan ramuka da suka bunkasa a cikin tsarin. An kammala fadadawa zuwa shimfidar kankare da ke ƙasa da kuma tsawaita bangon kulle na kudanci. Wasu ƙarin ayyukan gyare-gyare da maye gurbin ƙofofin kulle sun faru a cikin shekarun 1970s. A shekara ta 1979 an gina gada mai ƙarfi a gefen ruwa na mai kula da shugaban. Tsakanin shekara ta 1984 zuwa 1986 an gudanar da shirin aikin gyaran siminti a madatsar ruwan, kodayake babu wani rikodin shugaban mai kula da karɓar irin wannan magani. Bayan fiye da shekaru 100 a cikin hidima, ayyukan farar hula sun shafi shekaru da kuma lalacewar ruwa a sakamakon gyaran tsarin kogi bayan gina Aswan High Dam.

== Sabon Damin da aka tsara ==
Tare da [[Aswan Low Dam]], Assiut Dam a yau ya kasance yana aiki a matsayin madatsar ruwa mafi tsufa a kan Kogin Nilu a Upper Egypt. Sauran tsoffin madatsun ruwa guda biyu (Naga Hamadi da Isna Barrages) an maye gurbinsu da sabbin madatsun shaida a cikin shekarun 1990. Tsakanin 2000 da 2005, gwamnatin Masar ta ba da umarnin fadada Nazarin Fasibility (FS) wanda gwamnatin Jamus ta ba da kuɗi don bincika zaɓuɓɓukan sake farfado da Assiut Barrage da ke akwai da kuma shugaban mai kula da Ibrahimiya game da sake gina sabon madatsar ruwa tare da tashar wutar lantarki. Masu ba da shawara na Jamus da Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) suka ba da kuɗin gudanar da binciken kuma sun kammala cewa sabon madatsar ruwa tare da ikon samar da wutar lantarki zai zama mafi kyawun zaɓi na tattalin arziki. Wannan sabon madatsar ruwan zai samar da karuwa a cikin abin da aka ba da izini, yana ba da damar ƙarin ruwa a cikin Canal Ibrahimiya kuma zai inganta yanayin kewayawa. Sabon madatsar ruwan kuma zai hada da tashar wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin ruwa wanda ke ba da kimanin 40 Megawatts.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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Assiut Barrage madatsar ruwa ce a kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a garin Assiut a Upper Egypt (mil 250 zuwa kudancin [[Kairo|Alkahira]]). An kammala shi a cikin 1903.&lt;ref&gt; Egypt Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Invitation for the Pre-qualification Process for the Consulting Services for Final Design and Construction Supervision of the New Assiut Barrage and Hydropower Plant Project&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Shahararren injiniyan Burtaniya Sir William Willcocks ne ya tsara shi wanda kuma ya tsara kuma ya gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan Low, tafkin Nilu na farko, kimanin kilomita 350 (560  sama. An gina madatsar ruwan Assiut tsakanin 1898 da 1903, kuma tare da tafkin, an samar da shi don karkatar da ruwan kogi zuwa babbar hanyar ban ruwa ta Masar, Ibrahimiya Canal, a lokacin lokacin karancin ruwa. An kiyasta madatsar ruwan ta kai £ 525,000 amma a lokacin da aka kammala ta kai £ 870,000. Babban dan kwangila na aikin shine dan kwangila ne na Burtaniya John Aird &amp; Co .  Girman aikin ya kunshi 2,400,000 cubic yadudduka na aikin ƙasa, 125,000 cubic yaduttuka na kankare, 85,000 cubic yards na masonry, 125,000 cubic yards na pitching da fiye da 4,000 ton na bututun ƙarfe.

Dam din ya kunshi madatsar ruwa mai kimanin ƙafa 2,769 (844  wanda aka shimfiɗa a bangarorin biyu ta bankunan ƙasa, yana yin jimlar tsawon kimanin ƙafa 3,937 (1,200 . Akwai ramuka 111 masu tsayi na mita 5 (16 feet 5  a cikin madatsar ruwan. Ana iya rufe su ta hanyar ƙofofin ƙarfe {{Convert|16|ft|m}}  tsawo. An kafa matakai da arches a kan dandalin masonry {{Convert|87|ft|m}}  fadi da {{Convert|10|ft|m}}  kauri. Wannan dandalin yana karewa a bangarorin da ke sama da ƙasa ta hanyar layi mai ci gaba da rashin ruwa na baƙin ƙarfe da aka yi da takarda mai laushi tare da haɗin gwiwa. Wannan tarin ya kai cikin yashi na kogi zuwa zurfin ƙafa 23 (7.0  a ƙasa da saman dandalin kuma yana hana shi lalacewa. Ana kare gadon kogin daga rushewa don faɗin ƙafa 67 (20  sama da ruwa ta hanyar dutse da aka shimfiɗa a kan bargo na yumbu don bincika shiga, kuma a gefen ƙasa don wannan faɗin ta hanyar dutsen da ke da gado mai juyawa a ƙarƙashin, don haka duk wani maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke sama da shingen ba zai iya haifar da yashi tare da su ba daga ƙarƙashin hanya.

Matakan da ke tsakanin ramuka suna da tsawon ƙafa 51 (16  sama da ƙasa kuma suna da faɗin ƙafa 6.56 (2.00  ban da kowane tashar jirgin ruwa na talatin, wanda ke da sau biyu wannan faɗin. Hanyar tana da ƙafa 41 (12  sama da saman dandalin masonry. Dam din yana da matsakaicin tsawo na kimanin ƙafa 48 (15 , matsakaicin ruwa da aka riƙe kusan ƙafa 33.5 (10.2 . An gina shi da dutse, dandalin tushe da aka ambata a sama shine kankare. An gina kulle mai tsawon mita 262.5 (80.0) da faɗin mita 52.8 (16.1  kuma yana iya wucewa mafi girman jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa na Nilu a madatsar ruwan.
[[Fayil:Assiut_Barrage_2.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Ibrahimiya Canal Intake Regulator, kuma an kammala shi a 1902]]

== Harin da aka yi gyare-gyare da ingantawa ==
Tsakanin shekara ta 1934 zuwa 1938 Gwamnatin Masar ta gudanar da manyan ayyukan gyare-gyare a madatsar ruwa da kuma shugaban mai kula da Ibrahimiya, musamman fadada matakai, fadada sassan kusanci da sabunta kayan aikin ruwa. An sake fasalin madatsar ruwan a cikin 1938 don ƙara girman da ya dace zuwa {{Convert|13.8|ft|m}}  daga {{Convert|13.0|ft|m}}  wanda aka ba da izini a ƙarƙashin ƙirar asali. A shekara ta 1956 an gudanar da ayyuka a babban mai kula da Ibrahimiya sakamakon manyan ramuka da suka bunkasa a cikin tsarin. An kammala fadadawa zuwa shimfidar kankare da ke ƙasa da kuma tsawaita bangon kulle na kudanci. Wasu ƙarin ayyukan gyare-gyare da maye gurbin ƙofofin kulle sun faru a cikin shekarun 1970s. A shekara ta 1979 an gina gada mai ƙarfi a gefen ruwa na mai kula da shugaban. Tsakanin shekara ta 1984 zuwa 1986 an gudanar da shirin aikin gyaran siminti a madatsar ruwan, kodayake babu wani rikodin shugaban mai kula da karɓar irin wannan magani. Bayan fiye da shekaru 100 a cikin hidima, ayyukan farar hula sun shafi shekaru da kuma lalacewar ruwa a sakamakon gyaran tsarin kogi bayan gina Aswan High Dam.

== Sabon Damin da aka tsara ==
Tare da [[Aswan Low Dam]], Assiut Dam a yau ya kasance yana aiki a matsayin madatsar ruwa mafi tsufa a kan Kogin Nilu a Upper Egypt. Sauran tsoffin madatsun ruwa guda biyu (Naga Hamadi da Isna Barrages) an maye gurbinsu da sabbin madatsun shaida a cikin shekarun 1990. Tsakanin 2000 da 2005, gwamnatin Masar ta ba da umarnin fadada Nazarin Fasibility (FS) wanda gwamnatin Jamus ta ba da kuɗi don bincika zaɓuɓɓukan sake farfado da Assiut Barrage da ke akwai da kuma shugaban mai kula da Ibrahimiya game da sake gina sabon madatsar ruwa tare da tashar wutar lantarki. Masu ba da shawara na Jamus da Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) suka ba da kuɗin gudanar da binciken kuma sun kammala cewa sabon madatsar ruwa tare da ikon samar da wutar lantarki zai zama mafi kyawun zaɓi na tattalin arziki. Wannan sabon madatsar ruwan zai samar da karuwa a cikin abin da aka ba da izini, yana ba da damar ƙarin ruwa a cikin Canal Ibrahimiya kuma zai inganta yanayin kewayawa. Sabon madatsar ruwan kuma zai hada da tashar wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin ruwa wanda ke ba da kimanin 40 Megawatts.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruzizi IV Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1279361934|Ruzizi IV Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa ta Ruzizi IV''', wani matattarar wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara don samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, tare da shirin shigar da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na {{Convert|287|MW}} idan an kammala. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=New Times |date=14 January 2020 |title=Rwanda: AfDB to Fund Ruzizi IV Hydro Power Project |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202001140671.html |access-date=20 January 2020 |place=Kigali |format=via [[AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarkin tana kan [[kogin Ruzizi]], tana kan iyakar da ke tsakanin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Congo]] (DC). Wurin da take yana da nisan {{Convert|5|km|0}}, yayin da hankaka ke tashi, yammacin garin Bugarama, a gundumar Rusizi, a lardin Yammacin Rwanda, kimanin {{Convert|252|km|0}}, kudu maso yammacin [[Kigali]], babban birnin wannan ƙasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=20 January 2020 |title=Distance between Kigali and Bugarama, Western Province, Rwanda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Rwanda_Distance_Result.asp?vr=seyo&amp;fromlat=-1.9536111&amp;fromlng=30.0605556&amp;tolat=-2.6911111&amp;tolng=29.0216667&amp;fromplace=Kigali,%20Kigali%20Rwanda%20RW&amp;toplace=Bugarama,%20Cyangugu%20Rwanda%20RW |access-date=20 January 2020 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruzizi na IV, yana kusa da wasu tashoshin wutar lantarki guda uku da ke gefen Kogin Ruzizi, wato Rizizi I, II da III. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=New Times |date=14 January 2020 |title=Rwanda: AfDB to Fund Ruzizi IV Hydro Power Project |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202001140671.html |access-date=20 January 2020 |place=Kigali |format=via [[AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNew_Times2020&quot;&gt;New Times (14 January 2020). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202001140671.html &quot;Rwanda: AfDB to Fund Ruzizi IV Hydro Power Project&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(via [[AllAfrica.com]])&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[New Times (Rwanda)]]''. Kigali&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 January&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Wannan tashar wutar lantarki ita ce ta huɗu a cikin jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke kan Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke amfanar ƙasashen [[Burundi]], DRC da Rwanda. Tashoshin wutar lantarki sun haɗa da Ruzizi I (megawatts 29.8) da Ruzizi II (megawatts 43.8), dukansu suna arewa maso yammacin Ruzizi III kuma duka suna aiki har zuwa Janairu 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=New Times |date=14 January 2020 |title=Rwanda: AfDB to Fund Ruzizi IV Hydro Power Project |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202001140671.html |access-date=20 January 2020 |place=Kigali |format=via [[AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNew_Times2020&quot;&gt;New Times (14 January 2020). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202001140671.html &quot;Rwanda: AfDB to Fund Ruzizi IV Hydro Power Project&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(via [[AllAfrica.com]])&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[New Times (Rwanda)]]''. Kigali&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 January&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa ta Ruzizi III tashar wutar lantarki ce mai ƙarfin megawatts 147 da ake ci gaba da haɓakawa tun farkon shekarun 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Harris |date=4 January 2016 |title=AfDB approves financing for 147-MW Ruzizi 3 hydropower plant |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/2016/01/04/afdb-approves-financing-for-147-mw-ruzizi-3-hydropower-plant/ |access-date=20 January 2020 |publisher=Hydroworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana raba wutar lantarki da ake samarwa daga waɗannan tashoshin wutar lantarki daidai gwargwado tsakanin ƙasashe uku maƙwabta. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Tallafin Kuɗi ==
A watan Janairun 2020, [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] ya amince da bayar da tallafin Yuro miliyan 8 don shirya wannan aikin. Wannan ya biyo bayan wani tallafin dala 980,000 da aka amince da shi a ƙarshen 2018 ta ''Cibiyar Shirya Ayyukan Kayayyakin more rayuwa ta Partnership for Africa Development'' (NEPAD-IPPF), don cimma wannan buri. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy Staff Writer |date=14 January 2020 |title=AfDB approves €8m grant for Ruzizi IV hydropower project preparation |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/afdb-ruzizi-iv-hydropower/ |access-date=20 January 2020 |publisher=NS Energy Business News}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T12:45:35Z</timestamp>
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        <id>19233</id>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa ta Ruzizi IV''', wani matattarar wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara don samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, tare da shirin shigar da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na {{Convert|287|MW}} idan an kammala. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=New Times |date=14 January 2020 |title=Rwanda: AfDB to Fund Ruzizi IV Hydro Power Project |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202001140671.html |access-date=20 January 2020 |place=Kigali |format=via [[AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wuri ==
Tashar wutar lantarkin tana kan [[kogin Ruzizi]], tana kan iyakar da ke tsakanin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Congo]] (DC). Wurin da take yana da nisan {{Convert|5|km|0}}, yayin da hankaka ke tashi, yammacin garin Bugarama, a gundumar Rusizi, a lardin Yammacin Rwanda, kimanin {{Convert|252|km|0}}, kudu maso yammacin [[Kigali]], babban birnin wannan ƙasar. &lt;ref name=&quot;2R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=20 January 2020 |title=Distance between Kigali and Bugarama, Western Province, Rwanda |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Rwanda_Distance_Result.asp?vr=seyo&amp;fromlat=-1.9536111&amp;fromlng=30.0605556&amp;tolat=-2.6911111&amp;tolng=29.0216667&amp;fromplace=Kigali,%20Kigali%20Rwanda%20RW&amp;toplace=Bugarama,%20Cyangugu%20Rwanda%20RW |access-date=20 January 2020 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruzizi na IV, yana kusa da wasu tashoshin wutar lantarki guda uku da ke gefen Kogin Ruzizi, wato Rizizi I, II da III. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=New Times |date=14 January 2020 |title=Rwanda: AfDB to Fund Ruzizi IV Hydro Power Project |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202001140671.html |access-date=20 January 2020 |place=Kigali |format=via [[AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNew_Times2020&quot;&gt;New Times (14 January 2020). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202001140671.html &quot;Rwanda: AfDB to Fund Ruzizi IV Hydro Power Project&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(via [[AllAfrica.com]])&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[New Times (Rwanda)]]''. Kigali&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 January&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Wannan tashar wutar lantarki ita ce ta huɗu a cikin jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke kan Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke amfanar ƙasashen [[Burundi]], DRC da Rwanda. Tashoshin wutar lantarki sun haɗa da Ruzizi I (megawatts 29.8) da Ruzizi II (megawatts 43.8), dukansu suna arewa maso yammacin Ruzizi III kuma duka suna aiki har zuwa Janairu 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=New Times |date=14 January 2020 |title=Rwanda: AfDB to Fund Ruzizi IV Hydro Power Project |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202001140671.html |access-date=20 January 2020 |place=Kigali |format=via [[AllAfrica.com]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNew_Times2020&quot;&gt;New Times (14 January 2020). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202001140671.html &quot;Rwanda: AfDB to Fund Ruzizi IV Hydro Power Project&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(via [[AllAfrica.com]])&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[New Times (Rwanda)]]''. Kigali&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 January&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ruwa ta Ruzizi III tashar wutar lantarki ce mai ƙarfin megawatts 147 da ake ci gaba da haɓakawa tun farkon shekarun 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;3R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael Harris |date=4 January 2016 |title=AfDB approves financing for 147-MW Ruzizi 3 hydropower plant |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/2016/01/04/afdb-approves-financing-for-147-mw-ruzizi-3-hydropower-plant/ |access-date=20 January 2020 |publisher=Hydroworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana raba wutar lantarki da ake samarwa daga waɗannan tashoshin wutar lantarki daidai gwargwado tsakanin ƙasashe uku maƙwabta. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt;

== Tallafin Kuɗi ==
A watan Janairun 2020, [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] ya amince da bayar da tallafin Yuro miliyan 8 don shirya wannan aikin. Wannan ya biyo bayan wani tallafin dala 980,000 da aka amince da shi a ƙarshen 2018 ta ''Cibiyar Shirya Ayyukan Kayayyakin more rayuwa ta Partnership for Africa Development'' (NEPAD-IPPF), don cimma wannan buri. &lt;ref name=&quot;1R&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;4R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NS Energy Staff Writer |date=14 January 2020 |title=AfDB approves €8m grant for Ruzizi IV hydropower project preparation |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/afdb-ruzizi-iv-hydropower/ |access-date=20 January 2020 |publisher=NS Energy Business News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Girgizar ƙasa ta tsibirin 365</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356724196|365 Crete earthquake]]&quot;</comment>
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Girgizar ƙasa ta 365 ta Crete ta faru ne a lokacin fitowar rana a ranar 21 ga Yuli 365 a Gabashin [[Bahar Rum]],  &lt;ref name=&quot;Stiros 2001, 545&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stiros|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da abin da ake zaton cibiyar kusa da tsibirin Crete. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stiros|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana ilimin ƙasa a yau sun kiyasta girgizar ƙasa ta karkashin teku ta kasance mai [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] 8.5 ko mafi girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stiros 2001, 545&quot; /&gt; Ya haifar da lalacewa a tsakiya da kudancin Diocese na Makidoniya (Girkiya ta zamani), Afirka Proconsularis (arewacin [[Libya]]), Misira, Cyprus, Sicily, da Hispania ([[Ispaniya|Spain]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Stiros 2001, 558-560, app. B&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stiros|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tsibirin [[Crete|Karita]], kusan dukkanin garuruwa sun lalace.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stiros 2001, 545&quot; /&gt;

Girgizar kasa ta biyo bayan {{Convert|3|km|mi}} wanda ya lalata kudancin da gabashin gabar Bahar Rum, musamman Libya, Alexandria, da Nilu Delta, inda ya kashe dubban mutane kuma ya jefa jiragen ruwa 3   a cikin ƙasa. Girgizar ta bar zurfin ra'ayi a kan marigayi tsohuwar tunanin, kuma marubuta da yawa na lokacin sun ambaci taron a cikin ayyukansu.&lt;ref&gt;For summaries of the sources, see: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Stiros|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shaidar ilimin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Crete_365_uplift.png|thumb|Tsarin tsawo (mita) da ke da alaƙa da girgizar ƙasa ta 365 a yammacin tsibirin Crete bayan Flemming 1978]]
Binciken ƙasa na baya-bayan nan (2001) ya nuna girgizar ƙasa ta Crete 365 dangane da tarin manyan ayyukan girgizar ƙasa a Gabashin Bahar Rum tsakanin ƙarni na huɗu da na shida wanda wataƙila ya nuna sake kunna dukkan manyan iyakokin faranti a yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stiros 2001, 545&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stiros|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana tsammanin girgizar ƙasa ce ke da alhakin ɗaga {{Convert|9|m}} na tsibirin Crete, wanda aka kiyasta ya yi daidai da lokacin girgizar ƙasa na {{Cvt|1e22|Nm}}, ko kuma 8.6 a ma'aunin girman lokacin . Girgizar ƙasa mai irin wannan girma ta fi duk waɗanda aka sani na zamani sun shafi yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stiros 2001, 545&quot; /&gt;

Rubuce-rubucen carbon ya nuna cewa corals a bakin tekun tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri an ɗaga su mita goma (33 feet) kuma sun fita daga ruwa a cikin babban turawa. Wannan ya nuna cewa tsunami na 365 ya samo asali ne daga girgizar ƙasa a cikin wani mummunan kuskure a cikin Hellenic Trench kusa da tsibirin Crete. Masana kimiyya sun kiyasta cewa irin wannan babban tashin hankali zai iya faruwa sau ɗaya kawai a cikin shekaru 5,000; duk da haka, sauran sassan kuskuren na iya zamewa a kan irin wannan sikelin - kuma wannan na iya faruwa kowane shekaru 800 ko haka. Ba a tabbatar da ko &quot;ɗaya daga cikin sassan da ke kusa da su na iya zamewa a nan gaba&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hecht&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jeff Hecht |date=15 March 2008 |title=Mediterranean's 'horror' tsunami may strike again |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13439-mediterraneans-horror-tsunami-may-strike-again.html |journal=[[New Scientist]] |volume=197 |issue=2647 |pages=16 |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(08)60641-7 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shaw&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shaw |first=B. |last2=Ambraseys |first2=N.N. |author-link2=Nicholas Ambraseys |last3=England |first3=P.C. |last4=Floyd |first4=M.A. |last5=Gorman |first5=G.J. |last6=Higham |first6=T.F.G. |last7=Jackson |first7=J.A. |last8=Nocquet |first8=J.-M. |last9=Pain |first9=C.C. |last10=Piggott |first10=M.D. |year=2008 |title=Eastern Mediterranean tectonics and tsunami hazard inferred from the AD 365 earthquake |url=http://renag.unice.fr/regal/PERSO/JMN/publis/shaw_nature_2008.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=268–276 |bibcode=2008NatGe...1..268S |doi=10.1038/ngeo151 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085908/http://renag.unice.fr/regal/PERSO/JMN/publis/shaw_nature_2008.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=20 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin ruwa ya karu sosai a wasu yankuna na Bahar Rum, yayin da wasu yankuna ke da raƙuman ruwa da suka koma ruwa mai zurfi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Polonia |first=Alina |last2=Bonatti |first2=Enrico |last3=Camerlenghi |first3=Angelo |last4=Lucchi |first4=Renata Giulia |last5=Panieri |first5=Giuliana |last6=Gasperini |first6=Luca |date=December 2013 |title=Mediterranean megaturbidite triggered by the AD 365 Crete earthquake and tsunami |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1285 |bibcode=2013NatSR...3E1285P |doi=10.1038/srep01285 |pmc=3573340 |pmid=23412517}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shaidar wallafe-wallafen ==
[[Fayil:365_Crete_Earthquake,_Apollonia,_Map_(Jona).png|left|thumb|Babban sassan Apollonia, a cikin [[Libya]] ta zamani, sun nutse]]
Masana tarihi suna ci gaba da muhawara ko tsoffin tushe suna nufin girgizar ƙasa guda ɗaya a cikin 365, ko kuma suna wakiltar tarihin haɗuwa da girgizar kasa da yawa da ke faruwa tsakanin 350 da 450. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stiros|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fassarar shaidar wallafe-wallafen da suka tsira tana da rikitarwa ta hanyar halin marubutan zamanin d ̄ a na bayyana bala'i'o'i na halitta a matsayin martani na allahntaka ko gargadi ga abubuwan siyasa da na addini.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kelly 2004, 145&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Kelly|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, mummunan rikici tsakanin karuwar [[Kiristanci]] da arna a lokacin ya haifar da marubutan zamani don karkatar da shaidar. Don haka, Sophist Libanius da masanin tarihin coci Sozomenus sun bayyana sun haɗa babban girgizar ƙasa na 365 tare da wasu ƙananan don gabatar da shi a matsayin baƙin ciki ko fushi na Allah - dangane da ra'ayinsu - don mutuwar Sarkin sarakuna Julian, wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin dawo da addinin arna shekaru biyu da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stiros|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Archaeology ==
Shaidar archaeological don mummunar tasirin girgizar ƙasa ta 365 an bayar da ita ta hanyar binciken binciken da aka yi wanda ya rubuta lalacewar yawancin garuruwa da birane na dā a Gabas da Kudancin Bahar Rum a kusa da 365. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stiros 2001, 558-560, app. B&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stiros|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Ptolemais_Villa_of_Columns.JPG|thumb|Rushewar ''Palazzo delle Colonne'' a Ptolemais, Libya, inda ginshiƙi ya rushe da gawar mutum da aka samu a cikin tafkin peristyle ya tabbatar da lalacewar kwatsam da girgizar kasa ta haifar]]
A Cyrenaica (arewa maso yammacin [[Libya]]), tarin tsabar kudi guda biyu sun tabbatar da lalacewa: daya daga Balagrae, wanda aka dawo da shi a ƙarƙashin ambulacrum na Wurin Wuri Mai Tsarki na Asclepius, kuma wani daga [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]], wanda aka samo a ƙarƙashin tsarin gida na tsohuwar kudu da Lower Agora. Dukkanin tarin sun kunshi mafi yawan ƙananan tsabar tagulla da aka yi tsakanin 350 da 361, tare da sabon tsabar kudi mai ganewa wanda ya kasance zuwa 364. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bacchielli |first=L. |date=1995-11-25 |title=A Cyrenaica earthquake post 364 A.D.: written sources and archaeological evidences |url=https://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/view/4098 |journal=Annals of Geophysics |volume=38 |issue=5-6 |doi=10.4401/ag-4098 |issn=2037-416X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragowar gine-gine a duk faɗin wannan yankin suna nuna lalacewar girgizar ƙasa. A Cyrene, tonowa a cikin Agora, Arewacin Stoa, Gidan Jason Magnus, Baths na Trajan, da Haikali na Apollo, duk sun gano ginshiƙan da suka fadi tare da drum din da aka sauya a jere, ganuwar da aka juye, da ganuwar sun rushe a ciki, alamu da suka dace da motsi na ƙasa mai tsanani maimakon lalacewa a hankali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A lokuta da yawa, an gano gawarwakin mutum da aka murkushe a ƙarƙashin masonry da ya faɗi, yana tabbatar da yanayin kwatsam da kisa na taron. An rubuta irin wannan lalacewa a Ptolemais, inda ginshiƙai da suka rushe tare da Via Monumentale kuma a cikin fadar ba a sake dawo da su ba, duk da matakan sake gina mulkin mallaka daga baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An gano ragowar mazauna da ke ƙoƙarin tserewa a cikin tafkin peristyle na Palazzo delle Colonne na birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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Girgizar ƙasa ta 365 ta Crete ta faru ne a lokacin fitowar rana a ranar 21 ga Yuli 365 a Gabashin [[Bahar Rum]],  &lt;ref name=&quot;Stiros 2001, 545&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stiros|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da abin da ake zaton cibiyar kusa da tsibirin Crete. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stiros|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana ilimin ƙasa a yau sun kiyasta girgizar ƙasa ta karkashin teku ta kasance mai [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] 8.5 ko mafi girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stiros 2001, 545&quot; /&gt; Ya haifar da lalacewa a tsakiya da kudancin Diocese na Makidoniya (Girkiya ta zamani), Afirka Proconsularis (arewacin [[Libya]]), Misira, Cyprus, Sicily, da Hispania ([[Ispaniya|Spain]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Stiros 2001, 558-560, app. B&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stiros|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tsibirin [[Crete|Karita]], kusan dukkanin garuruwa sun lalace.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stiros 2001, 545&quot; /&gt;

Girgizar kasa ta biyo bayan {{Convert|3|km|mi}} wanda ya lalata kudancin da gabashin gabar Bahar Rum, musamman Libya, Alexandria, da Nilu Delta, inda ya kashe dubban mutane kuma ya jefa jiragen ruwa 3   a cikin ƙasa. Girgizar ta bar zurfin ra'ayi a kan marigayi tsohuwar tunanin, kuma marubuta da yawa na lokacin sun ambaci taron a cikin ayyukansu.&lt;ref&gt;For summaries of the sources, see: {{Harvard citation no brackets|Stiros|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shaidar ilimin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Crete_365_uplift.png|thumb|Tsarin tsawo (mita) da ke da alaƙa da girgizar ƙasa ta 365 a yammacin tsibirin Crete bayan Flemming 1978]]
Binciken ƙasa na baya-bayan nan (2001) ya nuna girgizar ƙasa ta Crete 365 dangane da tarin manyan ayyukan girgizar ƙasa a Gabashin Bahar Rum tsakanin ƙarni na huɗu da na shida wanda wataƙila ya nuna sake kunna dukkan manyan iyakokin faranti a yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stiros 2001, 545&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stiros|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana tsammanin girgizar ƙasa ce ke da alhakin ɗaga {{Convert|9|m}} na tsibirin Crete, wanda aka kiyasta ya yi daidai da lokacin girgizar ƙasa na {{Cvt|1e22|Nm}}, ko kuma 8.6 a ma'aunin girman lokacin . Girgizar ƙasa mai irin wannan girma ta fi duk waɗanda aka sani na zamani sun shafi yankin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stiros 2001, 545&quot; /&gt;

Rubuce-rubucen carbon ya nuna cewa corals a bakin tekun tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri an ɗaga su mita goma (33 feet) kuma sun fita daga ruwa a cikin babban turawa. Wannan ya nuna cewa tsunami na 365 ya samo asali ne daga girgizar ƙasa a cikin wani mummunan kuskure a cikin Hellenic Trench kusa da tsibirin Crete. Masana kimiyya sun kiyasta cewa irin wannan babban tashin hankali zai iya faruwa sau ɗaya kawai a cikin shekaru 5,000; duk da haka, sauran sassan kuskuren na iya zamewa a kan irin wannan sikelin - kuma wannan na iya faruwa kowane shekaru 800 ko haka. Ba a tabbatar da ko &quot;ɗaya daga cikin sassan da ke kusa da su na iya zamewa a nan gaba&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hecht&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jeff Hecht |date=15 March 2008 |title=Mediterranean's 'horror' tsunami may strike again |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13439-mediterraneans-horror-tsunami-may-strike-again.html |journal=[[New Scientist]] |volume=197 |issue=2647 |pages=16 |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(08)60641-7 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shaw&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shaw |first=B. |last2=Ambraseys |first2=N.N. |author-link2=Nicholas Ambraseys |last3=England |first3=P.C. |last4=Floyd |first4=M.A. |last5=Gorman |first5=G.J. |last6=Higham |first6=T.F.G. |last7=Jackson |first7=J.A. |last8=Nocquet |first8=J.-M. |last9=Pain |first9=C.C. |last10=Piggott |first10=M.D. |year=2008 |title=Eastern Mediterranean tectonics and tsunami hazard inferred from the AD 365 earthquake |url=http://renag.unice.fr/regal/PERSO/JMN/publis/shaw_nature_2008.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=268–276 |bibcode=2008NatGe...1..268S |doi=10.1038/ngeo151 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085908/http://renag.unice.fr/regal/PERSO/JMN/publis/shaw_nature_2008.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=20 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin ruwa ya karu sosai a wasu yankuna na Bahar Rum, yayin da wasu yankuna ke da raƙuman ruwa da suka koma ruwa mai zurfi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Polonia |first=Alina |last2=Bonatti |first2=Enrico |last3=Camerlenghi |first3=Angelo |last4=Lucchi |first4=Renata Giulia |last5=Panieri |first5=Giuliana |last6=Gasperini |first6=Luca |date=December 2013 |title=Mediterranean megaturbidite triggered by the AD 365 Crete earthquake and tsunami |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1285 |bibcode=2013NatSR...3E1285P |doi=10.1038/srep01285 |pmc=3573340 |pmid=23412517}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shaidar wallafe-wallafen ==
[[Fayil:365_Crete_Earthquake,_Apollonia,_Map_(Jona).png|left|thumb|Babban sassan Apollonia, a cikin [[Libya]] ta zamani, sun nutse]]
Masana tarihi suna ci gaba da muhawara ko tsoffin tushe suna nufin girgizar ƙasa guda ɗaya a cikin 365, ko kuma suna wakiltar tarihin haɗuwa da girgizar kasa da yawa da ke faruwa tsakanin 350 da 450. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stiros|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fassarar shaidar wallafe-wallafen da suka tsira tana da rikitarwa ta hanyar halin marubutan zamanin d ̄ a na bayyana bala'i'o'i na halitta a matsayin martani na allahntaka ko gargadi ga abubuwan siyasa da na addini.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kelly 2004, 145&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Kelly|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, mummunan rikici tsakanin karuwar [[Kiristanci]] da arna a lokacin ya haifar da marubutan zamani don karkatar da shaidar. Don haka, Sophist Libanius da masanin tarihin coci Sozomenus sun bayyana sun haɗa babban girgizar ƙasa na 365 tare da wasu ƙananan don gabatar da shi a matsayin baƙin ciki ko fushi na Allah - dangane da ra'ayinsu - don mutuwar Sarkin sarakuna Julian, wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin dawo da addinin arna shekaru biyu da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stiros|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Archaeology ==
Shaidar archaeological don mummunar tasirin girgizar ƙasa ta 365 an bayar da ita ta hanyar binciken binciken da aka yi wanda ya rubuta lalacewar yawancin garuruwa da birane na dā a Gabas da Kudancin Bahar Rum a kusa da 365. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stiros 2001, 558-560, app. B&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Stiros|2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Ptolemais_Villa_of_Columns.JPG|thumb|Rushewar ''Palazzo delle Colonne'' a Ptolemais, Libya, inda ginshiƙi ya rushe da gawar mutum da aka samu a cikin tafkin peristyle ya tabbatar da lalacewar kwatsam da girgizar kasa ta haifar]]
A Cyrenaica (arewa maso yammacin [[Libya]]), tarin tsabar kudi guda biyu sun tabbatar da lalacewa: daya daga Balagrae, wanda aka dawo da shi a ƙarƙashin ambulacrum na Wurin Wuri Mai Tsarki na Asclepius, kuma wani daga [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]], wanda aka samo a ƙarƙashin tsarin gida na tsohuwar kudu da Lower Agora. Dukkanin tarin sun kunshi mafi yawan ƙananan tsabar tagulla da aka yi tsakanin 350 da 361, tare da sabon tsabar kudi mai ganewa wanda ya kasance zuwa 364. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bacchielli |first=L. |date=1995-11-25 |title=A Cyrenaica earthquake post 364 A.D.: written sources and archaeological evidences |url=https://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/view/4098 |journal=Annals of Geophysics |volume=38 |issue=5-6 |doi=10.4401/ag-4098 |issn=2037-416X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ragowar gine-gine a duk faɗin wannan yankin suna nuna lalacewar girgizar ƙasa. A Cyrene, tonowa a cikin Agora, Arewacin Stoa, Gidan Jason Magnus, Baths na Trajan, da Haikali na Apollo, duk sun gano ginshiƙan da suka fadi tare da drum din da aka sauya a jere, ganuwar da aka juye, da ganuwar sun rushe a ciki, alamu da suka dace da motsi na ƙasa mai tsanani maimakon lalacewa a hankali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A lokuta da yawa, an gano gawarwakin mutum da aka murkushe a ƙarƙashin masonry da ya faɗi, yana tabbatar da yanayin kwatsam da kisa na taron. An rubuta irin wannan lalacewa a Ptolemais, inda ginshiƙai da suka rushe tare da Via Monumentale kuma a cikin fadar ba a sake dawo da su ba, duk da matakan sake gina mulkin mallaka daga baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An gano ragowar mazauna da ke ƙoƙarin tserewa a cikin tafkin peristyle na Palazzo delle Colonne na birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kogin Tekezé</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271031064|Tekezé River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin''' '''Tekeze'''  ( Amharic   ; Tigrinya  , a asali ma'anar &quot;kogi&quot; a cikin Ge'ez; Arabic  , kuma ya rubuta '''Takkaze''' ; Italian   ), &lt;ref&gt;''Webster{{'}}s New Geographical Dictionary'', Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Inc., 1988, {{ISBN|0-87779-446-4}}, p. 1,194.&lt;/ref&gt; babban kogi ne a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . A wani ɓangare na hanyarsa, yana samar da wani ɓangare na iyakar yamma da Habasha da [[Eritrea]] . Ana kuma kiran kogin da '''Setit''' ( Arabic   ) yayin da yake haɗuwa da Kogin Atbarah mai magudanar ruwa a kogin Nilu a kan iyaka da [[Sudan]] . A cewar kayan da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tsakiya ta Habasha ta buga, Kogin Tekezé yana da {{Convert|608|km|mi}} tsayi.  Kwarin da ya ƙirƙira shi ne mafi zurfi a Afirka kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi zurfi a duniya, a wasu lokutan yana da zurfin sama da mita 2000 (ƙafa 6,562). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia's Water Dilemma |url=http://www.irn.org/pubs/wrr/issues/WRR.V21.N4.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208070126/http://www.irn.org/pubs/wrr/issues/WRR.V21.N4.pdf |archive-date=2007-02-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar da ake ciki ==
Kogin Tekezé ya tashi a tsakiyar tsaunuka na Habasha kusa da [[Mount Qachen|Dutsen Qachen]] a cikin Lasta, daga inda yake gudana yamma, arewa, sannan yammaci kuma, yana samar da iyakar yammacin Habasha da Eritrea daga haɗuwa Tomsa da Tekezé a 14°11′N 37°31.7′E / 14.183°N 37.5283 / 14.183; 37.5283, 37.5284 zuwa tripoint tsakanin kasashen biyu da Sudan a 14°27′′N 36°37′30750′′E / 14.255283. Bayan ya shiga arewa maso gabashin Sudan a tripoint ya shiga Kogin Atbarah, wanda shine mai ba da gudummawa ga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]]. Tekezé shine watakila ainihin hanyar Atbarah, kamar yadda tsohon ya bi hanya mai tsawo kafin haɗuwar koguna biyu.

Sunayen manyan masu goyon bayanta a Habasha daga asalinsa sune: a gefen dama Tahali, Meri, [[Tellare River|Tellare]], Sullo, Arekwa, Gheoa, [[Kogin Wari|Wari]], Firafira, Tocoro, da Gumalo Rivers; a gefen hagu [[Nili River|Nili]], [[Kogin Balagas|Balagas]], Saha, Bamba, [[Kogin Ataba|Ataba]], [[Kogin Zarima|Zarima]], da Kwalema Rivers.

== Tarihi ==
Magana ta farko da aka sani game da Tekezé tana cikin wani rubutu daga [[Masarautar Aksum|Aksum]] na sarki [[Ezana na Axum]], inda ya yi alfahari da nasara a yaƙi a kan ƙananan bankunan, kusa da &quot;ford na Kemalke&quot;. Tekezé ya zama hanyar haɗi ta farko tsakanin Habasha da Masar; alal misali, ''Kebra Nagast'', wanda ya sami siffarsa ta yanzu a karni na 13, ya bayyana cewa sarki Menelik na ya koma Habasha ta hanyar bin wannan kogi daga Masar (s. 53). [[Augustus B. Wylde]] ya rubuta wata al'ada da ke kusa da asalin Tekezé, a wurin cocin Eyela Kudus Michael, shine ainihin wurin hutawa na Akwatin Alkawari.

Tsakanin Fabrairu da Maris 1936, a lokacin Yaƙin Italo-Abyssinian na Biyu, an kashe dubban sojojin Habasha lokacin da Sojojin Sama na Italiya (''Regia Aeronautica'') suka kai musu hari da bama-bamai da iskar mustard yayin da suka koma baya a fadin Tekezé .  A cikin nasarar da Habasha ta samu, an tilasta wa Italiyanci su koma baya daga Tekezé zuwa Axum bayan yakin da aka yaƙi a Dembeguina Pass.

A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2021, an lalata gadar da ta haye kogin Tekezé a lokacin Yaƙin Tigray . Kwamitin Ceto na Duniya ya damu da cewa kokarin taimakon jin kai a yankin zai kasance &quot;har ma da karfi fiye da baya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-01 |title=Bridge on Tekeze River in Ethiopia's Tigray destroyed - aid group |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/bridge-tekeze-river-ethiopias-tigray-destroyed-aid-group-2021-07-01/ |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dakin ruwa na Tekezé ==
Gwamnatin Habasha ta sanar a watan Yulin 2002 cewa sun kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da Kamfanin Injiniyan Ruwa na Kasa da Hydropower don gina madatsar ruwa a kan Tekezé, wanda zai samar da megawatts 300 na wutar lantarki. Aikin zai kashe dala miliyan 224 kuma zai dauki shekaru biyar don kammalawa. Oweys Ibrahim, mai kula da aikin, ya sanar a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2007 cewa ginin ya cika kashi 82 cikin dari, kuma ya haɗa da layin wutar lantarki na kilomita 105 zuwa Mekele.

Aikin Tekeze Hydro Electric ya gina madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Afirka, wanda ya fi girma a baya, a Lesotho. Masu kwangila a bayan aikin sune CWGS kuma an kammala shi a cikin &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Sakamakon tafkin yana da 105 km2 kuma yana da damar 9.3 biliyan m3 na ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin koguna na Eritrea
* Jerin koguna na Habasha
* Jerin koguna na Sudan

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin''' '''Tekeze'''  ( Amharic   ; Tigrinya  , a asali ma'anar &quot;kogi&quot; a cikin Ge'ez; Arabic  , kuma ya rubuta '''Takkaze''' ; Italian   ), &lt;ref&gt;''Webster{{'}}s New Geographical Dictionary'', Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Inc., 1988, {{ISBN|0-87779-446-4}}, p. 1,194.&lt;/ref&gt; babban kogi ne a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . A wani ɓangare na hanyarsa, yana samar da wani ɓangare na iyakar yamma da Habasha da [[Eritrea]] . Ana kuma kiran kogin da '''Setit''' ( Arabic   ) yayin da yake haɗuwa da Kogin Atbarah mai magudanar ruwa a kogin Nilu a kan iyaka da [[Sudan]] . A cewar kayan da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tsakiya ta Habasha ta buga, Kogin Tekezé yana da {{Convert|608|km|mi}} tsayi.  Kwarin da ya ƙirƙira shi ne mafi zurfi a Afirka kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi zurfi a duniya, a wasu lokutan yana da zurfin sama da mita 2000 (ƙafa 6,562). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia's Water Dilemma |url=http://www.irn.org/pubs/wrr/issues/WRR.V21.N4.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208070126/http://www.irn.org/pubs/wrr/issues/WRR.V21.N4.pdf |archive-date=2007-02-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar da ake ciki ==
Kogin Tekezé ya tashi a tsakiyar tsaunuka na Habasha kusa da [[Mount Qachen|Dutsen Qachen]] a cikin Lasta, daga inda yake gudana yamma, arewa, sannan yammaci kuma, yana samar da iyakar yammacin Habasha da Eritrea daga haɗuwa Tomsa da Tekezé a 14°11′N 37°31.7′E / 14.183°N 37.5283 / 14.183; 37.5283, 37.5284 zuwa tripoint tsakanin kasashen biyu da Sudan a 14°27′′N 36°37′30750′′E / 14.255283. Bayan ya shiga arewa maso gabashin Sudan a tripoint ya shiga Kogin Atbarah, wanda shine mai ba da gudummawa ga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]]. Tekezé shine watakila ainihin hanyar Atbarah, kamar yadda tsohon ya bi hanya mai tsawo kafin haɗuwar koguna biyu.

Sunayen manyan masu goyon bayanta a Habasha daga asalinsa sune: a gefen dama Tahali, Meri, [[Tellare River|Tellare]], Sullo, Arekwa, Gheoa, [[Kogin Wari|Wari]], Firafira, Tocoro, da Gumalo Rivers; a gefen hagu [[Nili River|Nili]], [[Kogin Balagas|Balagas]], Saha, Bamba, [[Kogin Ataba|Ataba]], [[Kogin Zarima|Zarima]], da Kwalema Rivers.

== Tarihi ==
Magana ta farko da aka sani game da Tekezé tana cikin wani rubutu daga [[Masarautar Aksum|Aksum]] na sarki [[Ezana na Axum]], inda ya yi alfahari da nasara a yaƙi a kan ƙananan bankunan, kusa da &quot;ford na Kemalke&quot;. Tekezé ya zama hanyar haɗi ta farko tsakanin Habasha da Masar; alal misali, ''Kebra Nagast'', wanda ya sami siffarsa ta yanzu a karni na 13, ya bayyana cewa sarki Menelik na ya koma Habasha ta hanyar bin wannan kogi daga Masar (s. 53). [[Augustus B. Wylde]] ya rubuta wata al'ada da ke kusa da asalin Tekezé, a wurin cocin Eyela Kudus Michael, shine ainihin wurin hutawa na Akwatin Alkawari.

Tsakanin Fabrairu da Maris 1936, a lokacin Yaƙin Italo-Abyssinian na Biyu, an kashe dubban sojojin Habasha lokacin da Sojojin Sama na Italiya (''Regia Aeronautica'') suka kai musu hari da bama-bamai da iskar mustard yayin da suka koma baya a fadin Tekezé .  A cikin nasarar da Habasha ta samu, an tilasta wa Italiyanci su koma baya daga Tekezé zuwa Axum bayan yakin da aka yaƙi a Dembeguina Pass.

A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2021, an lalata gadar da ta haye kogin Tekezé a lokacin Yaƙin Tigray . Kwamitin Ceto na Duniya ya damu da cewa kokarin taimakon jin kai a yankin zai kasance &quot;har ma da karfi fiye da baya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-01 |title=Bridge on Tekeze River in Ethiopia's Tigray destroyed - aid group |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/bridge-tekeze-river-ethiopias-tigray-destroyed-aid-group-2021-07-01/ |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dakin ruwa na Tekezé ==
Gwamnatin Habasha ta sanar a watan Yulin 2002 cewa sun kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da Kamfanin Injiniyan Ruwa na Kasa da Hydropower don gina madatsar ruwa a kan Tekezé, wanda zai samar da megawatts 300 na wutar lantarki. Aikin zai kashe dala miliyan 224 kuma zai dauki shekaru biyar don kammalawa. Oweys Ibrahim, mai kula da aikin, ya sanar a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2007 cewa ginin ya cika kashi 82 cikin dari, kuma ya haɗa da layin wutar lantarki na kilomita 105 zuwa Mekele.

Aikin Tekeze Hydro Electric ya gina madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Afirka, wanda ya fi girma a baya, a Lesotho. Masu kwangila a bayan aikin sune CWGS kuma an kammala shi a cikin &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Sakamakon tafkin yana da 105 km2 kuma yana da damar 9.3 biliyan m3 na ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin koguna na Eritrea
* Jerin koguna na Habasha
* Jerin koguna na Sudan

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin''' '''Tekeze'''  ( Amharic   ; Tigrinya  , a asali ma'anar &quot;kogi&quot; a cikin Ge'ez; Arabic  , kuma ya rubuta '''Takkaze''' ; Italian   ), &lt;ref&gt;''Webster{{'}}s New Geographical Dictionary'', Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Inc., 1988, {{ISBN|0-87779-446-4}}, p. 1,194.&lt;/ref&gt; babban kogi ne a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . A wani ɓangare na hanyarsa, yana samar da wani ɓangare na iyakar yamma da Habasha da [[Eritrea]] . Ana kuma kiran kogin da '''Setit''' ( Arabic   ) yayin da yake haɗuwa da Kogin Atbarah mai magudanar ruwa a kogin Nilu a kan iyaka da [[Sudan]] . A cewar kididdigar da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tsakiya ta Habasha ta buga, Kogin Tekezé yana da {{Convert|608|km|mi}} tsayi.  Kwarin da ya ƙirƙira shi ne mafi zurfi a Afirka kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi zurfi a duniya, a wasu lokutan yana da zurfin sama da mita 2000 (ƙafa 6,562). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia's Water Dilemma |url=http://www.irn.org/pubs/wrr/issues/WRR.V21.N4.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208070126/http://www.irn.org/pubs/wrr/issues/WRR.V21.N4.pdf |archive-date=2007-02-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyar da ake ciki ==
Kogin Tekezé ya tashi a tsakiyar tsaunuka na Habasha kusa da [[Mount Qachen|Dutsen Qachen]] a cikin Lasta, daga inda yake gudana yamma, arewa, sannan yammaci kuma, yana samar da iyakar yammacin Habasha da Eritrea daga haɗuwa Tomsa da Tekezé a 14°11′N 37°31.7′E / 14.183°N 37.5283 / 14.183; 37.5283, 37.5284 zuwa tripoint tsakanin kasashen biyu da Sudan a 14°27′′N 36°37′30750′′E / 14.255283. Bayan ya shiga arewa maso gabashin Sudan a tripoint ya shiga Kogin Atbarah, wanda shine mai ba da gudummawa ga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]]. Tekezé shine watakila ainihin hanyar Atbarah, kamar yadda tsohon ya bi hanya mai tsawo kafin haɗuwar koguna biyu.

Sunayen manyan masu goyon bayanta a Habasha daga asalinsa sune: a gefen dama Tahali, Meri, [[Tellare River|Tellare]], Sullo, Arekwa, Gheoa, [[Kogin Wari|Wari]], Firafira, Tocoro, da Gumalo Rivers; a gefen hagu [[Nili River|Nili]], [[Kogin Balagas|Balagas]], Saha, Bamba, [[Kogin Ataba|Ataba]], [[Kogin Zarima|Zarima]], da Kwalema Rivers.

== Tarihi ==
Magana ta farko da aka sani game da Tekezé tana cikin wani rubutu daga [[Masarautar Aksum|Aksum]] na sarki [[Ezana na Axum]], inda ya yi alfahari da nasara a yaƙi a kan ƙananan bankunan, kusa da &quot;ford na Kemalke&quot;. Tekezé ya zama hanyar haɗi ta farko tsakanin Habasha da Masar; alal misali, ''Kebra Nagast'', wanda ya sami siffarsa ta yanzu a karni na 13, ya bayyana cewa sarki Menelik na ya koma Habasha ta hanyar bin wannan kogi daga Masar (s. 53). [[Augustus B. Wylde]] ya rubuta wata al'ada da ke kusa da asalin Tekezé, a wurin cocin Eyela Kudus Michael, shine ainihin wurin hutawa na Akwatin Alkawari.

Tsakanin Fabrairu da Maris 1936, a lokacin Yaƙin Italo-Abyssinian na Biyu, an kashe dubban sojojin Habasha lokacin da Sojojin Sama na Italiya (''Regia Aeronautica'') suka kai musu hari da bama-bamai da iskar mustard yayin da suka koma baya a fadin Tekezé .  A cikin nasarar da Habasha ta samu, an tilasta wa Italiyanci su koma baya daga Tekezé zuwa Axum bayan yakin da aka yaƙi a Dembeguina Pass.

A ranar 1 ga Yulin 2021, an lalata gadar da ta haye kogin Tekezé a lokacin Yaƙin Tigray . Kwamitin Ceto na Duniya ya damu da cewa kokarin taimakon jin kai a yankin zai kasance &quot;har ma da karfi fiye da baya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-01 |title=Bridge on Tekeze River in Ethiopia's Tigray destroyed - aid group |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/bridge-tekeze-river-ethiopias-tigray-destroyed-aid-group-2021-07-01/ |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dakin ruwa na Tekezé ==
Gwamnatin Habasha ta sanar a watan Yulin 2002 cewa sun kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da Kamfanin Injiniyan Ruwa na Kasa da Hydropower don gina madatsar ruwa a kan Tekezé, wanda zai samar da megawatts 300 na wutar lantarki. Aikin zai kashe dala miliyan 224 kuma zai dauki shekaru biyar don kammalawa. Oweys Ibrahim, mai kula da aikin, ya sanar a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2007 cewa ginin ya cika kashi 82 cikin dari, kuma ya haɗa da layin wutar lantarki na kilomita 105 zuwa Mekele.

Aikin Tekeze Hydro Electric ya gina madatsar ruwa mafi girma a Afirka, wanda ya fi girma a baya, a Lesotho. Masu kwangila a bayan aikin sune CWGS kuma an kammala shi a cikin &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Sakamakon tafkin yana da 105 km2 kuma yana da damar 9.3 biliyan m3 na ruwa.&amp;nbsp;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin koguna na Eritrea
* Jerin koguna na Habasha
* Jerin koguna na Sudan

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kogin Koko (Gundumar Rutsiro)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297150941|Koko River (Rutsiro District)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Koko''' kogi ne da ke gundumar Rutsiro a yammacin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] wanda ke kwarara zuwa [[Tafkin kivu|tafkin Kivu]] .

Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan koguna da ke kwarara tsaunukan yammacin Rwanda zuwa tafkin Kivu, ɗayan kuma shine Kogin Sebeya . {{Sfn|National Nile Basin Water...}} A zamanin mulkin mallaka, kogin ya ayyana iyaka tsakanin Gundumomin Kibuye da Gisenyi. {{Sfn|Newbury|1988}} Matsugunan Gasiza da Murunda suna kusa da haɗuwar Koko da Kogin Rwishwa. {{Sfn|Rutsiro Administrative Map}}

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'''Kogin Koko''' kogi ne da ke gundumar Rutsiro a yammacin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] wanda ke kwarara zuwa [[Tafkin kivu|tafkin Kivu]] .

Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan koguna da ke kwarara tsaunukan yammacin Rwanda zuwa tafkin Kivu, ɗayan kuma shine Kogin Sebeya . {{Sfn|National Nile Basin Water...}} A zamanin mulkin mallaka, kogin ya ayyana iyaka tsakanin Gundumomin Kibuye da Gisenyi. {{Sfn|Newbury|1988}} Matsugunan Gasiza da Murunda suna kusa da haɗuwar Koko da Kogin Rwishwa. {{Sfn|Rutsiro Administrative Map}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>dxw0inxbj0n74mrgtuvbh2iiyw4zcf0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kogin Mbirurume</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153477</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843417</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T12:47:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1015392569|Mbirurume River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843417</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="889" sha1="j6weqm7nmphwd3gf49w4tan2iognj3o" xml:space="preserve">'''Mbirurume''' (wanda kuma ake kira Bilirume, Biruruma, Birurume, Bitirume) kogi ne a yammacin [[Ruwanda]] wanda ke bakin [[kogin Nyabarongo]] .

Mbirurume yana tsiro ne a cikin dazuzzuka a kudancin Rwanda a gabashin yankin Congo-Nile . {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992}} Ya samo asali ne daga arewa maso gabashin Nyungwe National Park, a gundumar Nyamagabe . Yana kwarara zuwa arewa maso gabas, yana shiga gundumar Karongi sannan ya ratsa [[Mukungu]] zuwa yamma, sannan ya ratsa a arewa maso gabas tare da kan iyaka tsakanin gundumomin Nyamagabe da Karongi. Sannan ya juya kudu maso gabas jim kaɗan kafin ya haɗu da Kogin Mwogo daga hagu. {{Sfn|Nyamagabe Administrative Map}} {{Sfn|Karongi Administrative Map}} Kogunan da aka haɗa sun samar da Kogin Nyabarongo, wanda ke gudana arewa tare da gangaren gabas na yankin Nile-Congo. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>j6weqm7nmphwd3gf49w4tan2iognj3o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843418</id>
      <parentid>843417</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T12:47:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843418</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="901" sha1="knjjhx0rnk8v0xypjketnpv46wprqbj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Mbirurume''' (wanda kuma ake kira Bilirume, Biruruma, Birurume, Bitirume) kogi ne a yammacin [[Ruwanda]] wanda ke bakin [[kogin Nyabarongo]] .

Mbirurume yana tsiro ne a cikin dazuzzuka a kudancin Rwanda a gabashin yankin Congo-Nile . {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992}} Ya samo asali ne daga arewa maso gabashin Nyungwe National Park, a gundumar Nyamagabe . Yana kwarara zuwa arewa maso gabas, yana shiga gundumar Karongi sannan ya ratsa [[Mukungu]] zuwa yamma, sannan ya ratsa a arewa maso gabas tare da kan iyaka tsakanin gundumomin Nyamagabe da Karongi. Sannan ya juya kudu maso gabas jim kaɗan kafin ya haɗu da Kogin Mwogo daga hagu. {{Sfn|Nyamagabe Administrative Map}} {{Sfn|Karongi Administrative Map}} Kogunan da aka haɗa sun samar da Kogin Nyabarongo, wanda ke gudana arewa tare da gangaren gabas na yankin Nile-Congo. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>knjjhx0rnk8v0xypjketnpv46wprqbj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kogin Mwogo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843419</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T12:49:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1245262387|Mwogo River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843419</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1797" sha1="kgqw6zgojjt2q6r0ywgsco2p81wzq3m" xml:space="preserve">
'''Kogin Mwogo''' kogi ne a yammacin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] wanda ke cikin [[kogin Nyabarongo]] .

== Kwas ɗin ==
Mwogo yana tsiro ne a cikin dazuzzuka a kudancin Rwanda zuwa gabashin Raba tsakanin Congo da Nil . {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992}} Yana da tushensa a sashen Kitabi na gundumar Nyamagabe . Yana ratsa gabas ta wuce [[Nyarusiza]] zuwa gundumar Huye . {{Sfn|Nyamagabe Administrative Map}} Yana ratsawa ta arewa maso gabas ta yammacin wannan gundumar, yana shiga gundumar Nyanza. {{Sfn|Huye Administrative Map}} A gundumar Nyanza yana ratsa arewa maso gabas, yana ratsa [[Mweya, Rwanda|Mweya]] a wurin da Kogin Gihimbi ya shiga daga hagu. {{Sfn|Nyanza Administrative Map}} A ƙasan wannan wurin , Kogin Rukarara ya haɗu da shi daga hagu. {{Sfn|Nyamagabe Administrative Map}} Sannan ya samar da iyakar yamma ta gundumar Ruhango har sai da Kogin Mbirurume ya haɗu da shi daga hagu a kudu da Bwakira . Kogin da aka haɗa ana kiransa [[Kogin Nyabarongo]], wanda ke ci gaba zuwa arewa. {{Sfn|Ruhango Administrative Map}} {{Efn|The Rukarara tributary is the most distant source of the Nile.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2010|p=154}}{{sfn|Osborne|2012|p=206}}}}

== Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa ==
Mwogo yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan magudanar ruwan kogin Nyawarungu. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992}} Ma'aunin ruwan sama da ƙafewa a tashar Nyabisindu ya nuna cewa kwarin kogin Mwogo yana samar da matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na {{Convert|252|mm}} . {{Sfn|Kanyarukiga|Ngarambe|1998}} A sassan kwarin kogin, an share tuddai daga bishiyoyi, wanda hakan ya haifar da zaizayar ƙasa da matsalolin zaftarewar ƙasa. Ana ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi. {{Sfn|Rusumo hydroelectric power...}} Mwogo da Rukarara sune babban tushen ruwa ga garin Nyanza . {{Sfn|Rwanda Mission Report}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>kgqw6zgojjt2q6r0ywgsco2p81wzq3m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843420</id>
      <parentid>843419</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T12:49:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843420</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1809" sha1="o1amj7f3ry5rhn0hdb0ewj1pp7zz6uw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
''''Kogin Mwogo''' kogi ne a yammacin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] wanda ke cikin [[kogin Nyabarongo]] .

== Kwas ɗin ==
Mwogo yana tsiro ne a cikin dazuzzuka a kudancin Rwanda zuwa gabashin Raba tsakanin Congo da Nil . {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992}} Yana da tushensa a sashen Kitabi na gundumar Nyamagabe . Yana ratsa gabas ta wuce [[Nyarusiza]] zuwa gundumar Huye . {{Sfn|Nyamagabe Administrative Map}} Yana ratsawa ta arewa maso gabas ta yammacin wannan gundumar, yana shiga gundumar Nyanza. {{Sfn|Huye Administrative Map}} A gundumar Nyanza yana ratsa arewa maso gabas, yana ratsa [[Mweya, Rwanda|Mweya]] a wurin da Kogin Gihimbi ya shiga daga hagu. {{Sfn|Nyanza Administrative Map}} A ƙasan wannan wurin , Kogin Rukarara ya haɗu da shi daga hagu. {{Sfn|Nyamagabe Administrative Map}} Sannan ya samar da iyakar yamma ta gundumar Ruhango har sai da Kogin Mbirurume ya haɗu da shi daga hagu a kudu da Bwakira . Kogin da aka haɗa ana kiransa [[Kogin Nyabarongo]], wanda ke ci gaba zuwa arewa. {{Sfn|Ruhango Administrative Map}} {{Efn|The Rukarara tributary is the most distant source of the Nile.{{sfn|Briggs|Booth|2010|p=154}}{{sfn|Osborne|2012|p=206}}}}

== Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa ==
Mwogo yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan magudanar ruwan kogin Nyawarungu. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992}} Ma'aunin ruwan sama da ƙafewa a tashar Nyabisindu ya nuna cewa kwarin kogin Mwogo yana samar da matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na {{Convert|252|mm}} . {{Sfn|Kanyarukiga|Ngarambe|1998}} A sassan kwarin kogin, an share tuddai daga bishiyoyi, wanda hakan ya haifar da zaizayar ƙasa da matsalolin zaftarewar ƙasa. Ana ƙoƙarin sake dasa bishiyoyi. {{Sfn|Rusumo hydroelectric power...}} Mwogo da Rukarara sune babban tushen ruwa ga garin Nyanza . {{Sfn|Rwanda Mission Report}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>o1amj7f3ry5rhn0hdb0ewj1pp7zz6uw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kogin Rukarara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153479</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843421</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T12:50:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1166282712|Rukarara River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843421</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1364" sha1="biyujnya61kdve20ii8n2hhpqhqe3dm" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Rukarara''' (ko Lukarara) kogi ne a yammacin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] wanda ke raɓar Kogin Mwogo, wanda kuma ke raɓar [[Kogin Nyabarongo]] . Shi ne mafi nisa a kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] .

== Majiyoyi ==
Rukarara tana tsiro ne a cikin dazuzzuka a kudancin Rwanda a gabashin Raba tsakanin Congo da Nil . {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992}} Fadamar Kamiranzovu da ke cikin Dajin Nyungwe tana samar da ma'ajiyar halitta ga Rukarara. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992}} Asalin Rukarara yanzu an san cewa shine tushen [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] gaba ɗaya. {{Sfn|Brakspear|2008}} {{Sfn|Dumont|2009}} An tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar wani balaguron 2005/2006 a kan kogin tare da kayan aikin kewayawa na zamani. Asalin Kogin Nilu, wanda shine mafi nisa daga bakinsa, yana kan tsayin {{Convert|7966|ft}}, a latitude da longitude

== Kwas ɗin ==
Rukarara tana da tushenta a gundumar Nyamagabe . Kogunan Nyirabugoyi da Rubyiro sune manyan magudanan ruwanta, dukkansu suna tashi a wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Nyungwe . {{Sfn|Nyamagabe Administrative Map}} Rukarara ita ce mafi tsayi daga cikin kogunan da ke samar da ruwan Mwogo. {{Sfn|ITMB Publishing|2007}} Rukarara tana kwarara kudu sannan gabas, tana kwarara zuwa Kogin Mwogo. Mwogo tana kwarara arewa, tana haɗuwa da Kogin Mbirurume a kudu da Bwakira don zama [[Kogin Nyabarongo]] . {{Sfn|ITMB Publishing|2007}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>biyujnya61kdve20ii8n2hhpqhqe3dm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843422</id>
      <parentid>843421</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T12:50:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843422</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1376" sha1="71as3f0wmssbu53c1ztmk1p0ri5p48x" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Kogin Rukarara''' (ko Lukarara) kogi ne a yammacin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] wanda ke raɓar Kogin Mwogo, wanda kuma ke raɓar [[Kogin Nyabarongo]] . Shi ne mafi nisa a kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] .

== Majiyoyi ==
Rukarara tana tsiro ne a cikin dazuzzuka a kudancin Rwanda a gabashin Raba tsakanin Congo da Nil . {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992}} Fadamar Kamiranzovu da ke cikin Dajin Nyungwe tana samar da ma'ajiyar halitta ga Rukarara. {{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|Bernacsek|1992}} Asalin Rukarara yanzu an san cewa shine tushen [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] gaba ɗaya. {{Sfn|Brakspear|2008}} {{Sfn|Dumont|2009}} An tabbatar da hakan ta hanyar wani balaguron 2005/2006 a kan kogin tare da kayan aikin kewayawa na zamani. Asalin Kogin Nilu, wanda shine mafi nisa daga bakinsa, yana kan tsayin {{Convert|7966|ft}}, a latitude da longitude

== Kwas ɗin ==
Rukarara tana da tushenta a gundumar Nyamagabe . Kogunan Nyirabugoyi da Rubyiro sune manyan magudanan ruwanta, dukkansu suna tashi a wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Nyungwe . {{Sfn|Nyamagabe Administrative Map}} Rukarara ita ce mafi tsayi daga cikin kogunan da ke samar da ruwan Mwogo. {{Sfn|ITMB Publishing|2007}} Rukarara tana kwarara kudu sannan gabas, tana kwarara zuwa Kogin Mwogo. Mwogo tana kwarara arewa, tana haɗuwa da Kogin Mbirurume a kudu da Bwakira don zama [[Kogin Nyabarongo]] . {{Sfn|ITMB Publishing|2007}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>71as3f0wmssbu53c1ztmk1p0ri5p48x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kogin Sebeya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153480</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843424</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T12:51:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326628193|Sebeya River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843424</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2806" sha1="0wlduppp41tstsihus5l8kmuklfr5yc" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Sebeya''' kogi ne a lardin Yamma, Rwanda wanda ke kwarara zuwa [[Tafkin kivu|tafkin Kivu]] a kudu da garin Gisenyi .

== Wuri ==
Kogin Sebeya ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan gundumar Rutsiro . Yana da girman 110&amp;nbsp;Tsawon yankin ruwa ya ƙunshi {{Convert|286|km2}} na gundumomin Rutsiro, Ngororero da Rubavu . {{Sfn|Dusabemungu|2013}} Ya wuce aikin Nyundo, wanda aka kafa a 1901 a gabar kogin kimanin {{Convert|12|km}} daga sama daga Gisenyi. {{Sfn|Linden|Linden|1977}} A ƙasan Rubavu kogin yana samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa wadda ke samar da wutar lantarki ga garin Gisenyi da kuma ga kamfanin giya na gida. {{Sfn|Linton|2003}}

== Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ==
'Yan Belgium sun fara haƙar ma'adinai a gefen kogin a shekarar 1962. Daga baya an mayar da ayyukan haƙar ma'adinai zuwa REDEMI sannan kuma zuwa Ci gaban Albarkatun Ƙasa (NRD). Akwai wasu haƙar ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. {{Sfn|Kalinganire|2011}} A shekarar 2012 an dakatar da duk wani aikin haƙar ma'adinai a gefen kogin saboda lalacewar muhalli. Kamfanonin haƙar ma'adinai galibi suna aikin haƙar ma'adinai ne wajen haƙo Wolfram da Coltan. Ayyukansu sun gurɓata kogin, kuma a wasu lokutan an karkatar da kogin. {{Sfn|Mugisha|2012}} Haƙar ma'adinai yana fitar da adadi mai yawa na laka a cikin kogin, wanda hakan ya kawo cikas ga daidaiton yanayi. Ma'aikata sama da 300 sun rasa ayyukansu a tsawon lokacin haramcin. {{Sfn|Ngarambe|2012}} Dakatarwar ta shafi kamfanoni takwas da ƙungiyoyin haƙar ma'adinai waɗanda suka saba wa ƙa'idodin kare muhalli. {{Sfn|Kanyesigye|2012}}

== Kare Muhalli ==
Dazuzzuka suna shanyewa sannan a hankali su saki ruwa. Tasirin share dazuzzukan da ke sama da kuma rugujewar laka ya sa kogin ya cika bakinsa a kan gonaki da hanyoyi a lokacin damina, da kuma rashin isasshen ruwa da zai gudana a lokacin rani. {{Sfn|Weber|Vedder|2012}} A watan Fabrairun 2010, an sanar da shirin fadada Wurin Kiyaye Nakasa na Gishwati daga {{Convert|3018|to|3665|acre}}, sake dasa bishiyoyin da ke da {{Convert|647|acre}} na filaye a yankin Kinyenkanda na gundumar Rutsiro. Kimanin iyalai 150 ne suka ƙaura zuwa wannan yanki suka share filaye a kan tsaunuka masu tsayi don ƙananan noma. Sakamakon haka, zaizayar ƙasa ta yi sauri, ta zuba laka a cikin kogin Sebeya. An sake ƙaura da iyalan. {{Sfn|Great Ape Trust of Iowa|2010}}

Kokarin kare gefen kogin daga zaizayar ƙasa ta hanyar noman sabbin bishiyoyi na gurgunta mazauna yankin da ke barin shanunsu su yi kiwo kusa da bakin kogin, da kuma manoman da ke noma amfanin gona kusa da kogin. {{Sfn|Kalinganire|2011}} A shekarar 2013, gwamnati ta ba da taimako ga iyalai da aka ƙaura daga yankin kare kogi, wanda ake gyarawa. Iyalai 42 sun sami sabbin gidaje da gwamnati ta gina, kuma an ba wasu 86 kayan gini. {{Sfn|Dusabemungu|2013}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843425</id>
      <parentid>843424</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T12:52:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843425</origin>
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      <text bytes="2818" sha1="s7gjxiu9muwxafpu0wv64qfguqlo45a" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Kogin Sebeya''' kogi ne a lardin Yamma, Rwanda wanda ke kwarara zuwa [[Tafkin kivu|tafkin Kivu]] a kudu da garin Gisenyi .

== Wuri ==
Kogin Sebeya ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan gundumar Rutsiro . Yana da girman 110&amp;nbsp;Tsawon yankin ruwa ya ƙunshi {{Convert|286|km2}} na gundumomin Rutsiro, Ngororero da Rubavu . {{Sfn|Dusabemungu|2013}} Ya wuce aikin Nyundo, wanda aka kafa a 1901 a gabar kogin kimanin {{Convert|12|km}} daga sama daga Gisenyi. {{Sfn|Linden|Linden|1977}} A ƙasan Rubavu kogin yana samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa wadda ke samar da wutar lantarki ga garin Gisenyi da kuma ga kamfanin giya na gida. {{Sfn|Linton|2003}}

== Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai ==
'Yan Belgium sun fara haƙar ma'adinai a gefen kogin a shekarar 1962. Daga baya an mayar da ayyukan haƙar ma'adinai zuwa REDEMI sannan kuma zuwa Ci gaban Albarkatun Ƙasa (NRD). Akwai wasu haƙar ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. {{Sfn|Kalinganire|2011}} A shekarar 2012 an dakatar da duk wani aikin haƙar ma'adinai a gefen kogin saboda lalacewar muhalli. Kamfanonin haƙar ma'adinai galibi suna aikin haƙar ma'adinai ne wajen haƙo Wolfram da Coltan. Ayyukansu sun gurɓata kogin, kuma a wasu lokutan an karkatar da kogin. {{Sfn|Mugisha|2012}} Haƙar ma'adinai yana fitar da adadi mai yawa na laka a cikin kogin, wanda hakan ya kawo cikas ga daidaiton yanayi. Ma'aikata sama da 300 sun rasa ayyukansu a tsawon lokacin haramcin. {{Sfn|Ngarambe|2012}} Dakatarwar ta shafi kamfanoni takwas da ƙungiyoyin haƙar ma'adinai waɗanda suka saba wa ƙa'idodin kare muhalli. {{Sfn|Kanyesigye|2012}}

== Kare Muhalli ==
Dazuzzuka suna shanyewa sannan a hankali su saki ruwa. Tasirin share dazuzzukan da ke sama da kuma rugujewar laka ya sa kogin ya cika bakinsa a kan gonaki da hanyoyi a lokacin damina, da kuma rashin isasshen ruwa da zai gudana a lokacin rani. {{Sfn|Weber|Vedder|2012}} A watan Fabrairun 2010, an sanar da shirin fadada Wurin Kiyaye Nakasa na Gishwati daga {{Convert|3018|to|3665|acre}}, sake dasa bishiyoyin da ke da {{Convert|647|acre}} na filaye a yankin Kinyenkanda na gundumar Rutsiro. Kimanin iyalai 150 ne suka ƙaura zuwa wannan yanki suka share filaye a kan tsaunuka masu tsayi don ƙananan noma. Sakamakon haka, zaizayar ƙasa ta yi sauri, ta zuba laka a cikin kogin Sebeya. An sake ƙaura da iyalan. {{Sfn|Great Ape Trust of Iowa|2010}}

Kokarin kare gefen kogin daga zaizayar ƙasa ta hanyar noman sabbin bishiyoyi na gurgunta mazauna yankin da ke barin shanunsu su yi kiwo kusa da bakin kogin, da kuma manoman da ke noma amfanin gona kusa da kogin. {{Sfn|Kalinganire|2011}} A shekarar 2013, gwamnati ta ba da taimako ga iyalai da aka ƙaura daga yankin kare kogi, wanda ake gyarawa. Iyalai 42 sun sami sabbin gidaje da gwamnati ta gina, kuma an ba wasu 86 kayan gini. {{Sfn|Dusabemungu|2013}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lipolelo Thabane</title>
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    <id>153481</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327255582|Lipolelo Thabane]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Lipolelo Thabane''' (1959 - 14 ga Yuni, 2017) ta kasance 'yar siyasa ce ta [[Lesotho|Mosotho]] kuma matar Firayim Minista Tom Thabane . An kashe ta a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2017, kwana biyu kafin a rantsar da mijinta. 

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Lipolelo Thabane a Basutoland a cikin dangin 'yan uwa biyar, daga cikinsu ita ce ƙarama. Tana da 'ya'ya biyu kuma ita ce matar Tom Thabane ta biyu, wacce ta auri a shekarar 1987. An harbe ta kuma an kashe ta yayin da take tuki zuwa gida a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2017, a Ha Masana, kwana biyu kafin a rantsar da Tom Thabane a matsayin Firayim Minista na Lesotho . 

A lokacin tashin hankali na siyasa a Masarautar Lesotho, Lipolelo Thabane ya koma birnin Sandton na Afirka ta Kudu, Johannesburg . 

Duk da halin da ta ke ciki na saki daga Tom Thabane, kotun ta ayyana uwargidansa ta farko ta Lesotho a lokacin da Thabane ta fara tsayawa matsayin Firayim Minista, maimakon sabon matarsa ta al'ada. An bayar da wannan ne bisa ga cewa ba a ba da izinin saki da suka shigar ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lesotho first lady 'attacked' at home days before being shot dead |url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/260603/lesotho-first-lady-attacked-at-home-days-before-being-shot-dead |access-date=2017-11-21 |website=702 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SADC Wrap: Murder mystery in Lesotho while MPs suspended in Zambia {{!}} Daily Maverick |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-06-18-sadc-wrap-murder-mystery-in-lesotho-while-mps-suspended-in-zambia/#.WhQvl0qRqMo |access-date=2017-11-21 |website=www.dailymaverick.co.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun 2020, an bincika Maesiah Thabane, matar Tom Thabane ta yanzu, saboda kisan Lipolelo Thabane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McKenzie |first=David |last2=Swails |first2=Brent |date=2020-02-12 |title=Murder investigation grips tiny kingdom of Lesotho |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/12/africa/lesotho-pm-wife-murder-probe-intl/index.html |access-date=2020-02-12 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Tšepang Tšita-Mosena</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354501556|Tšepang Tšita-Mosena]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tšepang Tšita 'Matlhohonolofatso Mosena''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1977) masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne kuma ɗan siyasa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Lesotho tun daga 2022.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Tšita-Mosena a ranar 6 ga watan Janairun 1977 a [[Maseru]], [[Lesotho]], a matsayin 'yar alƙali da kuma zartarwa na wasanni Bambatha da Makhosi Jeanette Ts'ita, kuma tana da tagwaye da wasu' yan'uwa maza da mata 12.&lt;ref name=&quot;assembly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Ts’epang ‘Matlhohonolofatso Ts’ita-Mosena |url=https://nationalassembly.parliament.ls/deputy_speaker/ |access-date=22 February 2026 |website=[[National Assembly (Lesotho)|National Assembly of Lesotho]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://nationalassembly.parliament.ls/deputy_speaker/ &quot;Hon. Ts'epang 'Matlhohonolofatso Ts'ita-Mosena&quot;]. ''[[National Assembly (Lesotho)|National Assembly of Lesotho]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 February&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;menafn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 2020 |title=Shaking Lesotho's politics |url=https://menafn.com/1101325613/Shaking-Lesothos-politics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223071104/https://menafn.com/1101325613/Shaking-Lesothos-politics |archive-date=23 December 2020 |access-date=22 February 2026 |publisher=menafn.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://menafn.com/1101325613/Shaking-Lesothos-politics &quot;Shaking Lesotho's politics&quot;]. menafn.com. 22 December 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201223071104/https://menafn.com/1101325613/Shaking-Lesothos-politics Archived] from the original on 23 December 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 February&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta da kimiyyar lissafi daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho a shekarar 1998, da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Ci Gaban daga Jami'an Open na London a shekarar 2005. &lt;ref name=&quot;assembly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Ts’epang ‘Matlhohonolofatso Ts’ita-Mosena |url=https://nationalassembly.parliament.ls/deputy_speaker/ |access-date=22 February 2026 |website=[[National Assembly (Lesotho)|National Assembly of Lesotho]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Ta fara aiki a matsayin mai sa kai a 1998 a Hukumar Raya Highlands ta Lesotho kuma a 2000 ta koma Paris don aiki a [[UNESCO]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;assembly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Ts’epang ‘Matlhohonolofatso Ts’ita-Mosena |url=https://nationalassembly.parliament.ls/deputy_speaker/ |access-date=22 February 2026 |website=[[National Assembly (Lesotho)|National Assembly of Lesotho]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2002, an inganta ta zuwa kwararren ci gaban tsarin kuma ta koma Lesotho a shekara ta 2007 kuma ta kafa kungiyar kasuwanci ta BAM tare da 'yan uwanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;assembly&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;menafn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 2020 |title=Shaking Lesotho's politics |url=https://menafn.com/1101325613/Shaking-Lesothos-politics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223071104/https://menafn.com/1101325613/Shaking-Lesothos-politics |archive-date=23 December 2020 |access-date=22 February 2026 |publisher=menafn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017, Tšita-Mosena ta shiga Movement for Economic Change a matsayin sakataren sadarwa da tallace-tallace kuma an zabe ta mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar a cikin 2019, kasancewar ita kadai ce mace a matsayin shugabanci a cikin jam'iyyar siyasa a kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;assembly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Ts’epang ‘Matlhohonolofatso Ts’ita-Mosena |url=https://nationalassembly.parliament.ls/deputy_speaker/ |access-date=22 February 2026 |website=[[National Assembly (Lesotho)|National Assembly of Lesotho]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;menafn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 2020 |title=Shaking Lesotho's politics |url=https://menafn.com/1101325613/Shaking-Lesothos-politics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223071104/https://menafn.com/1101325613/Shaking-Lesothos-politics |archive-date=23 December 2020 |access-date=22 February 2026 |publisher=menafn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2020, ta ba da shawarar buƙatar sabon ƙarni na matasa a cikin siyasar Lesotho, rage matsakaicin shekarun membobin majalisa.&lt;ref name=&quot;menafn&quot; /&gt;

A babban zaben kasar Lesotho na 2017, Tšita-Mosena ta lashe kujerar Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa kuma ta jagoranci zaunannen kwamitin kasuwanci, masana'antu, kudi, da saka hannun jari na dandalin 'yan majalisar dokokin kasashen kudancin Afirka.[1][2]. Ayyukanta na majalisar sun mayar da hankali kan ci gaban kasuwanci, 'yancin mata, da kuma al'ummomin da ba su da karfi.[1]

Bayan Babban zaben 2022, an zabe ta Mataimakin Kakakin Majalisar Dokoki a ranar 25 ga Oktoba.&lt;ref name=&quot;assembly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Ts’epang ‘Matlhohonolofatso Ts’ita-Mosena |url=https://nationalassembly.parliament.ls/deputy_speaker/ |access-date=22 February 2026 |website=[[National Assembly (Lesotho)|National Assembly of Lesotho]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2022 |title=HONOURABLE SEKHAMANE ELECTED SPEAKER OF NATIONAL ASSEMBLY |url=https://www.gov.ls/parliament/honourable-sekhamane-elected-speaker-of-national-assembly/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811060619/https://www.gov.ls/parliament/honourable-sekhamane-elected-speaker-of-national-assembly/ |archive-date=11 August 2025 |access-date=22 February 2026 |website=[[Government of Lesotho]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Ta yi aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;assembly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Ts’epang ‘Matlhohonolofatso Ts’ita-Mosena |url=https://nationalassembly.parliament.ls/deputy_speaker/ |access-date=22 February 2026 |website=[[National Assembly (Lesotho)|National Assembly of Lesotho]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Anna 'Matlelima Hlalele</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1284123211|Anna 'Matlelima Hlalele]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Anna 'Matlelima Hlalele''' (1929 - 24 Maris 2024) 'yar siyasar Mosotho ce wacce ta kasance mataimakiyar ministan gwamnati, wacce aka dauka a matsayin mace ta farko a [[Lesotho]].

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haifi Hlalele a Teyateyaneng, Lesotho a cikin 1929, ga dangin ma'aikacin ma'aikata. Ta fara halartar makarantar Methodist ta Randfontein, ta kammala karatu tare da wucewa ta farko kuma ta tafi makarantar sakandare ta Basutoland, inda ta sami Babban Takardar shaidar Cape kuma ta zama mataimakiyar malami. Shirin shekaru uku a Jami'ar Bristol ya biyo baya, a ƙarshen abin da ta sami takardar shaidar ilimi. A shekara ta 1961 ta zama ƙwararren ci gaban al'umma a Ma'aikatar Karamar Hukumar, ta sauya zuwa Ma'aikatu a shekara mai zuwa kuma ta ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen abinci mai gina jiki; ta kuma fara jerin shirye-shirye na mako-mako kan tsabtar, kula da yara, da abinci mai gina baki a Rediyo Lesotho. Daga 1969 zuwa 1970 Hlalele ya kasance a [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] yana nazarin kimiyyar abinci da abinci mai gina jiki, ya koma Lesotho don jagorantar rassan abinci mai gina gina jiki da tattalin arzikin gida na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona. Ta yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a 1977 kuma ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci sashen tattalin arziki na gida a makarantar sakandare ta [[Maseru]] ta Machabeng . 

Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 1986 wanda ya kori Leabua Jonathan, Hlalele ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayi mai girma a cikin majalisar ministocin Lesotho lokacin da aka nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar minista  na jihar a Ma'aikatar Kwadago, Ci gaban Karkara, Matasa, Wasanni, da Harkokin Mata; ta bayyana Bernice Tlalane Mohapeloa da 'Masechele Khaketla a matsayin abin koyi. Ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Beijing]] a wannan matsayi a shekarar 1987.  A shekarar 1989 ta shiga hukumar Lesotho Village Opportunities Board ta zama Cibiyar Ayyukan Yara ta zama Ci Gaban; A cikin 1995 ƙungiyar ta buɗe makarantar Hermann Gmeiner a [[Lithabeneng]] . A shekara ta 2001 ta yi ritaya a matsayin kujera, kuma ta zama ta farko a kudancin Afirka da ta karbi Order of Merit na Save Our Souls Children's Villages; ta kuma sami kusan dukkanin kyaututtuka masu yiwuwa daga Gwamnatin Lesotho. Ta kafa kungiyar Maseru Women Senior Citizens Association a shekarar 1992, kuma a shekarar 2002 kungiyar ta shiga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tsuga a ci gaba da dabarun kare lafiyar tsofaffi a duk duniya. Ta kuma yi aiki don sanar da tsofaffi game da [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]] da sauran batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam.

Hlalele ya mutu ne daga matsalolin faduwa a [[Maseru]], a ranar 24 ga Maris 2024, yana da shekaru 94. 

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Retselisitsoe Matlanyane</title>
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        <id>14817</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345510114|Retselisitsoe Matlanyane]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2203" sha1="hczbwlei5xrrchkotgjg1dr59e3rvnv" xml:space="preserve">'''Adelaide Retselisitsoe Matlanyane''' ƙwararren masani ne na tattalin arziki na Lesotho wanda aka ƙayyade a cikin Macro-econometric da Tattalin Arziki. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Ministan kudi da shirin ci gaba na Lesotho tun 2022, ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama gwamnan [[Babban Bankin Lesotho]] (CBL) daga 2012 zuwa 2021. An sanya sunan Matlanyane a cikin jerin sunayen Avance Media na 100 Mafi Girma na Mata na Afirka a cikin 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gad |date=2021-11-18 |title=Adelaide Retselisitsoe Matlanyane - AERC |url=https://aercafrica.org/leadership/adelaide-retselisitsoe-matlanyane/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=aercafrica.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Tana da digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho da kuma digiri na biyu a wannan hanya daga Jami'an Botswana . Ta yi karatu don PhD a cikin tsarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki a [[Jami'ar Pretoria]], Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gad |date=2021-11-18 |title=Adelaide Retselisitsoe Matlanyane - AERC |url=https://aercafrica.org/leadership/adelaide-retselisitsoe-matlanyane/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=aercafrica.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Matlanyane ta fara aikinta a Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho inda ta koyar da tattalin arziki. Ta shiga Babban Bankin Lesotho a watan Afrilun 2006 a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna ta biyu don bincike, kasuwannin kudi da ayyukan kuma an inganta ta zuwa matsayin mataimakin gwamna na farko a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ndungidi |first=Patrick |date=2022-11-04 |title=Two pioneering women appointed to Lesotho's new government |url=https://africanshapers.com/en/two-pioneering-women-appointed-to-lesothos-new-government/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=African Shapers |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya aka nada ta mukaddashin gwamnan bankin har zuwa 2012 lokacin da aka nada ta a matsayin gwamnan CBL ta zama mace ta farko da ta rike mukamin. Ta bar bankin a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2021. A shekara ta 2022, an nada ta Ministan kudi da shirin ci gaba.

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Maesiah Thabane</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348067495|Maesiah Thabane]]&quot;</comment>
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Maesaiah''' ko '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Maesiah Thabane''' (an haife ta 16 ga Afrilu 1977) ita ce matar tsohon Firayim Minista na Lesotho Tom Thabane &lt;ref name=&quot;multitudes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Multitudes witness PM's wedding |url=http://www.gov.ls/gov_webportal/articles/2017/August/multitudes_witness_pm_wedding.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620152545/http://www.gov.ls/gov_webportal/articles/2017/August/multitudes_witness_pm_wedding.html |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=31 January 2018 |website=The Lesotho Government Portal}}&lt;/ref&gt; tun lokacin da ta auri Thabane a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2017 . &lt;ref name=&quot;multitudes&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2020, 'yan sanda sun ba da izinin kama Maesiah Thabane dangane da mutuwar Lipolelo Thabane ta 2017 da aka yi wa matar Tom Thabane.

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
An haife ta '''Liabiloe Ramoholi''' ga mutanen Basotho, ta auri Tom Thabane a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2017 a wani bikin da aka gudanar a Filin wasa na Setsoto a [[Maseru]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;multitudes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Multitudes witness PM's wedding |url=http://www.gov.ls/gov_webportal/articles/2017/August/multitudes_witness_pm_wedding.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620152545/http://www.gov.ls/gov_webportal/articles/2017/August/multitudes_witness_pm_wedding.html |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=31 January 2018 |website=The Lesotho Government Portal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta yi takarar kujerar Mokhotlong a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar All Basotho Convention (ABC) a shekarar 2022, inda ta samu kuri'u 190.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohloboli |first=’Marafaele |date=2022-10-12 |title=Bigwigs comprehensively beaten in polls |url=https://lestimes.com/bigwigs-comprehensively-beaten-in-polls/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=Lesotho Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikici ==
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018, zargin ya tashi cewa Maesiah Thabane Trust Fund Director Makarabo Mojakhomo da mijinta, jami'in Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida Thabang Mojakhomo, L=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; data-cx=&quot;{}&quot; data-mw='{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-5&quot;,&quot;html&quot;:&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=\&quot;mw:Transclusion\&quot; data-mw=\&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;name&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;attrs&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;src&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;body&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;extsrc&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Cite web&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;url&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;http://lestimes.com/thabane-fraud-suspect-granted-m5k-bail/&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;title&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Thabane fraud suspect granted M5k bail&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;16 June 2018&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;website&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Lesotho Times&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;language&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;en-US&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;access-date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2019-08-30&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwjQ\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt25\&quot; class=\&quot;citation web cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;mwjg\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;http://lestimes.com/thabane-fraud-suspect-granted-m5k-bail/\&quot; id=\&quot;mwjw\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;Thabane fraud suspect granted M5k bail\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwkA\&quot;&gt;Lesotho Times&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. 16 June 2018&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;reference-accessdate\&quot; id=\&quot;mwkQ\&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=\&quot;nowrap\&quot; id=\&quot;mwkg\&quot;&gt;2019-08-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}' id=&quot;cite_ref-5&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[1] sun yaudari kungiyar da uwargidan shugaban kasa ta kafa har zuwa L. A ranar 21 ga watan Mayu, bayan da Makarabo ta ɓace daga hannun 'yan sanda, [[Amnesty International]] ta wallafa roƙo don &quot;mataki na gaggawa&quot;, inda ta ruwaito, &quot;Iyalin Makarabo suna tsoron cewa an tilasta mata bacewar saboda tarihin irin waɗannan shari'o'in a kasar da suka shafi jami'an tsaro&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Urgent Action: Trust Fund Boss Goes Missing From Police Custody (Lesotho: UA 113.18) |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/urgent-actions/urgent-action-trust-fund-boss-goes-missing-from-police-custody-lesotho-ua-113-18/ |access-date=2019-08-30 |website=Amnesty International USA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan sake bayyanawar Mojakhomo a Afirka ta Kudu a watan Mayu 2019, ta ba da rahoton tsoron cewa uwargidan shugaban kasa tana da &quot;ikon sarrafa 'yan sanda da shari'a don haka ba za ta sami shari'a ta kyauta da adalci ba tare da ita a cikin iko&quot;.[she]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lescij |first=Lescij |title=Heartbroken Mojakhomo speaks from exile |url=https://lescij.org/2019/06/06/heartbroken-mojakhomo-speaks-from-exile/ |access-date=2019-08-30 |website=MNNCIJ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Motlohi Maliehe, ministan yawon bude ido, muhalli da al'adu kuma shugaban jam'iyyar All Basotho Convention (ABC) ya zargi Thabane da cin hanci da rashawa a watan Satumbar 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prime minister apologises for disunity in the ruling party |url=http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=246751008&amp;Country=Lesotho&amp;topic=Politics&amp;subtopic=F_1 |access-date=2019-08-30 |website=country.eiu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kori Maliehe daga mukamin minista bayan ya yi iƙirarin cewa Thabane tana &quot;karfafa gwamnati ta hanyar neman sarrafa ministoci da yadda suke gudanar da ayyukansu&quot; da kuma &quot;ta sa a cire ministocin da suka ki bin bukatunta&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;tantrum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=The reasons behind Maesaiah's tantrums |url=https://publiceyenews.com/the-reasons-behind-maesaiahs-tantrums/ |access-date=2021-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irin waɗannan ayyukan suna da gudummawa ga fashewar ABC, wanda &quot;ya rufe da&quot; irin wannan &quot;halayyar rikici&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fractures weaken Lesotho’s ruling party |url=https://amabhungane.org/stories/fractures-weaken-lesothos-ruling-party/ |access-date=2019-08-30 |website=amaBhungane |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da zargin Maliehe, Thabane ya ba da misali da bacin rai game da &quot;cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati&quot;, wanda &quot;wani lokaci ya tilasta mata daukar al'amura a hannunta don tabbatar da cewa Basotho ta samu ayyukan da suke bukata&quot;.[1] Ta ce ta damu matuka game da rashin maganin masu fama da cutar daji, da kuma cutar kanjamau. A watan Yulin 2019, ta karbi bakuncin taron Stop Cervical, Breast da Prostate Cancers in Africa Conference (SCCA) karo na 12, wanda ya samu halartar wasu matan shugabannin Afirka.[2]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bernice Tlalane Mohapeloa</title>
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'''Bernice Tlalane Mohapeloa''' BEM (1899-1997) malamar [[Lesotho]] ce kuma mai fafutuka.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haife ta '''Nee Morolong''' a Mafeteng, ta sami karatun firamare a can, ta wuce jarrabawar ta shida a 1913. A shekara ta gaba ta fara horar da malamai a [[Thabana Morena Girls' School|Makarantar 'yan mata ta Thabana Morena]], ta kammala karatun a 1915, kuma a wannan shekarar ta tafi [[Afirka ta Kudu]] don halartar [[Lovedale High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Lovedale]]. Da ta sami ƙaramin takardar shaidarta a 1918, ta tafi [[Jami'ar Fort Hare|Kwalejin Jami'ar Fort Hare]] a 1919, ta sami difloma ta malaminta a 1922. 

== Ayyuka ==
Ta koyar a Makarantar Tiger Kloof sannan kuma a Makarantar Masana'antu ta Indana don 'yan mata a Natal . Lokacin da aka nada ta shugabar makarantar Mafeteng Intermediate School a 1929, ta zama mace ta farko ta Basotho da ta rike wannan mukamin. Ta gabatar da Girl Guiding zuwa makaranta.

A cikin 1942, Mohapeloa ya koma Basutoland. A shekara ta 1943, ta fara koyarwa a [[Basutoland High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Basutoland]] .  Daga 1944 har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1955, ta koyar a makarantar masana'antar 'yan mata ta St Catherine.

A shekara ta 1944, Mohapeloa ta kafa kungiyar Basutoland Homemakers' Association, wanda aka tsara a kan irin waɗannan kungiyoyi, kamar su Home Improvement Club a Kwalejin Jami'ar Fort Hare, wanda ta shiga a shekara ta 1931. Ta kasance shugabar kungiyar daga 1945 zuwa 1983. A cikin shekarun 1950, akwai kusan mambobi 3000 a cikin kungiyoyi sama da 100 a cikin Kungiyar kuma akwai mambobi sama da 13,000 da kungiyoyi 200 bayan samun 'yancin kai.

A shekara ta 1951, Mohapeloa ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara da kuma uwargidan jira ga Babban Jami'in [[‘Mantšebo Seeiso|'Mantšebo Seeiso]] a kan tafiya zuwa Ingila. A shekara ta 1974, Mohapeloa ta zama mace ta farko a majalisar dokoki a Lesotho . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Daraja ==
Ta sami lambar yabo ta Daular Burtaniya a cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar shekara ta 1946, &lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette|date=4 June 1946|title=}}&lt;/ref&gt; a wannan shekarar ta zama mace ta farko ta Afirka da ta karbi Dorothy Cadbury Fellowship.  Ta sami Order of Ramatseatsana daga gwamnatin Lesotho da kuma digirin digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Lesotho a shekarar 1991.

Mohapeloa na ɗaya daga cikin mata masu tasiri a tarihin zamani na Lesotho; daga cikin waɗanda suka ƙidaya ta a matsayin abin koyi shine 'Matlelima Hlalele . 

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
A shekara ta 1930 ta auri [[Joel Thabiso Mohapeloa]] . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]]</text>
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    <title>Black River (Cape Town)</title>
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'''Kogin Baƙi''' '''(Swartrivier'')''''' kogi ne a [[Cape Town]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Salt tare da Kogin Liesbeeck da Kogin Elsieskral.  Yana tashi a Arderne Gardens kuma yana gudana a ƙarƙashin ƙasa da farko a ƙarƙashin Babban Titin da layin jirgin ƙasa, kafin ya ci gaba a matsayin magudanar ruwa ta Claremont da Rondebosch, sannan ba a haɗa shi ta hanyar Mowbray, Observatory da Maitland ba, sannan ya shiga Kogin Salt. [[Ruwan ruwa|Magudanar]] ruwa tana cikin Yankin Gudanarwa na Tsakiya na Birnin Cape Town kuma birnin ya zama magudanar ruwa ta kashi 58% na kogin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082854/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater%28resized%29.pdf Rahoton Jihar Ribas: Babban Kogin Cape Town na 2005]</text>
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'''Kogin Baƙi''' '''(Swartrivier'')''''' kogi ne a [[Cape Town]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Salt tare da Kogin Liesbeeck da Kogin Elsieskral.  Yana tashi a Arderne Gardens kuma yana gudana a ƙarƙashin ƙasa da farko a ƙarƙashin Babban Titin da layin jirgin ƙasa, kafin ya ci gaba a matsayin magudanar ruwa ta Claremont da Rondebosch, sannan ba a haɗa shi ta hanyar Mowbray, Observatory da Maitland ba, sannan ya shiga Kogin Salt. [[Ruwan ruwa|Magudanar]] ruwa tana cikin Yankin Gudanarwa na Tsakiya na Birnin Cape Town kuma birnin ya zama magudanar ruwa ta kashi 58% na kogin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082854/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater%28resized%29.pdf Rahoton Jihar Ribas: Babban Kogin Cape Town na 2005]</text>
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'''Kogin Baƙi''' '''(Swartrivier'')''''' kogi ne a [[Cape Town]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Salt tare da Kogin Liesbeeck da Kogin Elsieskral.&lt;ref name=Rivers&gt;[http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater(resized).pdf State of Rivers Report: Greater Cape Town Rivers 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082854/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater%28resized%29.pdf |date=2015-04-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yana tashi a Arderne Gardens kuma yana gudana a ƙarƙashin ƙasa da farko a ƙarƙashin Babban Titin da layin jirgin ƙasa, kafin ya ci gaba a matsayin magudanar ruwa ta Claremont da Rondebosch, sannan ba a haɗa shi ta hanyar Mowbray, Observatory da Maitland ba, sannan ya shiga Kogin Salt.&lt;ref name=Rivers&gt;[http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater(resized).pdf State of Rivers Report: Greater Cape Town Rivers 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082854/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater%28resized%29.pdf |date=2015-04-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ruwan ruwa|Magudanar]] ruwa tana cikin Yankin Gudanarwa na Tsakiya na Birnin Cape Town kuma birnin ya zama magudanar ruwa ta kashi 58% na kogin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082854/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater%28resized%29.pdf Rahoton Jihar Ribas: Babban Kogin Cape Town na 2005]</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Baƙi''' '''(Swartrivier'')''''' kogi ne a [[Cape Town]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Salt tare da Kogin Liesbeeck da Kogin Elsieskral.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers&quot;&gt;[http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater(resized).pdf State of Rivers Report: Greater Cape Town Rivers 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082854/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater%28resized%29.pdf |date=2015-04-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yana tashi a Arderne Gardens kuma yana gudana a ƙarƙashin ƙasa da farko a ƙarƙashin Babban Titin da layin jirgin ƙasa, kafin ya ci gaba a matsayin magudanar ruwa ta Claremont da Rondebosch, sannan ba a haɗa shi ta hanyar Mowbray, Observatory da Maitland ba, sannan ya shiga Kogin Salt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers&quot;&gt;[http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater(resized).pdf State of Rivers Report: Greater Cape Town Rivers 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082854/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater%28resized%29.pdf |date=2015-04-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ruwan ruwa|Magudanar]] ruwa tana cikin Yankin Gudanarwa na Tsakiya na Birnin Cape Town kuma birnin ya zama magudanar ruwa ta kashi 58% na kogin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082854/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater%28resized%29.pdf Rahoton Jihar Ribas: Babban Kogin Cape Town na 2005]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Eerste</title>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354197566|Eerste River]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Eerste_River_from_De_Oewer.JPG|thumb|Kogin Eerste a Stellenbosch bayan ruwan sama mai yawa]]
[[Fayil:Rivers_of_Cape_Region_RSA_OSM.png|thumb|Kogin yankin Cape tare da Kogin Eerste (tsakiyar hagu)]]
'''Kogin Eerste''', wanda ke cikin Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], yana kan Dwarsberg 60&amp;nbsp;kilomita gabas da [[Cape Town]] a kan kwarin Jonkershoek. Magudanar ruwan kogin Eerste ta mamaye gabashin Cape Flats da ke yammacin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da kuma kudu da Tygerberg inda kogin Kuils ke tashi a gabashin [[Kanonkop]]. Kogin Eerste gajere ne; tsawonsa an ba shi 40&amp;nbsp;km. Babban kogin, Kogin Kuils, yana da kimanin 30&amp;nbsp;tsawon kilomita har zuwa inda yake haɗuwa da Kogin Eerste. 

A wani muhimmin ɓangare na hanyarsa, kogin yana ratsawa ta cikin birnin Cape Town. 

An sami wani yanki na yankin [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|da ke fuskantar barazanar]] ambaliyar ruwa a Kogin Berg Redfin (''Pseudobarbus burgi'') a cikin Kogin Eerste, amma yana iya ɓacewa a cikin wannan tsarin kogin.

== Magudanar ruwa ==
Daga &quot;Koguna da Dausayin Garin Cape Town&quot;, an yi odar sa daga tushe zuwa teku: 

* Kogin Jonkershoek
* Kogin Plankenbrug (R)
** Kogin Klipies (H)
** Kogin Kromme (H)
* Kogin Veldwachters (R)
* Kogin Sanddrif (R)
* Kogin Blouklip (H)
* Kogin Bonte (H)
* Kogin Kuils (R)
** Kogin Kwalta (H)
** Magudanar ruwa ta Kleinvlei (H)
* Magudanar ruwa ta Moddergat (H)

== Gadoji ==

* Gadar Babbar Hanya ta N2. 
* A Kramat na Sheikh Yusufu a Macassar. 

== Estrial da baki ==
Kogin yana a 34°04.873′S 18°45.887′E / 34.081217°S 18.764783°E / -34.081217; 18.764 783, a [[Macassar, Western Cape|Macassar]], a arewacin False Bay.

Kogin yana gefen gabashin wani babban dutsen calcrete, kuma yana cikin iyakar Yankin Kare Ruwa na Helderberg. A yanayinsa na halitta, kogin ya kasance ƙaramin tsarin buɗewa na ɗan lokaci tare da ƙarancin kwararar ruwa. Yanayin bakin yana gudana ne ta hanyar kwararar kogi, kuma a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi, kutsewar ruwan teku zai kiyaye yanayin muhalli na estuarine. Lokacin da bakin ya rufe, kogin zai koma ta wuce Kramat zuwa gonar Zandvliet. 

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
Black River (Cape Town)Eerste RiverBlack River (Cape Town)Eerste RiverBlack River (Cape Town)</text>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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[[Fayil:Eerste_River_from_De_Oewer.JPG|thumb|Kogin Eerste a Stellenbosch bayan ruwan sama mai yawa]]
[[Fayil:Rivers_of_Cape_Region_RSA_OSM.png|thumb|Kogin yankin Cape tare da Kogin Eerste (tsakiyar hagu)]]
'''Kogin Eerste''', wanda ke cikin Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], yana kan Dwarsberg 60&amp;nbsp;kilomita gabas da [[Cape Town]] a kan kwarin Jonkershoek. Magudanar ruwan kogin Eerste ta mamaye gabashin Cape Flats da ke yammacin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da kuma kudu da Tygerberg inda kogin Kuils ke tashi a gabashin [[Kanonkop]]. Kogin Eerste gajere ne; tsawonsa an ba shi 40&amp;nbsp;km. Babban kogin, Kogin Kuils, yana da kimanin 30&amp;nbsp;tsawon kilomita har zuwa inda yake haɗuwa da Kogin Eerste. 

A wani muhimmin ɓangare na hanyarsa, kogin yana ratsawa ta cikin birnin Cape Town. 

An sami wani yanki na yankin [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|da ke fuskantar barazanar]] ambaliyar ruwa a Kogin Berg Redfin (''Pseudobarbus burgi'') a cikin Kogin Eerste, amma yana iya ɓacewa a cikin wannan tsarin kogin.

== Magudanar ruwa ==
Daga &quot;Koguna da Dausayin Garin Cape Town&quot;, an yi odar sa daga tushe zuwa teku: 

* Kogin Jonkershoek
* Kogin Plankenbrug (R)
** Kogin Klipies (H)
** Kogin Kromme (H)
* Kogin Veldwachters (R)
* Kogin Sanddrif (R)
* Kogin Blouklip (H)
* Kogin Bonte (H)
* Kogin Kuils (R)
** Kogin Kwalta (H)
** Magudanar ruwa ta Kleinvlei (H)
* Magudanar ruwa ta Moddergat (H)

== Gadoji ==

* Gadar Babbar Hanya ta N2. 
* A Kramat na Sheikh Yusufu a Macassar. 

== Estrial da baki ==
Kogin yana a 34°04.873′S 18°45.887′E / 34.081217°S 18.764783°E / -34.081217; 18.764 783, a [[Macassar, Western Cape|Macassar]], a arewacin False Bay.

Kogin yana gefen gabashin wani babban dutsen calcrete, kuma yana cikin iyakar Yankin Kare Ruwa na Helderberg. A yanayinsa na halitta, kogin ya kasance ƙaramin tsarin buɗewa na ɗan lokaci tare da ƙarancin kwararar ruwa. Yanayin bakin yana gudana ne ta hanyar kwararar kogi, kuma a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi, kutsewar ruwan teku zai kiyaye yanayin muhalli na estuarine. Lokacin da bakin ya rufe, kogin zai koma ta wuce Kramat zuwa gonar Zandvliet. 

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <id>843459</id>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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[[Fayil:Eerste_River_from_De_Oewer.JPG|thumb|Kogin Eerste a Stellenbosch bayan ruwan sama mai yawa]]
[[Fayil:Rivers_of_Cape_Region_RSA_OSM.png|thumb|Kogin yankin Cape tare da Kogin Eerste (tsakiyar hagu)]]
'''Kogin Eerste''', wanda ke cikin Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], yana kan Dwarsberg 60&amp;nbsp;kilomita gabas da [[Cape Town]] a kan kwarin Jonkershoek. Magudanar ruwan kogin Eerste ta mamaye gabashin Cape Flats da ke yammacin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da kuma kudu da Tygerberg inda kogin Kuils ke tashi a gabashin [[Kanonkop]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Eerste gajere ne; tsawonsa an ba shi 40&amp;nbsp;km. Babban kogin, Kogin Kuils, yana da kimanin 30&amp;nbsp;tsawon kilomita har zuwa inda yake haɗuwa da Kogin Eerste.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A wani muhimmin ɓangare na hanyarsa, kogin yana ratsawa ta cikin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

An sami wani yanki na yankin [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|da ke fuskantar barazanar]] ambaliyar ruwa a Kogin Berg Redfin (''Pseudobarbus burgi'') a cikin Kogin Eerste, amma yana iya ɓacewa a cikin wannan tsarin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magudanar ruwa ==
Daga &quot;Koguna da Dausayin Garin Cape Town&quot;, an yi odar sa daga tushe zuwa teku: 

* Kogin Jonkershoek
* Kogin Plankenbrug (R)&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Kogin Klipies (H)
** Kogin Kromme (H)
* Kogin Veldwachters (R)&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kogin Sanddrif (R)
* Kogin Blouklip (H)
* Kogin Bonte (H)
* Kogin Kuils (R)
** Kogin Kwalta (H)
** Magudanar ruwa ta Kleinvlei (H)
* Magudanar ruwa ta Moddergat (H)

== Gadoji ==

* Gadar Babbar Hanya ta N2. 
* A Kramat na Sheikh Yusufu a Macassar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Estrial da baki ==
Kogin yana a 34°04.873′S 18°45.887′E / 34.081217°S 18.764783°E / -34.081217; 18.764 783, a [[Macassar, Western Cape|Macassar]], a arewacin False Bay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin yana gefen gabashin wani babban dutsen calcrete, kuma yana cikin iyakar Yankin Kare Ruwa na Helderberg. A yanayinsa na halitta, kogin ya kasance ƙaramin tsarin buɗewa na ɗan lokaci tare da ƙarancin kwararar ruwa. Yanayin bakin yana gudana ne ta hanyar kwararar kogi, kuma a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi, kutsewar ruwan teku zai kiyaye yanayin muhalli na estuarine. Lokacin da bakin ya rufe, kogin zai koma ta wuce Kramat zuwa gonar Zandvliet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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      <text bytes="12992" sha1="amflb12m0b06ssrhzy0s3scq2rbx9a5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Eerste_River_from_De_Oewer.JPG|thumb|Kogin Eerste a Stellenbosch bayan ruwan sama mai yawa]]
[[Fayil:Rivers_of_Cape_Region_RSA_OSM.png|thumb|Kogin yankin Cape tare da Kogin Eerste (tsakiyar hagu)]]
'''Kogin Eerste''', wanda ke cikin Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], yana kan Dwarsberg 60&amp;nbsp;kilomita gabas da [[Cape Town]] a kan kwarin Jonkershoek. Magudanar ruwan kogin Eerste ta mamaye gabashin Cape Flats da ke yammacin tsaunukan Hottentots Holland da kuma kudu da Tygerberg inda kogin Kuils ke tashi a gabashin [[Kanonkop]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Eerste gajere ne; tsawonsa an ba shi 40&amp;nbsp;km. Babban kogin, Kogin Kuils, yana da kimanin 30&amp;nbsp;tsawon kilomita har zuwa inda yake haɗuwa da Kogin Eerste.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A wani muhimmin ɓangare na hanyarsa, kogin yana ratsawa ta cikin birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

An sami wani yanki na yankin [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|da ke fuskantar barazanar]] ambaliyar ruwa a Kogin Berg Redfin (''Pseudobarbus burgi'') a cikin Kogin Eerste, amma yana iya ɓacewa a cikin wannan tsarin kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magudanar ruwa ==
Daga &quot;Koguna da Dausayin Garin Cape Town&quot;, an yi odar sa daga tushe zuwa teku: 

* Kogin Jonkershoek
* Kogin Plankenbrug (R)&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Kogin Klipies (H)
** Kogin Kromme (H)
* Kogin Veldwachters (R)&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kogin Sanddrif (R)
* Kogin Blouklip (H)
* Kogin Bonte (H)
* Kogin Kuils (R)
** Kogin Kwalta (H)
** Magudanar ruwa ta Kleinvlei (H)
* Magudanar ruwa ta Moddergat (H)

== Gadoji ==

* Gadar Babbar Hanya ta N2. 
* A Kramat na Sheikh Yusufu a Macassar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Estrial da baki ==
Kogin yana a 34°04.873′S 18°45.887′E / 34.081217°S 18.764783°E / -34.081217; 18.764 783, a [[Macassar, Western Cape|Macassar]], a arewacin False Bay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin yana gefen gabashin wani babban dutsen calcrete, kuma yana cikin iyakar Yankin Kare Ruwa na Helderberg. A yanayinsa na halitta, kogin ya kasance ƙaramin tsarin buɗewa na ɗan lokaci tare da ƙarancin kwararar ruwa. Yanayin bakin yana gudana ne ta hanyar kwararar kogi, kuma a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi, kutsewar ruwan teku zai kiyaye yanayin muhalli na estuarine. Lokacin da bakin ya rufe, kogin zai koma ta wuce Kramat zuwa gonar Zandvliet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown and Magoba 2009 part 2&quot; &gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%202.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 2) |pages=179–380 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>amflb12m0b06ssrhzy0s3scq2rbx9a5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kalmomin kiwon lafiya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153489</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843462</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T15:01:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351806195|Medical terminology]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843462</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6393" sha1="e305vwdrpwskjcpjyybyrvcepshwffm" xml:space="preserve">
'''Kalmomin kiwon lafiya''' yare ne da ake amfani da shi don bayyana abubuwan da aka haɗa, matakai, Yanayi, hanyoyin kiwon lafiya da jiyya na jikin mutum. 

A cikin harshen Ingilishi, kalmomin kiwon lafiya gabaɗaya suna da Yanayin yau da kullun; ana amfani da prefixes iri ɗaya don ƙara ma'anoni ga Tushen daban-daban. Tushen kalma sau da yawa yana nufin [[Gaɓa (jiki)|kwayar halitta]], nama, ko yanayi, kuma Tushen kiwon lafiya da affixes galibi ana samo su ne daga Tsohon Girkanci ko [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] (musamman Neo-Latin). Yawancin kalmomin kiwon lafiya misalai ne na mahadi na neoclassical. A tarihi, duk [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] Turai sun yi amfani da Latin a matsayin harshen da ya fi dacewa na koyarwa da bincike, kamar yadda Neo-Latin shine harshen kimiyya, magani, da ilimi a Turai a farkon zamani.

Kalmomin kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da babban ɓangare na ƙamus na jikin mutum, wanda ya haɗa da ka'idodin jikin mutum na wuri, motsi, tsoka, ƙashi, da histology. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da harshe daga [[Biology|ilmin halitta]], [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]], kimiyyar lissafi, da ilimin lissafi, kazalika da ƙamus na musamman ga fagen magani, kamar taƙaitaccen likita. Kowane reshe na magani yana da nasa maganganun asibiti da kimiyya. Ƙamus na kiwon lafiya ƙamus ne na musamman don ƙamus na kiɗa kuma ana iya tsara su a cikin haruffa ko bisa ga tsarin rarraba kiwon lafiya kamar Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine, International Classification of Diseases, ko Unified Medical Language System. 

Misalan ƙamus na kiwon lafiya na zamani sun haɗa da ''Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing &amp;amp;amp; Health Professions'', ''Stedman's'', ''Taber's'', ''Na Dorland.''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s.

== Ilimin Harshe ==
A cikin harshen Turanci, kalmomin likitanci gabaɗaya suna da tsarin halitta na yau da kullun, galibi suna zama kalmomi masu haɗaka waɗanda suka ƙunshi nau'ikan siffofi guda uku: [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] tushen, prefixes, da kari.[1][2] Asalin kalmomin likitanci galibi ya samo asali ne daga Latin (musamman Neo-Latin)[3][4] da Girkanci na Ancient,[5] tare da irin waɗannan kalmomin likitanci misalai neoclassical mahadi. Kowane harshe na iya samar da siffofi masu dacewa don kalmomin likita. Misali, akwai manyan tushe guda biyu na kalmomin likitanci da suka shafi kodan - ɗaya daga Girkanci (νεφρός nephr(os)) da ɗaya daga Latin (ren(es)). [ana buƙatar hujja]

Abubuwan ƙamus na ƙamus na kiwon lafiya, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙamus ɗin kimiyya na duniya (ISV), suna da ma'ana (wato, ana amfani da su a cikin harsuna da yawa).  Amfani da ISV ya kasance mai motsawa a ci gaban harshen da aka gina da ake kira Interlingua .  Daga shekarun 1950 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1970, an buga wasu mujallu na kiwon lafiya, ko kuma an yi amfani da su, Interlingua.   {{Sfn|Gopsill|Sexton|2006}}{{Sfn|Breinstrup|Stenström|Olsson|2007}}{{Sfn|Breinstrup|2006}}{{Sfn|Gopsill|1990}}

=== Yanayin Yanayi ===
Tushen kiwon lafiya da affixes galibi ana samo su ne daga Girkanci ko [[Harshen Latin|Latin]].


=== Wurin da motsi ===
Ana amfani da daidaitattun kalmomin a cikin jikin mutum don bayyana dangi da cikakkiyar wuri da motsi na sassan jikin mutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;libre3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 July 2018 |title=1.4A: Anatomical Position |url=https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/1%3A_Introduction_to_Anatomy_and_Physiology/1.4%3A_Mapping_the_Body/1.4A%3A_Anatomical_Position |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Medicine LibreTexts |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayi na daidaitattun jikin mutum shine daidaitawar da ake amfani da kalmomin jikin mutum na wuri da motsi dangane da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;libre3&quot; /&gt; A cikin mutane, wannan yana nufin jiki a tsaye tare da hannaye a gefe da dabino da ke fuskantar gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;libre3&quot; /&gt; Sauran matsayi da aka ambata a cikin magani sun haɗa da mai laushi (kwantar da hankali) da kuma mai laushi. 

==== Jiragen sama da axes ====
[[Fayil:Planes_of_Body.jpg|right|thumb|Jiragen jiki guda uku na jiki: sagittal, transverse (ko kwance), jiragen gaba]]
Dangane da daidaitattun matsayi na jikin mutum, ana amfani da jirage uku na jikin mutum a cikin magani:

* Para[[wiktionary:sagitta|Sagitta]] (Girkanci πᾰρᾰ́ (pará), kusa) ko paramedian ko sagittal planes (Latin sagitta, kibiya), wanda ya haɗa da tsakiyar ko tsakiyar Jiragen sama kuma ya raba jiki zuwa hagu da dama (bisa ga batun kuma ba mai kallo ba).
* Jirgin saman gaba ko na corona (Latin corona, [[wiktionary:corona|kambin]]), wanda ke raba jiki zuwa gaba da baya.
* Jirgin axial ko a kwance ko a fadin (Latin [[wiktionary:trans|trans]], a fadin; vetere, don juyawa), wanda yake tsaye ga sauran jirage biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray20162&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 October 2022 |title=Introduction |url=https://www.bartleby.com/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/introduction-53/ |access-date=1 March 2025 |website=Collection at Bartleby.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jirgin saman transpyloric, jirgin sama na subcostal, da Jirgin sama na transumbilical ana kuma la'akari da su a cikin rarraba jikin mutum a cikin quadrants da yankuna na ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;medscape2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 February 2025 |title=Regions and Planes of the Abdomen: Overview, Abdominal Skin, Superficial Fascia |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1923166-overview?form=fpf |access-date=10 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan matakai uku na mutum sune matakai na hagu-dama (ko a kwance ko na gaba), craniocaudal (ko rostrocaudal, longitudinal, ko cephalocaudal), da kuma matakai na anteroposterior (ko dorsoventral ko sagittal).{{Efn|Latin: [[wikt:cauda]] meaning 'tail'}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Abas2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abas R, Masrudin SS, Harun AM, Omar NS |date=December 2022 |title=Gastrulation and Body Axes Formation: A Molecular Concept and Its Clinical Correlates |url= |journal=Malays J Med Sci |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.21315/mjms2022.29.6.2 |pmc=9910376 |pmid=36818899}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amigo2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=AmiGO 2: Term Details for &quot;dorsal/ventral axis specification&quot; (GO:0009950) |url=https://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009950 |access-date=1 March 2025 |website=amigo.geneontology.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|Latin: [[wikt:dorsum]] meaning 'back', [[wikt:venter]] meaning 'belly'}} Sauran Layin jikin mutum sun haɗa da layin axillary, Layin parasternal, da Layin scapular.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Kalmomin kiwon lafiya''' yare ne da ake amfani da shi don bayyana abubuwan da aka haɗa, matakai, Yanayi, hanyoyin kiwon lafiya da jiyya na jikin mutum. 

A cikin harshen Ingilishi, kalmomin kiwon lafiya gabaɗaya suna da Yanayin yau da kullun; ana amfani da prefixes iri ɗaya don ƙara ma'anoni ga Tushen daban-daban. Tushen kalma sau da yawa yana nufin [[Gaɓa (jiki)|kwayar halitta]], nama, ko yanayi, kuma Tushen kiwon lafiya da affixes galibi ana samo su ne daga Tsohon Girkanci ko [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] (musamman Neo-Latin). Yawancin kalmomin kiwon lafiya misalai ne na mahadi na neoclassical. A tarihi, duk [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] Turai sun yi amfani da Latin a matsayin harshen da ya fi dacewa na koyarwa da bincike, kamar yadda Neo-Latin shine harshen kimiyya, magani, da ilimi a Turai a farkon zamani.

Kalmomin kiwon lafiya sun haɗa da babban ɓangare na ƙamus na jikin mutum, wanda ya haɗa da ka'idodin jikin mutum na wuri, motsi, tsoka, ƙashi, da histology. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da harshe daga [[Biology|ilmin halitta]], [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]], kimiyyar lissafi, da ilimin lissafi, kazalika da ƙamus na musamman ga fagen magani, kamar taƙaitaccen likita. Kowane reshe na magani yana da nasa maganganun asibiti da kimiyya. Ƙamus na kiwon lafiya ƙamus ne na musamman don ƙamus na kiɗa kuma ana iya tsara su a cikin haruffa ko bisa ga tsarin rarraba kiwon lafiya kamar Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine, International Classification of Diseases, ko Unified Medical Language System. 

Misalan ƙamus na kiwon lafiya na zamani sun haɗa da ''Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing &amp;amp;amp; Health Professions'', ''Stedman's'', ''Taber's'', ''Na Dorland.''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s.

== Ilimin Harshe ==
A cikin harshen Turanci, kalmomin likitanci gabaɗaya suna da tsarin halitta na yau da kullun, galibi suna zama kalmomi masu haɗaka waɗanda suka ƙunshi nau'ikan siffofi guda uku: [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] tushen, prefixes, da kari.[1][2] Asalin kalmomin likitanci galibi ya samo asali ne daga Latin (musamman Neo-Latin)[3][4] da Girkanci na Ancient,[5] tare da irin waɗannan kalmomin likitanci misalai neoclassical mahadi. Kowane harshe na iya samar da siffofi masu dacewa don kalmomin likita. Misali, akwai manyan tushe guda biyu na kalmomin likitanci da suka shafi kodan - ɗaya daga Girkanci (νεφρός nephr(os)) da ɗaya daga Latin (ren(es)). [ana buƙatar hujja]

Abubuwan ƙamus na ƙamus na kiwon lafiya, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙamus ɗin kimiyya na duniya (ISV), suna da ma'ana (wato, ana amfani da su a cikin harsuna da yawa).  Amfani da ISV ya kasance mai motsawa a ci gaban harshen da aka gina da ake kira Interlingua .  Daga shekarun 1950 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1970, an buga wasu mujallu na kiwon lafiya, ko kuma an yi amfani da su, Interlingua.   {{Sfn|Gopsill|Sexton|2006}}{{Sfn|Breinstrup|Stenström|Olsson|2007}}{{Sfn|Breinstrup|2006}}{{Sfn|Gopsill|1990}}

=== Yanayin Yanayi ===
Tushen kiwon lafiya da affixes galibi ana samo su ne daga Girkanci ko [[Harshen Latin|Latin]].


=== Wurin da motsi ===
Ana amfani da daidaitattun kalmomin a cikin jikin mutum don bayyana dangi da cikakkiyar wuri da motsi na sassan jikin mutum.&lt;ref name=&quot;libre3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 July 2018 |title=1.4A: Anatomical Position |url=https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Anatomy_and_Physiology_(Boundless)/1%3A_Introduction_to_Anatomy_and_Physiology/1.4%3A_Mapping_the_Body/1.4A%3A_Anatomical_Position |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Medicine LibreTexts |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayi na daidaitattun jikin mutum shine daidaitawar da ake amfani da kalmomin jikin mutum na wuri da motsi dangane da su.&lt;ref name=&quot;libre3&quot; /&gt; A cikin mutane, wannan yana nufin jiki a tsaye tare da hannaye a gefe da dabino da ke fuskantar gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;libre3&quot; /&gt; Sauran matsayi da aka ambata a cikin magani sun haɗa da mai laushi (kwantar da hankali) da kuma mai laushi. 

==== Jiragen sama da axes ====
[[Fayil:Planes_of_Body.jpg|right|thumb|Jiragen jiki guda uku na jiki: sagittal, transverse (ko kwance), jiragen gaba]]
Dangane da daidaitattun matsayi na jikin mutum, ana amfani da jirage uku na jikin mutum a cikin magani:

* Para[[wiktionary:sagitta|Sagitta]] (Girkanci πᾰρᾰ́ (pará), kusa) ko paramedian ko sagittal planes (Latin sagitta, kibiya), wanda ya haɗa da tsakiyar ko tsakiyar Jiragen sama kuma ya raba jiki zuwa hagu da dama (bisa ga batun kuma ba mai kallo ba).
* Jirgin saman gaba ko na corona (Latin corona, [[wiktionary:corona|kambin]]), wanda ke raba jiki zuwa gaba da baya.
* Jirgin axial ko a kwance ko a fadin (Latin [[wiktionary:trans|trans]], a fadin; vetere, don juyawa), wanda yake tsaye ga sauran jirage biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray20162&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 October 2022 |title=Introduction |url=https://www.bartleby.com/lit-hub/anatomy-of-the-human-body/introduction-53/ |access-date=1 March 2025 |website=Collection at Bartleby.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jirgin saman transpyloric, jirgin sama na subcostal, da Jirgin sama na transumbilical ana kuma la'akari da su a cikin rarraba jikin mutum a cikin quadrants da yankuna na ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;medscape2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 February 2025 |title=Regions and Planes of the Abdomen: Overview, Abdominal Skin, Superficial Fascia |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1923166-overview?form=fpf |access-date=10 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan matakai uku na mutum sune matakai na hagu-dama (ko a kwance ko na gaba), craniocaudal (ko rostrocaudal, longitudinal, ko cephalocaudal), da kuma matakai na anteroposterior (ko dorsoventral ko sagittal).{{Efn|Latin: [[wikt:cauda]] meaning 'tail'}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Abas2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abas R, Masrudin SS, Harun AM, Omar NS |date=December 2022 |title=Gastrulation and Body Axes Formation: A Molecular Concept and Its Clinical Correlates |url= |journal=Malays J Med Sci |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=6–14 |doi=10.21315/mjms2022.29.6.2 |pmc=9910376 |pmid=36818899}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amigo2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=AmiGO 2: Term Details for &quot;dorsal/ventral axis specification&quot; (GO:0009950) |url=https://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009950 |access-date=1 March 2025 |website=amigo.geneontology.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|Latin: [[wikt:dorsum]] meaning 'back', [[wikt:venter]] meaning 'belly'}} Sauran Layin jikin mutum sun haɗa da layin axillary, Layin parasternal, da Layin scapular.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]
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    <title>Ƙarƙashin ƙuƙwalwa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330271546|Abrasion collar]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="9795" sha1="biy7d77pkz5nn5ldu1tudmg1lwhk1gf" xml:space="preserve">Wani ƙuƙwalwar abrasion, wanda aka fi sani da '''zoben abrasion''' ko '''Abrasion rim''', ƙuƙwalwa ce ta shimfiɗa, [[fata]] mai laushi nan da nan ke kewaye da raunukan makamai, kamar raunukan [[bindiga]]. An fi danganta shi da raunukan shigarwa kuma lahani ne na inji saboda shigar da makami ta fata. Ya samo asali ne daga shimfiɗa na wucin gadi na fata da ke kewaye da maɓallin shiga. Kamar duk abrasions na fata, ƙuƙwalwar abrasion tana bushewa saboda cirewa daga yadudduka na waje na fata da rushewa da rashin ruwa na ƙwayoyin halitta; saboda haka ya zama da sauƙi a gane shi tare da lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;forensicmed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gunshot wounds - rifled weapons |url=http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/wounds/firearms/gunshot-wounds-rifled-weapons/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211070957/http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/wounds/firearms/gunshot-wounds-rifled-weapons |archive-date=11 December 2018 |access-date=9 June 2019 |website=Forensic Medicine for Medical Students |ref=forensicmed}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan lahani galibi ana ganinsa a kusa da raunukan ƙofar bindigar da aka yi amfani da shi saboda raguwa ko ramuka a saman harsashi wanda ya haifar da raguwa a cikin ganga na makamin; duk da haka, wasu raunuka masu saurin gudu na iya samun irin wannan sakamako.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ajay&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gujaral |first=PB |last2=Ajay |first2=B |date=28 February 2017 |title=Abrasion Collar Around Shrapnel Entry Wound. |journal=J Forensic Sci |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=1635–1637 |doi=10.1111/1556-4029.13457 |pmid=28244192 |s2cid=4802864}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana yawan samun ƙuƙwalwar abrasion a cikin alaƙa da ƙuƙwalwa mai [[rauni]] wanda ya haifar da lalacewar [[Tashohin jini|jijiyoyin jini]] a cikin fata ta hanyar dakarun hydrostatic daga shigarwar harsashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;dineshrao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Dinesh |title=Firearm injuries |url=http://forensicpathologyonline.com/E-Book/injuries/firearm-injuries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319143054/http://www.forensicpathologyonline.com/E-Book/injuries/firearm-injuries |archive-date=19 March 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=Dr Dinesh Rao's Forensic Pathology |ref=dineshrao}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan yana yiwuwa a cikin raunukan fita daga bindiga a wasu yanayi, kamar idan an murkushe fata a cikin fita tsakanin harsashi mai fita da abin da ba a iya matsawa akan fata a kan shafin fita, ko kuma idan harsashi ya fita a wani kusurwa mai tsanani. Binciken da aka yi a hankali game da raunin da ke ƙarƙashin girma na iya nuna alamun gefen da aka juya (na waje) wanda ke nuna alamar Raunin fita.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shored&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aguilar |first=JC |date=September 1983 |title=Shored gunshot wound of exit. A phenomenon with identity crisis. |journal=Am J Forensic Med Pathol |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=199–204 |doi=10.1097/00000433-198309000-00003 |pmid=6637946}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke tasiri da yawa da ke kusa da juna, kamar a cikin fashewar bindiga mai nisa, yawanci har yanzu suna samar da wani abu mai laushi ko kayan tarihi, kodayake raunin zai iya zama mara kyau a siffar.&lt;ref name=&quot;dineshrao&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwa da halaye ==

=== Gishiri harsashi ===
A cikin yanayin Raunin bindiga daga harsashin gami na gubar da ba a rufe shi ba ko harsashin datti, ana iya lura da wani abu da aka sani da ''goge harsashi'', wanda ke samar da zobe na raguwar ''mai'' da aka sani a matsayin mai ko ƙazantar ƙazantar da ke rufe ƙwanƙwasawa kuma ana haifar da ajiya a saman fata. Gabaɗaya, waɗannan ajiya suna ƙunshe da gubar daga ƙwanƙwasawa ko mai daga cikin ganga na makamin, amma suna iya zama datti. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da daukar hoto mai sauri ya nuna cewa gogewar harsashi ne kawai ya haifar da kai na harsashi - maimakon jiki - saboda fata ya koma baya daga harsashi yayin da yake shiga saboda ƙarfin shigarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;forensicmed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gunshot wounds - rifled weapons |url=http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/wounds/firearms/gunshot-wounds-rifled-weapons/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211070957/http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/wounds/firearms/gunshot-wounds-rifled-weapons |archive-date=11 December 2018 |access-date=9 June 2019 |website=Forensic Medicine for Medical Students |ref=forensicmed}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hanyar tafiya ===
Hanyar harsashi a inda ta shiga cikin fata na iya rinjayar siffar ƙuƙwalwar abrasion. Ana iya amfani da wannan ta hanyar likitocin cututtukan cututtuka don gano kusurwar shigarwa kuma yana da mahimmanci a cikin bincike na wadanda suka ji rauni, inda shaidar asalin harbin ya zama dole don sanin ko mutuwar ta kasance mai kisan kai, kashe kansa, ko haɗari. Gabaɗaya, idan harsashi ya yi tasiri a kusurwar da ke tsaye a saman fata, ƙuƙwalwar abrasion za ta kasance daidai, mai ma'ana, zagaye, kuma daidai-shaped. Yayin da kusurwar tsakanin hanyar da fata ke raguwa, ƙuƙwalwar abrasion ta zama mafi karkatarwa kuma sau da yawa ta fi bambanta a wurin shigarwa, tana da siffar rabin wata ko &quot;rabin wata&quot; tare da faɗin mafi girma yana nunawa a cikin asalin harbin.&lt;ref name=&quot;dineshrao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Dinesh |title=Firearm injuries |url=http://forensicpathologyonline.com/E-Book/injuries/firearm-injuries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319143054/http://www.forensicpathologyonline.com/E-Book/injuries/firearm-injuries |archive-date=19 March 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=Dr Dinesh Rao's Forensic Pathology |ref=dineshrao}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya faru ne ta hanyar waje na harsashi da ke hulɗa da kuma gogewa a saman fata na wani nesa kafin ya shiga cikin fata.&lt;ref name=&quot;forensicmed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gunshot wounds - rifled weapons |url=http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/wounds/firearms/gunshot-wounds-rifled-weapons/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211070957/http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/wounds/firearms/gunshot-wounds-rifled-weapons |archive-date=11 December 2018 |access-date=9 June 2019 |website=Forensic Medicine for Medical Students |ref=forensicmed}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siffar harsashi da saurin ===
Siffar harsashi tana tasiri ga girman ƙuƙwalwar abrasion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shape&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pircher |first=R |last2=Pollak |first2=S |last3=Preiß |first3=D |last4=Thierauf-Emberger |first4=A |last5=Perdekamp |first5=MG |last6=Geisenberger |first6=D |date=March 2017 |title=The influence of the bullet shape on the width of abrasion collars and the size of gunshot entrance holes. |journal=Int J Legal Med |volume=131 |issue=2 |pages=441–445 |doi=10.1007/s00414-016-1501-6 |pmid=27909866 |s2cid=1772305}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manyan harsasai masu saurin gudu tare da matakai masu kaifi, masu kunkuntar, ko matakai masu tsayi, kamar su zagaye na bindiga, da kuma Cikakken harsashi na ƙarfe ba su da damar samar da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan saurin, harsasai marasa saurin, kamar harsasai da aka harbe daga bindigogi, waɗanda ke da hanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thai&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peonim |first=V |last2=Srisont |first2=S |last3=Udnoon |first3=J |last4=Wongwichai |first4=S |last5=Thapon |first5=A |last6=Worasuwannarak |first6=W |date=November 2016 |title=Entrance and exit wounds of high velocity bullet: An autopsy analysis in the event of dispersing the mass rally in Bangkok Thailand, May 2010. |journal=Leg Med (Tokyo). |volume=23 |pages=10–16 |doi=10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.08.010 |pmid=27890096}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Idan raunin ya samo asali ne daga harsashi mai saurin gudu, ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa na iya zama karami, amma yana iya samun hawaye a saman fata da ke kewaye da ƙofar raunin. Wannan shi ne saboda fata ba ta iya shimfiɗa da sauri idan saurin harsashi ya yi yawa. Idan an yi raunin a kan ƙashi, kamar raunin kai a cikin gashin kai, ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa bazai zama zagaye ba; a maimakon haka ya zama tauraro ko &quot;shaped-taurari&quot; tare da ragged da tsagewa gefuna da ya haifar da fatar da ta wuce gona da iri. A cikin yanayin raunin shigar da kwanyar, fata wanda ya haɗa da ƙuƙwalwar abrasion na iya karkatar da shi saboda ƙwayoyin da ke ƙarƙashin ba su iya karkatarwa daga ƙarfin shigar da harsashi ba.[1]

=== Rashin daidaituwa na rauni ===
Zuwa ƙarshen tasirin harsashi, yana rasa kwanciyar hankali kuma zai fara yaw ko ma ya fadi daga ƙarshen. Wannan yana nufin yana iya tasiri ga fata yayin tafiya a gefe, kuma sakamakon raunin na iya karkatarwa, ba daidai ba ne a siffar, ko ma kamar tsagewa, ta yadda ba ya kama da raunin shigarwa na al'ada. A wannan yanayin, wani kayan tarihi na abrasion na iya kasancewa babu.&lt;ref name=&quot;dineshrao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Dinesh |title=Firearm injuries |url=http://forensicpathologyonline.com/E-Book/injuries/firearm-injuries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319143054/http://www.forensicpathologyonline.com/E-Book/injuries/firearm-injuries |archive-date=19 March 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=Dr Dinesh Rao's Forensic Pathology |ref=dineshrao}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika ana iya haifar da raunuka masu lalacewa ta hanyar karkatar da harsashi idan ya bugi wani abu na tsakiya (gami da wani ɓangare na jikin wanda aka azabtar, a cikin abin da aka sani da raunin sake shiga) kafin ya shiga cikin fata. Koyaya, bincika raunin da hankali a ƙarƙashin girma na iya nuna gefen raunin da aka juya da alamun wani nau'i mai kama da ba daidai ba na raunin shigarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;forensicmed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gunshot wounds - rifled weapons |url=http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/wounds/firearms/gunshot-wounds-rifled-weapons/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211070957/http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/wounds/firearms/gunshot-wounds-rifled-weapons |archive-date=11 December 2018 |access-date=9 June 2019 |website=Forensic Medicine for Medical Students |ref=forensicmed}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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Wani ƙuƙwalwar abrasion, wanda aka fi sani da '''zoben abrasion''' ko '''Abrasion rim''', ƙuƙwalwa ce ta shimfiɗa, [[fata]] mai laushi nan da nan ke kewaye da raunukan makamai, kamar raunukan [[bindiga]]. An fi danganta shi da raunukan shigarwa kuma lahani ne na inji saboda shigar da makami ta fata. Ya samo asali ne daga shimfiɗa na wucin gadi na fata da ke kewaye da maɓallin shiga. Kamar duk abrasions na fata, ƙuƙwalwar abrasion tana bushewa saboda cirewa daga yadudduka na waje na fata da rushewa da rashin ruwa na ƙwayoyin halitta; saboda haka ya zama da sauƙi a gane shi tare da lokaci.&lt;ref name=&quot;forensicmed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gunshot wounds - rifled weapons |url=http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/wounds/firearms/gunshot-wounds-rifled-weapons/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211070957/http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/wounds/firearms/gunshot-wounds-rifled-weapons |archive-date=11 December 2018 |access-date=9 June 2019 |website=Forensic Medicine for Medical Students |ref=forensicmed}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan lahani galibi ana ganinsa a kusa da raunukan ƙofar bindigar da aka yi amfani da shi saboda raguwa ko ramuka a saman harsashi wanda ya haifar da raguwa a cikin ganga na makamin; duk da haka, wasu raunuka masu saurin gudu na iya samun irin wannan sakamako.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ajay&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gujaral |first=PB |last2=Ajay |first2=B |date=28 February 2017 |title=Abrasion Collar Around Shrapnel Entry Wound. |journal=J Forensic Sci |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=1635–1637 |doi=10.1111/1556-4029.13457 |pmid=28244192 |s2cid=4802864}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana yawan samun ƙuƙwalwar abrasion a cikin alaƙa da ƙuƙwalwa mai [[rauni]] wanda ya haifar da lalacewar [[Tashohin jini|jijiyoyin jini]] a cikin fata ta hanyar dakarun hydrostatic daga shigarwar harsashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;dineshrao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Dinesh |title=Firearm injuries |url=http://forensicpathologyonline.com/E-Book/injuries/firearm-injuries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319143054/http://www.forensicpathologyonline.com/E-Book/injuries/firearm-injuries |archive-date=19 March 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=Dr Dinesh Rao's Forensic Pathology |ref=dineshrao}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan yana yiwuwa a cikin raunukan fita daga bindiga a wasu yanayi, kamar idan an murkushe fata a cikin fita tsakanin harsashi mai fita da abin da ba a iya matsawa akan fata a kan shafin fita, ko kuma idan harsashi ya fita a wani kusurwa mai tsanani. Binciken da aka yi a hankali game da raunin da ke ƙarƙashin girma na iya nuna alamun gefen da aka juya (na waje) wanda ke nuna alamar Raunin fita.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shored&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aguilar |first=JC |date=September 1983 |title=Shored gunshot wound of exit. A phenomenon with identity crisis. |journal=Am J Forensic Med Pathol |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=199–204 |doi=10.1097/00000433-198309000-00003 |pmid=6637946}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke tasiri da yawa da ke kusa da juna, kamar a cikin fashewar bindiga mai nisa, yawanci har yanzu suna samar da wani abu mai laushi ko kayan tarihi, kodayake raunin zai iya zama mara kyau a siffar.&lt;ref name=&quot;dineshrao&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwa da halaye ==

=== Gishiri harsashi ===
A cikin yanayin Raunin bindiga daga harsashin gami na gubar da ba a rufe shi ba ko harsashin datti, ana iya lura da wani abu da aka sani da ''goge harsashi'', wanda ke samar da zobe na raguwar ''mai'' da aka sani a matsayin mai ko ƙazantar ƙazantar da ke rufe ƙwanƙwasawa kuma ana haifar da ajiya a saman fata. Gabaɗaya, waɗannan ajiya suna ƙunshe da gubar daga ƙwanƙwasawa ko mai daga cikin ganga na makamin, amma suna iya zama datti. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da daukar hoto mai sauri ya nuna cewa gogewar harsashi ne kawai ya haifar da kai na harsashi - maimakon jiki - saboda fata ya koma baya daga harsashi yayin da yake shiga saboda ƙarfin shigarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;forensicmed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gunshot wounds - rifled weapons |url=http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/wounds/firearms/gunshot-wounds-rifled-weapons/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211070957/http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/wounds/firearms/gunshot-wounds-rifled-weapons |archive-date=11 December 2018 |access-date=9 June 2019 |website=Forensic Medicine for Medical Students |ref=forensicmed}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hanyar tafiya ===
Hanyar harsashi a inda ta shiga cikin fata na iya rinjayar siffar ƙuƙwalwar abrasion. Ana iya amfani da wannan ta hanyar likitocin cututtukan cututtuka don gano kusurwar shigarwa kuma yana da mahimmanci a cikin bincike na wadanda suka ji rauni, inda shaidar asalin harbin ya zama dole don sanin ko mutuwar ta kasance mai kisan kai, kashe kansa, ko haɗari. Gabaɗaya, idan harsashi ya yi tasiri a kusurwar da ke tsaye a saman fata, ƙuƙwalwar abrasion za ta kasance daidai, mai ma'ana, zagaye, kuma daidai-shaped. Yayin da kusurwar tsakanin hanyar da fata ke raguwa, ƙuƙwalwar abrasion ta zama mafi karkatarwa kuma sau da yawa ta fi bambanta a wurin shigarwa, tana da siffar rabin wata ko &quot;rabin wata&quot; tare da faɗin mafi girma yana nunawa a cikin asalin harbin.&lt;ref name=&quot;dineshrao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Dinesh |title=Firearm injuries |url=http://forensicpathologyonline.com/E-Book/injuries/firearm-injuries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319143054/http://www.forensicpathologyonline.com/E-Book/injuries/firearm-injuries |archive-date=19 March 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=Dr Dinesh Rao's Forensic Pathology |ref=dineshrao}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya faru ne ta hanyar waje na harsashi da ke hulɗa da kuma gogewa a saman fata na wani nesa kafin ya shiga cikin fata.&lt;ref name=&quot;forensicmed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gunshot wounds - rifled weapons |url=http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/wounds/firearms/gunshot-wounds-rifled-weapons/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211070957/http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/wounds/firearms/gunshot-wounds-rifled-weapons |archive-date=11 December 2018 |access-date=9 June 2019 |website=Forensic Medicine for Medical Students |ref=forensicmed}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Siffar harsashi da saurin ===
Siffar harsashi tana tasiri ga girman ƙuƙwalwar abrasion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shape&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pircher |first=R |last2=Pollak |first2=S |last3=Preiß |first3=D |last4=Thierauf-Emberger |first4=A |last5=Perdekamp |first5=MG |last6=Geisenberger |first6=D |date=March 2017 |title=The influence of the bullet shape on the width of abrasion collars and the size of gunshot entrance holes. |journal=Int J Legal Med |volume=131 |issue=2 |pages=441–445 |doi=10.1007/s00414-016-1501-6 |pmid=27909866 |s2cid=1772305}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manyan harsasai masu saurin gudu tare da matakai masu kaifi, masu kunkuntar, ko matakai masu tsayi, kamar su zagaye na bindiga, da kuma Cikakken harsashi na ƙarfe ba su da damar samar da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan saurin, harsasai marasa saurin, kamar harsasai da aka harbe daga bindigogi, waɗanda ke da hanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thai&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peonim |first=V |last2=Srisont |first2=S |last3=Udnoon |first3=J |last4=Wongwichai |first4=S |last5=Thapon |first5=A |last6=Worasuwannarak |first6=W |date=November 2016 |title=Entrance and exit wounds of high velocity bullet: An autopsy analysis in the event of dispersing the mass rally in Bangkok Thailand, May 2010. |journal=Leg Med (Tokyo). |volume=23 |pages=10–16 |doi=10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.08.010 |pmid=27890096}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Idan raunin ya samo asali ne daga harsashi mai saurin gudu, ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa na iya zama karami, amma yana iya samun hawaye a saman fata da ke kewaye da ƙofar raunin. Wannan shi ne saboda fata ba ta iya shimfiɗa da sauri idan saurin harsashi ya yi yawa. Idan an yi raunin a kan ƙashi, kamar raunin kai a cikin gashin kai, ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa bazai zama zagaye ba; a maimakon haka ya zama tauraro ko &quot;shaped-taurari&quot; tare da ragged da tsagewa gefuna da ya haifar da fatar da ta wuce gona da iri. A cikin yanayin raunin shigar da kwanyar, fata wanda ya haɗa da ƙuƙwalwar abrasion na iya karkatar da shi saboda ƙwayoyin da ke ƙarƙashin ba su iya karkatarwa daga ƙarfin shigar da harsashi ba.[1]

=== Rashin daidaituwa na rauni ===
Zuwa ƙarshen tasirin harsashi, yana rasa kwanciyar hankali kuma zai fara yaw ko ma ya fadi daga ƙarshen. Wannan yana nufin yana iya tasiri ga fata yayin tafiya a gefe, kuma sakamakon raunin na iya karkatarwa, ba daidai ba ne a siffar, ko ma kamar tsagewa, ta yadda ba ya kama da raunin shigarwa na al'ada. A wannan yanayin, wani kayan tarihi na abrasion na iya kasancewa babu.&lt;ref name=&quot;dineshrao&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Dinesh |title=Firearm injuries |url=http://forensicpathologyonline.com/E-Book/injuries/firearm-injuries |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319143054/http://www.forensicpathologyonline.com/E-Book/injuries/firearm-injuries |archive-date=19 March 2019 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=Dr Dinesh Rao's Forensic Pathology |ref=dineshrao}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakazalika ana iya haifar da raunuka masu lalacewa ta hanyar karkatar da harsashi idan ya bugi wani abu na tsakiya (gami da wani ɓangare na jikin wanda aka azabtar, a cikin abin da aka sani da raunin sake shiga) kafin ya shiga cikin fata. Koyaya, bincika raunin da hankali a ƙarƙashin girma na iya nuna gefen raunin da aka juya da alamun wani nau'i mai kama da ba daidai ba na raunin shigarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;forensicmed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gunshot wounds - rifled weapons |url=http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/wounds/firearms/gunshot-wounds-rifled-weapons/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211070957/http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/wounds/firearms/gunshot-wounds-rifled-weapons |archive-date=11 December 2018 |access-date=9 June 2019 |website=Forensic Medicine for Medical Students |ref=forensicmed}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cin zarafin nakasassu</title>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351835589|Disability abuse]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Cin zarafin nakasassu''' shine lokacin da aka yi wa mutumin da ke da nakasa a jiki, kudi, jima'i da / ko tunani saboda mutumin da ke fama da nakasa. Wannan nau'in cin zarafin an kuma dauke shi [[Laifin kiyayya|Laifin ƙiyayya]]. Cin zarafin ba'a iyakance shi ga waɗanda ke da nakasa a bayyane ko nakasa a jiki ba, amma kuma ya haɗa da waɗanda ke da ilmantarwa, nakasa ta hankali da ci gaba ko cututtukan hankali.

== Abubuwan haɗari na cin zarafi ==
A cewar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO), nakasassu sun kai kusan 15% na yawan mutanen duniya. Yara masu nakasa suna da sau uku da za su fuskanci tashin hankali fiye da yara marasa nakasa, kuma akwai kimanin kashi 50% da suka karu da haɗarin fuskantar tashin hankali ga manya da ke fama da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mikton |first=Christopher |last2=Maguire |first2=Holly |last3=Shakespeare |first3=Tom |date=2014-11-01 |title=A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Interventions to Prevent and Respond to Violence Against Persons With Disabilities |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514534530 |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |language=en |volume=29 |issue=17 |pages=3207–3226 |doi=10.1177/0886260514534530 |issn=0886-2605 |pmid=24870959 |s2cid=25563313 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutanen da suka naƙasa su ne masu sauƙin kai ga masu cin nama saboda bazai da albarkatu ko iyawa don tserewa daga mummunan yanayi ko sadarwa game da abubuwan da suka faru. Ana sanya mutane masu wahalar ji sau biyu a hadarin sakaci da cin zarafin motsin rai idan aka kwatanta da sauran nakasa kuma kusan sau hudu dangane da cin zarafi.

Cin zarafi na iya faruwa ta hanyoyi da yawa, galibi ana ganin su a zahiri, motsin rai, ko jima'i. Wadanda ke cikin nakasassu suna cikin haɗari mafi girma saboda rashin ƙwarewa don kare kansu. Misalan sun haɗa da: rashi a cikin sadarwa, iyakance yanayin zamantakewa, rashin ƙarfi, da kusanci da ake buƙata don dogara da tsabta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wilczynski |first=Susan M. |last2=Connolly |first2=Sarah |last3=Dubard |first3=Melanie |last4=Henderson |first4=Amanda |last5=Mcintosh |first5=David |date=2015 |title=Assessment, Prevention, and Intervention for Abuse Among Individuals with Disabilities |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pits.21808 |journal=Psychology in the Schools |language=en |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=9–21 |doi=10.1002/pits.21808 |issn=1520-6807 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda za a iya samun halaye ga masu kulawa don kare mutane da yawa a lokacin ƙuruciyarsu, ana iya amfani da su cikin sauƙi saboda rashin shiri. A fannoni irin su makaranta sau da yawa akwai rashin ingantaccen ilimin jima'i ga matasa masu nakasa kuma a hadewar horo mara kyau ga masu sana'a da ke aiki tare da waɗannan yara, haɗari yana ƙaruwa. Musamman akwai kuma sau da yawa a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin cin zarafi da sakaci kamar yadda kula da yara sau da yawa yakan haifar da cikakken dogaro ga masu ba da kulawa saboda buƙatar taimako a duk ayyukan yau da kullun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Rosemary B. |last2=Robinson-Whelen |first2=Susan |last3=Raymaker |first3=Dora |last4=Lund |first4=Emily M. |last5=Oschwald |first5=Mary |last6=Katz |first6=Marsha |last7=Starr |first7=Albert |last8=Ashkenazy |first8=Elesia |last9=Powers |first9=Laurie E. |last10=Nicolaidis |first10=Christina |last11=Hughes |first11=Rosemary B. |date=2019-04-01 |title=The relation of abuse to physical and psychological health in adults with developmental disabilities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1936657418301948 |journal=Disability and Health Journal |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=227–234 |doi=10.1016/j.dhjo.2018.09.007 |issn=1936-6574 |pmid=30655190 |s2cid=58620983 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken bincike na al'umma don tantance cin zarafi da lafiyar jiki da tunani na yanzu na mambobi 350 a cikin nakasa daban-daban sun sami muhimmiyar alaƙa da alamun baƙin ciki da mahimman alaƙa tsakanin cin zarafin yara da baƙin ciki, PTSD, da kuma mummunan sakamako na lafiyar jiki a cikin manya. Babban binciken shi ne cewa hulɗar yara da cin zarafin manya sun yi hasashen karuwar rashin lafiyar jiki da tunanin mutum ga waɗanda ke da nakasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Rosemary B. |last2=Robinson-Whelen |first2=Susan |last3=Raymaker |first3=Dora |last4=Lund |first4=Emily M. |last5=Oschwald |first5=Mary |last6=Katz |first6=Marsha |last7=Starr |first7=Albert |last8=Ashkenazy |first8=Elesia |last9=Powers |first9=Laurie E. |last10=Nicolaidis |first10=Christina |last11=Hughes |first11=Rosemary B. |date=2019-04-01 |title=The relation of abuse to physical and psychological health in adults with developmental disabilities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1936657418301948 |journal=Disability and Health Journal |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=227–234 |doi=10.1016/j.dhjo.2018.09.007 |issn=1936-6574 |pmid=30655190 |s2cid=58620983 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mata masu nakasa suna fuskantar haɗarin cin zarafi idan aka kwatanta da mata marasa nakasa. Bincike daga Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC) ya nuna cewa mata da maza masu nakasa suna fuskantar yawan tashin hankali na jima'i da tashin hankali na abokin tarayya; duk da haka, waɗannan bambance-bambance suna bayyana musamman tsakanin mata. Bayanai daga Babban Abokin Hulɗa na Kasa da Binciken Rikicin Jima'i (NISVS) sun nuna cewa yawancin mata da aka yi wa fyade suna da nakasa a lokacin harin. Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 23, 2024 |title=Sexual Violence and Intimate Partner Violence Among People with Disabilities |url=https://www.cdc.gov/sexual-violence/about/sexual-violence-and-intimate-partner-violence-among-people-with-disabilities.html |publisher=CDC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mata masu nakasa na iya samar da gogewar cin zarafin da ke amfani da dogaro da masu kulawa don ayyukan rayuwa na yau da kullun. Rahotanni daga Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka sun bayyana lokuta inda cin zarafin ya haɗa da ba kawai cin zarafin jiki ko jima'i ba har ma da hana magunguna ko kayan taimako na motsi, ƙuntata damar yin amfani da na'urorin sadarwa, da kuma tilasta iko kan haifuwa ko cin gashin kai na jima'i.&lt;ref name=&quot;OASH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2021 |title=Violence against women with disabilities |url=https://womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/other-types/violence-against-women-disabilities |publisher=OASH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsanani a wurin aiki yana wakiltar babban rauni. Binciken kasa na 2023 da The 19th News ya gudanar ya gano cewa kusan rabin mata masu nakasa sun ba da rahoton fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i a wurin aiki ko hari - wanda ya fi girma fiye da yawan mata marasa nakasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 20, 2023 |title=Nearly half of women with disabilities report experiencing sexual harassment or assault at work, poll finds |url=https://19thnews.org/2023/09/poll-disability-sexual-violence-workplace/ |publisher=19thnews.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu bincike sun yi gargadi cewa yawan da aka ruwaito na cin zarafin mata masu nakasa mai yiwuwa an rage su saboda shingen sadarwa, warewar jama'a, da iyakance damar samun rahoto da hanyoyin tallafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;OASH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2021 |title=Violence against women with disabilities |url=https://womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/other-types/violence-against-women-disabilities |publisher=OASH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin cin zarafi ==

=== Cin zarafi ===
Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2012 ta hanyar Interactive Autism Network ya gano cewa kashi 63% na yara masu cutar autism suna cin zarafi a Amurka. Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na manya masu cutar autistic sun ce an zalunta su a wurin aiki a cikin binciken da Ƙungiyar Autistic ta Burtaniya ta yi.

Kashi 82% na yara masu nakasa a Burtaniya ana zalunta su, a cewar Mencap, kuma kashi 79% suna jin tsoron fita idan aka zalunta su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-06-18 |title=Eight of out 10 disabled children bullied, report finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/jun/18/schools.children |access-date=2016-10-23 |website=Mencap}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken da aka yi ya nuna cewa kusan mutane bakwai daga cikin goma masu nakasa an yi musu fyade, kuma matsala ce mai ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-09-04 |title=Survey Finds Disability Abuse Widespread |url=https://www.disabilityscoop.com/2013/09/04/survey-abuse-widespread/18652/ |access-date=2016-03-09 |website=Disability Scoop}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano cewa zaluntar mutane masu nakasa matsala ce a wasu ƙasashe daban-daban, kuma ba ta da hankali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Cin zarafin ba koyaushe ba ne na jiki. Cin zarafin baki da cin zarafin yanar gizo suna faruwa sau da yawa. Catherine Thornberry da Karin Olson sun yi iƙirarin cewa masu kulawa galibi suna lalata mutanen da ke da nakasa, suna cire iyawarsu da halaye waɗanda ke sa su zama mutum kuma suna saukar da su zuwa matakin abu ko abu kawai. Sun gano cewa masu kula da su ko mataimakan su ne sau da yawa wadanda ke zaluntar nakasassu ba da gangan ba. Masu kula da su suna kallon mutane a mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da yadda wasu mutane ke yi, wanda ke haifar da Thornberry da Olson suna lakafta cin zarafin mutane masu nakasa a matsayin laifin ƙiyayya.

=== Cin zarafin jima'i ===
A cewar Valenti-Hein &amp; Schwartz, kashi 3% ne kawai na shari'ar cin zarafin jima'i da ta shafi mutanen da ke da nakasa a ci gaba an ba da rahoton; fiye da kashi 90% na mutanen da ke fama da nakasa za su fuskanci cin zarafin mata a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu, kuma kashi 49% za su fuskanta 10 ko fiye da abubuwan da suka faru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leigh Ann Davis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=People with Mental Retardation &amp; Sexual Abuse |url=http://www.wwild.org/Victims%20of%20Crime/Downloads/Research/Vulnerability%20and%20Abuse%20of%20People%20with%20an%20Intellectual%20Disability/Davis%20n.d.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318111318/http://www.wwild.org/Victims%20of%20Crime/Downloads/Research/Vulnerability%20and%20Abuse%20of%20People%20with%20an%20Intellectual%20Disability/Davis%20n.d.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-18 |website=by Leigh Ann Davis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin British Journal of Psychiatry ta Sequeira, Howlin, &amp; Hollins sun gano cewa cin zarafin jima'i yana da alaƙa da mafi girman abin da ya faru na rikicewar hankali da halayyar mutum a cikin mutanen da ke da nakasa a cikin binciken kula da shari'a. Cin zarafin jima'i yana da alaƙa da karuwar cututtukan kwakwalwa da matsalolin halayyar, da kuma alamun damuwa bayan rauni. Halin tunani game da cin zarafi yayi kama da wanda aka lura a cikin yawan jama'a, amma tare da karawa da halayyar da aka saba da ita. Mafi tsanani cin zarafin, mafi tsanani alamun da aka ruwaito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sequeira, H, Howlin, P, Hollins, S |year=2003 |title=Psychological disturbance associated with sexual abuse in people with learning disabilities. Case-control study. |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=183 |pages=451–456 |doi=10.1192/bjp.183.5.451 |pmid=14594922 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cin zarafin jima'i ba zai yiwu a bayar da rahoton ta hanyar nakasassu ba. Mutanen da ke kewaye da waɗannan mutane galibi ana samun su da ƙarancin bayar da rahoton waɗannan lokuta na cin zarafi. Al'ummomi da yawa har yanzu suna kallon nakasassu a matsayin marasa ƙarfi da rauni, suna sauƙaƙa ga mai cin zarafi ba ya jin nadama ko kuma ya kawar da zargi daga kansu. Sau da yawa, mutane suna tunanin za su iya amincewa da likitocin su ko likitocin da ke kula da waɗannan mutane. A cikin binciken asibiti an gano cewa likitoci za su samar da kulawa mara kyau ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Za su kawar da matsalolin maimakon magance su ta hanyar ba su magunguna don su yi shiru. An kuma gano cewa likitoci ba su da damar bayar da rahoton cin zarafin jima'i ko duk wani cin zarafin da suka samu a kan waɗannan mutane. Sun tabbatar da waɗannan ayyukan ta hanyar gaskata cewa mutanen da ke da nakasa ba su da mahimmanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=Ruth |last2=Salbenblatt |first2=James |last3=Schiappacasse |first3=Joseph |last4=Maly |first4=Bernard |year=2001 |title=Physician unwitting participation in abuse and neglect of persons with developmental disabilities |journal=Community Mental Health Journal |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=499–509 |doi=10.1023/A:1017526112637 |pmid=11504143 |s2cid=34002240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cin zarafin ma'aikata yana da tasiri sosai ga mutanen da ke da nakasa, kamar yadda mutanen da ke fama da nakasa da nakasa sau da yawa ke zaune a cikin saitunan ma'aikata. Asibitoci da gidajen kulawa na iya zama saitunan inda cin zarafi ke faruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kamavarapu |first=Y.S. |last2=Ferriter |first2=Michael |last3=Morton |first3=S. |last4=Völlm |first4=B. |date=February 2017 |title=Institutional Abuse – Characteristics of Victims, Perpetrators and Organsations: a Systematic Review |url=https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/829221 |journal=European Psychiatry |volume=40 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.07.002 |pmid=27837673 |s2cid=39356961}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin lafiya mai tsanani wani abu ne wanda ke kara yiwuwar cin zarafin tsofaffi da sakaci a gidajen tsofaffi a Portugal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frazão |first=Sofia Lalanda |last2=Correia |first2=Ana Margarida |last3=Norton |first3=Pedro |last4=Magalhães |first4=Teresa |date=November 2015 |title=Physical abuse against elderly persons in institutional settings |journal=Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine |volume=36 |pages=54–60 |doi=10.1016/j.jflm.2015.09.002 |pmid=26397767 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin cin zarafin ==
Akwai binciken da aka yi wanda ya nuna kashi 60 cikin 100 na yara masu nakasa suna fitowa game da zalunci akai-akai, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 25 cikin 100 na ɗaliban da ake zalunci waɗanda ba su da nakasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top 10 facts parents, educators, and Students need to Know |url=https://www.pacer.org/bullying/resources/students-with-disabilities/ |website=Bullying and Harassment of Students with Disabilities}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kuma na iya shafar ilmantarwa da makaranta da ilimi. Matsayinsu suna cikin haɗari wajen sauka, suna da lokacin da ya fi wuya a mai da hankali, kuma babu sha'awar makaranta da kayan ilmantarwa. Duk wannan na iya haifar da yaron ya bar makaranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top 10 facts parents. educators, and students need to know |url=https://www.pacer.org/bullying/resources/students-with-disabilities/ |website=National Bullying prevention center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofin yanzu da bincike ==
Akwai manufofi kamar Mataki na 16 na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa wanda ke kira ga matakan da suka dace da ake buƙata don kare duk mutanen da ke da nakasassu a kowane wuri, daga kowane nau'in cin zarafi. WHO ta yi wata sanarwa da ke jaddada rashin kulawar lafiyar jama'a game da cin zarafin yara a duk faɗin duniya wanda aka isar da shi ta hanyar misalai kamar tambayoyin Adverse Childhood Experience [1] wanda aka yi amfani da shi don samun kyakkyawar fahimta game da yaduwar cin zarafin da ke faruwa a duk duniya, amma kwatantawa na iya zama ƙalubale saboda manufofi daban-daban tsakanin yankuna.

Ƙarin manufofi kamar Dokar Rigakafin Cin zarafin Yara ta Amurka da aka zartar a 1974 kuma an sake ba da izini a 2019 sun kirkiro tsarin bayar da rahoto da amsawa na cin zarafin yara wanda ke buƙatar a ba da izinin ƙwararru don yin rahoton gwamnati idan yaro ya yi nuni da yiwuwar cin zarafi ko watsi da ganin idan ana buƙatar bincike.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kwarewa
* Rashin cin zarafin ci gaba da rauni
* Laifin ƙiyayya na nakasassu
* Cin zarafin ma'aikata
* Cin zarafin jima'i na mutanen da ke da nakasa
* Rikicin da ake yi wa nakasassu
* Rubuce-rubucen nakasassu
* Mai ban mamaki

== Manazarta ==

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'''Cin zarafin nakasassu''' shine lokacin da aka yi wa mutumin da ke da nakasa a jiki, kudi, jima'i da / ko tunani saboda mutumin da ke fama da nakasa. Wannan nau'in cin zarafin an kuma dauke shi [[Laifin kiyayya|Laifin ƙiyayya]]. Cin zarafin ba'a iyakance shi ga waɗanda ke da nakasa a bayyane ko nakasa a jiki ba, amma kuma ya haɗa da waɗanda ke da ilmantarwa, nakasa ta hankali da ci gaba ko cututtukan hankali.

== Abubuwan haɗari na cin zarafi ==
A cewar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO), nakasassu sun kai kusan 15% na yawan mutanen duniya. Yara masu nakasa suna da sau uku da za su fuskanci tashin hankali fiye da yara marasa nakasa, kuma akwai kimanin kashi 50% da suka karu da haɗarin fuskantar tashin hankali ga manya da ke fama da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mikton |first=Christopher |last2=Maguire |first2=Holly |last3=Shakespeare |first3=Tom |date=2014-11-01 |title=A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Interventions to Prevent and Respond to Violence Against Persons With Disabilities |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514534530 |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |language=en |volume=29 |issue=17 |pages=3207–3226 |doi=10.1177/0886260514534530 |issn=0886-2605 |pmid=24870959 |s2cid=25563313 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutanen da suka naƙasa su ne masu sauƙin kai ga masu cin nama saboda bazai da albarkatu ko iyawa don tserewa daga mummunan yanayi ko sadarwa game da abubuwan da suka faru. Ana sanya mutane masu wahalar ji sau biyu a hadarin sakaci da cin zarafin motsin rai idan aka kwatanta da sauran nakasa kuma kusan sau hudu dangane da cin zarafi.

Cin zarafi na iya faruwa ta hanyoyi da yawa, galibi ana ganin su a zahiri, motsin rai, ko jima'i. Wadanda ke cikin nakasassu suna cikin haɗari mafi girma saboda rashin ƙwarewa don kare kansu. Misalan sun haɗa da: rashi a cikin sadarwa, iyakance yanayin zamantakewa, rashin ƙarfi, da kusanci da ake buƙata don dogara da tsabta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wilczynski |first=Susan M. |last2=Connolly |first2=Sarah |last3=Dubard |first3=Melanie |last4=Henderson |first4=Amanda |last5=Mcintosh |first5=David |date=2015 |title=Assessment, Prevention, and Intervention for Abuse Among Individuals with Disabilities |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pits.21808 |journal=Psychology in the Schools |language=en |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=9–21 |doi=10.1002/pits.21808 |issn=1520-6807 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda za a iya samun halaye ga masu kulawa don kare mutane da yawa a lokacin ƙuruciyarsu, ana iya amfani da su cikin sauƙi saboda rashin shiri. A fannoni irin su makaranta sau da yawa akwai rashin ingantaccen ilimin jima'i ga matasa masu nakasa kuma a hadewar horo mara kyau ga masu sana'a da ke aiki tare da waɗannan yara, haɗari yana ƙaruwa. Musamman akwai kuma sau da yawa a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin cin zarafi da sakaci kamar yadda kula da yara sau da yawa yakan haifar da cikakken dogaro ga masu ba da kulawa saboda buƙatar taimako a duk ayyukan yau da kullun.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Rosemary B. |last2=Robinson-Whelen |first2=Susan |last3=Raymaker |first3=Dora |last4=Lund |first4=Emily M. |last5=Oschwald |first5=Mary |last6=Katz |first6=Marsha |last7=Starr |first7=Albert |last8=Ashkenazy |first8=Elesia |last9=Powers |first9=Laurie E. |last10=Nicolaidis |first10=Christina |last11=Hughes |first11=Rosemary B. |date=2019-04-01 |title=The relation of abuse to physical and psychological health in adults with developmental disabilities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1936657418301948 |journal=Disability and Health Journal |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=227–234 |doi=10.1016/j.dhjo.2018.09.007 |issn=1936-6574 |pmid=30655190 |s2cid=58620983 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken bincike na al'umma don tantance cin zarafi da lafiyar jiki da tunani na yanzu na mambobi 350 a cikin nakasa daban-daban sun sami muhimmiyar alaƙa da alamun baƙin ciki da mahimman alaƙa tsakanin cin zarafin yara da baƙin ciki, PTSD, da kuma mummunan sakamako na lafiyar jiki a cikin manya. Babban binciken shi ne cewa hulɗar yara da cin zarafin manya sun yi hasashen karuwar rashin lafiyar jiki da tunanin mutum ga waɗanda ke da nakasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Rosemary B. |last2=Robinson-Whelen |first2=Susan |last3=Raymaker |first3=Dora |last4=Lund |first4=Emily M. |last5=Oschwald |first5=Mary |last6=Katz |first6=Marsha |last7=Starr |first7=Albert |last8=Ashkenazy |first8=Elesia |last9=Powers |first9=Laurie E. |last10=Nicolaidis |first10=Christina |last11=Hughes |first11=Rosemary B. |date=2019-04-01 |title=The relation of abuse to physical and psychological health in adults with developmental disabilities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1936657418301948 |journal=Disability and Health Journal |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=227–234 |doi=10.1016/j.dhjo.2018.09.007 |issn=1936-6574 |pmid=30655190 |s2cid=58620983 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mata masu nakasa suna fuskantar haɗarin cin zarafi idan aka kwatanta da mata marasa nakasa. Bincike daga Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC) ya nuna cewa mata da maza masu nakasa suna fuskantar yawan tashin hankali na jima'i da tashin hankali na abokin tarayya; duk da haka, waɗannan bambance-bambance suna bayyana musamman tsakanin mata. Bayanai daga Babban Abokin Hulɗa na Kasa da Binciken Rikicin Jima'i (NISVS) sun nuna cewa yawancin mata da aka yi wa fyade suna da nakasa a lokacin harin. Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 23, 2024 |title=Sexual Violence and Intimate Partner Violence Among People with Disabilities |url=https://www.cdc.gov/sexual-violence/about/sexual-violence-and-intimate-partner-violence-among-people-with-disabilities.html |publisher=CDC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mata masu nakasa na iya samar da gogewar cin zarafin da ke amfani da dogaro da masu kulawa don ayyukan rayuwa na yau da kullun. Rahotanni daga Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka sun bayyana lokuta inda cin zarafin ya haɗa da ba kawai cin zarafin jiki ko jima'i ba har ma da hana magunguna ko kayan taimako na motsi, ƙuntata damar yin amfani da na'urorin sadarwa, da kuma tilasta iko kan haifuwa ko cin gashin kai na jima'i.&lt;ref name=&quot;OASH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2021 |title=Violence against women with disabilities |url=https://womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/other-types/violence-against-women-disabilities |publisher=OASH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsanani a wurin aiki yana wakiltar babban rauni. Binciken kasa na 2023 da The 19th News ya gudanar ya gano cewa kusan rabin mata masu nakasa sun ba da rahoton fuskantar cin zarafin jima'i a wurin aiki ko hari - wanda ya fi girma fiye da yawan mata marasa nakasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 20, 2023 |title=Nearly half of women with disabilities report experiencing sexual harassment or assault at work, poll finds |url=https://19thnews.org/2023/09/poll-disability-sexual-violence-workplace/ |publisher=19thnews.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu bincike sun yi gargadi cewa yawan da aka ruwaito na cin zarafin mata masu nakasa mai yiwuwa an rage su saboda shingen sadarwa, warewar jama'a, da iyakance damar samun rahoto da hanyoyin tallafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;OASH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2021 |title=Violence against women with disabilities |url=https://womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/other-types/violence-against-women-disabilities |publisher=OASH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin cin zarafi ==

=== Cin zarafi ===
Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2012 ta hanyar Interactive Autism Network ya gano cewa kashi 63% na yara masu cutar autism suna cin zarafi a Amurka. Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na manya masu cutar autistic sun ce an zalunta su a wurin aiki a cikin binciken da Ƙungiyar Autistic ta Burtaniya ta yi.

Kashi 82% na yara masu nakasa a Burtaniya ana zalunta su, a cewar Mencap, kuma kashi 79% suna jin tsoron fita idan aka zalunta su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-06-18 |title=Eight of out 10 disabled children bullied, report finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/jun/18/schools.children |access-date=2016-10-23 |website=Mencap}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken da aka yi ya nuna cewa kusan mutane bakwai daga cikin goma masu nakasa an yi musu fyade, kuma matsala ce mai ci gaba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-09-04 |title=Survey Finds Disability Abuse Widespread |url=https://www.disabilityscoop.com/2013/09/04/survey-abuse-widespread/18652/ |access-date=2016-03-09 |website=Disability Scoop}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano cewa zaluntar mutane masu nakasa matsala ce a wasu ƙasashe daban-daban, kuma ba ta da hankali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Cin zarafin ba koyaushe ba ne na jiki. Cin zarafin baki da cin zarafin yanar gizo suna faruwa sau da yawa. Catherine Thornberry da Karin Olson sun yi iƙirarin cewa masu kulawa galibi suna lalata mutanen da ke da nakasa, suna cire iyawarsu da halaye waɗanda ke sa su zama mutum kuma suna saukar da su zuwa matakin abu ko abu kawai. Sun gano cewa masu kula da su ko mataimakan su ne sau da yawa wadanda ke zaluntar nakasassu ba da gangan ba. Masu kula da su suna kallon mutane a mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da yadda wasu mutane ke yi, wanda ke haifar da Thornberry da Olson suna lakafta cin zarafin mutane masu nakasa a matsayin laifin ƙiyayya.

=== Cin zarafin jima'i ===
A cewar Valenti-Hein &amp; Schwartz, kashi 3% ne kawai na shari'ar cin zarafin jima'i da ta shafi mutanen da ke da nakasa a ci gaba an ba da rahoton; fiye da kashi 90% na mutanen da ke fama da nakasa za su fuskanci cin zarafin mata a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu, kuma kashi 49% za su fuskanta 10 ko fiye da abubuwan da suka faru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leigh Ann Davis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=People with Mental Retardation &amp; Sexual Abuse |url=http://www.wwild.org/Victims%20of%20Crime/Downloads/Research/Vulnerability%20and%20Abuse%20of%20People%20with%20an%20Intellectual%20Disability/Davis%20n.d.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318111318/http://www.wwild.org/Victims%20of%20Crime/Downloads/Research/Vulnerability%20and%20Abuse%20of%20People%20with%20an%20Intellectual%20Disability/Davis%20n.d.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-18 |website=by Leigh Ann Davis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin British Journal of Psychiatry ta Sequeira, Howlin, &amp; Hollins sun gano cewa cin zarafin jima'i yana da alaƙa da mafi girman abin da ya faru na rikicewar hankali da halayyar mutum a cikin mutanen da ke da nakasa a cikin binciken kula da shari'a. Cin zarafin jima'i yana da alaƙa da karuwar cututtukan kwakwalwa da matsalolin halayyar, da kuma alamun damuwa bayan rauni. Halin tunani game da cin zarafi yayi kama da wanda aka lura a cikin yawan jama'a, amma tare da karawa da halayyar da aka saba da ita. Mafi tsanani cin zarafin, mafi tsanani alamun da aka ruwaito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sequeira, H, Howlin, P, Hollins, S |year=2003 |title=Psychological disturbance associated with sexual abuse in people with learning disabilities. Case-control study. |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=183 |pages=451–456 |doi=10.1192/bjp.183.5.451 |pmid=14594922 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cin zarafin jima'i ba zai yiwu a bayar da rahoton ta hanyar nakasassu ba. Mutanen da ke kewaye da waɗannan mutane galibi ana samun su da ƙarancin bayar da rahoton waɗannan lokuta na cin zarafi. Al'ummomi da yawa har yanzu suna kallon nakasassu a matsayin marasa ƙarfi da rauni, suna sauƙaƙa ga mai cin zarafi ba ya jin nadama ko kuma ya kawar da zargi daga kansu. Sau da yawa, mutane suna tunanin za su iya amincewa da likitocin su ko likitocin da ke kula da waɗannan mutane. A cikin binciken asibiti an gano cewa likitoci za su samar da kulawa mara kyau ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Za su kawar da matsalolin maimakon magance su ta hanyar ba su magunguna don su yi shiru. An kuma gano cewa likitoci ba su da damar bayar da rahoton cin zarafin jima'i ko duk wani cin zarafin da suka samu a kan waɗannan mutane. Sun tabbatar da waɗannan ayyukan ta hanyar gaskata cewa mutanen da ke da nakasa ba su da mahimmanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=Ruth |last2=Salbenblatt |first2=James |last3=Schiappacasse |first3=Joseph |last4=Maly |first4=Bernard |year=2001 |title=Physician unwitting participation in abuse and neglect of persons with developmental disabilities |journal=Community Mental Health Journal |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=499–509 |doi=10.1023/A:1017526112637 |pmid=11504143 |s2cid=34002240}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cin zarafin ma'aikata yana da tasiri sosai ga mutanen da ke da nakasa, kamar yadda mutanen da ke fama da nakasa da nakasa sau da yawa ke zaune a cikin saitunan ma'aikata. Asibitoci da gidajen kulawa na iya zama saitunan inda cin zarafi ke faruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kamavarapu |first=Y.S. |last2=Ferriter |first2=Michael |last3=Morton |first3=S. |last4=Völlm |first4=B. |date=February 2017 |title=Institutional Abuse – Characteristics of Victims, Perpetrators and Organsations: a Systematic Review |url=https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/829221 |journal=European Psychiatry |volume=40 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.07.002 |pmid=27837673 |s2cid=39356961}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin lafiya mai tsanani wani abu ne wanda ke kara yiwuwar cin zarafin tsofaffi da sakaci a gidajen tsofaffi a Portugal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frazão |first=Sofia Lalanda |last2=Correia |first2=Ana Margarida |last3=Norton |first3=Pedro |last4=Magalhães |first4=Teresa |date=November 2015 |title=Physical abuse against elderly persons in institutional settings |journal=Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine |volume=36 |pages=54–60 |doi=10.1016/j.jflm.2015.09.002 |pmid=26397767 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin cin zarafin ==
Akwai binciken da aka yi wanda ya nuna kashi 60 cikin 100 na yara masu nakasa suna fitowa game da zalunci akai-akai, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 25 cikin 100 na ɗaliban da ake zalunci waɗanda ba su da nakasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top 10 facts parents, educators, and Students need to Know |url=https://www.pacer.org/bullying/resources/students-with-disabilities/ |website=Bullying and Harassment of Students with Disabilities}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan kuma na iya shafar ilmantarwa da makaranta da ilimi. Matsayinsu suna cikin haɗari wajen sauka, suna da lokacin da ya fi wuya a mai da hankali, kuma babu sha'awar makaranta da kayan ilmantarwa. Duk wannan na iya haifar da yaron ya bar makaranta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top 10 facts parents. educators, and students need to know |url=https://www.pacer.org/bullying/resources/students-with-disabilities/ |website=National Bullying prevention center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofin yanzu da bincike ==
Akwai manufofi kamar Mataki na 16 na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa wanda ke kira ga matakan da suka dace da ake buƙata don kare duk mutanen da ke da nakasassu a kowane wuri, daga kowane nau'in cin zarafi. WHO ta yi wata sanarwa da ke jaddada rashin kulawar lafiyar jama'a game da cin zarafin yara a duk faɗin duniya wanda aka isar da shi ta hanyar misalai kamar tambayoyin Adverse Childhood Experience [1] wanda aka yi amfani da shi don samun kyakkyawar fahimta game da yaduwar cin zarafin da ke faruwa a duk duniya, amma kwatantawa na iya zama ƙalubale saboda manufofi daban-daban tsakanin yankuna.

Ƙarin manufofi kamar Dokar Rigakafin Cin zarafin Yara ta Amurka da aka zartar a 1974 kuma an sake ba da izini a 2019 sun kirkiro tsarin bayar da rahoto da amsawa na cin zarafin yara wanda ke buƙatar a ba da izinin ƙwararru don yin rahoton gwamnati idan yaro ya yi nuni da yiwuwar cin zarafi ko watsi da ganin idan ana buƙatar bincike.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kwarewa
* Rashin cin zarafin ci gaba da rauni
* Laifin ƙiyayya na nakasassu
* Cin zarafin ma'aikata
* Cin zarafin jima'i na mutanen da ke da nakasa
* Rikicin da ake yi wa nakasassu
* Rubuce-rubucen nakasassu
* Mai ban mamaki

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Masana'antar zubar da ciki</title>
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        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351408098|Abortion industry]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Masana'antar zubar da ciki''''' kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita da farko a cikin fafutukar siyasa don komawa ga masu ba da zubar da cikin ciki, kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari, da kungiyoyi masu alaƙa da ke da hannu wajen isar da ayyukan zubar da zubar.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weitz |first=Tracy A. |date=2024 |title=Making sense of the economics of abortion in the United States |journal=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |publisher=Wiley/Planned Parenthood Federation of America |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=199–210 |doi=10.1111/psrh.12288 |pmc=11606007 |pmid=39537337}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elvins |first=Sarah |last2=Parkin |first2=Katherine |date=2025 |title=The business of abortion: referral services, cross-border consumption, and Canadian women's access to abortion in New York State, 1970–1972 |journal=Enterprise &amp; Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=26 |pages=197–217 |doi=10.1017/eso.2023.61 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu adawa da zubar da ciki suna amfani da kalmar a kusa da duniya. Duk da yake magoya bayan zubar da ciki gabaɗaya za su koma ga abubuwa ɗai-ɗai, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;masana'antar zubar da cikin ciki&quot; don ba da shawarar cewa akwai dalilin da ya dace, neman riba da aka raba tsakanin su. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Newsweek |date=15 February 2022 |title=The Abortion Industry, Like Big Tobacco Before It, Undermines Science |url=https://www.newsweek.com/abortion-industry-like-big-tobacco-before-it-undermines-science-opinion-1678488 |journal=Newsweek |access-date=13 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Martha |last2=Stolow |first2=Jeni |last3=Burdick |first3=Micki |last4=Mercieca |first4=Amy |date=2025 |title=Contested narratives: A qualitative analysis of abortion testimonies in Louisiana legislature |journal=Frontiers in Global Women's Health |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fgwh.2025.1533813 |pmc=12043522 |pmid=40313360 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalmomin da amfani ==
Littattafan ilimi da lafiyar jama'a yawanci suna amfani da kalmomi masu bayyanawa kamar Masu ba da zubar da ciki, sabis na zubar da jini ko sabis na kiwon lafiya na haihuwa yayin nazarin ƙungiya, kuɗi da isar da kulawa.[1] Sabanin haka, kalmar masana'antar zubar da ciki ta zama ruwan dare a cikin sharhin siyasa da bayar da shawarwari (musamman tsakanin kungiyoyin masu adawa da zubar da cikin ciki) don nuna masu samarwa da cibiyoyin sadarwa a cikin mahimman kalmomi.[2]

== Ci gaban tarihi ==
Masana tarihi sun bayyana nau'o'i daban-daban na samar da zubar da ciki a duk karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, sannan ci gaban tsakiyar karni na 20 na ayyukan asibiti da kuma shirya hanyoyin sadarwar turawa a cikin hukunce-hukuncen inda zubar da cikin doka ko kuma 'yanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elvins |first=Sarah |last2=Parkin |first2=Katherine |date=2025 |title=The business of abortion: referral services, cross-border consumption, and Canadian women's access to abortion in New York State, 1970–1972 |journal=Enterprise &amp; Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=26 |pages=197–217 |doi=10.1017/eso.2023.61 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike kan takardun samun dama ta kan iyaka ya nuna yadda hukumomin turawa da tafiye-tafiye suka kirkiro kasuwanni don ayyuka lokacin da aka ƙuntata samar da gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot; /&gt;

== Masu samarwa da tsarin ƙungiyoyi ==
Haɗin asibitoci masu zaman kansu, sabis na asibiti, cibiyoyin sadarwar da ba su da riba na ƙasa da masu ba da sabis na zubar da ciki; a cikin karni na 21, ƙungiyoyin telehealth da kantin magani na kan layi sun zama fitattun masu ba da zubar da jini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 April 2025 |title=Abortion in the United States: Fact Sheet |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-united-states |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Guttmacher Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brander |first=Caroline |date=1 October 2024 |title=Online medication abortion direct-to-patient fulfilment patterns before and after Dobbs |journal=JAMA Network Open |publisher=American Medical Association |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=e2434675 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.34675 |pmc=11452820 |pmid=39365583}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa Maris 2024, akwai asibitoci 765 na tubali da ke ba da kula da zubar da ciki a Amurka, daga 807 a cikin 2020, ba tare da asibitocin a cikin jihohi 14 da ke aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a wannan lokacin ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Rachel K. |date=2024 |title=The Number of Brick-and-Mortar Abortion Clinics Drops, as Total Bans Eliminate Services in 14 States |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/report/abortion-clinics-united-states-2020-2024 |access-date=13 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayanan bayanai na kayan aiki kuma suna bin diddigin saurin tashi na masu samar da kiwon lafiya, wanda aka ba da damar a wasu hukunce-hukunce ta hanyar &quot;dokokin garkuwar&quot; da ke kare likitocin da ke ba da umarni a fadin layin jihohi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schroeder |first=Riley |date=August 2024 |title=Trends in Abortion Services in the United States, 2017–2023 |url=https://www.ansirh.org/sites/default/files/2024-08/AFD%20Trends%20in%20Abortion%20Services%20in%20the%20United%20States%202017-2023_Final%20UPDATED.pdf |journal=ANSIRH Abortion Facility Database Working Paper |publisher=Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (UCSF) |access-date=13 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun dama, yanayin ƙasa da telemedicine ==
Bayan hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta 2022 &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwcg&quot;&gt;Dobbs da Jackson&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, takardun bincike da yawa sun karu a matsakaicin lokacin tafiye-tafiye zuwa wuraren zubar da ciki na mutum da kuma hauhawar samar da telemedicine (gami da magungunan jigilar kaya zuwa jihohin da aka haramta). &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rader |first=Brooke |date=1 December 2022 |title=Estimated travel time and spatial access to abortion facilities in the US |journal=JAMA |publisher=American Medical Association |volume=328 |issue=20 |pages=2041–2047 |doi=10.1001/jama.2022.20424 |pmc=9627517 |pmid=36318194}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ANSIRH |date=1 November 2022 |title=Data show travel time to abortion facilities increased after Dobbs |url=https://www.ansirh.org/research/research/data-shows-travel-time-abortion-facilities-increased-after-fall-roe |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=ANSIRH |publisher=University of California, San Francisco}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan da aka sake dubawa a kan samar da kan layi da kuma zubar da ciki na maganin kai tsaye - gami da nazarin Mata a Yanar Gizo da Taimako - yana samun tasiri da aminci a ƙarƙashin samfuran telemedicine a cikin saitunan da ke da shingen doka ko na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aiken |first=Abigail R. A. |date=17 May 2017 |title=Self-reported outcomes and adverse events after medical abortion through online telemedicine: population based study |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/357/bmj.j2011 |journal=BMJ |publisher=BMJ Publishing Group |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j2011 |pmc=5431774 |pmid=28512085 |access-date=13 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Norman |first=Wendy V. |date=2017 |title=Abortion by telemedicine: an equitable option for Irish women |journal=BMJ: Sexual &amp; Reproductive Health |publisher=BMJ Publishing Group |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j2237 |pmc=5431773 |pmid=28512132}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brander |first=Caroline |date=1 October 2024 |title=Online medication abortion direct-to-patient fulfilment patterns before and after Dobbs |journal=JAMA Network Open |publisher=American Medical Association |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=e2434675 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.34675 |pmc=11452820 |pmid=39365583}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jagoran duniya daga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ya fahimci cewa za'a iya sarrafa zubar da ciki cikin aminci tare da hanyoyin da aka ba da shawarar a cikin saitunan da suka dace, gami da gudanar da kai a farkon ciki a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=21 September 2022 |title=Abortion care guideline (self-management of medical abortion, 2022 update) |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-SRH-22.1 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=WHO |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin mulki da tasirin manufofi ==
Dokokin kudade, ka'idojin kayan aiki, manufofin telehealth, da hukuncin aikata laifuka suna tsara inda kuma yadda ake isar da ayyuka da kuma shafar haɗuwa da asibiti da tanadi mai nisa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IWPR |date=2024 |title=The Economic and Workforce Impact of Restrictive Abortion Laws |url=https://iwpr.org/publications/economic-workforce-impact-restrictive-abortion/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Institute for Women's Policy Research |publisher=IWPR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken lambobin kayan aiki ya nuna raguwar net a asibitocin tubali da tubali bayan 2020, mai da hankali a jihohin da aka haramta, tare da ci gaba a cikin wadatar sabis na telehealth da amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Rachel K. |date=2024 |title=The Number of Brick-and-Mortar Abortion Clinics Drops, as Total Bans Eliminate Services in 14 States |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/report/abortion-clinics-united-states-2020-2024 |access-date=13 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schroeder |first=Riley |date=20 June 2023 |title=Availability of telehealth services for medication abortion, 2020–2022 |url=https://www.ansirh.org/sites/default/files/2023-06/AFD%20Telehealth%20Issue%20Brief%206-14-23%20Final.pdf |journal=ANSIRH Issue Brief |publisher=UCSF |access-date=13 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Da'awar da shaidu a cikin jawabin jama'a ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Da'awar da aka saba da ita a cikin jawabin jama'a game da &quot;masana'antar zubar da ciki&quot; da kuma abin da manyan kafofin suka bayar da rahoto
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:22%&quot; |Da'awar (sake gyara) 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:53%&quot; |Abin da tushen da za a iya dogara da shi ya bayar da rahoto
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:25%&quot; |Muhimman tushe
|-
!Ana amfani da kwayar tayin da aka zubar a cikin kayayyakin masu amfani (misali, abinci ko kayan shafawa) 
|Binciken gaskiya masu zaman kansu da FDA ta Amurka sun ce abinci masu amfani ba su da ƙwayoyin tayin. Rashin jituwa ya samo asali ne daga layin tantanin halitta na dakin gwaje-gwaje na shekarun da suka gabata da aka yi amfani da su a cikin bincike / gwaji; waɗannan ba sinadaran ba ne a cikin samfuran ƙarshe. Irin wannan da'awar game da kayan kwalliya ba su da tushe a cikin rahotanni na yau da kullun; lokacin da aka yi amfani da sunadarai da aka samo daga layin sel a cikin tallace-tallace ko R&amp;D, ba su da nama a cikin samfurin kanta.
| ;  ; &quot;Abin sha na PepsiCo ba su da 'ƙwayoyin tayin da aka zubar'&quot;. Reuters. Reuters. 15 ga Yulin 2021. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2025.   
|-
!&quot;An sayar da ragowar mama don riba&quot;
|Dokar tarayya ta Amurka ta haramta canja wurin kwayar ɗan adam don &quot;la'akari mai mahimmanci&quot;; kawai an ba da izinin biyan kuɗin da ya dace (misali, sufuri, sarrafawa). Cin zarafi laifi ne. Jagoran Tarayya da taƙaitaccen bincike na Majalisa sun bayyana waɗannan ƙuntatawa.
| ;  ; &quot;HHS Bayanan Manufofin Bayani §4.1.14 (Binciken Kwayar Mutum) &quot;. NIH. Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2025.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=42 U.S.C. § 289g-2 — Prohibitions regarding human fetal tissue |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/289g-2 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Legal Information Institute |publisher=Cornell Law School}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 June 2021 |title=Fetal Tissue Research: Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10809 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Congressional Research Service |publisher=Library of Congress}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=HHS Grants Policy Statement §4.1.14 (Human Fetal Tissue Research) |url=https://grants.nih.gov/policy/human-fetal-tissue-research.htm |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NIH |publisher=U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services}}
|-
!&quot;An girbe Adrenochrome daga yara kuma an sayar da shi&quot;
|Wannan labari ne na Ka'idar makirci. Adrenochrome sanannen samfurin oxidation ne na epinephrine wanda za'a iya hada shi; babu wata shaida ta girbi daga yara. Binciken gaskiya ya danganta irin wannan da'awar zuwa QAnon da irin wannan tatsuniyoyin intanet.
| ;  ; {{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 August 2025 |title=Adrenochrome |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/adrenochrome |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica}}  
|-
!&quot;Yawancin zubar da ciki yana faruwa a ƙarshen ciki&quot;
|Kula da CDC ya nuna cewa yawancin suna faruwa da wuri: a cikin 2022, 92.8% a ≤ makonni 13 na ciki; kawai game da 1% a ≥ makonni 21 na ciki tsakanin wuraren bayar da rahoto.
|{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024 |title=Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2022 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/ss/ss7307a1.htm |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=MMWR |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}
|-
!&quot;Masu biyan haraji ne ke biyan zubar da ciki; masu ba da kuɗi suna da sha'awar kuɗi a cikin mafi girma&quot;.
|Kudin Medicaid na Tarayya an ƙuntata su ta hanyar Hyde Amendment (hadarin rayuwa, fyade, dangi). Wasu jihohi (≈20) suna amfani da kudaden jihar kawai don rufe ƙarin zubar da ciki; wasu da yawa ba sa, suna barin marasa lafiya su biya kansu ko dogaro da inshora masu zaman kansu ko kudaden zubar da cikin ciki. Farashin ya bambanta ta hanyar da kuma isar da shi: KFF ta ba da rahoton matsakaicin 2023 na $ 600 a asibitocin tubali da tubali don zubar da ciki na magani vs. $ 150 ta hanyar asibitoci masu kama da juna; biyan kuɗi na Medicaid na jihar ya bambanta sosai. Wadannan manufofi suna bayyana wanda ke biyan kuɗi kuma ba tabbacin &quot; riba daga nama ba ne&quot;.
| ;  ; &quot;Tallafin Gwamnati na zubar da ciki a karkashin Medicaid&quot;. KFF State Health Facts. KFF. 5 Nuwamba 2024. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2025. ; {{Cite web |last=Diep |first=Karen |date=15 July 2025 |title=Abortion Trends Before and After Dobbs |url=https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/abortion-trends-before-and-after-dobbs/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=KFF}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 March 2024 |title=The Hyde Amendment and Coverage for Abortion Services under Medicaid |url=https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/the-hyde-amendment-and-coverage-for-abortion-services-under-medicaid-in-the-post-roe-era/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=KFF}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=5 November 2024 |title=State Funding of Abortions Under Medicaid |url=https://www.kff.org/medicaid/state-indicator/abortion-under-medicaid/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=KFF State Health Facts |publisher=KFF}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024–2025 |title=Medicaid reimbursement ranges for abortion services |url=https://www.kff.org/page/67/?entry=health-status-and-outcomes-birth-risks-and-outcomes |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=KFF}}
|-
!&quot;Mutane masu launin fata suna samun mafi yawan zubar da ciki saboda ayyukan da aka yi niyya daga masu samarwa&quot;
|Bayanan CDC sun nuna bambance-bambance ta launin fata / kabilanci tsakanin yankunan bayar da rahoto (misali, 2022: 39.5% Black, 31.9% White, 21.2% Hispanic). CDC ta yi gargadi cewa tseren / kabilanci alamomi ne, ba direbobi ba, kuma bambance-bambance suna nuna manyan abubuwan tsari da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma shingen samun dama.
|{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024 |title=Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2022 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/ss/ss7307a1.htm |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=MMWR |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}
|-
!&quot;Zubar da ciki yana haifar da ciwon nono ko rashin haihuwa&quot;
|Manyan hukumomin kiwon lafiya ba da rahoton cewa babu wata alaƙa da ke tsakanin zubar da ciki da ciwon nono; kula da zubar da cikin gida na doka yana da aminci tare da manyan rikitarwa.
|&quot;Abortion da Hadarin Ciwon Cutar Cutar Ciki&quot;. American Cancer Society. ACS. 7 Yuni 2024. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2025. ;  &lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite web}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: CS1 maint: sunaye da yawa: jerin marubuta (link); &quot;Tarihin haifuwa da Hadarin Ciwon daji&quot;. NCI. Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa. 9 ga Nuwamba 2016. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2025.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 June 2024 |title=Abortion and Breast Cancer Risk |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/medical-treatments/abortion-and-breast-cancer-risk.html |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=American Cancer Society |publisher=ACS}}{{Cite web |last=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |date=2018 |title=The Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the United States (Summary) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507229/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NCBI Bookshelf |publisher=National Academies Press}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 November 2016 |title=Reproductive History and Cancer Risk |url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones/reproductive-history-fact-sheet |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NCI |publisher=National Cancer Institute}}
|-
!&quot;Rashin zubar da ciki ba shi da tsari / ba shi da tabbas&quot;
|An amince da Mifepristone ta FDA tun daga shekara ta 2000 tare da kula da Binciken Hadari da Shirye-shiryen Ragewa (REMS); taƙaitaccen abubuwan da suka faru na FDA na 2024 da kuma sake dubawa masu zaman kansu sun sami ƙarancin rikitarwa masu tsanani da ƙarancin mutuwa.
| ;  &lt;nowiki&gt;{{cit web}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: CS1 maint: sunaye da yawa: jerin marubuta (link) {{Cite web |last= |first= |date=31 December 2024 |title=Mifepristone U.S. Post-Marketing Adverse Events Summary through 12/31/2024 |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/185245/download |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=FDA |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}{{Cite web |last=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |date=2018 |title=The Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the United States |url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24950/the-safety-and-quality-of-abortion-care-in-the-united-states |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=National Academies Press}}
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Zubar da ciki]]
* Magunguna zubar da ciki
* Telehealth

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Masana'antar zubar da ciki''''' kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita da farko a cikin fafutukar siyasa don komawa ga masu ba da zubar da cikin ciki, kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari, da kungiyoyi masu alaƙa da ke da hannu wajen isar da ayyukan zubar da zubar.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weitz |first=Tracy A. |date=2024 |title=Making sense of the economics of abortion in the United States |journal=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |publisher=Wiley/Planned Parenthood Federation of America |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=199–210 |doi=10.1111/psrh.12288 |pmc=11606007 |pmid=39537337}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elvins |first=Sarah |last2=Parkin |first2=Katherine |date=2025 |title=The business of abortion: referral services, cross-border consumption, and Canadian women's access to abortion in New York State, 1970–1972 |journal=Enterprise &amp; Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=26 |pages=197–217 |doi=10.1017/eso.2023.61 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu adawa da zubar da ciki suna amfani da kalmar a kusa da duniya. Duk da yake magoya bayan zubar da ciki gabaɗaya za su koma ga abubuwa ɗai-ɗai, ana amfani da kalmar &quot;masana'antar zubar da cikin ciki&quot; don ba da shawarar cewa akwai dalilin da ya dace, neman riba da aka raba tsakanin su. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Newsweek |date=15 February 2022 |title=The Abortion Industry, Like Big Tobacco Before It, Undermines Science |url=https://www.newsweek.com/abortion-industry-like-big-tobacco-before-it-undermines-science-opinion-1678488 |journal=Newsweek |access-date=13 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Martha |last2=Stolow |first2=Jeni |last3=Burdick |first3=Micki |last4=Mercieca |first4=Amy |date=2025 |title=Contested narratives: A qualitative analysis of abortion testimonies in Louisiana legislature |journal=Frontiers in Global Women's Health |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fgwh.2025.1533813 |pmc=12043522 |pmid=40313360 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalmomin da amfani ==
Littattafan ilimi da lafiyar jama'a yawanci suna amfani da kalmomi masu bayyanawa kamar Masu ba da zubar da ciki, sabis na zubar da jini ko sabis na kiwon lafiya na haihuwa yayin nazarin ƙungiya, kuɗi da isar da kulawa.[1] Sabanin haka, kalmar masana'antar zubar da ciki ta zama ruwan dare a cikin sharhin siyasa da bayar da shawarwari (musamman tsakanin kungiyoyin masu adawa da zubar da cikin ciki) don nuna masu samarwa da cibiyoyin sadarwa a cikin mahimman kalmomi.[2]

== Ci gaban tarihi ==
Masana tarihi sun bayyana nau'o'i daban-daban na samar da zubar da ciki a duk karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, sannan ci gaban tsakiyar karni na 20 na ayyukan asibiti da kuma shirya hanyoyin sadarwar turawa a cikin hukunce-hukuncen inda zubar da cikin doka ko kuma 'yanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elvins |first=Sarah |last2=Parkin |first2=Katherine |date=2025 |title=The business of abortion: referral services, cross-border consumption, and Canadian women's access to abortion in New York State, 1970–1972 |journal=Enterprise &amp; Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=26 |pages=197–217 |doi=10.1017/eso.2023.61 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike kan takardun samun dama ta kan iyaka ya nuna yadda hukumomin turawa da tafiye-tafiye suka kirkiro kasuwanni don ayyuka lokacin da aka ƙuntata samar da gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot; /&gt;

== Masu samarwa da tsarin ƙungiyoyi ==
Haɗin asibitoci masu zaman kansu, sabis na asibiti, cibiyoyin sadarwar da ba su da riba na ƙasa da masu ba da sabis na zubar da ciki; a cikin karni na 21, ƙungiyoyin telehealth da kantin magani na kan layi sun zama fitattun masu ba da zubar da jini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 April 2025 |title=Abortion in the United States: Fact Sheet |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-united-states |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Guttmacher Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brander |first=Caroline |date=1 October 2024 |title=Online medication abortion direct-to-patient fulfilment patterns before and after Dobbs |journal=JAMA Network Open |publisher=American Medical Association |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=e2434675 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.34675 |pmc=11452820 |pmid=39365583}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa Maris 2024, akwai asibitoci 765 na tubali da ke ba da kula da zubar da ciki a Amurka, daga 807 a cikin 2020, ba tare da asibitocin a cikin jihohi 14 da ke aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a wannan lokacin ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Rachel K. |date=2024 |title=The Number of Brick-and-Mortar Abortion Clinics Drops, as Total Bans Eliminate Services in 14 States |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/report/abortion-clinics-united-states-2020-2024 |access-date=13 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayanan bayanai na kayan aiki kuma suna bin diddigin saurin tashi na masu samar da kiwon lafiya, wanda aka ba da damar a wasu hukunce-hukunce ta hanyar &quot;dokokin garkuwar&quot; da ke kare likitocin da ke ba da umarni a fadin layin jihohi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schroeder |first=Riley |date=August 2024 |title=Trends in Abortion Services in the United States, 2017–2023 |url=https://www.ansirh.org/sites/default/files/2024-08/AFD%20Trends%20in%20Abortion%20Services%20in%20the%20United%20States%202017-2023_Final%20UPDATED.pdf |journal=ANSIRH Abortion Facility Database Working Paper |publisher=Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (UCSF) |access-date=13 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun dama, yanayin ƙasa da telemedicine ==
Bayan hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta 2022 &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwcg&quot;&gt;Dobbs da Jackson&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, takardun bincike da yawa sun karu a matsakaicin lokacin tafiye-tafiye zuwa wuraren zubar da ciki na mutum da kuma hauhawar samar da telemedicine (gami da magungunan jigilar kaya zuwa jihohin da aka haramta). &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rader |first=Brooke |date=1 December 2022 |title=Estimated travel time and spatial access to abortion facilities in the US |journal=JAMA |publisher=American Medical Association |volume=328 |issue=20 |pages=2041–2047 |doi=10.1001/jama.2022.20424 |pmc=9627517 |pmid=36318194}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ANSIRH |date=1 November 2022 |title=Data show travel time to abortion facilities increased after Dobbs |url=https://www.ansirh.org/research/research/data-shows-travel-time-abortion-facilities-increased-after-fall-roe |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=ANSIRH |publisher=University of California, San Francisco}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan da aka sake dubawa a kan samar da kan layi da kuma zubar da ciki na maganin kai tsaye - gami da nazarin Mata a Yanar Gizo da Taimako - yana samun tasiri da aminci a ƙarƙashin samfuran telemedicine a cikin saitunan da ke da shingen doka ko na ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aiken |first=Abigail R. A. |date=17 May 2017 |title=Self-reported outcomes and adverse events after medical abortion through online telemedicine: population based study |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/357/bmj.j2011 |journal=BMJ |publisher=BMJ Publishing Group |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j2011 |pmc=5431774 |pmid=28512085 |access-date=13 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Norman |first=Wendy V. |date=2017 |title=Abortion by telemedicine: an equitable option for Irish women |journal=BMJ: Sexual &amp; Reproductive Health |publisher=BMJ Publishing Group |volume=357 |doi=10.1136/bmj.j2237 |pmc=5431773 |pmid=28512132}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Brander |first=Caroline |date=1 October 2024 |title=Online medication abortion direct-to-patient fulfilment patterns before and after Dobbs |journal=JAMA Network Open |publisher=American Medical Association |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=e2434675 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.34675 |pmc=11452820 |pmid=39365583}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jagoran duniya daga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ya fahimci cewa za'a iya sarrafa zubar da ciki cikin aminci tare da hanyoyin da aka ba da shawarar a cikin saitunan da suka dace, gami da gudanar da kai a farkon ciki a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |date=21 September 2022 |title=Abortion care guideline (self-management of medical abortion, 2022 update) |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-SRH-22.1 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=WHO |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin mulki da tasirin manufofi ==
Dokokin kudade, ka'idojin kayan aiki, manufofin telehealth, da hukuncin aikata laifuka suna tsara inda kuma yadda ake isar da ayyuka da kuma shafar haɗuwa da asibiti da tanadi mai nisa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IWPR |date=2024 |title=The Economic and Workforce Impact of Restrictive Abortion Laws |url=https://iwpr.org/publications/economic-workforce-impact-restrictive-abortion/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Institute for Women's Policy Research |publisher=IWPR}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken lambobin kayan aiki ya nuna raguwar net a asibitocin tubali da tubali bayan 2020, mai da hankali a jihohin da aka haramta, tare da ci gaba a cikin wadatar sabis na telehealth da amfani.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Rachel K. |date=2024 |title=The Number of Brick-and-Mortar Abortion Clinics Drops, as Total Bans Eliminate Services in 14 States |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/report/abortion-clinics-united-states-2020-2024 |access-date=13 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schroeder |first=Riley |date=20 June 2023 |title=Availability of telehealth services for medication abortion, 2020–2022 |url=https://www.ansirh.org/sites/default/files/2023-06/AFD%20Telehealth%20Issue%20Brief%206-14-23%20Final.pdf |journal=ANSIRH Issue Brief |publisher=UCSF |access-date=13 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Da'awar da shaidu a cikin jawabin jama'a ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Da'awar da aka saba da ita a cikin jawabin jama'a game da &quot;masana'antar zubar da ciki&quot; da kuma abin da manyan kafofin suka bayar da rahoto
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:22%&quot; |Da'awar (sake gyara) 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:53%&quot; |Abin da tushen da za a iya dogara da shi ya bayar da rahoto
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:25%&quot; |Muhimman tushe
|-
!Ana amfani da kwayar tayin da aka zubar a cikin kayayyakin masu amfani (misali, abinci ko kayan shafawa) 
|Binciken gaskiya masu zaman kansu da FDA ta Amurka sun ce abinci masu amfani ba su da ƙwayoyin tayin. Rashin jituwa ya samo asali ne daga layin tantanin halitta na dakin gwaje-gwaje na shekarun da suka gabata da aka yi amfani da su a cikin bincike / gwaji; waɗannan ba sinadaran ba ne a cikin samfuran ƙarshe. Irin wannan da'awar game da kayan kwalliya ba su da tushe a cikin rahotanni na yau da kullun; lokacin da aka yi amfani da sunadarai da aka samo daga layin sel a cikin tallace-tallace ko R&amp;D, ba su da nama a cikin samfurin kanta.
| ;  ; &quot;Abin sha na PepsiCo ba su da 'ƙwayoyin tayin da aka zubar'&quot;. Reuters. Reuters. 15 ga Yulin 2021. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2025.   
|-
!&quot;An sayar da ragowar mama don riba&quot;
|Dokar tarayya ta Amurka ta haramta canja wurin kwayar ɗan adam don &quot;la'akari mai mahimmanci&quot;; kawai an ba da izinin biyan kuɗin da ya dace (misali, sufuri, sarrafawa). Cin zarafi laifi ne. Jagoran Tarayya da taƙaitaccen bincike na Majalisa sun bayyana waɗannan ƙuntatawa.
| ;  ; &quot;HHS Bayanan Manufofin Bayani §4.1.14 (Binciken Kwayar Mutum) &quot;. NIH. Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2025.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=42 U.S.C. § 289g-2 — Prohibitions regarding human fetal tissue |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/289g-2 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Legal Information Institute |publisher=Cornell Law School}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 June 2021 |title=Fetal Tissue Research: Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10809 |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Congressional Research Service |publisher=Library of Congress}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=HHS Grants Policy Statement §4.1.14 (Human Fetal Tissue Research) |url=https://grants.nih.gov/policy/human-fetal-tissue-research.htm |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NIH |publisher=U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services}}
|-
!&quot;An girbe Adrenochrome daga yara kuma an sayar da shi&quot;
|Wannan labari ne na Ka'idar makirci. Adrenochrome sanannen samfurin oxidation ne na epinephrine wanda za'a iya hada shi; babu wata shaida ta girbi daga yara. Binciken gaskiya ya danganta irin wannan da'awar zuwa QAnon da irin wannan tatsuniyoyin intanet.
| ;  ; {{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 August 2025 |title=Adrenochrome |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/adrenochrome |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica}}  
|-
!&quot;Yawancin zubar da ciki yana faruwa a ƙarshen ciki&quot;
|Kula da CDC ya nuna cewa yawancin suna faruwa da wuri: a cikin 2022, 92.8% a ≤ makonni 13 na ciki; kawai game da 1% a ≥ makonni 21 na ciki tsakanin wuraren bayar da rahoto.
|{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024 |title=Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2022 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/ss/ss7307a1.htm |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=MMWR |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}
|-
!&quot;Masu biyan haraji ne ke biyan zubar da ciki; masu ba da kuɗi suna da sha'awar kuɗi a cikin mafi girma&quot;.
|Kudin Medicaid na Tarayya an ƙuntata su ta hanyar Hyde Amendment (hadarin rayuwa, fyade, dangi). Wasu jihohi (≈20) suna amfani da kudaden jihar kawai don rufe ƙarin zubar da ciki; wasu da yawa ba sa, suna barin marasa lafiya su biya kansu ko dogaro da inshora masu zaman kansu ko kudaden zubar da cikin ciki. Farashin ya bambanta ta hanyar da kuma isar da shi: KFF ta ba da rahoton matsakaicin 2023 na $ 600 a asibitocin tubali da tubali don zubar da ciki na magani vs. $ 150 ta hanyar asibitoci masu kama da juna; biyan kuɗi na Medicaid na jihar ya bambanta sosai. Wadannan manufofi suna bayyana wanda ke biyan kuɗi kuma ba tabbacin &quot; riba daga nama ba ne&quot;.
| ;  ; &quot;Tallafin Gwamnati na zubar da ciki a karkashin Medicaid&quot;. KFF State Health Facts. KFF. 5 Nuwamba 2024. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2025. ; {{Cite web |last=Diep |first=Karen |date=15 July 2025 |title=Abortion Trends Before and After Dobbs |url=https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/abortion-trends-before-and-after-dobbs/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=KFF}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 March 2024 |title=The Hyde Amendment and Coverage for Abortion Services under Medicaid |url=https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/the-hyde-amendment-and-coverage-for-abortion-services-under-medicaid-in-the-post-roe-era/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=KFF}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=5 November 2024 |title=State Funding of Abortions Under Medicaid |url=https://www.kff.org/medicaid/state-indicator/abortion-under-medicaid/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=KFF State Health Facts |publisher=KFF}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024–2025 |title=Medicaid reimbursement ranges for abortion services |url=https://www.kff.org/page/67/?entry=health-status-and-outcomes-birth-risks-and-outcomes |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=KFF}}
|-
!&quot;Mutane masu launin fata suna samun mafi yawan zubar da ciki saboda ayyukan da aka yi niyya daga masu samarwa&quot;
|Bayanan CDC sun nuna bambance-bambance ta launin fata / kabilanci tsakanin yankunan bayar da rahoto (misali, 2022: 39.5% Black, 31.9% White, 21.2% Hispanic). CDC ta yi gargadi cewa tseren / kabilanci alamomi ne, ba direbobi ba, kuma bambance-bambance suna nuna manyan abubuwan tsari da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma shingen samun dama.
|{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024 |title=Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2022 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/ss/ss7307a1.htm |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=MMWR |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}
|-
!&quot;Zubar da ciki yana haifar da ciwon nono ko rashin haihuwa&quot;
|Manyan hukumomin kiwon lafiya ba da rahoton cewa babu wata alaƙa da ke tsakanin zubar da ciki da ciwon nono; kula da zubar da cikin gida na doka yana da aminci tare da manyan rikitarwa.
|&quot;Abortion da Hadarin Ciwon Cutar Cutar Ciki&quot;. American Cancer Society. ACS. 7 Yuni 2024. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2025. ;  &lt;nowiki&gt;{{cite web}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: CS1 maint: sunaye da yawa: jerin marubuta (link); &quot;Tarihin haifuwa da Hadarin Ciwon daji&quot;. NCI. Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa. 9 ga Nuwamba 2016. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2025.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 June 2024 |title=Abortion and Breast Cancer Risk |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/medical-treatments/abortion-and-breast-cancer-risk.html |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=American Cancer Society |publisher=ACS}}{{Cite web |last=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |date=2018 |title=The Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the United States (Summary) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507229/ |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NCBI Bookshelf |publisher=National Academies Press}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 November 2016 |title=Reproductive History and Cancer Risk |url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones/reproductive-history-fact-sheet |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=NCI |publisher=National Cancer Institute}}
|-
!&quot;Rashin zubar da ciki ba shi da tsari / ba shi da tabbas&quot;
|An amince da Mifepristone ta FDA tun daga shekara ta 2000 tare da kula da Binciken Hadari da Shirye-shiryen Ragewa (REMS); taƙaitaccen abubuwan da suka faru na FDA na 2024 da kuma sake dubawa masu zaman kansu sun sami ƙarancin rikitarwa masu tsanani da ƙarancin mutuwa.
| ;  &lt;nowiki&gt;{{cit web}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;: CS1 maint: sunaye da yawa: jerin marubuta (link) {{Cite web |last= |first= |date=31 December 2024 |title=Mifepristone U.S. Post-Marketing Adverse Events Summary through 12/31/2024 |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/185245/download |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=FDA |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}{{Cite web |last=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |date=2018 |title=The Safety and Quality of Abortion Care in the United States |url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24950/the-safety-and-quality-of-abortion-care-in-the-united-states |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=National Academies Press}}
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Zubar da ciki]]
* Magunguna zubar da ciki
* Telehealth

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>sdcqagxtlyvingbufnle2pcnfisip24</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naƙasa da talauci</title>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334431556|Disability and poverty]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843470</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="13633" sha1="5aoe21q3ku4pgtttz50icxkwmi7elia" xml:space="preserve">{{Blockquote|&quot;A disabled women suffers a multiple handicap. Her chances of marriage are very slight, and she is most likely to be condemned to a twilight existence as a non-productive adjunct to the household of her birth... it is small wonder that many disabled female babies do not survive.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Coleridge&quot;/&gt;{{rp|154}}}}

Mutanen da ke cikin [[talauci]] sun fi samun ko samun nakasa a cikin rayuwarsu idan aka kwatanta da yawancin mutanen da ke da damar kudi. Adadin nakasassu a cikin kasashe masu talauci ya fi girma fiye da wanda aka samu a [[Developed country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010 an ci gaba da bincike don tallafawa haɗin tsakanin '''nakasa da talauci''' da kuma sake zagayowar da talauci ke ƙarfafa juna. Rashin lafiyar jiki, fahimta, tunani, motsin rai, ji, ko ci gaba da kansa ko tare da juna na iya kara yiwuwar mutum ya zama matalauta, yayin da rayuwa cikin talauci na iya kara damar mutum na samun ko samun nakasa a wasu damar.

== Yankin ==
[[Fayil:Disable_begger_in_Dhaka.JPG|thumb|Mutumin da ke da nakasa a Bangladesh]]

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
A cewar Bankin Duniya, &quot;Mutanen da ke da nakasa a matsakaita a matsayin rukuni suna fuskantar mummunar sakamako na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki fiye da mutanen da ba su da nakasa, kamar ƙananan ilimi, mummunar sakamakon kiwon lafiya, ƙananan aiki, da mafi girman talauci. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Disability Inclusion Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disability#1 |access-date=18 December 2021 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu bincike sun nuna cewa waɗannan raguwar sakamakon na iya danganta su da yawancin shingen ma'aikata da sauran dalilai. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen yaduwar nakasa a cikin talakawa don bin tsarin sake zagayowar wanda waɗanda ke zaune a cikin talauci zasu iya samun nakasa kuma waɗanda ke da nakasa zasu iya zama matalauta.

=== Mugun da'irar ===
Masana daga Majalisar nakasassu ta Burtaniya sun danganta alaƙar da ke tsakanin nakasassu da talauci ga dalilai da yawa na tsarin da ke inganta &quot;mummunan da'ira&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yeo |first=Rebecca |last2=Moore |first2=Karen |date=March 2003 |title=Including Disabled People in Poverty Reduction Work: &quot;Nothing About Us, Without Us&quot; |journal=World Development |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=571–590 |doi=10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00218-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kididdigar ta tabbatar da yanayin karfafa juna na nakasa da kuma matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, yana nuna cewa mutanen da ke da nakasa suna da damar zama matalauta kuma mutanen da ke talauci suna da damar samun nakasa. Shingen da aka gabatar ga waɗanda ke da nakasa na iya haifar da mutane da rashin samun damar samun mahimman albarkatun, kamar damar samun ilimi da aiki, don haka ya sa su fada cikin talauci. Hakazalika, talauci yana sanya mutane cikin haɗari mafi girma na samun nakasa saboda rashin kulawa da lafiya, abinci mai gina jiki, tsaftacewa, da kuma yanayin aiki mai aminci wanda matalauta ke ƙarƙashinsa.

Masana sun tabbatar da cewa wannan sake zagayowar ta ci gaba ne musamman saboda rashin hukumomi da aka ba wa waɗanda ke zaune cikin talauci. Ƙananan zaɓuɓɓuka da ke akwai ga matalauta galibi suna buƙatar waɗannan mutane su sanya kansu cikin haɗari, saboda haka yana haifar da karuwa a cikin samun raunin da za a iya hanawa. Rayuwa cikin talauci kuma an nuna shi don rage damar mutum ga ayyukan kiwon lafiya na rigakafi, wanda ke haifar da karuwa a samun nakasassu masu yuwuwa. A cikin binciken da Oxfam ta yi, kungiyar ta gano cewa fiye da rabin lokuta na makanta na yara da raunin ji a Afirka da Asiya an dauke su da za a iya hanawa ko magani. Wani kimantawa da Oxfam ta fitar ya ba da ƙarin shaidar wannan mummunan da'irar. Sun gano cewa mutane miliyan 100 da ke cikin talauci suma suna da nakasa da aka samu saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki da rashin tsabtace muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lee&quot; /&gt;

=== Nuna bambanci ===

Halin da ke tare da waɗannan halayen biyu yana haifar da mata masu nakasa don a ga su musamman sun dogara da wasu kuma suna aiki don kara kuskuren wannan yawan jama'a a matsayin mai nauyi. A cikin binciken da Oxfam ta yi, an nuna sakamakon zamantakewar al'umma na samun nakasa yayin da yake cikin yawan mutanen da aka riga aka ware, yana cewa,

Bugu da ƙari, mata masu nakasa suna da saukin kamuwa da cin zarafi. Binciken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2004 a Orissa, Indiya, ya gano cewa kowane mata da ke da nakasa a cikin samfurin su sun sami wani nau'i na cin zarafin jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2012 |title=Fact sheet on persons with disabilities |url=http://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/toolaction/pwdfs.pdf |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan nuna bambanci sau biyu kuma ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kasashe masu masana'antu. A Amurka, alal misali, kashi 72 cikin dari na mata masu nakasa suna rayuwa a ƙasa da layin talauci. Ƙarin nuna bambanci ga mutanen da ke da nakasa na iya fuskantarwa saboda jima'i yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da cewa, a cewar Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba, mata suna ba da rahoton mafi yawan nakasa fiye da maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, alaƙar da ke tsakanin nakasa da talauci tana da muhimmancin gaske ga mata na duniya, tare da mata da ke da kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na duk mutanen da ke rayuwa cikin talauci. Har ila yau, nuna bambanci na ma'aikata ya wanzu saboda akwai manufofi da ke cikin kungiyoyi waɗanda ke haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin mutum mai nakasa da wanda ba mai nakasa ba. Wasu daga cikin wadannan kungiyoyi sun yi watsi da bukatun nakasassu kuma wasu suna tsoma baki a rayuwarsu a matsayin hanyar kula da zamantakewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Colin |year=1994 |title=Institutional discrimination, disabled people and inter professional care |journal=Journal of Interprofessional Care |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=203–212 |doi=10.3109/13561829409010420}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kula da lafiya ===
Wani dalili kuma wanda ya sa mutanen da ke zaune tare da nakasa galibi suna talauci shine tsadar kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da bukatun su. Wani binciken, wanda aka gudanar a ƙauyuka a Kudancin Indiya, ya nuna cewa farashin shekara-shekara na magani da kayan aiki da ake buƙata ga mutanen da ke da nakasa a yankin ya kasance daga kwanaki uku na samun kudin shiga zuwa sama da shekaru biyu, tare da matsakaicin adadin da aka kashe akan muhimman ayyuka jimlar watanni uku na samun kuɗi. Wannan adadi ba ya la'akari da aikin da ba a biya ba na masu kulawa waɗanda dole ne su ba da taimako bayan waɗannan hanyoyin da kuma damar da ke haifar da asarar samun kudin shiga yayin rauni, tiyata, da farfadowa. Nazarin da masana kimiyyar ilimin ɗan adam na likita Benedicte Ingstad da Susan Reynolds Whyte suka bayar sun kuma nuna cewa samun damar kula da kiwon lafiya yana da rauni sosai lokacin da mutum ba shi da motsi. Sun ba da rahoton cewa ban da farashin kiwon lafiya kai tsaye da ke da alaƙa da nakasa, nauyin sufuri ya fi yawa ga waɗanda ke da nakasa. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga matalauta na karkara waɗanda ke da nisa daga birane yana buƙatar motsi mai yawa don samun sabis na kiwon lafiya. Saboda wadannan shingen, na tattalin arziki da na jiki, an kiyasta cewa kashi 2 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke da nakasa ne kawai ke da damar samun isasshen sabis na farfadowa.

Rashin samun kulawa ta kiwon lafiya ga waɗanda ke zaune a cikin talauci yana da tasiri sosai a kan yawan nakasassu a cikin wannan yawan. Mutanen da ke zaune cikin talauci suna fuskantar haɗarin kiwon lafiya mafi girma kuma galibi ba sa iya samun magani mai kyau, wanda ke haifar da su da yiwuwar samun nakasa a cikin rayuwarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yeo&quot; /&gt; Ba kawai cikas na kudi ba ne wadanda ke rayuwa cikin talauci ke fuskanta. Bincike ya nuna cewa batutuwan da ba za a iya samun su ba, samuwa, da iyakokin al'adu duk suna ba da cikas ga samun kulawa mai kyau ga mutanen kasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peters |first=David H. |last2=Garg |first2=Anu |last3=Bloom |first3=Gerry |last4=Walker |first4=Damian G. |last5=Brieger |first5=William R. |last6=Hafizur Rahman |first6=M. |date=25 July 2008 |title=Poverty and Access to Health Care in Developing Countries |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1136 |issue=1 |pages=161–171 |bibcode=2008NYASA1136..161P |doi=10.1196/annals.1425.011 |pmid=17954679 |s2cid=24649523 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cututtukan jima'i na musamman suna da lahani ga mata da ke rayuwa cikin talauci. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta kiyasta cewa a kowace shekara mata miliyan 20 suna samun nakasa saboda rikitarwa yayin daukar ciki da haihuwa wanda za'a iya rage shi sosai tare da kulawa mai kyau kafin haihuwa, haihuwa, da kuma bayan haihuwa.

=== Shingen hukuma ===
Masu bincike sun tabbatar da cewa shingen ma'aikata suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abin da ke faruwa na talauci a cikin waɗanda ke da nakasa.

==== Samun dama ====
Samun dama yanayin jiki na iya zama babban abin ƙayyadewa a cikin ikon mutum na samun damar samun nasara ko ma abinci na asali. Farfesa na tsara birane Rob Imrie ya kammala cewa yawancin sarari suna dauke da shingen jiki wanda ba da gangan ba ya haifar da &quot; wariyar launin fata ta hanyar zane&quot;, inda aka cire mutane masu nakasa daga yankuna saboda yanayin da ba a iya isa waɗannan sarari.[1] Wasu sun ga wannan &quot; wariyar launin fata&quot;, kamar Majalisar nakasassu ta Burtaniya, musamman game da sufuri na jama'a, ilimi da wuraren kiwon lafiya, kuma watakila mafi dacewa wuraren aiki.[2] Ana kuma samun shingen jiki a cikin gida, tare da waɗanda ke cikin talauci da za su iya zama wurare masu tsayi waɗanda ba za a iya isa ga keken guragu ba.[3] Baya ga samun damar jiki, wasu masu iya cirewa sun haɗa da rashin rubutun makafi, yaren kurame da ƙarancin samun tef ɗin sauti ga waɗanda makafi da kurame.[2]

==== Ilimi ====
Tushen rashin aikin yi ana zaton zai fara da nuna bambanci tun yana ƙarami. [[UNESCO]] ta ruwaito a shekarar 1995 cewa kashi 98 cikin 100 na yara masu nakasa a kasashe masu tasowa an hana su samun damar samun ilimi na yau da kullun. Wannan kididdigar ta fi damuwa ga mata masu nakasa, tare da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yana ba da rahoton cewa yawan karatun duniya ga wannan yawan jama'a yana da kashi 1 kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2012 |title=Fact sheet on persons with disabilities |url=http://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/toolaction/pwdfs.pdf |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya danganta wannan ga gaskiyar cewa, a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, yara maza masu nakasa suna da damar samun ilimi fiye da 'yan mata masu irin wannan. Baya ga kawai ƙwarewar da aka samu, masana kamar tsohon mai ba da shawara ga Bankin Duniya [[Judith Heumann]] sun yi hasashen cewa darajar ilimi ta al'umma da rashin iyawar makarantu don karɓar yara masu buƙata na musamman suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga nuna bambanci ga waɗannan mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humanrights.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Special advisor Heumann's remarks on inclusive development |url=http://www.humanrights.gov/tag/judith-heumann/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311193836/http://www.humanrights.gov/tag/judith-heumann/ |archive-date=11 March 2014 |access-date=18 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin ilimi ga mutanen da ke da buƙatu na musamman bazai zama batun nuna bambanci kawai ba, amma batun albarkatu ne. Yara masu nakasa galibi suna buƙatar albarkatun [[Ilimi Na Musamman|ilimi na musamman]] da ayyukan koyarwa da ba a samu a kasashe masu tasowa ba.

==== Aiki ====
Wasu masana ilimin zamantakewa sun sami shingen aiki ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Ana iya ganin waɗannan a cikin nuna bambanci ga ma'aikaci, shingen gine-gine a cikin wurin aiki, halayen da ba su dace ba game da ƙwarewa, da kuma mummunan martani na abokan ciniki. A cewar masanin ilimin zamantakewa Edward Hall, &quot;Mafi yawan nakasassu ba su da aikin yi, a cikin ƙananan ayyuka, a kan ƙananan kudaden shiga, ko daga kasuwar ma'aikata gaba ɗaya, fiye da mutanen da ba su da nakasa. &quot;  Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa kusan mutane miliyan 386 na mutanen da ke aiki a duniya suna da wani nau'in nakasa, duk da haka, har zuwa kashi tamanin cikin dari na waɗannan masu aiki da nakasa ba su iya samun aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2012 |title=Fact sheet on persons with disabilities |url=http://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/toolaction/pwdfs.pdf |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga mata masu nakasa, yawan aiki ya fi ƙasa. Kididdigar ta nuna cewa mutanen da ke da nakasa a cikin masana'antu da kasashe masu tasowa gabaɗaya ba sa iya samun aiki na yau da kullun. A Indiya, 100,000 ne kawai daga cikin mutane miliyan 70 da ke da nakasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot; /&gt; A Amurka, 14.3 daga cikin mutane miliyan 48.9 da ke da nakasa sun yi aiki, tare da kashi biyu bisa uku na wadanda ba su da aikin yi suna ba da rahoton cewa ba su iya samun aiki ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot; /&gt; Hakazalika a Belgium, kashi 30 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke da nakasa ne kawai suka sami damar samun aiki mai fa'ida. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, an gano kashi 45 cikin 100 na manya masu nakasa suna rayuwa a ƙasa da layin talauci. Bayanan da za a iya dogara da su game da rashin aikin yi ga mutanen da ke da nakasa har yanzu ba a tantance su ba a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Halin ya nuna cewa yawan aiki ga mutanen da ke da nakasa zai ci gaba da faduwa sai dai idan an magance shi da manufofi waɗanda ke la'akari da irin waɗannan abubuwan kamar ci gaban fasaha da [[Canjin yanayi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Future&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>5aoe21q3ku4pgtttz50icxkwmi7elia</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>843472</id>
      <parentid>843470</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334431556|Disability and poverty]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843472</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="18212" sha1="jczyuodqkf606nckwcn5fphmq8myxt4" xml:space="preserve">{{Blockquote|&quot;A disabled women suffers a multiple handicap. Her chances of marriage are very slight, and she is most likely to be condemned to a twilight existence as a non-productive adjunct to the household of her birth... it is small wonder that many disabled female babies do not survive.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Coleridge&quot;/&gt;{{rp|154}}}}

Mutanen da ke cikin [[talauci]] sun fi samun ko samun nakasa a cikin rayuwarsu idan aka kwatanta da yawancin mutanen da ke da damar kudi. Adadin nakasassu a cikin kasashe masu talauci ya fi girma fiye da wanda aka samu a [[Developed country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010 an ci gaba da bincike don tallafawa haɗin tsakanin '''nakasa da talauci''' da kuma sake zagayowar da talauci ke ƙarfafa juna. Rashin lafiyar jiki, fahimta, tunani, motsin rai, ji, ko ci gaba da kansa ko tare da juna na iya kara yiwuwar mutum ya zama matalauta, yayin da rayuwa cikin talauci na iya kara damar mutum na samun ko samun nakasa a wasu damar.

== Yankin ==
[[Fayil:Disable_begger_in_Dhaka.JPG|thumb|Mutumin da ke da nakasa a Bangladesh]]
An nuna binciken da yawa don nuna yawan nakasa tsakanin mutanen da ke zaune cikin talauci. Shaidar game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin nakasa da talauci an sake duba ta kwanan nan a cikin Rahoton Flagship na farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Naƙasa da Ci gaba &lt;ref name=&quot;UN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The UN Disability and Development Report. |url=https://social.un.org/publications/UN-Flagship-Report-Disability-Final.pdf |publisher=United Nations |place=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna cewa alaƙar da take tsakanin naƙasa da talaucin ta fi karfi lokacin da aka auna talauci a cikin nau'o'i da yawa kamar yadda aka auna shi ta hanyar samun kudin shiga ko kashewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitra, Posarac and Vick&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mitra |first=Sophie |last2=Posarac |first2=Aleksandra |last3=Vick |first3=Brandon |date=January 2013 |title=Disability and Poverty in Developing Countries: A Multidimensional Study |journal=World Development |volume=41 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trani and Cannings&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Trani |first=Jean-François |last2=Cannings |first2=Tim I. |date=August 2013 |title=Child Poverty in an Emergency and Conflict Context: A Multidimensional Profile and an Identification of the Poorest Children in Western Darfur |journal=World Development |volume=48 |pages=48–70 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.03.005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Bankin Duniya James Wolfensohn ya bayyana cewa wannan haɗin ya nuna hanyar da ya kamata a karya. Ya ce, &quot;Mutanen da ke da nakasa a kasashe masu tasowa suna da yawa a cikin talakawa mafi talauci. An yi watsi da su sosai a cikin ajanda na ci gaba har zuwa yanzu, amma mayar da hankali ga dabarun rage talauci dama ce ta musamman don sake tunani da sake rubuta wannan ajanda. &quot;  [[Judith Heumann]], mai ba da shawara na farko na Bankin Duniya game da [[Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu|Hakkin nakasassu]] na duniya, wanda ya nuna cewa daga cikin mutane miliyan 650 da ke zaune da nakasa yau kashi takwas cikin dari suna zaune a kasashe mai tasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Poverty and disability |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTSOCIALPROTECTION/EXTDISABILITY/0,,contentMDK:20193783~menuPK:419389~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:282699,00.html |publisher=The World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Humanrights.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Special advisor Heumann's remarks on inclusive development |url=http://www.humanrights.gov/tag/judith-heumann/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311193836/http://www.humanrights.gov/tag/judith-heumann/ |archive-date=11 March 2014 |access-date=18 December 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140311193836/http://www.humanrights.gov/tag/judith-heumann/ &quot;Special advisor Heumann's remarks on inclusive development&quot;]. 2012. Archived from [http://www.humanrights.gov/tag/judith-heumann/ the original] on 11 March 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;18 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, wasu bincike na bincike tare da tabbatar da tasirin zamantakewa suna buɗe wuraren da ke haifar da kafa abubuwan da ke ba da damar karya sake zagayowar talauci da matalauta masu nakasa ke fuskanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=It also helped refine international approaches to the education of the disabled. [Social Impact]. RECOUP. Research Consortium on Educational Outcomes and Poverty (2005–2009) |url=http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00450 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913135651/http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00450 |archive-date=13 September 2017 |access-date=13 September 2017 |website=SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Burtaniya, mutane 10,000 da ke da nakasa suna mutuwa kowace rana sakamakon matsanancin talauci, yana nuna cewa haɗin tsakanin waɗannan gine-gine biyu yana da matsala sosai kuma yana da zurfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;dfid&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rebecca Yeo |year=2005 |title=Disability, poverty and the new development agenda |url=http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/Disability/RedPov_agenda.pdf |journal=Disability Knowledge and Research |publisher=Department for International Development |volume=133 |pages=1–33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan haɗin yana nan a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, tare da Cibiyar Masu Tattalin Arziki da ke ba da rahoton cewa a cikin Amurka kadai waɗanda ke da nakasa suna da sau biyu na iya rayuwa a ƙasa da layin talauci fiye da waɗanda ba su da nakasa.

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
A cewar Bankin Duniya, &quot;Mutanen da ke da nakasa a matsakaita a matsayin rukuni suna fuskantar mummunar sakamako na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki fiye da mutanen da ba su da nakasa, kamar ƙananan ilimi, mummunar sakamakon kiwon lafiya, ƙananan aiki, da mafi girman talauci. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Disability Inclusion Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disability#1 |access-date=18 December 2021 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu bincike sun nuna cewa waɗannan raguwar sakamakon na iya danganta su da yawancin shingen ma'aikata da sauran dalilai. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen yaduwar nakasa a cikin talakawa don bin tsarin sake zagayowar wanda waɗanda ke zaune a cikin talauci zasu iya samun nakasa kuma waɗanda ke da nakasa zasu iya zama matalauta.

=== Mugun da'irar ===
Masana daga Majalisar nakasassu ta Burtaniya sun danganta alaƙar da ke tsakanin nakasassu da talauci ga dalilai da yawa na tsarin da ke inganta &quot;mummunan da'ira&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yeo |first=Rebecca |last2=Moore |first2=Karen |date=March 2003 |title=Including Disabled People in Poverty Reduction Work: &quot;Nothing About Us, Without Us&quot; |journal=World Development |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=571–590 |doi=10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00218-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kididdigar ta tabbatar da yanayin karfafa juna na nakasa da kuma matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, yana nuna cewa mutanen da ke da nakasa suna da damar zama matalauta kuma mutanen da ke talauci suna da damar samun nakasa. Shingen da aka gabatar ga waɗanda ke da nakasa na iya haifar da mutane da rashin samun damar samun mahimman albarkatun, kamar damar samun ilimi da aiki, don haka ya sa su fada cikin talauci. Hakazalika, talauci yana sanya mutane cikin haɗari mafi girma na samun nakasa saboda rashin kulawa da lafiya, abinci mai gina jiki, tsaftacewa, da kuma yanayin aiki mai aminci wanda matalauta ke ƙarƙashinsa.

Masana sun tabbatar da cewa wannan sake zagayowar ta ci gaba ne musamman saboda rashin hukumomi da aka ba wa waɗanda ke zaune cikin talauci. Ƙananan zaɓuɓɓuka da ke akwai ga matalauta galibi suna buƙatar waɗannan mutane su sanya kansu cikin haɗari, saboda haka yana haifar da karuwa a cikin samun raunin da za a iya hanawa. Rayuwa cikin talauci kuma an nuna shi don rage damar mutum ga ayyukan kiwon lafiya na rigakafi, wanda ke haifar da karuwa a samun nakasassu masu yuwuwa. A cikin binciken da Oxfam ta yi, kungiyar ta gano cewa fiye da rabin lokuta na makanta na yara da raunin ji a Afirka da Asiya an dauke su da za a iya hanawa ko magani. Wani kimantawa da Oxfam ta fitar ya ba da ƙarin shaidar wannan mummunan da'irar. Sun gano cewa mutane miliyan 100 da ke cikin talauci suma suna da nakasa da aka samu saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki da rashin tsabtace muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lee&quot; /&gt;

=== Nuna bambanci ===

Halin da ke tare da waɗannan halayen biyu yana haifar da mata masu nakasa don a ga su musamman sun dogara da wasu kuma suna aiki don kara kuskuren wannan yawan jama'a a matsayin mai nauyi. A cikin binciken da Oxfam ta yi, an nuna sakamakon zamantakewar al'umma na samun nakasa yayin da yake cikin yawan mutanen da aka riga aka ware, yana cewa,

Bugu da ƙari, mata masu nakasa suna da saukin kamuwa da cin zarafi. Binciken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2004 a Orissa, Indiya, ya gano cewa kowane mata da ke da nakasa a cikin samfurin su sun sami wani nau'i na cin zarafin jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2012 |title=Fact sheet on persons with disabilities |url=http://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/toolaction/pwdfs.pdf |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan nuna bambanci sau biyu kuma ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kasashe masu masana'antu. A Amurka, alal misali, kashi 72 cikin dari na mata masu nakasa suna rayuwa a ƙasa da layin talauci. Ƙarin nuna bambanci ga mutanen da ke da nakasa na iya fuskantarwa saboda jima'i yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da cewa, a cewar Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba, mata suna ba da rahoton mafi yawan nakasa fiye da maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, alaƙar da ke tsakanin nakasa da talauci tana da muhimmancin gaske ga mata na duniya, tare da mata da ke da kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na duk mutanen da ke rayuwa cikin talauci. Har ila yau, nuna bambanci na ma'aikata ya wanzu saboda akwai manufofi da ke cikin kungiyoyi waɗanda ke haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin mutum mai nakasa da wanda ba mai nakasa ba. Wasu daga cikin wadannan kungiyoyi sun yi watsi da bukatun nakasassu kuma wasu suna tsoma baki a rayuwarsu a matsayin hanyar kula da zamantakewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Colin |year=1994 |title=Institutional discrimination, disabled people and inter professional care |journal=Journal of Interprofessional Care |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=203–212 |doi=10.3109/13561829409010420}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kula da lafiya ===
Wani dalili kuma wanda ya sa mutanen da ke zaune tare da nakasa galibi suna talauci shine tsadar kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da bukatun su. Wani binciken, wanda aka gudanar a ƙauyuka a Kudancin Indiya, ya nuna cewa farashin shekara-shekara na magani da kayan aiki da ake buƙata ga mutanen da ke da nakasa a yankin ya kasance daga kwanaki uku na samun kudin shiga zuwa sama da shekaru biyu, tare da matsakaicin adadin da aka kashe akan muhimman ayyuka jimlar watanni uku na samun kuɗi. Wannan adadi ba ya la'akari da aikin da ba a biya ba na masu kulawa waɗanda dole ne su ba da taimako bayan waɗannan hanyoyin da kuma damar da ke haifar da asarar samun kudin shiga yayin rauni, tiyata, da farfadowa. Nazarin da masana kimiyyar ilimin ɗan adam na likita Benedicte Ingstad da Susan Reynolds Whyte suka bayar sun kuma nuna cewa samun damar kula da kiwon lafiya yana da rauni sosai lokacin da mutum ba shi da motsi. Sun ba da rahoton cewa ban da farashin kiwon lafiya kai tsaye da ke da alaƙa da nakasa, nauyin sufuri ya fi yawa ga waɗanda ke da nakasa. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga matalauta na karkara waɗanda ke da nisa daga birane yana buƙatar motsi mai yawa don samun sabis na kiwon lafiya. Saboda wadannan shingen, na tattalin arziki da na jiki, an kiyasta cewa kashi 2 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke da nakasa ne kawai ke da damar samun isasshen sabis na farfadowa.

Rashin samun kulawa ta kiwon lafiya ga waɗanda ke zaune a cikin talauci yana da tasiri sosai a kan yawan nakasassu a cikin wannan yawan. Mutanen da ke zaune cikin talauci suna fuskantar haɗarin kiwon lafiya mafi girma kuma galibi ba sa iya samun magani mai kyau, wanda ke haifar da su da yiwuwar samun nakasa a cikin rayuwarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yeo&quot; /&gt; Ba kawai cikas na kudi ba ne wadanda ke rayuwa cikin talauci ke fuskanta. Bincike ya nuna cewa batutuwan da ba za a iya samun su ba, samuwa, da iyakokin al'adu duk suna ba da cikas ga samun kulawa mai kyau ga mutanen kasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peters |first=David H. |last2=Garg |first2=Anu |last3=Bloom |first3=Gerry |last4=Walker |first4=Damian G. |last5=Brieger |first5=William R. |last6=Hafizur Rahman |first6=M. |date=25 July 2008 |title=Poverty and Access to Health Care in Developing Countries |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1136 |issue=1 |pages=161–171 |bibcode=2008NYASA1136..161P |doi=10.1196/annals.1425.011 |pmid=17954679 |s2cid=24649523 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cututtukan jima'i na musamman suna da lahani ga mata da ke rayuwa cikin talauci. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta kiyasta cewa a kowace shekara mata miliyan 20 suna samun nakasa saboda rikitarwa yayin daukar ciki da haihuwa wanda za'a iya rage shi sosai tare da kulawa mai kyau kafin haihuwa, haihuwa, da kuma bayan haihuwa.

=== Shingen hukuma ===
Masu bincike sun tabbatar da cewa shingen ma'aikata suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abin da ke faruwa na talauci a cikin waɗanda ke da nakasa.

==== Samun dama ====
Samun dama yanayin jiki na iya zama babban abin ƙayyadewa a cikin ikon mutum na samun damar samun nasara ko ma abinci na asali. Farfesa na tsara birane Rob Imrie ya kammala cewa yawancin sarari suna dauke da shingen jiki wanda ba da gangan ba ya haifar da &quot; wariyar launin fata ta hanyar zane&quot;, inda aka cire mutane masu nakasa daga yankuna saboda yanayin da ba a iya isa waɗannan sarari.[1] Wasu sun ga wannan &quot; wariyar launin fata&quot;, kamar Majalisar nakasassu ta Burtaniya, musamman game da sufuri na jama'a, ilimi da wuraren kiwon lafiya, kuma watakila mafi dacewa wuraren aiki.[2] Ana kuma samun shingen jiki a cikin gida, tare da waɗanda ke cikin talauci da za su iya zama wurare masu tsayi waɗanda ba za a iya isa ga keken guragu ba.[3] Baya ga samun damar jiki, wasu masu iya cirewa sun haɗa da rashin rubutun makafi, yaren kurame da ƙarancin samun tef ɗin sauti ga waɗanda makafi da kurame.[2]

==== Ilimi ====
Tushen rashin aikin yi ana zaton zai fara da nuna bambanci tun yana ƙarami. [[UNESCO]] ta ruwaito a shekarar 1995 cewa kashi 98 cikin 100 na yara masu nakasa a kasashe masu tasowa an hana su samun damar samun ilimi na yau da kullun. Wannan kididdigar ta fi damuwa ga mata masu nakasa, tare da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yana ba da rahoton cewa yawan karatun duniya ga wannan yawan jama'a yana da kashi 1 kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2012 |title=Fact sheet on persons with disabilities |url=http://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/toolaction/pwdfs.pdf |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya danganta wannan ga gaskiyar cewa, a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, yara maza masu nakasa suna da damar samun ilimi fiye da 'yan mata masu irin wannan. Baya ga kawai ƙwarewar da aka samu, masana kamar tsohon mai ba da shawara ga Bankin Duniya [[Judith Heumann]] sun yi hasashen cewa darajar ilimi ta al'umma da rashin iyawar makarantu don karɓar yara masu buƙata na musamman suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga nuna bambanci ga waɗannan mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humanrights.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Special advisor Heumann's remarks on inclusive development |url=http://www.humanrights.gov/tag/judith-heumann/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311193836/http://www.humanrights.gov/tag/judith-heumann/ |archive-date=11 March 2014 |access-date=18 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin ilimi ga mutanen da ke da buƙatu na musamman bazai zama batun nuna bambanci kawai ba, amma batun albarkatu ne. Yara masu nakasa galibi suna buƙatar albarkatun [[Ilimi Na Musamman|ilimi na musamman]] da ayyukan koyarwa da ba a samu a kasashe masu tasowa ba.

==== Aiki ====
Wasu masana ilimin zamantakewa sun sami shingen aiki ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Ana iya ganin waɗannan a cikin nuna bambanci ga ma'aikaci, shingen gine-gine a cikin wurin aiki, halayen da ba su dace ba game da ƙwarewa, da kuma mummunan martani na abokan ciniki. A cewar masanin ilimin zamantakewa Edward Hall, &quot;Mafi yawan nakasassu ba su da aikin yi, a cikin ƙananan ayyuka, a kan ƙananan kudaden shiga, ko daga kasuwar ma'aikata gaba ɗaya, fiye da mutanen da ba su da nakasa. &quot;  Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa kusan mutane miliyan 386 na mutanen da ke aiki a duniya suna da wani nau'in nakasa, duk da haka, har zuwa kashi tamanin cikin dari na waɗannan masu aiki da nakasa ba su iya samun aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2012 |title=Fact sheet on persons with disabilities |url=http://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/toolaction/pwdfs.pdf |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga mata masu nakasa, yawan aiki ya fi ƙasa. Kididdigar ta nuna cewa mutanen da ke da nakasa a cikin masana'antu da kasashe masu tasowa gabaɗaya ba sa iya samun aiki na yau da kullun. A Indiya, 100,000 ne kawai daga cikin mutane miliyan 70 da ke da nakasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot; /&gt; A Amurka, 14.3 daga cikin mutane miliyan 48.9 da ke da nakasa sun yi aiki, tare da kashi biyu bisa uku na wadanda ba su da aikin yi suna ba da rahoton cewa ba su iya samun aiki ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot; /&gt; Hakazalika a Belgium, kashi 30 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke da nakasa ne kawai suka sami damar samun aiki mai fa'ida. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, an gano kashi 45 cikin 100 na manya masu nakasa suna rayuwa a ƙasa da layin talauci. Bayanan da za a iya dogara da su game da rashin aikin yi ga mutanen da ke da nakasa har yanzu ba a tantance su ba a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Halin ya nuna cewa yawan aiki ga mutanen da ke da nakasa zai ci gaba da faduwa sai dai idan an magance shi da manufofi waɗanda ke la'akari da irin waɗannan abubuwan kamar ci gaban fasaha da [[Canjin yanayi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Future&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="17815" sha1="a2edg3cub84ewsmagyq1bxo66ok4jg6" xml:space="preserve">{{Blockquote|&quot;A disabled women suffers a multiple handicap. Her chances of marriage are very slight, and she is most likely to be condemned to a twilight existence as a non-productive adjunct to the household of her birth... it is small wonder that many disabled female babies do not survive.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Coleridge&quot;/&gt;{{rp|154}}}}{{Databox}}
Mutanen da ke cikin [[talauci]] sun fi samun ko samun nakasa a cikin rayuwarsu idan aka kwatanta da yawancin mutanen da ke da damar kudi. Adadin nakasassu a cikin kasashe masu talauci ya fi girma fiye da wanda aka samu a [[Developed country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. Tun daga farkon shekarun 2010 an ci gaba da bincike don tallafawa haɗin tsakanin '''nakasa da talauci''' da kuma sake zagayowar da talauci ke ƙarfafa juna. Rashin lafiyar jiki, fahimta, tunani, motsin rai, ji, ko ci gaba da kansa ko tare da juna na iya kara yiwuwar mutum ya zama matalauta, yayin da rayuwa cikin talauci na iya kara damar mutum na samun ko samun nakasa a wasu damar.

== Yankin ==
[[Fayil:Disable_begger_in_Dhaka.JPG|thumb|Mutumin da ke da nakasa a Bangladesh]]
An nuna binciken da yawa don nuna yawan nakasa tsakanin mutanen da ke zaune cikin talauci. Shaidar game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin nakasa da talauci an sake duba ta kwanan nan a cikin Rahoton Flagship na farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Naƙasa da Ci gaba &lt;ref name=&quot;UN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The UN Disability and Development Report. |url=https://social.un.org/publications/UN-Flagship-Report-Disability-Final.pdf |publisher=United Nations |place=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna cewa alaƙar da take tsakanin naƙasa da talaucin ta fi karfi lokacin da aka auna talauci a cikin nau'o'i da yawa kamar yadda aka auna shi ta hanyar samun kudin shiga ko kashewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mitra, Posarac and Vick&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mitra |first=Sophie |last2=Posarac |first2=Aleksandra |last3=Vick |first3=Brandon |date=January 2013 |title=Disability and Poverty in Developing Countries: A Multidimensional Study |journal=World Development |volume=41 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Trani and Cannings&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Trani |first=Jean-François |last2=Cannings |first2=Tim I. |date=August 2013 |title=Child Poverty in an Emergency and Conflict Context: A Multidimensional Profile and an Identification of the Poorest Children in Western Darfur |journal=World Development |volume=48 |pages=48–70 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.03.005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Bankin Duniya James Wolfensohn ya bayyana cewa wannan haɗin ya nuna hanyar da ya kamata a karya. Ya ce, &quot;Mutanen da ke da nakasa a kasashe masu tasowa suna da yawa a cikin talakawa mafi talauci. An yi watsi da su sosai a cikin ajanda na ci gaba har zuwa yanzu, amma mayar da hankali ga dabarun rage talauci dama ce ta musamman don sake tunani da sake rubuta wannan ajanda. &quot;  [[Judith Heumann]], mai ba da shawara na farko na Bankin Duniya game da [[Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu|Hakkin nakasassu]] na duniya, wanda ya nuna cewa daga cikin mutane miliyan 650 da ke zaune da nakasa yau kashi takwas cikin dari suna zaune a kasashe mai tasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Poverty and disability |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTSOCIALPROTECTION/EXTDISABILITY/0,,contentMDK:20193783~menuPK:419389~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:282699,00.html |publisher=The World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Humanrights.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Special advisor Heumann's remarks on inclusive development |url=http://www.humanrights.gov/tag/judith-heumann/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311193836/http://www.humanrights.gov/tag/judith-heumann/ |archive-date=11 March 2014 |access-date=18 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, wasu bincike na bincike tare da tabbatar da tasirin zamantakewa suna buɗe wuraren da ke haifar da kafa abubuwan da ke ba da damar karya sake zagayowar talauci da matalauta masu nakasa ke fuskanta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=It also helped refine international approaches to the education of the disabled. [Social Impact]. RECOUP. Research Consortium on Educational Outcomes and Poverty (2005–2009) |url=http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00450 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913135651/http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00450 |archive-date=13 September 2017 |access-date=13 September 2017 |website=SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Burtaniya, mutane 10,000 da ke da nakasa suna mutuwa kowace rana sakamakon matsanancin talauci, yana nuna cewa haɗin tsakanin waɗannan gine-gine biyu yana da matsala sosai kuma yana da zurfi.&lt;ref name=&quot;dfid&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rebecca Yeo |year=2005 |title=Disability, poverty and the new development agenda |url=http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/Disability/RedPov_agenda.pdf |journal=Disability Knowledge and Research |publisher=Department for International Development |volume=133 |pages=1–33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan haɗin yana nan a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, tare da Cibiyar Masu Tattalin Arziki da ke ba da rahoton cewa a cikin Amurka kadai waɗanda ke da nakasa suna da sau biyu na iya rayuwa a ƙasa da layin talauci fiye da waɗanda ba su da nakasa.

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
A cewar Bankin Duniya, &quot;Mutanen da ke da nakasa a matsakaita a matsayin rukuni suna fuskantar mummunar sakamako na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki fiye da mutanen da ba su da nakasa, kamar ƙananan ilimi, mummunar sakamakon kiwon lafiya, ƙananan aiki, da mafi girman talauci. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Disability Inclusion Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disability#1 |access-date=18 December 2021 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu bincike sun nuna cewa waɗannan raguwar sakamakon na iya danganta su da yawancin shingen ma'aikata da sauran dalilai. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen yaduwar nakasa a cikin talakawa don bin tsarin sake zagayowar wanda waɗanda ke zaune a cikin talauci zasu iya samun nakasa kuma waɗanda ke da nakasa zasu iya zama matalauta.

=== Mugun da'irar ===
Masana daga Majalisar nakasassu ta Burtaniya sun danganta alaƙar da ke tsakanin nakasassu da talauci ga dalilai da yawa na tsarin da ke inganta &quot;mummunan da'ira&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yeo |first=Rebecca |last2=Moore |first2=Karen |date=March 2003 |title=Including Disabled People in Poverty Reduction Work: &quot;Nothing About Us, Without Us&quot; |journal=World Development |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=571–590 |doi=10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00218-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kididdigar ta tabbatar da yanayin karfafa juna na nakasa da kuma matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, yana nuna cewa mutanen da ke da nakasa suna da damar zama matalauta kuma mutanen da ke talauci suna da damar samun nakasa. Shingen da aka gabatar ga waɗanda ke da nakasa na iya haifar da mutane da rashin samun damar samun mahimman albarkatun, kamar damar samun ilimi da aiki, don haka ya sa su fada cikin talauci. Hakazalika, talauci yana sanya mutane cikin haɗari mafi girma na samun nakasa saboda rashin kulawa da lafiya, abinci mai gina jiki, tsaftacewa, da kuma yanayin aiki mai aminci wanda matalauta ke ƙarƙashinsa.

Masana sun tabbatar da cewa wannan sake zagayowar ta ci gaba ne musamman saboda rashin hukumomi da aka ba wa waɗanda ke zaune cikin talauci. Ƙananan zaɓuɓɓuka da ke akwai ga matalauta galibi suna buƙatar waɗannan mutane su sanya kansu cikin haɗari, saboda haka yana haifar da karuwa a cikin samun raunin da za a iya hanawa. Rayuwa cikin talauci kuma an nuna shi don rage damar mutum ga ayyukan kiwon lafiya na rigakafi, wanda ke haifar da karuwa a samun nakasassu masu yuwuwa. A cikin binciken da Oxfam ta yi, kungiyar ta gano cewa fiye da rabin lokuta na makanta na yara da raunin ji a Afirka da Asiya an dauke su da za a iya hanawa ko magani. Wani kimantawa da Oxfam ta fitar ya ba da ƙarin shaidar wannan mummunan da'irar. Sun gano cewa mutane miliyan 100 da ke cikin talauci suma suna da nakasa da aka samu saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki da rashin tsabtace muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lee&quot; /&gt;

=== Nuna bambanci ===

Halin da ke tare da waɗannan halayen biyu yana haifar da mata masu nakasa don a ga su musamman sun dogara da wasu kuma suna aiki don kara kuskuren wannan yawan jama'a a matsayin mai nauyi. A cikin binciken da Oxfam ta yi, an nuna sakamakon zamantakewar al'umma na samun nakasa yayin da yake cikin yawan mutanen da aka riga aka ware, yana cewa,

Bugu da ƙari, mata masu nakasa suna da saukin kamuwa da cin zarafi. Binciken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2004 a Orissa, Indiya, ya gano cewa kowane mata da ke da nakasa a cikin samfurin su sun sami wani nau'i na cin zarafin jiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2012 |title=Fact sheet on persons with disabilities |url=http://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/toolaction/pwdfs.pdf |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan nuna bambanci sau biyu kuma ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kasashe masu masana'antu. A Amurka, alal misali, kashi 72 cikin dari na mata masu nakasa suna rayuwa a ƙasa da layin talauci. Ƙarin nuna bambanci ga mutanen da ke da nakasa na iya fuskantarwa saboda jima'i yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da cewa, a cewar Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba, mata suna ba da rahoton mafi yawan nakasa fiye da maza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, alaƙar da ke tsakanin nakasa da talauci tana da muhimmancin gaske ga mata na duniya, tare da mata da ke da kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na duk mutanen da ke rayuwa cikin talauci. Har ila yau, nuna bambanci na ma'aikata ya wanzu saboda akwai manufofi da ke cikin kungiyoyi waɗanda ke haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin mutum mai nakasa da wanda ba mai nakasa ba. Wasu daga cikin wadannan kungiyoyi sun yi watsi da bukatun nakasassu kuma wasu suna tsoma baki a rayuwarsu a matsayin hanyar kula da zamantakewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Colin |year=1994 |title=Institutional discrimination, disabled people and inter professional care |journal=Journal of Interprofessional Care |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=203–212 |doi=10.3109/13561829409010420}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kula da lafiya ===
Wani dalili kuma wanda ya sa mutanen da ke zaune tare da nakasa galibi suna talauci shine tsadar kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da bukatun su. Wani binciken, wanda aka gudanar a ƙauyuka a Kudancin Indiya, ya nuna cewa farashin shekara-shekara na magani da kayan aiki da ake buƙata ga mutanen da ke da nakasa a yankin ya kasance daga kwanaki uku na samun kudin shiga zuwa sama da shekaru biyu, tare da matsakaicin adadin da aka kashe akan muhimman ayyuka jimlar watanni uku na samun kuɗi. Wannan adadi ba ya la'akari da aikin da ba a biya ba na masu kulawa waɗanda dole ne su ba da taimako bayan waɗannan hanyoyin da kuma damar da ke haifar da asarar samun kudin shiga yayin rauni, tiyata, da farfadowa. Nazarin da masana kimiyyar ilimin ɗan adam na likita Benedicte Ingstad da Susan Reynolds Whyte suka bayar sun kuma nuna cewa samun damar kula da kiwon lafiya yana da rauni sosai lokacin da mutum ba shi da motsi. Sun ba da rahoton cewa ban da farashin kiwon lafiya kai tsaye da ke da alaƙa da nakasa, nauyin sufuri ya fi yawa ga waɗanda ke da nakasa. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga matalauta na karkara waɗanda ke da nisa daga birane yana buƙatar motsi mai yawa don samun sabis na kiwon lafiya. Saboda wadannan shingen, na tattalin arziki da na jiki, an kiyasta cewa kashi 2 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke da nakasa ne kawai ke da damar samun isasshen sabis na farfadowa.

Rashin samun kulawa ta kiwon lafiya ga waɗanda ke zaune a cikin talauci yana da tasiri sosai a kan yawan nakasassu a cikin wannan yawan. Mutanen da ke zaune cikin talauci suna fuskantar haɗarin kiwon lafiya mafi girma kuma galibi ba sa iya samun magani mai kyau, wanda ke haifar da su da yiwuwar samun nakasa a cikin rayuwarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yeo&quot; /&gt; Ba kawai cikas na kudi ba ne wadanda ke rayuwa cikin talauci ke fuskanta. Bincike ya nuna cewa batutuwan da ba za a iya samun su ba, samuwa, da iyakokin al'adu duk suna ba da cikas ga samun kulawa mai kyau ga mutanen kasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Peters |first=David H. |last2=Garg |first2=Anu |last3=Bloom |first3=Gerry |last4=Walker |first4=Damian G. |last5=Brieger |first5=William R. |last6=Hafizur Rahman |first6=M. |date=25 July 2008 |title=Poverty and Access to Health Care in Developing Countries |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1136 |issue=1 |pages=161–171 |bibcode=2008NYASA1136..161P |doi=10.1196/annals.1425.011 |pmid=17954679 |s2cid=24649523 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cututtukan jima'i na musamman suna da lahani ga mata da ke rayuwa cikin talauci. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta kiyasta cewa a kowace shekara mata miliyan 20 suna samun nakasa saboda rikitarwa yayin daukar ciki da haihuwa wanda za'a iya rage shi sosai tare da kulawa mai kyau kafin haihuwa, haihuwa, da kuma bayan haihuwa.

=== Shingen hukuma ===
Masu bincike sun tabbatar da cewa shingen ma'aikata suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abin da ke faruwa na talauci a cikin waɗanda ke da nakasa.

==== Samun dama ====
Samun dama yanayin jiki na iya zama babban abin ƙayyadewa a cikin ikon mutum na samun damar samun nasara ko ma abinci na asali. Farfesa na tsara birane Rob Imrie ya kammala cewa yawancin sarari suna dauke da shingen jiki wanda ba da gangan ba ya haifar da &quot; wariyar launin fata ta hanyar zane&quot;, inda aka cire mutane masu nakasa daga yankuna saboda yanayin da ba a iya isa waɗannan sarari.[1] Wasu sun ga wannan &quot; wariyar launin fata&quot;, kamar Majalisar nakasassu ta Burtaniya, musamman game da sufuri na jama'a, ilimi da wuraren kiwon lafiya, kuma watakila mafi dacewa wuraren aiki.[2] Ana kuma samun shingen jiki a cikin gida, tare da waɗanda ke cikin talauci da za su iya zama wurare masu tsayi waɗanda ba za a iya isa ga keken guragu ba.[3] Baya ga samun damar jiki, wasu masu iya cirewa sun haɗa da rashin rubutun makafi, yaren kurame da ƙarancin samun tef ɗin sauti ga waɗanda makafi da kurame.[2]

==== Ilimi ====
Tushen rashin aikin yi ana zaton zai fara da nuna bambanci tun yana ƙarami. [[UNESCO]] ta ruwaito a shekarar 1995 cewa kashi 98 cikin 100 na yara masu nakasa a kasashe masu tasowa an hana su samun damar samun ilimi na yau da kullun. Wannan kididdigar ta fi damuwa ga mata masu nakasa, tare da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yana ba da rahoton cewa yawan karatun duniya ga wannan yawan jama'a yana da kashi 1 kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2012 |title=Fact sheet on persons with disabilities |url=http://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/toolaction/pwdfs.pdf |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya danganta wannan ga gaskiyar cewa, a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, yara maza masu nakasa suna da damar samun ilimi fiye da 'yan mata masu irin wannan. Baya ga kawai ƙwarewar da aka samu, masana kamar tsohon mai ba da shawara ga Bankin Duniya [[Judith Heumann]] sun yi hasashen cewa darajar ilimi ta al'umma da rashin iyawar makarantu don karɓar yara masu buƙata na musamman suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga nuna bambanci ga waɗannan mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humanrights.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Special advisor Heumann's remarks on inclusive development |url=http://www.humanrights.gov/tag/judith-heumann/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311193836/http://www.humanrights.gov/tag/judith-heumann/ |archive-date=11 March 2014 |access-date=18 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin ilimi ga mutanen da ke da buƙatu na musamman bazai zama batun nuna bambanci kawai ba, amma batun albarkatu ne. Yara masu nakasa galibi suna buƙatar albarkatun [[Ilimi Na Musamman|ilimi na musamman]] da ayyukan koyarwa da ba a samu a kasashe masu tasowa ba.

==== Aiki ====
Wasu masana ilimin zamantakewa sun sami shingen aiki ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Ana iya ganin waɗannan a cikin nuna bambanci ga ma'aikaci, shingen gine-gine a cikin wurin aiki, halayen da ba su dace ba game da ƙwarewa, da kuma mummunan martani na abokan ciniki. A cewar masanin ilimin zamantakewa Edward Hall, &quot;Mafi yawan nakasassu ba su da aikin yi, a cikin ƙananan ayyuka, a kan ƙananan kudaden shiga, ko daga kasuwar ma'aikata gaba ɗaya, fiye da mutanen da ba su da nakasa. &quot;  Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa kusan mutane miliyan 386 na mutanen da ke aiki a duniya suna da wani nau'in nakasa, duk da haka, har zuwa kashi tamanin cikin dari na waɗannan masu aiki da nakasa ba su iya samun aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2012 |title=Fact sheet on persons with disabilities |url=http://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/toolaction/pwdfs.pdf |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ga mata masu nakasa, yawan aiki ya fi ƙasa. Kididdigar ta nuna cewa mutanen da ke da nakasa a cikin masana'antu da kasashe masu tasowa gabaɗaya ba sa iya samun aiki na yau da kullun. A Indiya, 100,000 ne kawai daga cikin mutane miliyan 70 da ke da nakasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot; /&gt; A Amurka, 14.3 daga cikin mutane miliyan 48.9 da ke da nakasa sun yi aiki, tare da kashi biyu bisa uku na wadanda ba su da aikin yi suna ba da rahoton cewa ba su iya samun aiki ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fact Sheet&quot; /&gt; Hakazalika a Belgium, kashi 30 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke da nakasa ne kawai suka sami damar samun aiki mai fa'ida. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, an gano kashi 45 cikin 100 na manya masu nakasa suna rayuwa a ƙasa da layin talauci. Bayanan da za a iya dogara da su game da rashin aikin yi ga mutanen da ke da nakasa har yanzu ba a tantance su ba a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Halin ya nuna cewa yawan aiki ga mutanen da ke da nakasa zai ci gaba da faduwa sai dai idan an magance shi da manufofi waɗanda ke la'akari da irin waɗannan abubuwan kamar ci gaban fasaha da [[Canjin yanayi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Future&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Inshorar nakasassu</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340052094|Disability insurance]]&quot;</comment>
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'''inshora nakasa''', sau da yawa ana kiranta '''DI''' ko '''inshorar samun kudin shiga na nakasassu'''. Misali, ma'aikaci na iya rashin iya kula da kwanciyar hankali idan akwai rikice-rikicen tunani ko ci gaba da rauni, rashin lafiya ko yanayin da ke haifar da nakasa ta jiki ko rashin iya aiki. DI ya ƙunshi hutun rashin lafiya da aka biya, fa'idodin nakasa na ɗan gajeren lokaci (STD), da fa'idodin nakasassu na dogon lokaci (LTD).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olmsted |first=Bill |date=15 September 2020 |title=HOW TO BUY DISABILITY INSURANCE |url=https://www.disabilityquotes.com/articles/view/how-to-buy-disability-insurance |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=Disability Quotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uslabor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2008 |title=BLS Information |url=http://www.bls.gov/bls/glossary.htm |access-date=2009-05-05 |website=Glossary |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Information Services}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irin wannan ra'ayi an nuna shi a wasu ƙasashe a matsayin inshorar '''kariya ta samun kudin shiga'''.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Railway_Passengers_Assurance_Company_header.jpg|thumb|166x166px|An kafa Kamfanin Tabbatar da Fasinjojin Jirgin Sama a 1848 a matsayin kamfani na farko da ya samar da inshorar hatsari.]]
A ƙarshen karni na 19, inshorar nakasassu ta zamani ta fara samuwa. Da farko an san shi da &quot;insura ta haɗari&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-02-04 |title=How Health Insurance Works |url=http://health.howstuffworks.com/health-insurance1.htm |publisher=Howstuffworks}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kamfanin farko da ya ba da inshorar haɗari shine Kamfanin Tabbatar da Fasinjoji na Railway, wanda aka kafa a 1848 a [[Ingila]] don tabbatar da karuwar yawan mutuwar a kan tsarin jirgin ƙasa mai tasowa. An yi rajista a matsayin Kamfanin Biyan Kuɗi na Duniya don:

: ... ba da tabbaci game da rayuwar mutanen da ke tafiya ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa da kuma ba da, a lokuta, na haɗari ba tare da haɗari ba, diyya ga waɗanda aka tabbatar da raunin da aka samu a wasu yanayi.

Kamfanin ya sami damar cimma yarjejeniya tare da Kamfanonin jirgin kasa, inda za a sayar da inshorar hatsari na asali a matsayin yarjejeniyar kunshin tare da tikiti tafiye-tafiye ga abokan ciniki. Kamfanin ya caji manyan kudade don tafiye-tafiye na biyu da na uku saboda haɗarin raunin da ke cikin motocin da ba su da rufi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Railway Passengers Assurance Company Ltd |url=http://www.aviva.com/about-us/heritage/companies/railway-passengers-assurance-company/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204523/http://www.aviva.com/about-us/heritage/companies/railway-passengers-assurance-company/ |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |access-date=2012-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=A. P. Woodward |date=March 1917 |title=The Disability Insurance Policy |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448666 |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=227–237 |doi=10.1177/000271621707000116 |s2cid=144345819}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inshorar nakasassu ta mutum ===
Wadanda ma'aikatansu ba sa samar da fa'idodi, da kuma masu aiki da kansu waɗanda ke son ɗaukar nauyin nakasassu, na iya siyan manufofi da kansu. Kyaututtuka da fa'idodi da ke akwai don ɗaukar mutum sun bambanta sosai tsakanin kamfanoni, sana'o'i, jihohi da ƙasashe. Gabaɗaya, kyaututtuka sun fi girma ga manufofi waɗanda ke ba da ƙarin fa'idodi na kowane wata, suna ba da fa'idori na dogon lokaci, da kuma fara biyan fa'idorin da sauri bayan da'awar nakasassu. Firayim kuma yana da girma ga manufofi waɗanda ke bayyana nakasa a cikin cikakkun kalmomi, ma'ana manufofin za su biya fa'idodi a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Masu lissafin inshorar nakasa na yanar gizo suna taimakawa wajen tantance inshorar nakasar da ake buƙata.[1]

=== Inshorar nakasa mai iyaka ===
An tsara inshorar nakasa mai iyaka don kiyaye fa'idodin nakasa na mutum a kashi 65% na kudin shiga ba tare da la'akari da matakin samun kudin shiga ba. Ana ba da ɗaukar hoto don ƙarin ga daidaitattun ɗaukar hoto. Tare da inshora na nakasa mai iyaka, fa'idodi na iya zama ko'ina daga ƙarin $ 2,000 zuwa $ 100,000 a kowane wata. Batun manufofi guda ɗaya da shiga (mutum ko rukuni na dogon lokaci) ɗaukar hoto ya kai $ 30,000 tare da wasu asibitoci.

=== Inshorar nakasa ta kasuwanci ===
Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (BOE) yana biyan kuɗi don kasuwancin don kuɗin da aka kashe idan mai shi ya sami nakasa. Fa'idodin da suka cancanta sun haɗa da: biyan kuɗi ko biyan kuɗi, kayan aiki, farashin haya, wanki / kiyayewa, lissafi / biyan kuɗi da kuɗin sabis na tattarawa, farashin inshora na kasuwanci, albashin ma'aikaci, fa'idodin ma'aikata, harajin dukiya, da sauran kudaden kowane wata.

=== Shirye-shiryen inshorar jama'a na kasa ===
A mafi yawan ƙasashe masu tasowa, mafi mahimmancin nau'in inshorar nakasa shine wanda gwamnatin ƙasa ta bayar ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa. Misali:</text>
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'''Inshorar nakasa''', sau da yawa ana kiranta '''DI''' ko '''inshorar samun kudin shiga na nakasassu'''. Misali, ma'aikaci na iya rashin iya kula da kwanciyar hankali idan akwai rikice-rikicen tunani ko ci gaba da rauni, rashin lafiya ko yanayin da ke haifar da nakasa ta jiki ko rashin iya aiki. DI ya ƙunshi hutun rashin lafiya da aka biya, fa'idodin nakasa na ɗan gajeren lokaci (STD), da fa'idodin nakasassu na dogon lokaci (LTD).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olmsted |first=Bill |date=15 September 2020 |title=HOW TO BUY DISABILITY INSURANCE |url=https://www.disabilityquotes.com/articles/view/how-to-buy-disability-insurance |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=Disability Quotes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uslabor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2008 |title=BLS Information |url=http://www.bls.gov/bls/glossary.htm |access-date=2009-05-05 |website=Glossary |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Information Services}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irin wannan ra'ayi an nuna shi a wasu ƙasashe a matsayin inshorar '''kariya ta samun kudin shiga'''.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Railway_Passengers_Assurance_Company_header.jpg|thumb|166x166px|An kafa Kamfanin Tabbatar da Fasinjojin Jirgin Sama a 1848 a matsayin kamfani na farko da ya samar da inshorar hatsari.]]
A ƙarshen karni na 19, inshorar nakasassu ta zamani ta fara samuwa. Da farko an san shi da &quot;insura ta haɗari&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-02-04 |title=How Health Insurance Works |url=http://health.howstuffworks.com/health-insurance1.htm |publisher=Howstuffworks}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kamfanin farko da ya ba da inshorar haɗari shine Kamfanin Tabbatar da Fasinjoji na Railway, wanda aka kafa a 1848 a [[Ingila]] don tabbatar da karuwar yawan mutuwar a kan tsarin jirgin ƙasa mai tasowa. An yi rajista a matsayin Kamfanin Biyan Kuɗi na Duniya don:

: ... ba da tabbaci game da rayuwar mutanen da ke tafiya ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa da kuma ba da, a lokuta, na haɗari ba tare da haɗari ba, diyya ga waɗanda aka tabbatar da raunin da aka samu a wasu yanayi.

Kamfanin ya sami damar cimma yarjejeniya tare da Kamfanonin jirgin kasa, inda za a sayar da inshorar hatsari na asali a matsayin yarjejeniyar kunshin tare da tikiti tafiye-tafiye ga abokan ciniki. Kamfanin ya caji manyan kudade don tafiye-tafiye na biyu da na uku saboda haɗarin raunin da ke cikin motocin da ba su da rufi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Railway Passengers Assurance Company Ltd |url=http://www.aviva.com/about-us/heritage/companies/railway-passengers-assurance-company/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204523/http://www.aviva.com/about-us/heritage/companies/railway-passengers-assurance-company/ |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |access-date=2012-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=A. P. Woodward |date=March 1917 |title=The Disability Insurance Policy |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448666 |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=227–237 |doi=10.1177/000271621707000116 |s2cid=144345819}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inshorar nakasassu ta mutum ===
Wadanda ma'aikatansu ba sa samar da fa'idodi, da kuma masu aiki da kansu waɗanda ke son ɗaukar nauyin nakasassu, na iya siyan manufofi da kansu. Kyaututtuka da fa'idodi da ke akwai don ɗaukar mutum sun bambanta sosai tsakanin kamfanoni, sana'o'i, jihohi da ƙasashe. Gabaɗaya, kyaututtuka sun fi girma ga manufofi waɗanda ke ba da ƙarin fa'idodi na kowane wata, suna ba da fa'idori na dogon lokaci, da kuma fara biyan fa'idorin da sauri bayan da'awar nakasassu. Firayim kuma yana da girma ga manufofi waɗanda ke bayyana nakasa a cikin cikakkun kalmomi, ma'ana manufofin za su biya fa'idodi a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Masu lissafin inshorar nakasa na yanar gizo suna taimakawa wajen tantance inshorar nakasar da ake buƙata.[1]

=== Inshorar nakasa mai iyaka ===
An tsara inshorar nakasa mai iyaka don kiyaye fa'idodin nakasa na mutum a kashi 65% na kudin shiga ba tare da la'akari da matakin samun kudin shiga ba. Ana ba da ɗaukar hoto don ƙarin ga daidaitattun ɗaukar hoto. Tare da inshora na nakasa mai iyaka, fa'idodi na iya zama ko'ina daga ƙarin $ 2,000 zuwa $ 100,000 a kowane wata. Batun manufofi guda ɗaya da shiga (mutum ko rukuni na dogon lokaci) ɗaukar hoto ya kai $ 30,000 tare da wasu asibitoci.

=== Inshorar nakasa ta kasuwanci ===
Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (BOE) yana biyan kuɗi don kasuwancin don kuɗin da aka kashe idan mai shi ya sami nakasa. Fa'idodin da suka cancanta sun haɗa da: biyan kuɗi ko biyan kuɗi, kayan aiki, farashin haya, wanki / kiyayewa, lissafi / biyan kuɗi da kuɗin sabis na tattarawa, farashin inshora na kasuwanci, albashin ma'aikaci, fa'idodin ma'aikata, harajin dukiya, da sauran kudaden kowane wata.

=== Shirye-shiryen inshorar jama'a na kasa ===
A mafi yawan ƙasashe masu tasowa, mafi mahimmancin nau'in inshorar nakasa shine wanda gwamnatin ƙasa ta bayar ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa. Misali:

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Matsakaicin rauni</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347187889|Impairment rating]]&quot;</comment>
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Matsakaicin raunin shine kashi da aka nufa don wakiltar matakin raunin jiki ko tunani na dindindin na mutum. Ga mutanen da suka yi hatsari ko rashin lafiya wanda ya haifar da raguwa na dogon lokaci ko raguwa na dindindin a cikin amfani da wani ɓangare na jikinsu ko aikin jiki, ana iya amfani da ƙimar raunin don auna asarar. An bayyana nakasa a matsayin karkatarwa daga yanayin lafiyar mutum da aiki. Rashin lafiya musamman yana bayyana karkatarwa a cikin yanayin da ya dace inda, koda tare da ƙarin magani, tasirin da ke kan ayyukan mutum na rayuwar yau da kullun ba zai iya canzawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sims |first=Dorothy |title=JD. |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/314420-overview#:~:text=Impairment%20rating%20of%20neuromuscular%20conditions,sixth%20edition%20is%20currently%20available. |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Medscape}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadanda suka kai ga yanayin da za a iya tantance ƙarancin rauni ana cewa sun kai ga Ingantaccen kiwon lafiya ko MMI. Rashin lafiya ya bambanta da nakasa. Matsayin raunin mutum ya dogara ne akan tasirin kai tsaye na raunin, yayin da nakasa ta haɗa da sakamakon kai tsaye na rauni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=van Oosterom |first=FJ |last2=Ettema AM |last3=Mulder PG |display-authors=etal |date=January 2007 |title=Impairment and disability after severe hand injuries with multiple phalangeal fractures |journal=The Journal of Hand Surgery (American Volume) |series=1 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=91–5 |doi=10.1016/j.jhsa.2006.05.017 |pmid=17218181}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da wadannan bambance-bambance ana amfani da su ta hanyar kungiyoyin gwamnati a matsayin ma'auni na nakasa, ko kuma don tantance diyya da ake bin saboda hadari ko rauni. Amfani da shaidar likita da yarjejeniyar kwararru a fagen yana inganta adalci da daidaito a cikin raunin raunin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=AMA Guides® to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment: an overview |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ama-guides/ama-guides-evaluation-permanent-impairment-overview |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=American Medical Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jagororin AMA suna ƙoƙari su daidaita ƙimar raunin ta hanyar ƙaddamar da su daga ma'auni na ma'ana kamar Decibel Sum Hearing Loss (DSHL) ko gwaje-gwaje na gani.[1] Duk da wadannan yunkurin, ƙididdigar raunin da aka ba mutum ta hanyar masu jarrabawar kiwon lafiya daban-daban wani lokacin suna da matsala ba daidai ba ne da juna.[2]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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{{Databox}}

Matsakaicin raunin shine kashi da aka nufa don wakiltar matakin raunin jiki ko tunani na dindindin na mutum. Ga mutanen da suka yi hatsari ko rashin lafiya wanda ya haifar da raguwa na dogon lokaci ko raguwa na dindindin a cikin amfani da wani ɓangare na jikinsu ko aikin jiki, ana iya amfani da ƙimar raunin don auna asarar. An bayyana nakasa a matsayin karkatarwa daga yanayin lafiyar mutum da aiki. Rashin lafiya musamman yana bayyana karkatarwa a cikin yanayin da ya dace inda, koda tare da ƙarin magani, tasirin da ke kan ayyukan mutum na rayuwar yau da kullun ba zai iya canzawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sims |first=Dorothy |title=JD. |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/314420-overview#:~:text=Impairment%20rating%20of%20neuromuscular%20conditions,sixth%20edition%20is%20currently%20available. |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Medscape}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wadanda suka kai ga yanayin da za a iya tantance ƙarancin rauni ana cewa sun kai ga Ingantaccen kiwon lafiya ko MMI. Rashin lafiya ya bambanta da nakasa. Matsayin raunin mutum ya dogara ne akan tasirin kai tsaye na raunin, yayin da nakasa ta haɗa da sakamakon kai tsaye na rauni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=van Oosterom |first=FJ |last2=Ettema AM |last3=Mulder PG |display-authors=etal |date=January 2007 |title=Impairment and disability after severe hand injuries with multiple phalangeal fractures |journal=The Journal of Hand Surgery (American Volume) |series=1 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=91–5 |doi=10.1016/j.jhsa.2006.05.017 |pmid=17218181}}&lt;/ref&gt; duk da wadannan bambance-bambance ana amfani da su ta hanyar kungiyoyin gwamnati a matsayin ma'auni na nakasa, ko kuma don tantance diyya da ake bin saboda hadari ko rauni. Amfani da shaidar likita da yarjejeniyar kwararru a fagen yana inganta adalci da daidaito a cikin raunin raunin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=AMA Guides® to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment: an overview |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ama-guides/ama-guides-evaluation-permanent-impairment-overview |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=American Medical Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jagororin AMA suna ƙoƙari su daidaita ƙimar raunin ta hanyar ƙaddamar da su daga ma'auni na ma'ana kamar Decibel Sum Hearing Loss (DSHL) ko gwaje-gwaje na gani.[1] Duk da wadannan yunkurin, ƙididdigar raunin da aka ba mutum ta hanyar masu jarrabawar kiwon lafiya daban-daban wani lokacin suna da matsala ba daidai ba ne da juna.[2]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Peter Utaka</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354534469|Peter Utaka]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Peter Maduabuchi Utaka''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 1984) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Tochigi City FC, wacce ke taka leda a J3. Shi ne ƙani ga ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa [[John Utaka]] . 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
An haife shi a [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]], Najeriya, Utaka ya koma Croatia yana ɗan shekara 16 don buga wasa a Dinamo Zagreb bayan ya gwada sa'arsa a Ismaily inda babban ɗan'uwansa John ya kasance mai bautar gumaka. A shekara ta 2003, ya koma Belgium daga Dinamo ya kuma sanya hannu a kan K. Patro Eisden Maasmechelen na rukuni na biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Media |date=13 June 2018 |title=Biography Of Peter Utaka (Footballer) |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-peter-utaka-footballer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213311/https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-peter-utaka-footballer/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=Media Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; KVC Westerlo ya koma ya ɗauke shi a kakar wasa mai zuwa, kuma a kakar wasa ta farko a manyan 'yan wasa kuma canja wurin ya kai darajar €250,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Royal Antwerpen ===
Utaka ya koma [[Royal Antwerp|Royal Antwerp FC]] a watan Janairun 2007 inda ya zama ɗan wasa na farko a ƙungiyar, kuma ya taimaka wa Antwerp ta cancanci shiga gasar share fage, inda ya zo na biyu. Ya kuma zama ɗan wasa mafi zura kwallaye da kwallaye 22 kuma ya kammala kakar wasa mai kyau, inda ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun 'Yan Wasa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ya kuma ƙara haskakawa a wasansa mai ban sha'awa a wannan kakar, inda ya lashe kyautar ɗan wasan da ya fi daraja sau takwas, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi tsoro a Belgium. A ranar 30 ga Agusta 2008, an sanar da cewa Utaka zai koma ƙungiyar OB ta Denmark akan kuɗin da ba a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2008 |title=Lars Olsen savnede erfaren målscorer |url=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/?vis=88512 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924163600/http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Lars-Olsen-savnede-erfaren-maalscorer |archive-date=24 September 2012 |access-date=23 May 2009 |publisher=bold.dk |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

=== Odense Boldklub ===
Utaka ya koma ƙungiyar OB ta ƙasar Denmark a shekarar 2008. A kakarsa ta farko, ya kammala matsayi na huɗu a jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye, yayin da ya jagoranci dukkan 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a kakar wasa ta biyu. A kakar wasa ta 2009–10 ta ƙasar Denmark Superliga ya kammala da kwallaye 18 a wasanni 33, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=3F Superliga 09/10: Tabel og kampprogram |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/danmark/superligaen/2009-2010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929202632/http://www.bold.dk/fodbold/danmark/superligaen/2009-2010/ |archive-date=29 September 2017 |access-date=8 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; karo na farko cikin shekaru biyar, ɗan wasan OB ya kasance mafi yawan zura kwallaye a gasar (na ƙarshe shine Steffen Højer a 2004-05 da kwallaye 20).

Utaka ya zauna a OB na tsawon kakar wasa uku da rabi inda ya lashe lambobin azurfa uku a kakar wasa uku ta farko a gasar Superliga ta Denmark . Ya kuma wakilci kulob din a gasar UEFA Europa League da kuma gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta 2011-12, inda ya zura kwallaye tara a wasanni 22 na Turai da ya buga wa kulob din. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;  &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Dalian Aerbin ===
A watan Janairun 2012, Utaka ya koma kungiyar Dalian Aerbin ta kasar Sin, inda ya zura kwallaye 20 a wasanni 28 a kakar wasa ta farko. Ya kuma zura kwallaye 11 a jere, wanda hakan ya sa ya kafa sabon tarihi a gasar C-league. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Utaka outshines big-name recruits |url=https://www.egypt-today.com/en/61/utaka-outshines-big-name-recruits |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304231857/https://www.egypt-today.com/en/61/utaka-outshines-big-name-recruits |archive-date=4 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=www.egypttodayen |language=ar-aa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beijing Guoan ===
Ya koma Beijing Guoan a ranar 9 ga Yulin 2013 a cinikin €2 miliyan wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasan da ya fi tsada a duniya a tarihin kulob din.  Ya zura kwallaye 15 a wasanni 36 a dukkan gasannin da ya buga wa kulob din, kafin a ba shi aro zuwa Shanghai Shenxin a lokacin canja wurin bazara a shekarar 2014, inda ya samu damar zura kwallaye sau hudu kacal a wasanni goma sha uku a dukkan gasannin da ya buga wa kulob din Shanghai. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;  &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Shimizu S-Pulse ===
A watan Janairun 2015, Utaka ya koma kulob din J1 League Shimizu S-Pulse .  Kungiyar ta fuskanci mawuyacin lokaci a wannan shekarar yayin da take fafatawa da koma-baya. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, Utaka ya zura kwallaye tara a wasanni 29, kuma kungiyar ta kare a matsayi na goma sha bakwai, don haka ta koma gasar J2 League .

=== Sanfrecce Hiroshima ===
A shekara mai zuwa aka ba shi aro ga zakaran gasar J1, Sanfrecce Hiroshima . [1] Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan karshe na gasar Super Cup ta Japan, a wasan da suka doke Gamba Osaka da ci 3-1. Utaka ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar J1 a ranar 12 ga Maris, inda ya zura kwallon da aka yi masa bugun fenariti a minti na 67 a kan Shonan Bellmare a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a gida. Ya zura kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan da suka doke Omiya Ardija da ci 5-1 a waje, inda ya zura kwallon farko a minti na 22. [ ]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]</text>
      <sha1>cyzff9lpd20jpf5yg0wg0r7sf8r2ehp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843480</id>
      <parentid>843478</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T15:11:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843480</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5957" sha1="b2tcrvi6phwbjfhcnnuph95zv2b72b2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Peter Maduabuchi Utaka''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 1984) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Tochigi City FC, wacce ke taka leda a J3. Shi ne ƙani ga ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa [[John Utaka]] . 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
An haife shi a [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]], Najeriya, Utaka ya koma Croatia yana ɗan shekara 16 don buga wasa a Dinamo Zagreb bayan ya gwada sa'arsa a Ismaily inda babban ɗan'uwansa John ya kasance mai bautar gumaka. A shekara ta 2003, ya koma Belgium daga Dinamo ya kuma sanya hannu a kan K. Patro Eisden Maasmechelen na rukuni na biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Media |date=13 June 2018 |title=Biography Of Peter Utaka (Footballer) |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-peter-utaka-footballer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213311/https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-peter-utaka-footballer/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=Media Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; KVC Westerlo ya koma ya ɗauke shi a kakar wasa mai zuwa, kuma a kakar wasa ta farko a manyan 'yan wasa kuma canja wurin ya kai darajar €250,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Royal Antwerpen ===
Utaka ya koma [[Royal Antwerp|Royal Antwerp FC]] a watan Janairun 2007 inda ya zama ɗan wasa na farko a ƙungiyar, kuma ya taimaka wa Antwerp ta cancanci shiga gasar share fage, inda ya zo na biyu. Ya kuma zama ɗan wasa mafi zura kwallaye da kwallaye 22 kuma ya kammala kakar wasa mai kyau, inda ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun 'Yan Wasa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ya kuma ƙara haskakawa a wasansa mai ban sha'awa a wannan kakar, inda ya lashe kyautar ɗan wasan da ya fi daraja sau takwas, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi tsoro a Belgium. A ranar 30 ga Agusta 2008, an sanar da cewa Utaka zai koma ƙungiyar OB ta Denmark akan kuɗin da ba a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2008 |title=Lars Olsen savnede erfaren målscorer |url=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/?vis=88512 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924163600/http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Lars-Olsen-savnede-erfaren-maalscorer |archive-date=24 September 2012 |access-date=23 May 2009 |publisher=bold.dk |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

=== Odense Boldklub ===
Utaka ya koma ƙungiyar OB ta ƙasar Denmark a shekarar 2008. A kakarsa ta farko, ya kammala matsayi na huɗu a jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye, yayin da ya jagoranci dukkan 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a kakar wasa ta biyu. A kakar wasa ta 2009–10 ta ƙasar Denmark Superliga ya kammala da kwallaye 18 a wasanni 33, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=3F Superliga 09/10: Tabel og kampprogram |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/danmark/superligaen/2009-2010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929202632/http://www.bold.dk/fodbold/danmark/superligaen/2009-2010/ |archive-date=29 September 2017 |access-date=8 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; karo na farko cikin shekaru biyar, ɗan wasan OB ya kasance mafi yawan zura kwallaye a gasar (na ƙarshe shine Steffen Højer a 2004-05 da kwallaye 20).

Utaka ya zauna a OB na tsawon kakar wasa uku da rabi inda ya lashe lambobin azurfa uku a kakar wasa uku ta farko a gasar Superliga ta Denmark . Ya kuma wakilci kulob din a gasar UEFA Europa League da kuma gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta 2011-12, inda ya zura kwallaye tara a wasanni 22 na Turai da ya buga wa kulob din. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;  &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Dalian Aerbin ===
A watan Janairun 2012, Utaka ya koma kungiyar Dalian Aerbin ta kasar Sin, inda ya zura kwallaye 20 a wasanni 28 a kakar wasa ta farko. Ya kuma zura kwallaye 11 a jere, wanda hakan ya sa ya kafa sabon tarihi a gasar C-league. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Utaka outshines big-name recruits |url=https://www.egypt-today.com/en/61/utaka-outshines-big-name-recruits |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304231857/https://www.egypt-today.com/en/61/utaka-outshines-big-name-recruits |archive-date=4 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=www.egypttodayen |language=ar-aa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beijing Guoan ===
Ya koma Beijing Guoan a ranar 9 ga Yulin 2013 a cinikin €2 miliyan wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasan da ya fi tsada a duniya a tarihin kulob din.  Ya zura kwallaye 15 a wasanni 36 a dukkan gasannin da ya buga wa kulob din, kafin a ba shi aro zuwa Shanghai Shenxin a lokacin canja wurin bazara a shekarar 2014, inda ya samu damar zura kwallaye sau hudu kacal a wasanni goma sha uku a dukkan gasannin da ya buga wa kulob din Shanghai. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;  &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Shimizu S-Pulse ===
A watan Janairun 2015, Utaka ya koma kulob din J1 League Shimizu S-Pulse .  Kungiyar ta fuskanci mawuyacin lokaci a wannan shekarar yayin da take fafatawa da koma-baya. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, Utaka ya zura kwallaye tara a wasanni 29, kuma kungiyar ta kare a matsayi na goma sha bakwai, don haka ta koma gasar J2 League .

=== Sanfrecce Hiroshima ===
A shekara mai zuwa aka ba shi aro ga zakaran gasar J1, Sanfrecce Hiroshima . [1] Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan karshe na gasar Super Cup ta Japan, a wasan da suka doke Gamba Osaka da ci 3-1. Utaka ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar J1 a ranar 12 ga Maris, inda ya zura kwallon da aka yi masa bugun fenariti a minti na 67 a kan Shonan Bellmare a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a gida. Ya zura kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan da suka doke Omiya Ardija da ci 5-1 a waje, inda ya zura kwallon farko a minti na 22. [ ]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]</text>
      <sha1>b2tcrvi6phwbjfhcnnuph95zv2b72b2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843481</id>
      <parentid>843480</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T15:12:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843481</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5834" sha1="ngcyjhtya5cmcjyv2niv95e7nvieib7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Peter Maduabuchi Utaka''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 1984) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Tochigi City FC, wacce ke taka leda a J3. Shi ne ƙani ga ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa [[John Utaka]] . 

== Aikin kulob ==

=== Farkon aikina ===
An haife shi a [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]], Najeriya, Utaka ya koma Croatia yana ɗan shekara 16 don buga wasa a Dinamo Zagreb bayan ya gwada sa'arsa a Ismaily inda babban ɗan'uwansa John ya kasance mai bautar gumaka. A shekara ta 2003, ya koma Belgium daga Dinamo ya kuma sanya hannu a kan K. Patro Eisden Maasmechelen na rukuni na biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Media |date=13 June 2018 |title=Biography Of Peter Utaka (Footballer) |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-peter-utaka-footballer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213311/https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-peter-utaka-footballer/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=Media Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; KVC Westerlo ya koma ya ɗauke shi a kakar wasa mai zuwa, kuma a kakar wasa ta farko a manyan 'yan wasa kuma canja wurin ya kai darajar €250,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Royal Antwerpen ===
Utaka ya koma [[Royal Antwerp|Royal Antwerp FC]] a watan Janairun 2007 inda ya zama ɗan wasa na farko a ƙungiyar, kuma ya taimaka wa Antwerp ta cancanci shiga gasar share fage, inda ya zo na biyu. Ya kuma zama ɗan wasa mafi zura kwallaye da kwallaye 22 kuma ya kammala kakar wasa mai kyau, inda ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun 'Yan Wasa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ya kuma ƙara haskakawa a wasansa mai ban sha'awa a wannan kakar, inda ya lashe kyautar ɗan wasan da ya fi daraja sau takwas, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan gaba mafi tsoro a Belgium. A ranar 30 ga Agusta 2008, an sanar da cewa Utaka zai koma ƙungiyar OB ta Denmark akan kuɗin da ba a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 August 2008 |title=Lars Olsen savnede erfaren målscorer |url=http://www.bold.dk/nyt/?vis=88512 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924163600/http://www.bold.dk/nyt/Lars-Olsen-savnede-erfaren-maalscorer |archive-date=24 September 2012 |access-date=23 May 2009 |publisher=bold.dk |language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

=== Odense Boldklub ===
Utaka ya koma ƙungiyar OB ta ƙasar Denmark a shekarar 2008. A kakarsa ta farko, ya kammala matsayi na huɗu a jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye, yayin da ya jagoranci dukkan 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallaye a kakar wasa ta biyu. A kakar wasa ta 2009–10 ta ƙasar Denmark Superliga ya kammala da kwallaye 18 a wasanni 33, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=3F Superliga 09/10: Tabel og kampprogram |url=https://www.bold.dk/fodbold/danmark/superligaen/2009-2010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929202632/http://www.bold.dk/fodbold/danmark/superligaen/2009-2010/ |archive-date=29 September 2017 |access-date=8 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; karo na farko cikin shekaru biyar, ɗan wasan OB ya kasance mafi yawan zura kwallaye a gasar (na ƙarshe shine Steffen Højer a 2004-05 da kwallaye 20).

Utaka ya zauna a OB na tsawon kakar wasa uku da rabi inda ya lashe lambobin azurfa uku a kakar wasa uku ta farko a gasar Superliga ta Denmark . Ya kuma wakilci kulob din a gasar UEFA Europa League da kuma gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta 2011-12, inda ya zura kwallaye tara a wasanni 22 na Turai da ya buga wa kulob din. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;  &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Dalian Aerbin ===
A watan Janairun 2012, Utaka ya koma kungiyar Dalian Aerbin ta kasar Sin, inda ya zura kwallaye 20 a wasanni 28 a kakar wasa ta farko. Ya kuma zura kwallaye 11 a jere, wanda hakan ya sa ya kafa sabon tarihi a gasar C-league. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Utaka outshines big-name recruits |url=https://www.egypt-today.com/en/61/utaka-outshines-big-name-recruits |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304231857/https://www.egypt-today.com/en/61/utaka-outshines-big-name-recruits |archive-date=4 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=www.egypttodayen |language=ar-aa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Beijing Guoan ===
Ya koma Beijing Guoan a ranar 9 ga Yulin 2013 a cinikin €2 miliyan wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasan da ya fi tsada a duniya a tarihin kulob din.  Ya zura kwallaye 15 a wasanni 36 a dukkan gasannin da ya buga wa kulob din, kafin a ba shi aro zuwa Shanghai Shenxin a lokacin canja wurin bazara a shekarar 2014, inda ya samu damar zura kwallaye sau hudu kacal a wasanni goma sha uku a dukkan gasannin da ya buga wa kulob din Shanghai. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;  &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Shimizu S-Pulse ===
A watan Janairun 2015, Utaka ya koma kulob din J1 League Shimizu S-Pulse .  Kungiyar ta fuskanci mawuyacin lokaci a wannan shekarar yayin da take fafatawa da koma-baya. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, Utaka ya zura kwallaye tara a wasanni 29, kuma kungiyar ta kare a matsayi na goma sha bakwai, don haka ta koma gasar J2 League .

=== Sanfrecce Hiroshima ===
A shekara mai zuwa aka ba shi aro ga zakaran gasar J1, Sanfrecce Hiroshima . [1] Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan karshe na gasar Super Cup ta Japan, a wasan da suka doke Gamba Osaka da ci 3-1. Utaka ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar J1 a ranar 12 ga Maris, inda ya zura kwallon da aka yi masa bugun fenariti a minti na 67 a kan Shonan Bellmare a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a gida. Ya zura kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan da suka doke Omiya Ardija da ci 5-1 a waje, inda ya zura kwallon farko a minti na 22. [ ]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]</text>
      <sha1>ngcyjhtya5cmcjyv2niv95e7nvieib7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Laifin abokin tarayya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153497</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843482</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T15:12:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1307845920|Mate crime]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843482</origin>
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'''[[Laifi]] abokin tarayya''' wani nau'i ne na aikata laifuka wanda mai aikata laifukan ya yi abota da mutum mai rauni tare da niyyar cin zarafin mutumin a kudi, jiki ko jima'i. &quot;Mat&quot; (magana ta Burtaniya don 'aboki') masu aikata laifuka suna amfani da warewa da rashin lafiyar wanda aka azabtar don samun amincewarsu.

A cikin tallace-tallace game da laifin abokin tarayya, Trafford Clinical Commissioning Group ya ce:

{{Blockquote|Many vulnerable adults have few friends, and for some vulnerable people, having any friends is better than no friends at all. Mate crime centres around issues of self-belief and [[self-worth]] in the vulnerable person. Vulnerable people will often think it's all right for people to walk all over [them], because that's what's happened to them the whole of their lives.&lt;ref&gt;Trafford CCG, [http://www.traffordccg.nhs.uk/safeguarding/safeguarding-adults/harm-and-abuse/mate-crime/ Mate Crime] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208170402/http://www.traffordccg.nhs.uk/safeguarding/safeguarding-adults/harm-and-abuse/mate-crime/ |date=2015-12-08 }}, accessed 3 December 2015&lt;/ref&gt;}}

A cikin shekara ta 2011, wani bita mai tsanani bayan mutuwar Gemma Hayter ya sami &quot;a bayyane shaidar cewa Hayter na iya cin zarafi, kamar yadda aka sani ta sha wahala 'laifukan aboki' a kai a kai a wani lokaci&quot; kuma ya lura cewa &quot;rashin cikakke da raba bayanai ya haifar da 'yan dama da suka ɓace' don gano abin da ke faruwa gaba ɗaya a rayuwarta da kamfanin da take kiyayewa&quot;.[1]

A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, Hukumar Shari'a ta Crown (CPS) ta shawarci ma'aikatanta da su guji amfani da kalmar &quot;laifukan abokin aiki&quot;:

{{Blockquote|People with learning disabilities or mental health issues are often 'befriended' by people who then exploit them. The term 'mate crime' is used by some [[List of disability rights organizations|disability organisations]] within the disabled community to raise awareness of the issue. It is not CPS policy to use this phrase as it may introduces further confusion regarding terminology and is potentially confusing to people with learning disabilities.&lt;ref&gt;Crown Prosecution Service, &quot;[http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/d_to_g/disability_hate_crime/index.html Guidance on Prosecuting Cases of Disability Hate Crime]&quot;, accessed 13 December 2015&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Lokacin da ake zargin cewa an aikata laifin abokin tarayya ya kamata a sanar da 'yan sanda. Ya kamata a bi hanyoyin cikin gida don [[Kare Yara|kare manya masu rauni]].

Bincike ya nuna abubuwan da suka faru a cikin laifin abokin tarayya da [[Laifin kiyayya|Laifin ƙiyayya]].

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cuckooing - wani aiki inda masu laifi ke yin abota da mutum mai rauni, sannan kuma su yi amfani da gidansu don aikata laifi kamar sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi
* Kisan Gemma Hayter
* Kisan Jennifer Daugherty
* Kisan Shakira Spencer

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843483</id>
      <parentid>843482</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T15:13:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843483</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2905" sha1="agu4up2oyjy8g5b2cxmyiu4sbficwqp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''[[Laifi]] abokin tarayya''' wani nau'i ne na aikata laifuka wanda mai aikata laifukan ya yi abota da mutum mai rauni tare da niyyar cin zarafin mutumin a kudi, jiki ko jima'i. &quot;Mat&quot; (magana ta Burtaniya don 'aboki') masu aikata laifuka suna amfani da warewa da rashin lafiyar wanda aka azabtar don samun amincewarsu.

A cikin tallace-tallace game da laifin abokin tarayya, Trafford Clinical Commissioning Group ya ce:

{{Blockquote|Many vulnerable adults have few friends, and for some vulnerable people, having any friends is better than no friends at all. Mate crime centres around issues of self-belief and [[self-worth]] in the vulnerable person. Vulnerable people will often think it's all right for people to walk all over [them], because that's what's happened to them the whole of their lives.&lt;ref&gt;Trafford CCG, [http://www.traffordccg.nhs.uk/safeguarding/safeguarding-adults/harm-and-abuse/mate-crime/ Mate Crime] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208170402/http://www.traffordccg.nhs.uk/safeguarding/safeguarding-adults/harm-and-abuse/mate-crime/ |date=2015-12-08 }}, accessed 3 December 2015&lt;/ref&gt;}}

A cikin shekara ta 2011, wani bita mai tsanani bayan mutuwar Gemma Hayter ya sami &quot;a bayyane shaidar cewa Hayter na iya cin zarafi, kamar yadda aka sani ta sha wahala 'laifukan aboki' a kai a kai a wani lokaci&quot; kuma ya lura cewa &quot;rashin cikakke da raba bayanai ya haifar da 'yan dama da suka ɓace' don gano abin da ke faruwa gaba ɗaya a rayuwarta da kamfanin da take kiyayewa&quot;.[1]

A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, Hukumar Shari'a ta Crown (CPS) ta shawarci ma'aikatanta da su guji amfani da kalmar &quot;laifukan abokin aiki&quot;:

{{Blockquote|People with learning disabilities or mental health issues are often 'befriended' by people who then exploit them. The term 'mate crime' is used by some [[List of disability rights organizations|disability organisations]] within the disabled community to raise awareness of the issue. It is not CPS policy to use this phrase as it may introduces further confusion regarding terminology and is potentially confusing to people with learning disabilities.&lt;ref&gt;Crown Prosecution Service, &quot;[http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/d_to_g/disability_hate_crime/index.html Guidance on Prosecuting Cases of Disability Hate Crime]&quot;, accessed 13 December 2015&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Lokacin da ake zargin cewa an aikata laifin abokin tarayya ya kamata a sanar da 'yan sanda. Ya kamata a bi hanyoyin cikin gida don [[Kare Yara|kare manya masu rauni]].

Bincike ya nuna abubuwan da suka faru a cikin laifin abokin tarayya da [[Laifin kiyayya|Laifin ƙiyayya]].

== Dubi kuma ==

* Cuckooing - wani aiki inda masu laifi ke yin abota da mutum mai rauni, sannan kuma su yi amfani da gidansu don aikata laifi kamar sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi
* Kisan Gemma Hayter
* Kisan Jennifer Daugherty
* Kisan Shakira Spencer

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Izunna Uzochukwu</title>
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    <id>153498</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843487</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T15:14:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333161312|Izunna Uzochukwu]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843487</origin>
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'''Izunna Arnest Uzochukwu''' (an haife shi 11 Afrilu 1990) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a ƙungiyar Denmark Series OKS .

== Sana'a ==

=== Kulob ===
A lokacin bazara na 2013, Uzochukwu ya fuskanci tayin canja wuri daga Valenciennes, amma yarjejeniyar ta gaza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2013 |title=Valenciennes fail to conclude Izunna Uzochukwu deal |url=http://en.starafrica.com/football/valenciennes-fail-to-conclude-izunna-uzochukwu-deal.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716194246/http://en.starafrica.com/football/valenciennes-fail-to-conclude-izunna-uzochukwu-deal.html |archive-date=16 July 2013 |access-date=7 December 2015 |website=en.starafrica.com/ |publisher=Star Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 2015, Uzochukwu ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da ƙungiyar Amkar Perm ta Rasha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2015 |script-title=ru:Лучший опорный полузащитник Дании перебрался в &quot;Амкар&quot; |url=http://fc-amkar.org/news/?id=29800 |publisher=[[FC Amkar Perm]] |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2015 |title=Russian side Amkar Perm hand Izunna Uzochukwu three-year deal |url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4102/transfer-zone/2015/07/09/13447172/russian-side-amkar-perm-hand-izunna-uzochukwu-three-year |access-date=7 December 2015 |website=www.goal.com/ |publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya koma Denmark a watan Janairun 2016 don buga wa OB wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2016 |script-title=ru:Изунна Узочакву перешел в «Оденсе» |url=http://fc-amkar.org/news/?id=30471 |publisher=[[FC Amkar Perm]] |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bar kulob din ta hanyar dakatarwa a ranar 2 ga Janairun 2018. 

Uzochukw ya koma kungiyar Meizhou Hakka ta China League One a ranar 29 ga Janairu 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2018 |title=梅州客家官方宣布尼日利亚球员加盟 将穿15号球衣 |url=http://sports.163.com/18/0129/16/D9B4LJKO00058780.html |access-date=29 January 2018 |website=www.163.com/ |publisher=163.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen Maris 2022, Uzochukwu ya koma ƙungiyar 'yan wasan Denmark ta B1909 . [1] A watan Janairun 2023, ƙungiyar ta tabbatar da cewa Uzochukwu zai yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin koci a nan gaba. [2] A watan Disamba na 2023, an kori Uzochukwu daga Denmark lokacin da aka kwace masa izinin zama a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, lokacin da ya koma ƙungiyar MZ Hakka ta China, duk da cewa yana da budurwa da 'ya mace a Denmark. [3] Nan da Maris 2024, Izunna zai dawo Denmark, in ji ƙungiyar da ke Funen, OKS . A nan, Izunna zai yi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasa har zuwa lokacin bazara, bayan haka zai yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin koci daga kakar wasa ta 2024-25 mai zuwa. [4]

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===
An kira Uzochukwu zuwa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya]] a karon farko a watan Satumba na 2015, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 September 2015 |title=New Super Eagle Uzochukwu: Bring On Tanzania! |url=http://www.completesportsnigeria.com/new-super-eagle-uzochukwu-bring-on-tanzania/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901220301/http://www.completesportsnigeria.com/new-super-eagle-uzochukwu-bring-on-tanzania/ |archive-date=1 September 2015 |access-date=7 December 2015 |website=www.completesportsnigeria.com/ |publisher=Complete Sports Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 August 2015 |title=Ikeme, Izunna earn surprise Nigeria call |url=http://www.supersport.com/football/super-eagles/news/150817/Ikeme_Izunna_earn_surprise_Nigeria_call |access-date=7 December 2015 |website=www.supersport.com/ |publisher=SuperSport}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya fara buga wasa da Tanzania a ranar 5 ga Satumba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 September 2015 |title=Tanzania hold Nigeria in Group G |url=http://www.kingfut.com/2015/09/05/tanzania-hold-nigeria-group-g/ |access-date=7 December 2015 |website=www.kingfut.com/ |publisher=kingfut}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>831pztrcofeexgxaj0dkqqnespc3m1c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843488</id>
      <parentid>843487</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T15:15:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843488</origin>
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      <text bytes="4096" sha1="ksqv9jv9wkb5e6fkvrkbafns0rdyjue" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Izunna Arnest Uzochukwu''' (an haife shi 11 Afrilu 1990) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a ƙungiyar Denmark Series OKS .

== Sana'a ==

=== Kulob ===
A lokacin bazara na 2013, Uzochukwu ya fuskanci tayin canja wuri daga Valenciennes, amma yarjejeniyar ta gaza. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2013 |title=Valenciennes fail to conclude Izunna Uzochukwu deal |url=http://en.starafrica.com/football/valenciennes-fail-to-conclude-izunna-uzochukwu-deal.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716194246/http://en.starafrica.com/football/valenciennes-fail-to-conclude-izunna-uzochukwu-deal.html |archive-date=16 July 2013 |access-date=7 December 2015 |website=en.starafrica.com/ |publisher=Star Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 2015, Uzochukwu ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da ƙungiyar Amkar Perm ta Rasha . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2015 |script-title=ru:Лучший опорный полузащитник Дании перебрался в &quot;Амкар&quot; |url=http://fc-amkar.org/news/?id=29800 |publisher=[[FC Amkar Perm]] |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 July 2015 |title=Russian side Amkar Perm hand Izunna Uzochukwu three-year deal |url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4102/transfer-zone/2015/07/09/13447172/russian-side-amkar-perm-hand-izunna-uzochukwu-three-year |access-date=7 December 2015 |website=www.goal.com/ |publisher=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya koma Denmark a watan Janairun 2016 don buga wa OB wasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2016 |script-title=ru:Изунна Узочакву перешел в «Оденсе» |url=http://fc-amkar.org/news/?id=30471 |publisher=[[FC Amkar Perm]] |language=Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bar kulob din ta hanyar dakatarwa a ranar 2 ga Janairun 2018. 

Uzochukw ya koma kungiyar Meizhou Hakka ta China League One a ranar 29 ga Janairu 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2018 |title=梅州客家官方宣布尼日利亚球员加盟 将穿15号球衣 |url=http://sports.163.com/18/0129/16/D9B4LJKO00058780.html |access-date=29 January 2018 |website=www.163.com/ |publisher=163.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ƙarshen Maris 2022, Uzochukwu ya koma ƙungiyar 'yan wasan Denmark ta B1909 . [1] A watan Janairun 2023, ƙungiyar ta tabbatar da cewa Uzochukwu zai yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin koci a nan gaba. [2] A watan Disamba na 2023, an kori Uzochukwu daga Denmark lokacin da aka kwace masa izinin zama a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, lokacin da ya koma ƙungiyar MZ Hakka ta China, duk da cewa yana da budurwa da 'ya mace a Denmark. [3] Nan da Maris 2024, Izunna zai dawo Denmark, in ji ƙungiyar da ke Funen, OKS . A nan, Izunna zai yi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasa har zuwa lokacin bazara, bayan haka zai yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin koci daga kakar wasa ta 2024-25 mai zuwa. [4]

=== Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa ===
An kira Uzochukwu zuwa [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya]] a karon farko a watan Satumba na 2015, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 September 2015 |title=New Super Eagle Uzochukwu: Bring On Tanzania! |url=http://www.completesportsnigeria.com/new-super-eagle-uzochukwu-bring-on-tanzania/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901220301/http://www.completesportsnigeria.com/new-super-eagle-uzochukwu-bring-on-tanzania/ |archive-date=1 September 2015 |access-date=7 December 2015 |website=www.completesportsnigeria.com/ |publisher=Complete Sports Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 August 2015 |title=Ikeme, Izunna earn surprise Nigeria call |url=http://www.supersport.com/football/super-eagles/news/150817/Ikeme_Izunna_earn_surprise_Nigeria_call |access-date=7 December 2015 |website=www.supersport.com/ |publisher=SuperSport}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya fara buga wasa da Tanzania a ranar 5 ga Satumba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 September 2015 |title=Tanzania hold Nigeria in Group G |url=http://www.kingfut.com/2015/09/05/tanzania-hold-nigeria-group-g/ |access-date=7 December 2015 |website=www.kingfut.com/ |publisher=kingfut}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]]</text>
      <sha1>ksqv9jv9wkb5e6fkvrkbafns0rdyjue</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kogin Elsieskraal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153499</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843491</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T15:49:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231975715|Elsieskraal River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843491</origin>
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'''Kogin Elsieskraal''' ([[Afrikaans|Afrikan]] ''Elsieskraalrivier'') ƙaramin kogi ne da ke ratsawa ta yankin babban birnin Cape Town, a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana tashi a tsaunukan Tygerberg kuma yana gudana a kudu maso yamma zuwa gaurayawan [[Black River (Cape Town)|Kogin Black]] da ke kudu da Pinelands. An yi amfani da kashi 65% na hanyar Kogin Elsieskraal don hana ambaliya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State of Rivers Report: Greater Cape Town Rivers 2005 |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater(resized).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082854/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater%28resized%29.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2013-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ruwan ruwa|Magudanar]] ruwansa wani ɓangare ne na Yankin Gudanarwa na Tsakiya na Birnin Cape Town. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State of Rivers Report: Greater Cape Town Rivers 2005 |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater(resized).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082854/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater%28resized%29.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2013-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ganin cewa yawancin yankin magudanar ruwan birni ne kuma kogin yana samun ambaliyar ruwa cikin sauri daga hanyoyi, rufin gidaje da sauran wuraren da ruwa ba zai shiga ba, yana da saurin ƙaruwar fitar ruwa bayan ruwan sama.

== Duba kuma ==

* Kogin Gishiri (kogi, Cape Town)
* Kogin Liesbeeck
* [[Black River (Cape Town)|Kogin Baƙi (Cape Town)]]
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843492</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T15:50:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843492</origin>
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      <text bytes="1776" sha1="ogle681b0nx1t6s4l2t1e4syja9hzvc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Elsieskraal''' ([[Afrikaans|Afrikan]] ''Elsieskraalrivier'') ƙaramin kogi ne da ke ratsawa ta yankin babban birnin Cape Town, a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana tashi a tsaunukan Tygerberg kuma yana gudana a kudu maso yamma zuwa gaurayawan [[Black River (Cape Town)|Kogin Black]] da ke kudu da Pinelands. An yi amfani da kashi 65% na hanyar Kogin Elsieskraal don hana ambaliya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State of Rivers Report: Greater Cape Town Rivers 2005 |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater(resized).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082854/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater%28resized%29.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2013-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ruwan ruwa|Magudanar]] ruwansa wani ɓangare ne na Yankin Gudanarwa na Tsakiya na Birnin Cape Town. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State of Rivers Report: Greater Cape Town Rivers 2005 |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater(resized).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082854/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater%28resized%29.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2013-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ganin cewa yawancin yankin magudanar ruwan birni ne kuma kogin yana samun ambaliyar ruwa cikin sauri daga hanyoyi, rufin gidaje da sauran wuraren da ruwa ba zai shiga ba, yana da saurin ƙaruwar fitar ruwa bayan ruwan sama.

== Duba kuma ==

* Kogin Gishiri (kogi, Cape Town)
* Kogin Liesbeeck
* [[Black River (Cape Town)|Kogin Baƙi (Cape Town)]]
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>ogle681b0nx1t6s4l2t1e4syja9hzvc</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruwan Turris Tamalleni</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153500</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843495</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:17:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347813397|Turris Tamalleni]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843495</origin>
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      <text bytes="1786" sha1="tod6q2g5fzb1tmw72e05z5meqf4hld3" xml:space="preserve">'''Turris Tamalleni''' gari ne da ke [[Arewacin Afirka]],  tun zamanin Carthageinian, Roman, [[Daular Rumawa|Byzantine]] da [[Mutanen Vandals|Vandal]] .  

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Garin yana yammacin Tacapes kuma yana Kudancin Capsa .    Yana kan tudun Mansura, kilomita 1.5 daga Telmine da kilomita 7.5 daga Kebili .

== Tarihi ==
An kafa garin Turris Tamalleni kafin Carthage, lokacin da Kabilar Nybgenii ta kafa rumbun adana kayan tarihi da kuma wurin zama mai ƙarfi ga shugaban ƙabilar.  An sake masa suna a ƙarni na 1 C. Civitas Nybgenorium, kuma ya kasance tsakiyar Kabilar Nybgenii  kuma sunan ''Turres'' wataƙila shine sunan asalin ƙasar.  Asalinsa sansanin soja ne a kan Rumbunan Romawa,  kuma hanyar Roman ta haɗa shi da Domitian .  Daga baya ya zama ƙaramar hukuma a ƙarƙashin [[Hadrian]] (kimanin 105AD) yana ɗaukar sunan Turris Tamalleni.  An ambaci shi a cikin Tafiya ta Antonine akan hanya akan iyakokin [[Tripoli]] da Leptis Magna .  A zamanin Romawa na ƙarshe , wurin zama ne na Bishop kuma cibiyar juriyar Almoravids . Almohads suka kama birnin suka lalata shi a 1205 AD .  An gina wani gari [[Larabawa|na Larabawa]] mai suna Torrah ko telmin daga tarkacen garin Romawa kuma an san shi da rushewar Oum-Es-Samâa. A yau, babu abin da ya rage na tsohon birnin. Duk abin da ya rage na tsohon garin shine manyan [[Irrigation basin|kwano biyu na ban ruwa]] da aka raba da bango, waɗanda Bey of Tunis ya gyara a shekarar 1780. Sun samar da tafki mai hekta ɗaya. 

== Bishop ==
Bishop, wanda aka kafa a ƙarni na huɗu, ya daina aiki bayan [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|isowar sojojin Larabawa]], amma ya kasance babban jami'in [[Cocin katolika|cocin Roman Katolika]] .  Bishop ɗin da ke kan mulki a yanzu shine [[Linus Lee Seong-hyo]], bishop na biyu na Suwon</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843496</id>
      <parentid>843495</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:17:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843496</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1812" sha1="i8luvenyh0e9fudpikdmquzido5bn0n" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Turris Tamalleni''' gari ne da ke [[Arewacin Afirka]],  tun zamanin Carthageinian, Roman, [[Daular Rumawa|Byzantine]] da [[Mutanen Vandals|Vandal]] .  

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Garin yana yammacin Tacapes kuma yana Kudancin Capsa .    Yana kan tudun Mansura, kilomita 1.5 daga Telmine da kilomita 7.5 daga Kebili .

== Tarihi ==
An kafa garin Turris Tamalleni kafin Carthage, lokacin da Kabilar Nybgenii ta kafa rumbun adana kayan tarihi da kuma wurin zama mai ƙarfi ga shugaban ƙabilar.  An sake masa suna a ƙarni na 1 C. Civitas Nybgenorium, kuma ya kasance tsakiyar Kabilar Nybgenii  kuma sunan ''Turres'' wataƙila shine sunan asalin ƙasar.  Asalinsa sansanin soja ne a kan Rumbunan Romawa,  kuma hanyar Roman ta haɗa shi da Domitian .  Daga baya ya zama ƙaramar hukuma a ƙarƙashin [[Hadrian]] (kimanin 105AD) yana ɗaukar sunan Turris Tamalleni.  An ambaci shi a cikin Tafiya ta Antonine akan hanya akan iyakokin [[Tripoli]] da Leptis Magna .  A zamanin Romawa na ƙarshe , wurin zama ne na Bishop kuma cibiyar juriyar Almoravids . Almohads suka kama birnin suka lalata shi a 1205 AD .  An gina wani gari [[Larabawa|na Larabawa]] mai suna Torrah ko telmin daga tarkacen garin Romawa kuma an san shi da rushewar Oum-Es-Samâa. A yau, babu abin da ya rage na tsohon birnin. Duk abin da ya rage na tsohon garin shine manyan [[Irrigation basin|kwano biyu na ban ruwa]] da aka raba da bango, waɗanda Bey of Tunis ya gyara a shekarar 1780. Sun samar da tafki mai hekta ɗaya. 

== Bishop ==
Bishop, wanda aka kafa a ƙarni na huɗu, ya daina aiki bayan [[Mulkin umayyad a arewacin afrika|isowar sojojin Larabawa]], amma ya kasance babban jami'in [[Cocin katolika|cocin Roman Katolika]] .  Bishop ɗin da ke kan mulki a yanzu shine [[Linus Lee Seong-hyo]], bishop na biyu na Suwon
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  <page>
    <title>Oued Jeneien</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <text bytes="487" sha1="8mkkxr4t7ta88g1cdzka14du92ufdd2" xml:space="preserve">'''Oued Jeneien''' wani kwarin Taţāwīn ne, [[Tunisiya]] .  Ana kuma kiransa da Wādī al Janā'in, da Oued Djeneien.   a kudu [[Kudu|maso yammacin]] ƙasar.

Kogin yana kan Latitude 31°39'55.47&quot;, Tsawonsa : 9°49'10.16&quot; da kuma [[mita]] 273 sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]] . Kogin wani rafi ne na ciki da ke gudana, kuma yana kwarara zuwa cikin [[Sahara]] maimakon kwarara zuwa cikin [[Bahar Rum]] .  Kogin yana kusa da matsugunan Gara M'Hamed Ali da [[Tarfa]] . 

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'''Oued Jeneien''' wani kwarin Taţāwīn ne, [[Tunisiya]] .  Ana kuma kiransa da Wādī al Janā'in, da Oued Djeneien.   a kudu [[Kudu|maso yammacin]] ƙasar.

Kogin yana kan Latitude 31°39'55.47&quot;, Tsawonsa : 9°49'10.16&quot; da kuma [[mita]] 273 sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]] . Kogin wani rafi ne na ciki da ke gudana, kuma yana kwarara zuwa cikin [[Sahara]] maimakon kwarara zuwa cikin [[Bahar Rum]] .  Kogin yana kusa da matsugunan Gara M'Hamed Ali da [[Tarfa]] . 

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  <page>
    <title>Oued el Melah</title>
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'''Oued el Melah''' ko '''Wadi el Melah''' ( Arabic  , &quot;Salty Wadi&quot;) wani rafin [[Tunisiya]] ne mai ratsawa wanda hanyarsa take a yankin gwamnonin Gafsa da Tozeur .   Gabaɗaya bushewa ce, sai dai idan [[Ruwan sama|ruwan sama ya yi]], rafin yana bakinsa a [[Shatt al Gharsah|Chott el-Gharsa]] .
[[Fayil:Ouedmelah.JPG|right|thumb|Oued el Melah a watan Yulin 2007 tare da gadar [[jirgin ƙasa]]]]
Kusan kogi ne ga jerin rafuka a yankin da ke tsakanin Gafsa da Tozeur, wanda hakan ya samar da [[hanyar ruwa]] ta nisan kilomita 70. Raguwar [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] a yankin yana nufin cewa ba ya ɗaukar ruwa, sai dai idan ruwan sama ya yi yawa, wanda yawanci yakan faru ne a lokacin kaka da hunturu .

Garuruwan Lalla, El Ksar da [[Guettaria]] suna kan kogin.

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[[Fayil:Ouedmelah1.JPG|right|thumb|Ya yi kyau.]]
'''Oued el Melah''' ko '''Wadi el Melah''' ( Arabic  , &quot;Salty Wadi&quot;) wani rafin [[Tunisiya]] ne mai ratsawa wanda hanyarsa take a yankin gwamnonin Gafsa da Tozeur .   Gabaɗaya bushewa ce, sai dai idan [[Ruwan sama|ruwan sama ya yi]], rafin yana bakinsa a [[Shatt al Gharsah|Chott el-Gharsa]] .
[[Fayil:Ouedmelah.JPG|right|thumb|Oued el Melah a watan Yulin 2007 tare da gadar [[jirgin ƙasa]]]]
Kusan kogi ne ga jerin rafuka a yankin da ke tsakanin Gafsa da Tozeur, wanda hakan ya samar da [[hanyar ruwa]] ta nisan kilomita 70. Raguwar [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] a yankin yana nufin cewa ba ya ɗaukar ruwa, sai dai idan ruwan sama ya yi yawa, wanda yawanci yakan faru ne a lokacin kaka da hunturu .

Garuruwan Lalla, El Ksar da [[Guettaria]] suna kan kogin.

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    <title>Oued Sidi Salah</title>
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'''Oued Sidi Salah''' kwarin gabashin [[Tunisiya]] ne. Yana tashi a bayan birnin Sfax kuma yana kwarara zuwa Chott [[El Merdasia]] kusa da [[Sidi Mansour, Sfax|Sidi Mansour]] ( Governon Sfax ), a bakin tekun [[Bahar Rum]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Henchir Sidi Salah / Henchir Sidi Salah, Şafāqis, Tunisia, Africa |url=http://travelingluck.com/Africa/Tunisia/%C5%9Eaf%C4%81qis/_2584738_Henchir%20Sidi%20Salah.html |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ƙofar ta samo sunansa ne daga [[Dar Mahommed Salah|Dar Mahmed Salah]], wanda yake ratsawa ta gabas.

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'''Oued Sidi Salah''' kwarin gabashin [[Tunisiya]] ne. Yana tashi a bayan birnin Sfax kuma yana kwarara zuwa Chott [[El Merdasia]] kusa da [[Sidi Mansour, Sfax|Sidi Mansour]] ( Governon Sfax ), a bakin tekun [[Bahar Rum]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Henchir Sidi Salah / Henchir Sidi Salah, Şafāqis, Tunisia, Africa |url=http://travelingluck.com/Africa/Tunisia/%C5%9Eaf%C4%81qis/_2584738_Henchir%20Sidi%20Salah.html |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ƙofar ta samo sunansa ne daga [[Dar Mahommed Salah|Dar Mahmed Salah]], wanda yake ratsawa ta gabas.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Oued El Abid</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343703399|Oued El Abid]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Oued El Abid''' wani kwarin ruwa ne a arewa maso gabashin Tunisiya.    
[[Fayil:Barrage_Oued_El_Abid.jpg|right|thumb|Barrage Oued El Abid]]
'''Barrage Oued El Abid''' (سد وادي العبيد) [[madatsar ruwa]] ce da ke kan [[Kogi|kogin]] a 36 ° 49 '13 &quot;arewa, 10°42'11&quot; [[gabas]] wanda aka gina a shekarar 2002 kuma tana ɗauke da mita miliyan 10³.

Sunan kogin yana nufin kwarin kwarin bayi.

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[[Fayil:Oued_El_Abid_-_RR_26.jpg|right|thumb|Oued El Abid]]
'''Oued El Abid''' wani kwarin ruwa ne a arewa maso gabashin Tunisiya.    
[[Fayil:Barrage_Oued_El_Abid.jpg|right|thumb|Barrage Oued El Abid]]
'''Barrage Oued El Abid''' (سد وادي العبيد) [[madatsar ruwa]] ce da ke kan [[Kogi|kogin]] a 36 ° 49 '13 &quot;arewa, 10°42'11&quot; [[gabas]] wanda aka gina a shekarar 2002 kuma tana ɗauke da mita miliyan 10³.

Sunan kogin yana nufin kwarin kwarin bayi.

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    <title>Al Kharjah, Tunisia</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311680762|Al Kharjah, Tunisia]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Al_Kharjah,_Tunisia.png|thumb|Taswirar Al Kharjah, Tunisia.]]
'''Al Kharjah, Tunisiya''' sanannen yawon shakatawa ne, daya daga cikin Radi a cikin Gabes Governorate, [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] . 

A[[East|E]]=&quot;./North&quot; id=&quot;mwEg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;North&quot;&gt;N kuma san wadi da Oued Beni Aissa, kuma yana a 33°48'0&quot;N da 9°46'60&quot;E. Tana da tsawo na mita 55-61 sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]]. Mafi yawan amfani da ƙasa shine makiyaya.

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[[Fayil:Al_Kharjah,_Tunisia.png|thumb|Taswirar Al Kharjah, Tunisia.]]
'''Al Kharjah, Tunisiya''' sanannen yawon shakatawa ne, daya daga cikin Radi a cikin Gabes Governorate, [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] . 

A[[East|E]]=&quot;./North&quot; id=&quot;mwEg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;North&quot;&gt;N kuma san wadi da Oued Beni Aissa, kuma yana a 33°48'0&quot;N da 9°46'60&quot;E. Tana da tsawo na mita 55-61 sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]]. Mafi yawan amfani da ƙasa shine makiyaya.

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    <title>Oued El Hatech</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1073221700|Oued El Hatech]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="669" sha1="frth7l44wgsrgwn38jri2cj7wjni73x" xml:space="preserve">'''Oued El Hatech''' wani rafi [[Kogi|ne]] na tsakiyar [[Tunisiya]] . Oued El Hatech wanda ke kusa da kan iyakar [[Aljeriya]] a gefen yamma na Gwamnatin Kasserine kuma yana ratsawa ta cikin Gwamnatin Sidi Bouzid .  [[Sebkhet|Tafkunan gishiri]] na yanayi suna cikin magudanar ruwansu, ciki har da [[Sebkhet en Noual]] da [[Sebkhet Mecheguia]] . Yanayin ƙasa yana da ɗan bushewa tare da wuraren ban ruwa da ake amfani da su don [[Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)|noma]] da kiwo . [[Climate|Yanayi]] yana da yanayi mai kyau da daddare, sai dai a cikin yanayi mai duhu da ba a saba gani ba kuma ruwan sama yana iyakance ga watannin hunturu/farkon bazara.

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'''Oued El Hatech''' wani rafi [[Kogi|ne]] na tsakiyar [[Tunisiya]] . Oued El Hatech wanda ke kusa da kan iyakar [[Aljeriya]] a gefen yamma na Gwamnatin Kasserine kuma yana ratsawa ta cikin Gwamnatin Sidi Bouzid .  [[Sebkhet|Tafkunan gishiri]] na yanayi suna cikin magudanar ruwansu, ciki har da [[Sebkhet en Noual]] da [[Sebkhet Mecheguia]] . Yanayin ƙasa yana da ɗan bushewa tare da wuraren ban ruwa da ake amfani da su don [[Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)|noma]] da kiwo . [[Climate|Yanayi]] yana da yanayi mai kyau da daddare, sai dai a cikin yanayi mai duhu da ba a saba gani ba kuma ruwan sama yana iyakance ga watannin hunturu/farkon bazara.

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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Medjerda</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1288658344|Medjerda River]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3531" sha1="mfqxfxpriva9agg8oktvyvjz5amtt8w" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Medjerda.jpg|thumb|kallon kogin]]
'''Kogin Medjerda''' ( Arabic   ), '''Bagradas''' na gargajiya, kogi ne a Arewacin Afirka wanda ke gudana daga arewa maso gabashin [[Aljeriya]] ta hanyar [[Tunisiya]] kafin ya malalo zuwa Tekun Tunis da [[Tafkin Tunis]] . Tsawonsa ya kai {{Cvt|450|km|mi|0}}, shine mafi tsayin kogin Tunisiya. Ana kuma kiransa da '''Wadi Majardah''' ko '''Mejerda''' ( French   ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Beschaouch |first=Azedine |year=1986 |title=De l'Africa latino-chrétienne à l'Ifriqiya arabo-musulmane: questions de toponymie |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1986_num_130_3_14420 |url-status=live |journal=CRAI |language=fr |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=530–549 |doi=10.3406/crai.1986.14420 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128162142/https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1986_num_130_3_14420 |archive-date=2024-01-28 |access-date=2023-10-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwas ɗin ==
Kogin Medjerda ya samo asali ne daga [[Tell Atlas]], wani ɓangare na tsaunukan Atlas, a arewa maso gabashin Aljeriya sannan ya kwarara zuwa gabas zuwa Tunisiya, sannan ya shiga Tekun Utica na [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . Tsawon hanyarsa yana da nisan {{Convert|460|km|mi}} . Ita ce kogi mafi mahimmanci kuma mafi tsayi a Tunisiya kuma an matse ta a wurare da dama, kasancewarta babbar mai samar da ruwa ga amfanin gonakin alkama na ƙasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Study on Integrated Basin Management of the Medjerda River {{!}} Tunisia {{!}} Countries &amp; Regions {{!}} JICA |url=https://www.jica.go.jp/tunisia/english/activities/activity03.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019020925/https://www.jica.go.jp/tunisia/english/activities/activity03.html |archive-date=19 October 2009 |access-date=28 July 2017 |website=www.jica.go.jp |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa Tekun Utica ne a lokacin da aka yi watsi da ruwan sama bayan dusar ƙanƙara kimanin shekaru 6,000 da suka gabata. Bayan lokaci, ma'adinan ruwa daga Medjerda sun cika yankin arewacin tekun. An gano jerin abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tarihi daga takardu na da da kuma shaidar kayan tarihi.

Baya ga lura da yanayin ƙasa, an yi amfani da hotunan sama da na tauraron dan adam don yin nazarin yadda yanayin ƙasa ya canza a cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata. An cika yankin kudancin mashigar ruwa a ƙarshen zamanin da. Teku ya janye a hankali daga yankin arewa a lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani da kuma zamanin yau. Tafkin Ghar el Melh shine ƙarshen abin da ya kasance a da.

Bayan ambaliyar ruwa ta ƙarshe a shekarar 1973, Medjerda ta sake komawa kan hanyarta. Yanzu tana ratsawa ta cikin wani magudanar ruwa da aka haƙa don kawar da ambaliyar ruwa da ta mamaye yankin. 

== Tarihi ==
A tarihi, Medjerda ita ce babbar hanyar ruwa ta Tunisiya da ke samar da ruwa mai tsafta ga cibiyoyin jama'ar ƙasar. Haka kuma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga mutanen da ke zaune kusa da kogin. Ana amfani da ruwan Medjerda don ban ruwa kuma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga aikin gona na yankin.

A matsayin wata hanya mai mahimmanci, an yi yaƙi da ita kuma an zaunar da ita sau da yawa ta hannun [[Mutanen Punic|Carthaginians]], [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]], [[Mutanen Vandals|Vandals]], [[Daular Rumawa|Byzantines]], [[Larabawa]], da Ottomans . An kafa manyan birane da dama a kanta ko kusa da ita, ciki har da Utica, Carthage, kuma daga ƙarshe [[Tunis]] . Tsohon tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Utica da Ghar el-Melh (Rusucmona ko Porto Farina) daga ƙarshe an rufe su ta hanyar lalata tashoshin jiragen ruwansu.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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[[Fayil:Medjerda.jpg|thumb|kallon kogin]]
'''Kogin Medjerda''' ( Arabic   ), '''Bagradas''' na gargajiya, kogi ne a Arewacin Afirka wanda ke gudana daga arewa maso gabashin [[Aljeriya]] ta hanyar [[Tunisiya]] kafin ya malalo zuwa Tekun Tunis da [[Tafkin Tunis]] . Tsawonsa ya kai {{Cvt|450|km|mi|0}}, shine mafi tsayin kogin Tunisiya. Ana kuma kiransa da '''Wadi Majardah''' ko '''Mejerda''' ( French   ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Beschaouch |first=Azedine |year=1986 |title=De l'Africa latino-chrétienne à l'Ifriqiya arabo-musulmane: questions de toponymie |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1986_num_130_3_14420 |url-status=live |journal=CRAI |language=fr |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=530–549 |doi=10.3406/crai.1986.14420 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128162142/https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1986_num_130_3_14420 |archive-date=2024-01-28 |access-date=2023-10-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwas ɗin ==
Kogin Medjerda ya samo asali ne daga [[Tell Atlas]], wani ɓangare na tsaunukan Atlas, a arewa maso gabashin Aljeriya sannan ya kwarara zuwa gabas zuwa Tunisiya, sannan ya shiga Tekun Utica na [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . Tsawon hanyarsa yana da nisan {{Convert|460|km|mi}} . Ita ce kogi mafi mahimmanci kuma mafi tsayi a Tunisiya kuma an matse ta a wurare da dama, kasancewarta babbar mai samar da ruwa ga amfanin gonakin alkama na ƙasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Study on Integrated Basin Management of the Medjerda River {{!}} Tunisia {{!}} Countries &amp; Regions {{!}} JICA |url=https://www.jica.go.jp/tunisia/english/activities/activity03.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019020925/https://www.jica.go.jp/tunisia/english/activities/activity03.html |archive-date=19 October 2009 |access-date=28 July 2017 |website=www.jica.go.jp |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa Tekun Utica ne a lokacin da aka yi watsi da ruwan sama bayan dusar ƙanƙara kimanin shekaru 6,000 da suka gabata. Bayan lokaci, ma'adinan ruwa daga Medjerda sun cika yankin arewacin tekun. An gano jerin abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin tarihi daga takardu na da da kuma shaidar kayan tarihi.

Baya ga lura da yanayin ƙasa, an yi amfani da hotunan sama da na tauraron dan adam don yin nazarin yadda yanayin ƙasa ya canza a cikin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata. An cika yankin kudancin mashigar ruwa a ƙarshen zamanin da. Teku ya janye a hankali daga yankin arewa a lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani da kuma zamanin yau. Tafkin Ghar el Melh shine ƙarshen abin da ya kasance a da.

Bayan ambaliyar ruwa ta ƙarshe a shekarar 1973, Medjerda ta sake komawa kan hanyarta. Yanzu tana ratsawa ta cikin wani magudanar ruwa da aka haƙa don kawar da ambaliyar ruwa da ta mamaye yankin. 

== Tarihi ==
A tarihi, Medjerda ita ce babbar hanyar ruwa ta Tunisiya da ke samar da ruwa mai tsafta ga cibiyoyin jama'ar ƙasar. Haka kuma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga mutanen da ke zaune kusa da kogin. Ana amfani da ruwan Medjerda don ban ruwa kuma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga aikin gona na yankin.

A matsayin wata hanya mai mahimmanci, an yi yaƙi da ita kuma an zaunar da ita sau da yawa ta hannun [[Mutanen Punic|Carthaginians]], [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]], [[Mutanen Vandals|Vandals]], [[Daular Rumawa|Byzantines]], [[Larabawa]], da Ottomans . An kafa manyan birane da dama a kanta ko kusa da ita, ciki har da Utica, Carthage, kuma daga ƙarshe [[Tunis]] . Tsohon tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Utica da Ghar el-Melh (Rusucmona ko Porto Farina) daga ƙarshe an rufe su ta hanyar lalata tashoshin jiragen ruwansu.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Oued Merguellil</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1073221367|Oued Merguellil]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4818" sha1="boqvy7xrbgvmb9adldksh93lhkjs0xt" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Oued_Zeroud_Merguellil_Nebhana_drainage_basin-fr.svg|right|thumb|Oued Merguelil magudanar ruwa.]]
'''Oued Merguellil''' (وادي مرق الليل) rafi ne a tsakiyar [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] wanda ke gudana ta tafkin [[Sebkhet Cherita]], zuwa cikin Bahar Rum a Tekun Hammamet .

Ana samun Oued Merguellil a 35° 50′ 34″ N, 10° 16′ 18″ E a tsakiyar [[Tunisiya]] . Ruwan rafin ba shi da tsari, bambancinsa shine 300mm a duk shekara a cikin kwarin magudanar ruwa.  A zamanin Romawa, yankin yana da noma sosai, kuma a yau ana yin ban ruwa daga rafin don samar da [[zaitun]] da apricot . [[El Haouareb Dam|Madatsar ruwa ta El Haouareb]] tana kan rafin.

== Tarihi ==
An gano alamun kasancewar ɗan adam tun daga lokacin [[Lower Paleolithic]] a cikin kwarin kogin Merguellil kuma yana nuna tsufa da mazauna yankin suka yi ta hanyar [[Bararoji|makiyaya]] . 

Da isowarsu, [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]], sun zama mazaunan farko da ba sa zaune a gida, galibi suna zaune a yankunan da ke da wadataccen ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙarin haɓaka gidaje da noma da kuma inda aka sami kayan tarihi daban-daban. Sun yi amfani da dabarun amfani da ruwan da ke kwarara, gami da gina gine-ginen tattara ruwa, da haɓaka noman zaitun - ayyukan da matse zaitun da yawa da aka samu suka nuna - amma kuma da noman dabbobi da hatsi. 

Tun daga ƙarni na 7, mamaya daban-daban sun lalata wuraren da ake da su. Kabilar [[Larabawa]] da Zlass a ƙarshe sun zauna a fili, inda suka killace Berbers a cikin tsaunuka a matsayin Jebel Ousselat. Larabawa ba sa kawo sabbin dabarun noma kuma suna mai da hankali kan ci gaban birane. Kairouan tana da kayan aikin noma mai kyau, wato [[Aghlabid pools|tafkunan Aghlabid]], waɗanda ke tattara ruwan magudanar ruwa don samar wa birnin da ruwan sha.

A ƙarni na 18 da 19, yankin ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai tattalin arzikin [[Bararoji|makiyaya]], amma yankin da talaucin da ke shafar yankunan steppe. Lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka [[Mutanen Faransa|na Faransa]] suka zauna a kwarin a ƙarshen, sun kafa manyan gonaki, suka kuma tilasta wa makiyayan barin steppe zuwa tsaunuka. An kafa manyan yankuna biyu na Faransa kawai don fitar da hatsi, kayayyakin dabbobi da kuma noman kayan lambu zuwa Faransa. Akwai ɗaya a wurin da [[El Haouareb dam|madatsar ruwa ta El Haouareb]] (hekta 3700) ɗayan kuma a Haffouz da Oueslatia (hekta 8000). [[Noma|Noman]] zamani ya canza yanayin noma sosai, gami da lalata wuraren tattara ruwa na gargajiya. Noman da aka yi da abokan hulɗa da juna yana haifar da zaizayar ƙasa da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Tunisiya a shekarar 1956, noman gona da kuma bayyanar manyan ban ruwa (musamman daga shekarun 1970) sun inganta damar noma na kwarin, amma kuma sun rage yankin da ake da shi ga dabbobi, wanda hakan ya haifar da raguwar yawan garken da kuma ƙarin zama na makiyaya. 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Oued_Merguellil_délégations-fr.svg|right|thumb|Kogin Oued Merguellil]]
Gadon rafin Merguellil ya samo asali ne a cikin tsaunukan da ke kan tudun Makthar. Bayan ya ketare ta bakin El Haouareb, inda aka gina madatsar ruwa a kai, sai ya zama babban gadon kogi amma ba shi da tabbas a fadin filin Kairouan inda magudanan ruwa na [[Wadi Cherishira]] ) da [[Djebel Baten]] suka haɗu da shi kafin su nufi arewa maso gabas.

Ruwanta ba ya haɗuwa da Bahar Rum amma wani lokacin yana ƙarewa wani ɓangare a cikin sebkha Kelbia yayin da wani ɓangare kuma ya haɗu da Oued Zeroud yana gudana a layi ɗaya, kilomita goma sha biyar zuwa kudu.

== Kayayyakin more rayuwa ==
An gina madatsun ruwa daban-daban a saman kogin Wadi Merguellil don yaƙi da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma samar da wuraren noma ta hanyar ban ruwa. Saboda haka, aikin ruwa na yankin ya lalace. Cibiyoyin kariya da yawa daga [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar ƙasa]] sun kuma canza [[Kwararar ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] da ke ciyar da kogin sosai.

Yankin Merguelil ya ga sauye-sauye kaɗan a kan zaizayar ƙasa tun daga shekarun 1950.  Bayan an yi wasu ayyuka a cikin mahallin ayyukan jama'a don yaƙi da rashin aikin yi, wani aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar USAID da aka ba da kuɗi tsakanin 1962 da 1972 ya haifar da ayyukan farko (benches da tafkuna masu tuddai). Amma babban ambaliyar ruwa a 1969 ne ya haifar da manyan ci gaba a cikin mahallin manufar gabaɗaya. [[El Haouareb Dam|Madatsar ruwa ta El Haouareb]], wacce aka buɗe a 1989, ita ce babban; Tana ɗauke da sunanta daga garin [[El Haouareb]] wanda ke da nisan kilomita goma sha biyu kudu maso gabashin Haffouz da kilomita talatin kudu maso yammacin Kairouan . Girmanta ya danganta da ƙimar 1969, tana da matsakaicin ƙarfin mita miliyan 90 na cubic amma ba a taɓa kammala ta gaba ɗaya ba, matsakaicin gudummawar shekara-shekara tsakanin mita miliyan 5 zuwa 37 na cubic.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Oued_Zeroud_Merguellil_Nebhana_drainage_basin-fr.svg|right|thumb|Oued Merguelil magudanar ruwa.]]
'''Oued Merguellil''' (وادي مرق الليل) rafi ne a tsakiyar [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] wanda ke gudana ta tafkin [[Sebkhet Cherita]], zuwa cikin Bahar Rum a Tekun Hammamet .

Ana samun Oued Merguellil a 35° 50′ 34″ N, 10° 16′ 18″ E a tsakiyar [[Tunisiya]] . Ruwan rafin ba shi da tsari, bambancinsa shine 300mm a duk shekara a cikin kwarin magudanar ruwa.  A zamanin Romawa, yankin yana da noma sosai, kuma a yau ana yin ban ruwa daga rafin don samar da [[zaitun]] da apricot . [[El Haouareb Dam|Madatsar ruwa ta El Haouareb]] tana kan rafin.

== Tarihi ==
An gano alamun kasancewar ɗan adam tun daga lokacin [[Lower Paleolithic]] a cikin kwarin kogin Merguellil kuma yana nuna tsufa da mazauna yankin suka yi ta hanyar [[Bararoji|makiyaya]] . 

Da isowarsu, [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]], sun zama mazaunan farko da ba sa zaune a gida, galibi suna zaune a yankunan da ke da wadataccen ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙarin haɓaka gidaje da noma da kuma inda aka sami kayan tarihi daban-daban. Sun yi amfani da dabarun amfani da ruwan da ke kwarara, gami da gina gine-ginen tattara ruwa, da haɓaka noman zaitun - ayyukan da matse zaitun da yawa da aka samu suka nuna - amma kuma da noman dabbobi da hatsi. 

Tun daga ƙarni na 7, mamaya daban-daban sun lalata wuraren da ake da su. Kabilar [[Larabawa]] da Zlass a ƙarshe sun zauna a fili, inda suka killace Berbers a cikin tsaunuka a matsayin Jebel Ousselat. Larabawa ba sa kawo sabbin dabarun noma kuma suna mai da hankali kan ci gaban birane. Kairouan tana da kayan aikin noma mai kyau, wato [[Aghlabid pools|tafkunan Aghlabid]], waɗanda ke tattara ruwan magudanar ruwa don samar wa birnin da ruwan sha.

A ƙarni na 18 da 19, yankin ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai tattalin arzikin [[Bararoji|makiyaya]], amma yankin da talaucin da ke shafar yankunan steppe. Lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka [[Mutanen Faransa|na Faransa]] suka zauna a kwarin a ƙarshen, sun kafa manyan gonaki, suka kuma tilasta wa makiyayan barin steppe zuwa tsaunuka. An kafa manyan yankuna biyu na Faransa kawai don fitar da hatsi, kayayyakin dabbobi da kuma noman kayan lambu zuwa Faransa. Akwai ɗaya a wurin da [[El Haouareb dam|madatsar ruwa ta El Haouareb]] (hekta 3700) ɗayan kuma a Haffouz da Oueslatia (hekta 8000). [[Noma|Noman]] zamani ya canza yanayin noma sosai, gami da lalata wuraren tattara ruwa na gargajiya. Noman da aka yi da abokan hulɗa da juna yana haifar da zaizayar ƙasa da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa.

Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Tunisiya a shekarar 1956, noman gona da kuma bayyanar manyan ban ruwa (musamman daga shekarun 1970) sun inganta damar noma na kwarin, amma kuma sun rage yankin da ake da shi ga dabbobi, wanda hakan ya haifar da raguwar yawan garken da kuma ƙarin zama na makiyaya. 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Oued_Merguellil_délégations-fr.svg|right|thumb|Kogin Oued Merguellil]]
Gadon rafin Merguellil ya samo asali ne a cikin tsaunukan da ke kan tudun Makthar. Bayan ya ketare ta bakin El Haouareb, inda aka gina madatsar ruwa a kai, sai ya zama babban gadon kogi amma ba shi da tabbas a fadin filin Kairouan inda magudanan ruwa na [[Wadi Cherishira]] ) da [[Djebel Baten]] suka haɗu da shi kafin su nufi arewa maso gabas.

Ruwanta ba ya haɗuwa da Bahar Rum amma wani lokacin yana ƙarewa wani ɓangare a cikin sebkha Kelbia yayin da wani ɓangare kuma ya haɗu da Oued Zeroud yana gudana a layi ɗaya, kilomita goma sha biyar zuwa kudu.

== Kayayyakin more rayuwa ==
An gina madatsun ruwa daban-daban a saman kogin Wadi Merguellil don yaƙi da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma samar da wuraren noma ta hanyar ban ruwa. Saboda haka, aikin ruwa na yankin ya lalace. Cibiyoyin kariya da yawa daga [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar ƙasa]] sun kuma canza [[Kwararar ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] da ke ciyar da kogin sosai.

Yankin Merguelil ya ga sauye-sauye kaɗan a kan zaizayar ƙasa tun daga shekarun 1950.  Bayan an yi wasu ayyuka a cikin mahallin ayyukan jama'a don yaƙi da rashin aikin yi, wani aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar USAID da aka ba da kuɗi tsakanin 1962 da 1972 ya haifar da ayyukan farko (benches da tafkuna masu tuddai). Amma babban ambaliyar ruwa a 1969 ne ya haifar da manyan ci gaba a cikin mahallin manufar gabaɗaya. [[El Haouareb Dam|Madatsar ruwa ta El Haouareb]], wacce aka buɗe a 1989, ita ce babban; Tana ɗauke da sunanta daga garin [[El Haouareb]] wanda ke da nisan kilomita goma sha biyu kudu maso gabashin Haffouz da kilomita talatin kudu maso yammacin Kairouan . Girmanta ya danganta da ƙimar 1969, tana da matsakaicin ƙarfin mita miliyan 90 na cubic amma ba a taɓa kammala ta gaba ɗaya ba, matsakaicin gudummawar shekara-shekara tsakanin mita miliyan 5 zuwa 37 na cubic.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

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  <page>
    <title>Oued Miliane</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1296907719|Oued Miliane]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Pont_archéologique_de_Oued_Meliane_05.jpg|left|thumb|Gadar da ta tsufa a kan kogin Meliane.]]
'''Kogin Meliane''' (وادي مليان), wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Oued Miliane,''' rafi ne da ke kwararowa cikin gabar tekun Tunis da ke gabar tekun Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] .  

Kogin ya fara ne kusa da tsaunukan Djebel Bargou (جبل برقو) kuma yana malalar da ruwa mai tsawon kimanin shekara ta 2000.&amp;nbsp;km².  Kogin Oued Miliane yana da rafuka da dama, ciki har da [[Oued el Hamma]], kuma shi ne kogi na biyu mafi tsayi a ƙasar bayan [[Kogin Medjerda|Medjerda]] .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Tunisie_Barrage_Bir_Mcherga.jpg|right|thumb|Dam ɗin Bir Mcherga.]]
Tana fitowa daga tsaunukan Jebel Bargou, tsayin da ya kai mita 1280, sannan ta kwarara zuwa Tekun Tunis tsakanin garuruwan Radès da Ezzahra. Tana da [[Yankin da aka kama shi|yankin da ke da ruwa]] mai girman 2283.&amp;nbsp;km 2 a cikin yankin da ke da ruwa sosai (millimita 400 zuwa 450 na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara) kuma Wadi Kabir (na sama) da Wadi El Hamma (na ƙasa) suna haɗuwa.

Gudun kogunan ba shi da tsari, har zuwa mita 200 a cikin s3/s a lokacin [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]], amma yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan koguna a Tunisiya da ke ci gaba da gudana a lokacin bazara, kamar yadda aka tuna a ma'anar asalin [[Larabawa|Larabci]], ma'ana Miliane &quot;cikakke&quot;.

An siffanta shi da yawan kayan da aka kiyasta a kowace lita gram 25, wanda ya yi daidai da tan miliyan 1.5 na laka da ake ɗauka kowace shekara. Wannan ya taimaka wajen takin ƙasar Mornag (wani yanki mai arzikin noma a kudancin [[Tunis]] wanda aka keɓe don noman lambu da noman amfanin gona ), amma kuma ya shiga cikin rufe tafkin Tunis da kuma haifar da igiyar tuddai a bakin teku tsakanin Rades da Hammam Lif . Gaɓar kogin ta yi ta motsawa tsawon ƙarni da suka gabata.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843516</id>
      <parentid>843515</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:34:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <origin>843516</origin>
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[[Fayil:Pont_archéologique_de_Oued_Meliane_05.jpg|left|thumb|Gadar da ta tsufa a kan kogin Meliane.]]
'''Kogin Meliane''' (وادي مليان), wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Oued Miliane,''' rafi ne da ke kwararowa cikin gabar tekun Tunis da ke gabar tekun Arewa maso Gabashin kasar [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] .  

Kogin ya fara ne kusa da tsaunukan Djebel Bargou (جبل برقو) kuma yana malalar da ruwa mai tsawon kimanin shekara ta 2000.&amp;nbsp;km².  Kogin Oued Miliane yana da rafuka da dama, ciki har da [[Oued el Hamma]], kuma shi ne kogi na biyu mafi tsayi a ƙasar bayan [[Kogin Medjerda|Medjerda]] .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Tunisie_Barrage_Bir_Mcherga.jpg|right|thumb|Dam ɗin Bir Mcherga.]]
Tana fitowa daga tsaunukan Jebel Bargou, tsayin da ya kai mita 1280, sannan ta kwarara zuwa Tekun Tunis tsakanin garuruwan Radès da Ezzahra. Tana da [[Yankin da aka kama shi|yankin da ke da ruwa]] mai girman 2283.&amp;nbsp;km 2 a cikin yankin da ke da ruwa sosai (millimita 400 zuwa 450 na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara) kuma Wadi Kabir (na sama) da Wadi El Hamma (na ƙasa) suna haɗuwa.

Gudun kogunan ba shi da tsari, har zuwa mita 200 a cikin s3/s a lokacin [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]], amma yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan koguna a Tunisiya da ke ci gaba da gudana a lokacin bazara, kamar yadda aka tuna a ma'anar asalin [[Larabawa|Larabci]], ma'ana Miliane &quot;cikakke&quot;.

An siffanta shi da yawan kayan da aka kiyasta a kowace lita gram 25, wanda ya yi daidai da tan miliyan 1.5 na laka da ake ɗauka kowace shekara. Wannan ya taimaka wajen takin ƙasar Mornag (wani yanki mai arzikin noma a kudancin [[Tunis]] wanda aka keɓe don noman lambu da noman amfanin gona ), amma kuma ya shiga cikin rufe tafkin Tunis da kuma haifar da igiyar tuddai a bakin teku tsakanin Rades da Hammam Lif . Gaɓar kogin ta yi ta motsawa tsawon ƙarni da suka gabata.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oued Nebhana</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>843517</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:35:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1082298557|Oued Nebhana]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843517</origin>
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      <text bytes="824" sha1="7skiz7j7l7xviwoya473hj0e23cqi8w" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Oued_Zeroud_Merguellil_Nebhana_drainage_basin-fr.svg|right|thumb|Magudanar ruwa ta Oued Nebhana.]]
'''Nebhana Oued''' wani kogi ne a tsakiyar [[Tunisiya]] a Latitude 35 ° 55'22.27 da Longitude 10 ° 1'29.39&quot;. Tun daga kimanin [[mita]] 59  sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]], yana kwarara zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] a Tekun Hammamet . A zamanin Romawa, yankin yana da noma sosai kuma a yau ana yin ban ruwa daga rafin don samar da [[zaitun]] da apricot .

== Barrage Nebhana ==
Barrage Nebhana dam ne akan Oued Nebhana, yana tsakanin [[Sarassif Hassine]] da [[Ras el Kef]], kuma kusa da Draa Chercheria. Barrage Nebhana kuma yana kusa da Henchir el Hammam, Henchir Oum Hafsa da Kef er Rekham. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maarouf |url=http://mapcarta.com/17513712}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin ƙasa bayan Tunis

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843519</id>
      <parentid>843517</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:35:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <origin>843519</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="836" sha1="ek0o72i565agfueg2q04djnydy2ospt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Oued_Zeroud_Merguellil_Nebhana_drainage_basin-fr.svg|right|thumb|Magudanar ruwa ta Oued Nebhana.]]
'''Nebhana Oued''' wani kogi ne a tsakiyar [[Tunisiya]] a Latitude 35 ° 55'22.27 da Longitude 10 ° 1'29.39&quot;. Tun daga kimanin [[mita]] 59  sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]], yana kwarara zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] a Tekun Hammamet . A zamanin Romawa, yankin yana da noma sosai kuma a yau ana yin ban ruwa daga rafin don samar da [[zaitun]] da apricot .

== Barrage Nebhana ==
Barrage Nebhana dam ne akan Oued Nebhana, yana tsakanin [[Sarassif Hassine]] da [[Ras el Kef]], kuma kusa da Draa Chercheria. Barrage Nebhana kuma yana kusa da Henchir el Hammam, Henchir Oum Hafsa da Kef er Rekham. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maarouf |url=http://mapcarta.com/17513712}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin ƙasa bayan Tunis

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oued Oum el Hallalif</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153511</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843520</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:36:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1167751496|Oued Oum el Hallalif]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843520</origin>
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      <text bytes="721" sha1="f0o4gzbela9ayxjyzjjbz5xd50gnsjz" xml:space="preserve">
Kogin '''Oued Oum el Hallalif''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oued Oum el Hallalif, Tunisia |url=https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=272068&amp;fid=6163&amp;c=tunisia |website=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; kogi ne a Cape Bon, [[Tunisiya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oued Oum el Hallalif / Oued Oum el Hallalif, Nābul, Tunisia, Africa |url=http://travelingluck.com/Africa/Tunisia/N%C4%81bul/_2582151_Oued+Oum+el+Hallalif.html |website=travelingluck.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana nan a 36° 56' 33&quot; N, 10° 48' 53&quot; E. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oued Oum el Hallalif wadi, Nābul, Tunisia |url=https://tn.geoview.info/oued_oum_el_hallalif,2582151 |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=tn.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843521</id>
      <parentid>843520</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:36:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843521</origin>
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      <text bytes="732" sha1="29996wvlhvj2m4fi913jm8jdhqjpccr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Kogin '''Oued Oum el Hallalif''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oued Oum el Hallalif, Tunisia |url=https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=272068&amp;fid=6163&amp;c=tunisia |website=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; kogi ne a Cape Bon, [[Tunisiya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oued Oum el Hallalif / Oued Oum el Hallalif, Nābul, Tunisia, Africa |url=http://travelingluck.com/Africa/Tunisia/N%C4%81bul/_2582151_Oued+Oum+el+Hallalif.html |website=travelingluck.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana nan a 36° 56' 33&quot; N, 10° 48' 53&quot; E. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oued Oum el Hallalif wadi, Nābul, Tunisia |url=https://tn.geoview.info/oued_oum_el_hallalif,2582151 |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=tn.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oued da Rougga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153512</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843522</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:38:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1073221650|Oued er Rougga]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843522</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="305" sha1="4ap29sobvjy310570myxklxukd1zkyh" xml:space="preserve">Kogin '''Oued er Rougga''' wani rafi ne   a [[Kudu|kudancin]] [[Tunisiya]]   wanda ke kwarara zuwa [[Sabkhat]] [[Chott el Djem|al Jamm]] a yankin [[Sahara]] na [[Tunisiya]] .  Kogin yana a Latitude: 35°9'29.58&quot;, Longitude: 10°46'6.2&quot; da [[mita]] 34 sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843523</id>
      <parentid>843522</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:39:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <origin>843523</origin>
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      <text bytes="317" sha1="5u3lkq1tty23wurnbm9kd9lk9pvztqi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Kogin '''Oued er Rougga''' wani rafi ne   a [[Kudu|kudancin]] [[Tunisiya]]   wanda ke kwarara zuwa [[Sabkhat]] [[Chott el Djem|al Jamm]] a yankin [[Sahara]] na [[Tunisiya]] .  Kogin yana a Latitude: 35°9'29.58&quot;, Longitude: 10°46'6.2&quot; da [[mita]] 34 sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oued shi ne Segui</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843524</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:39:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1113862749|Oued es Segui]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843524</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="613" sha1="45mec543xljw3id8d6lrd1ajcx9mgeg" xml:space="preserve">'''Oued es Segui''' wadi ne a [[Tunisiya]] kuma yana kusa da [[Henchir el Adame Bou Krelal]], Henchir el Haramine da [[Henchir Bou Zaïane]] . Oued es Segui kuma yana kusa da kogin [[Oued er Rebaï]] da [[Enfidete Djibinia ech Chott]] . 

Wadi yana nan a 35.788333n da 9.928889e kuma yana gudana kusa da Kairouan .

Tsarin Segui wani tsari ne na ilimin ƙasa na zamanin Miocene-Pliocene wanda Burollet ya fara gabatar da shi a shekarar 1956   kuma yana kusa da Oued es Segui a yankin ƙabilar [[Bled Segui]] na Tunisiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bled Segui |url=http://mapcarta.com/17280148}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843525</id>
      <parentid>843524</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:40:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843525</origin>
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      <text bytes="628" sha1="2rbmlrknpmqyi2j4r3znwlpwqjna0nh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
''''''Oued es Segui''' wadi ne a [[Tunisiya]] kuma yana kusa da [[Henchir el Adame Bou Krelal]], Henchir el Haramine da [[Henchir Bou Zaïane]] . Oued es Segui kuma yana kusa da kogin [[Oued er Rebaï]] da [[Enfidete Djibinia ech Chott]] . 

Wadi yana nan a 35.788333n da 9.928889e kuma yana gudana kusa da Kairouan .

Tsarin Segui wani tsari ne na ilimin ƙasa na zamanin Miocene-Pliocene wanda Burollet ya fara gabatar da shi a shekarar 1956   kuma yana kusa da Oued es Segui a yankin ƙabilar [[Bled Segui]] na Tunisiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bled Segui |url=http://mapcarta.com/17280148}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oued Sejenane</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843526</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:41:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355137953|Oued Sejenane]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843526</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="401" sha1="i84scazz4t6dasan0t6c2hlotknykog" xml:space="preserve">Kogin '''Oued Sejenane''' [[kogi]] ne da ke tsakanin [[Tunisiya]] da [[Aljeriya]] a [[Arewacin Afirka]] .

Kogin Oued Sejenane yana kwarara zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] kusa da Bizerte kuma yana ratsawa ta wurin Ichigo National Park, da kuma dajin Sajane.  Yana nan a Latitude: 37 ° 10'11.99 &quot;Longitude: 9 ° 36'47.2&quot;  kuma yana da mita 252 sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]] .

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>843526</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:41:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <origin>843527</origin>
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Kogin '''Oued Sejenane''' [[kogi]] ne da ke tsakanin [[Tunisiya]] da [[Aljeriya]] a [[Arewacin Afirka]] .

Kogin Oued Sejenane yana kwarara zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] kusa da Bizerte kuma yana ratsawa ta wurin Ichigo National Park, da kuma dajin Sajane.  Yana nan a Latitude: 37 ° 10'11.99 &quot;Longitude: 9 ° 36'47.2&quot;  kuma yana da mita 252 sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]] .

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oued Siliana</title>
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    <id>153515</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843528</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:42:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350703656|Oued Siliana]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Medjerda_Bassin_OSM.png|right|thumb|Yankin magudanar ruwa ta Medjerda tare da Oued Siliana (tsakiya ta dama)]]
'''El Oued Siliana''' kogi ne na [[Tunisiya]] a yankin da ya taso daga [[Maktar]], wanda ke gudana arewa kuma yana malala zuwa kogin Medjerda kimanin kilomita 5.&amp;nbsp;kilomita [[yamma]] da Testour .

A kan hanyarsa ta zuwa tattara damina, yana shayar da rafuka da yawa waɗanda suka bushe a mafi yawan shekara. Hanyar tana da nisan mil 120.&amp;nbsp;km. matsakaicin ruwan sama shine 455&amp;nbsp;mm/shekara tsakanin Satumba da Janairu ya karu tsakanin kashi 15 zuwa 11. Babban hanyar birnin har yanzu ita ce Gaâfour da Siliana . Hanyar farko ta ruwa tana ƙarƙashin ikon madatsar ruwa ta [[El Akhmim]] ; sama da Siliana Siliana da ma'ajiyar ruwa; kuma a gefen hagu kusa da bakin akwai [[Sidi Salem Reservoir|Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Sidi Salem]] . Kogin yana ratsawa tsakanin yankuna daban-daban na tsayi yana sanye da Yahia OLED mita 584 da mita 1347 a Jebel Serj, matsakaicin bambanci na mita 400 da ruwan sama daban-daban (bambanci na 150).&amp;nbsp;mm/shekara).

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843529</id>
      <parentid>843528</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:42:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843529</origin>
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[[Fayil:Medjerda_Bassin_OSM.png|right|thumb|Yankin magudanar ruwa ta Medjerda tare da Oued Siliana (tsakiya ta dama)]]
'''El Oued Siliana''' kogi ne na [[Tunisiya]] a yankin da ya taso daga [[Maktar]], wanda ke gudana arewa kuma yana malala zuwa kogin Medjerda kimanin kilomita 5.&amp;nbsp;kilomita [[yamma]] da Testour .

A kan hanyarsa ta zuwa tattara damina, yana shayar da rafuka da yawa waɗanda suka bushe a mafi yawan shekara. Hanyar tana da nisan mil 120.&amp;nbsp;km. matsakaicin ruwan sama shine 455&amp;nbsp;mm/shekara tsakanin Satumba da Janairu ya karu tsakanin kashi 15 zuwa 11. Babban hanyar birnin har yanzu ita ce Gaâfour da Siliana . Hanyar farko ta ruwa tana ƙarƙashin ikon madatsar ruwa ta [[El Akhmim]] ; sama da Siliana Siliana da ma'ajiyar ruwa; kuma a gefen hagu kusa da bakin akwai [[Sidi Salem Reservoir|Ma'ajiyar Ruwa ta Sidi Salem]] . Kogin yana ratsawa tsakanin yankuna daban-daban na tsayi yana sanye da Yahia OLED mita 584 da mita 1347 a Jebel Serj, matsakaicin bambanci na mita 400 da ruwan sama daban-daban (bambanci na 150).&amp;nbsp;mm/shekara).

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wādī Bertema</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153516</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843530</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:43:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329801729|Wādī Bertema]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="722" sha1="07atgvhm9e8cp4sjvpq18id8w2uuyh8" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Temple_d’Esculape_à_Boughrara_01.jpg|right|thumb|Wādī Bertema a bango]]
'''Wādī Bertema''' wani rafi ne da ke kan Latitude : 33°31'59.98&quot; da Longitude : 10°40'59.99&quot; a [[Madanīn]], [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] . Kogin yana gudana daga Metameur zuwa Boughrara a kan Tekun Tunis, kuma kasancewarsa hanyar ruwa ta bakin teku, tsayin da ke sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]] ya kai [[mita]] 1.   

Rumbunan garin Gigthi na [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] suna kusa.&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Temple_d’Esculape_à_Boughrara_04.jpg|alt=Wādī Bertema in background| Wādī Bertema a bango
Fayil:Djerba,_Lac_Bibane.jpg|alt=satellite Image of Wādī Bertema area| tauraron dan adam Hoton yankin Wādī Bertema
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manqzarta ==</text>
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        <id>19233</id>
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[[Fayil:Temple_d’Esculape_à_Boughrara_01.jpg|right|thumb|Wādī Bertema a bango]]
'''Wādī Bertema''' wani rafi ne da ke kan Latitude : 33°31'59.98&quot; da Longitude : 10°40'59.99&quot; a [[Madanīn]], [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] . Kogin yana gudana daga Metameur zuwa Boughrara a kan Tekun Tunis, kuma kasancewarsa hanyar ruwa ta bakin teku, tsayin da ke sama da [[Sea level|matakin teku]] ya kai [[mita]] 1.   

Rumbunan garin Gigthi na [[Romawa na Da|Romawa]] suna kusa.&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Temple_d’Esculape_à_Boughrara_04.jpg|alt=Wādī Bertema in background| Wādī Bertema a bango
Fayil:Djerba,_Lac_Bibane.jpg|alt=satellite Image of Wādī Bertema area| tauraron dan adam Hoton yankin Wādī Bertema
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manqzarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oued Zeroud</title>
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        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1073221436|Oued Zeroud]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1744" sha1="c0foxhr7cakys4b27okmzbkfv5kihj6" xml:space="preserve">'''Zeroud Oued''' (واد زرود) rafi ne a tsakiyar [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] a Latitude, yana gudana ta tafkin [[Sebkhet Cherita]], zuwa cikin [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] a Tekun Hammamet .

Matsakaicin hanyarsa kilomita arba'in ne ko da matsakaicin tsawon gadonsa ya kai kilomita 150. Tana tattara ruwanta daga sama ta hanyar jerin rafukan da ke zubar da yankin Nara da [[Jebel Tazza]], duk suna ƙarƙashin madatsar ruwa ta [[Sidi Saad]], wacce ke da nisan kilomita 45 kudu maso yammacin Kairouan . A ƙasan madatsar ruwa, jerin rafukan ruwa suna kwarara zuwa cikin Wadi Zeroud, suna kwarara zuwa wani yanki da ke da nisan kilomita goma kudu maso gabashin Kairouan inda ya daina zama rafukan ruwa guda ɗaya kuma ya rabu zuwa sassa da dama waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suka haɗu da [[Sebkha Kelbia]] .
[[Fayil:Sebkhat_Kelbia_Kondar_Tunesien_2009.jpg|right|thumb|[[Sebkha Kelbia]], 2009.]]
[[Ruwan sama]] ya rage yankin ya haifar da kusan rashin ruwa a lokacin rani, har ma da ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin kaka, lokacin da ruwan sama ke sauka a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Gina madatsar ruwa ya ba da damar ban ruwa a gonaki kuma ya taimaka wajen hana ambaliya, amma, duk da haka, ya rage yawan ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da shi fiye da kima.

A zamanin Romawa, yankin ya kasance mai noma sosai.
 
Dam Sidi Saad (سد سيدي سعد) dam ne akan Oued Zeroud da aka gina a 1982, a 35°22'53&quot; Arewa, 9° 41'42&quot; [[Gabas]] tsakanin Nasrallah da Hajeb El Ayoun .

A tsayin [[mita]] 82, zai iya ɗaukar ruwa har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 120 a cikin wani ma'ajiyar ruwa mai faɗin hekta 9000. Ana amfani da shi don rage ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa . A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2012, an amince da madatsar ruwa ta Sidi Saad a matsayin wurin Ramsar .</text>
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'''Zeroud Oued''' (واد زرود) rafi ne a tsakiyar [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] a Latitude, yana gudana ta tafkin [[Sebkhet Cherita]], zuwa cikin [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] a Tekun Hammamet .

Matsakaicin hanyarsa kilomita arba'in ne ko da matsakaicin tsawon gadonsa ya kai kilomita 150. Tana tattara ruwanta daga sama ta hanyar jerin rafukan da ke zubar da yankin Nara da [[Jebel Tazza]], duk suna ƙarƙashin madatsar ruwa ta [[Sidi Saad]], wacce ke da nisan kilomita 45 kudu maso yammacin Kairouan . A ƙasan madatsar ruwa, jerin rafukan ruwa suna kwarara zuwa cikin Wadi Zeroud, suna kwarara zuwa wani yanki da ke da nisan kilomita goma kudu maso gabashin Kairouan inda ya daina zama rafukan ruwa guda ɗaya kuma ya rabu zuwa sassa da dama waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suka haɗu da [[Sebkha Kelbia]] .
[[Fayil:Sebkhat_Kelbia_Kondar_Tunesien_2009.jpg|right|thumb|[[Sebkha Kelbia]], 2009.]]
[[Ruwan sama]] ya rage yankin ya haifar da kusan rashin ruwa a lokacin rani, har ma da ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin kaka, lokacin da ruwan sama ke sauka a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Gina madatsar ruwa ya ba da damar ban ruwa a gonaki kuma ya taimaka wajen hana ambaliya, amma, duk da haka, ya rage yawan ruwan karkashin kasa da aka yi amfani da shi fiye da kima.

A zamanin Romawa, yankin ya kasance mai noma sosai.
 
Dam Sidi Saad (سد سيدي سعد) dam ne akan Oued Zeroud da aka gina a 1982, a 35°22'53&quot; Arewa, 9° 41'42&quot; [[Gabas]] tsakanin Nasrallah da Hajeb El Ayoun .

A tsayin [[mita]] 82, zai iya ɗaukar ruwa har zuwa mita cubic miliyan 120 a cikin wani ma'ajiyar ruwa mai faɗin hekta 9000. Ana amfani da shi don rage ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa . A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2012, an amince da madatsar ruwa ta Sidi Saad a matsayin wurin Ramsar .

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oued Zitoun (Tunisia)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153518</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843536</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T16:51:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350703699|Oued Zitoun (Tunisia)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Oued Zitoun''' (وادى الزيتون) [[kogi]] ne a [[Tunisiya|ƙasar Tunisiya]], [[Arewacin Afirka|a ƙasar Afirka ta Arewa]] .

Oued Zitoum wani magudanar ruwa ne na Oued Sejenane wanda ke kwarara zuwa [[Bahar Rum]] kusa da Bizerte . Kogin an san shi da [[Cascades de Oued Zitoun|Cascades na Oued Zitoun]], kuma yana kusa da Ichkeul National Park, da kuma dajin Sajane&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Flower_of_oued_zitoun.jpg|alt=Flower of oued Zitoun River| Furen Kogin Zitoun
Fayil:Oued_zitoun.jpg|alt=Oued zitoun Cascades| Zane-zanen Cascades
Fayil:Oued_Zitoune.jpg| Oued Zitoune Cascades
Fayil:Oued_Zitoun_Ghezala_Tunisie.jpg|alt=Oued Zitoun near Ghezala Tunisia.| Oued Zitoun kusa da Ghezala Tunisiya.
Fayil:شلال_واد_زيتون.jpg|alt=Olive Valley Waterfall(شلال واد زيتون) Zitoun| Ruwan Ruwan Zaitun (شلال واد زيتون) Zitoun
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843537</id>
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        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
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'''Oued Zitoun''' (وادى الزيتون) [[kogi]] ne a [[Tunisiya|ƙasar Tunisiya]], [[Arewacin Afirka|a ƙasar Afirka ta Arewa]] .

Oued Zitoum wani magudanar ruwa ne na Oued Sejenane wanda ke kwarara zuwa [[Bahar Rum]] kusa da Bizerte . Kogin an san shi da [[Cascades de Oued Zitoun|Cascades na Oued Zitoun]], kuma yana kusa da Ichkeul National Park, da kuma dajin Sajane&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Flower_of_oued_zitoun.jpg|alt=Flower of oued Zitoun River| Furen Kogin Zitoun
Fayil:Oued_zitoun.jpg|alt=Oued zitoun Cascades| Zane-zanen Cascades
Fayil:Oued_Zitoune.jpg| Oued Zitoune Cascades
Fayil:Oued_Zitoun_Ghezala_Tunisie.jpg|alt=Oued Zitoun near Ghezala Tunisia.| Oued Zitoun kusa da Ghezala Tunisiya.
Fayil:شلال_واد_زيتون.jpg|alt=Olive Valley Waterfall(شلال واد زيتون) Zitoun| Ruwan Ruwan Zaitun (شلال واد زيتون) Zitoun
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naucratis</title>
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    <id>153519</id>
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      <id>843543</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T17:07:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354649495|Naucratis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Naucratis''' ko '''Naukratis''' / / ˈ n ɔːk rətɪs / ; [  Ancient Greek 

Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Naucratis ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta Heracleion, wacce aka gano a shekarar 2000.

== Bayani ==
Shaidun kayan tarihi sun nuna cewa tarihin tsoffin Helenawa a Masar ya samo asali ne daga zamanin Mycenaean (1600-1100 BC) kuma wataƙila ya koma zamanin Minoan na Girka. Wannan tarihin kasuwanci ne kawai domin ba a sami matsugunan Girka na dindindin na waɗannan al'adu ba har zuwa yau.

Bayan rugujewar wayewar Girkawa ta Mycenaean da kuma Zamanin Duhu na Girka da ya biyo baya (kimanin 1100–750)&amp;nbsp;BC), &quot;farfadowa&quot; na al'adun Girkawa ya bunƙasa a ƙarni na 7 BC - tare da sabunta hulɗa da Gabas da manyan wayewar koguna guda biyu na [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] da Kogin Nilu.
[[File:Nile_Delta_-_Naucratis.png|right|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna wurin da Naucratis yake—daga kogin Nilu ya canza tun zamanin da; birnin yana kan reshen Canopic (mafi yamma).]]
Rahoton farko na Girkawa a ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (Afghanistan) labari ne da ke cikin Tarihin Herodotus na [[Fashi a Teku|'yan fashin teku]] na Ionian da Carian waɗanda guguwa ta tilasta musu su sauka a kan ko kusa da Kogin Nilu . Ya ba da labarin halin da Saite Pharaoh Psammetichus I (Psamtik) (kimanin 664–610) na daular Ashirin da Shida ta Masar ta yi juyin mulki kuma cikin damuwa yana neman shawarar Oracle of Leto a Buto, wanda ya ba shi shawara a ɓoye da ya nemi taimakon &quot;mutanen tagulla&quot; waɗanda za su &quot;fito daga teku.&quot; Da ya ga sulken tagulla na 'yan fashin teku da suka nutse a cikin jirgin ruwa, ya ba su lada a madadin taimakonsu a yakin neman dawowarsa kan mulki. Bayan nasarar wannan ƙoƙarin, ya cika alkawarinsa kuma ya ba wa sojojin haya filaye biyu (ko &quot;sansanoni,&quot; {{Lang|grc|στρατόπεδα}} ) a kowane gefen reshen Pelusiac na Kogin Nilu. {{Sfn|Herodotus|1920}}

A halin yanzu, waɗannan wurare ba su da tabbas amma wannan yana iya zama nuni ga birnin Daphnae .

== Tarihi ==
Naukratis wuri ne da wani gari na Masar ya kasance kafin Girkawa su isa, daga baya aka kafa shi a matsayin matsugunin soja da sojojin haya suka mamaye. Naukratis yana kan reshen kogin Nilu a yammacin Delta kimanin 16.&amp;nbsp;kilomita daga Sais. Madatsar ruwan Canopic tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin ruwa da suka haɗa kwarin Nilu da Bahar Rum, kuma mafi sauƙin isa ga madatsar ruwan Nilu a zamanin Saite. Matsugunin farko ya rikide ya zama tashar jiragen ruwa mai cike da kasuwanci. Sun yi musayar kaya da Girkawa da sauran ƙasashen Bahar Rum. 'Yan kasuwan Girkawa sun zauna a Naukratis kuma wata babbar al'umma ta Girka ta fara bunƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Naukratis {{!}} ancient Greek settlement, Egypt {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Naukratis |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Majiyoyin da suka daɗe ===
A cikin 570&amp;nbsp;BC, [[Fir'auna]] [[Da sauri|Apries]] (Wahibre, ya yi mulki daga 589 zuwa 570 BC)&amp;nbsp;BC) ya jagoranci zuriyar sojojin hayansa waɗanda suka ƙunshi 'yan Carian da Ionians 30,000 a kan wani tsohon janar da ya zama ɗan tawaye mai suna Amasis . Duk da cewa sun yi yaƙi da jarumtaka, sojojin haya sun sha kaye kuma Amasis na Biyu ya zama Fir'auna (ya yi mulki daga 570 zuwa 526).&amp;nbsp;BC). Amasis ya rufe &quot;sansanonin&quot; kuma ya kwashe sojojin Girka zuwa [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], inda aka ɗauke su aiki &quot;don kare shi daga 'yan asalin [[Misirawa|Masarawa]] .&quot; {{Sfn|Herodotus|1920}}

Herodotus ya bayyana cewa &quot;Amasis ya nuna son kai ga Girkawa, kuma daga cikin sauran falalolin da ya ba su, ya ba wa waɗanda suke son zama a Masar birnin Naucratis don zama.&quot; Lura cewa ya ce &quot;ya ba wa birnin ( {{Lang|grc|πόλῐν}} ),&quot; wanda da alama yana nuna wanzuwar (wanda yanzu aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar shaidar kayan tarihi) na &quot;birni&quot; da ya riga ya kasance a can. Wannan tsohon birni wataƙila ƙaramin matsuguni ne wanda ke zaune tare da gaurayen 'yan asalin Masar, Girkawa har ma da [[Phoenicia]] . Don haka da alama an &quot;hayar&quot; birnin ga Helenawa jim kaɗan bayan 570&amp;nbsp;BC. Ranar da ta gabata a kimanin shekara ta 625&amp;nbsp;BC da masana ilmin kayan tarihi suka gabatar na iya zama ainihin wurin zama a wurin. {{Sfn|James|2003}}

Hakika Amasis ya mayar da Naucratis babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta yarjejeniya da haɗin gwiwa na kasuwanci da yamma. Wannan wataƙila an yi shi ne a matsayin hanyar da za ta hana ayyukan Girka a wuri ɗaya a ƙarƙashin ikonsa. Ba ta zama mulkin mallaka na kowace jiha ta birni ba, amma ta zama wani yanki na kasuwanci (ma'aikatar ciniki)  kamar Al Mina a arewacin [[Siriya]] .
[[Fayil:Greco-Egyptian_-_Aryballos_-_Walters_482863_-_Three_Quarter.jpg|thumb|Gilashin bushiya daga Naukratis]]

== Ilimin kayan tarihi ==
{{hiero|njwt-kꜣrṯ&lt;ref name=&quot;Chaby&quot;/&gt;|&lt;hiero&gt;niwt-kA:r-T:niwt&lt;/hiero&gt; '''or''' &lt;hiero&gt;niwt-t:kA:r-T:niwt&lt;/hiero&gt;|align=left|era=egypt}}Wurin binciken kayan tarihi ya faɗaɗa zuwa yankuna biyu na arewa da kudu. An gano kudu mafi nisa akwai wani babban rumbun adana kayan tarihi na Masar (A a kan zane a dama—wanda Petrie ya fara gane shi a matsayin &quot;manyan temenos &quot;), kuma a arewacin wurin akwai Haikalin Aphrodite na Girka wanda aka yi da tubalin laka, mai girman mita 14 × 8 (wanda ba a ambaci sunansa ba a cikin jerin Herodotus.) A gabashin wannan haikalin, an tono ƙaramin masana'anta don hatimin scarab. [ i ]

A sashen arewa an sami wasu tarkacen haikali (E: Temple of Hera, F: Temple of Apollo &amp; G: Temple of Dioscuri) gami da abin da wataƙila ''Hellenion'' na Herodotus ne ya gano wanda Hogarth ya gano a shekarar 1899 (a gabas da F kai tsaye). &quot;Babu wani tukwane da aka samu a nan da ya isa kafin zamanin Amasis, don haka yana iya yiwuwa an kafa ''Hellenion'' ne sakamakon sake tsara matsayin Naucratis, yayin da wuraren ibada masu zaman kansu ... na farkon shekarun garin.&quot; {{Sfn|Boardman|1980}}

Kwanan nan, masana ilmin kayan tarihi na Amurka W. Coulson da A. Leonard sun kafa &quot;The Naucratis Project&quot; {{Sfn|Leonard|Coulson|1982}} a shekarar 1977 suna gudanar da bincike a tsakanin 1977-1978 da kuma ƙarin bincike da tono a kudancin wurin daga 1980-1982 (ƙarƙashin kulawar Cibiyar Bincike ta Amurka a Masar). Abin takaici sun sami asalin wurin mafaka na arewa da aka nutsar a ƙarƙashin wani tafki da aka gina ta hanyar ruwan da ke tashi da kuma kusan 15.&amp;nbsp;zurfin ciki. {{Sfn|Leonard|Coulson|1979}} Wannan ɓangaren wurin har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin ruwa a yau, wanda hakan ya sa ƙarin aiki a wurin ya zama da wahala ko ba zai yiwu ba. Kimantawarsu game da hanyar da aka bi da hanyoyin da magabatansu suka yi amfani da su bai kai ga yabo ba. &quot;Abin takaici, yawancin fifikon masu haƙa rami na farko an sanya su ne akan waɗannan gine-ginen addini a kan kuɗin gidaje na kasuwanci da na cikin gida. Saboda haka, iliminmu game da halin 'yan kasuwa na zamanin Naukratis - ɓangaren tarihinsa na farko wanda ya sa ya zama abin mamaki - ya sha wahala sosai. Bugu da ƙari, jerin tarihi na baya-bayan nan, kamar zamanin Hellenistic da Romawa, kusan an yi watsi da su gaba ɗaya.&quot; {{Sfn|Leonard|Coulson|1979}} Wani abin da ya kara musu kwarin gwiwa shi ne barnar da al'ummar yankin suka yi a wurin. &quot;Tun a zamanin Petrie, manoman yankin sun tono kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin Naukratis mai nisan mil huɗu (sebakh) don amfani da shi a matsayin takin phosphate mai yawan gaske ( ''sebakh'' ) a gonakinsu.... A cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata&amp;nbsp;Shekaru ko makamancin haka, ''sebakhin'' sun lalata wannan yankin gabas na wurin gaba ɗaya.&quot; {{Sfn|Leonard|Coulson|1979}} Katangar da ke kan teburin ruwa ta sa ba za su iya samun wani abu da ya fi zamanin Ptolemaic ba. Sun yarda da Hogarth cewa &quot;manyan temenos&quot; na Petrie ginin Masar ne kuma hakika duk yankin kudu na garin ya bayyana ba Girkawa ba ne. {{Sfn|Leonard|1997}} Gabaɗaya yawancin abubuwan da aka gano tukwane ne (wasu cikakkun, mafi guntu) da ake amfani da su azaman masu jefa ƙuri'a a cikin haikali, amma kuma kwalaben turare (da yawa a cikin siffar [[bushiya]] ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faience aryballos (oil flask) in the form of a hedgehog &amp;#124; East Greek &amp;#124; Archaic |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/252984 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt; da siffofi na dutse da hatimin scarab. Waɗannan an watsa su zuwa gidajen tarihi da tarin abubuwa a duk faɗin duniya, kayan da aka riga aka kawo galibi zuwa Burtaniya (galibi a Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya) kuma na ƙarshe zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Graeco-Roman da ke Alexandria.

== Tasiri ==
Masarawa galibi suna bai wa Girkawa [[hatsi]] amma kuma suna samar da lilin da papyrus, yayin da Helenawa galibi suna musanya azurfa amma kuma da itace, [[man zaitun]] da ruwan inabi . [ ii ] Naukratis, da kuma &quot;sansanonin&quot; Girka da ke da alaƙa da su a yankin delta gabaɗaya, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin labaran da aka bayar a sama, sun zama tushen samar da sojojin haya ga Fir'aunan Saite, maza masu kyawawan sulke da dabaru, waɗanda kuma ke da ƙwarewar jiragen ruwa mai mahimmanci.

Ba da daɗewa ba Naucratis ya zama babban tushen wahayi ga Girkawa ta hanyar sake fallasa su ga abubuwan al'ajabi na gine-ginen Masar da sassaka da suka ɓace musu tun [[zamanin Tagulla]] . Kayan tarihi na Masar sun fara kwarara ta hanyoyin kasuwanci na Girka suna shiga gidaje da bita na duniyar Girka ta Ionian, kuma ta hanyar Aegina, biranen babban yankin Girka. Duk da cewa fasaha da ra'ayoyi na Girka sun dawo, ta wata hanyar, shigarsu cikin al'adun Masarawa [[Kyamar Baki|masu kyamar baƙi]] ba shi da yawa. {{Sfn|Herodotus|1920}} {{Sfn|Herodotus|1920}} &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (November 2022)&quot;&gt;mafi kyau&amp;nbsp;tushe&amp;nbsp;ana buƙata&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Kodayake Herodotus ya yi iƙirarin cewa ilimin lissafi ( {{Lang|grc|γεωμετρία}} ) an fara saninsa a Masar sannan aka wuce zuwa Girka, {{Sfn|Herodotus|1920}} yanzu masana sun yarda cewa abin da Girkawa suka koya ya fi kama da &quot;dabarun bincike&quot; kuma ba su cancanci a sanya musu suna &quot;geometry&quot; ba a ma'anar aikin lissafi na ilimi kawai. Hakika, Helenawa kamar [[Thales na Miletus|Thales]] sun riga sun ƙware a fannin lissafi kafin tafiyarsu zuwa Masar kuma wataƙila Herodotus ya ɗauka cewa saboda {{Lang|grc|γεωμετρία}} na Masar ya tsufa, dole ne Girkawa su samo shi daga nan. {{Sfn|Lloyd|1975}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843544</id>
      <parentid>843543</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T17:07:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>843544</origin>
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      <text bytes="10558" sha1="ng1q1nninzfqfjdw55p70jli7e61l61" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Naucratis''' ko '''Naukratis''' / / ˈ n ɔːk rətɪs / ; [  Ancient Greek 

Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Naucratis ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa ta Heracleion, wacce aka gano a shekarar 2000.

== Bayani ==
Shaidun kayan tarihi sun nuna cewa tarihin tsoffin Helenawa a Masar ya samo asali ne daga zamanin Mycenaean (1600-1100 BC) kuma wataƙila ya koma zamanin Minoan na Girka. Wannan tarihin kasuwanci ne kawai domin ba a sami matsugunan Girka na dindindin na waɗannan al'adu ba har zuwa yau.

Bayan rugujewar wayewar Girkawa ta Mycenaean da kuma Zamanin Duhu na Girka da ya biyo baya (kimanin 1100–750)&amp;nbsp;BC), &quot;farfadowa&quot; na al'adun Girkawa ya bunƙasa a ƙarni na 7 BC - tare da sabunta hulɗa da Gabas da manyan wayewar koguna guda biyu na [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]] da Kogin Nilu.
[[File:Nile_Delta_-_Naucratis.png|right|thumb|250x250px|Taswirar da ke nuna wurin da Naucratis yake—daga kogin Nilu ya canza tun zamanin da; birnin yana kan reshen Canopic (mafi yamma).]]
Rahoton farko na Girkawa a ƙarni na 7 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (Afghanistan) labari ne da ke cikin Tarihin Herodotus na [[Fashi a Teku|'yan fashin teku]] na Ionian da Carian waɗanda guguwa ta tilasta musu su sauka a kan ko kusa da Kogin Nilu . Ya ba da labarin halin da Saite Pharaoh Psammetichus I (Psamtik) (kimanin 664–610) na daular Ashirin da Shida ta Masar ta yi juyin mulki kuma cikin damuwa yana neman shawarar Oracle of Leto a Buto, wanda ya ba shi shawara a ɓoye da ya nemi taimakon &quot;mutanen tagulla&quot; waɗanda za su &quot;fito daga teku.&quot; Da ya ga sulken tagulla na 'yan fashin teku da suka nutse a cikin jirgin ruwa, ya ba su lada a madadin taimakonsu a yakin neman dawowarsa kan mulki. Bayan nasarar wannan ƙoƙarin, ya cika alkawarinsa kuma ya ba wa sojojin haya filaye biyu (ko &quot;sansanoni,&quot; {{Lang|grc|στρατόπεδα}} ) a kowane gefen reshen Pelusiac na Kogin Nilu. {{Sfn|Herodotus|1920}}

A halin yanzu, waɗannan wurare ba su da tabbas amma wannan yana iya zama nuni ga birnin Daphnae .

== Tarihi ==
Naukratis wuri ne da wani gari na Masar ya kasance kafin Girkawa su isa, daga baya aka kafa shi a matsayin matsugunin soja da sojojin haya suka mamaye. Naukratis yana kan reshen kogin Nilu a yammacin Delta kimanin 16.&amp;nbsp;kilomita daga Sais. Madatsar ruwan Canopic tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin ruwa da suka haɗa kwarin Nilu da Bahar Rum, kuma mafi sauƙin isa ga madatsar ruwan Nilu a zamanin Saite. Matsugunin farko ya rikide ya zama tashar jiragen ruwa mai cike da kasuwanci. Sun yi musayar kaya da Girkawa da sauran ƙasashen Bahar Rum. 'Yan kasuwan Girkawa sun zauna a Naukratis kuma wata babbar al'umma ta Girka ta fara bunƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Naukratis {{!}} ancient Greek settlement, Egypt {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Naukratis |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Majiyoyin da suka daɗe ===
A cikin 570&amp;nbsp;BC, [[Fir'auna]] [[Da sauri|Apries]] (Wahibre, ya yi mulki daga 589 zuwa 570 BC)&amp;nbsp;BC) ya jagoranci zuriyar sojojin hayansa waɗanda suka ƙunshi 'yan Carian da Ionians 30,000 a kan wani tsohon janar da ya zama ɗan tawaye mai suna Amasis . Duk da cewa sun yi yaƙi da jarumtaka, sojojin haya sun sha kaye kuma Amasis na Biyu ya zama Fir'auna (ya yi mulki daga 570 zuwa 526).&amp;nbsp;BC). Amasis ya rufe &quot;sansanonin&quot; kuma ya kwashe sojojin Girka zuwa [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], inda aka ɗauke su aiki &quot;don kare shi daga 'yan asalin [[Misirawa|Masarawa]] .&quot; {{Sfn|Herodotus|1920}}

Herodotus ya bayyana cewa &quot;Amasis ya nuna son kai ga Girkawa, kuma daga cikin sauran falalolin da ya ba su, ya ba wa waɗanda suke son zama a Masar birnin Naucratis don zama.&quot; Lura cewa ya ce &quot;ya ba wa birnin ( {{Lang|grc|πόλῐν}} ),&quot; wanda da alama yana nuna wanzuwar (wanda yanzu aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar shaidar kayan tarihi) na &quot;birni&quot; da ya riga ya kasance a can. Wannan tsohon birni wataƙila ƙaramin matsuguni ne wanda ke zaune tare da gaurayen 'yan asalin Masar, Girkawa har ma da [[Phoenicia]] . Don haka da alama an &quot;hayar&quot; birnin ga Helenawa jim kaɗan bayan 570&amp;nbsp;BC. Ranar da ta gabata a kimanin shekara ta 625&amp;nbsp;BC da masana ilmin kayan tarihi suka gabatar na iya zama ainihin wurin zama a wurin. {{Sfn|James|2003}}

Hakika Amasis ya mayar da Naucratis babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta yarjejeniya da haɗin gwiwa na kasuwanci da yamma. Wannan wataƙila an yi shi ne a matsayin hanyar da za ta hana ayyukan Girka a wuri ɗaya a ƙarƙashin ikonsa. Ba ta zama mulkin mallaka na kowace jiha ta birni ba, amma ta zama wani yanki na kasuwanci (ma'aikatar ciniki)  kamar Al Mina a arewacin [[Siriya]] .
[[Fayil:Greco-Egyptian_-_Aryballos_-_Walters_482863_-_Three_Quarter.jpg|thumb|Gilashin bushiya daga Naukratis]]

== Ilimin kayan tarihi ==
{{hiero|njwt-kꜣrṯ&lt;ref name=&quot;Chaby&quot;/&gt;|&lt;hiero&gt;niwt-kA:r-T:niwt&lt;/hiero&gt; '''or''' &lt;hiero&gt;niwt-t:kA:r-T:niwt&lt;/hiero&gt;|align=left|era=egypt}}Wurin binciken kayan tarihi ya faɗaɗa zuwa yankuna biyu na arewa da kudu. An gano kudu mafi nisa akwai wani babban rumbun adana kayan tarihi na Masar (A a kan zane a dama—wanda Petrie ya fara gane shi a matsayin &quot;manyan temenos &quot;), kuma a arewacin wurin akwai Haikalin Aphrodite na Girka wanda aka yi da tubalin laka, mai girman mita 14 × 8 (wanda ba a ambaci sunansa ba a cikin jerin Herodotus.) A gabashin wannan haikalin, an tono ƙaramin masana'anta don hatimin scarab. [ i ]

A sashen arewa an sami wasu tarkacen haikali (E: Temple of Hera, F: Temple of Apollo &amp; G: Temple of Dioscuri) gami da abin da wataƙila ''Hellenion'' na Herodotus ne ya gano wanda Hogarth ya gano a shekarar 1899 (a gabas da F kai tsaye). &quot;Babu wani tukwane da aka samu a nan da ya isa kafin zamanin Amasis, don haka yana iya yiwuwa an kafa ''Hellenion'' ne sakamakon sake tsara matsayin Naucratis, yayin da wuraren ibada masu zaman kansu ... na farkon shekarun garin.&quot; {{Sfn|Boardman|1980}}

Kwanan nan, masana ilmin kayan tarihi na Amurka W. Coulson da A. Leonard sun kafa &quot;The Naucratis Project&quot; {{Sfn|Leonard|Coulson|1982}} a shekarar 1977 suna gudanar da bincike a tsakanin 1977-1978 da kuma ƙarin bincike da tono a kudancin wurin daga 1980-1982 (ƙarƙashin kulawar Cibiyar Bincike ta Amurka a Masar). Abin takaici sun sami asalin wurin mafaka na arewa da aka nutsar a ƙarƙashin wani tafki da aka gina ta hanyar ruwan da ke tashi da kuma kusan 15.&amp;nbsp;zurfin ciki. {{Sfn|Leonard|Coulson|1979}} Wannan ɓangaren wurin har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin ruwa a yau, wanda hakan ya sa ƙarin aiki a wurin ya zama da wahala ko ba zai yiwu ba. Kimantawarsu game da hanyar da aka bi da hanyoyin da magabatansu suka yi amfani da su bai kai ga yabo ba. &quot;Abin takaici, yawancin fifikon masu haƙa rami na farko an sanya su ne akan waɗannan gine-ginen addini a kan kuɗin gidaje na kasuwanci da na cikin gida. Saboda haka, iliminmu game da halin 'yan kasuwa na zamanin Naukratis - ɓangaren tarihinsa na farko wanda ya sa ya zama abin mamaki - ya sha wahala sosai. Bugu da ƙari, jerin tarihi na baya-bayan nan, kamar zamanin Hellenistic da Romawa, kusan an yi watsi da su gaba ɗaya.&quot; {{Sfn|Leonard|Coulson|1979}} Wani abin da ya kara musu kwarin gwiwa shi ne barnar da al'ummar yankin suka yi a wurin. &quot;Tun a zamanin Petrie, manoman yankin sun tono kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin Naukratis mai nisan mil huɗu (sebakh) don amfani da shi a matsayin takin phosphate mai yawan gaske ( ''sebakh'' ) a gonakinsu.... A cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata&amp;nbsp;Shekaru ko makamancin haka, ''sebakhin'' sun lalata wannan yankin gabas na wurin gaba ɗaya.&quot; {{Sfn|Leonard|Coulson|1979}} Katangar da ke kan teburin ruwa ta sa ba za su iya samun wani abu da ya fi zamanin Ptolemaic ba. Sun yarda da Hogarth cewa &quot;manyan temenos&quot; na Petrie ginin Masar ne kuma hakika duk yankin kudu na garin ya bayyana ba Girkawa ba ne. {{Sfn|Leonard|1997}} Gabaɗaya yawancin abubuwan da aka gano tukwane ne (wasu cikakkun, mafi guntu) da ake amfani da su azaman masu jefa ƙuri'a a cikin haikali, amma kuma kwalaben turare (da yawa a cikin siffar [[bushiya]] ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faience aryballos (oil flask) in the form of a hedgehog &amp;#124; East Greek &amp;#124; Archaic |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/252984 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt; da siffofi na dutse da hatimin scarab. Waɗannan an watsa su zuwa gidajen tarihi da tarin abubuwa a duk faɗin duniya, kayan da aka riga aka kawo galibi zuwa Burtaniya (galibi a Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya) kuma na ƙarshe zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Graeco-Roman da ke Alexandria.

== Tasiri ==
Masarawa galibi suna bai wa Girkawa [[hatsi]] amma kuma suna samar da lilin da papyrus, yayin da Helenawa galibi suna musanya azurfa amma kuma da itace, [[man zaitun]] da ruwan inabi . [ ii ] Naukratis, da kuma &quot;sansanonin&quot; Girka da ke da alaƙa da su a yankin delta gabaɗaya, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin labaran da aka bayar a sama, sun zama tushen samar da sojojin haya ga Fir'aunan Saite, maza masu kyawawan sulke da dabaru, waɗanda kuma ke da ƙwarewar jiragen ruwa mai mahimmanci.

Ba da daɗewa ba Naucratis ya zama babban tushen wahayi ga Girkawa ta hanyar sake fallasa su ga abubuwan al'ajabi na gine-ginen Masar da sassaka da suka ɓace musu tun [[zamanin Tagulla]] . Kayan tarihi na Masar sun fara kwarara ta hanyoyin kasuwanci na Girka suna shiga gidaje da bita na duniyar Girka ta Ionian, kuma ta hanyar Aegina, biranen babban yankin Girka. Duk da cewa fasaha da ra'ayoyi na Girka sun dawo, ta wata hanyar, shigarsu cikin al'adun Masarawa [[Kyamar Baki|masu kyamar baƙi]] ba shi da yawa. {{Sfn|Herodotus|1920}} {{Sfn|Herodotus|1920}} &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (November 2022)&quot;&gt;mafi kyau&amp;nbsp;tushe&amp;nbsp;ana buƙata&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Kodayake Herodotus ya yi iƙirarin cewa ilimin lissafi ( {{Lang|grc|γεωμετρία}} ) an fara saninsa a Masar sannan aka wuce zuwa Girka, {{Sfn|Herodotus|1920}} yanzu masana sun yarda cewa abin da Girkawa suka koya ya fi kama da &quot;dabarun bincike&quot; kuma ba su cancanci a sanya musu suna &quot;geometry&quot; ba a ma'anar aikin lissafi na ilimi kawai. Hakika, Helenawa kamar [[Thales na Miletus|Thales]] sun riga sun ƙware a fannin lissafi kafin tafiyarsu zuwa Masar kuma wataƙila Herodotus ya ɗauka cewa saboda {{Lang|grc|γεωμετρία}} na Masar ya tsufa, dole ne Girkawa su samo shi daga nan. {{Sfn|Lloyd|1975}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Biri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153520</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843545</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T17:09:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348770717|Biri River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843545</origin>
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      <text bytes="1555" sha1="7x3o4vwuxjl0vmu187ltll8y6tzw0nb" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Biri''' kogi ne na [[Sudan ta Kudu|Kudancin Sudan]] . Yana da magudanar ruwa ta hagu ta Kogin Kuru, wato tushen ruwan [[Lol River|Kogin Lol]] .

== Kwas ɗin ==
Kogin Biri yana tashi a kudancin Bahr el Ghazal ta Yamma kusa da kan iyaka da [[Haut-Mbomou]] a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Yana gudana a arewa maso gabas ta wuce Deim Zubeir (wanda ke gabas), sannan arewa maso gabas zuwa kan iyaka da Arewacin Bahr el Ghazal, inda ya haɗu da Kogin Chel ko Kuru daga hagu. {{Sfn|Way: Biri (625766815)}}

== Tarihi ==
Da alama Bature na farko da ya ziyarci kogin shine Dr. Georg August Schweinfurth, wanda ya shafe shekaru uku yana bincike a yankin Bahr-el-Ghazal kafin ya koma Turai a kaka ta 1871. Bai yi wani nazari na ilmin taurari ba, don haka bai rubuta latitude ko longitude ba, amma ya yi cikakken lissafin nisa da alkibla. Taswirarsa ta hanyoyin koguna kamar Biri da Kuru daidai ne. {{Sfn|Johnston|1903}}

Frank Lupton a cikin ''bincikensa na ƙasa a shekarar 1884 a Yankin Bahr-el-Ghazal'' ya nuna kogin Biri yana gudana a arewa maso gabas ta wuce Deim Zubeir, amma sai (ba daidai ba) ya nuna cewa [[Kogin Sopo|Kogin Sabu (Sopo)]] ya haɗu da shi kafin ya kwarara zuwa Kogin Boru (Boro) kafin Kogin Kuru ya haɗu da Boru. {{Sfn|Lupton|1888}} A watan Yunin 1894, wata rundunar sojojin Belgium a ƙarƙashin [[Xavier-Ernest Donckier de Donceel]] ta shiga yankin daga kudu maso yamma. Ta ratsa kogunan Biri, [[Kogin Sopo|Sopo]] da Cohoca (?) ta isa Liffi a kudancin Kogin Raja a ranar 25 ga Yunin 1894. {{Sfn|Santandrea|1955}}

== Manqzarta ==</text>
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      <id>843547</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
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'''Kogin Biri''' kogi ne na [[Sudan ta Kudu|Kudancin Sudan]] . Yana da magudanar ruwa ta hagu ta Kogin Kuru, wato tushen ruwan [[Lol River|Kogin Lol]] .

== Kwas ɗin ==
Kogin Biri yana tashi a kudancin Bahr el Ghazal ta Yamma kusa da kan iyaka da [[Haut-Mbomou]] a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Yana gudana a arewa maso gabas ta wuce Deim Zubeir (wanda ke gabas), sannan arewa maso gabas zuwa kan iyaka da Arewacin Bahr el Ghazal, inda ya haɗu da Kogin Chel ko Kuru daga hagu. {{Sfn|Way: Biri (625766815)}}

== Tarihi ==
Da alama Bature na farko da ya ziyarci kogin shine Dr. Georg August Schweinfurth, wanda ya shafe shekaru uku yana bincike a yankin Bahr-el-Ghazal kafin ya koma Turai a kaka ta 1871. Bai yi wani nazari na ilmin taurari ba, don haka bai rubuta latitude ko longitude ba, amma ya yi cikakken lissafin nisa da alkibla. Taswirarsa ta hanyoyin koguna kamar Biri da Kuru daidai ne. {{Sfn|Johnston|1903}}

Frank Lupton a cikin ''bincikensa na ƙasa a shekarar 1884 a Yankin Bahr-el-Ghazal'' ya nuna kogin Biri yana gudana a arewa maso gabas ta wuce Deim Zubeir, amma sai (ba daidai ba) ya nuna cewa [[Kogin Sopo|Kogin Sabu (Sopo)]] ya haɗu da shi kafin ya kwarara zuwa Kogin Boru (Boro) kafin Kogin Kuru ya haɗu da Boru. {{Sfn|Lupton|1888}} A watan Yunin 1894, wata rundunar sojojin Belgium a ƙarƙashin [[Xavier-Ernest Donckier de Donceel]] ta shiga yankin daga kudu maso yamma. Ta ratsa kogunan Biri, [[Kogin Sopo|Sopo]] da Cohoca (?) ta isa Liffi a kudancin Kogin Raja a ranar 25 ga Yunin 1894. {{Sfn|Santandrea|1955}}

== Manqzarta ==</text>
      <sha1>23z6igknpeaf5w0lw5hmh9ja4n4hosq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibrahim Ghoneim</title>
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        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347587066|Ibrahim Ghoneim]]&quot;</comment>
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== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Deif a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1962.  Ya sami digirin farko na kimiyya a fannin makanikan wutar lantarki daga [[Jami'ar Assiut]] a watan Mayu, 1984. Ya kuma sami digirin digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyya da kuma digirin digirgir daga wannan jami'ar a shekarar 1990 da 1994, bi da bi. &lt;ref name=&quot;moe&quot; /&gt; Fanninsa na musamman shine tsara manhaja. &lt;ref name=&quot;cend&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Ghoneim |url=http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/05/ibrahim-ghoneim |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208180028/http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/05/ibrahim-ghoneim |archive-date=8 February 2013 |access-date=7 December 2012 |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Deif ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mataimakin koyarwa a Jami'ar Assuit a shekarar 1984. Ya yi aiki a wannan jami'ar a mukamai daban-daban har zuwa 2005. Sannan ya fara aiki a Jami'ar Suez Canal a shekarar 2005. An zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban sashen ilimi na Jami'ar Suez Canal a shekarar 2008. Sannan ya zama mataimakin shugaban [[Jami'ar Suez Canal]] na Harkokin Reshen Suez a ranar 29 ga Maris 2012.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt's Newly Appointed Cabinet Ministers |url=http://www.usegyptcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/AmCham-Egypt-Newly-Appointed-Cabinet-Ministers.pdf |access-date=8 December 2012 |publisher=American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wa'adin aikinsa zai ci gaba har zuwa 28 ga Maris 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;moe&quot; /&gt;

An naɗa Deif ministan ilimi na Masar a ranar 2 ga Agusta 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-e/egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119025919/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-e/egypt.html |archive-date=19 November 2012 |access-date=7 December 2012 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;cend1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 August 2012 |title=Egypt's New Cabinet Under Qandil |url=http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/08/03/egypts-new-cabinet-under-qandil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228103339/http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/08/03/egypts-new-cabinet-under-qandil |archive-date=28 December 2013 |access-date=7 December 2012 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba shi da wata alaƙa ta siyasa, saboda haka, yana ɗaya daga cikin ministoci masu zaman kansu a majalisar ministocin Qandil. &lt;ref name=&quot;cend&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Ghoneim |url=http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/05/ibrahim-ghoneim |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208180028/http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/05/ibrahim-ghoneim |archive-date=8 February 2013 |access-date=7 December 2012 |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130208180028/http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/05/ibrahim-ghoneim &quot;Ibrahim Ghoneim&quot;]. [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]. Archived from [http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/05/ibrahim-ghoneim the original] on 8 February 2013&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 December&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Wa'adin aikinsa ya ƙare a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2013  kuma Mahmoud Abo El Nasr ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin ministan ilimi. 

=== Suka ===
A watan Oktoban 2012, Deif ya bayar da rahoton amincewa da hukuncin kisa a makarantu &quot;muddin dai ba a yi wa mutum duka mai tsanani ba kuma ba a yi amfani da sanda ba.&quot;  Bayan sanarwarsa, ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin yara a Masar ta gabatar da ƙara ga babban mai gabatar da ƙara na Masar kan Deif. &lt;ref name=&quot;aswat&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]</text>
      <sha1>j0mxwdcobhhztg8hojm6lq3njylc1f0</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>843548</id>
      <parentid>843546</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T17:10:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>843548</origin>
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      <text bytes="3945" sha1="irwya5bg86j0xq0ra0rb3o5v14ipw61" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Deif a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1962.  Ya sami digirin farko na kimiyya a fannin makanikan wutar lantarki daga [[Jami'ar Assiut]] a watan Mayu, 1984. Ya kuma sami digirin digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyya da kuma digirin digirgir daga wannan jami'ar a shekarar 1990 da 1994, bi da bi. &lt;ref name=&quot;moe&quot; /&gt; Fanninsa na musamman shine tsara manhaja. &lt;ref name=&quot;cend&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Ghoneim |url=http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/05/ibrahim-ghoneim |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208180028/http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/05/ibrahim-ghoneim |archive-date=8 February 2013 |access-date=7 December 2012 |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Deif ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mataimakin koyarwa a Jami'ar Assuit a shekarar 1984. Ya yi aiki a wannan jami'ar a mukamai daban-daban har zuwa 2005. Sannan ya fara aiki a Jami'ar Suez Canal a shekarar 2005. An zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban sashen ilimi na Jami'ar Suez Canal a shekarar 2008. Sannan ya zama mataimakin shugaban [[Jami'ar Suez Canal]] na Harkokin Reshen Suez a ranar 29 ga Maris 2012.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt's Newly Appointed Cabinet Ministers |url=http://www.usegyptcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/AmCham-Egypt-Newly-Appointed-Cabinet-Ministers.pdf |access-date=8 December 2012 |publisher=American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wa'adin aikinsa zai ci gaba har zuwa 28 ga Maris 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;moe&quot; /&gt;

An naɗa Deif ministan ilimi na Masar a ranar 2 ga Agusta 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-e/egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119025919/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-e/egypt.html |archive-date=19 November 2012 |access-date=7 December 2012 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;cend1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 August 2012 |title=Egypt's New Cabinet Under Qandil |url=http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/08/03/egypts-new-cabinet-under-qandil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228103339/http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/08/03/egypts-new-cabinet-under-qandil |archive-date=28 December 2013 |access-date=7 December 2012 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba shi da wata alaƙa ta siyasa, saboda haka, yana ɗaya daga cikin ministoci masu zaman kansu a majalisar ministocin Qandil. &lt;ref name=&quot;cend&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ibrahim Ghoneim |url=http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/05/ibrahim-ghoneim |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208180028/http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/05/ibrahim-ghoneim |archive-date=8 February 2013 |access-date=7 December 2012 |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130208180028/http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/05/ibrahim-ghoneim &quot;Ibrahim Ghoneim&quot;]. [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]. Archived from [http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/09/05/ibrahim-ghoneim the original] on 8 February 2013&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 December&lt;/span&gt; 2012&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  Wa'adin aikinsa ya ƙare a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2013  kuma Mahmoud Abo El Nasr ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin ministan ilimi. 

=== Suka ===
A watan Oktoban 2012, Deif ya bayar da rahoton amincewa da hukuncin kisa a makarantu &quot;muddin dai ba a yi wa mutum duka mai tsanani ba kuma ba a yi amfani da sanda ba.&quot;  Bayan sanarwarsa, ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin yara a Masar ta gabatar da ƙara ga babban mai gabatar da ƙara na Masar kan Deif. &lt;ref name=&quot;aswat&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]]</text>
      <sha1>irwya5bg86j0xq0ra0rb3o5v14ipw61</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Boro</title>
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    <id>153522</id>
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      <id>843549</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T17:11:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/994758890|Boro River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843549</origin>
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      <text bytes="709" sha1="t6lwk7vx5zas5kii9d8pd8l48e1txvz" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Boro''' kogi ne na Kudancin Sudan, tushen ruwan Kogin Magadhik, wanda shi ma tushen ruwan [[Lol River|Kogin Lol]] ne.

== Kwas ɗin ==
Kogin Boro ya taso a Yammacin Bahr el Ghazal kusa da kan iyaka da [[Haute-Kotto]] a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya kuma yana gudana zuwa gabas. Ya haɗu daga dama ta Kogin Raja zuwa arewa maso gabashin garin Raga . {{Sfn|Way: Boro (773135401)}} A haɗuwa da [[Kogin Sopo]] a kan iyaka da Arewacin Bahr el Ghazal, rafukan da aka haɗa sun samar da Kogin Magadhik, wanda ke gudana gabas zuwa mahadarsa da Kogin Chel kusa da Nyamlell don samar da [[Lol River|Kogin Lol]], wani ma'ajiyar Kiir ko [[Bahr al-Arab]] . {{Sfn|Western Bahr el Ghazal ... OCHA}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843550</id>
      <parentid>843549</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T17:11:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <text bytes="721" sha1="p3aov87ev5f02dpidks57x0p363c00i" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Kogin Boro''' kogi ne na Kudancin Sudan, tushen ruwan Kogin Magadhik, wanda shi ma tushen ruwan [[Lol River|Kogin Lol]] ne.

== Kwas ɗin ==
Kogin Boro ya taso a Yammacin Bahr el Ghazal kusa da kan iyaka da [[Haute-Kotto]] a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya kuma yana gudana zuwa gabas. Ya haɗu daga dama ta Kogin Raja zuwa arewa maso gabashin garin Raga . {{Sfn|Way: Boro (773135401)}} A haɗuwa da [[Kogin Sopo]] a kan iyaka da Arewacin Bahr el Ghazal, rafukan da aka haɗa sun samar da Kogin Magadhik, wanda ke gudana gabas zuwa mahadarsa da Kogin Chel kusa da Nyamlell don samar da [[Lol River|Kogin Lol]], wani ma'ajiyar Kiir ko [[Bahr al-Arab]] . {{Sfn|Western Bahr el Ghazal ... OCHA}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Kinyeti</title>
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      <id>843551</id>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348771984|Kinyeti River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843551</origin>
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      <text bytes="3920" sha1="coc5beq3ibf8437bkhx9088mxx7pga5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|4.76472|N|32.46667|E}}
The '''Kinyeti River''' flows northward from the [[Imatong Mountains]] in the [[Imatong State]] of [[Sudan ta Kudu|South Sudan]], eventually dispersing into the [[Badigeru swamp]].

== Wuri ==
Dabbobin Imatong sun fara daga mafi girman shingen tsakiyarsu da ke kewaye da Dutsen Kinyeti zuwa sarkar arewa maso yamma, yamma da kudu maso yamma. Sarkar yamma, tare da kololuwar da ta kai {{Convert|2500|m|ft}} mai tsayi, galibi ana kiransa da Dutsen Acholi. Kwarin Kinyeti yana tsakanin iyakokin arewa maso yamma da yamma.  Kogin Kinyeti, da sauran waɗanda ke zubar da gangaren arewa na tsaunuka, suna ciyar da dausayin Badigeru. Waɗannan dausayin, suna gudana a cikin hanyar SSW-NNE na tsawon {{Convert|100|km|mi}}, suna da faɗi har zuwa {{Convert|25|km|mi}}, kuma ba sa rabuwa. a lokacin damina, amma matsakaicin {{Convert|5|km|mi}} faɗinsa. Faɗinsa kuma zai iya malalowa zuwa yamma zuwa ɓangaren Bahr el Jebel na [[White Nile|Farin Kogin]] ko kuma gabas zuwa [[Kogin Veveno]] . 

Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya ta fara aikin gandun daji a yankin Kinyeti a shekarun 1940, inda ta share dazuzzukan da kuma dasa bishiyoyi masu laushi masu saurin girma, Cyprus da Pine. A shekarar 1950, tsaunukan da suka kai {{Convert|1500|m|ft}} sun fara aiki a yankin.an sanya su a matsayin wurin ajiyar dazuzzuka ba tare da an yarda da wani wuri , amma ba a aiwatar da haramcin ba a lokacin yakin basasa. Aikin gandun daji ya kawo ma'aikata zuwa tsaunuka, kuma suka fara noma a gefen tsaunuka a wani yanki mai faɗi a kusa da gonakin gandun daji.  A shekarar 1949, an fitar da kifi mai kama da kifi wanda Sashen Kula da Dabbobi na Kenya ya samar a Kogin Kinyeti na sama. A shekarar 1952, an kafa su, kuma sashen gandun daji yana shirin tattara wasu koguna ta amfani da kifi daga Kinyeti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 1952 |url=https://archive.org/stream/commercialfisher14101952unit/commercialfisher14101952unit_djvu.txt |journal=Commercial Fisheries Review&quot; |volume=14 |issue=10 |access-date=2011-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ci gaba daga baya ==
Jim kaɗan kafin samun 'yancin kai, gwamnati ta sanar da cewa za a mayar da rundunar sojojin Equatoria zuwa Arewa, wanda hakan ya haifar da bore a ranar 18 ga Agusta 1955. 'Yan arewa 336 sun mutu, 'yan kudu 75 kuma, cikinsu 55 sun nutse a Kinyeti bayan sun gudu daga Torit cikin firgici. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=James Fearon |last2=David Laitin |title=Sudan |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/Random%20Narratives/SudanRN1.2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913191532/http://www.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/Random%20Narratives/SudanRN1.2.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-13 |access-date=2011-07-28 |publisher=Stanford University}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi watsi da gandun daji a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Farko na Sudan (1955-1972). Bayan 1972 an yi ƙoƙarin gyara gonakin, tare da gina sabuwar hanya daga Torit, wani tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa wanda aka haɓaka don samar da wutar lantarki ga injinan katako da sauran canje-canje. Ya zuwa shekarar 1984, tsaunuka mafi tsayi ne kawai ke da gandun daji na halitta kuma akwai shirye-shiryen share yawancin kwarin Kinyeti.  Wani bincike na yiwuwa na 1981 ya tantance yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Kogin Kinyeti da kuma buƙatar wutar lantarki ta gida, amma babu wani ci gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Terje Tvedt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wurin da ya fi kyau ya kasance a [[Katire]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ralph H. Brooks, Samuel E. Bunker, Ronald G. Domer, David R. Zoellner |date=July 1982 |title=Sudan An assessment of decentralized hydropower potential |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAP552.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328045703/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAP552.pdf |archive-date=March 28, 2012 |access-date=2011-07-28 |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843552</id>
      <parentid>843551</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T17:13:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <text bytes="3932" sha1="ayfpsqv9fkgxbyyf9iqem6guw2rb5l1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|4.76472|N|32.46667|E}}
The '''Kinyeti River''' flows northward from the [[Imatong Mountains]] in the [[Imatong State]] of [[Sudan ta Kudu|South Sudan]], eventually dispersing into the [[Badigeru swamp]].

== Wuri ==
Dabbobin Imatong sun fara daga mafi girman shingen tsakiyarsu da ke kewaye da Dutsen Kinyeti zuwa sarkar arewa maso yamma, yamma da kudu maso yamma. Sarkar yamma, tare da kololuwar da ta kai {{Convert|2500|m|ft}} mai tsayi, galibi ana kiransa da Dutsen Acholi. Kwarin Kinyeti yana tsakanin iyakokin arewa maso yamma da yamma.  Kogin Kinyeti, da sauran waɗanda ke zubar da gangaren arewa na tsaunuka, suna ciyar da dausayin Badigeru. Waɗannan dausayin, suna gudana a cikin hanyar SSW-NNE na tsawon {{Convert|100|km|mi}}, suna da faɗi har zuwa {{Convert|25|km|mi}}, kuma ba sa rabuwa. a lokacin damina, amma matsakaicin {{Convert|5|km|mi}} faɗinsa. Faɗinsa kuma zai iya malalowa zuwa yamma zuwa ɓangaren Bahr el Jebel na [[White Nile|Farin Kogin]] ko kuma gabas zuwa [[Kogin Veveno]] . 

Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya ta fara aikin gandun daji a yankin Kinyeti a shekarun 1940, inda ta share dazuzzukan da kuma dasa bishiyoyi masu laushi masu saurin girma, Cyprus da Pine. A shekarar 1950, tsaunukan da suka kai {{Convert|1500|m|ft}} sun fara aiki a yankin.an sanya su a matsayin wurin ajiyar dazuzzuka ba tare da an yarda da wani wuri , amma ba a aiwatar da haramcin ba a lokacin yakin basasa. Aikin gandun daji ya kawo ma'aikata zuwa tsaunuka, kuma suka fara noma a gefen tsaunuka a wani yanki mai faɗi a kusa da gonakin gandun daji.  A shekarar 1949, an fitar da kifi mai kama da kifi wanda Sashen Kula da Dabbobi na Kenya ya samar a Kogin Kinyeti na sama. A shekarar 1952, an kafa su, kuma sashen gandun daji yana shirin tattara wasu koguna ta amfani da kifi daga Kinyeti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=October 1952 |url=https://archive.org/stream/commercialfisher14101952unit/commercialfisher14101952unit_djvu.txt |journal=Commercial Fisheries Review&quot; |volume=14 |issue=10 |access-date=2011-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ci gaba daga baya ==
Jim kaɗan kafin samun 'yancin kai, gwamnati ta sanar da cewa za a mayar da rundunar sojojin Equatoria zuwa Arewa, wanda hakan ya haifar da bore a ranar 18 ga Agusta 1955. 'Yan arewa 336 sun mutu, 'yan kudu 75 kuma, cikinsu 55 sun nutse a Kinyeti bayan sun gudu daga Torit cikin firgici. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=James Fearon |last2=David Laitin |title=Sudan |url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/Random%20Narratives/SudanRN1.2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913191532/http://www.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/Random%20Narratives/SudanRN1.2.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-13 |access-date=2011-07-28 |publisher=Stanford University}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi watsi da gandun daji a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Farko na Sudan (1955-1972). Bayan 1972 an yi ƙoƙarin gyara gonakin, tare da gina sabuwar hanya daga Torit, wani tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa wanda aka haɓaka don samar da wutar lantarki ga injinan katako da sauran canje-canje. Ya zuwa shekarar 1984, tsaunuka mafi tsayi ne kawai ke da gandun daji na halitta kuma akwai shirye-shiryen share yawancin kwarin Kinyeti.  Wani bincike na yiwuwa na 1981 ya tantance yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a Kogin Kinyeti da kuma buƙatar wutar lantarki ta gida, amma babu wani ci gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Terje Tvedt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wurin da ya fi kyau ya kasance a [[Katire]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ralph H. Brooks, Samuel E. Bunker, Ronald G. Domer, David R. Zoellner |date=July 1982 |title=Sudan An assessment of decentralized hydropower potential |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAP552.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328045703/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAP552.pdf |archive-date=March 28, 2012 |access-date=2011-07-28 |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Koda (Sudan ta Kudu)</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>843553</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1296268030|Koda River (South Sudan)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2382" sha1="reik68qatqrrnigl8zksdxdi017icle" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Koda''',  wanda ake kira '''Khor Koda''' a yankin,  wani yanki ne na ruwan [[White Nile|kogin Fari]] a jihar Jubek, [[Sudan ta Kudu]] . 

== Kwas ɗin ==
Kogin yana farawa ne kusan a lokacin

Daga nan yana kwarara arewa maso gabas na tsawon kimanin awa 14.&amp;nbsp;km, kusan a layi ɗaya da White Nile, har zuwa wani wuri mai nisan 0.5 kudu maso yammacin ƙauyen Lado Koda (

Ga 18 na ƙarshe&amp;nbsp;kilomita, kogin yana kewaye da wani yanki na [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] kimanin 0.5&amp;nbsp;faɗin kilomita,  tare da jimillar faɗin hekta 3159, gami da gefen kogin. A gefen wannan kwarin, tsayin yana faɗuwa daga mita 470 (a

Kogin yana gudana kusa da kauyukan Wulikare, [[Logogvi, South Sudan|Logogvi]], [[Ludo Kenyi, South Sudan|Ludo Kenyi]], [[Luala, South Sudan|Luala]], da Lado Koda. Wulikare yana 0.5&amp;nbsp;kilomita kudu da kogin da kuma kilomita 29&amp;nbsp;km arewa maso yammacin Juba.   

== Tarihi da kuma alƙaluma ==
Yankin da ke kusa da White Nile shine asalin tarihi na mutanen da ke magana da [[Yaren Bari|harshen Bari]] . 

[[Nyangwara tribe, South Sudan|Kabilar Nyangwara]] da ke [[Miri Hills|tuddan Miri]], [[Mongalla province|lardin Mongalla]] sun yi imanin cewa Lotome, kakan farko da aka tuna da shi na sarakunan [[Gwokorongo, South Sudan|Gwokorongo]], ya zauna a [[Dogeleng, South Sudan|Dogeleng]] kusa da Kogin Koda a kusan shekara ta 1800. 

Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, [[South Sudan war|yakin Sudan ta Kudu]] ya ci gaba da yin tasiri a yankin. 

== tattalin arziki ==
Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, kusan kashi 10% ne kawai na yankin da ke cikin kwarin ambaliyar ruwa aka noma, galibi don [[masara]], [[Sorghum|dawa]], [[rogo]] da [[gero]] . 

Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan yankunan Kudancin Sudan, al'ummar yankin suna cikin mafi talauci a duniya. Yankin ya kasance abin sha'awa ga hukumomin agaji na duniya waɗanda suka samar da tsare-tsare don ayyukan ban ruwa &lt;ref name=&quot;jica&quot; /&gt;  ko kuma suka ƙirƙiri kuma suka kula da irin waɗannan gine-gine da gonakin samfura.  Misali, Hukumar Haɗin Kan Ƙasashen Duniya ta Japan (JICA) ta bayar da wani bincike kan gina madatsun ruwa guda uku—ciki har da ɗaya a kogin Koda, kilomita biyu a yamma da Wulikare—don tattarawa da adana ruwa don ban ruwa a yankin Jalang. 

== Flora da fauna ==
Yawancin yankin yana da ciyayi na halitta waɗanda suka ƙunshi ciyayi, ciyayi, da bishiyoyi marasa yawa. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2394" sha1="ke22ryvcd7qx4mfoyr5gdrcxvpyonkf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Kogin Koda''',  wanda ake kira '''Khor Koda''' a yankin,  wani yanki ne na ruwan [[White Nile|kogin Fari]] a jihar Jubek, [[Sudan ta Kudu]] . 

== Kwas ɗin ==
Kogin yana farawa ne kusan a lokacin

Daga nan yana kwarara arewa maso gabas na tsawon kimanin awa 14.&amp;nbsp;km, kusan a layi ɗaya da White Nile, har zuwa wani wuri mai nisan 0.5 kudu maso yammacin ƙauyen Lado Koda (

Ga 18 na ƙarshe&amp;nbsp;kilomita, kogin yana kewaye da wani yanki na [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] kimanin 0.5&amp;nbsp;faɗin kilomita,  tare da jimillar faɗin hekta 3159, gami da gefen kogin. A gefen wannan kwarin, tsayin yana faɗuwa daga mita 470 (a

Kogin yana gudana kusa da kauyukan Wulikare, [[Logogvi, South Sudan|Logogvi]], [[Ludo Kenyi, South Sudan|Ludo Kenyi]], [[Luala, South Sudan|Luala]], da Lado Koda. Wulikare yana 0.5&amp;nbsp;kilomita kudu da kogin da kuma kilomita 29&amp;nbsp;km arewa maso yammacin Juba.   

== Tarihi da kuma alƙaluma ==
Yankin da ke kusa da White Nile shine asalin tarihi na mutanen da ke magana da [[Yaren Bari|harshen Bari]] . 

[[Nyangwara tribe, South Sudan|Kabilar Nyangwara]] da ke [[Miri Hills|tuddan Miri]], [[Mongalla province|lardin Mongalla]] sun yi imanin cewa Lotome, kakan farko da aka tuna da shi na sarakunan [[Gwokorongo, South Sudan|Gwokorongo]], ya zauna a [[Dogeleng, South Sudan|Dogeleng]] kusa da Kogin Koda a kusan shekara ta 1800. 

Ya zuwa shekarar 2018, [[South Sudan war|yakin Sudan ta Kudu]] ya ci gaba da yin tasiri a yankin. 

== tattalin arziki ==
Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, kusan kashi 10% ne kawai na yankin da ke cikin kwarin ambaliyar ruwa aka noma, galibi don [[masara]], [[Sorghum|dawa]], [[rogo]] da [[gero]] . 

Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan yankunan Kudancin Sudan, al'ummar yankin suna cikin mafi talauci a duniya. Yankin ya kasance abin sha'awa ga hukumomin agaji na duniya waɗanda suka samar da tsare-tsare don ayyukan ban ruwa &lt;ref name=&quot;jica&quot; /&gt;  ko kuma suka ƙirƙiri kuma suka kula da irin waɗannan gine-gine da gonakin samfura.  Misali, Hukumar Haɗin Kan Ƙasashen Duniya ta Japan (JICA) ta bayar da wani bincike kan gina madatsun ruwa guda uku—ciki har da ɗaya a kogin Koda, kilomita biyu a yamma da Wulikare—don tattarawa da adana ruwa don ban ruwa a yankin Jalang. 

== Flora da fauna ==
Yawancin yankin yana da ciyayi na halitta waɗanda suka ƙunshi ciyayi, ciyayi, da bishiyoyi marasa yawa. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Koss</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>843555</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356896931|Koss River]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1805" sha1="nv44ozsw1zppxdcrcj6iwm34giehlgs" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Koss''' (Larabci هواشناسی: Khor Koss) kogi ne da ke gudana a arewacin arewa maso yamma ta cikin tsohuwar jihar gabashin Equatoria ta [[Sudan ta Kudu]], wanda rafuka daga tsaunukan Imatong ke ciyar da su zuwa yamma.

Kogin Koss yana tashi kusa da Ikotos . Babban ruwan kogin yana samar da wani ruwa kusa da Laborokala. Wannan shine wurin da ake gudanar da bikin Lango na shekara-shekara kafin farkon lokacin damina inda ake yanka akuya da abubuwan da ke cikinta daga baya kuma ana jefa ƙasusuwanta cikin rafin.  Kogin Shilok, wani magudanar ruwa na Koss wanda ya raba yankin kudu maso gabashin tsaunukan Imatong da tudun Teretenya, ya haɗu da Koss ba da nisa da tushensa ba. 

Kogin Koss ya raba yankin ƙasa mai faɗi a gabashin Dutsen Imatong daga yammacin Dutsen Lafit, Dongotona da Nangeya. Rafuka daga waɗannan tsaunuka suna ciyar da kogin.  Kogin yana gudana ta ƙasar Bari zuwa gabashin Torit .  Kusa da Tirangore, kogin yana da gadar Bailey a kan titin Torit- Kapoeta, wanda Norwegian Church Aid ta gina.  A shekara ta 1881, Emin Pasha ya yi tafiya daga Gondokoro a kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] zuwa &quot;Tarangole&quot;, daga nan ya yi tafiya kudu tare da kwarin Koss, sannan ya kudu maso yamma zuwa Kogin Nilu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Volleson1998&quot; /&gt; Arewacin Tirangore, kogin ya ratsa Lafon sannan ya kwarara kusan zuwa arewa kafin ya ɓace a cikin dausayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eastern Equatoria State (map) |url=http://www.gurtong.net/Governance/Governments/GovernmentofSouthSudanStates/EasternEquatoriaState/tabid/330/Default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225022804/http://www.gurtong.net/Governance/Governments/GovernmentofSouthSudanStates/EasternEquatoriaState/tabid/330/Default.aspx |archive-date=2013-12-25 |access-date=2011-07-06 |website=Gurtong}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843556</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T17:16:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <text bytes="1817" sha1="bwygdv6h9pirwe5zr6smfamgkdl7dev" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Kogin Koss''' (Larabci هواشناسی: Khor Koss) kogi ne da ke gudana a arewacin arewa maso yamma ta cikin tsohuwar jihar gabashin Equatoria ta [[Sudan ta Kudu]], wanda rafuka daga tsaunukan Imatong ke ciyar da su zuwa yamma.

Kogin Koss yana tashi kusa da Ikotos . Babban ruwan kogin yana samar da wani ruwa kusa da Laborokala. Wannan shine wurin da ake gudanar da bikin Lango na shekara-shekara kafin farkon lokacin damina inda ake yanka akuya da abubuwan da ke cikinta daga baya kuma ana jefa ƙasusuwanta cikin rafin.  Kogin Shilok, wani magudanar ruwa na Koss wanda ya raba yankin kudu maso gabashin tsaunukan Imatong da tudun Teretenya, ya haɗu da Koss ba da nisa da tushensa ba. 

Kogin Koss ya raba yankin ƙasa mai faɗi a gabashin Dutsen Imatong daga yammacin Dutsen Lafit, Dongotona da Nangeya. Rafuka daga waɗannan tsaunuka suna ciyar da kogin.  Kogin yana gudana ta ƙasar Bari zuwa gabashin Torit .  Kusa da Tirangore, kogin yana da gadar Bailey a kan titin Torit- Kapoeta, wanda Norwegian Church Aid ta gina.  A shekara ta 1881, Emin Pasha ya yi tafiya daga Gondokoro a kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] zuwa &quot;Tarangole&quot;, daga nan ya yi tafiya kudu tare da kwarin Koss, sannan ya kudu maso yamma zuwa Kogin Nilu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Volleson1998&quot; /&gt; Arewacin Tirangore, kogin ya ratsa Lafon sannan ya kwarara kusan zuwa arewa kafin ya ɓace a cikin dausayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eastern Equatoria State (map) |url=http://www.gurtong.net/Governance/Governments/GovernmentofSouthSudanStates/EasternEquatoriaState/tabid/330/Default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225022804/http://www.gurtong.net/Governance/Governments/GovernmentofSouthSudanStates/EasternEquatoriaState/tabid/330/Default.aspx |archive-date=2013-12-25 |access-date=2011-07-06 |website=Gurtong}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Kuru</title>
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    <id>153526</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843557</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T17:17:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355272206|Kuru River]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1629" sha1="qbqgpiem8iaym1lxy421mglp99rn6ts" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Kuru''', ko kuma '''Kogin Chel''' {{Efn|The [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) map as of December 2016 names the river &quot;Kuru&quot; in its upper (southern) reaches, then &quot;Chel&quot; for most of its length.{{sfn|Western Bahr el Ghazal ... OCHA}}
A topographic map prepared by the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) of the University of Berne, Switzerland names the river &quot;Kuru&quot; for its entire length.{{sfn|Map Sheet E: Western Bahr el Ghazal}}
OpenStreetMap names the river &quot;Chel&quot; up to {{coord|8.8138|26.9241}} north, where it is joined by an unnamed river from the right, and names it &quot;Kuru&quot; north of this point.{{sfn|Way: Kuru (263214607)}}}} wani rafi ne a jihohin [[Sudan ta Kudu|Kudancin Sudan]] na Yammacin Bahr el Ghazal da Arewacin Bahr el Ghazal . Yana da magudanar ruwan [[Lol River|Kogin Lol]] .

== Kwas ɗin ==
Kogin Kuru ko Chel yana kudu da Yammacin Bahr el Ghazal a kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Yana kwarara zuwa arewa, yana wucewa ta hanyar da ke tafiya yamma zuwa Deim Zubeir daga [[Ibra, South Sudan|Ibra]] a gefen gabas, sannan ya shiga Arewacin Bahr el Ghazal. Kogin Biri yana haɗuwa da shi daga hagu a

Kogin ya wuce Arroyo kuma ya haɗu da babban mai ba da gudummawa daga hagu a kusa da 8°48′50′′N 26°55′27′′E / 8.8138°N 26.9241°E / 8. 8138; 26.9241, a gabashin Ashana Game Reserve.{{Sfn|Way: Kuru (263214607)}} Kogin ya ci gaba da arewa don shiga Kogin Magadhik tsakanin Marial Bai zuwa yamma da Nyamlell zuwa yamma. Kogunan da aka haɗu sun samar da [[Lol River|Kogin Lol]] ko Lol . {{Sfn|Western Bahr el Ghazal ... OCHA}}</text>
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'''Kogin Kuru''', ko kuma '''Kogin Chel''' {{Efn|The [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) map as of December 2016 names the river &quot;Kuru&quot; in its upper (southern) reaches, then &quot;Chel&quot; for most of its length.{{sfn|Western Bahr el Ghazal ... OCHA}}
A topographic map prepared by the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) of the University of Berne, Switzerland names the river &quot;Kuru&quot; for its entire length.{{sfn|Map Sheet E: Western Bahr el Ghazal}}
OpenStreetMap names the river &quot;Chel&quot; up to {{coord|8.8138|26.9241}} north, where it is joined by an unnamed river from the right, and names it &quot;Kuru&quot; north of this point.{{sfn|Way: Kuru (263214607)}}}} wani rafi ne a jihohin [[Sudan ta Kudu|Kudancin Sudan]] na Yammacin Bahr el Ghazal da Arewacin Bahr el Ghazal . Yana da magudanar ruwan [[Lol River|Kogin Lol]] .

== Kwas ɗin ==
Kogin Kuru ko Chel yana kudu da Yammacin Bahr el Ghazal a kan iyaka da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Yana kwarara zuwa arewa, yana wucewa ta hanyar da ke tafiya yamma zuwa Deim Zubeir daga [[Ibra, South Sudan|Ibra]] a gefen gabas, sannan ya shiga Arewacin Bahr el Ghazal. Kogin Biri yana haɗuwa da shi daga hagu a

Kogin ya wuce Arroyo kuma ya haɗu da babban mai ba da gudummawa daga hagu a kusa da 8°48′50′′N 26°55′27′′E / 8.8138°N 26.9241°E / 8. 8138; 26.9241, a gabashin Ashana Game Reserve.{{Sfn|Way: Kuru (263214607)}} Kogin ya ci gaba da arewa don shiga Kogin Magadhik tsakanin Marial Bai zuwa yamma da Nyamlell zuwa yamma. Kogunan da aka haɗu sun samar da [[Lol River|Kogin Lol]] ko Lol . {{Sfn|Western Bahr el Ghazal ... OCHA}}

==manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Ƙaryace-ƙarya</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353127447|Mendes]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6945" sha1="4fo0zrsxbcsmd22y306s1y0gv5bkbxy" xml:space="preserve">'''Mendes''' ( Ancient Greek  , ''gen'' .: {{Lang|el|Μένδητος}} ), sunan Girkanci na [[Tsohuwar Masar|tsohon birnin Masar]] na '''Djedet''', wanda aka fi sani da shi a tsohuwar Masar kamar Per - '''Banebdjedet''' (&quot;Gidan Ram Ubangijin Djedet &quot;) da '''Anpet''', ana kiransa da '''Tell El-Ruba''' ( Arabic   ).

Birnin yana cikin yankin gabashin kogin Nilu (wanda aka fi sani da Nile Delta ).

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:TellRubaShrine.jpg|thumb|''Naos'' na Amasis II a Tell El-Ruba (tsohon Mendes)]]
A zamanin da, Mendes birni ne mai shahara wanda ya jawo hankalin mafi yawan tsoffin masana ilimin ƙasa da masana tarihi, ciki har da Herodotus (ii. 42, 46. 166), Diodorus (i. 84), [[Strabo]] (xvii. shafi na 11).&amp;nbsp;802), Mela (i. 9 § 9), [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Elder]] (aya ta 10. s. 12), Ptolemy (iv. 5. § 51), da Stephanus na Byzantium ( ''sv'' ). Birnin shine babban birnin sunan Mendesian, wanda yake a wurin da hannun Mendesian na Kogin Nilu ( {{Lang|grc|Μενδήσιον στόμα}} ya kasance., Scylax, shafi.&amp;nbsp;43; Ptol. iv, 5. § 10; ''Mendesium ostium'', Pliny, Mela, ''ll. cc.'' ) yana kwarara zuwa tafkin Tanis . Shaidun kayan tarihi sun tabbatar da wanzuwar garin aƙalla tun zamanin Naqada II (ƙarni na 4 KZ). A ƙarƙashin [[Fir'auna]] na farko, Mendes ya zama babban wurin zama na gwamnatin larduna kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa haka a duk [[Tsohuwar Masar|tsawon zamanin Masar]] . A zamanin gargajiya, sunan da take mulka yana ɗaya daga cikin sunayen da aka sanya wa wannan rukunin sojojin asali wanda ake kira ''Calasires'', kuma an yi bikin birnin saboda ƙera [[turare]] da aka sanya wa Mendesium unguentum . (Plin. xiii. 1. s. 2.) Duk da haka, Mendes ya ragu da wuri, kuma ya ɓace a ƙarni na farko AD; tunda duka Ptolemy ( ''lc'' ) da P. Aelius Aristides (iii. shafi na&amp;nbsp;160) ya ambaci Thmuis a matsayin garin da aka fi sani a cikin sunan Mendesian. Daga matsayinta a mahadar kogin da tafkin, wataƙila ruwansu ya mamaye shi, bayan da magudanan ruwa suka faɗi cikin sakaci a ƙarƙashin sarakunan Makidoniya, kuma lokacin da [[Augustus]] ya gyara su ( Sueton . ''Agusta'' 18, 63) Thmuis ya jawo hankalin kasuwancinta da yawan jama'arta.

== Addini ==
Manyan alloli na Mendes sune allahn [[rago]] Banebdjedet (wanda aka fi sani da ''Ba na Ubangijin Djedet'' ), wanda shine Ba na Osiris, da [[wiktionary:consort|matarsa]], allahiyar kifi Hatmehit . Tare da ɗansu Har-pa-khered (&quot; Horus the Child&quot;), sun kafa uku na Mendes.

Herodotus ya bayyana allahn [[rago]] na Mendes a cikin ''littafinsa na Histories''  a matsayin wanda aka wakilta da kai da ulu na [[Akwiya|akuya]] : &quot;...duk wanda ke da wurin ibada na Mendes ko wanda ya fito daga lardin Mendes, ba zai yi wani abu da awaki ( bauta ) ba, amma yana amfani da [[Rago|tumaki]] a matsayin dabbobinsa na hadaya... Sun ce babban burin Heracles shine ganin Zeus, amma Zeus ya ƙi barinsa ya yi hakan. Daga ƙarshe, sakamakon roƙon Heracles, Zeus ya fito da wani shiri. Ya yi fatar rago ya yanke kansa, sannan ya riƙe kansa a gabansa, ya sanya ulu, ya kuma nuna kansa ga Heracles haka. Shi ya sa siffofin Zeus na Masar suna da kan rago, shi ya sa raguna suke da tsarki ga Thebans, kuma ba sa amfani da su a matsayin dabbobin hadaya. Duk da haka akwai rana ɗaya kawai a shekara - ranar [[Festival of Zeus|bikin Zeus]] - lokacin da suka sare rago ɗaya, suka yi masa fatar, suka yi wa mutum-mutumin Zeus ado kamar yadda aka ambata, sannan suka kawo mutum-mutumin Heracles kusa da mutum-mutumin Zeus. Sai duk wanda ke kewaye da wurin ibadar ya yi makokin mutuwar ragon, daga ƙarshe kuma suka binne shi a cikin kabari mai tsarki.

Masana aljanu a farkon zamanin nan sau da yawa suna tunanin Shaiɗan yana bayyana kansa a matsayin akuya ko satyr, saboda awaki suna da suna don halayen sha'awa kuma ana amfani da su a cikin zane-zane na alloli kafin Kiristanci kamar Pan da akuyar Mendes. Mai sihiri Eliphas Levi a cikin littafinsa ''Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie'' (1855) ya zana hoton gunkin Baphomet na zamanin da wanda ya haɗa shi da akuyar Mendes da hoton satyr na Shaiɗan. Tun daga lokacin, masu sihiri daban-daban, masu ra'ayin makirci, da kuma masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na neopagans sun sake maimaita hoton Baphomet mai kama da satyr da alaƙarsa da Mendes. 

== Kango ==
[[Fayil:Ushabti_of_pharaoh_Hakor,_Louvre.jpg|thumb|An samo Ushabti na Fir'auna Hakor a Mendes]]
Wurin shine wurin da ya fi kowanne wuri da ya tsira a yankin Nilu, kuma ya ƙunshi Tell El-Ruba (wurin da aka gina babban wurin ibada) da Tell El-Timai (wurin da Thmuis ke zama a kudu). Gabaɗaya, Mendes yana da kimanin 3.&amp;nbsp;Tsawon kilomita daga arewa zuwa kudu kuma matsakaicinsa ya kai kimanin mita 900 daga gabas zuwa yamma. An kiyasta cewa wani katafaren gidan sarauta [[Tsohuwar Masarautar Masar|na Old Kingdom]] ya ƙunshi sama da jana'iza 9,000. Cibiyoyin [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] sun jagoranci yaƙin neman haƙo mai yawa na ƙarni na 20, ciki har da Jami'ar New York da Jami'ar Toronto, da kuma ƙungiyar Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania ƙarƙashin jagorancin Donald Redford . A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Redford, haƙo mai na yanzu yana mai da hankali kan wurare da dama a cikin babban haikalin da kewaye.

Aikin gina haikali mai salon [[Sabuwar Masarautar Masar|Sabuwar Masarautar]] kwanan nan ya gano ma'ajiyar tushe ta Merenptah a ƙarƙashin pylon na biyu. Ana tsammanin akwai ƙofofi ko ƙofofi guda huɗu daban-daban. Shaida ta nuna cewa gininsu ya samo asali ne daga aƙalla Masarautar Tsakiya, yayin da aka gano ma'ajiyar tushe . An binne gine-ginen asali, an ƙara su, ko kuma an haɗa su cikin na baya-bayan nan ta hanyar sarakunan da suka biyo baya.

An gano makabartar raguna masu tsarki a kusurwar arewa maso yamma na Tell El-Ruba. An kuma gano abubuwan tarihi masu ɗauke da sunayen Ramesses II, Merneptah, da [[Ramesses III]] . Amasis II ne ya gina haikali wanda ya tabbatar da tushen ginin. Ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa daga Jami'ar Washington da Jami'ar Toronto sun gano kabarin Nepherites I, wanda Donald Redford ya kammala da cewa Farisawa sun lalata shi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Donald B. Redford}}&lt;/ref&gt; a tsakanin 1992-1993.

A gefen [[Temple mound|tudun haikalin]], wani ƙaramin yaro da Matthew J. Adams ke jagoranta ya bayyana rarrabuwar kawuna ba tare da katsewa ba daga Masarautar Tsakiya har zuwa Daular Farko . Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa haƙa ramin da za a yi nan gaba a cikin wannan wurin haƙa ramin zai ɗauki rarrabuwar kawuna zuwa Zamanin Buto-Maadi. Kayan da aka haƙa zuwa yanzu sun riga sun kasance mafi tsayin rarrabuwar kawuna ba tare da katsewa ba ga duk yankin Nilu Delta, kuma wataƙila ga duk Masar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Matthew J. |date=2009 |title=An Interim Report on the Naqada III – First Intermediate Period Stratification at Mendes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlpiAAAACAAJ&amp;q=delta+reports |journal=Delta Reports |issue=1 |pages=121–206 |isbn=9781842172445}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Mendes''' ( Ancient Greek  , ''gen'' .: {{Lang|el|Μένδητος}} ), sunan Girkanci na [[Tsohuwar Masar|tsohon birnin Masar]] na '''Djedet''', wanda aka fi sani da shi a tsohuwar Masar kamar Per - '''Banebdjedet''' (&quot;Gidan Ram Ubangijin Djedet &quot;) da '''Anpet''', ana kiransa da '''Tell El-Ruba''' ( Arabic   ).

Birnin yana cikin yankin gabashin kogin Nilu (wanda aka fi sani da Nile Delta ).

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:TellRubaShrine.jpg|thumb|''Naos'' na Amasis II a Tell El-Ruba (tsohon Mendes)]]
A zamanin da, Mendes birni ne mai shahara wanda ya jawo hankalin mafi yawan tsoffin masana ilimin ƙasa da masana tarihi, ciki har da Herodotus (ii. 42, 46. 166), Diodorus (i. 84), [[Strabo]] (xvii. shafi na 11).&amp;nbsp;802), Mela (i. 9 § 9), [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Elder]] (aya ta 10. s. 12), Ptolemy (iv. 5. § 51), da Stephanus na Byzantium ( ''sv'' ). Birnin shine babban birnin sunan Mendesian, wanda yake a wurin da hannun Mendesian na Kogin Nilu ( {{Lang|grc|Μενδήσιον στόμα}} ya kasance., Scylax, shafi.&amp;nbsp;43; Ptol. iv, 5. § 10; ''Mendesium ostium'', Pliny, Mela, ''ll. cc.'' ) yana kwarara zuwa tafkin Tanis . Shaidun kayan tarihi sun tabbatar da wanzuwar garin aƙalla tun zamanin Naqada II (ƙarni na 4 KZ). A ƙarƙashin [[Fir'auna]] na farko, Mendes ya zama babban wurin zama na gwamnatin larduna kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa haka a duk [[Tsohuwar Masar|tsawon zamanin Masar]] . A zamanin gargajiya, sunan da take mulka yana ɗaya daga cikin sunayen da aka sanya wa wannan rukunin sojojin asali wanda ake kira ''Calasires'', kuma an yi bikin birnin saboda ƙera [[turare]] da aka sanya wa Mendesium unguentum . (Plin. xiii. 1. s. 2.) Duk da haka, Mendes ya ragu da wuri, kuma ya ɓace a ƙarni na farko AD; tunda duka Ptolemy ( ''lc'' ) da P. Aelius Aristides (iii. shafi na&amp;nbsp;160) ya ambaci Thmuis a matsayin garin da aka fi sani a cikin sunan Mendesian. Daga matsayinta a mahadar kogin da tafkin, wataƙila ruwansu ya mamaye shi, bayan da magudanan ruwa suka faɗi cikin sakaci a ƙarƙashin sarakunan Makidoniya, kuma lokacin da [[Augustus]] ya gyara su ( Sueton . ''Agusta'' 18, 63) Thmuis ya jawo hankalin kasuwancinta da yawan jama'arta.

== Addini ==
Manyan alloli na Mendes sune allahn [[rago]] Banebdjedet (wanda aka fi sani da ''Ba na Ubangijin Djedet'' ), wanda shine Ba na Osiris, da [[wiktionary:consort|matarsa]], allahiyar kifi Hatmehit . Tare da ɗansu Har-pa-khered (&quot; Horus the Child&quot;), sun kafa uku na Mendes.

Herodotus ya bayyana allahn [[rago]] na Mendes a cikin ''littafinsa na Histories''  a matsayin wanda aka wakilta da kai da ulu na [[Akwiya|akuya]] : &quot;...duk wanda ke da wurin ibada na Mendes ko wanda ya fito daga lardin Mendes, ba zai yi wani abu da awaki ( bauta ) ba, amma yana amfani da [[Rago|tumaki]] a matsayin dabbobinsa na hadaya... Sun ce babban burin Heracles shine ganin Zeus, amma Zeus ya ƙi barinsa ya yi hakan. Daga ƙarshe, sakamakon roƙon Heracles, Zeus ya fito da wani shiri. Ya yi fatar rago ya yanke kansa, sannan ya riƙe kansa a gabansa, ya sanya ulu, ya kuma nuna kansa ga Heracles haka. Shi ya sa siffofin Zeus na Masar suna da kan rago, shi ya sa raguna suke da tsarki ga Thebans, kuma ba sa amfani da su a matsayin dabbobin hadaya. Duk da haka akwai rana ɗaya kawai a shekara - ranar [[Festival of Zeus|bikin Zeus]] - lokacin da suka sare rago ɗaya, suka yi masa fatar, suka yi wa mutum-mutumin Zeus ado kamar yadda aka ambata, sannan suka kawo mutum-mutumin Heracles kusa da mutum-mutumin Zeus. Sai duk wanda ke kewaye da wurin ibadar ya yi makokin mutuwar ragon, daga ƙarshe kuma suka binne shi a cikin kabari mai tsarki.

Masana aljanu a farkon zamanin nan sau da yawa suna tunanin Shaiɗan yana bayyana kansa a matsayin akuya ko satyr, saboda awaki suna da suna don halayen sha'awa kuma ana amfani da su a cikin zane-zane na alloli kafin Kiristanci kamar Pan da akuyar Mendes. Mai sihiri Eliphas Levi a cikin littafinsa ''Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie'' (1855) ya zana hoton gunkin Baphomet na zamanin da wanda ya haɗa shi da akuyar Mendes da hoton satyr na Shaiɗan. Tun daga lokacin, masu sihiri daban-daban, masu ra'ayin makirci, da kuma masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na neopagans sun sake maimaita hoton Baphomet mai kama da satyr da alaƙarsa da Mendes. 

== Kango ==
[[Fayil:Ushabti_of_pharaoh_Hakor,_Louvre.jpg|thumb|An samo Ushabti na Fir'auna Hakor a Mendes]]
Wurin shine wurin da ya fi kowanne wuri da ya tsira a yankin Nilu, kuma ya ƙunshi Tell El-Ruba (wurin da aka gina babban wurin ibada) da Tell El-Timai (wurin da Thmuis ke zama a kudu). Gabaɗaya, Mendes yana da kimanin 3.&amp;nbsp;Tsawon kilomita daga arewa zuwa kudu kuma matsakaicinsa ya kai kimanin mita 900 daga gabas zuwa yamma. An kiyasta cewa wani katafaren gidan sarauta [[Tsohuwar Masarautar Masar|na Old Kingdom]] ya ƙunshi sama da jana'iza 9,000. Cibiyoyin [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] sun jagoranci yaƙin neman haƙo mai yawa na ƙarni na 20, ciki har da Jami'ar New York da Jami'ar Toronto, da kuma ƙungiyar Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania ƙarƙashin jagorancin Donald Redford . A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Redford, haƙo mai na yanzu yana mai da hankali kan wurare da dama a cikin babban haikalin da kewaye.

Aikin gina haikali mai salon [[Sabuwar Masarautar Masar|Sabuwar Masarautar]] kwanan nan ya gano ma'ajiyar tushe ta Merenptah a ƙarƙashin pylon na biyu. Ana tsammanin akwai ƙofofi ko ƙofofi guda huɗu daban-daban. Shaida ta nuna cewa gininsu ya samo asali ne daga aƙalla Masarautar Tsakiya, yayin da aka gano ma'ajiyar tushe . An binne gine-ginen asali, an ƙara su, ko kuma an haɗa su cikin na baya-bayan nan ta hanyar sarakunan da suka biyo baya.

An gano makabartar raguna masu tsarki a kusurwar arewa maso yamma na Tell El-Ruba. An kuma gano abubuwan tarihi masu ɗauke da sunayen Ramesses II, Merneptah, da [[Ramesses III]] . Amasis II ne ya gina haikali wanda ya tabbatar da tushen ginin. Ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa daga Jami'ar Washington da Jami'ar Toronto sun gano kabarin Nepherites I, wanda Donald Redford ya kammala da cewa Farisawa sun lalata shi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Donald B. Redford}}&lt;/ref&gt; a tsakanin 1992-1993.

A gefen [[Temple mound|tudun haikalin]], wani ƙaramin yaro da Matthew J. Adams ke jagoranta ya bayyana rarrabuwar kawuna ba tare da katsewa ba daga Masarautar Tsakiya har zuwa Daular Farko . Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa haƙa ramin da za a yi nan gaba a cikin wannan wurin haƙa ramin zai ɗauki rarrabuwar kawuna zuwa Zamanin Buto-Maadi. Kayan da aka haƙa zuwa yanzu sun riga sun kasance mafi tsayin rarrabuwar kawuna ba tare da katsewa ba ga duk yankin Nilu Delta, kuma wataƙila ga duk Masar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Matthew J. |date=2009 |title=An Interim Report on the Naqada III – First Intermediate Period Stratification at Mendes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlpiAAAACAAJ&amp;q=delta+reports |journal=Delta Reports |issue=1 |pages=121–206 |isbn=9781842172445}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Loyuro</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1239118078|Loyuro River]]&quot;</comment>
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4°52′14′′N 34°29′31′′E / 4.87056°N 34.49194°E / 4.77056; 34.49196 '''Kogin Loyuro''' (ko Loyooro, Loyoro) rafi ne a [[Eastern Equatoria|Gabashin Equatoria]] na [[Sudan ta Kudu]] . Kogin ya samo asali ne a gabashin Didinga Hills, yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa Greater [[Kapoeta]] kuma yana fitowa cikin yankin da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Narus, South Sudan|Narus]]. Kogin yana ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin ruwan sama, amma ya daina gudana a wasu lokuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geologic Survey of Kapoeta County |url=http://cafnr.missouri.edu/iap/sudan/doc/geo-survey-sum.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322205254/http://cafnr.missouri.edu/iap/sudan/doc/geo-survey-sum.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-22 |access-date=2011-07-22 |publisher=University of Missouri}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Toposa people|Mutanen Toposa]] suna da cibiyar al'ada a Kogin Loyuro . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toposa A language of Sudan |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=toq |access-date=2011-07-24 |website=Ethnologue}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lolimi]] rami ne na dindindin a kan kogi, a kan hanyar da ke tsakanin [[Narus, South Sudan|Narus]] da Kapoeta . 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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4°52′14′′N 34°29′31′′E / 4.87056°N 34.49194°E / 4.77056; 34.49196 '''Kogin Loyuro''' (ko Loyooro, Loyoro) rafi ne a [[Eastern Equatoria|Gabashin Equatoria]] na [[Sudan ta Kudu]] . Kogin ya samo asali ne a gabashin Didinga Hills, yana gudana zuwa gabas zuwa Greater [[Kapoeta]] kuma yana fitowa cikin yankin da ke arewa maso gabashin [[Narus, South Sudan|Narus]]. Kogin yana ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin ruwan sama, amma ya daina gudana a wasu lokuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geologic Survey of Kapoeta County |url=http://cafnr.missouri.edu/iap/sudan/doc/geo-survey-sum.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322205254/http://cafnr.missouri.edu/iap/sudan/doc/geo-survey-sum.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-22 |access-date=2011-07-22 |publisher=University of Missouri}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Toposa people|Mutanen Toposa]] suna da cibiyar al'ada a Kogin Loyuro . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Toposa A language of Sudan |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=toq |access-date=2011-07-24 |website=Ethnologue}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lolimi]] rami ne na dindindin a kan kogi, a kan hanyar da ke tsakanin [[Narus, South Sudan|Narus]] da Kapoeta . 

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Magadhik</title>
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    <id>153529</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843563</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T17:19:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/994943135|Magadhik River]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="755" sha1="424d8u512rbykux3qmpl2h4gqdhyuak" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Magadhik''' kogi ne na Kudancin Sudan, wani ma'ajiyar hagu na [[Lol River|Kogin Lol]] .

== Kwas ɗin ==
Kogin Magadhik yana kan iyaka tsakanin Yammacin Bahr el Ghazal da Arewacin Bahr el Ghazal inda [[Kogin Boro]] ya haɗu da [[Kogin Sopo]] . Yana gudana gabas zuwa ga haɗuwarsa da Kogin Chel ko Kuru, wanda ya haɗu da shi daga kudu zuwa gabashin Marial Baai . Haɗaɗɗen koguna suna samar da [[Lol River|Kogin Loll ko Lol]] . {{Sfn|Western Bahr el Ghazal ... OCHA}}

Kogin yana kusa da kan iyaka da Sudan, a arewa. {{Sfn|Western Bahr el Ghazal ... OCHA}} Tun daga watan Mayu na 2013 , ƙungiyar Médecins Sans Frontières - Spain ita ce ƙungiya ɗaya tilo mai zaman kanta da ke arewacin Kogin Magadhik. {{Sfn|Meeting ... Logistics Cluster}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T17:20:28Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
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'''Kogin Magadhik''' kogi ne na Kudancin Sudan, wani ma'ajiyar hagu na [[Lol River|Kogin Lol]] .

== Kwas ɗin ==
Kogin Magadhik yana kan iyaka tsakanin Yammacin Bahr el Ghazal da Arewacin Bahr el Ghazal inda [[Kogin Boro]] ya haɗu da [[Kogin Sopo]] . Yana gudana gabas zuwa ga haɗuwarsa da Kogin Chel ko Kuru, wanda ya haɗu da shi daga kudu zuwa gabashin Marial Baai . Haɗaɗɗen koguna suna samar da [[Lol River|Kogin Loll ko Lol]] . {{Sfn|Western Bahr el Ghazal ... OCHA}}

Kogin yana kusa da kan iyaka da Sudan, a arewa. {{Sfn|Western Bahr el Ghazal ... OCHA}} Tun daga watan Mayu na 2013 , ƙungiyar Médecins Sans Frontières - Spain ita ce ƙungiya ɗaya tilo mai zaman kanta da ke arewacin Kogin Magadhik. {{Sfn|Meeting ... Logistics Cluster}}

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Malewa</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1287777193|Malewa River]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3465" sha1="t8d0ykya35gb6qul522yic7jhzrmwgk" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Malewa''' yana tashi a gangaren yammacin Aberdare Range a [[Kenya]] kuma yana kwarara kudu da yamma zuwa [[Tafkin Naivasha]] a cikin [[Babban kwarin Rift, Kenya|Babban Kwarin Rift]] . Tafkin Naivasha muhimmin tushen ruwa ne a cikin yanayi mai ƙarancin bushewa, kuma yana tallafawa kasuwancin noman lambu da noman fure da yawon buɗe ido. Ingancin ruwan kogin Malewa ya tabarbare saboda ƙarin ayyukan ɗan adam a saman magudanar ruwa. Ba a fayyace tasirin wannan na dogon lokaci kan kaso na ruwan sama da ke shiga Tafkin Naivasha ba. Wataƙila a cikin shekarun da suka rage ruwan sama, kaso zai ragu saboda raguwar ruwa, yayin da a cikin shekarun da suka yi yawa, kaso zai karu saboda ƙasa mai noma da ke da ƙarancin ƙarfin riƙe ruwa da kuma gabatar da ƙarin wuraren kwarara 100% kamar hanyoyin kwalta da zanen ƙarfe, da sauransu.

== Kama ruwa ==
Ruwan da ke kewaye da Kogin Malewa mai fadin {{Convert|1730|km2|sqmi}} yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da ke kwarara zuwa Tafkin Naivasha, inda mafi yawan sauran ke fitowa daga Kogin Gilgil . {{Sfn|Gherardi|2007}} Mafarin babban mashigar Malewa yana farawa ne daga tsayin {{Convert|3700|m|ft}} a cikin tsaunukan Nyandarua (Aberdare). Madatsar ruwan [[Wanjohi River|Wanjohi]] tana da ruwa da ƙananan koguna da ke gudana daga gangaren Aberdares. {{Sfn|Harper|2003}} Sauran madatsar ruwan sune [[Kogin Turasha|Turasha]], Simba, Nyairoko da Ol Kalou. {{Sfn|Harper|2003}} Kogunan da ke cikin kwarin Malewa ba su da zurfi amma duk suna dawwama. {{Sfn|Harper|2003}}

Tashar Aberdare tana da nisan {{Convert|1200|mm|in}} sama a kowace shekara kuma yana da manyan yankuna na dazuzzuka masu yawa. Tsaunukan da Malewa ke zubarwa suna da aman wuta kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga sodium da calcium ga ruwa ta hanyar lalata duwatsu. Sulphate a cikin ruwa yana fitowa daga sararin samaniya. {{Sfn|Young|1996}} Kasan Rift Valley yana samun {{Convert|600|mm|in}} kowace shekara kuma galibi ana rufe shi da ciyawa, tare da ɗan ƙasa mara komai. Ruwan sama yana yawan sauka tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni da kuma a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba. Zaizayar ƙasa ta fi yawa a cikin waɗannan watanni. {{Sfn|Hamududu|1998}}

== Amfani da ƙasa ==
Kogin Malewa yana samun ruwa daga koguna da ke ratsawa ta cikin Filayen Kinangop . A wani lokaci, tudun ya kusan rufe da ciyawar tussock mai ƙananan bishiyoyi. Kwarin rafin yana da dazuzzuka da yawa na tussock. Manoma na Kikuyu sun zauna a wannan fili tun daga shekarun 1960. Sun yi noma mafi yawan ƙasar don noman masara, alkama, kabeji da dankali. Yawancinsu an matse su da dausayi. {{Sfn|Birdlife International}} Inda ba a yi ganganci ba wajen magudanar ruwa, bishiyoyin da aka dasa don sanduna da itacen wuta sun shanye ruwan. Yanayin ya ta'allaka ne ga noman amfanin gona mai yawa da amfanin gona na kuɗi. {{Sfn|Darwin Initiative|2006}}

== Matsaloli ==
Kogin yana fuskantar barazanar sare dazuzzuka da kuma lalata ƙasa, da ƙaruwar karkatar da ruwa don ban ruwa, da kuma gurɓata ta hanyar takin zamani da magungunan kashe ƙwari. {{Sfn|Lake Naivasha - Malewa}} A watan Agusta na 1997, ruwan kogin Malewa mai cike da laka ya kai kimanin {{Convert|500|m|ft}} zuwa Tafkin Naivasha. {{Sfn|Harper|2003}} Samun damar samun albarkatun ƙasa da kasuwanni ba adalci ba ne a yankin. Rikicin ruwa ya zama ruwan dare kuma talauci ya yaɗu. Inganta ayyukan kula da albarkatu na iya haifar da manyan ci gaba wajen rage gurɓatawa da zaizayar ƙasa. {{Sfn|Ogweno|2009}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Malewa''' yana tashi a gangaren yammacin Aberdare Range a [[Kenya]] kuma yana kwarara kudu da yamma zuwa [[Tafkin Naivasha]] a cikin [[Babban kwarin Rift, Kenya|Babban Kwarin Rift]] . Tafkin Naivasha muhimmin tushen ruwa ne a cikin yanayi mai ƙarancin bushewa, kuma yana tallafawa kasuwancin noman lambu da noman fure da yawon buɗe ido. Ingancin ruwan kogin Malewa ya tabarbare saboda ƙarin ayyukan ɗan adam a saman magudanar ruwa. Ba a fayyace tasirin wannan na dogon lokaci kan kaso na ruwan sama da ke shiga Tafkin Naivasha ba. Wataƙila a cikin shekarun da suka rage ruwan sama, kaso zai ragu saboda raguwar ruwa, yayin da a cikin shekarun da suka yi yawa, kaso zai karu saboda ƙasa mai noma da ke da ƙarancin ƙarfin riƙe ruwa da kuma gabatar da ƙarin wuraren kwarara 100% kamar hanyoyin kwalta da zanen ƙarfe, da sauransu.

== Kama ruwa ==
Ruwan da ke kewaye da Kogin Malewa mai fadin {{Convert|1730|km2|sqmi}} yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da ke kwarara zuwa Tafkin Naivasha, inda mafi yawan sauran ke fitowa daga Kogin Gilgil . {{Sfn|Gherardi|2007}} Mafarin babban mashigar Malewa yana farawa ne daga tsayin {{Convert|3700|m|ft}} a cikin tsaunukan Nyandarua (Aberdare). Madatsar ruwan [[Wanjohi River|Wanjohi]] tana da ruwa da ƙananan koguna da ke gudana daga gangaren Aberdares. {{Sfn|Harper|2003}} Sauran madatsar ruwan sune [[Kogin Turasha|Turasha]], Simba, Nyairoko da Ol Kalou. {{Sfn|Harper|2003}} Kogunan da ke cikin kwarin Malewa ba su da zurfi amma duk suna dawwama. {{Sfn|Harper|2003}}

Tashar Aberdare tana da nisan {{Convert|1200|mm|in}} sama a kowace shekara kuma yana da manyan yankuna na dazuzzuka masu yawa. Tsaunukan da Malewa ke zubarwa suna da aman wuta kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga sodium da calcium ga ruwa ta hanyar lalata duwatsu. Sulphate a cikin ruwa yana fitowa daga sararin samaniya. {{Sfn|Young|1996}} Kasan Rift Valley yana samun {{Convert|600|mm|in}} kowace shekara kuma galibi ana rufe shi da ciyawa, tare da ɗan ƙasa mara komai. Ruwan sama yana yawan sauka tsakanin Afrilu da Yuni da kuma a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba. Zaizayar ƙasa ta fi yawa a cikin waɗannan watanni. {{Sfn|Hamududu|1998}}

== Amfani da ƙasa ==
Kogin Malewa yana samun ruwa daga koguna da ke ratsawa ta cikin Filayen Kinangop . A wani lokaci, tudun ya kusan rufe da ciyawar tussock mai ƙananan bishiyoyi. Kwarin rafin yana da dazuzzuka da yawa na tussock. Manoma na Kikuyu sun zauna a wannan fili tun daga shekarun 1960. Sun yi noma mafi yawan ƙasar don noman masara, alkama, kabeji da dankali. Yawancinsu an matse su da dausayi. {{Sfn|Birdlife International}} Inda ba a yi ganganci ba wajen magudanar ruwa, bishiyoyin da aka dasa don sanduna da itacen wuta sun shanye ruwan. Yanayin ya ta'allaka ne ga noman amfanin gona mai yawa da amfanin gona na kuɗi. {{Sfn|Darwin Initiative|2006}}

== Matsaloli ==
Kogin yana fuskantar barazanar sare dazuzzuka da kuma lalata ƙasa, da ƙaruwar karkatar da ruwa don ban ruwa, da kuma gurɓata ta hanyar takin zamani da magungunan kashe ƙwari. {{Sfn|Lake Naivasha - Malewa}} A watan Agusta na 1997, ruwan kogin Malewa mai cike da laka ya kai kimanin {{Convert|500|m|ft}} zuwa Tafkin Naivasha. {{Sfn|Harper|2003}} Samun damar samun albarkatun ƙasa da kasuwanni ba adalci ba ne a yankin. Rikicin ruwa ya zama ruwan dare kuma talauci ya yaɗu. Inganta ayyukan kula da albarkatu na iya haifar da manyan ci gaba wajen rage gurɓatawa da zaizayar ƙasa. {{Sfn|Ogweno|2009}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Raga</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>843568</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/994631925|Raga River]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="647" sha1="2dto1rz56ed89ov01a22d7hrxci3oya" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Raga''' kogi ne na Kudancin Sudan, wani ma'ajiyar ruwa ta dama ta Kogin Boro .

== Kwas ɗin ==
Kogin Raga ya tashi a Yammacin Bahr el Ghazal kusa da iyakar da [[Haut-Mbomou]] a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya . Yana gudana a arewa maso gabas bayan garin Raga zuwa haɗuwa da Boro . {{Sfn|Way: Raga River (200829470)}}

== Lafiya ==
Kogin gida ne ga Onchocerca volvulus, ƙwayar cuta da ke haifar da Onchocerciasis, wadda ke haifar da makanta kuma babbar matsala ce ta lafiyar jama'a. Cutar ta fi yawa a ƙauyuka waɗanda ke amfani da kogin don kamun kifi, sha, wanka da wanke-wanke. {{Sfn|Onchocerciasis control programme}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Raga''' kogi ne na Kudancin Sudan, wani ma'ajiyar ruwa ta dama ta Kogin Boro .

== Kwas ɗin ==
Kogin Raga ya tashi a Yammacin Bahr el Ghazal kusa da iyakar da [[Haut-Mbomou]] a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya . Yana gudana a arewa maso gabas bayan garin Raga zuwa haɗuwa da Boro . {{Sfn|Way: Raga River (200829470)}}

== Lafiya ==
Kogin gida ne ga Onchocerca volvulus, ƙwayar cuta da ke haifar da Onchocerciasis, wadda ke haifar da makanta kuma babbar matsala ce ta lafiyar jama'a. Cutar ta fi yawa a ƙauyuka waɗanda ke amfani da kogin don kamun kifi, sha, wanka da wanke-wanke. {{Sfn|Onchocerciasis control programme}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Yei</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297479786|River Yei]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Yei''' kogi ne a [[Sudan ta Kudu|Kudancin Sudan]] wanda tushensa yake a Ƙauyen Panyana, Lujule payam a Gundumar Morobo ta Jihar Equatoria ta Tsakiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 June 2020 |title=Way: Yei River (815645977) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/815645977 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=OpenStreetMap |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2018-07-11 |title=SPLM-IO accuses South Sudan army of fresh attack in River Yei |url=https://sudantribune.com/article63979/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Suna ==
An samo sunan Yei ne daga kalmar ''yii'' a yaren Kaliko, ma'ana &quot;ruwa.&quot; 

== Siffofi ==

=== Tsakiyar Equatoria ===
A tsakiyar Equatoria, kogin yana ratsawa ta Lujule, gundumar Morobo da gundumar Kogin Yei . Kogin yana ratsawa ta cikin garin Yei inda kogin Kembe ya haɗu da hanyar Yei - Juba.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Yei (Yei River) Map, Weather and Photos - Sudan: stream - Lat:6.25 and Long:30.2167 |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/sudan/sudan_(general)/_yei_river/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.getamap.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani abin tarihi mai ban mamaki, Aga Falls, yana kan Kogin Yei a Wudabi Payam, gundumar Morobo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aga Falls waterfall(s), Central Equatoria State, South Sudan |url=https://ss.geoview.info/aga_falls,380037 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=ss.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aga Falls yana Geri Boma kuma an san shi a matsayin wurin da za a iya haɓaka wutar lantarki ta ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Catholic Radio |date=2011-05-04 |title=GOVERNOR WANI KONGA TO LAUNCH POWER PLANT IN MOROBO |url=http://catholicradionetwork.org/2011/05/04/governor-wani-konga-to-launch-power-plant-in-morobo/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Catholic Radio Network for South Sudan and Nuba Mountains {{!}} CRN |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yammacin Equatoria ===
A Yammacin Equatoria, kogin yana ratsawa ta yammacin Mundiri, [[Jihar Lakes|Jihar Tafkuna]], da Jihar Unity . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mission |first=African |title=Agriculture project Yei River |url=https://africanmission.org/blog/agriculture-project-yei-river/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=African Mission |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A [[Daular Biritaniya|zamanin mulkin mallaka]], gwamnatin Birtaniya ta sauya tsarin mulki da tsarin matsuguni na gida a gefen kogin. Sun gabatar da sarakunan da ke tsakiya da kuma sake tsugunar da ƙauyuka don yaƙi da rashin barci . 

A watan Maris na 2010, UNMIS da Hukumar Abinci ta Duniya sun ba da tallafin gina gada mai layi ɗaya mai tsawon mita 42 a garin Yei. Wannan babbar gada ta ratsa Kogin Yei kuma ta inganta hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin garin da maƙwabtanta na Uganda da Congo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-03-29 |title=New bridge inaugurated in Yei |url=http://unmis.unmissions.org/new-bridge-inaugurated-yei |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=UNMIS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2011 gwamnatin Jihar Tsakiyar Equatoria karkashin jagorancin Gwamna Clement Wani Konga ta shirya kaddamar da tashar samar da wutar lantarki a gundumar Morobo . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Catholic Radio |date=2011-05-04 |title=GOVERNOR WANI KONGA TO LAUNCH POWER PLANT IN MOROBO |url=http://catholicradionetwork.org/2011/05/04/governor-wani-konga-to-launch-power-plant-in-morobo/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Catholic Radio Network for South Sudan and Nuba Mountains {{!}} CRN |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNetwork2011&quot;&gt;Network, Catholic Radio (2011-05-04). [http://catholicradionetwork.org/2011/05/04/governor-wani-konga-to-launch-power-plant-in-morobo/ &quot;GOVERNOR WANI KONGA TO LAUNCH POWER PLANT IN MOROBO&quot;]. ''Catholic Radio Network for South Sudan and Nuba Mountains | CRN''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Kogin Yei''' kogi ne a [[Sudan ta Kudu|Kudancin Sudan]] wanda tushensa yake a Ƙauyen Panyana, Lujule payam a Gundumar Morobo ta Jihar Equatoria ta Tsakiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 June 2020 |title=Way: Yei River (815645977) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/815645977 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=OpenStreetMap |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2018-07-11 |title=SPLM-IO accuses South Sudan army of fresh attack in River Yei |url=https://sudantribune.com/article63979/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Suna ==
An samo sunan Yei ne daga kalmar ''yii'' a yaren Kaliko, ma'ana &quot;ruwa.&quot; 

== Siffofi ==

=== Tsakiyar Equatoria ===
A tsakiyar Equatoria, kogin yana ratsawa ta Lujule, gundumar Morobo da gundumar Kogin Yei . Kogin yana ratsawa ta cikin garin Yei inda kogin Kembe ya haɗu da hanyar Yei - Juba.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Yei (Yei River) Map, Weather and Photos - Sudan: stream - Lat:6.25 and Long:30.2167 |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/sudan/sudan_(general)/_yei_river/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.getamap.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani abin tarihi mai ban mamaki, Aga Falls, yana kan Kogin Yei a Wudabi Payam, gundumar Morobo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aga Falls waterfall(s), Central Equatoria State, South Sudan |url=https://ss.geoview.info/aga_falls,380037 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=ss.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aga Falls yana Geri Boma kuma an san shi a matsayin wurin da za a iya haɓaka wutar lantarki ta ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Catholic Radio |date=2011-05-04 |title=GOVERNOR WANI KONGA TO LAUNCH POWER PLANT IN MOROBO |url=http://catholicradionetwork.org/2011/05/04/governor-wani-konga-to-launch-power-plant-in-morobo/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Catholic Radio Network for South Sudan and Nuba Mountains {{!}} CRN |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yammacin Equatoria ===
A Yammacin Equatoria, kogin yana ratsawa ta yammacin Mundiri, [[Jihar Lakes|Jihar Tafkuna]], da Jihar Unity . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mission |first=African |title=Agriculture project Yei River |url=https://africanmission.org/blog/agriculture-project-yei-river/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=African Mission |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A [[Daular Biritaniya|zamanin mulkin mallaka]], gwamnatin Birtaniya ta sauya tsarin mulki da tsarin matsuguni na gida a gefen kogin. Sun gabatar da sarakunan da ke tsakiya da kuma sake tsugunar da ƙauyuka don yaƙi da rashin barci . 

A watan Maris na 2010, UNMIS da Hukumar Abinci ta Duniya sun ba da tallafin gina gada mai layi ɗaya mai tsawon mita 42 a garin Yei. Wannan babbar gada ta ratsa Kogin Yei kuma ta inganta hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin garin da maƙwabtanta na Uganda da Congo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-03-29 |title=New bridge inaugurated in Yei |url=http://unmis.unmissions.org/new-bridge-inaugurated-yei |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=UNMIS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2011 gwamnatin Jihar Tsakiyar Equatoria karkashin jagorancin Gwamna Clement Wani Konga ta shirya kaddamar da tashar samar da wutar lantarki a gundumar Morobo . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Catholic Radio |date=2011-05-04 |title=GOVERNOR WANI KONGA TO LAUNCH POWER PLANT IN MOROBO |url=http://catholicradionetwork.org/2011/05/04/governor-wani-konga-to-launch-power-plant-in-morobo/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Catholic Radio Network for South Sudan and Nuba Mountains {{!}} CRN |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNetwork2011&quot;&gt;Network, Catholic Radio (2011-05-04). [http://catholicradionetwork.org/2011/05/04/governor-wani-konga-to-launch-power-plant-in-morobo/ &quot;GOVERNOR WANI KONGA TO LAUNCH POWER PLANT IN MOROBO&quot;]. ''Catholic Radio Network for South Sudan and Nuba Mountains | CRN''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Singaita</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311865803|Singaita River]]&quot;</comment>
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4°46′22′′N 33°35′03′′E / 4.772644°N 33.584132°E / 4. 772644; 33.584162 '''Kogin Singaita''' (kuma Khawr Thingaita, Khor Thingaita), Rigl Thimgaita, Singeitta) kogi ne a [[Eastern Equatoria|Gabashin Equatoria]] na [[Sudan ta Kudu]] wanda ke gudana ta garin [[Kapoeta]] .

Kogin Nathilani, wanda ya fara daga tsaunukan Nathilan a Loudo kuma yana ratsawa ta Loudo, yana ɗaya daga cikin magudanar ruwa ta Singaita. A wani lokaci mutanen Murle suna zaune a kwarin Thingaita, amma daga baya Toposa ya kore su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paul Makenzi |date=December 2005 |title=Natural Resource Management in the Didinga Hills - A Baseline Study from Budi County, South Sudan |url=http://archive.mtnforum.org/rs/ol/counter_docdown.cfm?fID=4594.PDF |access-date=2011-07-24 |publisher=Drylands Conservation Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen Toposa yanzu suna zaune a gefen kogin Singaita da [[Lokalyen River|Lokalyen]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2004 |title=SUDAN COUNTRY REPORT |url=http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/ds749_03013sud.pdf |access-date=2011-07-24 |publisher=IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyaftin Knollys ne ya kafa sansanin da ke Kapoeta a gefen gabashin kogin, wanda ya isa kogin a watan Janairun 1927.  Kusa da Kapoeta kogin yana da faɗin yadi 150, kuma yawanci yana da gadon yashi busasshe, amma ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a tsaunukan Didinga na iya mayar da shi ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi da ba za a iya ratsawa ba cikin dare ɗaya.  An gina wani gangaren ruwa mai tsawon mita 125 don ketare Kogin Thingaita a Kapoeta tare da tallafin [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]] a shekarar 1983. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1983-07-31 |title=Southern Road Maintenance and Rehab. |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDAAT227.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053542/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDAAT227.pdf |archive-date=March 13, 2012 |access-date=2011-07-24 |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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4°46′22′′N 33°35′03′′E / 4.772644°N 33.584132°E / 4. 772644; 33.584162 '''Kogin Singaita''' (kuma Khawr Thingaita, Khor Thingaita), Rigl Thimgaita, Singeitta) kogi ne a [[Eastern Equatoria|Gabashin Equatoria]] na [[Sudan ta Kudu]] wanda ke gudana ta garin [[Kapoeta]] .

Kogin Nathilani, wanda ya fara daga tsaunukan Nathilan a Loudo kuma yana ratsawa ta Loudo, yana ɗaya daga cikin magudanar ruwa ta Singaita. A wani lokaci mutanen Murle suna zaune a kwarin Thingaita, amma daga baya Toposa ya kore su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paul Makenzi |date=December 2005 |title=Natural Resource Management in the Didinga Hills - A Baseline Study from Budi County, South Sudan |url=http://archive.mtnforum.org/rs/ol/counter_docdown.cfm?fID=4594.PDF |access-date=2011-07-24 |publisher=Drylands Conservation Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen Toposa yanzu suna zaune a gefen kogin Singaita da [[Lokalyen River|Lokalyen]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2004 |title=SUDAN COUNTRY REPORT |url=http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/ds749_03013sud.pdf |access-date=2011-07-24 |publisher=IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kyaftin Knollys ne ya kafa sansanin da ke Kapoeta a gefen gabashin kogin, wanda ya isa kogin a watan Janairun 1927.  Kusa da Kapoeta kogin yana da faɗin yadi 150, kuma yawanci yana da gadon yashi busasshe, amma ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a tsaunukan Didinga na iya mayar da shi ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi da ba za a iya ratsawa ba cikin dare ɗaya.  An gina wani gangaren ruwa mai tsawon mita 125 don ketare Kogin Thingaita a Kapoeta tare da tallafin [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]] a shekarar 1983. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1983-07-31 |title=Southern Road Maintenance and Rehab. |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDAAT227.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053542/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDAAT227.pdf |archive-date=March 13, 2012 |access-date=2011-07-24 |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruwan Chula (tsibiran)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1193912876|Chula (island)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Chula''' [[Tsibirin|tsibiri]] ne da ke cikin tsibiran Bajuni a kudancin [[Somaliya]]  a Tekun Somaliya. Ita ce tsibiri mafi yawan jama'a daga cikin tsibiran shida.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jasiirada Khuuri

== Manqzarta ==</text>
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'''Chula''' [[Tsibirin|tsibiri]] ne da ke cikin tsibiran Bajuni a kudancin [[Somaliya]]  a Tekun Somaliya. Ita ce tsibiri mafi yawan jama'a daga cikin tsibiran shida.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jasiirada Khuuri

== Manqzarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sherif Gaber</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351083317|Sherif Gaber]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sherif Gaber Abdelazim Bakr''' ( Arabic     &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2013 |title=القبض علي طالب جامعي يدعو إلي الإلحاد في الإسماعيلية |url=http://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/346690 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417053102/http://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/346690 |archive-date=April 17, 2015 |access-date=September 18, 2015 |website=Elwatan News}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ; an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 1993), ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa ne na Masar, mai rubutu a shafin yanar gizo kuma mai amfani da YouTube wanda aka kama a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2013, saboda ikirarin [[Mulhidanci|rashin yarda da Allah]], raina addini da ya shafi ayyukan da ake yi a harabar jami'a da kuma maganganun rashin yarda da Allah a yanar gizo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 February 2015 |title=Sherif Gaber, Egyptian Student, Sentenced To Prison For Atheist Facebook Posts |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sherif-gaber-sentenced_n_6714770 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528234450/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sherif-gaber-sentenced_n_6714770 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=3 March 2015 |publisher=[[Huffington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nader |first=Emir |date=2015-02-17 |title=Egyptian student given prison sentence for atheist Facebook posts |url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/02/17/egyptian-student-given-prison-sentence-for-atheist-facebook-posts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219205714/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/02/17/egyptian-student-given-prison-sentence-for-atheist-facebook-posts/ |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[[Daily News Egypt]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Gaber ya daɗe yana yin bidiyoyi masu barkwanci waɗanda ke sukar addinai .   Zuwa Disamba 2025, tashar sa ta [[YouTube]] ta sami masu biyan kuɗi sama da 521,000, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu sukar addini a Masar.  Tare da taken kamar &quot;Shin Allah yana wanzu?&quot;, &quot;Juyin Halitta da addini ba sa jituwa&quot; da kuma &quot;Shukanci addini haƙƙin ɗan adam ne&quot;, bidiyon sa ya jawo shi cikin matsalolin shari'a. Dokar Masar game da yin Allah wadai, Mataki na 98(f) na Dokar Laifuka, daga ƙarshe an yi amfani da ita don ba da hujjar kama shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-07 |title=Un blogueur arrêté en Égypte pour &quot;apologie de l'athéisme&quot; |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/international/article/le-blogueur-sherif-gaber-arrete-en-egypte-pour-apologie-de-l-atheisme_122930.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121080554/https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/international/article/le-blogueur-sherif-gaber-arrete-en-egypte-pour-apologie-de-l-atheisme_122930.html |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Le HuffPost |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muhawara da malami ===
Gaber ya yi rajista a [[Jami'ar Suez Canal]] da ke Ismailia, a matsayin ɗalibin [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] . Ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi 'ɗaya ne daga cikin ɗaliban da suka fi kyau a aji', amma hakan ya canza lokacin da ya shiga muhawara ta baki da wani malamin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]], wanda ya ce [[Jima'in jinsi|luwaɗi]] ' zunubi ne ' kuma 'ya kamata a [[Gicciyewa|gicciye]] 'yan luwaɗi a tsakiyar titi'.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nader |first=Emir |date=2015-02-17 |title=Egyptian student given prison sentence for atheist Facebook posts |url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/02/17/egyptian-student-given-prison-sentence-for-atheist-facebook-posts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219205714/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/02/17/egyptian-student-given-prison-sentence-for-atheist-facebook-posts/ |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[[Daily News Egypt]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;almasryalyoum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=بعد حكم حبسه 5 سنوات.. من هو اليوتيوبر شريف جابر المُدان بازدراء الإسلام والتحريض علي الإلحاد |url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3179056 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331134110/https://almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3179056 |archive-date=31 March 2025 |publisher=[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]] |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan 'yan watanni bayan wannan lamarin, abokan karatunsa sun tura wasu rubuce-rubucensa na Facebook ga shugaban makarantar, wanda ya ba da rahoton ga 'yan sanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Van Wijk&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Redaud |first=Lorraine |date=4 June 2024 |title=Shérif Gaber, portrait d'un athée en fuite dans son propre pays |url=https://charliehebdo.fr/2024/06/international/moyen-orient/sherif-gaber-portrait-dun-athee-en-fuite-dans-son-propre-pays/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427021158/https://charliehebdo.fr/2024/06/international/moyen-orient/sherif-gaber-portrait-dun-athee-en-fuite-dans-son-propre-pays/ |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[[Charlie Hebdo]] |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Kamawa da shari'ar kotu ===
Da ƙarfe 3:00&amp;nbsp;a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2013, motocin tsaro na jihar guda uku masu sulke da kuma motar sojoji sun isa gidan Gaber. Jami'an tsaron jihar da dama sun shiga gidansa, sun gudanar da bincike, sannan suka kwace dukkan kadarorinsa, ciki har da takardun makarantarsa da takardu, littattafai, kwamfutarsa, wayar salula, da kuma kudinsa. Bayan haka, suka jefa shi a cikin motar suka kai shi gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ar:التفاصل الكاملة في قضية شريف جابر صابر |url=http://www.albersaber.com/2013/11/sherif-gaber-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003232841/http://www.albersaber.com/2013/11/sherif-gaber-2.html |archive-date=October 3, 2018 |access-date=3 March 2015 |publisher=Alber Saber}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaber ya yi ikirarin cewa masu tsaron gidan yarin sun zalunce shi kuma sun hukunta shi 'kowane bangare' nasa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2013, kotun ta amince ta saki Gaber bayan ta biya [[Fam na Masar|£]] 7,500 (£2,500 don tuhumar &quot;Rashin Addini&quot; da £5,000 saboda &quot;yaɗa ɗabi'u marasa kyau da tunani marasa kyau waɗanda ke tayar da hankali da kuma dagula zaman lafiyar jama'a da tsaron ƙasar Masar.&quot;) An sake shi washegari, amma shari'arsa tana ci gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 2014 |script-title=ar:جنح ثالث الإسماعيلية تؤجل نظر قضية الطالب &quot;شريف جابر&quot; المتهم بازدراء الأديان لجلسة 8 يونيو &amp;#124; مؤسسة حرية الفكر والتعبير |url=http://afteegypt.org/academic_freedom/2014/04/27/7489-afteegypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321135325/http://afteegypt.org/academic_freedom/2014/04/27/7489-afteegypt.html |archive-date=March 21, 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba shi izinin ci gaba da karatunsa, amma ya yi zargin cewa malaman sun sa shi ya faɗi jarabawarsa akai-akai. 

A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2015, an same Gaber (mai shekaru 22)  da laifi kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekara ɗaya a gidan yari. An ba shi izinin ɗaukaka ƙara idan ya biya £1,000, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 February 2015 |title=الحبس سنة لطالب جامعي ملحد لإدانته بإزدراء الإسلام علي فيس بوك |url=http://www.shorouknews.com/mobile/news/view.aspx?cdate=18022015&amp;id=35324542-6525-462c-93f9-c3fadea86cb1 |access-date=3 March 2015 |website=Shorouk News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 February 2015 |script-title=ar:حكم جديد يجرم الحق في حرية التعبير. حبس الطالب شريف جابر سنة وكفالة ألف جنيه للتعبير عن رأيه &amp;#124; مؤسسة حرية الفكر والتعبير |url=http://afteegypt.org/digital_freedoms/2015/02/18/9486-afteegypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315040853/http://afteegypt.org/digital_freedoms/2015/02/18/9486-afteegypt.html |archive-date=March 15, 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 September 2015 |title=On The Run: An Interview with Egyptian Atheist Sherif Gaber |url=https://cairoscene.com/in-depth/on-the-run-an-interview-with-wanted-atheist-sherif-gaber |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210135440/http://www.cairoscene.com:80/In-Depth/On-The-Run-An-Interview-With-Wanted-Atheist-Sherif-Gaber |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=CairoScene}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma maimakon haka Gaber ya ɓuya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nader |first=Emir |date=30 May 2015 |title='I live to face things, not run from them': Political repression and asylum in Egypt |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/i-live-face-things-not-run-them-repression-and-asylum-egypt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115225811/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/i-live-face-things-not-run-them-repression-and-asylum-egypt |archive-date=15 January 2025 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=[[Middle East Eye]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin, shugaban jami'ar ya bar jami'ar, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai tuna da 'abin da ya faru' ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Van Wijk&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nader |first=Emir |date=2015-02-17 |title=Egyptian student given prison sentence for atheist Facebook posts |url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/02/17/egyptian-student-given-prison-sentence-for-atheist-facebook-posts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219205714/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/02/17/egyptian-student-given-prison-sentence-for-atheist-facebook-posts/ |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[[Daily News Egypt]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Boyewa da sake kamawa ===
Ba a san inda Gaber yake ba, amma har yanzu yana fitar da bidiyon masu goyon bayan kimiyya da kare hakkin dan adam a YouTube. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Hemant |date=15 July 2015 |title=Egyptian Atheist, Sentenced to Prison but Hiding from Police, is Now Releasing Pro-Science YouTube Videos |url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2015/07/15/egyptian-atheist-sentenced-to-prison-but-hiding-from-police-is-now-releasing-pro-science-youtube-videos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516075345/https://friendlyatheist.patheos.com/2015/07/15/egyptian-atheist-sentenced-to-prison-but-hiding-from-police-is-now-releasing-pro-science-youtube-videos/ |archive-date=16 May 2022 |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=Patheos}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga Maris, 2018, Gaber ya wallafa wani rubutu a shafinsa na Twitter game da kama shi da ake shirin yi nan ba da jimawa ba, ya yi kira ga magoya bayansa da su kwantar da hankali sannan ya yi ikirarin cewa &quot;zai ci gaba da yin bidiyo idan na fita.. Zan rubuta rubutun a gidan yari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=SherifGaber|access-date=31 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-08 |title=En Égypte, un jeune blogueur militant pour les droits LGBT+ sous les verrous |url=https://www.komitid.fr/2018/05/08/sherif-gaber-egypte-blogueur/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625073445/https://www.komitid.fr/2018/05/08/sherif-gaber-egypte-blogueur/ |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=KOMITID |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-07 |title=Un blogueur arrêté en Égypte pour &quot;apologie de l'athéisme&quot; |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/international/article/le-blogueur-sherif-gaber-arrete-en-egypte-pour-apologie-de-l-atheisme_122930.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121080554/https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/international/article/le-blogueur-sherif-gaber-arrete-en-egypte-pour-apologie-de-l-atheisme_122930.html |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Le HuffPost |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar Asabar 5 ga Mayu, 2018, an sake kama Gaber aka kuma daure shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-07 |title=Un blogueur arrêté en Égypte pour &quot;apologie de l'athéisme&quot; |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/international/article/le-blogueur-sherif-gaber-arrete-en-egypte-pour-apologie-de-l-atheisme_122930.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121080554/https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/international/article/le-blogueur-sherif-gaber-arrete-en-egypte-pour-apologie-de-l-atheisme_122930.html |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Le HuffPost |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafafen yada labarai da dama sun danganta kama shi da yawan kama mutane da aka yi a lokacin sake zaben shugaban kasa El-Sisi a watan Maris na 2018, ciki har da wani mai yin bidiyo mai barkwanci mai suna Shady Abuzaid (ko Shadi Abuzeid) mako guda bayan Gaber.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Redaud |first=Lorraine |date=4 June 2024 |title=Shérif Gaber, portrait d'un athée en fuite dans son propre pays |url=https://charliehebdo.fr/2024/06/international/moyen-orient/sherif-gaber-portrait-dun-athee-en-fuite-dans-son-propre-pays/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427021158/https://charliehebdo.fr/2024/06/international/moyen-orient/sherif-gaber-portrait-dun-athee-en-fuite-dans-son-propre-pays/ |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[[Charlie Hebdo]] |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yunkurin tserewa ===
[[Fayil:Freiheit_für_Sherif_Gaber!.webm|thumb| Mina Ahadi ta yi kira da a yi wa Gaber hadin kai a ranar 26 ga Yuli 2019 (Jamusanci).]]
A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2018, Gaber ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter cewa an kwace fasfo dinsa a filin jirgin saman Masar, kuma an hana shi fita daga kasar. Ya kuma ce akwai &quot;tuhume-tuhume daban-daban guda biyu da ake yi masa na yin Allah wadai,&quot; kuma ba zai iya raba ƙarin bayani ba.   Ya zuwa ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2018, jimillar laifukan da ake tuhumarsa da su, kowannensu da za a iya yanke masa hukunci har zuwa shekaru 15 a gidan yarin Masar, sun kai biyar &quot;daga batanci, cin mutuncin Musulunci, raina addini, goyon bayan luwadi, girgiza zaman lafiyar al'umma da kuma 'tsauraran ra'ayin addini'&quot;. 

A ƙarshen Janairun 2019, Gaber ya yi kira ta yanar gizo da ya taimaka masa da kuɗi domin ya tsere daga Masar da sabuwar ƙasa, kamar ta [[Dominika|Dominica]], bayan an tsayar da shi a filin jirgin sama lokacin da yake tafiya zuwa [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] a 2018. Ya sami 'yan dubban daloli jim kaɗan bayan ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rohan |first=Brian |date=2019-01-30 |title=Atheist blogger appeals for funds to help him 'Escape Egypt' |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-61afd65055044f5cb1dcebf26eb3ae3c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217035018/https://apnews.com/general-news-61afd65055044f5cb1dcebf26eb3ae3c |archive-date=17 February 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Duk da haka, matakin bai ci gaba kamar yadda aka tsara ba, kuma a ranar 11 ga Yuli, Gaber ya yi kira mai ratsa zuciya a shafin Twitter, yana mai cewa kusan ya rasa dukkan bege kuma yana &quot;kusan kashe kansa&quot; idan babu taimako nan ba da jimawa ba. Mina Ahadi ta Majalisar Tsakiya ta Tsoffin Musulmi ta yi kira da a haɗa kai da Gaber, kuma ta roƙi gwamnatin Jamus da ta fara tattaunawa don kai shi Jamus ko wani wuri a [[Turai]] .  Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Masar ya ba da rahoton a watan Disamba na 2019 cewa ba a tsare shi ba har zuwa wannan ranar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 November 2020 |title=2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Egypt |url=https://state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/egypt/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404062201/https://state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/egypt/ |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=January 31, 2021 |website=[[U.S Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaber ya bayyana a shafukan sada zumunta cewa &quot;an hana shi barin Masar har abada&quot;, kuma a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2021, ya wallafa a shafin Twitter cewa &quot;zai yi amfani da lokacin da ya rage min na 'yanci amma mafi mahimmanci a kaina. Don Allah ku yi haƙuri. Abubuwa za su bambanta don mafi kyau.&quot; 

Kacem El Ghazzali ya yi tsokaci kan batun Gaber a gaban hukumar ta UNHRC a wani roko na soke dokokin sabo. 

=== An sabunta hukuncin da aka yanke ===
A watan Mayun 2024, wata Kotun Laifuka ta Masar da ke Ismailia ta yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari ga Gaber, tana zarginsa da buga bidiyo da ke raina addinin Musulunci da kuma haifar da rashin yarda da Allah. &lt;ref name=&quot;almasryalyoum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=بعد حكم حبسه 5 سنوات.. من هو اليوتيوبر شريف جابر المُدان بازدراء الإسلام والتحريض علي الإلحاد |url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3179056 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331134110/https://almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3179056 |archive-date=31 March 2025 |publisher=[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]] |language=ar}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3179056 &quot;بعد حكم حبسه 5 سنوات.. من هو اليوتيوبر شريف جابر المُدان بازدراء الإسلام والتحريض علي الإلحاد&quot;] (in Arabic). [[Al-Masry Al-Youm]]. May 26, 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250331134110/https://almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3179056 Archived] from the original on March 31, 2025.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=بعد فيديوهات علي يوتيوب.. السجن لمدون مصري بتهمة ازدراء الإسلام |url=https://www.alhurra.com/egypt/2024/05/26/فيديوهات-يوتيوب-السجن-لمدون-مصري-بتهمة-ازدراء-الإسلام |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117010626/https://www.alhurra.com/egypt/2024/05/26/فيديوهات-يوتيوب-السجن-لمدون-مصري-بتهمة-ازدراء-الإسلام |archive-date=17 January 2025 |website=Alhurra |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=أنكر الجنة والنار.. السجن 5 سنوات لـ«اليوتيوبر» شريف جابر بتهمة التحريض على الإلحاد وازدراء الأديان |url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3178975 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331034433/https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3178975 |archive-date=31 March 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[[Almasry Al-Youm]] |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2025, an kama Gaber a birnin Alkahira. Bayan kimanin kwanaki hamsin da shida, an gurfanar da shi a gaban mai gabatar da kara. 

== Bidiyon YouTube ==
A cikin bidiyon, Gaber ya nuna rashin jin daɗi da kalmar &quot;Daesh [ISIS] ba ta wakiltar Musulunci&quot; da aka saba ji a Masar, kuma Al-Azhar, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2014 |title=Head of Egypt's al-Azhar condemns ISIS 'barbarity' |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2014/12/03/Head-of-Egypt-s-al-Azhar-condemns-ISIS-barbarity- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713152056/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2014/12/03/Head-of-Egypt-s-al-Azhar-condemns-ISIS-barbarity- |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=8 December 2019 |website=[[Alarabiya]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bigliardi |first=Stefano |last2=Chouhbi |first2=Abdelmojib |last3=Ghafil |first3=Mohamed Amine |last4=Sounani |first4=Malak |last5=Tikrout |first5=Issra |date=2023 |title=Ḥuṭṭ awlawīya lil-ʻilm! Sherif Gaber's Videos and His Views on Science and Religion |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/muwo.12480 |journal=The Muslim World |language=en |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=416–433 |doi=10.1111/muwo.12480 |issn=1478-1913 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; ita ce babbar cibiyar Musuluncin Sunni a Masar da Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Ya yi iƙirarin cewa tarihin Musulunci cike yake da tashin hankali kuma a kowace ƙasa ta Musulunci, za a ci gaba da samun ƙungiyoyi masu tsari kamar ISIS, ko kuma mutanen da ke aikata laifuka irin na ISIS. Ya ƙara da cewa yawancin mutane ba su san ainihin tarihin Musulunci ba, cewa kai tsaye bayan mutuwar annabin Musulunci Muhammad, Musulmai sun fara mamaye Indiya. Ya ambaci cewa wannan yaƙin, an rubuta shi a matsayin yaƙi mafi zubar da jini a tarihi.  Ya ce jimillar mutanen da suka mutu sakamakon yaƙin salihai miliyan 1.7 ne, yayin da ya ambaci jimillar mutanen da suka mutu sakamakon yaƙin da Musulmai suka yi da Indiya kaɗai, an kiyasta cewa akwai kimanin mutane miliyan 60 zuwa 80, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lal |first=K. S. |date=1973 |title=Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000-1800) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/k-s-lal-growth-of-muslim-population-in-medieval-india-ad-10001800-vii-272-pp-delhi-research-publications-in-social-sciences-1973-rs-40/10AEAD7CE1E09E1FDC392371C05BBB2E |journal=Research Publications in Social Sciences |volume=vii |pages=272 |via=Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt; daga cikin mutane miliyan 400 da suka fara zama. Duk da haka, an yi tambaya kuma an yi suka kan irin waɗannan alkaluman game da yadda suke daidai a tarihi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Gaber ya zargi niyyar Musulmi na yaɗa Musulunci a ƙasar da, inda mabiya addinin Buddha da Hindu kawai ke da ita, shi ne dalilin da ya sa suka aikata kisan gilla, lalata wuraren ibadarsu masu tsarki, fyaɗe da bautar da mata da yara. Wannan tarihin, Gaber ya ci gaba da cewa ba za a taɓa koyar da shi a makarantu ba [yana nufin makarantu a Masar da sauran ƙasashen Musulmi na Gabas ta Tsakiya]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elsässer |first=Sebastian |date=5 February 2021 |title=Arab Non-believers and Freethinkers on YouTube: Re-Negotiating Intellectual and Social Boundaries |journal=Religions |publication-date=2021 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=106 |doi=10.3390/rel12020106 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gaber ya yi jayayya cewa Daesh [ISIS] ba masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ba ne, suna da cikakken karatu kuma sun sami ilimi sosai game da addinin Musulunci, tarihinsa, kuma suna ƙoƙarin maimaita wannan tarihin a yau. Gaber ya kuma ƙalubalanci mai kallo Musulmi yana tambayar ko suna cikin damuwa game da yanke kawunan Kiristoci da Daesh ta yi, me yasa ba su kuma damu da yanke kawunan Yahudawa 700 da annabin Musulunci Muhammad ya yi ba.  Masu sukar Gaber sun yi ƙin amincewa da cewa wannan adadin ya bayyana ne daga Ibn Ishaq, wanda ba shi da zamani da Annabi ko sahabbansa, ko da kuwa ba shi da rauni ko kuma babu wata hanyar yaɗawa kwata-kwata. 

Labarin ƙauyen Yahudawa da Gaber ya yi magana a kai ya fito ne daga wani littafi na 1992 mai suna السيرة النبوية في ضوء المصادر الأصلية a Larabci (a zahiri &quot;Tarihin annabci a hasken tushen asali&quot;), wanda aka fassara a ƙarƙashin taken A Biography of the Prophet of Islam.  Tushe ne da ake amfani da shi sosai a gidajen yanar gizo na Musulmai da yawa. A cikin littafin, yana magana game da yadda annabi da sahabbansa suka kai hari suka kuma kama wani ƙauyen Yahudawa na Banu Qurayzah suka mika wuya bayan sun aikata cin amana. Ƙauyen Yahudawa bayan sun miƙa wuya ya tambayi abin da annabi zai yi musu hukunci. Wani abokin musulmi na wannan ƙauyen ya gaya musu mutuwa, sannan littafin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya roƙi gafarar Allah, wataƙila saboda yana jin laifi game da shawarar. Annabi Muhammadu ya ba da umarnin a kashe su, a karɓi kuɗinsu a matsayin lada, sai dai yaran da ba su kai ga balaga ba tukuna, za a ɗauke su bayi. Sun tattara dukkan maza da mata da yara masu tasowa suka yanke makogwaronsu suka jefa su cikin babban rami. Littattafan sun yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe mutane 400 kacal, amma a cikin bayanan ƙasa ya nuna cewa ba a tabbatar da ainihin adadin ba, zai iya kaiwa har zuwa 900. Littafin ya yi iƙirarin cewa waɗanda suka tsira daga wannan kisan kare dangi su ne 3 kawai saboda sun yi iƙirarin cewa su Musulmai ne, biyu kuma saboda sahabban annabi sun kare su daga kisan kai, wataƙila fiye da haka sun tsira, amma ba fiye da iyali ɗaya ba. An ambaci annabin a cikin littafin yana cewa &quot;Na yi kamar yadda Allah ya umarta&quot;. Littafin ya ci gaba da cewa yaran da ba su kai shekarun yin balaga ba, waɗanda aka tsira daga mutuwa, an sayar da su a matsayin bayi domin annabin da sahabbansa su sayi ƙarin makamai da dawaki. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]
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'''Sherif Gaber Abdelazim Bakr''' ( Arabic     &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2013 |title=القبض علي طالب جامعي يدعو إلي الإلحاد في الإسماعيلية |url=http://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/346690 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417053102/http://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/346690 |archive-date=April 17, 2015 |access-date=September 18, 2015 |website=Elwatan News}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ; an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 1993), ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa ne na Masar, mai rubutu a shafin yanar gizo kuma mai amfani da YouTube wanda aka kama a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2013, saboda ikirarin [[Mulhidanci|rashin yarda da Allah]], raina addini da ya shafi ayyukan da ake yi a harabar jami'a da kuma maganganun rashin yarda da Allah a yanar gizo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 February 2015 |title=Sherif Gaber, Egyptian Student, Sentenced To Prison For Atheist Facebook Posts |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sherif-gaber-sentenced_n_6714770 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528234450/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sherif-gaber-sentenced_n_6714770 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=3 March 2015 |publisher=[[Huffington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nader |first=Emir |date=2015-02-17 |title=Egyptian student given prison sentence for atheist Facebook posts |url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/02/17/egyptian-student-given-prison-sentence-for-atheist-facebook-posts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219205714/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/02/17/egyptian-student-given-prison-sentence-for-atheist-facebook-posts/ |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[[Daily News Egypt]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Gaber ya daɗe yana yin bidiyoyi masu barkwanci waɗanda ke sukar addinai .   Zuwa Disamba 2025, tashar sa ta [[YouTube]] ta sami masu biyan kuɗi sama da 521,000, wanda hakan ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu sukar addini a Masar.  Tare da taken kamar &quot;Shin Allah yana wanzu?&quot;, &quot;Juyin Halitta da addini ba sa jituwa&quot; da kuma &quot;Shukanci addini haƙƙin ɗan adam ne&quot;, bidiyon sa ya jawo shi cikin matsalolin shari'a. Dokar Masar game da yin Allah wadai, Mataki na 98(f) na Dokar Laifuka, daga ƙarshe an yi amfani da ita don ba da hujjar kama shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-07 |title=Un blogueur arrêté en Égypte pour &quot;apologie de l'athéisme&quot; |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/international/article/le-blogueur-sherif-gaber-arrete-en-egypte-pour-apologie-de-l-atheisme_122930.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121080554/https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/international/article/le-blogueur-sherif-gaber-arrete-en-egypte-pour-apologie-de-l-atheisme_122930.html |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Le HuffPost |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muhawara da malami ===
Gaber ya yi rajista a [[Jami'ar Suez Canal]] da ke Ismailia, a matsayin ɗalibin [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] . Ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi 'ɗaya ne daga cikin ɗaliban da suka fi kyau a aji', amma hakan ya canza lokacin da ya shiga muhawara ta baki da wani malamin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]], wanda ya ce [[Jima'in jinsi|luwaɗi]] ' zunubi ne ' kuma 'ya kamata a [[Gicciyewa|gicciye]] 'yan luwaɗi a tsakiyar titi'.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nader |first=Emir |date=2015-02-17 |title=Egyptian student given prison sentence for atheist Facebook posts |url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/02/17/egyptian-student-given-prison-sentence-for-atheist-facebook-posts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219205714/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/02/17/egyptian-student-given-prison-sentence-for-atheist-facebook-posts/ |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[[Daily News Egypt]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;almasryalyoum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=بعد حكم حبسه 5 سنوات.. من هو اليوتيوبر شريف جابر المُدان بازدراء الإسلام والتحريض علي الإلحاد |url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3179056 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331134110/https://almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3179056 |archive-date=31 March 2025 |publisher=[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]] |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan 'yan watanni bayan wannan lamarin, abokan karatunsa sun tura wasu rubuce-rubucensa na Facebook ga shugaban makarantar, wanda ya ba da rahoton ga 'yan sanda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Van Wijk&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Redaud |first=Lorraine |date=4 June 2024 |title=Shérif Gaber, portrait d'un athée en fuite dans son propre pays |url=https://charliehebdo.fr/2024/06/international/moyen-orient/sherif-gaber-portrait-dun-athee-en-fuite-dans-son-propre-pays/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427021158/https://charliehebdo.fr/2024/06/international/moyen-orient/sherif-gaber-portrait-dun-athee-en-fuite-dans-son-propre-pays/ |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[[Charlie Hebdo]] |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Kamawa da shari'ar kotu ===
Da ƙarfe 3:00&amp;nbsp;a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2013, motocin tsaro na jihar guda uku masu sulke da kuma motar sojoji sun isa gidan Gaber. Jami'an tsaron jihar da dama sun shiga gidansa, sun gudanar da bincike, sannan suka kwace dukkan kadarorinsa, ciki har da takardun makarantarsa da takardu, littattafai, kwamfutarsa, wayar salula, da kuma kudinsa. Bayan haka, suka jefa shi a cikin motar suka kai shi gidan yari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |script-title=ar:التفاصل الكاملة في قضية شريف جابر صابر |url=http://www.albersaber.com/2013/11/sherif-gaber-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003232841/http://www.albersaber.com/2013/11/sherif-gaber-2.html |archive-date=October 3, 2018 |access-date=3 March 2015 |publisher=Alber Saber}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaber ya yi ikirarin cewa masu tsaron gidan yarin sun zalunce shi kuma sun hukunta shi 'kowane bangare' nasa.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2013, kotun ta amince ta saki Gaber bayan ta biya [[Fam na Masar|£]] 7,500 (£2,500 don tuhumar &quot;Rashin Addini&quot; da £5,000 saboda &quot;yaɗa ɗabi'u marasa kyau da tunani marasa kyau waɗanda ke tayar da hankali da kuma dagula zaman lafiyar jama'a da tsaron ƙasar Masar.&quot;) An sake shi washegari, amma shari'arsa tana ci gaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 2014 |script-title=ar:جنح ثالث الإسماعيلية تؤجل نظر قضية الطالب &quot;شريف جابر&quot; المتهم بازدراء الأديان لجلسة 8 يونيو &amp;#124; مؤسسة حرية الفكر والتعبير |url=http://afteegypt.org/academic_freedom/2014/04/27/7489-afteegypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321135325/http://afteegypt.org/academic_freedom/2014/04/27/7489-afteegypt.html |archive-date=March 21, 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba shi izinin ci gaba da karatunsa, amma ya yi zargin cewa malaman sun sa shi ya faɗi jarabawarsa akai-akai. 

A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2015, an same Gaber (mai shekaru 22)  da laifi kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekara ɗaya a gidan yari. An ba shi izinin ɗaukaka ƙara idan ya biya £1,000, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 February 2015 |title=الحبس سنة لطالب جامعي ملحد لإدانته بإزدراء الإسلام علي فيس بوك |url=http://www.shorouknews.com/mobile/news/view.aspx?cdate=18022015&amp;id=35324542-6525-462c-93f9-c3fadea86cb1 |access-date=3 March 2015 |website=Shorouk News}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 February 2015 |script-title=ar:حكم جديد يجرم الحق في حرية التعبير. حبس الطالب شريف جابر سنة وكفالة ألف جنيه للتعبير عن رأيه &amp;#124; مؤسسة حرية الفكر والتعبير |url=http://afteegypt.org/digital_freedoms/2015/02/18/9486-afteegypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315040853/http://afteegypt.org/digital_freedoms/2015/02/18/9486-afteegypt.html |archive-date=March 15, 2015 |access-date=3 March 2015 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 September 2015 |title=On The Run: An Interview with Egyptian Atheist Sherif Gaber |url=https://cairoscene.com/in-depth/on-the-run-an-interview-with-wanted-atheist-sherif-gaber |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210135440/http://www.cairoscene.com:80/In-Depth/On-The-Run-An-Interview-With-Wanted-Atheist-Sherif-Gaber |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=CairoScene}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma maimakon haka Gaber ya ɓuya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nader |first=Emir |date=30 May 2015 |title='I live to face things, not run from them': Political repression and asylum in Egypt |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/i-live-face-things-not-run-them-repression-and-asylum-egypt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115225811/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/i-live-face-things-not-run-them-repression-and-asylum-egypt |archive-date=15 January 2025 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=[[Middle East Eye]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin, shugaban jami'ar ya bar jami'ar, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai tuna da 'abin da ya faru' ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Van Wijk&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nader |first=Emir |date=2015-02-17 |title=Egyptian student given prison sentence for atheist Facebook posts |url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/02/17/egyptian-student-given-prison-sentence-for-atheist-facebook-posts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219205714/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/02/17/egyptian-student-given-prison-sentence-for-atheist-facebook-posts/ |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[[Daily News Egypt]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Boyewa da sake kamawa ===
Ba a san inda Gaber yake ba, amma har yanzu yana fitar da bidiyon masu goyon bayan kimiyya da kare hakkin dan adam a YouTube. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Hemant |date=15 July 2015 |title=Egyptian Atheist, Sentenced to Prison but Hiding from Police, is Now Releasing Pro-Science YouTube Videos |url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2015/07/15/egyptian-atheist-sentenced-to-prison-but-hiding-from-police-is-now-releasing-pro-science-youtube-videos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516075345/https://friendlyatheist.patheos.com/2015/07/15/egyptian-atheist-sentenced-to-prison-but-hiding-from-police-is-now-releasing-pro-science-youtube-videos/ |archive-date=16 May 2022 |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=Patheos}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga Maris, 2018, Gaber ya wallafa wani rubutu a shafinsa na Twitter game da kama shi da ake shirin yi nan ba da jimawa ba, ya yi kira ga magoya bayansa da su kwantar da hankali sannan ya yi ikirarin cewa &quot;zai ci gaba da yin bidiyo idan na fita.. Zan rubuta rubutun a gidan yari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=SherifGaber|access-date=31 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-08 |title=En Égypte, un jeune blogueur militant pour les droits LGBT+ sous les verrous |url=https://www.komitid.fr/2018/05/08/sherif-gaber-egypte-blogueur/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625073445/https://www.komitid.fr/2018/05/08/sherif-gaber-egypte-blogueur/ |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=KOMITID |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-07 |title=Un blogueur arrêté en Égypte pour &quot;apologie de l'athéisme&quot; |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/international/article/le-blogueur-sherif-gaber-arrete-en-egypte-pour-apologie-de-l-atheisme_122930.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121080554/https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/international/article/le-blogueur-sherif-gaber-arrete-en-egypte-pour-apologie-de-l-atheisme_122930.html |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Le HuffPost |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar Asabar 5 ga Mayu, 2018, an sake kama Gaber aka kuma daure shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-07 |title=Un blogueur arrêté en Égypte pour &quot;apologie de l'athéisme&quot; |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/international/article/le-blogueur-sherif-gaber-arrete-en-egypte-pour-apologie-de-l-atheisme_122930.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121080554/https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/international/article/le-blogueur-sherif-gaber-arrete-en-egypte-pour-apologie-de-l-atheisme_122930.html |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Le HuffPost |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kafafen yada labarai da dama sun danganta kama shi da yawan kama mutane da aka yi a lokacin sake zaben shugaban kasa El-Sisi a watan Maris na 2018, ciki har da wani mai yin bidiyo mai barkwanci mai suna Shady Abuzaid (ko Shadi Abuzeid) mako guda bayan Gaber.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Redaud |first=Lorraine |date=4 June 2024 |title=Shérif Gaber, portrait d'un athée en fuite dans son propre pays |url=https://charliehebdo.fr/2024/06/international/moyen-orient/sherif-gaber-portrait-dun-athee-en-fuite-dans-son-propre-pays/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427021158/https://charliehebdo.fr/2024/06/international/moyen-orient/sherif-gaber-portrait-dun-athee-en-fuite-dans-son-propre-pays/ |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[[Charlie Hebdo]] |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yunkurin tserewa ===
[[Fayil:Freiheit_für_Sherif_Gaber!.webm|thumb| Mina Ahadi ta yi kira da a yi wa Gaber hadin kai a ranar 26 ga Yuli 2019 (Jamusanci).]]
A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2018, Gaber ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter cewa an kwace fasfo dinsa a filin jirgin saman Masar, kuma an hana shi fita daga kasar. Ya kuma ce akwai &quot;tuhume-tuhume daban-daban guda biyu da ake yi masa na yin Allah wadai,&quot; kuma ba zai iya raba ƙarin bayani ba.   Ya zuwa ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2018, jimillar laifukan da ake tuhumarsa da su, kowannensu da za a iya yanke masa hukunci har zuwa shekaru 15 a gidan yarin Masar, sun kai biyar &quot;daga batanci, cin mutuncin Musulunci, raina addini, goyon bayan luwadi, girgiza zaman lafiyar al'umma da kuma 'tsauraran ra'ayin addini'&quot;. 

A ƙarshen Janairun 2019, Gaber ya yi kira ta yanar gizo da ya taimaka masa da kuɗi domin ya tsere daga Masar da sabuwar ƙasa, kamar ta [[Dominika|Dominica]], bayan an tsayar da shi a filin jirgin sama lokacin da yake tafiya zuwa [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] a 2018. Ya sami 'yan dubban daloli jim kaɗan bayan ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin tara kuɗi.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rohan |first=Brian |date=2019-01-30 |title=Atheist blogger appeals for funds to help him 'Escape Egypt' |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-61afd65055044f5cb1dcebf26eb3ae3c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217035018/https://apnews.com/general-news-61afd65055044f5cb1dcebf26eb3ae3c |archive-date=17 February 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Duk da haka, matakin bai ci gaba kamar yadda aka tsara ba, kuma a ranar 11 ga Yuli, Gaber ya yi kira mai ratsa zuciya a shafin Twitter, yana mai cewa kusan ya rasa dukkan bege kuma yana &quot;kusan kashe kansa&quot; idan babu taimako nan ba da jimawa ba. Mina Ahadi ta Majalisar Tsakiya ta Tsoffin Musulmi ta yi kira da a haɗa kai da Gaber, kuma ta roƙi gwamnatin Jamus da ta fara tattaunawa don kai shi Jamus ko wani wuri a [[Turai]] .  Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Masar ya ba da rahoton a watan Disamba na 2019 cewa ba a tsare shi ba har zuwa wannan ranar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 November 2020 |title=2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Egypt |url=https://state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/egypt/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404062201/https://state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/egypt/ |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=January 31, 2021 |website=[[U.S Department of State]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaber ya bayyana a shafukan sada zumunta cewa &quot;an hana shi barin Masar har abada&quot;, kuma a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2021, ya wallafa a shafin Twitter cewa &quot;zai yi amfani da lokacin da ya rage min na 'yanci amma mafi mahimmanci a kaina. Don Allah ku yi haƙuri. Abubuwa za su bambanta don mafi kyau.&quot; 

Kacem El Ghazzali ya yi tsokaci kan batun Gaber a gaban hukumar ta UNHRC a wani roko na soke dokokin sabo. 

=== An sabunta hukuncin da aka yanke ===
A watan Mayun 2024, wata Kotun Laifuka ta Masar da ke Ismailia ta yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari ga Gaber, tana zarginsa da buga bidiyo da ke raina addinin Musulunci da kuma haifar da rashin yarda da Allah. &lt;ref name=&quot;almasryalyoum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=بعد حكم حبسه 5 سنوات.. من هو اليوتيوبر شريف جابر المُدان بازدراء الإسلام والتحريض علي الإلحاد |url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3179056 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331134110/https://almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3179056 |archive-date=31 March 2025 |publisher=[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]] |language=ar}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3179056 &quot;بعد حكم حبسه 5 سنوات.. من هو اليوتيوبر شريف جابر المُدان بازدراء الإسلام والتحريض علي الإلحاد&quot;] (in Arabic). [[Al-Masry Al-Youm]]. May 26, 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250331134110/https://almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3179056 Archived] from the original on March 31, 2025.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=بعد فيديوهات علي يوتيوب.. السجن لمدون مصري بتهمة ازدراء الإسلام |url=https://www.alhurra.com/egypt/2024/05/26/فيديوهات-يوتيوب-السجن-لمدون-مصري-بتهمة-ازدراء-الإسلام |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117010626/https://www.alhurra.com/egypt/2024/05/26/فيديوهات-يوتيوب-السجن-لمدون-مصري-بتهمة-ازدراء-الإسلام |archive-date=17 January 2025 |website=Alhurra |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=أنكر الجنة والنار.. السجن 5 سنوات لـ«اليوتيوبر» شريف جابر بتهمة التحريض على الإلحاد وازدراء الأديان |url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3178975 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331034433/https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3178975 |archive-date=31 March 2025 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[[Almasry Al-Youm]] |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2025, an kama Gaber a birnin Alkahira. Bayan kimanin kwanaki hamsin da shida, an gurfanar da shi a gaban mai gabatar da kara. 

== Bidiyon YouTube ==
A cikin bidiyon, Gaber ya nuna rashin jin daɗi da kalmar &quot;Daesh [ISIS] ba ta wakiltar Musulunci&quot; da aka saba ji a Masar, kuma Al-Azhar, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 December 2014 |title=Head of Egypt's al-Azhar condemns ISIS 'barbarity' |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2014/12/03/Head-of-Egypt-s-al-Azhar-condemns-ISIS-barbarity- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713152056/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2014/12/03/Head-of-Egypt-s-al-Azhar-condemns-ISIS-barbarity- |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=8 December 2019 |website=[[Alarabiya]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bigliardi |first=Stefano |last2=Chouhbi |first2=Abdelmojib |last3=Ghafil |first3=Mohamed Amine |last4=Sounani |first4=Malak |last5=Tikrout |first5=Issra |date=2023 |title=Ḥuṭṭ awlawīya lil-ʻilm! Sherif Gaber's Videos and His Views on Science and Religion |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/muwo.12480 |journal=The Muslim World |language=en |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=416–433 |doi=10.1111/muwo.12480 |issn=1478-1913 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; ita ce babbar cibiyar Musuluncin Sunni a Masar da Gabas ta Tsakiya.

Ya yi iƙirarin cewa tarihin Musulunci cike yake da tashin hankali kuma a kowace ƙasa ta Musulunci, za a ci gaba da samun ƙungiyoyi masu tsari kamar ISIS, ko kuma mutanen da ke aikata laifuka irin na ISIS. Ya ƙara da cewa yawancin mutane ba su san ainihin tarihin Musulunci ba, cewa kai tsaye bayan mutuwar annabin Musulunci Muhammad, Musulmai sun fara mamaye Indiya. Ya ambaci cewa wannan yaƙin, an rubuta shi a matsayin yaƙi mafi zubar da jini a tarihi.  Ya ce jimillar mutanen da suka mutu sakamakon yaƙin salihai miliyan 1.7 ne, yayin da ya ambaci jimillar mutanen da suka mutu sakamakon yaƙin da Musulmai suka yi da Indiya kaɗai, an kiyasta cewa akwai kimanin mutane miliyan 60 zuwa 80, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lal |first=K. S. |date=1973 |title=Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000-1800) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/k-s-lal-growth-of-muslim-population-in-medieval-india-ad-10001800-vii-272-pp-delhi-research-publications-in-social-sciences-1973-rs-40/10AEAD7CE1E09E1FDC392371C05BBB2E |journal=Research Publications in Social Sciences |volume=vii |pages=272 |via=Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt; daga cikin mutane miliyan 400 da suka fara zama. Duk da haka, an yi tambaya kuma an yi suka kan irin waɗannan alkaluman game da yadda suke daidai a tarihi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Gaber ya zargi niyyar Musulmi na yaɗa Musulunci a ƙasar da, inda mabiya addinin Buddha da Hindu kawai ke da ita, shi ne dalilin da ya sa suka aikata kisan gilla, lalata wuraren ibadarsu masu tsarki, fyaɗe da bautar da mata da yara. Wannan tarihin, Gaber ya ci gaba da cewa ba za a taɓa koyar da shi a makarantu ba [yana nufin makarantu a Masar da sauran ƙasashen Musulmi na Gabas ta Tsakiya]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Elsässer |first=Sebastian |date=5 February 2021 |title=Arab Non-believers and Freethinkers on YouTube: Re-Negotiating Intellectual and Social Boundaries |journal=Religions |publication-date=2021 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=106 |doi=10.3390/rel12020106 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gaber ya yi jayayya cewa Daesh [ISIS] ba masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ba ne, suna da cikakken karatu kuma sun sami ilimi sosai game da addinin Musulunci, tarihinsa, kuma suna ƙoƙarin maimaita wannan tarihin a yau. Gaber ya kuma ƙalubalanci mai kallo Musulmi yana tambayar ko suna cikin damuwa game da yanke kawunan Kiristoci da Daesh ta yi, me yasa ba su kuma damu da yanke kawunan Yahudawa 700 da annabin Musulunci Muhammad ya yi ba.  Masu sukar Gaber sun yi ƙin amincewa da cewa wannan adadin ya bayyana ne daga Ibn Ishaq, wanda ba shi da zamani da Annabi ko sahabbansa, ko da kuwa ba shi da rauni ko kuma babu wata hanyar yaɗawa kwata-kwata. 

Labarin ƙauyen Yahudawa da Gaber ya yi magana a kai ya fito ne daga wani littafi na 1992 mai suna السيرة النبوية في ضوء المصادر الأصلية a Larabci (a zahiri &quot;Tarihin annabci a hasken tushen asali&quot;), wanda aka fassara a ƙarƙashin taken A Biography of the Prophet of Islam.  Tushe ne da ake amfani da shi sosai a gidajen yanar gizo na Musulmai da yawa. A cikin littafin, yana magana game da yadda annabi da sahabbansa suka kai hari suka kuma kama wani ƙauyen Yahudawa na Banu Qurayzah suka mika wuya bayan sun aikata cin amana. Ƙauyen Yahudawa bayan sun miƙa wuya ya tambayi abin da annabi zai yi musu hukunci. Wani abokin musulmi na wannan ƙauyen ya gaya musu mutuwa, sannan littafin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya roƙi gafarar Allah, wataƙila saboda yana jin laifi game da shawarar. Annabi Muhammadu ya ba da umarnin a kashe su, a karɓi kuɗinsu a matsayin lada, sai dai yaran da ba su kai ga balaga ba tukuna, za a ɗauke su bayi. Sun tattara dukkan maza da mata da yara masu tasowa suka yanke makogwaronsu suka jefa su cikin babban rami. Littattafan sun yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe mutane 400 kacal, amma a cikin bayanan ƙasa ya nuna cewa ba a tabbatar da ainihin adadin ba, zai iya kaiwa har zuwa 900. Littafin ya yi iƙirarin cewa waɗanda suka tsira daga wannan kisan kare dangi su ne 3 kawai saboda sun yi iƙirarin cewa su Musulmai ne, biyu kuma saboda sahabban annabi sun kare su daga kisan kai, wataƙila fiye da haka sun tsira, amma ba fiye da iyali ɗaya ba. An ambaci annabin a cikin littafin yana cewa &quot;Na yi kamar yadda Allah ya umarta&quot;. Littafin ya ci gaba da cewa yaran da ba su kai shekarun yin balaga ba, waɗanda aka tsira daga mutuwa, an sayar da su a matsayin bayi domin annabin da sahabbansa su sayi ƙarin makamai da dawaki. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ragaa Al Geddawy</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347687658|Ragaa Al Geddawy]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ragaa Al Geddawy''' ( Arabic   ; 6 Satumba 1934 - 5 Yuli 2020) ’yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai tallan kayan kawa ta ƙasar Masar. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin jaruman da aka fi so kuma ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a Gabas ta Tsakiya, tare da samun nasara a aikinta na tsawon shekaru shida.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Al Geddawy a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1934  {{Efn|Several other sources mistakenly reported that she was born in 1938.}} a Ismailia . A farkon shekarunta, bayan ta ƙaura zuwa babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]], ta zauna tare da goggon ta, mai rawa a ciki kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Taheyya Kariokka .

Ta yi karatun firamare a makarantun Franciscan da ke Alkahira, kafin ta yi aiki a sashen fassara na wani kamfanin talla. Daga nan ta koma yin tallan kayan kawa, bayan an naɗa ta a matsayin Miss Egypt a shekarar 1958.

== Sana'a ==
Al Geddawy ta fito a fim ɗin ''Douaa Al-Kawrawan'' ( ''[[The Nightingale's Prayer]]'' ) a shekarar 1959. A shekarar 1960, ta fito a ''fim ɗin Ishaaet Hob'' ( ''[[A Rumor of Love]]'' ) tare da [[Omar Sharif]] da Soad Hosny . Fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne akan matashi kuma mai jin kunya Hussein (Sharif) wanda ya kamu da son ɗan uwansa Samiha (Husni), wanda ke da yawan aiki yana neman ɗan uwansa. Al Geddawy ya fito a matsayin ƙawar Samiha.
[[Fayil:Ragaa_El-Geddawy_(1967).jpg|left|thumb|232x232px|Al Geddawy a cikin ''[[My Wife's Dignity (fim)|Darajar Matata]]'' (1967)]]
A shekarar 1962, ta fito a cikin wasan barkwanci ''mai suna Al Forsan Al Thalatha'' ( ''The Three Musketeers'' ). Fim ɗin ya biyo bayan wani lauya mai daraja ( [[Ismail Yassine]] ) wanda ya rubuta game da kyawawan halayensa a cikin wata mujalla, kafin ya gaji gidan rawa kuma duniyarsa ta juye. Al Geddawy ta fito a matsayin 'yarsa, Huda, wacce ke ƙaunar ɗan uwanta Nabil (Mahmoud Azmy), amma ta yi wa Sheikh Fadel ( [[Abdel Salam Al Nabulsy]] alƙawari). A shekarar 1967, ta fito a cikin ''Karamat Zawgaty'' ( ''[[My Wife's Dignity (fim)|My Wife's Dignity]]'' ) tare da fitattun jarumai kamar [[Salah Zulfikar]] da Shadia . Fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne akan Mahmoud (Zulfikar) wanda yake son mata kuma yana ɓatar da duk lokacinsa a cikin dangantaka ba tare da tunanin aure ba kuma yana ƙoƙarin kusantar Nadia (Shadia), wanda ya tilasta masa a ƙarshe ya aure ta. Al Geddawy ya fito a matsayin abokin Mahmoud Suhair.

A farkon shekarun 1980, Al Geddawy ta fito a kan dandamali a cikin ''Adab El Gawaz'' ( ''Marriage Manners'' ), da ''Naseeha Mokhlesa Lel Sayedat'' ( ''An Honest Advise for Ladies'' ), dukkansu an nuna su tare da [[Salah Zulfikar]] a matsayin jagora a gidajen sinima na Alkahira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=الثقافة |first=الهيئة العامة لقصور |title=رجاء الجداوي أيقونة الذوق والأناقة |url=https://www.gocp.gov.eg/masr7na/articles.aspx?ArticleID=53111 |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=www.gocp.gov.eg |language=Arabic}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1987, ta fito a cikin ''Al Beh Al Bawab'' ( ''The Doorman'' ) tare da fitattun jarumai kamar [[Ahmed Zaki (mai wasan kwaikwayo)|Ahmed Zaki]], [[Safiya El Emari|Safia El Emari]] da Fouad el-Mohandes . Fim ɗin ya biyo bayan wani mutum wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai tsaron ƙofa kuma ya yi aiki a gefe a matsayin dillali. A shekarar 2006, Al Geddawy ya nuna rawar Taheyya Kariokka a cikin shirin ''Cinderella'', wanda Samir Seif ya ba da umarni.
[[Fayil:رجاء_الجداوي_2016.jpg|thumb|246x246px|Al Geddawy a shekarar 2016]]
A matakin ƙarshe na aikinta, ana iya ganinta a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin maimakon fina-finai. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan rawar da ta taka a ƙarshe ita ce Enayat a cikin shirin talabijin mai nasara na Masar ''Grand Hotel'', wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2016; an yi shi ne da wani shirin talabijin na Spain, ''Gran Hotel'', mai suna iri ɗaya.

Matsayinta na ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayo shine a cikin wani shirin talabijin mai suna ''Lu'bat Al Nesyan'' ( ''Wasannin Mantawa'' ) a shekarar 2020. Ta kamu da cutar coronavirus ( SARS-CoV-2 ) kwanaki kaɗan bayan kammala ɗaukar fim ɗin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=مسلسل &quot;لعبة النسيان&quot; ينهي حياة رجاء الجداوي وهذه وصيتها الأخيرة |url=https://www.ennaharonline.com/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84-%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC/ |website=ennaharonline.com |language=Arabic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Al Geddawy ya auri Hassan Mokhtar, wanda mai tsaron gida ne a ƙungiyar [[Ismaila SC|Ismaily SC]], a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1970, wanda ta haifi 'ya mace ɗaya, Amira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=Ragaa El Geddawy: Arab world mourns 'princess of Egyptian art' |url=https://www.msn.com/en-ae/news/other/ragaa-el-geddawy-arab-world-mourns-princess-of-egyptian-art/ar-BB16maRe |website=msn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Al Geddawy ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2020, yana da shekaru 85, bayan ya shafe kwanaki 43 a killace kansa, kuma an yi masa numfashi ta wucin gadi a Asibitin Abu Khalifa da ke Ismailia bayan ya kamu da [[Koronavirus 2019|cutar COVID-19]] a lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Masar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egyptian Actress Ragaa Al-Geddawy, 81, Dies Of Coronavirus |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/egyptian-actress-ragaa-al-geddawy-81-dies-of-coronavirus-2257507 |access-date=2020-07-06 |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egyptian actress Ragaa El-Gedawy dies in coronavirus quarantine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/egyptian-actress-ragaa-el-gedawy-dies-coronavirus-quarantine-200705083832534.html |access-date=2020-07-06 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sallami gawarta daga killacewa bayan an yi sallar jana'iza a cikin asibiti. An kai ta cikin akwatin gawa da aka rufe da ƙarfe a cikin motar asibiti zuwa makabartar iyali da ke Al-Basatin a Alkahira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-05 |title=Top Egyptian actress Ragaa Al-Geddawy dies from COVID-19 |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/595124/World/Mena/Top-Egyptian-actress-Ragaa-Al-Geddawy-dies-from-COVID-19 |access-date=2020-07-06 |website=Saudigazette |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Girmamawa ==
Tauraron fina-finan Hollywood Jean-Claude Van Damme ya yi wa Al Geddawy godiya ta hanyar raba hoton su a [[Instagram|shafin Instagram]], inda ya ambaci cewa ya haɗu da ita 'yan watanni kafin mutuwarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title='May Allah Bless Her Soul'! Jean-Claude Van Damme Mourns Ragaa Elgedawy in a Heartfelt Post (Video) |url=https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/may-allah-bless-her-soul-jean-claude-van-damme-mourns-ragaa-elgedawy-heartfelt-post |website=albawaba.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Ragaa Al Geddawy''' ( Arabic   ; 6 Satumba 1934 - 5 Yuli 2020) ’yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mai tallan kayan kawa ta ƙasar Masar. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin jaruman da aka fi so kuma ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a Gabas ta Tsakiya, tare da samun nasara a aikinta na tsawon shekaru shida.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Al Geddawy a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1934  {{Efn|Several other sources mistakenly reported that she was born in 1938.}} a Ismailia . A farkon shekarunta, bayan ta ƙaura zuwa babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]], ta zauna tare da goggon ta, mai rawa a ciki kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Taheyya Kariokka .

Ta yi karatun firamare a makarantun Franciscan da ke Alkahira, kafin ta yi aiki a sashen fassara na wani kamfanin talla. Daga nan ta koma yin tallan kayan kawa, bayan an naɗa ta a matsayin Miss Egypt a shekarar 1958.

== Sana'a ==
Al Geddawy ta fito a fim ɗin ''Douaa Al-Kawrawan'' ( ''[[The Nightingale's Prayer]]'' ) a shekarar 1959. A shekarar 1960, ta fito a ''fim ɗin Ishaaet Hob'' ( ''[[A Rumor of Love]]'' ) tare da [[Omar Sharif]] da Soad Hosny . Fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne akan matashi kuma mai jin kunya Hussein (Sharif) wanda ya kamu da son ɗan uwansa Samiha (Husni), wanda ke da yawan aiki yana neman ɗan uwansa. Al Geddawy ya fito a matsayin ƙawar Samiha.
[[Fayil:Ragaa_El-Geddawy_(1967).jpg|left|thumb|232x232px|Al Geddawy a cikin ''[[My Wife's Dignity (fim)|Darajar Matata]]'' (1967)]]
A shekarar 1962, ta fito a cikin wasan barkwanci ''mai suna Al Forsan Al Thalatha'' ( ''The Three Musketeers'' ). Fim ɗin ya biyo bayan wani lauya mai daraja ( [[Ismail Yassine]] ) wanda ya rubuta game da kyawawan halayensa a cikin wata mujalla, kafin ya gaji gidan rawa kuma duniyarsa ta juye. Al Geddawy ta fito a matsayin 'yarsa, Huda, wacce ke ƙaunar ɗan uwanta Nabil (Mahmoud Azmy), amma ta yi wa Sheikh Fadel ( [[Abdel Salam Al Nabulsy]] alƙawari). A shekarar 1967, ta fito a cikin ''Karamat Zawgaty'' ( ''[[My Wife's Dignity (fim)|My Wife's Dignity]]'' ) tare da fitattun jarumai kamar [[Salah Zulfikar]] da Shadia . Fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne akan Mahmoud (Zulfikar) wanda yake son mata kuma yana ɓatar da duk lokacinsa a cikin dangantaka ba tare da tunanin aure ba kuma yana ƙoƙarin kusantar Nadia (Shadia), wanda ya tilasta masa a ƙarshe ya aure ta. Al Geddawy ya fito a matsayin abokin Mahmoud Suhair.

A farkon shekarun 1980, Al Geddawy ta fito a kan dandamali a cikin ''Adab El Gawaz'' ( ''Marriage Manners'' ), da ''Naseeha Mokhlesa Lel Sayedat'' ( ''An Honest Advise for Ladies'' ), dukkansu an nuna su tare da [[Salah Zulfikar]] a matsayin jagora a gidajen sinima na Alkahira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=الثقافة |first=الهيئة العامة لقصور |title=رجاء الجداوي أيقونة الذوق والأناقة |url=https://www.gocp.gov.eg/masr7na/articles.aspx?ArticleID=53111 |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=www.gocp.gov.eg |language=Arabic}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1987, ta fito a cikin ''Al Beh Al Bawab'' ( ''The Doorman'' ) tare da fitattun jarumai kamar [[Ahmed Zaki (mai wasan kwaikwayo)|Ahmed Zaki]], [[Safiya El Emari|Safia El Emari]] da Fouad el-Mohandes . Fim ɗin ya biyo bayan wani mutum wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai tsaron ƙofa kuma ya yi aiki a gefe a matsayin dillali. A shekarar 2006, Al Geddawy ya nuna rawar Taheyya Kariokka a cikin shirin ''Cinderella'', wanda Samir Seif ya ba da umarni.
[[Fayil:رجاء_الجداوي_2016.jpg|thumb|246x246px|Al Geddawy a shekarar 2016]]
A matakin ƙarshe na aikinta, ana iya ganinta a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin maimakon fina-finai. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan rawar da ta taka a ƙarshe ita ce Enayat a cikin shirin talabijin mai nasara na Masar ''Grand Hotel'', wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2016; an yi shi ne da wani shirin talabijin na Spain, ''Gran Hotel'', mai suna iri ɗaya.

Matsayinta na ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayo shine a cikin wani shirin talabijin mai suna ''Lu'bat Al Nesyan'' ( ''Wasannin Mantawa'' ) a shekarar 2020. Ta kamu da cutar coronavirus ( SARS-CoV-2 ) kwanaki kaɗan bayan kammala ɗaukar fim ɗin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=مسلسل &quot;لعبة النسيان&quot; ينهي حياة رجاء الجداوي وهذه وصيتها الأخيرة |url=https://www.ennaharonline.com/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84-%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC/ |website=ennaharonline.com |language=Arabic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Al Geddawy ya auri Hassan Mokhtar, wanda mai tsaron gida ne a ƙungiyar [[Ismaila SC|Ismaily SC]], a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1970, wanda ta haifi 'ya mace ɗaya, Amira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=Ragaa El Geddawy: Arab world mourns 'princess of Egyptian art' |url=https://www.msn.com/en-ae/news/other/ragaa-el-geddawy-arab-world-mourns-princess-of-egyptian-art/ar-BB16maRe |website=msn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Al Geddawy ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2020, yana da shekaru 85, bayan ya shafe kwanaki 43 a killace kansa, kuma an yi masa numfashi ta wucin gadi a Asibitin Abu Khalifa da ke Ismailia bayan ya kamu da [[Koronavirus 2019|cutar COVID-19]] a lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Masar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egyptian Actress Ragaa Al-Geddawy, 81, Dies Of Coronavirus |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/egyptian-actress-ragaa-al-geddawy-81-dies-of-coronavirus-2257507 |access-date=2020-07-06 |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egyptian actress Ragaa El-Gedawy dies in coronavirus quarantine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/07/egyptian-actress-ragaa-el-gedawy-dies-coronavirus-quarantine-200705083832534.html |access-date=2020-07-06 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sallami gawarta daga killacewa bayan an yi sallar jana'iza a cikin asibiti. An kai ta cikin akwatin gawa da aka rufe da ƙarfe a cikin motar asibiti zuwa makabartar iyali da ke Al-Basatin a Alkahira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-05 |title=Top Egyptian actress Ragaa Al-Geddawy dies from COVID-19 |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/595124/World/Mena/Top-Egyptian-actress-Ragaa-Al-Geddawy-dies-from-COVID-19 |access-date=2020-07-06 |website=Saudigazette |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Girmamawa ==
Tauraron fina-finan Hollywood Jean-Claude Van Damme ya yi wa Al Geddawy godiya ta hanyar raba hoton su a [[Instagram|shafin Instagram]], inda ya ambaci cewa ya haɗu da ita 'yan watanni kafin mutuwarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title='May Allah Bless Her Soul'! Jean-Claude Van Damme Mourns Ragaa Elgedawy in a Heartfelt Post (Video) |url=https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/may-allah-bless-her-soul-jean-claude-van-damme-mourns-ragaa-elgedawy-heartfelt-post |website=albawaba.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruwan Tsibirin Curieuse</title>
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    <id>153537</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843585</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T18:13:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333204469|Curieuse Island]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tsibirin Curieuse''' ƙaramin tsibiri ne mai [[Tsibirin|dutse]] {{Convert|1.13|sqmi}}   a [[Seychelles]] kusa da gabar tekun arewa na tsibirin Praslin . Curieuse sananne ne saboda launin ja mara haske da ke hade da bishiyoyin coco de mer na musamman, ɗaya daga cikin alamomin al'adun Seychelles, suna girma ne kawai a tsibiran biyu maƙwabta.

== Tarihi ==
Asalin sunan tsibirin shine &quot;Ile Rouge&quot; saboda launin ja. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=seychelles.travel |title=The Islands of the Seychelles - Curieuse |url=http://www.seychelles.travel/en/discover/the-islands/inner-islands/28-discover/the-islands/2917-curieuse |access-date=2016-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1768, Faransawa sun yi ikirarin mallakar tsibirin, suna sanya masa suna bayan jirgin ruwa mai suna &quot;La Curieuse&quot;, wani jirgin ruwa da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin mai bincike Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne . Kamar wasu tsibirai a Seychelles, akwai wani babban kunkuru na asali wanda aka kawar da shi cikin sauri. 

A shekarar 1829, an fara amfani da Curieuse a matsayin wurin kula da kutare, kuma yana aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 1965. Wannan ya taimaka wajen kare yanayin halittu daga tasirin ɗan adam. A yau, tarkacen kutare sun kasance, da kuma gidan tsohon likitan da ke Anse St. Joseph (yanzu cibiyar ilimi da gidan tarihi).

== Kiyayewa ==
A shekarar 1967, gobara ta lalata yawancin ciyayi a tsibirin, ciki har da bishiyoyin coco de mer sama da 150. Bayan wannan lamari, gwamnati ta karɓi ikon tsibirin ta kuma gabatar da ayyukan gyara da kiyayewa daban-daban.

A shekarar 1979, an ayyana Curieuse da ruwan da ke kewaye da shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa na '''Curieuse Marine National Park''' domin kare namun daji na asali. Tsakanin 1978 da 1982, wani aikin kiyayewa ya mayar da babban kunkuru na Aldabra daga Aldabra zuwa Curieuse. A yau, gidan kunkurun Aldabra sama da 300 ne, wasu suna zaune a kusa da Tashar Ranger, sauran kuma suna yawo a wasu wurare a tsibirin.

A kudancin tsibirin akwai wani dausayi na mangrove wanda ke ratsawa ta hanyar tafiya don masu ziyartar wurin shakatawa. Tsibirin ya kuma shahara da dabino na coco de mer, manyan bishiyoyin takamaka, manyan kunkuru na hawksbill rookery da nau'ikan tsuntsaye da dama, kamar aku baƙi na Seychelles ''Coracopis nigra barklyi'', aku da ake samu a nan da kuma a Praslin kawai. Kodayake ana samun aku baƙi a nan, ba a taɓa samun kiwo ba. Madadin haka, an rubuta shi a cikin dazuzzukan dabino masu girma na Praslin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seychelles Black Parrot |url=http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-seychelles-black-parrot.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire a tsibirin, da yawa daga cikinsu 'yan asalin ƙasar ne kuma suna da alaƙa da Curieuse; {{Lang|fr|porcher}} ( ''Cordia subcordata'' ), {{Lang|fr|bois chandelle}} ( &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwSA&quot;&gt;Dracaena&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ), Lalyann dile ( ''[[Secamone schimperiana]]'' ), bwa bannann ( ''[[Gastonia sechellarum]]'' ) dan {{Lang|fr|bois cassant de bord mer}} ( ''Guettarda speciosa'' ) 

Akwai kuma sansanin tauraron dan adam na reshen Seychelles na [[Global Vision International]], wata ƙungiyar sa kai da ke mai da hankali kan kiyaye tsibirin da kuma bincika adadin kifaye, murjani, kunkuru da koko na gida.   &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.seychellesprestige._com accommodation]{{Dead link|date=August 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan hotuna ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;180&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Riesenschildkröten_auf_den_Seychellen_(24749002177).jpg|alt=Tortoises on Curieuse island| Kunkuru a tsibirin Curieuse
Fayil:Beach_on_Curieuse_island,_Seychelles_(39587672642).jpg|alt=Beach on Curieuse island, Seychelles| Beach a tsibirin Curieuse, Seychelles
Fayil:Laraie_Bay_on_Curieuse_Seychelles_2015.JPG|alt=Laraie Bay on Curieuse| Laraie Bay a kan Curieuse
Fayil:Curieuse_Marine_National_Park_Aldabra_giant_tortoise.JPG|alt=Aldabra giant tortoise living in Curieuse Marine National Park| Kunkuru mai girma na Aldabra da ke zaune a wurin shakatawa na Curieuse Marine National Park
Fayil:Seychelles_large_map.jpg|alt=Map of Seychelles| Taswirar Seychelles
Fayil:Praslin.svg|alt=Map of Praslin| Taswirar Praslin
Fayil:Curieuse_Island_asv2024-10_img15.jpg|alt=Mangroves on Curieuse| Mangroves a Curieuse
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
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      <text bytes="4276" sha1="ndscw50jqiw9gwsicbh8g4a69z81qx5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tsibirin Curieuse''' ƙaramin tsibiri ne mai [[Tsibirin|dutse]] {{Convert|1.13|sqmi}}   a [[Seychelles]] kusa da gabar tekun arewa na tsibirin Praslin . Curieuse sananne ne saboda launin ja mara haske da ke hade da bishiyoyin coco de mer na musamman, ɗaya daga cikin alamomin al'adun Seychelles, suna girma ne kawai a tsibiran biyu maƙwabta.

== Tarihi ==
Asalin sunan tsibirin shine &quot;Ile Rouge&quot; saboda launin ja. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=seychelles.travel |title=The Islands of the Seychelles - Curieuse |url=http://www.seychelles.travel/en/discover/the-islands/inner-islands/28-discover/the-islands/2917-curieuse |access-date=2016-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1768, Faransawa sun yi ikirarin mallakar tsibirin, suna sanya masa suna bayan jirgin ruwa mai suna &quot;La Curieuse&quot;, wani jirgin ruwa da ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin mai bincike Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne . Kamar wasu tsibirai a Seychelles, akwai wani babban kunkuru na asali wanda aka kawar da shi cikin sauri. 

A shekarar 1829, an fara amfani da Curieuse a matsayin wurin kula da kutare, kuma yana aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa 1965. Wannan ya taimaka wajen kare yanayin halittu daga tasirin ɗan adam. A yau, tarkacen kutare sun kasance, da kuma gidan tsohon likitan da ke Anse St. Joseph (yanzu cibiyar ilimi da gidan tarihi).

== Kiyayewa ==
A shekarar 1967, gobara ta lalata yawancin ciyayi a tsibirin, ciki har da bishiyoyin coco de mer sama da 150. Bayan wannan lamari, gwamnati ta karɓi ikon tsibirin ta kuma gabatar da ayyukan gyara da kiyayewa daban-daban.

A shekarar 1979, an ayyana Curieuse da ruwan da ke kewaye da shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa na '''Curieuse Marine National Park''' domin kare namun daji na asali. Tsakanin 1978 da 1982, wani aikin kiyayewa ya mayar da babban kunkuru na Aldabra daga Aldabra zuwa Curieuse. A yau, gidan kunkurun Aldabra sama da 300 ne, wasu suna zaune a kusa da Tashar Ranger, sauran kuma suna yawo a wasu wurare a tsibirin.

A kudancin tsibirin akwai wani dausayi na mangrove wanda ke ratsawa ta hanyar tafiya don masu ziyartar wurin shakatawa. Tsibirin ya kuma shahara da dabino na coco de mer, manyan bishiyoyin takamaka, manyan kunkuru na hawksbill rookery da nau'ikan tsuntsaye da dama, kamar aku baƙi na Seychelles ''Coracopis nigra barklyi'', aku da ake samu a nan da kuma a Praslin kawai. Kodayake ana samun aku baƙi a nan, ba a taɓa samun kiwo ba. Madadin haka, an rubuta shi a cikin dazuzzukan dabino masu girma na Praslin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seychelles Black Parrot |url=http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-seychelles-black-parrot.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire a tsibirin, da yawa daga cikinsu 'yan asalin ƙasar ne kuma suna da alaƙa da Curieuse; {{Lang|fr|porcher}} ( ''Cordia subcordata'' ), {{Lang|fr|bois chandelle}} ( &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwSA&quot;&gt;Dracaena&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ), Lalyann dile ( ''[[Secamone schimperiana]]'' ), bwa bannann ( ''[[Gastonia sechellarum]]'' ) dan {{Lang|fr|bois cassant de bord mer}} ( ''Guettarda speciosa'' ) 

Akwai kuma sansanin tauraron dan adam na reshen Seychelles na [[Global Vision International]], wata ƙungiyar sa kai da ke mai da hankali kan kiyaye tsibirin da kuma bincika adadin kifaye, murjani, kunkuru da koko na gida.   &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.seychellesprestige._com accommodation]{{Dead link|date=August 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan hotuna ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;180&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Riesenschildkröten_auf_den_Seychellen_(24749002177).jpg|alt=Tortoises on Curieuse island| Kunkuru a tsibirin Curieuse
Fayil:Beach_on_Curieuse_island,_Seychelles_(39587672642).jpg|alt=Beach on Curieuse island, Seychelles| Beach a tsibirin Curieuse, Seychelles
Fayil:Laraie_Bay_on_Curieuse_Seychelles_2015.JPG|alt=Laraie Bay on Curieuse| Laraie Bay a kan Curieuse
Fayil:Curieuse_Marine_National_Park_Aldabra_giant_tortoise.JPG|alt=Aldabra giant tortoise living in Curieuse Marine National Park| Kunkuru mai girma na Aldabra da ke zaune a wurin shakatawa na Curieuse Marine National Park
Fayil:Seychelles_large_map.jpg|alt=Map of Seychelles| Taswirar Seychelles
Fayil:Praslin.svg|alt=Map of Praslin| Taswirar Praslin
Fayil:Curieuse_Island_asv2024-10_img15.jpg|alt=Mangroves on Curieuse| Mangroves a Curieuse
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ruwan Tsibirin Félicité</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843588</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T18:15:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330917289|Félicité Island]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tsibirin Félicité tsibiri''' ne mai dazuzzuka mai kauri, {{Convert|4|km|mi|0}} gabashin La Digue a [[Seychelles]] . Ita ce tsibiri ta biyar mafi girma a cikin tarin tsibiran Seychelles, tana da girman {{Convert|2.68|km2|mi2}}   . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hardy |first=Paula |date=25 October 2016 |title=Inside Six Senses Zil Pasyon: Is this the most luxurious private island resort in the Seychelles? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/africa/seychelles/articles/inside-six-senses-zil-pasyon-hotel-seychelles/ |publisher=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har zuwa shekarun 1970, gonar kwakwa ce da ke da yawan jama'a kusan 50. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, Félicité ta kasance gidan Sultan Abdullah na Perak, wanda Turawan Ingila suka yi wa ƙaura zuwa can.

A shekarar 2007, gwamnatin Seychelles ta ba da hayar tsibirin da ba shi da zama a lokacin, wanda wani mai haɓaka gidaje [[Singafora|na Singapore]] Kishore Buxani ya kwace a shekarar 2013. Buxani da Mukesh Valabhji, wani mai haɓaka gidaje na Seychelles, sun fara gina wurin shakatawa a tsakiyar shekarar 2013. A yau, wurin shakatawa na Six Senses Zil Pasyon, mai gidaje 30 da wurin shakatawa, ya mamaye kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsibirin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2016 |title=Singapore property investor, partner pump US$115m into Seychelles project |url=http://www.asiaone.com/business/singapore-property-investor-partner-pump-us115m-seychelles-project |publisher=Asia One}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Six Senses Félicité 2 |url=http://www.seychelles.org/inner-islands/felicite-island |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331033908/http://www.seychelles.org/inner-islands/felicite-island |archive-date=2016-03-31 |access-date=2016-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ɗaukar Félicité da tsibiran dutse guda huɗu maƙwabtaka da su a matsayin &quot;tsibiran tauraron ɗan adam&quot; na La Digue. Masu yawon buɗe ido kan ziyarci waɗannan tsibiran guda huɗu akai-akai:

* Île Cocos, wani ƙaramin tsibiri (.017)&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ) daga gabar tekun arewa na Félicité wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na wurin shakatawa na ruwa tun 1996.
* Les Soeurs ('Yan'uwa Mata), wanda ya ƙunshi Grande Soeur mai faɗin {{Convert|0.84|km2|mi2}}   da Petite Soeur a {{Convert|0.34|km2|mi2}}   . A mafi yawan ƙarni na 20, gonakin kwakwa ne.  
* Tsibirin Marianne, tsibiri mai fadin {{Convert|238|acre|km2}} gabas da Félicité. Ana ɗaukar ƙarshen kudancin Marianne a matsayin wurin nutsewa &quot;ajin duniya&quot;.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>843589</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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'''Tsibirin Félicité tsibiri''' ne mai dazuzzuka mai kauri, {{Convert|4|km|mi|0}} gabashin La Digue a [[Seychelles]] . Ita ce tsibiri ta biyar mafi girma a cikin tarin tsibiran Seychelles, tana da girman {{Convert|2.68|km2|mi2}}   . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hardy |first=Paula |date=25 October 2016 |title=Inside Six Senses Zil Pasyon: Is this the most luxurious private island resort in the Seychelles? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/africa/seychelles/articles/inside-six-senses-zil-pasyon-hotel-seychelles/ |publisher=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Har zuwa shekarun 1970, gonar kwakwa ce da ke da yawan jama'a kusan 50. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, Félicité ta kasance gidan Sultan Abdullah na Perak, wanda Turawan Ingila suka yi wa ƙaura zuwa can.

A shekarar 2007, gwamnatin Seychelles ta ba da hayar tsibirin da ba shi da zama a lokacin, wanda wani mai haɓaka gidaje [[Singafora|na Singapore]] Kishore Buxani ya kwace a shekarar 2013. Buxani da Mukesh Valabhji, wani mai haɓaka gidaje na Seychelles, sun fara gina wurin shakatawa a tsakiyar shekarar 2013. A yau, wurin shakatawa na Six Senses Zil Pasyon, mai gidaje 30 da wurin shakatawa, ya mamaye kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsibirin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2016 |title=Singapore property investor, partner pump US$115m into Seychelles project |url=http://www.asiaone.com/business/singapore-property-investor-partner-pump-us115m-seychelles-project |publisher=Asia One}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Six Senses Félicité 2 |url=http://www.seychelles.org/inner-islands/felicite-island |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331033908/http://www.seychelles.org/inner-islands/felicite-island |archive-date=2016-03-31 |access-date=2016-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ɗaukar Félicité da tsibiran dutse guda huɗu maƙwabtaka da su a matsayin &quot;tsibiran tauraron ɗan adam&quot; na La Digue. Masu yawon buɗe ido kan ziyarci waɗannan tsibiran guda huɗu akai-akai:

* Île Cocos, wani ƙaramin tsibiri (.017)&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ) daga gabar tekun arewa na Félicité wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na wurin shakatawa na ruwa tun 1996.
* Les Soeurs ('Yan'uwa Mata), wanda ya ƙunshi Grande Soeur mai faɗin {{Convert|0.84|km2|mi2}}   da Petite Soeur a {{Convert|0.34|km2|mi2}}   . A mafi yawan ƙarni na 20, gonakin kwakwa ne.  
* Tsibirin Marianne, tsibiri mai fadin {{Convert|238|acre|km2}} gabas da Félicité. Ana ɗaukar ƙarshen kudancin Marianne a matsayin wurin nutsewa &quot;ajin duniya&quot;.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Koyama (tsibiran)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304154474|Koyama (island)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Koyama''' (wanda aka fi sani da Kunyama Kundeeq) (wanda kuma aka rubuta Kwayama  da Coiama) tsibiri ne a kudancin [[Somaliya|Somalia]], a yankin Jubaland . 

Koyama ita ce tsibiri na biyu mafi girma a cikin tsibiran Bajuni a cikin tekun Somaliya, tana da fadin ƙasa {{Convert|1.5|km|mi|1}} kacal. daga babban yankin gabar tekun [[Somaliya]] . Yana da {{Convert|5.3|km|mi}} tsayi kuma har zuwa {{Convert|2|km|mi|1}} faɗinsa, kuma yana da babban teku ko tafkin da ke buɗewa zuwa ga bakin tekun babban yankin. A {{Convert|6.38|km²|2}}  , kusan girmansa daidai yake da Chula, wanda ya kai {{Convert|6.40|km²|2}}   . Tsibirin Koyama yana da ƙauyuka biyu daban-daban, Koyama da Koyamani. Koyama tana da wadataccen tarihi na Swahili da abubuwan tarihi kamar kaburburan ginshiƙai .

== Alƙaluma ==
Tsibirin Koyama, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Kooyame ko Konyama Kundeeq, ya kasance mazaunin Koyama a tarihi, wani ƙaramin kabila na mutanen Bajuni. Bajuni al'umma ce mai magana da Swahili, asalin mutanen Bantu kuma asalin bakin teku ce, kuma 'yan asalin kudancin Somaliya da kuma gabar tekun arewacin Kenya. Tsibirin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsugunan kakanninsu tsawon ƙarni da yawa.

Mazauna yankin sun kasance 'yan asalin reshen Nowfali na Bajuni kuma sun kula da manyan ƙauyuka biyu a tsibirin: Koyama da Koyamani. Suna magana da Kibajuni, wani yaren Swahili na yankin, kuma sun saba yin kamun kifi, gina jiragen ruwa, da kuma ƙananan kasuwanci.

Kafin yakin basasar Somaliya a farkon shekarun 1990, Koyama ta kasance gida ga al'ummar Bajuni masu wadata. Bayan gudun hijira a lokacin rikicin, yawan mutanen tsibirin ya ragu sosai, kuma gidaje kasa da ashirin ne suka rage a yau. Duk da raguwar yawan jama'a, Koyama ta kasance wuri mai muhimmanci ga al'ummar Bajuni a fannin al'adu da tarihi. Tsibirin ya ƙunshi rusassun Musulunci da kaburbura masu ginshiƙai waɗanda ke nuna tarihinta na da.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tsibiran da sunansu (K)

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Koyama''' (wanda aka fi sani da Kunyama Kundeeq) (wanda kuma aka rubuta Kwayama  da Coiama) tsibiri ne a kudancin [[Somaliya|Somalia]], a yankin Jubaland . 

Koyama ita ce tsibiri na biyu mafi girma a cikin tsibiran Bajuni a cikin tekun Somaliya, tana da fadin ƙasa {{Convert|1.5|km|mi|1}} kacal. daga babban yankin gabar tekun [[Somaliya]] . Yana da {{Convert|5.3|km|mi}} tsayi kuma har zuwa {{Convert|2|km|mi|1}} faɗinsa, kuma yana da babban teku ko tafkin da ke buɗewa zuwa ga bakin tekun babban yankin. A {{Convert|6.38|km²|2}}  , kusan girmansa daidai yake da Chula, wanda ya kai {{Convert|6.40|km²|2}}   . Tsibirin Koyama yana da ƙauyuka biyu daban-daban, Koyama da Koyamani. Koyama tana da wadataccen tarihi na Swahili da abubuwan tarihi kamar kaburburan ginshiƙai .

== Alƙaluma ==
Tsibirin Koyama, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Kooyame ko Konyama Kundeeq, ya kasance mazaunin Koyama a tarihi, wani ƙaramin kabila na mutanen Bajuni. Bajuni al'umma ce mai magana da Swahili, asalin mutanen Bantu kuma asalin bakin teku ce, kuma 'yan asalin kudancin Somaliya da kuma gabar tekun arewacin Kenya. Tsibirin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsugunan kakanninsu tsawon ƙarni da yawa.

Mazauna yankin sun kasance 'yan asalin reshen Nowfali na Bajuni kuma sun kula da manyan ƙauyuka biyu a tsibirin: Koyama da Koyamani. Suna magana da Kibajuni, wani yaren Swahili na yankin, kuma sun saba yin kamun kifi, gina jiragen ruwa, da kuma ƙananan kasuwanci.

Kafin yakin basasar Somaliya a farkon shekarun 1990, Koyama ta kasance gida ga al'ummar Bajuni masu wadata. Bayan gudun hijira a lokacin rikicin, yawan mutanen tsibirin ya ragu sosai, kuma gidaje kasa da ashirin ne suka rage a yau. Duk da raguwar yawan jama'a, Koyama ta kasance wuri mai muhimmanci ga al'ummar Bajuni a fannin al'adu da tarihi. Tsibirin ya ƙunshi rusassun Musulunci da kaburbura masu ginshiƙai waɗanda ke nuna tarihinta na da.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tsibiran da sunansu (K)

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Digue</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348086716|La Digue]]&quot;</comment>
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'''La Digue''' ita ce tsibiri na uku mafi yawan jama'a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seychelles in Figures 2011 edition |url=http://www.nbs.gov.sc/archives/551 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505111145/http://www.nbs.gov.sc/archives/551 |archive-date=2012-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Seychelles]], kuma ta huɗu mafi girma a fannin ƙasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sawe |first=Benjamin |date=25 April 2017 |title=Biggest Islands Of Seychelles |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-islands-of-seychelles.html |access-date=1 January 2019 |website=World Atlas}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana gabashin Praslin da yammacin Tsibirin Felicite . Girmanta, ita ce tsibiri na huɗu mafi girma a Seychelles bayan Mahé, Praslin, da Tsibirin Silhouette . Tana da yawan jama'a 2,800. Yawancin mazauna suna zaune a ƙauyukan gabar yamma na La Passe (wanda jirgin ruwa ke haɗa shi da Praslin da Mahé ) da [[La Réunion (Seychelles)|Anse Réunion]] . Babu filin jirgin sama a La Digue, don haka don isa can daga ƙasar waje, dole ne mutum ya tashi zuwa [[Biktoriya|Victoria]] kuma ya ci gaba da tafiya ta jirgin ruwa, yawanci ta hanyar Praslin. Tana da yanki na 10.08&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama mai sauƙin tafiya da keke ko ƙafa.

An sanya wa La Digue suna ne bayan wani jirgin ruwa da ke cikin rundunar wani mai binciken teku ɗan ƙasar Faransa Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne, wanda ya ziyarci Seychelles a shekarar 1768.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:La_Digue_roheline.png|left|thumb|La Digue tana gabashin Praslin]]
A cewar masana tarihi na zamani, jirgin ruwan Faransa mai suna Lazare Picault ya fara ganin La Digue a shekarar 1742, amma ba a sanya masa suna ba sai a shekarar 1768. &lt;ref name=&quot;Durup&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Durup |first=Julien |title=Julien Durup writes first history of La Digue |url=http://www.seychellesweekly.com/December%2027,%202009/p12_julien_durup.html |access-date=27 March 2012 |website=La Digue History |publisher=Seychelles weekly}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen farko sun zauna a tsibirin a shekarar 1789, lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka zo tare da bayi daga Afirka. Yawancinsu sun koma Faransa, amma wasu mutane sun rage kuma wasu daga cikin mazaunan yau suna ɗauke da sunayensu. Daga baya, ƙarin 'yan gudun hijirar Faransa sun iso, sannan aka biyo baya da adadi mai yawa na bayi 'yantattu da kuma baƙi 'yan Asiya. A shekarar 1854, Father Theophile ya gina cocin Katolika na farko a La Digue. Yawancin mazauna tsibirin suna bin addinin Katolika. &lt;ref name=&quot;Durup&quot; /&gt; Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a La Digue sun ƙera lemun tsami mai murjani, kuma ana kyautata zaton su ne suka jawo raguwar murjani na tsibirin. Sun kuma yi copra da kwakwa, kuma sun dasa vanilla a gonakinsu. An ci gaba da wannan al'ada.

== Yanayi ==
Seychelles gabaɗaya tana da yanayin zafi a duk shekara. Suna samun ruwan sama akai-akai kuma wani lokacin ma ruwa mai yawa. A La Digue, ruwan sama na iya zama mai yawa, amma yawanci yana ɗaukar sa'a ɗaya ko ƙasa da haka. Yanayin zafin rana a La Digue yawanci yana daga {{Convert|24|°C|°F}} zuwa {{Convert|32|°C|°F}} ; yanayin zafi na dare yana ɗan sanyi kaɗan. Watannin da ruwan sama mafi ƙarfi shine Oktoba zuwa Maris, tare da ruwan sama na wata-wata na {{Convert|402.6|mm|in}} a watan Janairu. Watan da ruwan sama bai fi yawa ba shine watan Yuli, tare da {{Convert|76.6|mm|in}} kawai ruwan sama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seychelles Climate |url=http://www.seychelles.travel/en/about_seychelles/climate.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319102653/http://www.seychelles.travel/en/about_seychelles/climate.php |archive-date=19 March 2012 |access-date=27 March 2012 |publisher=seychelles travel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'adu ==
Ana kiran mazauna La Digue Diguois. Mazauna farko sun isa a shekarar 1798, an kore su daga Île Bourbon (wanda yanzu ake kira Réunion) saboda shiga cikin wani bore na siyasa a can. An yi tsammanin za a tura su zuwa Gabashin Indies amma an ba kyaftin ɗin cin hanci don ya kai su Seychelles maimakon haka inda mutane da yawa suna da dangi.  Yawan mutanen La Digue galibi Katolika ne kuma ranar bikin tsibirin a ranar 15 ga Agusta hutu ne na ƙasa.</text>
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'''La Digue''' ita ce tsibiri na uku mafi yawan jama'a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seychelles in Figures 2011 edition |url=http://www.nbs.gov.sc/archives/551 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505111145/http://www.nbs.gov.sc/archives/551 |archive-date=2012-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Seychelles]], kuma ta huɗu mafi girma a fannin ƙasa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sawe |first=Benjamin |date=25 April 2017 |title=Biggest Islands Of Seychelles |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-islands-of-seychelles.html |access-date=1 January 2019 |website=World Atlas}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana gabashin Praslin da yammacin Tsibirin Felicite . Girmanta, ita ce tsibiri na huɗu mafi girma a Seychelles bayan Mahé, Praslin, da Tsibirin Silhouette . Tana da yawan jama'a 2,800. Yawancin mazauna suna zaune a ƙauyukan gabar yamma na La Passe (wanda jirgin ruwa ke haɗa shi da Praslin da Mahé ) da [[La Réunion (Seychelles)|Anse Réunion]] . Babu filin jirgin sama a La Digue, don haka don isa can daga ƙasar waje, dole ne mutum ya tashi zuwa [[Biktoriya|Victoria]] kuma ya ci gaba da tafiya ta jirgin ruwa, yawanci ta hanyar Praslin. Tana da yanki na 10.08&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama mai sauƙin tafiya da keke ko ƙafa.

An sanya wa La Digue suna ne bayan wani jirgin ruwa da ke cikin rundunar wani mai binciken teku ɗan ƙasar Faransa Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne, wanda ya ziyarci Seychelles a shekarar 1768.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:La_Digue_roheline.png|left|thumb|La Digue tana gabashin Praslin]]
A cewar masana tarihi na zamani, jirgin ruwan Faransa mai suna Lazare Picault ya fara ganin La Digue a shekarar 1742, amma ba a sanya masa suna ba sai a shekarar 1768. &lt;ref name=&quot;Durup&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Durup |first=Julien |title=Julien Durup writes first history of La Digue |url=http://www.seychellesweekly.com/December%2027,%202009/p12_julien_durup.html |access-date=27 March 2012 |website=La Digue History |publisher=Seychelles weekly}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen farko sun zauna a tsibirin a shekarar 1789, lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka zo tare da bayi daga Afirka. Yawancinsu sun koma Faransa, amma wasu mutane sun rage kuma wasu daga cikin mazaunan yau suna ɗauke da sunayensu. Daga baya, ƙarin 'yan gudun hijirar Faransa sun iso, sannan aka biyo baya da adadi mai yawa na bayi 'yantattu da kuma baƙi 'yan Asiya. A shekarar 1854, Father Theophile ya gina cocin Katolika na farko a La Digue. Yawancin mazauna tsibirin suna bin addinin Katolika. &lt;ref name=&quot;Durup&quot; /&gt; Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a La Digue sun ƙera lemun tsami mai murjani, kuma ana kyautata zaton su ne suka jawo raguwar murjani na tsibirin. Sun kuma yi copra da kwakwa, kuma sun dasa vanilla a gonakinsu. An ci gaba da wannan al'ada.

== Yanayi ==
Seychelles gabaɗaya tana da yanayin zafi a duk shekara. Suna samun ruwan sama akai-akai kuma wani lokacin ma ruwa mai yawa. A La Digue, ruwan sama na iya zama mai yawa, amma yawanci yana ɗaukar sa'a ɗaya ko ƙasa da haka. Yanayin zafin rana a La Digue yawanci yana daga {{Convert|24|°C|°F}} zuwa {{Convert|32|°C|°F}} ; yanayin zafi na dare yana ɗan sanyi kaɗan. Watannin da ruwan sama mafi ƙarfi shine Oktoba zuwa Maris, tare da ruwan sama na wata-wata na {{Convert|402.6|mm|in}} a watan Janairu. Watan da ruwan sama bai fi yawa ba shine watan Yuli, tare da {{Convert|76.6|mm|in}} kawai ruwan sama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seychelles Climate |url=http://www.seychelles.travel/en/about_seychelles/climate.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319102653/http://www.seychelles.travel/en/about_seychelles/climate.php |archive-date=19 March 2012 |access-date=27 March 2012 |publisher=seychelles travel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'adu ==
Ana kiran mazauna La Digue Diguois. Mazauna farko sun isa a shekarar 1798, an kore su daga Île Bourbon (wanda yanzu ake kira Réunion) saboda shiga cikin wani bore na siyasa a can. An yi tsammanin za a tura su zuwa Gabashin Indies amma an ba kyaftin ɗin cin hanci don ya kai su Seychelles maimakon haka inda mutane da yawa suna da dangi.  Yawan mutanen La Digue galibi Katolika ne kuma ranar bikin tsibirin a ranar 15 ga Agusta hutu ne na ƙasa.

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mahé</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355275323|Mahé]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Mahé''' ita ce mafi girman tsibiri a [[Seychelles]], tana da fadin {{Convert|157.3|km2|}}, wanda ke arewa maso gabashin ƙasar Seychelles a cikin Tekun Somaliya na [[Tekun Indiya]] . Yawan mutanen Mahé ya kai 77,000, a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population and Housing Census 2010 Report |url=http://www.nsb.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Population_and_Housing_Census_2010_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514112130/http://www.nsb.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Population_and_Housing_Census_2010_Report.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2014 |access-date=12 November 2013 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics |page=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana ɗauke da babban birnin [[Biktoriya|Victoria]] kuma tana ɗauke da kashi 86% na jimillar yawan mutanen ƙasar. An sanya wa tsibirin suna ne bayan Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais, gwamnan ƙasar Faransa na Isle de France ( [[Moris|Mauritius]] ta zamani).

== Tarihi ==
Turawan Birtaniya ne suka fara ziyartar Mahé a shekarar 1609 kuma Turawa ba su sake ziyartarsa ba har sai da Lazare Picault ya yi balaguron 1742. Jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwan Faransa mai suna ''Le Cerf'' (Turanci: The Barewa) ya isa [[Biktoriya|Port Victoria]] a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1756. A cikin jirgin akwai Corneille Nicholas Morphey, shugaban tawagar Faransa, wanda ya mallaki tsibirin ga Sarkin Faransa ta hanyar sanya Dutsen Mallaka a kan Mahé, tsohon abin tarihi na Seychelles, wanda yanzu ake nunawa a Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa, Victoria.

A watan Agusta na shekarar 1801, jirgin ruwan yaki na Royal Navy HMS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwNg&quot;&gt;Sibylle&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ya kama jirgin ruwan yaki na Faransa &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwOQ&quot;&gt;Chiffonne&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; a tsibirin. Mahé ya ci gaba da zama mallakar Faransa har zuwa shekarar 1812 lokacin da ta zama mallakar Birtaniya. Ta ci gaba da zama mallakar mulkin mallaka har zuwa shekarar 1976 lokacin da Seychelles ta zama kasa mai 'yancin kai.

Mahé ta yi babban aikin gyaran filaye saboda karancin gidaje a yankunan Bel Ombre da [[Biktoriya|Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Victoria]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New plan |url=http://seychellesinvest.com/uploads/presentations/Mr.ChristianLionnet-MluhRealEstateDevelopment.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220242/http://seychellesinvest.com/uploads/presentations/Mr.ChristianLionnet-MluhRealEstateDevelopment.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2016 |access-date=3 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Mafi tsayin dutsen Mahé shine Morne Seychelles mai tsawon {{Convert|905|m|ft}}, wanda ke cikin Morne Seychellois National Park . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mahé Island |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mahe-Island |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811025105/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mahe-Island |archive-date=11 August 2025 |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=[[Britannica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sassan arewa da gabas na tsibirin sune gidan yawancin jama'a da kuma Filin Jirgin Sama na Seychelles, wanda aka buɗe a 1971. Sassan kudu da yamma suna da Baie Ternay Marine National Park, Port Launay Marine National Park, da Jami'ar Seychelles . [[Sainte Anne Marine National Park]] yana bakin teku, haka nan Conception Island, Thérèse Island, Anonyme Island, da wasu ƙananan tsibirai.

Dazuzzukan Mahé suna da tsire-tsire masu wahalar samu a Seychelles kawai, kamar ''Medusagyne oppositifolia'' (itacen jellyfish mai matuƙar hatsari), ''Nepenthes pervillei'' mai cin nama (Seychelles [[Pitcher Plant|pitcher plant]] ), da kuma nau'ikan orchids daban-daban.

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Tattalin arzikin Mahé ya dogara ne akan yawon bude ido.

Kamfanin Air Seychelles yana da babban ofishinsa a filin jirgin saman Seychelles da ke tsibirin.  [[Biktoriya|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Victoria]] gida ce ga masana'antar kamun kifi da gwangwanin tuna. Daga 1963 zuwa 1996, [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]] ta kula da hanyar sadarwa ta tauraron dan adam a Tashar Tekun Indiya, inda ta yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arzikin yankin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 November 1988 |title=Seychelles Station Tracks U.S. Satellites : Air Force Facility Marks 25th Anniversary of Indian Ocean Duty |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-06-mn-284-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901102957/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-06-mn-284-story.html |archive-date=1 September 2019 |access-date=8 December 2019 |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutane masu shahara ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>843595</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T18:24:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <text bytes="4546" sha1="kv5vqclckf9q9g4gc49qaljvaxrp34q" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Mahé''' ita ce mafi girman tsibiri a [[Seychelles]], tana da fadin {{Convert|157.3|km2|}}, wanda ke arewa maso gabashin ƙasar Seychelles a cikin Tekun Somaliya na [[Tekun Indiya]] . Yawan mutanen Mahé ya kai 77,000, a ƙidayar jama'a ta 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population and Housing Census 2010 Report |url=http://www.nsb.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Population_and_Housing_Census_2010_Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514112130/http://www.nsb.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Population_and_Housing_Census_2010_Report.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2014 |access-date=12 November 2013 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics |page=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana ɗauke da babban birnin [[Biktoriya|Victoria]] kuma tana ɗauke da kashi 86% na jimillar yawan mutanen ƙasar. An sanya wa tsibirin suna ne bayan Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais, gwamnan ƙasar Faransa na Isle de France ( [[Moris|Mauritius]] ta zamani).

== Tarihi ==
Turawan Birtaniya ne suka fara ziyartar Mahé a shekarar 1609 kuma Turawa ba su sake ziyartarsa ba har sai da Lazare Picault ya yi balaguron 1742. Jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwan Faransa mai suna ''Le Cerf'' (Turanci: The Barewa) ya isa [[Biktoriya|Port Victoria]] a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1756. A cikin jirgin akwai Corneille Nicholas Morphey, shugaban tawagar Faransa, wanda ya mallaki tsibirin ga Sarkin Faransa ta hanyar sanya Dutsen Mallaka a kan Mahé, tsohon abin tarihi na Seychelles, wanda yanzu ake nunawa a Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa, Victoria.

A watan Agusta na shekarar 1801, jirgin ruwan yaki na Royal Navy HMS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwNg&quot;&gt;Sibylle&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ya kama jirgin ruwan yaki na Faransa &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwOQ&quot;&gt;Chiffonne&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; a tsibirin. Mahé ya ci gaba da zama mallakar Faransa har zuwa shekarar 1812 lokacin da ta zama mallakar Birtaniya. Ta ci gaba da zama mallakar mulkin mallaka har zuwa shekarar 1976 lokacin da Seychelles ta zama kasa mai 'yancin kai.

Mahé ta yi babban aikin gyaran filaye saboda karancin gidaje a yankunan Bel Ombre da [[Biktoriya|Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Victoria]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New plan |url=http://seychellesinvest.com/uploads/presentations/Mr.ChristianLionnet-MluhRealEstateDevelopment.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415220242/http://seychellesinvest.com/uploads/presentations/Mr.ChristianLionnet-MluhRealEstateDevelopment.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2016 |access-date=3 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Mafi tsayin dutsen Mahé shine Morne Seychelles mai tsawon {{Convert|905|m|ft}}, wanda ke cikin Morne Seychellois National Park . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mahé Island |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mahe-Island |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811025105/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mahe-Island |archive-date=11 August 2025 |access-date=8 April 2026 |publisher=[[Britannica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sassan arewa da gabas na tsibirin sune gidan yawancin jama'a da kuma Filin Jirgin Sama na Seychelles, wanda aka buɗe a 1971. Sassan kudu da yamma suna da Baie Ternay Marine National Park, Port Launay Marine National Park, da Jami'ar Seychelles . [[Sainte Anne Marine National Park]] yana bakin teku, haka nan Conception Island, Thérèse Island, Anonyme Island, da wasu ƙananan tsibirai.

Dazuzzukan Mahé suna da tsire-tsire masu wahalar samu a Seychelles kawai, kamar ''Medusagyne oppositifolia'' (itacen jellyfish mai matuƙar hatsari), ''Nepenthes pervillei'' mai cin nama (Seychelles [[Pitcher Plant|pitcher plant]] ), da kuma nau'ikan orchids daban-daban.

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Tattalin arzikin Mahé ya dogara ne akan yawon bude ido.

Kamfanin Air Seychelles yana da babban ofishinsa a filin jirgin saman Seychelles da ke tsibirin.  [[Biktoriya|Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Victoria]] gida ce ga masana'antar kamun kifi da gwangwanin tuna. Daga 1963 zuwa 1996, [[United States Air Force|Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka]] ta kula da hanyar sadarwa ta tauraron dan adam a Tashar Tekun Indiya, inda ta yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arzikin yankin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 November 1988 |title=Seychelles Station Tracks U.S. Satellites : Air Force Facility Marks 25th Anniversary of Indian Ocean Duty |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-06-mn-284-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901102957/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-11-06-mn-284-story.html |archive-date=1 September 2019 |access-date=8 December 2019 |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutane masu shahara ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Praslin</title>
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    <id>153542</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843596</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T18:26:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317143376|Praslin]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Praslin''' (  ) ita ce tsibiri mafi girma na biyu (38.5)&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ) na Tsibirin [[Seychelles]] na Cikin Gida, yana da {{Convert|44|km|mi}} arewa maso gabashin Mahé . Praslin tana da yawan jama'a kusan 7,533 kuma ta ƙunshi gundumomi biyu na gudanarwa: Baie Sainte Anne da Grand' Anse . Manyan matsugunan sune Baie Ste Anne, [[Anse Volbert]] da Grand' Anse .

== Tarihi ==
Mai binciken Lazare Picault ne ya sanya masa suna ''Isle de Palmes'' a shekarar 1744. A wannan lokacin, [[Fashi a Teku|'yan fashin teku]] da 'yan kasuwan Larabawa sun yi amfani da shi a matsayin wurin ɓuya. A shekarar 1768, aka sake masa suna ''Praslin'' don girmama jami'in diflomasiyyar Faransa César Gabriel de Choiseul, duc de Praslin.

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Seychelles_large_map.jpg|thumb|Praslin tana arewa maso gabashin Mahé]]
An san Praslin a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido mai otal-otal da wuraren shakatawa da dama, da kuma rairayin bakin teku da dama kamar [[Anse Lazio]] da Anse Georgette .

Tana da wurare masu yawa na dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi tare da tsuntsaye kamar su Seychelles bulbul da kuma Seychelles black aku . An kafa Vallée de Mai Nature Preserve, a shekarar 1979,  an san ta da musamman coco de mer da vanilla orchids . An ruwaito cewa Janar Charles George Gordon na [[Siege of khartum|Khartoum]] (1833–1885), wani masanin kimiyyar sararin samaniya na Kirista, ya gamsu cewa Vallée de Mai ita ce &quot; Lambun Adnin &quot; da aka rubuta a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Colley |first=Linda |date=2 September 2011 |title=Ghosts of Empire by Kwasi Kwarteng – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/02/ghosts-empire-kwasi-kwarteng-review |access-date=3 September 2011 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Filin Jirgin Sama na Tsibirin Praslin gida ne ga Praslin, yayin da tsibiran da ke kewaye da shi suka haɗa da [[Ruwan Tsibirin Curieuse|Tsibirin Curieuse]], [[Digue|La Digue]], Tsibirin Cousin, Tsibirin Cousine da Tsibirin Aride . Akwai wasu tsibiran da ke kusa da bakin teku, ciki har da Tsibirin Round (0.193).&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ) da kuma Chauve Souris (0.007&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ), dukkansu suna da masaukin otal.

An sanya wani babban yanki a kudancin tsibirin a matsayin Praslin National Park da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi. Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye .

== Hotunan Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;180&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Traumstrand_Anse_Georgette,_Praslin_Seychellen_(27839767139).jpg| Beach Anse Georgette, Praslin
Fayil:Beach_Anse_Lazio_Praslin_Seychelles.DNG_(38720879125).jpg| Beach Anse Lazio, Praslin
Fayil:Anse_Lazio_Beach,_Seychelles_(38720921075).jpg| Beach Anse Lazio
Fayil:Coco_de_Mer_(39638784082).jpg|alt=Coco de Mer from Praslin| Coco de Mer daga Praslin
Fayil:Insel_Praslin,_Seychellen_(38908943104).jpg|alt=Praslin, Seychellen| Praslin, Seychelles
Fayil:Strand_Petite_Anse_Kerlan,_Praslin_Seychellen_(38908986064).jpg| Beach Petite Anse Kerlan, Praslin
Fayil:Shorts360airsey.jpg|alt=Praslin airport| Filin jirgin saman Praslin
Fayil:Seychelles_praslin_anselazio.jpg|alt=Anse Lazio Beach on Praslin| Tekun [[Anse Lazio]] a Praslin
Fayil:Seychelles_bulbul.jpg|alt=Seychelles bulbul (Hypsipetes crassirostris) on Praslin| Babban bulbul na Seychelles ( ''Hypsipetes crassirostris'' ) akan Praslin
Fayil:Valleé_de_mai2.jpg|alt=The Vallée de Mai on Praslin Island, often referred to as the Garden of Eden.| Vallée de Mai da ke Tsibirin Praslin, wanda aka fi sani da Lambun Adnin.
Fayil:Coco_de_mer_leafs.jpg| Coco de mer
Fayil:Praslin_island_seen_from_La_Digue.JPG|alt=Praslin seen from the east| An hango Praslin daga gabas
Fayil:Praslin_von_Anse_Sévère.jpg|alt=View of the second largest island of the Seychelles, Praslin, from Anse Sévère, La Digue, Seychelles| Duban tsibiri na biyu mafi girma na Seychelles, Praslin, daga Anse Sévère, La Digue, Seychelles
&lt;/gallery&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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'''Praslin''' (  ) ita ce tsibiri mafi girma na biyu (38.5)&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ) na Tsibirin [[Seychelles]] na Cikin Gida, yana da {{Convert|44|km|mi}} arewa maso gabashin Mahé . Praslin tana da yawan jama'a kusan 7,533 kuma ta ƙunshi gundumomi biyu na gudanarwa: Baie Sainte Anne da Grand' Anse . Manyan matsugunan sune Baie Ste Anne, [[Anse Volbert]] da Grand' Anse .

== Tarihi ==
Mai binciken Lazare Picault ne ya sanya masa suna ''Isle de Palmes'' a shekarar 1744. A wannan lokacin, [[Fashi a Teku|'yan fashin teku]] da 'yan kasuwan Larabawa sun yi amfani da shi a matsayin wurin ɓuya. A shekarar 1768, aka sake masa suna ''Praslin'' don girmama jami'in diflomasiyyar Faransa César Gabriel de Choiseul, duc de Praslin.

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Seychelles_large_map.jpg|thumb|Praslin tana arewa maso gabashin Mahé]]
An san Praslin a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido mai otal-otal da wuraren shakatawa da dama, da kuma rairayin bakin teku da dama kamar [[Anse Lazio]] da Anse Georgette .

Tana da wurare masu yawa na dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi tare da tsuntsaye kamar su Seychelles bulbul da kuma Seychelles black aku . An kafa Vallée de Mai Nature Preserve, a shekarar 1979,  an san ta da musamman coco de mer da vanilla orchids . An ruwaito cewa Janar Charles George Gordon na [[Siege of khartum|Khartoum]] (1833–1885), wani masanin kimiyyar sararin samaniya na Kirista, ya gamsu cewa Vallée de Mai ita ce &quot; Lambun Adnin &quot; da aka rubuta a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Colley |first=Linda |date=2 September 2011 |title=Ghosts of Empire by Kwasi Kwarteng – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/02/ghosts-empire-kwasi-kwarteng-review |access-date=3 September 2011 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Filin Jirgin Sama na Tsibirin Praslin gida ne ga Praslin, yayin da tsibiran da ke kewaye da shi suka haɗa da [[Ruwan Tsibirin Curieuse|Tsibirin Curieuse]], [[Digue|La Digue]], Tsibirin Cousin, Tsibirin Cousine da Tsibirin Aride . Akwai wasu tsibiran da ke kusa da bakin teku, ciki har da Tsibirin Round (0.193).&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ) da kuma Chauve Souris (0.007&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ), dukkansu suna da masaukin otal.

An sanya wani babban yanki a kudancin tsibirin a matsayin Praslin National Park da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi. Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye .

== Hotunan Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;180&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Traumstrand_Anse_Georgette,_Praslin_Seychellen_(27839767139).jpg| Beach Anse Georgette, Praslin
Fayil:Beach_Anse_Lazio_Praslin_Seychelles.DNG_(38720879125).jpg| Beach Anse Lazio, Praslin
Fayil:Anse_Lazio_Beach,_Seychelles_(38720921075).jpg| Beach Anse Lazio
Fayil:Coco_de_Mer_(39638784082).jpg|alt=Coco de Mer from Praslin| Coco de Mer daga Praslin
Fayil:Insel_Praslin,_Seychellen_(38908943104).jpg|alt=Praslin, Seychellen| Praslin, Seychelles
Fayil:Strand_Petite_Anse_Kerlan,_Praslin_Seychellen_(38908986064).jpg| Beach Petite Anse Kerlan, Praslin
Fayil:Shorts360airsey.jpg|alt=Praslin airport| Filin jirgin saman Praslin
Fayil:Seychelles_praslin_anselazio.jpg|alt=Anse Lazio Beach on Praslin| Tekun [[Anse Lazio]] a Praslin
Fayil:Seychelles_bulbul.jpg|alt=Seychelles bulbul (Hypsipetes crassirostris) on Praslin| Babban bulbul na Seychelles ( ''Hypsipetes crassirostris'' ) akan Praslin
Fayil:Valleé_de_mai2.jpg|alt=The Vallée de Mai on Praslin Island, often referred to as the Garden of Eden.| Vallée de Mai da ke Tsibirin Praslin, wanda aka fi sani da Lambun Adnin.
Fayil:Coco_de_mer_leafs.jpg| Coco de mer
Fayil:Praslin_island_seen_from_La_Digue.JPG|alt=Praslin seen from the east| An hango Praslin daga gabas
Fayil:Praslin_von_Anse_Sévère.jpg|alt=View of the second largest island of the Seychelles, Praslin, from Anse Sévère, La Digue, Seychelles| Duban tsibiri na biyu mafi girma na Seychelles, Praslin, daga Anse Sévère, La Digue, Seychelles
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruwan Tsibirin Silhouette</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153543</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843598</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T18:27:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349019320|Silhouette Island]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tsibirin Silhouette''' yana da {{Cvt|20|km|mi}} arewa maso yammacin Mahé a [[Seychelles]] . Ita ce tsibiri mafi girma na uku a tsibirin granitic a Seychelles. Tana da fadin fili na 20.1&amp;nbsp;kilomita &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; kuma tana da yawan jama'a 200, galibi ma'aikata a tsibirin. Babban mazaunin shine La Passe, inda ''Hilton Hotel'' yake. An ba da sunan Silhouette ne bayan Étienne de Silhouette (1709-1767), ministan kuɗi na Faransa a ƙarƙashin Louis XV .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tsibirin yana da tsaunuka masu tsayin tsaunuka biyar sama da {{Cvt|500|m|ft}} a tsayi; Mont Dauban {{Cvt|751|m|ft}}, Mont-Pot-a-Eau {{Cvt|621|m|ft}}, Gratte Fesse {{Cvt|515|m|ft}}, Mont Corgat {{Cvt|502|m|ft}} da Mont Cocos Marrons {{Cvt|500|m|ft}} . Saboda haka, yana da wasu daga cikin kyawawan wurare na tsibiran.

Duk da cewa suna kama da tsibiran da ke makwabtaka da juna, yawancin Silhouette sun ƙunshi ƙaramin syenite wanda aka kafa tun shekaru miliyan 63 da suka gabata. Tsakanin Point Ramasse Tout da Point Zeng Zeng akwai tokar aman wuta guda ɗaya tilo a Seychelles.

== Alƙaluma ==
Yawan jama'a 200 suna zaune a ƙauyuka 3, Grand Barbe (ba a sake zama a ciki ba), wanda ke bakin teku na yamma, Anse Mondon (ba a sake zama a ciki ba) da La Passe a bakin teku na gabas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Historical Information on Silhouette |url=http://www.vanheygen.com/Silhouette/communities.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606061349/http://www.vanheygen.com/Silhouette/communities.htm |archive-date=6 June 2013 |access-date=7 September 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan kamfanin Ingila ta Gabas ta Indiya, ''Ascension'', su ne mutane na farko da aka sani da suka taka rawa a Silhouette, a shekarar 1609. Charles Oger ne ya ziyarci tsibirin, wanda ya kwace shi da sunan Sarkin Faransa a ranar 28 ga Janairu 1771. Ana tsammanin kaburburan da aka gano a Anse Lascars shaida ce ta baƙi na baya, wataƙila asalin Larabci ne (saboda haka sunan &quot;Lascars&quot;, wanda shine kalmar gida ga Balarabe). Duk da haka, lokacin da aka ɗauki ƙasusuwan kaburburan don bincike, an rubuta su a kusan 1800, kusan lokacin da aka fara zama. Haka kuma, akwai tatsuniya a Seychelles cewa corsair Jean-François Hodoul ya binne taskarsa a Tsibirin Silhouette.

Daga tsakiyar karni na 19 zuwa 1960, tsibirin mallakar dangin Dauban ne, wadanda asalinsu 'yan asalin Faransa ne amma sun zauna a Mauritius a shekarar 1830. Iyalan Dauban ne ke da alhakin samar da manyan gonaki a Silhouette. Akwai wani kabari da aka gina a salon La Madeleine a Paris, Église de la Madeleine, inda aka binne wasu 'yan uwa, ciki har da Auguste Dauban, wanda harkokin kasuwancinsa suka yi yawa har ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da &quot; Rothschild na Tekun Indiya&quot;. Zamanin Dauban ya ƙare lokacin da Henri Dauban ya sayar da tsibirin ga wata ƙungiyar Faransa. Bayan siyan tsibirin da gwamnatin [[Seychelles]] ta yi a shekarar 1983, an gina wani ƙaramin otal. Daga baya aka maye gurbinsa da babban Labriz Resort wanda ƙungiyar otal ɗin Hilton ta saya a lokacin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Official site |url=http://www.hiltonseychelleslabriz.com/silhouette-island.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305173434/http://www.hiltonseychelleslabriz.com/silhouette-island.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake gyara gidan dausayin Dauban kwanan nan, kuma yanzu gidan tarihi ne wanda ke ɗauke da hotuna da yawa na asali na dangin Dauban.

== Flora da fauna ==
Tsibirin Silhouette yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafiya arziki a cikin Tekun Indiya tare da nau'ikan tsire-tsire da dabbobi da yawa da ke fuskantar barazanar rayuwa. Daga cikin mafi mahimmanci akwai jemage mai wutsiya mai hatsarin rayuwa a Seychelles . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Silhouette island |url=http://www.islandbiodiversity.com/silhouette.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404084441/http://islandbiodiversity.com/silhouette.htm |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano kogo biyu masu rai, wani ɓangare na tsarin hanya ɗaya a cikin wani filin dutse. An gano wani rukunin gidaje a shekara ta 2005 kuma an sami jemage 32. Yawancin tsire-tsire 75 ko makamancin haka na tsibiran granitic na Seychelles suna samuwa a Silhouette, wasu daga cikinsu na musamman ne ga tsibirin. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin waɗannan shine Critically Endangered ''Impatiens gordonii'', dangi mai furanni fari na sanannen shukar lambu Busy Lizzie, wanda aka taɓa yin rikodinsa kawai a Mahe da Silhouette. A shekara ta 1987 an ayyana ruwan da ke kewaye da shi a matsayin Wurin Shakatawa na Ƙasa na Ruwa. A shekara ta 2010, an ƙirƙiri Wurin Shakatawa na Ƙasa na Silhouette wanda ke kare kashi 93 cikin ɗari na ƙasar. Tsibirin kuma muhimmin yanki ne na Tsuntsaye kuma ƙungiyar Alliance for Zero Extinction &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.zeroextinction.org/factsheets/silhouette.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929140956/http://www.zeroextinction.org/factsheets/silhouette.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2011 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=www.zeroextinction.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wuri mai mahimmanci don tsira daga nau'ikan halittu masu fuskantar barazanar rayuwa. Ƙungiyar Kula da Tsibiri ce ke kula da kiyaye tsibirin . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Island Conservation Society |url=http://www.islandconservationseychelles.com/silhouette1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020114415/https://www.islandconservationseychelles.com/silhouette1.html |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=28 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Tsibirin Silhouette''' yana da {{Cvt|20|km|mi}} arewa maso yammacin Mahé a [[Seychelles]] . Ita ce tsibiri mafi girma na uku a tsibirin granitic a Seychelles. Tana da fadin fili na 20.1&amp;nbsp;kilomita &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; kuma tana da yawan jama'a 200, galibi ma'aikata a tsibirin. Babban mazaunin shine La Passe, inda ''Hilton Hotel'' yake. An ba da sunan Silhouette ne bayan Étienne de Silhouette (1709-1767), ministan kuɗi na Faransa a ƙarƙashin Louis XV .

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tsibirin yana da tsaunuka masu tsayin tsaunuka biyar sama da {{Cvt|500|m|ft}} a tsayi; Mont Dauban {{Cvt|751|m|ft}}, Mont-Pot-a-Eau {{Cvt|621|m|ft}}, Gratte Fesse {{Cvt|515|m|ft}}, Mont Corgat {{Cvt|502|m|ft}} da Mont Cocos Marrons {{Cvt|500|m|ft}} . Saboda haka, yana da wasu daga cikin kyawawan wurare na tsibiran.

Duk da cewa suna kama da tsibiran da ke makwabtaka da juna, yawancin Silhouette sun ƙunshi ƙaramin syenite wanda aka kafa tun shekaru miliyan 63 da suka gabata. Tsakanin Point Ramasse Tout da Point Zeng Zeng akwai tokar aman wuta guda ɗaya tilo a Seychelles.

== Alƙaluma ==
Yawan jama'a 200 suna zaune a ƙauyuka 3, Grand Barbe (ba a sake zama a ciki ba), wanda ke bakin teku na yamma, Anse Mondon (ba a sake zama a ciki ba) da La Passe a bakin teku na gabas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Historical Information on Silhouette |url=http://www.vanheygen.com/Silhouette/communities.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606061349/http://www.vanheygen.com/Silhouette/communities.htm |archive-date=6 June 2013 |access-date=7 September 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan kamfanin Ingila ta Gabas ta Indiya, ''Ascension'', su ne mutane na farko da aka sani da suka taka rawa a Silhouette, a shekarar 1609. Charles Oger ne ya ziyarci tsibirin, wanda ya kwace shi da sunan Sarkin Faransa a ranar 28 ga Janairu 1771. Ana tsammanin kaburburan da aka gano a Anse Lascars shaida ce ta baƙi na baya, wataƙila asalin Larabci ne (saboda haka sunan &quot;Lascars&quot;, wanda shine kalmar gida ga Balarabe). Duk da haka, lokacin da aka ɗauki ƙasusuwan kaburburan don bincike, an rubuta su a kusan 1800, kusan lokacin da aka fara zama. Haka kuma, akwai tatsuniya a Seychelles cewa corsair Jean-François Hodoul ya binne taskarsa a Tsibirin Silhouette.

Daga tsakiyar karni na 19 zuwa 1960, tsibirin mallakar dangin Dauban ne, wadanda asalinsu 'yan asalin Faransa ne amma sun zauna a Mauritius a shekarar 1830. Iyalan Dauban ne ke da alhakin samar da manyan gonaki a Silhouette. Akwai wani kabari da aka gina a salon La Madeleine a Paris, Église de la Madeleine, inda aka binne wasu 'yan uwa, ciki har da Auguste Dauban, wanda harkokin kasuwancinsa suka yi yawa har ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da &quot; Rothschild na Tekun Indiya&quot;. Zamanin Dauban ya ƙare lokacin da Henri Dauban ya sayar da tsibirin ga wata ƙungiyar Faransa. Bayan siyan tsibirin da gwamnatin [[Seychelles]] ta yi a shekarar 1983, an gina wani ƙaramin otal. Daga baya aka maye gurbinsa da babban Labriz Resort wanda ƙungiyar otal ɗin Hilton ta saya a lokacin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Official site |url=http://www.hiltonseychelleslabriz.com/silhouette-island.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305173434/http://www.hiltonseychelleslabriz.com/silhouette-island.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sake gyara gidan dausayin Dauban kwanan nan, kuma yanzu gidan tarihi ne wanda ke ɗauke da hotuna da yawa na asali na dangin Dauban.

== Flora da fauna ==
Tsibirin Silhouette yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafiya arziki a cikin Tekun Indiya tare da nau'ikan tsire-tsire da dabbobi da yawa da ke fuskantar barazanar rayuwa. Daga cikin mafi mahimmanci akwai jemage mai wutsiya mai hatsarin rayuwa a Seychelles . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Silhouette island |url=http://www.islandbiodiversity.com/silhouette.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404084441/http://islandbiodiversity.com/silhouette.htm |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=28 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gano kogo biyu masu rai, wani ɓangare na tsarin hanya ɗaya a cikin wani filin dutse. An gano wani rukunin gidaje a shekara ta 2005 kuma an sami jemage 32. Yawancin tsire-tsire 75 ko makamancin haka na tsibiran granitic na Seychelles suna samuwa a Silhouette, wasu daga cikinsu na musamman ne ga tsibirin. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin waɗannan shine Critically Endangered ''Impatiens gordonii'', dangi mai furanni fari na sanannen shukar lambu Busy Lizzie, wanda aka taɓa yin rikodinsa kawai a Mahe da Silhouette. A shekara ta 1987 an ayyana ruwan da ke kewaye da shi a matsayin Wurin Shakatawa na Ƙasa na Ruwa. A shekara ta 2010, an ƙirƙiri Wurin Shakatawa na Ƙasa na Silhouette wanda ke kare kashi 93 cikin ɗari na ƙasar. Tsibirin kuma muhimmin yanki ne na Tsuntsaye kuma ƙungiyar Alliance for Zero Extinction &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.zeroextinction.org/factsheets/silhouette.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929140956/http://www.zeroextinction.org/factsheets/silhouette.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2011 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=www.zeroextinction.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wuri mai mahimmanci don tsira daga nau'ikan halittu masu fuskantar barazanar rayuwa. Ƙungiyar Kula da Tsibiri ce ke kula da kiyaye tsibirin . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Island Conservation Society |url=http://www.islandconservationseychelles.com/silhouette1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020114415/https://www.islandconservationseychelles.com/silhouette1.html |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=28 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ewaso Ng'iro</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356152470|Ewaso Ng'iro]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="7060" sha1="ose8aagytucp8n7jkr7oiud7r8d3ydv" xml:space="preserve">'''Ewaso Ng'iro''', wanda kuma ake kira '''Ewaso Nyiro''', kogi ne a [[Kenya]] wanda ke tashi a gefen yamma na [[Dutsen Kenya]] kuma yana kwarara zuwa arewa, sannan gabas sannan daga ƙarshe kudu maso gabas, yana ratsawa ta [[Somaliya]] inda ya haɗu da Kogin Jubba .  Sunan kogin ya samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Maasai|yaren Maasai]] na al'ummar yankin, kuma yana nufin kogin ruwan kasa ko laka. A ƙasan kogin, ana kuma kiransa da rafi mai katsewa a Somaliya '''Lagh Dera''' .

Babban kwarin kogin Ewaso Ng'iro ya kai murabba'in {{Convert|15,200|km2|sqmi}}   . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Makali |first=Samuel |last2=Boniface Kiteme |date=September 2005 |title=The Upper Ewaso Ng’iro Basin, Kenya |url=http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524041456/http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 |archive-date=2007-05-24 |access-date=2007-06-21 |publisher=Network for Water and Sanitation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana da wadatar ruwa akai-akai saboda [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|ƙanƙarar da]] ke kan [[Dutsen Kenya]] . Ewaso Ng'iro yana ratsawa cikin Tafkin Ol Bolossat, tafki ɗaya tilo a Gundumar Nyandarua da kuma babban yankin Tsakiyar Kenya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mulli |first=Thorn |title=Discovering Central Kenya's only natural lake |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000172240/discovering-central-kenya-s-only-natural-lake |access-date=2019-02-23 |website=The Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A wreath for Ewaso Ng'iro |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223134934/https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html |archive-date=2019-02-23 |access-date=2019-02-23 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why lake that feeds Ewaso was declared protected area |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018/02/20/why-lake-that-feeds-ewaso-was-declared-protected-area_c1708470 |access-date=2019-02-23 |website=The Star, Kenya |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya ratsa wurare bakwai masu bushewa zuwa rabin-hazo. Yana da siffofi da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban kuma ya zama muhimmin sashi na rayuwar namun daji, da kuma faɗaɗa yawan jama'a da ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Ruwa, ƙarancin albarkatun ƙasa da ruwan Ewaso Ng'iro ke bayarwa, ba shi da daidaito a duk faɗin yankuna mafi girma da ƙananan yankunan da ke magudanar ruwa saboda yawan kaso da ake buƙata don kula da ayyukan noma da sauyin yanayi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
[[Fayil:EwasoNgiroRiverKenya.jpg|left|thumb|Ewaso Ng'iro in Shaba National Reserve, Kenya]]
Kogin yana jawo namun daji da yawa zuwa gaɓarsa, yana samar da wani wuri mai kore. [[Buffalo Springs National Reserve|Ma'ajiyar ƙasa ta]] [[Tsaro na Kasa na Samburu|Samburu]], [[Shaba National Reserve|Shaba]] da Buffalo Springs a Arewacin Kenya tana cike da namun daji a cikin ƙasa mai bushewa, saboda ruwan kogin. A ƙasan Saricho, kogin ya faɗaɗa zuwa cikin fadamar Lorian, babban yanki na dausayi.  Bambancin muhalli a duk faɗin magudanar ruwa ya keɓance musamman ga magudanar ruwa ta Ewaso Ng'iro, domin ya samo asali ne daga ƙasashe masu ƙarfi na Dutsen Kenya, a yankin Thome na gundumar Nanyuki-Laikipia, wannan yana nufin ainihin wurin farawa na wannan kogin shine ƙauyen Thome inda aka samar da shi ta hanyar haɗuwar Kogin Naromoru, yana samo ruwa daga Dutsen Kenya, da Kogin Ngarinyiru yana samo ruwa daga Aberdares kuma yana gudana a kan gundumomin ƙasa bakwai masu bushewa zuwa rabin-hazo kamar Meru, Laikipia, Samburu, Isiolo, Wajir, Marsabit, da Garissa (Said et al. 14). Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Kenya, yankunan da ruwan Ewaso Ng'iro ya mamaye sun canza mallakar gonaki daga manoman mulkin mallaka zuwa ƙananan manoma. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Yankin ya zama babban tushen samar da amfanin gona ga ƙananan manoma don tallafawa ayyukansu na noma da haɓaka hanyoyin rayuwa. 

Kogin Ewaso Narok yana ɗaya daga cikin magudanan ruwa. Ruwan Thomson's Falls kusa da garin Nyahururu yana kan hanyar Ewaso Narok.

== Samuwar albarkatu ==
&quot;Wadannan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na Kenya ba su kai mita cubic 650 a kowace shekara ba, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙarancin ruwa a duniya&quot; in ji Asusun Raya Afirka (Asusun Raya Afirka na 6). Duk da cewa Ewaso Ng'iro ita ce mafi girma a cikin magudanan ruwa guda biyar a Kenya, ƙarancin albarkatun ƙasa ya zama ruwan dare a cikin 'yan shekarun nan (Said et al. 5).

'''Sauyin Yanayi'''

Magudanan ruwa da ke kwarara zuwa cikin magudanan ruwa sun fara bushewa a hankali, musamman a duk lokacin busasshiyar shekara. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;an buƙata ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; (Mutiga, Su, da Woldai 102). Sauran canje-canje kamar &quot;tsarin ruwan sama da yawa marasa tabbas da raguwar fitar ruwa a lokacin ƙarancin kwararar ruwa&quot; suma suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan dukkan fannoni na magudanar ruwa ta Ewaso Ng'iro (Aeschbacher, Liniger da Weingartner 155,156). Magudanar ruwa galibi tana ta'allaka ne ta hanyar yanayin busasshiyar ƙasa zuwa rabin busasshiyar ƙasa inda matakan ruwan sama da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara suka ragu a tsawon shekaru. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Yayin da rashin daidaiton rarraba ruwa ya zama matsala mai sarkakiya, ikon tallafawa shuke-shuke da namun daji na yanayin halittu zai ragu, kuma yawan jama'a da ci gaban ɗan adam za su fuskanci ƙalubalen dorewa.

'''Tururin Evapotranspiration'''

Irin wannan lamari kamar yadda aka ambata a sama na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da matakan fitar da iska a cikin magudanar ruwa, duk da haka, samun auna kai tsaye na irin waɗannan musayar makamashi ya tabbatar da cewa tsari ne mai wahala da rikitarwa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Dorewar Muhalli ==
Ruwan Ewaso Ng'iro ya mamaye nau'ikan halittu daban-daban tun daga manyan yankuna na Dutsen Kenya zuwa ƙananan yankuna masu bushewa zuwa ƙananan yankuna masu bushewa. Kowace yanayin muhalli tana ba da gudummawa ta musamman ga ƙasa da mutanen Kenya yayin da suke mu'amala da juna don cimma daidaito mai ɗorewa.</text>
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'''Ewaso Ng'iro''', wanda kuma ake kira '''Ewaso Nyiro''', kogi ne a [[Kenya]] wanda ke tashi a gefen yamma na [[Dutsen Kenya]] kuma yana kwarara zuwa arewa, sannan gabas sannan daga ƙarshe kudu maso gabas, yana ratsawa ta [[Somaliya]] inda ya haɗu da Kogin Jubba .  Sunan kogin ya samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Maasai|yaren Maasai]] na al'ummar yankin, kuma yana nufin kogin ruwan kasa ko laka. A ƙasan kogin, ana kuma kiransa da rafi mai katsewa a Somaliya '''Lagh Dera''' .

Babban kwarin kogin Ewaso Ng'iro ya kai murabba'in {{Convert|15,200|km2|sqmi}}   . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Makali |first=Samuel |last2=Boniface Kiteme |date=September 2005 |title=The Upper Ewaso Ng’iro Basin, Kenya |url=http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524041456/http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 |archive-date=2007-05-24 |access-date=2007-06-21 |publisher=Network for Water and Sanitation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana da wadatar ruwa akai-akai saboda [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|ƙanƙarar da]] ke kan [[Dutsen Kenya]] . Ewaso Ng'iro yana ratsawa cikin Tafkin Ol Bolossat, tafki ɗaya tilo a Gundumar Nyandarua da kuma babban yankin Tsakiyar Kenya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mulli |first=Thorn |title=Discovering Central Kenya's only natural lake |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000172240/discovering-central-kenya-s-only-natural-lake |access-date=2019-02-23 |website=The Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A wreath for Ewaso Ng'iro |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223134934/https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html |archive-date=2019-02-23 |access-date=2019-02-23 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why lake that feeds Ewaso was declared protected area |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018/02/20/why-lake-that-feeds-ewaso-was-declared-protected-area_c1708470 |access-date=2019-02-23 |website=The Star, Kenya |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ya ratsa wurare bakwai masu bushewa zuwa rabin-hazo. Yana da siffofi da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban kuma ya zama muhimmin sashi na rayuwar namun daji, da kuma faɗaɗa yawan jama'a da ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Ruwa, ƙarancin albarkatun ƙasa da ruwan Ewaso Ng'iro ke bayarwa, ba shi da daidaito a duk faɗin yankuna mafi girma da ƙananan yankunan da ke magudanar ruwa saboda yawan kaso da ake buƙata don kula da ayyukan noma da sauyin yanayi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
[[Fayil:EwasoNgiroRiverKenya.jpg|left|thumb|Ewaso Ng'iro in Shaba National Reserve, Kenya]]
Kogin yana jawo namun daji da yawa zuwa gaɓarsa, yana samar da wani wuri mai kore. [[Buffalo Springs National Reserve|Ma'ajiyar ƙasa ta]] [[Tsaro na Kasa na Samburu|Samburu]], [[Shaba National Reserve|Shaba]] da Buffalo Springs a Arewacin Kenya tana cike da namun daji a cikin ƙasa mai bushewa, saboda ruwan kogin. A ƙasan Saricho, kogin ya faɗaɗa zuwa cikin fadamar Lorian, babban yanki na dausayi.  Bambancin muhalli a duk faɗin magudanar ruwa ya keɓance musamman ga magudanar ruwa ta Ewaso Ng'iro, domin ya samo asali ne daga ƙasashe masu ƙarfi na Dutsen Kenya, a yankin Thome na gundumar Nanyuki-Laikipia, wannan yana nufin ainihin wurin farawa na wannan kogin shine ƙauyen Thome inda aka samar da shi ta hanyar haɗuwar Kogin Naromoru, yana samo ruwa daga Dutsen Kenya, da Kogin Ngarinyiru yana samo ruwa daga Aberdares kuma yana gudana a kan gundumomin ƙasa bakwai masu bushewa zuwa rabin-hazo kamar Meru, Laikipia, Samburu, Isiolo, Wajir, Marsabit, da Garissa (Said et al. 14). Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Kenya, yankunan da ruwan Ewaso Ng'iro ya mamaye sun canza mallakar gonaki daga manoman mulkin mallaka zuwa ƙananan manoma. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Yankin ya zama babban tushen samar da amfanin gona ga ƙananan manoma don tallafawa ayyukansu na noma da haɓaka hanyoyin rayuwa. 

Kogin Ewaso Narok yana ɗaya daga cikin magudanan ruwa. Ruwan Thomson's Falls kusa da garin Nyahururu yana kan hanyar Ewaso Narok.

== Samuwar albarkatu ==
&quot;Wadannan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa na Kenya ba su kai mita cubic 650 a kowace shekara ba, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙarancin ruwa a duniya&quot; in ji Asusun Raya Afirka (Asusun Raya Afirka na 6). Duk da cewa Ewaso Ng'iro ita ce mafi girma a cikin magudanan ruwa guda biyar a Kenya, ƙarancin albarkatun ƙasa ya zama ruwan dare a cikin 'yan shekarun nan (Said et al. 5).

'''Sauyin Yanayi'''

Magudanan ruwa da ke kwarara zuwa cikin magudanan ruwa sun fara bushewa a hankali, musamman a duk lokacin busasshiyar shekara. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;an buƙata ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; (Mutiga, Su, da Woldai 102). Sauran canje-canje kamar &quot;tsarin ruwan sama da yawa marasa tabbas da raguwar fitar ruwa a lokacin ƙarancin kwararar ruwa&quot; suma suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan dukkan fannoni na magudanar ruwa ta Ewaso Ng'iro (Aeschbacher, Liniger da Weingartner 155,156). Magudanar ruwa galibi tana ta'allaka ne ta hanyar yanayin busasshiyar ƙasa zuwa rabin busasshiyar ƙasa inda matakan ruwan sama da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara suka ragu a tsawon shekaru. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Yayin da rashin daidaiton rarraba ruwa ya zama matsala mai sarkakiya, ikon tallafawa shuke-shuke da namun daji na yanayin halittu zai ragu, kuma yawan jama'a da ci gaban ɗan adam za su fuskanci ƙalubalen dorewa.

'''Tururin Evapotranspiration'''

Irin wannan lamari kamar yadda aka ambata a sama na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da matakan fitar da iska a cikin magudanar ruwa, duk da haka, samun auna kai tsaye na irin waɗannan musayar makamashi ya tabbatar da cewa tsari ne mai wahala da rikitarwa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2026)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Dorewar Muhalli ==
Ruwan Ewaso Ng'iro ya mamaye nau'ikan halittu daban-daban tun daga manyan yankuna na Dutsen Kenya zuwa ƙananan yankuna masu bushewa zuwa ƙananan yankuna masu bushewa. Kowace yanayin muhalli tana ba da gudummawa ta musamman ga ƙasa da mutanen Kenya yayin da suke mu'amala da juna don cimma daidaito mai ɗorewa.
==manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Kogin Jubba</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356466595|Jubba River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Jubba''' ko '''Kogin Juba''' ( Somali  , Italian   ) [[kogi]] ne a kudancin [[Somaliya]] wanda ke ratsa yankin Jubaland . Yana farawa daga kan iyaka da [[Itofiya|Habasha]], inda kogunan [[Kogin Dawa|Dawa]] da [[Ganale Doria River|Ganale Dorya]] suka haɗu, kuma yana gudana kai tsaye zuwa kudu zuwa Tekun Somaliya, inda yake kwarara a mahadar ''Goobweyn'' . Kogin Jubba ya mamaye yanki mai fadin murabba'in {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2}} .     .  Jihar Jubaland ta yankin Somaliya, wacce a da ake kira ''Trans-Juba'', an sanya mata suna ne bayan kogin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Daular Ajuran ===
Kogin Jubba yana da tarihi mai cike da tarihi na wata cibiya mai cike da wayewa da kasuwanci wadda a da ta bunƙasa, wadda manyan 'yan Somaliya suka mamaye ta a kan Kogin Jubba.

A zamanin Tsakiyar Zamani, Kogin Jubba yana ƙarƙashin [[Ajuran Sultanate|Daular Ajuran]] ta yankin Kahon Afirka wadda ta yi amfani da Kogin Jubba don nomanta kuma ita ce kaɗai daular hydraulic a Afirka. Daular hydraulic da ta taso a ƙarni na 13 AD, Ajuran ta mallaki albarkatun ruwa na Kogin Jubba da Shebelle . Ta hanyar injiniyancin hydraulic, ta kuma gina [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyoyi]] da magudanan ruwa da yawa na jihar waɗanda har yanzu suna aiki kuma ana amfani da su a yau. Sarakunanta sun ƙirƙiro sabbin tsare-tsare na noma da haraji, waɗanda aka ci gaba da amfani da su a sassan yankin Kahon Afirka har zuwa ƙarni na 19. 

Ta hanyar ikonsu na rijiyoyin yankin, sarakunan Garen sun mallaki ikon mallakar [[Bararoji|makiyayansu]] yadda ya kamata, domin su ne ɗaya daga cikin ƙalilan daular ruwa a Afirka. An gina manyan rijiyoyi da aka yi da dutse mai daraja a duk faɗin jihar, wanda ya jawo hankalin makiyayan Somaliya da dabbobinsu. Dokokin rijiyoyin da aka tsara sun sauƙaƙa wa makiyaya su warware takaddama ta hanyar kai tambayoyinsu ga jami'an gwamnati waɗanda za su yi aiki a matsayin masu shiga tsakani. Cinikin karafa mai nisa, wanda aka daɗe ana yi a yankin Afirka, ya ci gaba da canzawa a zamanin Ajuran. A yau, tarkace da yawa da garuruwan da aka yi watsi da su a cikin Somaliya da yankin Afirka shaida ne na wata hanyar kasuwanci ta cikin gida da ta taɓa bunƙasa tun daga zamanin da. [ 6 ]

Tare da kulawar da aka yi wa Ajuran, gonakin da ke [[Afgooye|Afgoye]], Bardhere da sauran yankuna a kwarin Jubba da Shebelle sun ƙara yawan amfanin gona. Tsarin magudanar ban ruwa da aka sani da ''Kelliyo'' ya ciyar da amfanin gona kai tsaye daga Kogin Shebelle da Kogin Jubba zuwa gonakin da ake noma [[Sorghum|dawa]], [[masara]], wake, hatsi da auduga a lokacin ''gu'' ( bazara a Somaliya) da kuma lokacin ''xagaa'' ( bazara a Somaliya) na kalandar Somaliya . Wannan tsarin ban ruwa ya sami goyon bayan dikes da madatsun ruwa da yawa. Don tantance matsakaicin girman gona, an kuma ƙirƙiro tsarin auna ƙasa tare da kalmomin da ake amfani da su kamar ''moos'', ''taraab'' da ''guldeed'' .

Cibiyoyin biranen [[Mogadishu]], Merca, Barawa, Kismayo da Hobyo da sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa sun zama wuraren kasuwanci masu riba ga kayayyaki da suka samo asali daga cikin jihar. Al'ummomin manoman Somaliya na yankunan karkara daga kwarin Jubba da Shebelle sun kawo amfanin gonarsu zuwa biranen gabar tekun Somaliya, inda aka sayar da su ga 'yan kasuwa na gida waɗanda ke da kasuwancin ƙasashen waje mai riba tare da jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya zuwa da kuma dawowa daga [[Yankin Larabawa|Arabiya]], [[Iran|Farisa]], [[Indiya]], Venice, [[Misra|Masar]], [[Portugal]], da kuma nesa da [[Java]] da [[Sin|China]] . 

=== Zamani na Zamani ===
Fiye da ƙarni biyu sun shude har sai da Ba’amurken mai binciken Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ya hau kan ƙananan kogin a kan ƙaramin jirgin ruwa mai tururi Welf a shekarar 1863. Ya lalata jirgin ruwan tururi a cikin ruwan da ke sama da Bardhere, inda 'yan asalin ƙasar Somaliya suka kai wa ƙungiyar hari, wanda ya ƙare da mutuwar Baron da wasu uku a cikin ƙungiyarsa. Ba’amurke na farko da ya yi bincike sosai kuma ya kammala hanyar kogin shine mai binciken Italiya Vittorio Bottego wanda Kwamandan Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Burtaniya, FG Dundas, ya halarta. Bottego da tafiyarsa sun yi tafiya mai {{Convert|400|mi|km}} na kogin a shekarar 1891. A lokacin bincikensa, Bottego ya canza sunan babban attajirin Jubba—kogin Ganale—a Ganale Doria bayan shahararren masanin kimiyyar halitta na Italiya Giacomo Doria .  

== Bayani ==
[[Fayil:Bardere.bridge.jpg|alt=|thumb|Gadar da ke kan kogin Jubba a Bardhere .]]
Yankin kwarin Jubba galibi yana da savanna, kuma a fannin muhalli, shine yanki mafi arziki a ƙasar saboda gonakin da yake da wadataccen abinci. Namun daji na asali sun haɗa da raƙuma, cheetahs, [[zaki]], [[damisa]], [[Kura (dabba)|kuraye]], [[Ɓauna|baunas]], dorinar ruwa , kada, oryx, barewa, raƙuma, [[Raƙumi|jiminai]], diloli, da jakuna na Somaliya .

Kogin Jubba ya ba da sunansa ga yankunan Somaliya na Juba da Sama ( Gedo, Bay, Bakool ), Juba ta Tsakiya da Juba ta ƙasa, da kuma babban yankin tarihi na Jubaland . Manyan garuruwan da kogin Jubba ya ratsa sun hada da Dolow, Luuq, Burdhubo, Beled'hawo, Bardheere, Buale, da Goobweyn kusa da kisma .</text>
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'''Kogin Jubba''' ko '''Kogin Juba''' ( Somali  , Italian   ) [[kogi]] ne a kudancin [[Somaliya]] wanda ke ratsa yankin Jubaland . Yana farawa daga kan iyaka da [[Itofiya|Habasha]], inda kogunan [[Kogin Dawa|Dawa]] da [[Ganale Doria River|Ganale Dorya]] suka haɗu, kuma yana gudana kai tsaye zuwa kudu zuwa Tekun Somaliya, inda yake kwarara a mahadar ''Goobweyn'' . Kogin Jubba ya mamaye yanki mai fadin murabba'in {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2}} .     .  Jihar Jubaland ta yankin Somaliya, wacce a da ake kira ''Trans-Juba'', an sanya mata suna ne bayan kogin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Daular Ajuran ===
Kogin Jubba yana da tarihi mai cike da tarihi na wata cibiya mai cike da wayewa da kasuwanci wadda a da ta bunƙasa, wadda manyan 'yan Somaliya suka mamaye ta a kan Kogin Jubba.

A zamanin Tsakiyar Zamani, Kogin Jubba yana ƙarƙashin [[Ajuran Sultanate|Daular Ajuran]] ta yankin Kahon Afirka wadda ta yi amfani da Kogin Jubba don nomanta kuma ita ce kaɗai daular hydraulic a Afirka. Daular hydraulic da ta taso a ƙarni na 13 AD, Ajuran ta mallaki albarkatun ruwa na Kogin Jubba da Shebelle . Ta hanyar injiniyancin hydraulic, ta kuma gina [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyoyi]] da magudanan ruwa da yawa na jihar waɗanda har yanzu suna aiki kuma ana amfani da su a yau. Sarakunanta sun ƙirƙiro sabbin tsare-tsare na noma da haraji, waɗanda aka ci gaba da amfani da su a sassan yankin Kahon Afirka har zuwa ƙarni na 19. 

Ta hanyar ikonsu na rijiyoyin yankin, sarakunan Garen sun mallaki ikon mallakar [[Bararoji|makiyayansu]] yadda ya kamata, domin su ne ɗaya daga cikin ƙalilan daular ruwa a Afirka. An gina manyan rijiyoyi da aka yi da dutse mai daraja a duk faɗin jihar, wanda ya jawo hankalin makiyayan Somaliya da dabbobinsu. Dokokin rijiyoyin da aka tsara sun sauƙaƙa wa makiyaya su warware takaddama ta hanyar kai tambayoyinsu ga jami'an gwamnati waɗanda za su yi aiki a matsayin masu shiga tsakani. Cinikin karafa mai nisa, wanda aka daɗe ana yi a yankin Afirka, ya ci gaba da canzawa a zamanin Ajuran. A yau, tarkace da yawa da garuruwan da aka yi watsi da su a cikin Somaliya da yankin Afirka shaida ne na wata hanyar kasuwanci ta cikin gida da ta taɓa bunƙasa tun daga zamanin da. [ 6 ]

Tare da kulawar da aka yi wa Ajuran, gonakin da ke [[Afgooye|Afgoye]], Bardhere da sauran yankuna a kwarin Jubba da Shebelle sun ƙara yawan amfanin gona. Tsarin magudanar ban ruwa da aka sani da ''Kelliyo'' ya ciyar da amfanin gona kai tsaye daga Kogin Shebelle da Kogin Jubba zuwa gonakin da ake noma [[Sorghum|dawa]], [[masara]], wake, hatsi da auduga a lokacin ''gu'' ( bazara a Somaliya) da kuma lokacin ''xagaa'' ( bazara a Somaliya) na kalandar Somaliya . Wannan tsarin ban ruwa ya sami goyon bayan dikes da madatsun ruwa da yawa. Don tantance matsakaicin girman gona, an kuma ƙirƙiro tsarin auna ƙasa tare da kalmomin da ake amfani da su kamar ''moos'', ''taraab'' da ''guldeed'' .

Cibiyoyin biranen [[Mogadishu]], Merca, Barawa, Kismayo da Hobyo da sauran tashoshin jiragen ruwa sun zama wuraren kasuwanci masu riba ga kayayyaki da suka samo asali daga cikin jihar. Al'ummomin manoman Somaliya na yankunan karkara daga kwarin Jubba da Shebelle sun kawo amfanin gonarsu zuwa biranen gabar tekun Somaliya, inda aka sayar da su ga 'yan kasuwa na gida waɗanda ke da kasuwancin ƙasashen waje mai riba tare da jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya zuwa da kuma dawowa daga [[Yankin Larabawa|Arabiya]], [[Iran|Farisa]], [[Indiya]], Venice, [[Misra|Masar]], [[Portugal]], da kuma nesa da [[Java]] da [[Sin|China]] . 

=== Zamani na Zamani ===
Fiye da ƙarni biyu sun shude har sai da Ba’amurken mai binciken Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ya hau kan ƙananan kogin a kan ƙaramin jirgin ruwa mai tururi Welf a shekarar 1863. Ya lalata jirgin ruwan tururi a cikin ruwan da ke sama da Bardhere, inda 'yan asalin ƙasar Somaliya suka kai wa ƙungiyar hari, wanda ya ƙare da mutuwar Baron da wasu uku a cikin ƙungiyarsa. Ba’amurke na farko da ya yi bincike sosai kuma ya kammala hanyar kogin shine mai binciken Italiya Vittorio Bottego wanda Kwamandan Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Burtaniya, FG Dundas, ya halarta. Bottego da tafiyarsa sun yi tafiya mai {{Convert|400|mi|km}} na kogin a shekarar 1891. A lokacin bincikensa, Bottego ya canza sunan babban attajirin Jubba—kogin Ganale—a Ganale Doria bayan shahararren masanin kimiyyar halitta na Italiya Giacomo Doria .  

== Bayani ==
[[Fayil:Bardere.bridge.jpg|alt=|thumb|Gadar da ke kan kogin Jubba a Bardhere .]]
Yankin kwarin Jubba galibi yana da savanna, kuma a fannin muhalli, shine yanki mafi arziki a ƙasar saboda gonakin da yake da wadataccen abinci. Namun daji na asali sun haɗa da raƙuma, cheetahs, [[zaki]], [[damisa]], [[Kura (dabba)|kuraye]], [[Ɓauna|baunas]], dorinar ruwa , kada, oryx, barewa, raƙuma, [[Raƙumi|jiminai]], diloli, da jakuna na Somaliya .

Kogin Jubba ya ba da sunansa ga yankunan Somaliya na Juba da Sama ( Gedo, Bay, Bakool ), Juba ta Tsakiya da Juba ta ƙasa, da kuma babban yankin tarihi na Jubaland . Manyan garuruwan da kogin Jubba ya ratsa sun hada da Dolow, Luuq, Burdhubo, Beled'hawo, Bardheere, Buale, da Goobweyn kusa da kisma .
==manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Kogin Gamka</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256223201|Gamka River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Gamka''' (Afrikaans: Gamkarivier) kogi ne da ke Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Sunan ' {{Lang|khi|gamka}} ' yana nufin 'Zaki' kuma wataƙila [[mutanen San]] ('yan daji) ne suka sanya masa suna. Kogin ya samo asali ne daga arewacin Beaufort West, gabaɗaya yana kwarara kudu maso yamma zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Gamkapoort.

Manyan rafukan Kogin Gamka, sune [[Kogin Dwyka]], [[Koekemoers River|Kogin Koekemoers]] da [[Leeuw River|Kogin Leeuw]] waɗanda ke tashi a cikin Babban Karoo, suna haɗuwa kuma suna gudana zuwa kudu ta cikin Dutsen Swartberg. Kogin Olifants ya haɗu da Kogin Gamka a kudu da Calitzdorp. Tare waɗannan suka zama Kogin Gourits. 

Kogin Gamka yana gudana daga Arewa maso Gabas na [[Gamka Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Gamka]] da kuma [[Kogin Dwyka]] daga Arewa maso Yamma. Koguna biyu suna gudana zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Gamka daga nan kogin Gamka yana gudana kudu kuma ya zama Kogin Gourits a Calitzdorp, inda yake gudana ta hanyar tsaunukan da aka yi wa laƙabi da Gamkaberg.

== Madatsun ruwa a Kogin Gamka ==

* [[Doornfontein Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Doornfontein]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|4400000|m3}}),
* [[Gamka Dam|Dam ɗin Gamka]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|1800000|m3}}),
* [[Springfontein Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Springfontein]],
* Dam ɗin Leeu-Gamka (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|14300000|m3}}),
* Dam ɗin Gamkapoort (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|44200000|m3}}),
* [[Oukloof Dam|Madatsar ruwan Oukloof]] (mai karfin {{Convert|4200000|m3}}),
* [[Calitzdorp Dam|Dam ɗin Calitzdorp]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|4800000|m3}}),
* [[Tierkloof Dam|Madatsar ruwan Tierkloof]] (mai karfin {{Convert|50000|m3}})

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Gamka''' (Afrikaans: Gamkarivier) kogi ne da ke Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Sunan ' {{Lang|khi|gamka}} ' yana nufin 'Zaki' kuma wataƙila [[mutanen San]] ('yan daji) ne suka sanya masa suna. Kogin ya samo asali ne daga arewacin Beaufort West, gabaɗaya yana kwarara kudu maso yamma zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Gamkapoort.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan rafukan Kogin Gamka, sune [[Kogin Dwyka]], [[Koekemoers River|Kogin Koekemoers]] da [[Leeuw River|Kogin Leeuw]] waɗanda ke tashi a cikin Babban Karoo, suna haɗuwa kuma suna gudana zuwa kudu ta cikin Dutsen Swartberg. Kogin Olifants ya haɗu da Kogin Gamka a kudu da Calitzdorp. Tare waɗannan suka zama Kogin Gourits.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kogin Gamka yana gudana daga Arewa maso Gabas na [[Gamka Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Gamka]] da kuma [[Kogin Dwyka]] daga Arewa maso Yamma. Koguna biyu suna gudana zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Gamka daga nan kogin Gamka yana gudana kudu kuma ya zama Kogin Gourits a Calitzdorp, inda yake gudana ta hanyar tsaunukan da aka yi wa laƙabi da Gamkaberg.

== Madatsun ruwa a Kogin Gamka ==

* [[Doornfontein Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Doornfontein]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|4400000|m3}}),
* [[Gamka Dam|Dam ɗin Gamka]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|1800000|m3}}),
* [[Springfontein Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Springfontein]],
* Dam ɗin Leeu-Gamka (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|14300000|m3}}),
* Dam ɗin Gamkapoort (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|44200000|m3}}),
* [[Oukloof Dam|Madatsar ruwan Oukloof]] (mai karfin {{Convert|4200000|m3}}),
* [[Calitzdorp Dam|Dam ɗin Calitzdorp]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|4800000|m3}}),
* [[Tierkloof Dam|Madatsar ruwan Tierkloof]] (mai karfin {{Convert|50000|m3}})

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Gamka''' (Afrikaans: Gamkarivier) kogi ne da ke Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Sunan ' {{Lang|khi|gamka}} ' yana nufin 'Zaki' kuma wataƙila [[mutanen San]] ('yan daji) ne suka sanya masa suna. Kogin ya samo asali ne daga arewacin Beaufort West, gabaɗaya yana kwarara kudu maso yamma zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Gamkapoort.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan rafukan Kogin Gamka, sune [[Kogin Dwyka]], [[Koekemoers River|Kogin Koekemoers]] da [[Leeuw River|Kogin Leeuw]] waɗanda ke tashi a cikin Babban Karoo, suna haɗuwa kuma suna gudana zuwa kudu ta cikin Dutsen Swartberg. Kogin Olifants ya haɗu da Kogin Gamka a kudu da Calitzdorp. Tare waɗannan suka zama Kogin Gourits.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kogin Gamka yana gudana daga Arewa maso Gabas na [[Gamka Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Gamka]] da kuma [[Kogin Dwyka]] daga Arewa maso Yamma. Koguna biyu suna gudana zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Gamka daga nan kogin Gamka yana gudana kudu kuma ya zama Kogin Gourits a Calitzdorp, inda yake gudana ta hanyar tsaunukan da aka yi wa laƙabi da Gamkaberg.

== Madatsun ruwa a Kogin Gamka ==

* [[Doornfontein Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Doornfontein]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|4400000|m3}}),
* [[Gamka Dam|Dam ɗin Gamka]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|1800000|m3}}),
* [[Springfontein Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Springfontein]],
* Dam ɗin Leeu-Gamka (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|14300000|m3}}),
* Dam ɗin Gamkapoort (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|44200000|m3}}),
* [[Oukloof Dam|Madatsar ruwan Oukloof]] (mai karfin {{Convert|4200000|m3}}),
* [[Calitzdorp Dam|Dam ɗin Calitzdorp]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|4800000|m3}}),
* [[Tierkloof Dam|Madatsar ruwan Tierkloof]] (mai karfin {{Convert|50000|m3}})

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Gamka''' (Afrikaans: Gamkarivier) kogi ne da ke Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sunan ' {{Lang|khi|gamka}} ' yana nufin 'Zaki' kuma wataƙila [[mutanen San]] ('yan daji) ne suka sanya masa suna. Kogin ya samo asali ne daga arewacin Beaufort West, gabaɗaya yana kwarara kudu maso yamma zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Gamkapoort.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan rafukan Kogin Gamka, sune [[Kogin Dwyka]], [[Koekemoers River|Kogin Koekemoers]] da [[Leeuw River|Kogin Leeuw]] waɗanda ke tashi a cikin Babban Karoo, suna haɗuwa kuma suna gudana zuwa kudu ta cikin Dutsen Swartberg. Kogin Olifants ya haɗu da Kogin Gamka a kudu da Calitzdorp. Tare waɗannan suka zama Kogin Gourits.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kogin Gamka yana gudana daga Arewa maso Gabas na [[Gamka Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Gamka]] da kuma [[Kogin Dwyka]] daga Arewa maso Yamma. Koguna biyu suna gudana zuwa Madatsar Ruwa ta Gamka daga nan kogin Gamka yana gudana kudu kuma ya zama Kogin Gourits a Calitzdorp, inda yake gudana ta hanyar tsaunukan da aka yi wa laƙabi da Gamkaberg.

== Madatsun ruwa a Kogin Gamka ==

* [[Doornfontein Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Doornfontein]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|4400000|m3}}),
* [[Gamka Dam|Dam ɗin Gamka]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|1800000|m3}}),
* [[Springfontein Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Springfontein]],
* Dam ɗin Leeu-Gamka (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|14300000|m3}}),
* Dam ɗin Gamkapoort (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|44200000|m3}}),
* [[Oukloof Dam|Madatsar ruwan Oukloof]] (mai karfin {{Convert|4200000|m3}}),
* [[Calitzdorp Dam|Dam ɗin Calitzdorp]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|4800000|m3}}),
* [[Tierkloof Dam|Madatsar ruwan Tierkloof]] (mai karfin {{Convert|50000|m3}})

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hameed Mohammed Yahya Aklan</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341641176|Hameed Mohammed Yahya Aklan]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Hameed M. Aklan ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a fannin kimiyya da kyau a makarantar sakandare ta Omar Al-Mukhtar da ke Sana'a. A shekarar 1987, ya shiga wani shirin Turanci a birnin Cambridge da ke Birtaniya. Bayan ya dawo, an ba shi tallafin karatu don yin karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Karnatak da ke jihar Bangalore a Indiya. Farfesa Dr. Aklan ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Karnataka da digirin farko a fannin likitanci da tiyata a shekarar 1996. Nan take ya koma ƙasarsa don fara aiki a matsayin likita. A shekarar 1996, an ba Farfesa Dr. Aklan lasisin aiki na likitanci, bayan haka aka naɗa shi a Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Yawan Jama'a a shekarar 1997. An naɗa shi a matsayin likita kuma darakta a Cibiyar Lafiya da ke gundumar Hofash, wadda ke lardin Al-Mahweet.

A ƙarshen shekarar 1997, ya shiga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha a matsayin mataimakin malami sannan ya ba da tallafin karatu don kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Masar a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa da Jamhuriyar Masar. A shekara ta 2000, Farfesa Dr. Aklan ya sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Yemen a fannin Radiology ((Matsayin Duban Dan Adam da kuma Kwamfutar Tomography wajen gano raunukan hanta)). Shekaru biyar bayan haka, ya sami digirin digirgir daga [[Jami'ar Suez Canal]], Masar, a fannin Radiology ((Matsayin Duban Dan Adam na Jijiyoyin Koda a fannin tantance marasa lafiya da suka gamu da gazawar koda)). A shekara ta 2008, ya sami difloma ta gaba a fannin jagoranci da kimiyyar gudanarwa don lafiya, wanda USAID ta ba shi tallafi.

== Sana'a ==

* 2009 – 2020: Shugaban Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha, Yemen (USTY). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=عقلان |first=مأرب برس-الإفراج عن رئيس جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا الدكتور حميد |title=الإفراج عن رئيس جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا الدكتور حميد عقلان |url=https://marebpress.net/news_details.php?sid=171905 |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=مأرب برس}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008: Mataimakin Shugaban Harkokin Ilimi a Jami'ar UST
* 2007: Shugaban Sashen Kimiyyar Magunguna da Lafiya a Jami'ar Amurka
* 2005 – 2007: Mataimakin Shugaban Sashen Kimiyyar Likitanci da Lafiya a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha (UST), Yemen.
* 1996–1997: Likitan aikin likita na gaba ɗaya; ya yi aiki a matsayin likita a gundumar Mahweet, Jamhuriyar Yemen.

== Nasarorin ==
Hameed Aklan shine shugaban Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha wadda a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa ta sami kyautar saka hannun jari tsawon shekaru da dama a matsayin jami'a mafi kyau a Yemen, kyautar kirkire-kirkire da kyau a fannin ilimin nesa (ANODE) a 2012 daga Arab Network for Open and Distance Education, memba na Majalisar Duniya don Ilimi Mai Nisa (ICDE) a 2013, matsayi na shida a tsakanin dukkan jami'o'in duniya da na Amurka a cikin aikin injiniyan likitanci wanda ɗaliban jami'o'in injiniya suka gabatar a 2013, takardar shaidar membobi a cikin Association to Advance College College Schools of Business ( AACSB ) a 2013, takardar shaidar godiya da amincewa daga ma'aikatar ilimi mai zurfi da binciken kimiyya - Yemen a ranar 22 ga Yuli 2013 saboda ƙoƙarin da jami'ar ta yi na tsarin ilimi na budewa da nesa. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Farfesa Aklan, Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha (UST-Y), Yemen, ta ga ci gaba a fannoni daban-daban kamar ci gaba da faɗaɗa kayayyakin more rayuwa, buɗe sabbin shirye-shirye da fannoni da ake buƙata don kasuwar aiki a Yemen da yankin. Muhimman abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da shirya Tsarin Dabaru na Jami'a. Zuwa yanzu kashi 80% na manufofin da aka sanya a cikin Tsarin Dabaru na Jami'a an aiwatar da su cikin nasara.

== Membobi ==

* Memba na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Radiology ta Yemen.
* Memba na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Radiology ta Turai
* Memba na Majalisar Koli ta Jami'o'in Yemen, wanda Firayim Minista ke jagoranta.
* Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Jami'o'i Masu Zaman Kansu a Yemen.
* Shugaban Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Zaman Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Larabawa .
* Memba na Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Larabawa.
* Memba na Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Silk Road ta Eurasia (ESRUC).
* Memba na Kwamitin Edita na Mujallar Yemen don Kimiyyar Lafiya
* Memba na kwamitin edita na mujallar likitanci ta Eurasia.
* Memba a kwamitin edita na Mujallar Kwalejin Larabawa.

== Littattafai ==

* {{Cite journal |last=Aklan |first=H.M. |year=2014 |title=Perception of Radiologists about Diagnostic Errors in Radiology in Yemen |url=http://ust.edu/ojs/index.php/yjmp/article/view/777 |journal=Yemeni Journal for Medical Sciences |volume=8}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bamoshmoosh |first=Mohamed |last2=Massetti |first2=L |last3=Aklan |first3=H |last4=Al-Karewany |first4=M |last5=Goshae |first5=H. A |last6=Modesti |first6=P. A |year=2013 |title=Central obesity in Yemeni children: A population based cross-sectional study |journal=World Journal of Cardiology |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=295–304 |doi=10.4330/wjc.v5.i8.295 |pmc=3761183 |pmid=24009819 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nassar |first=Omar H |last2=Aklan |first2=Hameed M |year=2014 |title=Erectile Dysfunction among Yemenis: Does Chewing Khat Play a Role? |journal=The Eurasian Journal of Medicine |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=69–73 |doi=10.5152/eajm.2014.18 |pmc=4261453 |pmid=25610301}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bamoshmoosh |first=Mohamed |last2=Massetti |first2=L |last3=Aklan |first3=H |last4=Al-Karewany |first4=M |last5=Goshae |first5=H. A |last6=Modesti |first6=P. A |year=2013 |title=Central obesity in Yemeni children: A population based cross-sectional study |journal=World Journal of Cardiology |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=295–304 |doi=10.4330/wjc.v5.i8.295 |pmc=3761183 |pmid=24009819 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Modesti |first=Pietro Amedeo |last2=Rapi |first2=Stefano |last3=Bamoshmoosh |first3=Mohamed |last4=Baldereschi |first4=Marzia |last5=Massetti |first5=Luciano |last6=Padeletti |first6=Luigi |last7=Gensini |first7=Gian Franco |last8=Zhao |first8=Dong |last9=Al-Hidabi |first9=Dawood |last10=Al Goshae |first10=Husni |year=2012 |title=Impact of one or two visits strategy on hypertension burden estimation in HYDY, a population-based cross-sectional study: Implications for healthcare resource allocation decision making |journal=BMJ Open |volume=2 |issue=4 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001062 |pmc=3425947 |pmid=22874627 |doi-access=free}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Hameed M. Aklan ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a fannin kimiyya da kyau a makarantar sakandare ta Omar Al-Mukhtar da ke Sana'a. A shekarar 1987, ya shiga wani shirin Turanci a birnin Cambridge da ke Birtaniya. Bayan ya dawo, an ba shi tallafin karatu don yin karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Karnatak da ke jihar Bangalore a Indiya. Farfesa Dr. Aklan ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Karnataka da digirin farko a fannin likitanci da tiyata a shekarar 1996. Nan take ya koma ƙasarsa don fara aiki a matsayin likita. A shekarar 1996, an ba Farfesa Dr. Aklan lasisin aiki na likitanci, bayan haka aka naɗa shi a Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Yawan Jama'a a shekarar 1997. An naɗa shi a matsayin likita kuma darakta a Cibiyar Lafiya da ke gundumar Hofash, wadda ke lardin Al-Mahweet.

A ƙarshen shekarar 1997, ya shiga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha a matsayin mataimakin malami sannan ya ba da tallafin karatu don kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Masar a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa da Jamhuriyar Masar. A shekara ta 2000, Farfesa Dr. Aklan ya sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Yemen a fannin Radiology ((Matsayin Duban Dan Adam da kuma Kwamfutar Tomography wajen gano raunukan hanta)). Shekaru biyar bayan haka, ya sami digirin digirgir daga [[Jami'ar Suez Canal]], Masar, a fannin Radiology ((Matsayin Duban Dan Adam na Jijiyoyin Koda a fannin tantance marasa lafiya da suka gamu da gazawar koda)). A shekara ta 2008, ya sami difloma ta gaba a fannin jagoranci da kimiyyar gudanarwa don lafiya, wanda USAID ta ba shi tallafi.

== Sana'a ==

* 2009 – 2020: Shugaban Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha, Yemen (USTY). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=عقلان |first=مأرب برس-الإفراج عن رئيس جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا الدكتور حميد |title=الإفراج عن رئيس جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا الدكتور حميد عقلان |url=https://marebpress.net/news_details.php?sid=171905 |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=مأرب برس}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008: Mataimakin Shugaban Harkokin Ilimi a Jami'ar UST
* 2007: Shugaban Sashen Kimiyyar Magunguna da Lafiya a Jami'ar Amurka
* 2005 – 2007: Mataimakin Shugaban Sashen Kimiyyar Likitanci da Lafiya a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha (UST), Yemen.
* 1996–1997: Likitan aikin likita na gaba ɗaya; ya yi aiki a matsayin likita a gundumar Mahweet, Jamhuriyar Yemen.

== Nasarorin ==
Hameed Aklan shine shugaban Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha wadda a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa ta sami kyautar saka hannun jari tsawon shekaru da dama a matsayin jami'a mafi kyau a Yemen, kyautar kirkire-kirkire da kyau a fannin ilimin nesa (ANODE) a 2012 daga Arab Network for Open and Distance Education, memba na Majalisar Duniya don Ilimi Mai Nisa (ICDE) a 2013, matsayi na shida a tsakanin dukkan jami'o'in duniya da na Amurka a cikin aikin injiniyan likitanci wanda ɗaliban jami'o'in injiniya suka gabatar a 2013, takardar shaidar membobi a cikin Association to Advance College College Schools of Business ( AACSB ) a 2013, takardar shaidar godiya da amincewa daga ma'aikatar ilimi mai zurfi da binciken kimiyya - Yemen a ranar 22 ga Yuli 2013 saboda ƙoƙarin da jami'ar ta yi na tsarin ilimi na budewa da nesa. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Farfesa Aklan, Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha (UST-Y), Yemen, ta ga ci gaba a fannoni daban-daban kamar ci gaba da faɗaɗa kayayyakin more rayuwa, buɗe sabbin shirye-shirye da fannoni da ake buƙata don kasuwar aiki a Yemen da yankin. Muhimman abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da shirya Tsarin Dabaru na Jami'a. Zuwa yanzu kashi 80% na manufofin da aka sanya a cikin Tsarin Dabaru na Jami'a an aiwatar da su cikin nasara.

== Membobi ==

* Memba na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Radiology ta Yemen.
* Memba na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Radiology ta Turai
* Memba na Majalisar Koli ta Jami'o'in Yemen, wanda Firayim Minista ke jagoranta.
* Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Jami'o'i Masu Zaman Kansu a Yemen.
* Shugaban Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Zaman Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Larabawa .
* Memba na Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Larabawa.
* Memba na Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Silk Road ta Eurasia (ESRUC).
* Memba na Kwamitin Edita na Mujallar Yemen don Kimiyyar Lafiya
* Memba na kwamitin edita na mujallar likitanci ta Eurasia.
* Memba a kwamitin edita na Mujallar Kwalejin Larabawa.

== Littattafai ==

* {{Cite journal |last=Aklan |first=H.M. |year=2014 |title=Perception of Radiologists about Diagnostic Errors in Radiology in Yemen |url=http://ust.edu/ojs/index.php/yjmp/article/view/777 |journal=Yemeni Journal for Medical Sciences |volume=8}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bamoshmoosh |first=Mohamed |last2=Massetti |first2=L |last3=Aklan |first3=H |last4=Al-Karewany |first4=M |last5=Goshae |first5=H. A |last6=Modesti |first6=P. A |year=2013 |title=Central obesity in Yemeni children: A population based cross-sectional study |journal=World Journal of Cardiology |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=295–304 |doi=10.4330/wjc.v5.i8.295 |pmc=3761183 |pmid=24009819 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Nassar |first=Omar H |last2=Aklan |first2=Hameed M |year=2014 |title=Erectile Dysfunction among Yemenis: Does Chewing Khat Play a Role? |journal=The Eurasian Journal of Medicine |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=69–73 |doi=10.5152/eajm.2014.18 |pmc=4261453 |pmid=25610301}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bamoshmoosh |first=Mohamed |last2=Massetti |first2=L |last3=Aklan |first3=H |last4=Al-Karewany |first4=M |last5=Goshae |first5=H. A |last6=Modesti |first6=P. A |year=2013 |title=Central obesity in Yemeni children: A population based cross-sectional study |journal=World Journal of Cardiology |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=295–304 |doi=10.4330/wjc.v5.i8.295 |pmc=3761183 |pmid=24009819 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Modesti |first=Pietro Amedeo |last2=Rapi |first2=Stefano |last3=Bamoshmoosh |first3=Mohamed |last4=Baldereschi |first4=Marzia |last5=Massetti |first5=Luciano |last6=Padeletti |first6=Luigi |last7=Gensini |first7=Gian Franco |last8=Zhao |first8=Dong |last9=Al-Hidabi |first9=Dawood |last10=Al Goshae |first10=Husni |year=2012 |title=Impact of one or two visits strategy on hypertension burden estimation in HYDY, a population-based cross-sectional study: Implications for healthcare resource allocation decision making |journal=BMJ Open |volume=2 |issue=4 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001062 |pmc=3425947 |pmid=22874627 |doi-access=free}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>is9utaw5hjple8d95kxarxa3i39jy6s</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nikos Psyroukis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1114797401|Nikos Psyroukis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843619</origin>
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      <text bytes="1285" sha1="6oktfmjm2ahxmu5c71i2sc5pmy3mtxn" xml:space="preserve">'''Nikos Psyroukis''' (Girkanci:Νίκος Ψυρούκης; 1926 - 6 Yuli 2003) marubucin Girka ne, ɗan jarida kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana tarihi na Marxist na Girka na zamani. 

An haife shi a Ismailia a [[Misra|Masar]] kuma ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Charles, Czechoslovakia . A shekarar 1956 ya kare takardar digirin digirgir a kan &quot; Bala'in Asiya Minor &quot;. Ya koma [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] a shekarar 1961 inda ya yi aiki a jaridar &quot;Naftergatiki-Naftemporiki&quot; da kuma mujallar &quot;Istoriki Epitheorisi&quot;. A shekarar 1967, a lokacin mulkin soja na Girka, an kai shi da matarsa zuwa tsibirin Gioura .

== Littattafai ==
Ya rubuta littattafai ashirin da biyar da suka hada da &quot;Istoria tis Syghronis Elladas, 1940-1974&quot;; &quot;Deyteros Pagkosmios Polemos&quot;; &quot;Ya Neoapoikismos&quot;; &quot;Oi Taxikoi Agones stin Epohi tou Kapitalismou&quot;; &quot;Zuwa Kypriako Drama&quot;; &quot;Ya Epikouros ki i Epohi mas&quot;; &quot;Istorikos Horos ki Ellada&quot;; &quot;Neoelliniki Eksoteriki Siyasa&quot;; &quot;I Entaxi tis Elladas stin EOK&quot;; &quot;Istoria tis Apoikiokratias&quot;; &quot;Ya Fasismos ki h 4i Augoustou&quot;; &quot;Zuwa Neoelliniko Paroikiako Phainomeno&quot;; &quot;I Diamaxi sto Aigaio&quot;; &quot;Zuwa Kypriako Zitima&quot;; da &quot;I Mikrasiatiki Katastrophi, 1918-1923: I Engis Anatoli meta ton Prōto Pankosmio Polemo&quot;.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2003]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rafic Nahra</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302606543|Rafic Nahra]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Rafic Nahra''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Janairu 1959) bishop ne na Faransa-Lubnan &lt;ref name=&quot;collegedb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 August 2015 |title=Nahra P. Rafic |url=https://www.collegedesbernardins.fr/intervenants/nahra-p-rafic}}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]], wanda ke aiki a matsayin babban firist na Isra'ila kuma bishop na mataimakin firist na Latin Patriarchate na Urushalima . Daga 2017 zuwa 2021, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban firist na Katolika na Ibrananci . Ya kasance babban firist na [[Isra'ila]], wanda ke zaune a Nazaret, tun daga watan Agusta 2021, kuma babban bishop na Latin Patriarchate na Urushalima tun daga 11 Maris 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Appointment of two new bishops for the diocese of Jerusalem |url=https://www.lpj.org/posts/appointment-of-two-new-bishops-for-the-diocese-of-jerusalem.html |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haife shi a ranar 27 ga Janairun 1959 a Ismailia, &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curia |url=https://www.lpj.org/curia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217044056/https://www.lpj.org/curia |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=23 December 2022 |publisher=Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Misra|Masar]], daga dangin Lebanon, Rafic Nahra ya girma a [[Lebanon]] kuma ya koma [[Faransa]] yana da shekaru 20, inda ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin injiniya a shekarar 1985 daga École des Ponts et Chaussées, wata sana'a da ya shafe shekaru biyu a Geodia Institute. &lt;ref name=&quot;collegedb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 August 2015 |title=Nahra P. Rafic |url=https://www.collegedesbernardins.fr/intervenants/nahra-p-rafic}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.collegedesbernardins.fr/intervenants/nahra-p-rafic &quot;Nahra P. Rafic&quot;]. 12 August 2015.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1987, ya shiga makarantar hauza da ke babban birnin Faransa, aka kuma tura shi [[Rum|Rome]] don yin karatun addini. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin tauhidi a shekarar 1991 daga Jami'ar Gregorian, sannan a shekarar 1994 ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin tsarki daga Cibiyar Littafi Mai Tsarki da ke Rome. A cikin tsarin karatunsa, an tura shi [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] daga watan Fabrairu zuwa Satumba na 1993.

An naɗa shi firist a cocin Paris a shekarar 1992, ta hannun Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger, kuma an tura shi zuwa ayyukan ibada daban-daban na fastoci da na ilimi. Daga 1994 zuwa 2001, ya kasance darektan ruhaniya a &quot;Maison Saint-Augustin&quot; kuma ya koyar da tafsirin Littafi Mai Tsarki a École Cathédrale na Paris. Daga 2001 zuwa 2004 ya zama vicar a cocin St François de Molitor, yayin da yake koyar da tafsirin Littafi Mai Tsarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, ya koma [[Ƙasa mai Tsarki|Ƙasa Mai Tsarki]] don neman digiri na biyu a fannin Tunanin Yahudawa a [[Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus|Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima]] . A wannan lokacin, ya yi hidima a cocin Maronite da ke Urushalima kuma ya fara hidimarsa ta fasto a Saint James Vicariate don Katolika masu magana da Ibrananci har zuwa 2007.

Daga Satumba 2007 zuwa Satumba 2011, ya yi watanni shida a shekara a matsayin babban firist a Parish Saint-Augustin, yayin da yake koyarwa da kuma kula da sashen bincike na &quot;Yahudanci da Kiristanci&quot; a Kwalejin Bernardins da ke [[Faris|Paris]], kuma ya shafe sauran watanni shida yana hidimar fasto a Saint James Vicariate, yayin da yake shirya digirin digirgir na Falsafa, a cikin adabin Yahudanci da Larabci, a [[Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus|Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima]] . Daga 2011 zuwa 2014, ya mai da hankali kan karatun digirin digirgir wanda ya kammala a 2016.

Daga watan Satumba na 2014, an naɗa shi firist na cocin Katolika na Urushalima mai magana da Ibrananci, wanda wurin taruwarsa yana cikin gidan sufi na St. Simeon da Anna.

Lokacin da Fada David Neuhaus ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na babban firist a watan Satumba na 2017, an naɗa shi ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin mai kula da harkokin kiwon dabbobi na 'yan cirani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2018 |title=Asylum-seekers: Fr Rafic Nahra, &quot;Israel knows what it means to be enslaved and attain freedom. Give dignity to these people&quot; |url=https://www.agensir.it/mondo/2018/04/04/asylum-seekers-fr-rafic-nahra-israel-knows-what-it-means-to-be-enslaved-and-attain-freedom-give-dignity-to-these-people/ |website=[[AgenSIR]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2017, Mai Gudanar da Fada na Latin Patriarchate na Urushalima, Archbishop Pierbattista Pizzaballa, ya naɗa shi a matsayin Fada na Fada na Saint James Vicariate ga Katolika masu jin Ibrananci a Isra'ila &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rafic Nahra officiellement vicaire patriarcal de la Kehilla |url=https://www.terresainte.net/2017/10/rafic-nahra-officiellement-vicaire-patriarcal-de-la-kehilla/#}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Un nouveau vicaire pour les catholiques hébréophones de Jérusalem |url=https://fr.timesofisrael.com/un-nouveau-vicaire-pour-les-catholiques-hebreophones-de-jerusalem/}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma, daga Pentecost 2018, a matsayin Fada na Fada na Fada na Fada na Masu Shige da Fice da Masu Neman Mafaka a Isra'ila. 

Bugu da ƙari, Fada Rafic Nahra yana jin harsuna biyar: [[Larabci]], [[Ibrananci]], [[Faransanci]], [[Turanci]] da [[Italiyanci]] .

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]</text>
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        <id>44591</id>
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      <text bytes="5350" sha1="lfi3jfy2vvfvdcouikg5owzorg3fzv8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Rafic Nahra''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Janairu 1959) bishop ne na Faransa-Lubnan &lt;ref name=&quot;collegedb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 August 2015 |title=Nahra P. Rafic |url=https://www.collegedesbernardins.fr/intervenants/nahra-p-rafic}}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]], wanda ke aiki a matsayin babban firist na Isra'ila kuma bishop na mataimakin firist na Latin Patriarchate na Urushalima . Daga 2017 zuwa 2021, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban firist na Katolika na Ibrananci . Ya kasance babban firist na [[Isra'ila]], wanda ke zaune a Nazaret, tun daga watan Agusta 2021, kuma babban bishop na Latin Patriarchate na Urushalima tun daga 11 Maris 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Appointment of two new bishops for the diocese of Jerusalem |url=https://www.lpj.org/posts/appointment-of-two-new-bishops-for-the-diocese-of-jerusalem.html |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haife shi a ranar 27 ga Janairun 1959 a Ismailia, &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Curia |url=https://www.lpj.org/curia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217044056/https://www.lpj.org/curia |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=23 December 2022 |publisher=Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Misra|Masar]], daga dangin Lebanon, Rafic Nahra ya girma a [[Lebanon]] kuma ya koma [[Faransa]] yana da shekaru 20, inda ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin injiniya a shekarar 1985 daga École des Ponts et Chaussées, wata sana'a da ya shafe shekaru biyu a Geodia Institute. &lt;ref name=&quot;collegedb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 August 2015 |title=Nahra P. Rafic |url=https://www.collegedesbernardins.fr/intervenants/nahra-p-rafic}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.collegedesbernardins.fr/intervenants/nahra-p-rafic &quot;Nahra P. Rafic&quot;]. 12 August 2015.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1987, ya shiga makarantar hauza da ke babban birnin Faransa, aka kuma tura shi [[Rum|Rome]] don yin karatun addini. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin tauhidi a shekarar 1991 daga Jami'ar Gregorian, sannan a shekarar 1994 ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin tsarki daga Cibiyar Littafi Mai Tsarki da ke Rome. A cikin tsarin karatunsa, an tura shi [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]] daga watan Fabrairu zuwa Satumba na 1993.

An naɗa shi firist a cocin Paris a shekarar 1992, ta hannun Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger, kuma an tura shi zuwa ayyukan ibada daban-daban na fastoci da na ilimi. Daga 1994 zuwa 2001, ya kasance darektan ruhaniya a &quot;Maison Saint-Augustin&quot; kuma ya koyar da tafsirin Littafi Mai Tsarki a École Cathédrale na Paris. Daga 2001 zuwa 2004 ya zama vicar a cocin St François de Molitor, yayin da yake koyar da tafsirin Littafi Mai Tsarki. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, ya koma [[Ƙasa mai Tsarki|Ƙasa Mai Tsarki]] don neman digiri na biyu a fannin Tunanin Yahudawa a [[Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus|Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima]] . A wannan lokacin, ya yi hidima a cocin Maronite da ke Urushalima kuma ya fara hidimarsa ta fasto a Saint James Vicariate don Katolika masu magana da Ibrananci har zuwa 2007.

Daga Satumba 2007 zuwa Satumba 2011, ya yi watanni shida a shekara a matsayin babban firist a Parish Saint-Augustin, yayin da yake koyarwa da kuma kula da sashen bincike na &quot;Yahudanci da Kiristanci&quot; a Kwalejin Bernardins da ke [[Faris|Paris]], kuma ya shafe sauran watanni shida yana hidimar fasto a Saint James Vicariate, yayin da yake shirya digirin digirgir na Falsafa, a cikin adabin Yahudanci da Larabci, a [[Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus|Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima]] . Daga 2011 zuwa 2014, ya mai da hankali kan karatun digirin digirgir wanda ya kammala a 2016.

Daga watan Satumba na 2014, an naɗa shi firist na cocin Katolika na Urushalima mai magana da Ibrananci, wanda wurin taruwarsa yana cikin gidan sufi na St. Simeon da Anna.

Lokacin da Fada David Neuhaus ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na babban firist a watan Satumba na 2017, an naɗa shi ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin mai kula da harkokin kiwon dabbobi na 'yan cirani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 April 2018 |title=Asylum-seekers: Fr Rafic Nahra, &quot;Israel knows what it means to be enslaved and attain freedom. Give dignity to these people&quot; |url=https://www.agensir.it/mondo/2018/04/04/asylum-seekers-fr-rafic-nahra-israel-knows-what-it-means-to-be-enslaved-and-attain-freedom-give-dignity-to-these-people/ |website=[[AgenSIR]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2017, Mai Gudanar da Fada na Latin Patriarchate na Urushalima, Archbishop Pierbattista Pizzaballa, ya naɗa shi a matsayin Fada na Fada na Saint James Vicariate ga Katolika masu jin Ibrananci a Isra'ila &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rafic Nahra officiellement vicaire patriarcal de la Kehilla |url=https://www.terresainte.net/2017/10/rafic-nahra-officiellement-vicaire-patriarcal-de-la-kehilla/#}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Un nouveau vicaire pour les catholiques hébréophones de Jérusalem |url=https://fr.timesofisrael.com/un-nouveau-vicaire-pour-les-catholiques-hebreophones-de-jerusalem/}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma, daga Pentecost 2018, a matsayin Fada na Fada na Fada na Fada na Masu Shige da Fice da Masu Neman Mafaka a Isra'ila. 

Bugu da ƙari, Fada Rafic Nahra yana jin harsuna biyar: [[Larabci]], [[Ibrananci]], [[Faransanci]], [[Turanci]] da [[Italiyanci]] .

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]</text>
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'''National Football League''' ('''NFL''') ita ce babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka ta ƙwararru a ƙasar Amurka. Ana ɗaukarta a matsayin mafi girman matakin wasan ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka a duniya. Gasar tana da ƙungiyoyi 32 waɗanda aka raba zuwa manyan rukuni biyu: '''American Football Conference''' (AFC) da '''National Football Conference''' (NFC).

NFL tana daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin wasanni masu samun kuɗaɗen shiga mafi yawa a duniya, kuma wasan ƙarshe nata, '''Super Bowl''', yana daga cikin abubuwan wasanni da suka fi samun masu kallo a duniya.

== Tarihi ==

An kafa NFL a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1920 da sunan '''American Professional Football Association''' (APFA) a Canton, Ohio. A shekarar 1922 ne aka sauya sunan zuwa National Football League (NFL).

A farkon shekarunta, ƙungiyoyi da dama sun shiga kuma suka fita daga gasar. Zuwa shekarun 1950 NFL ta zama babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka.

A shekarar 1960 an kafa wata gasa mai hamayya da ita mai suna '''American Football League''' (AFL). Bayan shekaru da dama na gasa tsakanin AFL da NFL, an haɗe su gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1970, wanda ya haifar da tsarin AFC da NFC da ake amfani da shi a yau.

== Tsarin Gasar ==

NFL tana da ƙungiyoyi 32 da aka raba kamar haka:

=== American Football Conference (AFC) ===

* AFC East
* AFC North
* AFC South
* AFC West

=== National Football Conference (NFC) ===

* NFC East
* NFC North
* NFC South
* NFC West

Kowane rukuni yana da ƙungiyoyi huɗu.

== Lokacin Wasanni ==

NFL tana gudanar da:

* Preseason
* Regular Season
* Playoffs
* Super Bowl

Regular season yawanci tana ƙunshe da wasanni 17 ga kowace ƙungiya.

== Super Bowl ==

'''Super Bowl''' shi ne wasan ƙarshe na NFL wanda ke haɗa zakaran AFC da zakaran NFC.

Wasan ya fara ne a shekarar 1967 bayan yarjejeniyar haɗewar AFL da NFL. Super Bowl ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan wasanni da nishaɗi a duniya.

== Kwamishinoni ==

Waɗanda suka jagoranci NFL sun haɗa da:

* Jim Thorpe (1920–1921)
* Joseph Carr (1921–1939)
* Elmer Layden (1941–1946)
* Bert Bell (1946–1959)
* Pete Rozelle (1960–1989)
* Paul Tagliabue (1989–2006)
* Roger Goodell (2006–zuwa yanzu)

== Fitattun Ƙungiyoyi ==

Wasu daga cikin fitattun ƙungiyoyin NFL sun haɗa da:

* [[Dallas Cowboys]]
* [[New England Patriots]]
* [[Green Bay Packers]]
* [[Pittsburgh Steelers]]
* [[Kansas City Chiefs]]
* [[San Francisco 49ers]]
* [[Atlanta Falcons]]
* [[Jacksonville Jaguars]]

== Fitattun 'Yan Wasa ==

NFL ta samar da shahararrun 'yan wasa da suka haɗa da:

* Tom Brady
* Jerry Rice
* Joe Montana
* Peyton Manning
* Patrick Mahomes
* Walter Payton
* Reggie White

== Tattalin Arziki da Tasiri ==

NFL tana samar da biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara ta hanyar:

* Haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye
* Tallace-tallace
* Tikitin shiga filayen wasa
* Kayayyakin ƙungiyoyi

Ana kallon wasannin NFL a ƙasashe da dama a duniya, kuma gasar tana ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa shahararta a Turai, Asiya da Afirka.

== Alaƙa da Najeriya ==

'Yan wasa da dama masu asalin Najeriya sun taka rawa a NFL, ciki har da:

* Osi Umenyiora
* Christian Okoye
* Nnamdi Asomugha
* Ruke Orhorhoro
* Odafe Oweh

Wadannan 'yan wasa sun taimaka wajen ƙara shaharar NFL tsakanin 'yan Najeriya.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[American Football Conference]]
* [[National Football Conference]]
* [[Super Bowl]]
* [[Atlanta Falcons]]
* [[Jacksonville Jaguars]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

=== Littattafai ===

* Peterson, Robert W. ''Pigskin: The Early Years of Pro Football''. Oxford University Press.
* MacCambridge, Michael. ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''.
* NFL Record and Fact Book.

== Hanyoyin Waje ==

* [https://www.nfl.com Shafin hukuma na NFL]
* [https://operations.nfl.com NFL Operations]
* [https://www.profootballhof.com Pro Football Hall of Fame]

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Football League}}

[[Category:National Football League]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 1920]]
[[Category:American football leagues]]
[[Category:Sports organizations of the United States]]
[[Category:1920 establishments in the United States]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Clemson Tigers football</title>
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'''Clemson Tigers football''' ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka ce da ke wakiltar Jami'ar Clemson a Clemson, South Carolina, Amurka. Ƙungiyar tana fafatawa a gasar kwalejojin Amurka ta NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) kuma memba ce ta Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC).

An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 1896 kuma tana daga cikin fitattun ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafar jami'o'i a Amurka. Clemson Tigers ta samar da fitattun 'yan wasa da dama waɗanda suka ci gaba zuwa National Football League (NFL), ciki har da Trevor Lawrence, Deshaun Watson da Ruke Orhorhoro.

== Tarihi ==

An fara ƙungiyar Clemson Tigers football a shekarar 1896 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Walter Riggs, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mahaifin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Clemson.

A farkon shekarunta ƙungiyar ta kasance cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin kudancin Amurka, amma daga baya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin NCAA.

== Dabo Swinney Era ==

A shekarar 2008, Clemson ta naɗa Dabo Swinney a matsayin babban koci. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, ƙungiyar ta samu gagarumar nasara tare da zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi a ƙasar.

Ta lashe National Championship sau biyu a shekarun:

* 2016
* 2018

Haka kuma ta kai wasan ƙarshe na College Football Playoff sau da dama.

== Filin Wasa ==

Clemson Tigers tana buga wasanninta na gida a '''Memorial Stadium''', wanda aka fi sani da ''Death Valley''.

Filin yana cikin Clemson, South Carolina kuma yana ɗaukar sama da mutane 81,000.

Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin filayen wasan kwaleji mafi tsoro ga baƙi a Amurka.

== Nasarori ==

=== National Championships ===

* 1981
* 2016
* 2018

=== ACC Championships ===

Clemson Tigers ta lashe kofin ACC sau da dama tun bayan kafa gasar.

=== Bowl Games ===

Ƙungiyar ta shiga manyan bowl games da dama ciki har da:

* Orange Bowl
* Sugar Bowl
* Fiesta Bowl
* Cotton Bowl

== Fitattun 'Yan Wasa ==

Wasu daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan Clemson Tigers sun haɗa da:

* Trevor Lawrence
* Deshaun Watson
* C.J. Spiller
* DeAndre Hopkins
* Sammy Watkins
* Dexter Lawrence
* Christian Wilkins
* Ruke Orhorhoro

== Ruke Orhorhoro a Clemson ==

Ruke Orhorhoro ya wakilci Clemson Tigers daga shekarar 2019 zuwa 2023.

A matsayinsa na defensive tackle, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kariya na ƙungiyar. A shekarar 2023 ya samu girmamawar Third-Team All-ACC kafin daga bisani Atlanta Falcons ta zaɓe shi a NFL Draft na 2024.

== Al'adu da Magoya Baya ==

Clemson Tigers tana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan magoya baya a wasannin jami'o'in Amurka.

Daya daga cikin al'adun ƙungiyar da suka fi shahara shi ne:

* Running Down the Hill
* Howard's Rock

Waɗannan al'adu suna daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi jan hankalin masu kallon wasannin kwalejoji.

== Duba Kuma ==

* [[Clemson University]]
* [[Atlantic Coast Conference]]
* [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]]
* [[National Football League]]
* [[Ruke Orhorhoro]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

=== Littattafai ===

* Shakin, Bill. ''Clemson: Where the Tigers Play''.
* Clemson Athletic Department Media Guide.
* NCAA Football Records Book.

== Hanyoyin Waje ==

* [https://clemsontigers.com Official Clemson Tigers Athletics Website]
* [https://www.ncaa.com NCAA Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clemson Tigers football}}
[[Category:College football teams in the United States]]
[[Category:Clemson University]]
[[Category:Atlantic Coast Conference]]
[[Category:Sports clubs established in 1896]]
[[Category:1896 establishments in the United States]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Gourits</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T20:44:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256263536|Gourits River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Gourits'''  wani lokacin ana rubuta shi 'Kogin Gouritz', yana cikin Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. 

Kogin Gourits yana gudana ne daga mahaɗin [[Kogin Gamka]] da Kogin Olifants kuma Kogin Groot ya haɗu da shi, kafin ya ratsa tsaunukan Langeberg da kuma filayen bakin teku. Daga ƙarshe ya ratsa cikin teku ta cikin [[Gourits Estuary]] kusa da Gouritsmond. 

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
Gourits RiverGourits RiverGourits RiverGourits RiverGourits RiverGourits RiverGourits RiverGourits River</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
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'''Kogin Gourits'''  wani lokacin ana rubuta shi 'Kogin Gouritz', yana cikin Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. 

Kogin Gourits yana gudana ne daga mahaɗin [[Kogin Gamka]] da Kogin Olifants kuma Kogin Groot ya haɗu da shi, kafin ya ratsa tsaunukan Langeberg da kuma filayen bakin teku. Daga ƙarshe ya ratsa cikin teku ta cikin [[Gourits Estuary]] kusa da Gouritsmond. 

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>843630</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T20:47:31Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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'''Kogin Gourits'''  wani lokacin ana rubuta shi 'Kogin Gouritz', yana cikin Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0038-23532009000100019&amp;script=sci_arttext Water resources in the Klein Karoo: the challenge of sustainable development in a water-scarce area]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kogin Gourits yana gudana ne daga mahaɗin [[Kogin Gamka]] da Kogin Olifants kuma Kogin Groot ya haɗu da shi, kafin ya ratsa tsaunukan Langeberg da kuma filayen bakin teku.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0038-23532009000100019&amp;script=sci_arttext Water resources in the Klein Karoo: the challenge of sustainable development in a water-scarce area]&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe ya ratsa cikin teku ta cikin [[Gourits Estuary]] kusa da Gouritsmond.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>843634</id>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Gourits'''  wani lokacin ana rubuta shi 'Kogin Gouritz', yana cikin Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0038-23532009000100019&amp;script=sci_arttext Water resources in the Klein Karoo: the challenge of sustainable development in a water-scarce area]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Kogin Gourits yana gudana ne daga mahaɗin [[Kogin Gamka]] da Kogin Olifants kuma Kogin Groot ya haɗu da shi, kafin ya ratsa tsaunukan Langeberg da kuma filayen bakin teku.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0038-23532009000100019&amp;script=sci_arttext Water resources in the Klein Karoo: the challenge of sustainable development in a water-scarce area]&lt;/ref&gt; Daga ƙarshe ya ratsa cikin teku ta cikin [[Gourits Estuary]] kusa da Gouritsmond.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dallas Cowboys</title>
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'''Dallas Cowboys''' ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka ce da ke Arlington, Texas, Amurka. Ƙungiyar tana fafatawa a cikin [[National Football League]] (NFL) a matsayin memba na [[National Football Conference]] (NFC) East Division.

An kafa Dallas Cowboys a shekarar 1960 a matsayin ƙungiyar faɗaɗa (expansion team) ta NFL. Tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin wasanni mafi shahara da mafi daraja a duniya, kuma ana yi mata laƙabi da '''&quot;America's Team&quot;'''.

== Tarihi ==

=== Kafuwa ===

An kafa Dallas Cowboys a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 1960 lokacin da NFL ta ba birnin Dallas damar mallakar sabuwar ƙungiya.

Clint Murchison Jr. shi ne mamallakin farko na ƙungiyar, yayin da Tom Landry ya zama babban koci na farko.

=== Zamanin Tom Landry ===

Tom Landry ya jagoranci Cowboys daga 1960 zuwa 1988, wanda ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu horarwa a tarihin NFL.

A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, Dallas Cowboys ta kai Super Bowl sau da dama kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi samun nasara a shekarun 1970.

=== Zamanin Jerry Jones ===

A shekarar 1989, attajiri Jerry Jones ya sayi ƙungiyar.

Bayan sayen ƙungiyar, Jones ya naɗa Jimmy Johnson a matsayin babban koci, wanda ya taimaka wajen gina sabuwar ƙungiya mai ƙarfi.

A shekarun 1990 Dallas Cowboys ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi rinjaye a NFL.

== Nasarori ==

=== Super Bowl Championships ===

Dallas Cowboys ta lashe Super Bowl sau biyar:

* Super Bowl VI (1971)
* Super Bowl XII (1977)
* Super Bowl XXVII (1992)
* Super Bowl XXVIII (1993)
* Super Bowl XXX (1995)

Wannan ya sanya ta cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi lashe Super Bowl a tarihin NFL.

=== NFC Championships ===

* Zakaran NFC sau 8

=== Division Championships ===

* Zakaran NFC East sau da dama tun bayan kafuwarta.

== Filin Wasa ==

Tun daga shekarar 2009, Dallas Cowboys ke buga wasanninta na gida a '''AT&amp;T Stadium''' da ke Arlington, Texas.

Filin yana daga cikin manyan filayen wasa na zamani a duniya kuma yana iya ɗaukar sama da mutane 80,000.

Kafin haka ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da:

* Cotton Bowl
* Texas Stadium

== Fitattun 'Yan Wasa ==

Wasu daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan da suka taɓa wakiltar Dallas Cowboys sun haɗa da:

* Roger Staubach
* Troy Aikman
* Emmitt Smith
* Michael Irvin
* Tony Romo
* Dak Prescott
* Micah Parsons
* Jason Witten

== Hall of Fame ==

Dallas Cowboys tana da ɗimbin tsofaffin 'yan wasa da masu horarwa da suka shiga '''Pro Football Hall of Fame'''.

Ciki har da:

* Tom Landry
* Troy Aikman
* Roger Staubach
* Emmitt Smith
* Michael Irvin
* Randy White

== America's Team ==

A shekarun 1970 wani shirin NFL Films ya kira Dallas Cowboys da suna '''&quot;America's Team&quot;''' saboda shahararta a faɗin Amurka.

Tun daga wannan lokaci sunan ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na tarihin ƙungiyar.

== Darajar Ƙungiyar ==

Dallas Cowboys tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin wasanni mafi daraja a duniya.

A lokuta da dama mujallar kasuwanci ta sanya ta cikin ƙungiyoyin wasanni mafi tsada a duniya saboda yawan kuɗaɗen shiga da magoya baya.

== Duba Kuma ==

* [[National Football League]]
* [[National Football Conference]]
* [[AT&amp;T Stadium]]
* [[Super Bowl]]
* [[Jerry Jones]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

=== Littattafai ===

* Landry, Tom. ''Tom Landry: An Autobiography''.
* Pearlman, Jeff. ''Boys Will Be Boys: The Glory Days and Party Nights of the Dallas Cowboys Dynasty''.
* NFL Record and Fact Book.

== Hanyoyin Waje ==

* [https://www.dallascowboys.com Shafin hukuma na Dallas Cowboys]
* [https://www.nfl.com/teams/dallas-cowboys Dallas Cowboys a NFL.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dallas Cowboys}}

[[Category:National Football League teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs established in 1960]]
[[Category:American football teams in Texas]]
[[Category:Dallas Cowboys]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:NFC East teams]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Inaros na II</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352669359|Inaros II]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Inaros (II)''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Inarus''', (a {{Circa}} 460 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa) wani shugaban 'yan tawaye ne [[Tsohuwar Masar|na Masar]] wanda ɗan wani yarima ne na Masar mai suna Psamtik, wanda ake kyautata zaton ya fito daga tsohuwar zuriyar Saite, kuma jikan Psamtik na III . A shekara ta 460 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ya yi wa [[Daular Achaemenid|Farisa]] tawaye tare da taimakon abokansa na Atheniya a ƙarƙashin Admiral Charitimides, kuma ya kayar da rundunar Farisa da satrap Achaemenes ke jagoranta. Farisawa suka koma [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], amma sojojin Farisa karkashin jagorancin Megabyzus, satrap na [[Siriya]], da Artabazus, satrap na Phrygia, sun sha kashi a hannun Atheniyawa a shekara ta 454 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, bayan an yi musu kawanya na shekaru biyu. An kama Inaros aka tafi da shi Susa inda aka ce [[Gicciyewa|an gicciye]] shi a shekara ta 454 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa.

== Tawaye da sakamakonsa ==
Ya mallaki sarauta a kan 'yan Libya daga Mareia (sama da Pharos ) da kuma ɓangaren Kogin Nilu da ke kewaye da Sais . Tare da taimakon Amyrtaeus, shi ma daga Sais, wanda ya mamaye dazuzzukan arewa, Inarus ya kori masu karɓar haraji yayin da yake tattara sojojin haya. Waɗannan ayyukan sun fara tayar da zaune tsaye a Masar a farkon mulkin Sarki Artaxerxes na ɗaya na [[Daular Achaemenid|Farisa]], bayan kisan gillar sarki Xerxes na ɗaya . Abokan Atheniya waɗanda aka biya shi kuɗin gwaji 100 daga gare su, sun aika da sojoji da runduna sama da jiragen ruwa 200 waɗanda Charitimides ya jagoranta don taimaka masa a shekara ta 460 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa.  

=== Yaƙin Papremis (460 BC) ===
[[Fayil:Xerxes_I_tomb_Libyan_soldier_circa_480_BCE.jpg|left|thumb|Sojan Libya, kimanin shekara ta 470 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. An yi wa Xerxes I hoton kabari.]]
Diodorus ya gaya mana cewa da zarar mutanen Athens suka iso, su da Masarawa sun karɓi yaƙi daga Farisawa. Rundunar 'yan tawaye ta fuskanci rundunar sojojin Farisa mai sojoji kusan 400,000 da jiragen ruwa tamanin waɗanda ɗan'uwan Artaxerxes, satrap Achaemenes, ke jagoranta. Da farko, yawan mutanen Farisawa ya ba su fa'ida, amma daga ƙarshe mutanen Athens sun karya layin Farisa, inda aka fatattaki sojojin Farisa suka gudu. Duk da haka, wani ɓangare na sojojin Farisa sun sami mafaka a sansanin [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] (wanda ake kira 'Fair Castle') kuma ba za a iya korarsu ba.  Sigar da Thucydides ya yi ta matsawa ita ce: &quot;kuma suka mallaki kogin da kashi biyu bisa uku na Memphis, suka yi magana da kansu ga harin da ya rage na uku, wanda ake kira White Castle&quot;.  An kayar da sarkin Achaemenes, tare da mutum 100,000 daga cikin mutanensa 400,000 kuma aka kashe su a Papremis kuma Farisawa suka koma [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] . Kwamandojin rundunar jiragen ruwan [[Athens|Atheniya]], Charitimides da Cimon sun yi yaƙin ruwa da Farisawa, inda jiragen ruwan Girka arba'in suka yi karo da jiragen ruwan Farisa hamsin, daga cikinsu aka kama jiragen ruwan Farisa ashirin tare da ma'aikatan jirgin, sauran talatin kuma suka nutse. Domin nuna cewa nasararsu ta cika, 'yan tawayen sun aika da gawar satrap Achaemenes ga sarki Artaxerxes na Farisa a matsayin gargaɗi.

=== Yaƙi da Memphis (459-455 BC) ===
[[Fayil:Xerxes_I_tomb_Egyptian_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg|thumb|Sojan Masar, kimanin shekara ta 470 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. An yi hoton kabarin Xerxes na ɗaya .]]
Saboda haka mutanen Athens da Masarawa suka zauna don kewaye Fadar White Castle. A bayyane yake cewa wannan katangar ba ta ci gaba da kyau ba, kuma wataƙila ta ɗauki akalla shekaru huɗu, tunda Thucydides ya ce duk tafiyarsu ta ɗauki shekaru 6,  kuma a wannan lokacin watanni 18 na ƙarshe sun kasance tare da Kawancen Prosoptis. 

A cewar Thucydides, da farko Artaxerxes ya aika Megabazus don ya yi ƙoƙarin ba Spartans cin hanci don su mamaye Attica, don su jawo sojojin Atheniya daga Masar. Lokacin da wannan ya gaza, maimakon haka ya tattara sojoji da yawa a ƙarƙashin (wanda ya rikice) Megabyzus, ya aika da shi zuwa Masar.  Diodorus yana da labarin iri ɗaya, tare da ƙarin bayani; bayan yunƙurin cin hanci ya gaza, Artaxerxes ya sanya Megabyzus da Artabazus a kan kula da mutane 300,000, tare da umarnin dakatar da tawayen. Da farko sun tafi daga Farisa zuwa Cilicia suka tattara rundunar sojoji 300 daga Cilicians, [[Phoenicia|Phoenicians]] da Cyprus, kuma suka yi shekara guda suna horar da mutanensu. Daga ƙarshe suka nufi Masar.  Duk da haka, kiyasin zamani ya sanya adadin sojojin Farisa a ƙasa da adadin maza 25,000 ganin cewa da ba zai yiwu ba a hana satrapies ɗin da suka riga suka yi tsauri daga wani iko fiye da haka.  Thucydides bai ambaci Artabazus ba, wanda Herodotus ya ruwaito cewa ya shiga cikin mamayar Farisa ta biyu; Diodorus yana iya yin kuskure game da kasancewarsa a wannan yakin.  A bayyane yake cewa sojojin Farisa sun shafe lokaci mai tsawo suna horo, tunda ya ɗauki shekaru huɗu kafin su mayar da martani ga nasarar Masar a Papremis. Ko da yake babu ɗaya daga cikin marubucin da ya ba da cikakkun bayanai, a bayyane yake cewa lokacin da Megabyzus ya isa Masar, ya sami damar ɗaga Kawancen Memphis cikin sauri, ya kayar da Masarawa a yaƙi, sannan ya kori mutanen Athens daga Memphis. &lt;ref name=&quot;TI109&quot; /&gt; 

=== Kawancen Prosopitis (455 BC) ===
Yanzu mutanen Athens sun koma tsibirin Prosopitis a yankin Nilu, inda jiragen ruwansu suka tsaya cak.   A can, Megabyzus ya kewaye su na tsawon watanni 18, har sai da ya sami damar zubar da kogin daga kewayen tsibirin ta hanyar haƙa magudanan ruwa, ta haka ne &quot;ya haɗa tsibirin da babban yankin&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;TI109&quot; /&gt; A cikin labarin Thucydides, Farisawa suka ketare zuwa tsohuwar tsibirin, suka kama ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;TI109&quot; /&gt; Kaɗan daga cikin sojojin Atheniya ne kawai, waɗanda suka yi tafiya ta Libya zuwa [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] suka tsira suka koma Athens.  A cikin sigar Diodorus, duk da haka, zubar da kogin ya sa Masarawa (waɗanda Thucydides bai ambata ba) suka koma ga Farisawa. Farisawa, ba sa son su sami mummunan rauni wajen kai hari ga Athens, maimakon haka suka bar su su tafi Cyrene cikin 'yanci, daga nan suka koma Athens. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSXI77&quot; /&gt; Tunda shan kaye a yaƙin neman zaɓen Masar ya haifar da firgici a Athens, gami da mayar da baitulmalin Delian zuwa Athens, sigar Thucydides wataƙila ta fi dacewa ta zama daidai. 

=== Yaƙin Mendesium ===
A matsayin wani mummunan lamari na ƙarshe ga wannan bala'i, Thucydides ya ambaci makomar rundunar sojoji mai triremes hamsin da aka aika don rage yaƙin Prosopitis. Ba tare da sanin cewa mutanen Athens sun mutu ba, jiragen ruwan sun isa bakin kogin Mendesian, inda nan take sojojin ruwan Phoenicians suka kai musu hari daga ƙasa, kuma daga teku. Yawancin jiragen ruwan sun lalace, kaɗan ne kawai suka tsira suka koma Athens.  Jimillar waɗanda suka mutu a bala'in Atheniya ya kai kimanin mutane 50,000 da jiragen ruwa 250.  

== Aiwatarwa ==
Megabyzus ya yi wa Inaros da 'yan tawayensa Helenawa alƙawarin cewa ba za a kashe su ba da zarar sun isa Susa, babban birnin Farisa. Sarauniya Uwar Amestris tana son a hukunta su a kashe su domin su ne suka kashe ɗanta, satrap Achaemenes, kuma ta nemi a kashe shi. Da farko Artaxerxes na ɗaya ya ƙi buƙatun Amestris kuma ya cika alƙawarin da Megabyzus ya yi, yana ba su damar zama a Susa a matsayin fursunonin yaƙi. Amma bayan shekaru biyar na roƙo, tare da Amestris ta ci gaba da tsayawa tsayin daka, Girkawa suka kai hari kan Farisa a Yaƙin Cyprus da Artaxerxes suna buƙatar tallafi kuma ba sa son rasa gadon sarautar Farisa ko ta yaya, ya miƙa Inaros da Helenawa hamsin ga Sarauniya Uwar.

Akwai nau'i biyu na mutuwarsa. A cewar na farko an gicciye shi, kuma a cewar ɗayan, an rataye shi . Wani guntu na Ctesias wanda Photios na I na Constantinople ya adana ya ba da rahoton cewa &quot;An kashe Inaros a kan ginshiƙai uku, hamsin daga cikin Helenawa, duk abin da ta iya ɗora hannu a kai, an yanke musu kai.&quot;  Kalmar Helenanci ''anestaurothe'', wacce aka yi amfani da ita don bayyana da kuma sanya suna ga hanyar kisansa a cikin rubutun na iya nufin rataye shi ko gicciye shi a kan gicciye ɗaya, ko gicciye shi a kan gicciye na gaskiya, amma babu isassun shaida da bayanai a cikin bayanan tarihi don ba da amsa tabbatacciyar.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="8270" sha1="7s1bgl3ati4gemw13d1pdimqaqzitta" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Inaros (II)''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Inarus''', (a {{Circa}} 460 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa) wani shugaban 'yan tawaye ne [[Tsohuwar Masar|na Masar]] wanda ɗan wani yarima ne na Masar mai suna Psamtik, wanda ake kyautata zaton ya fito daga tsohuwar zuriyar Saite, kuma jikan Psamtik na III . A shekara ta 460 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ya yi wa [[Daular Achaemenid|Farisa]] tawaye tare da taimakon abokansa na Atheniya a ƙarƙashin Admiral Charitimides, kuma ya kayar da rundunar Farisa da satrap Achaemenes ke jagoranta. Farisawa suka koma [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], amma sojojin Farisa karkashin jagorancin Megabyzus, satrap na [[Siriya]], da Artabazus, satrap na Phrygia, sun sha kashi a hannun Atheniyawa a shekara ta 454 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, bayan an yi musu kawanya na shekaru biyu. An kama Inaros aka tafi da shi Susa inda aka ce [[Gicciyewa|an gicciye]] shi a shekara ta 454 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa.

== Tawaye da sakamakonsa ==
Ya mallaki sarauta a kan 'yan Libya daga Mareia (sama da Pharos ) da kuma ɓangaren Kogin Nilu da ke kewaye da Sais . Tare da taimakon Amyrtaeus, shi ma daga Sais, wanda ya mamaye dazuzzukan arewa, Inarus ya kori masu karɓar haraji yayin da yake tattara sojojin haya. Waɗannan ayyukan sun fara tayar da zaune tsaye a Masar a farkon mulkin Sarki Artaxerxes na ɗaya na [[Daular Achaemenid|Farisa]], bayan kisan gillar sarki Xerxes na ɗaya . Abokan Atheniya waɗanda aka biya shi kuɗin gwaji 100 daga gare su, sun aika da sojoji da runduna sama da jiragen ruwa 200 waɗanda Charitimides ya jagoranta don taimaka masa a shekara ta 460 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa.  

=== Yaƙin Papremis (460 BC) ===
[[Fayil:Xerxes_I_tomb_Libyan_soldier_circa_480_BCE.jpg|left|thumb|Sojan Libya, kimanin shekara ta 470 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. An yi wa Xerxes I hoton kabari.]]
Diodorus ya gaya mana cewa da zarar mutanen Athens suka iso, su da Masarawa sun karɓi yaƙi daga Farisawa. Rundunar 'yan tawaye ta fuskanci rundunar sojojin Farisa mai sojoji kusan 400,000 da jiragen ruwa tamanin waɗanda ɗan'uwan Artaxerxes, satrap Achaemenes, ke jagoranta. Da farko, yawan mutanen Farisawa ya ba su fa'ida, amma daga ƙarshe mutanen Athens sun karya layin Farisa, inda aka fatattaki sojojin Farisa suka gudu. Duk da haka, wani ɓangare na sojojin Farisa sun sami mafaka a sansanin [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] (wanda ake kira 'Fair Castle') kuma ba za a iya korarsu ba.  Sigar da Thucydides ya yi ta matsawa ita ce: &quot;kuma suka mallaki kogin da kashi biyu bisa uku na Memphis, suka yi magana da kansu ga harin da ya rage na uku, wanda ake kira White Castle&quot;.  An kayar da sarkin Achaemenes, tare da mutum 100,000 daga cikin mutanensa 400,000 kuma aka kashe su a Papremis kuma Farisawa suka koma [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] . Kwamandojin rundunar jiragen ruwan [[Athens|Atheniya]], Charitimides da Cimon sun yi yaƙin ruwa da Farisawa, inda jiragen ruwan Girka arba'in suka yi karo da jiragen ruwan Farisa hamsin, daga cikinsu aka kama jiragen ruwan Farisa ashirin tare da ma'aikatan jirgin, sauran talatin kuma suka nutse. Domin nuna cewa nasararsu ta cika, 'yan tawayen sun aika da gawar satrap Achaemenes ga sarki Artaxerxes na Farisa a matsayin gargaɗi.

=== Yaƙi da Memphis (459-455 BC) ===
[[Fayil:Xerxes_I_tomb_Egyptian_soldier_circa_470_BCE.jpg|thumb|Sojan Masar, kimanin shekara ta 470 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. An yi hoton kabarin Xerxes na ɗaya .]]
Saboda haka mutanen Athens da Masarawa suka zauna don kewaye Fadar White Castle. A bayyane yake cewa wannan katangar ba ta ci gaba da kyau ba, kuma wataƙila ta ɗauki akalla shekaru huɗu, tunda Thucydides ya ce duk tafiyarsu ta ɗauki shekaru 6,  kuma a wannan lokacin watanni 18 na ƙarshe sun kasance tare da Kawancen Prosoptis. 

A cewar Thucydides, da farko Artaxerxes ya aika Megabazus don ya yi ƙoƙarin ba Spartans cin hanci don su mamaye Attica, don su jawo sojojin Atheniya daga Masar. Lokacin da wannan ya gaza, maimakon haka ya tattara sojoji da yawa a ƙarƙashin (wanda ya rikice) Megabyzus, ya aika da shi zuwa Masar.  Diodorus yana da labarin iri ɗaya, tare da ƙarin bayani; bayan yunƙurin cin hanci ya gaza, Artaxerxes ya sanya Megabyzus da Artabazus a kan kula da mutane 300,000, tare da umarnin dakatar da tawayen. Da farko sun tafi daga Farisa zuwa Cilicia suka tattara rundunar sojoji 300 daga Cilicians, [[Phoenicia|Phoenicians]] da Cyprus, kuma suka yi shekara guda suna horar da mutanensu. Daga ƙarshe suka nufi Masar.  Duk da haka, kiyasin zamani ya sanya adadin sojojin Farisa a ƙasa da adadin maza 25,000 ganin cewa da ba zai yiwu ba a hana satrapies ɗin da suka riga suka yi tsauri daga wani iko fiye da haka.  Thucydides bai ambaci Artabazus ba, wanda Herodotus ya ruwaito cewa ya shiga cikin mamayar Farisa ta biyu; Diodorus yana iya yin kuskure game da kasancewarsa a wannan yakin.  A bayyane yake cewa sojojin Farisa sun shafe lokaci mai tsawo suna horo, tunda ya ɗauki shekaru huɗu kafin su mayar da martani ga nasarar Masar a Papremis. Ko da yake babu ɗaya daga cikin marubucin da ya ba da cikakkun bayanai, a bayyane yake cewa lokacin da Megabyzus ya isa Masar, ya sami damar ɗaga Kawancen Memphis cikin sauri, ya kayar da Masarawa a yaƙi, sannan ya kori mutanen Athens daga Memphis. &lt;ref name=&quot;TI109&quot; /&gt; 

=== Kawancen Prosopitis (455 BC) ===
Yanzu mutanen Athens sun koma tsibirin Prosopitis a yankin Nilu, inda jiragen ruwansu suka tsaya cak.   A can, Megabyzus ya kewaye su na tsawon watanni 18, har sai da ya sami damar zubar da kogin daga kewayen tsibirin ta hanyar haƙa magudanan ruwa, ta haka ne &quot;ya haɗa tsibirin da babban yankin&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;TI109&quot; /&gt; A cikin labarin Thucydides, Farisawa suka ketare zuwa tsohuwar tsibirin, suka kama ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;TI109&quot; /&gt; Kaɗan daga cikin sojojin Atheniya ne kawai, waɗanda suka yi tafiya ta Libya zuwa [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] suka tsira suka koma Athens.  A cikin sigar Diodorus, duk da haka, zubar da kogin ya sa Masarawa (waɗanda Thucydides bai ambata ba) suka koma ga Farisawa. Farisawa, ba sa son su sami mummunan rauni wajen kai hari ga Athens, maimakon haka suka bar su su tafi Cyrene cikin 'yanci, daga nan suka koma Athens. &lt;ref name=&quot;DSXI77&quot; /&gt; Tunda shan kaye a yaƙin neman zaɓen Masar ya haifar da firgici a Athens, gami da mayar da baitulmalin Delian zuwa Athens, sigar Thucydides wataƙila ta fi dacewa ta zama daidai. 

=== Yaƙin Mendesium ===
A matsayin wani mummunan lamari na ƙarshe ga wannan bala'i, Thucydides ya ambaci makomar rundunar sojoji mai triremes hamsin da aka aika don rage yaƙin Prosopitis. Ba tare da sanin cewa mutanen Athens sun mutu ba, jiragen ruwan sun isa bakin kogin Mendesian, inda nan take sojojin ruwan Phoenicians suka kai musu hari daga ƙasa, kuma daga teku. Yawancin jiragen ruwan sun lalace, kaɗan ne kawai suka tsira suka koma Athens.  Jimillar waɗanda suka mutu a bala'in Atheniya ya kai kimanin mutane 50,000 da jiragen ruwa 250.  

== Aiwatarwa ==
Megabyzus ya yi wa Inaros da 'yan tawayensa Helenawa alƙawarin cewa ba za a kashe su ba da zarar sun isa Susa, babban birnin Farisa. Sarauniya Uwar Amestris tana son a hukunta su a kashe su domin su ne suka kashe ɗanta, satrap Achaemenes, kuma ta nemi a kashe shi. Da farko Artaxerxes na ɗaya ya ƙi buƙatun Amestris kuma ya cika alƙawarin da Megabyzus ya yi, yana ba su damar zama a Susa a matsayin fursunonin yaƙi. Amma bayan shekaru biyar na roƙo, tare da Amestris ta ci gaba da tsayawa tsayin daka, Girkawa suka kai hari kan Farisa a Yaƙin Cyprus da Artaxerxes suna buƙatar tallafi kuma ba sa son rasa gadon sarautar Farisa ko ta yaya, ya miƙa Inaros da Helenawa hamsin ga Sarauniya Uwar.

Akwai nau'i biyu na mutuwarsa. A cewar na farko an gicciye shi, kuma a cewar ɗayan, an rataye shi . Wani guntu na Ctesias wanda Photios na I na Constantinople ya adana ya ba da rahoton cewa &quot;An kashe Inaros a kan ginshiƙai uku, hamsin daga cikin Helenawa, duk abin da ta iya ɗora hannu a kai, an yanke musu kai.&quot;  Kalmar Helenanci ''anestaurothe'', wacce aka yi amfani da ita don bayyana da kuma sanya suna ga hanyar kisansa a cikin rubutun na iya nufin rataye shi ko gicciye shi a kan gicciye ɗaya, ko gicciye shi a kan gicciye na gaskiya, amma babu isassun shaida da bayanai a cikin bayanan tarihi don ba da amsa tabbatacciyar.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
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'''New England Patriots''' ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka ce da ke Foxborough, Massachusetts, Amurka. Ƙungiyar tana fafatawa a cikin [[National Football League]] (NFL) a matsayin memba na [[American Football Conference]] (AFC) East Division.

Patriots tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin NFL mafi nasara a tarihi, musamman a farkon ƙarni na 21, inda ta lashe Super Bowl sau da dama ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bill Belichick da Tom Brady.

== Tarihi ==

=== Kafuwa ===

An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 1959 a matsayin memba ta '''American Football League''' (AFL) da sunan '''Boston Patriots'''.

Ta fara buga wasa a shekarar 1960.

A shekarar 1971 ne aka canza sunanta zuwa '''New England Patriots''' bayan ƙungiyar ta koma Foxborough, Massachusetts.

=== Haɗewar AFL da NFL ===

A shekarar 1970, AFL da NFL suka haɗe gaba ɗaya, inda Patriots ta zama memba ta AFC a sabon tsarin NFL.

== Zamanin Bill Belichick da Tom Brady ==

A shekarar 2000, Patriots ta ɗauki Bill Belichick a matsayin babban koci.

A shekarar guda, ta zaɓi Tom Brady a NFL Draft.

Haɗin gwiwar Belichick da Brady ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi nasara a tarihin wasanni.

A tsakanin shekarar 2001 zuwa 2019, Patriots ta mamaye NFL ta hanyar:

* Lashe Super Bowl sau shida.
* Samun kambun AFC sau tara.
* Samun damar shiga playoffs kusan a kowace shekara.

== Super Bowl Championships ==

New England Patriots ta lashe Super Bowl sau shida:

* Super Bowl XXXVI (2001)
* Super Bowl XXXVIII (2003)
* Super Bowl XXXIX (2004)
* Super Bowl XLIX (2014)
* Super Bowl LI (2016)
* Super Bowl LIII (2018)

Wannan ya sanya ta cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi lashe Super Bowl a tarihin NFL.

== AFC Championships ==

Patriots ta lashe kambun AFC sau da dama kuma tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi kaiwa wasan Super Bowl.

== Filin Wasa ==

Tun daga shekarar 2002 Patriots ke amfani da '''Gillette Stadium'''.

Filin yana Foxborough, Massachusetts kuma yana ɗaukar sama da mutane 65,000.

Kafin haka ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da:

* Nickerson Field
* Fenway Park
* Foxboro Stadium

== Fitattun 'Yan Wasa ==

Wasu daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan Patriots sun haɗa da:

* Tom Brady
* Rob Gronkowski
* Julian Edelman
* Randy Moss
* Ty Law
* Andre Tippett
* John Hannah
* Drew Bledsoe

== Fitattun Masu Horarwa ==

* Bill Belichick
* Mike Vrabel
* Chuck Fairbanks
* Bill Parcells

== Mamallaka ==

Tun daga shekarar 1994, Robert Kraft ne mamallakin New England Patriots.

A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa ƙungiyar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi daraja da nasara a NFL.

== Rikodi da Nasarori ==

* Super Bowl Champions sau 6
* AFC Champions sau 11
* AFC East Champions sau da yawa
* Playoff appearances masu yawa

== Tasiri ==

Patriots tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin wasanni mafi shahara a duniya.

Nasarorinta a shekarun 2000 zuwa 2010 sun taimaka wajen ƙara yawan magoya baya a duniya baki ɗaya.

== Duba Kuma ==

* [[National Football League]]
* [[American Football Conference]]
* [[Super Bowl]]
* [[Tom Brady]]
* [[Bill Belichick]]
* [[Gillette Stadium]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

=== Littattafai ===

* Holley, Michael. ''Patriot Reign''.
* Belichick, Bill. ''The Art of Winning''.
* NFL Record and Fact Book.
* New England Patriots Media Guide.

== Hanyoyin Waje ==

* [https://www.patriots.com Shafin hukuma na New England Patriots]
* [https://www.nfl.com/teams/new-england-patriots New England Patriots a NFL.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:New England Patriots}}

[[Category:National Football League teams]]
[[Category:American Football Conference teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs established in 1959]]
[[Category:American football teams in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:AFC East teams]]
[[Category:New England Patriots]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tebbin</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T20:55:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292305489|El Tebbin]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="7498" sha1="go811uhbums56baniw42f8wje1uff6b" xml:space="preserve">'''Al-Tabin''' '''Al-Tebben''' da Alos (التبين) ɗaya ce daga cikin gundumomin da ke cikin gundumar Alkahira a yankin Kudu, a da tana da alaƙa da gwamnatin Helwan. Ta ci gaba da kasancewa da gwamnatin Giza har zuwa 1989. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=About Al-Tabin |url=https://nfa-eg.org/Default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606104308/https://nfa-eg.org/Default.aspx |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |access-date=July 10, 2023 |publisher=Egyptian Popular Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=About Al-Tabin |url=https://www.albawabhnews.com/2206201 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015071101/http://www.albawabhnews.com/2206201 |archive-date=October 15, 2018 |access-date=July 10, 2023 |publisher=Al Bawaba News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwanan wata ==

=== Tsoho ===
An ambaci Amelino a cikin labarin ƙasa cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ƙauyukan Fir'auna. Amelino ya ambaci wani ƙauye mai suna &quot;Tahbin&quot; a cikin labarin ƙasa. Ya ce: &quot;Ya neme shi amma bai sami wata shaida ba saboda ɓacewar sunansa. Ta hanyar bincike, ya bayyana a gare ni: Tahbin shine sunan Coptic na wannan ƙauyen Al-Tabin, kuma an ambace shi a cikin Al-Tuhfa daga ayyukan Al-Atfihiyah, kusa da ƙasar cibiyar da aka ambata a sama. Ya ƙunshi kafrin guda biyu, kimanin mita ɗari da talatin a nesa, kuma gine-ginensa an yi su da laka, ƙananan duwatsu, tubali, da tubali, kuma yawancinsu suna kan bene ɗaya. Yana da bishiyoyin dabino da masallatai biyu, kuma yawancin mutanensa Musulmai ne, kuma yana samun kuɗin shiga daga sayar da gypsum ɗin da suke kawowa daga dutsen da kuma daga noman hatsi da masara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Aban al-Tabin |url=https://nfa-eg.org/Default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606104308/https://nfa-eg.org/Default.aspx |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |access-date=July 10, 2023 |publisher=Egypt People's Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma ambaci, &quot;Daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru akwai Yassin Bey, ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Mamluk marasa biyayya, ya sauko a kansa, ya washe shi, ya kuma yi masa mugunta, kuma ya yi wa ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da shi haka.&quot;

[[Al-Kafra Dam|Dam Al-Tabin Al-Kafra]] Dam ne mai cike da ruwa a Wadi Al-Qarawi, 10&amp;nbsp;kilomita kudu maso gabashin Helwan da gabashin Al-Tabin. Masarawan Masarawa ne suka gina madatsar ruwan a rabin farko na ƙarni na uku kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) don shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa kuma ita ce madatsar ruwa mafi tsufa a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;eardam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fahlbusch |first=Henning |title=Early Dams |url=http://thomastelford.com/journals/DocumentLibrary/ehah.2009.162.1.13.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329045857/http://www.thomastelford.com/journals/DocumentLibrary/ehah.2009.162.1.13.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2020 |access-date=July 20, 2010 |publisher=History Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina madatsar ruwa ta farko a tarihi a Wadi Jarawa, kudu da Tabin, a [[Pre-Dynastic Era|zamanin Kafin Daular]] .

=== Hadisi ===
Al-Tabin yana da alaƙa da [[Giza|Cibiyar Giza]], kuma a shekara ta 1905 aka yanke shawara a haɗa shi da Cibiyar Al-Saff, saboda yana gefen gabashin Kogin Nilu, sannan aka haɗa shi da Helwan, kuma aka raba shi da Gundumar Helwan a 1990. Kuma ya zama unguwar Al-Tabin da 15 ga Mayu (birni). Sannan unguwar 15 ga Mayu ta rabu da unguwar Tabbin a 2001 kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa da Gwamnatin Helwan har sai da aka soke gwamnatin kuma ta zama da Gwamnatin Alkahira .

== Cibiyoyi ==
kamfanoni; Ana ɗaukar Al-Tabin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen masana'antu waɗanda ke da kamfanoni da masana'antu da yawa, kamar: daga masana'antu; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Al-Tabin Factories |url=https://www.egyptianindustry.com/SearchR/1/Page/1/Zone/35/Industry/0/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603173423/https://egyptianindustry.com/SearchR/1/Page/1/Zone/35/Industry/0/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86 |archive-date=June 3, 2023 |access-date=July 10, 2023 |publisher=Egyptian Industries Directory}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Kamfanin ƙarfe da ƙarfe na Masar yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ƙarfe a ƙasashen Larabawa. (An rufe a shekarar 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beginning procedures to close and liquidate the &quot;Iron and Steel&quot; Castle due to losses {{!}} Al-Masry Al-Youm |url=https://almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2342994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531190733/https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2342994 |archive-date=May 31, 2021 |website=www.almasryalyoum.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kamfanin Siminti na Ƙasa . (Gwamnatin Masar ta ba da lasisi a shekarar 2019) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Official Gazette publishes the decision to dissolve and liquidate the National Cement Company |url=http://vetogate.com/Section-39/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D9%84-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-3434181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925163225/https://www.vetogate.com/3434181 |archive-date=September 25, 2019 |website=veto portal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kamfanin Siminti na Helwan.
* Kamfanin Al-Nasr Coke Manufacturing. (A watan Satumba na 2022, babban taron da aka yi na musamman na Kamfanin Al-Nasr Coke Manufacturing ya yanke shawarar rushe kasuwancin kamfanin.) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Officially... A decision to liquidate Al-Nasr Coke Manufacturing Company after 62 years |url=http://masrawy.com/news/news_economy/details/2022/9/5/2286316/official-a-decision-to-liquidate-al-nasr-coke-manufacturing-company-after-62-year-a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228135125/https://masrawy.com/news/news_economy/details/2022/9/5/2286316/official-a-decision-to-liquidate-a-company-Al-Nasr-for-the-coke-industry-after-62-year-a- |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |access-date=September 10, 2022 |website=Masrawy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kamfanin Karafa na Masar.
* Kamfanin Taki na Helwan.

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
sarari; Jimillar yankin shine: 431.1 km2 kuma yankin da ake zaune: 4.895 km2 Iyakokin gudanarwa na gundumar; Iyakar gabas: yankin hamada. Iyakar yamma: [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] . Iyakar arewa: Helwan da [[May 15 (city)|Mayu 15 (birni)]] . Iyakar kudu: a kudu Cibiyar Al-Saff [[Giza]] .

== Sufuri ==
Cibiyar sufuri ta birnin: Layukan bas na Hukumar Sufuri ta Jama'a zuwa yankuna daban-daban da kuma tasha ta sabis.

== Yawan jama'a da yankuna ==
Yawan Jama'a; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population Census of Cairo Governorate – Al-Tabin District |url=http://capmas.gov.eg/Admin/Pages%20Files/20181017124714shika1-2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313045833/https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Admin/Pages%20Files/20181017124714shika1-2018.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-13 |access-date=March 31, 2021 |website=capas.gov.eg}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin Tabbin yana da ƙarancin ƙidayar jama'a yayin da ƙidayar jama'a ta kai mutane 73,385 bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta hukuma ta shekarar 2018, ciki har da maza 36,964 da mata 36,421. Yanayin yawan jama'a shine asalin wannan yawan jama'a a baya, ko kuma baƙi daga ƙananan hukumomi masu tasowa don yin aiki a ɓangaren ƙarfe, ƙarfe, ko kuma coke da masana'antu daban-daban a cikin birnin. Shaihunan Al-Tabin sun ƙunshi unguwannin birni da shehunai:

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>843636</id>
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      <text bytes="7510" sha1="9c38novxb9nlnkf784drkrcqd4ugepa" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Al-Tabin''' '''Al-Tebben''' da Alos (التبين) ɗaya ce daga cikin gundumomin da ke cikin gundumar Alkahira a yankin Kudu, a da tana da alaƙa da gwamnatin Helwan. Ta ci gaba da kasancewa da gwamnatin Giza har zuwa 1989. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=About Al-Tabin |url=https://nfa-eg.org/Default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606104308/https://nfa-eg.org/Default.aspx |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |access-date=July 10, 2023 |publisher=Egyptian Popular Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=About Al-Tabin |url=https://www.albawabhnews.com/2206201 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015071101/http://www.albawabhnews.com/2206201 |archive-date=October 15, 2018 |access-date=July 10, 2023 |publisher=Al Bawaba News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwanan wata ==

=== Tsoho ===
An ambaci Amelino a cikin labarin ƙasa cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ƙauyukan Fir'auna. Amelino ya ambaci wani ƙauye mai suna &quot;Tahbin&quot; a cikin labarin ƙasa. Ya ce: &quot;Ya neme shi amma bai sami wata shaida ba saboda ɓacewar sunansa. Ta hanyar bincike, ya bayyana a gare ni: Tahbin shine sunan Coptic na wannan ƙauyen Al-Tabin, kuma an ambace shi a cikin Al-Tuhfa daga ayyukan Al-Atfihiyah, kusa da ƙasar cibiyar da aka ambata a sama. Ya ƙunshi kafrin guda biyu, kimanin mita ɗari da talatin a nesa, kuma gine-ginensa an yi su da laka, ƙananan duwatsu, tubali, da tubali, kuma yawancinsu suna kan bene ɗaya. Yana da bishiyoyin dabino da masallatai biyu, kuma yawancin mutanensa Musulmai ne, kuma yana samun kuɗin shiga daga sayar da gypsum ɗin da suke kawowa daga dutsen da kuma daga noman hatsi da masara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Aban al-Tabin |url=https://nfa-eg.org/Default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606104308/https://nfa-eg.org/Default.aspx |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |access-date=July 10, 2023 |publisher=Egypt People's Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma ambaci, &quot;Daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru akwai Yassin Bey, ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Mamluk marasa biyayya, ya sauko a kansa, ya washe shi, ya kuma yi masa mugunta, kuma ya yi wa ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da shi haka.&quot;

[[Al-Kafra Dam|Dam Al-Tabin Al-Kafra]] Dam ne mai cike da ruwa a Wadi Al-Qarawi, 10&amp;nbsp;kilomita kudu maso gabashin Helwan da gabashin Al-Tabin. Masarawan Masarawa ne suka gina madatsar ruwan a rabin farko na ƙarni na uku kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) don shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa kuma ita ce madatsar ruwa mafi tsufa a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;eardam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fahlbusch |first=Henning |title=Early Dams |url=http://thomastelford.com/journals/DocumentLibrary/ehah.2009.162.1.13.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329045857/http://www.thomastelford.com/journals/DocumentLibrary/ehah.2009.162.1.13.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2020 |access-date=July 20, 2010 |publisher=History Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina madatsar ruwa ta farko a tarihi a Wadi Jarawa, kudu da Tabin, a [[Pre-Dynastic Era|zamanin Kafin Daular]] .

=== Hadisi ===
Al-Tabin yana da alaƙa da [[Giza|Cibiyar Giza]], kuma a shekara ta 1905 aka yanke shawara a haɗa shi da Cibiyar Al-Saff, saboda yana gefen gabashin Kogin Nilu, sannan aka haɗa shi da Helwan, kuma aka raba shi da Gundumar Helwan a 1990. Kuma ya zama unguwar Al-Tabin da 15 ga Mayu (birni). Sannan unguwar 15 ga Mayu ta rabu da unguwar Tabbin a 2001 kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa da Gwamnatin Helwan har sai da aka soke gwamnatin kuma ta zama da Gwamnatin Alkahira .

== Cibiyoyi ==
kamfanoni; Ana ɗaukar Al-Tabin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen masana'antu waɗanda ke da kamfanoni da masana'antu da yawa, kamar: daga masana'antu; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Al-Tabin Factories |url=https://www.egyptianindustry.com/SearchR/1/Page/1/Zone/35/Industry/0/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603173423/https://egyptianindustry.com/SearchR/1/Page/1/Zone/35/Industry/0/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86 |archive-date=June 3, 2023 |access-date=July 10, 2023 |publisher=Egyptian Industries Directory}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Kamfanin ƙarfe da ƙarfe na Masar yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ƙarfe a ƙasashen Larabawa. (An rufe a shekarar 2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Beginning procedures to close and liquidate the &quot;Iron and Steel&quot; Castle due to losses {{!}} Al-Masry Al-Youm |url=https://almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2342994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531190733/https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2342994 |archive-date=May 31, 2021 |website=www.almasryalyoum.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kamfanin Siminti na Ƙasa . (Gwamnatin Masar ta ba da lasisi a shekarar 2019) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Official Gazette publishes the decision to dissolve and liquidate the National Cement Company |url=http://vetogate.com/Section-39/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D9%84-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-3434181 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925163225/https://www.vetogate.com/3434181 |archive-date=September 25, 2019 |website=veto portal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kamfanin Siminti na Helwan.
* Kamfanin Al-Nasr Coke Manufacturing. (A watan Satumba na 2022, babban taron da aka yi na musamman na Kamfanin Al-Nasr Coke Manufacturing ya yanke shawarar rushe kasuwancin kamfanin.) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Officially... A decision to liquidate Al-Nasr Coke Manufacturing Company after 62 years |url=http://masrawy.com/news/news_economy/details/2022/9/5/2286316/official-a-decision-to-liquidate-al-nasr-coke-manufacturing-company-after-62-year-a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228135125/https://masrawy.com/news/news_economy/details/2022/9/5/2286316/official-a-decision-to-liquidate-a-company-Al-Nasr-for-the-coke-industry-after-62-year-a- |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |access-date=September 10, 2022 |website=Masrawy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kamfanin Karafa na Masar.
* Kamfanin Taki na Helwan.

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
sarari; Jimillar yankin shine: 431.1 km2 kuma yankin da ake zaune: 4.895 km2 Iyakokin gudanarwa na gundumar; Iyakar gabas: yankin hamada. Iyakar yamma: [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] . Iyakar arewa: Helwan da [[May 15 (city)|Mayu 15 (birni)]] . Iyakar kudu: a kudu Cibiyar Al-Saff [[Giza]] .

== Sufuri ==
Cibiyar sufuri ta birnin: Layukan bas na Hukumar Sufuri ta Jama'a zuwa yankuna daban-daban da kuma tasha ta sabis.

== Yawan jama'a da yankuna ==
Yawan Jama'a; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population Census of Cairo Governorate – Al-Tabin District |url=http://capmas.gov.eg/Admin/Pages%20Files/20181017124714shika1-2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313045833/https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Admin/Pages%20Files/20181017124714shika1-2018.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-13 |access-date=March 31, 2021 |website=capas.gov.eg}}&lt;/ref&gt; Birnin Tabbin yana da ƙarancin ƙidayar jama'a yayin da ƙidayar jama'a ta kai mutane 73,385 bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta hukuma ta shekarar 2018, ciki har da maza 36,964 da mata 36,421. Yanayin yawan jama'a shine asalin wannan yawan jama'a a baya, ko kuma baƙi daga ƙananan hukumomi masu tasowa don yin aiki a ɓangaren ƙarfe, ƙarfe, ko kuma coke da masana'antu daban-daban a cikin birnin. Shaihunan Al-Tabin sun ƙunshi unguwannin birni da shehunai:

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Greater cairo</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T20:58:51Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351663441|Greater Cairo]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3852" sha1="t3mxqso4v5o3wjj8oa4kxn8yu3r5m9x" xml:space="preserve">'''Babban Alkahira''' ( Arabic     ) yanki ne na babban birni wanda ke kewaye da [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]] . Ya ƙunshi dukkan Gundumar Alkahira, biranen Imbaba {{Efn|''Imbaba'' is considered a city by the [[World Bank]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wb&quot;/&gt;}} da [[Giza]] a Gundumar Giza, da kuma birnin Shubra El Kheima a Gundumar Qalyubia .   Ana iya faɗaɗa ma'anarsa don haɗawa da yankunan birane da wasu sabbin garuruwa da aka tsara waɗanda aka kafa a yankunan hamada gabas da yamma da Alkahira. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An kuma ayyana Yankin Babban Alkahira a matsayin yanki na tattalin arziki wanda ya ƙunshi Gundumomin Alkahira, Giza, da Qalyubia.  &lt;ref name=&quot;gopp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=أقليم القاهرة الكبرى |url=http://gopp.gov.eg/eg-map/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414202719/http://gopp.gov.eg/eg-map/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89/ |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=الهيئة العامة للتخطيط العمرانى}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Babban Alkahira akwai yankin birni mafi girma a [[Misra|Masar]],  mafi girman [[yankin birni]] a [[Afirka]], [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], da kuma duniyar Larabawa, kuma yanki na 6 mafi girma a duniya. 

A cikin babban ma'anarsa, yankin ya haɗa da dukkan biranen da ke cikin Gwamnan Alkahira (Alkahira, Sabuwar Alkahira, Badr, Shorouk, 15 ga Mayu, Sabuwar Babban Birnin Gudanarwa, da Lambunan Babban Birnin) da kuma manyan biranen Gwamnatin Giza (Giza, 6 ga Oktoba, Sabuwar 6 ga Oktoba, Lambunan Oktoba, Sheikh Zayed, da Sabuwar Sphinx) da Shubra El Kheima da [[Obour (birni)|Obour]] a cikin Gwamnan Qalyubia.  Dangane da kiyasin da aka yi bisa hasashen [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], yankin yana da yawan jama'a 22,183,000 a shekarar 2023. &lt;ref name=&quot;macrotrends&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cairo, Egypt Metro Area Population 1950-2023 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/22812/cairo/population |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=Macrotrends}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2012, lokacin da aka kiyasta yawan jama'ar yankin miliyan 20.5, an kiyasta yawan jama'ar da ke cikin Gwamnan Alkahira a kowace murabba'in kilomita (111,700 a kowace murabba'in mil). 

== Tattalin Arziki ==
A shekarar 2021, Babban Birnin Alkahira yana da GDP na kusan tiriliyan 3 na EGP ko rabin jimlar GDP na Masar. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Gwamna
! GDP na ƙasa
(Biliyan EGP) 
! GDP na ƙasa
(dala biliyan)
|-
| Alkahira
| 1,876
| 120
|-
| Giza
| 770
| 49
|-
| Qalyubiyya
| 339
| 22
|-
|- style=&quot;background:#feb;&quot;
| '''Babban Alkahira'''
| '''2,985'''
| '''191'''
|-
|}

== Yanayi ==
Yankin Babban Alkahira da yankin da ke kewaye da shi an sanya su a matsayin yanayin hamada mai zafi (BWh) a cikin [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|rarrabuwar Köppen-Geiger]], kamar yadda dukkan [[Yanayin Masar|Masar suke]] . Alkahira da yankin da ke kewaye da ita suna da yanayin zafi iri ɗaya na yau da kullun; duk da haka, yankunan da ba su da yawan jama'a a gabas da yamma ba sa fuskantar [[Tsibirin zafi na birni|tasirin yanayin zafi na tsibirin birni]], wanda ke sa su fi fuskantar haɗarin samun ƙanƙara mai laushi .{{Climate chart|[[Cairo#Climate|Cairo]]|7|19|5|8|21|3|11|24|3|13|29|1|17|32|0|19|35|0|21|35|0|21|35|0|19|33|0|17|30|0|13|26|3|9|21|4}}

== Matsalolin birane ==
Kashi 60% na dukkan gidaje na yau da kullun a Masar suna cikin yankin Babban Alkahira. &lt;ref name=&quot;UN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Urban Initiatives |url=http://unhabitat.org/egypt/urban-issues/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030210056/http://unhabitat.org/egypt/urban-issues/ |archive-date=30 October 2016 |access-date=30 October 2016 |website=UN-Habitat Egypt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843638</id>
      <parentid>843637</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T20:59:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="3863" sha1="64pkmtqdznc216jpetw7hxxvib9xppi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
''Babban Alkahira''' ( Arabic     ) yanki ne na babban birni wanda ke kewaye da [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]] . Ya ƙunshi dukkan Gundumar Alkahira, biranen Imbaba {{Efn|''Imbaba'' is considered a city by the [[World Bank]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wb&quot;/&gt;}} da [[Giza]] a Gundumar Giza, da kuma birnin Shubra El Kheima a Gundumar Qalyubia .   Ana iya faɗaɗa ma'anarsa don haɗawa da yankunan birane da wasu sabbin garuruwa da aka tsara waɗanda aka kafa a yankunan hamada gabas da yamma da Alkahira. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An kuma ayyana Yankin Babban Alkahira a matsayin yanki na tattalin arziki wanda ya ƙunshi Gundumomin Alkahira, Giza, da Qalyubia.  &lt;ref name=&quot;gopp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=أقليم القاهرة الكبرى |url=http://gopp.gov.eg/eg-map/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414202719/http://gopp.gov.eg/eg-map/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89/ |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=الهيئة العامة للتخطيط العمرانى}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin Babban Alkahira akwai yankin birni mafi girma a [[Misra|Masar]],  mafi girman [[yankin birni]] a [[Afirka]], [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], da kuma duniyar Larabawa, kuma yanki na 6 mafi girma a duniya. 

A cikin babban ma'anarsa, yankin ya haɗa da dukkan biranen da ke cikin Gwamnan Alkahira (Alkahira, Sabuwar Alkahira, Badr, Shorouk, 15 ga Mayu, Sabuwar Babban Birnin Gudanarwa, da Lambunan Babban Birnin) da kuma manyan biranen Gwamnatin Giza (Giza, 6 ga Oktoba, Sabuwar 6 ga Oktoba, Lambunan Oktoba, Sheikh Zayed, da Sabuwar Sphinx) da Shubra El Kheima da [[Obour (birni)|Obour]] a cikin Gwamnan Qalyubia.  Dangane da kiyasin da aka yi bisa hasashen [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], yankin yana da yawan jama'a 22,183,000 a shekarar 2023. &lt;ref name=&quot;macrotrends&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cairo, Egypt Metro Area Population 1950-2023 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/22812/cairo/population |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=Macrotrends}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2012, lokacin da aka kiyasta yawan jama'ar yankin miliyan 20.5, an kiyasta yawan jama'ar da ke cikin Gwamnan Alkahira a kowace murabba'in kilomita (111,700 a kowace murabba'in mil). 

== Tattalin Arziki ==
A shekarar 2021, Babban Birnin Alkahira yana da GDP na kusan tiriliyan 3 na EGP ko rabin jimlar GDP na Masar. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Gwamna
! GDP na ƙasa
(Biliyan EGP) 
! GDP na ƙasa
(dala biliyan)
|-
| Alkahira
| 1,876
| 120
|-
| Giza
| 770
| 49
|-
| Qalyubiyya
| 339
| 22
|-
|- style=&quot;background:#feb;&quot;
| '''Babban Alkahira'''
| '''2,985'''
| '''191'''
|-
|}

== Yanayi ==
Yankin Babban Alkahira da yankin da ke kewaye da shi an sanya su a matsayin yanayin hamada mai zafi (BWh) a cikin [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|rarrabuwar Köppen-Geiger]], kamar yadda dukkan [[Yanayin Masar|Masar suke]] . Alkahira da yankin da ke kewaye da ita suna da yanayin zafi iri ɗaya na yau da kullun; duk da haka, yankunan da ba su da yawan jama'a a gabas da yamma ba sa fuskantar [[Tsibirin zafi na birni|tasirin yanayin zafi na tsibirin birni]], wanda ke sa su fi fuskantar haɗarin samun ƙanƙara mai laushi .{{Climate chart|[[Cairo#Climate|Cairo]]|7|19|5|8|21|3|11|24|3|13|29|1|17|32|0|19|35|0|21|35|0|21|35|0|19|33|0|17|30|0|13|26|3|9|21|4}}

== Matsalolin birane ==
Kashi 60% na dukkan gidaje na yau da kullun a Masar suna cikin yankin Babban Alkahira. &lt;ref name=&quot;UN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Urban Initiatives |url=http://unhabitat.org/egypt/urban-issues/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030210056/http://unhabitat.org/egypt/urban-issues/ |archive-date=30 October 2016 |access-date=30 October 2016 |website=UN-Habitat Egypt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Green Bay Packers</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153558</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843639</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:00:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AsmudEmpire</username>
        <id>45212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirkira</comment>
      <origin>843639</origin>
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      <text bytes="3382" sha1="p0vuuio8ywogm7i9n9wk9utyouwtisa" xml:space="preserve">

'''Green Bay Packers''' ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka ce da ke Green Bay, Wisconsin, Amurka. Ƙungiyar tana fafatawa a gasar [[National Football League]] (NFL) a matsayin memba na [[National Football Conference]] (NFC) North Division.

Green Bay Packers tana daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi nasara ƙungiyoyin NFL, kuma ita ce kaɗai ƙungiya a gasar da ke da tsarin mallakar jama'a (community ownership).

== Tarihi ==

=== Kafuwa ===

An kafa Green Bay Packers a shekarar 1919 daga hannun Curly Lambeau da George Whitney Calhoun. Sunan “Packers” ya fito ne daga kamfanin Indian Packing Company wanda ya fara tallafawa ƙungiyar.

Ƙungiyar ta shiga NFL a shekarar 1921.

=== Farkon Zamani ===

Packers ta yi fice a farkon shekarun NFL ta hanyar lashe kambuna da dama a shekarun 1920 zuwa 1940.

== Zamanin Vince Lombardi ==

Daga 1959 zuwa 1967, Vince Lombardi ya jagoranci Packers, wanda ya sa ƙungiyar ta zama mafi ƙarfi a lokacin.

A ƙarƙashin Lombardi, Packers ta lashe:

* Super Bowl I (1966)
* Super Bowl II (1967)

Saboda haka aka sanya sunan '''Lombardi Trophy''' ga kofin Super Bowl.

== Nasarori ==

=== Super Bowl Championships ===

Green Bay Packers ta lashe Super Bowl sau huɗu:

* Super Bowl I (1966)
* Super Bowl II (1967)
* Super Bowl XXXI (1996)
* Super Bowl XLV (2010)

=== NFL Championships (pre-Super Bowl era) ===

Packers ta lashe kambun NFL sau 13 kafin a fara Super Bowl, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi mafi nasara a tarihi.

== Filin Wasa ==

Packers tana buga wasanninta a '''Lambeau Field''', wanda aka buɗe a shekarar 1957.

Lambeau Field yana daga cikin filayen wasa mafi shahara a duniya saboda yanayin sanyi da magoya baya masu tsanani.

== Mallaka ==

Green Bay Packers ita ce kaɗai ƙungiyar NFL da ba mallakar mutum ɗaya ba. Ana mallakarta ne ta hanyar:

* Magoya baya sama da 500,000
* Tsarin “shareholders” na jama’a

Wannan tsarin yana hana sayar da ƙungiyar ga mutum ɗaya ko kamfani.

== Fitattun 'Yan Wasa ==

* Brett Favre
* Aaron Rodgers
* Bart Starr
* Reggie White
* Donald Driver
* Clay Matthews
* Davante Adams

== Fitattun Masu Horarwa ==

* Vince Lombardi
* Mike Holmgren
* Mike McCarthy
* Matt LaFleur

== Al'adu da Magoya Baya ==

Packers tana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsananin goyon bayan magoya baya a NFL, kuma ana kiran su '''Cheeseheads''' saboda Wisconsin ta shahara da samar da cuku.

== Rikodi da Nasarori ==

* 13 NFL Championships (pre-Super Bowl)
* 4 Super Bowl wins
* Daya daga cikin mafi yawan playoff appearances
* Mafi tsohuwar ƙungiya a NFL har yanzu tana aiki

== Duba Kuma ==

* [[National Football League]]
* [[National Football Conference]]
* [[Super Bowl]]
* [[Lambeau Field]]
* [[Vince Lombardi]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

=== Littattafai ===

* MacCambridge, Michael. ''America's Game''.
* Lombardi, Vince. ''Run to Daylight''.
* Green Bay Packers Media Guide.
* NFL Record and Fact Book.

== Hanyoyin Waje ==

* [https://www.packers.com Shafin hukuma na Green Bay Packers]
* [https://www.nfl.com/teams/green-bay-packers Green Bay Packers a NFL.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Green Bay Packers}}

[[Category:National Football League teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs established in 1919]]
[[Category:American football teams in Wisconsin]]
[[Category:1919 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:NFC North teams]]
[[Category:Community-owned sports teams]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Babban Kogin Brak (kogin)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153559</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843640</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:02:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322505402|Great Brak River (river)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Babban kogin Brak'''  kogi ne a Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Bakin kogin yana kan garin Babban Kogin Brak wanda ke ƙarƙashin Mossel Bay Municipality. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mossel Bay Municipality |url=http://www.mosselbay.gov.za/about_us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921042953/http://www.mosselbay.gov.za/about_us |archive-date=2011-09-21 |access-date=2011-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garuruwan da suka fi kusa su ne Mossel Bay, 24&amp;nbsp;kilomita zuwa yamma, kuma birni mafi girma a yankin George, 34&amp;nbsp;kilomita zuwa gabas ta hanya.

Manyan magudanan ruwa na Great Brak sune [[Perdeberg River|Kogin Perdeberg]], [[Tweeriviere River|Kogin Tweeriviere]] da [[Varings River|Kogin Varings]].  [[Dam ɗin Wolwedans|Madatsar ruwa ta Wolwedans]] ita ce madatsar ruwa guda ɗaya tilo da ke cikin kogin.

== Tarihi ==
A shekarar 1734, Jan de la Fontaine, Gwamnan lardin Cape, ya yi iƙirarin cewa Mossel Bay na kamfanin Dutch East India ne, kuma an ayyana Great Brak a matsayin iyakar gabashin Cape. Bai kamata a rikita wannan kogin da [[Kogin Brak]] da ke Lardin Limpopo ba.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
Gourits RiverGourits RiverGreat Brak River (river)Gourits RiverGreat Brak River (river)Gourits RiverGreat Brak River (river)Gourits RiverGreat Brak River (river)
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>towo0qiz94qdp6z7aje4l1px2hrnjpn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843643</id>
      <parentid>843640</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:03:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
      <origin>843643</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1322" sha1="lczxw7hvwjx5mte8d5p46kmk9z4rp3a" xml:space="preserve">
'''Babban kogin Brak'''  kogi ne a Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Bakin kogin yana kan garin Babban Kogin Brak wanda ke ƙarƙashin Mossel Bay Municipality. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mossel Bay Municipality |url=http://www.mosselbay.gov.za/about_us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921042953/http://www.mosselbay.gov.za/about_us |archive-date=2011-09-21 |access-date=2011-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garuruwan da suka fi kusa su ne Mossel Bay, 24&amp;nbsp;kilomita zuwa yamma, kuma birni mafi girma a yankin George, 34&amp;nbsp;kilomita zuwa gabas ta hanya.

Manyan magudanan ruwa na Great Brak sune [[Perdeberg River|Kogin Perdeberg]], [[Tweeriviere River|Kogin Tweeriviere]] da [[Varings River|Kogin Varings]].  [[Dam ɗin Wolwedans|Madatsar ruwa ta Wolwedans]] ita ce madatsar ruwa guda ɗaya tilo da ke cikin kogin.

== Tarihi ==
A shekarar 1734, Jan de la Fontaine, Gwamnan lardin Cape, ya yi iƙirarin cewa Mossel Bay na kamfanin Dutch East India ne, kuma an ayyana Great Brak a matsayin iyakar gabashin Cape. Bai kamata a rikita wannan kogin da [[Kogin Brak]] da ke Lardin Limpopo ba.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>lczxw7hvwjx5mte8d5p46kmk9z4rp3a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843644</id>
      <parentid>843643</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:06:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843644</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1634" sha1="o00n7r7sfwoqbif949l5rf7ky0r6xul" xml:space="preserve">
'''Babban kogin Brak'''  kogi ne a Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Bakin kogin yana kan garin Babban Kogin Brak wanda ke ƙarƙashin Mossel Bay Municipality. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mossel Bay Municipality |url=http://www.mosselbay.gov.za/about_us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921042953/http://www.mosselbay.gov.za/about_us |archive-date=2011-09-21 |access-date=2011-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garuruwan da suka fi kusa su ne Mossel Bay, 24&amp;nbsp;kilomita zuwa yamma, kuma birni mafi girma a yankin George, 34&amp;nbsp;kilomita zuwa gabas ta hanya.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan magudanan ruwa na Great Brak sune [[Perdeberg River|Kogin Perdeberg]], [[Tweeriviere River|Kogin Tweeriviere]] da [[Varings River|Kogin Varings]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Dam ɗin Wolwedans|Madatsar ruwa ta Wolwedans]] ita ce madatsar ruwa guda ɗaya tilo da ke cikin kogin.

== Tarihi ==
A shekarar 1734, Jan de la Fontaine, Gwamnan lardin Cape, ya yi iƙirarin cewa Mossel Bay na kamfanin Dutch East India ne, kuma an ayyana Great Brak a matsayin iyakar gabashin Cape.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; Bai kamata a rikita wannan kogin da [[Kogin Brak]] da ke Lardin Limpopo ba.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843648</id>
      <parentid>843644</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:08:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843648</origin>
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{{Databox}}

'''Babban kogin Brak'''  kogi ne a Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Bakin kogin yana kan garin Babban Kogin Brak wanda ke ƙarƙashin Mossel Bay Municipality. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mossel Bay Municipality |url=http://www.mosselbay.gov.za/about_us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921042953/http://www.mosselbay.gov.za/about_us |archive-date=2011-09-21 |access-date=2011-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garuruwan da suka fi kusa su ne Mossel Bay, 24&amp;nbsp;kilomita zuwa yamma, kuma birni mafi girma a yankin George, 34&amp;nbsp;kilomita zuwa gabas ta hanya.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]&lt;/ref&gt;

Manyan magudanan ruwa na Great Brak sune [[Perdeberg River|Kogin Perdeberg]], [[Tweeriviere River|Kogin Tweeriviere]] da [[Varings River|Kogin Varings]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Dam ɗin Wolwedans|Madatsar ruwa ta Wolwedans]] ita ce madatsar ruwa guda ɗaya tilo da ke cikin kogin.

== Tarihi ==
A shekarar 1734, Jan de la Fontaine, Gwamnan lardin Cape, ya yi iƙirarin cewa Mossel Bay na kamfanin Dutch East India ne, kuma an ayyana Great Brak a matsayin iyakar gabashin Cape.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; Bai kamata a rikita wannan kogin da [[Kogin Brak]] da ke Lardin Limpopo ba.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Samannud</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153560</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843641</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:02:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319049411|Samannud]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Samannud''' ( Arabic   {{Transl|ar|Samannūd}} ) birni ne ( ''markaz'' ) da ke cikin Gundumar Gharbia, Masar. An san shi a zamanin da a matsayin '''Sebennytos''' ( Ancient Greek   ), Samannud birni ne mai tarihi wanda aka zauna a ciki tun zamanin Daular [[Tsohuwar Masar|Masar]] . Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, an kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen da ke zaune a ''yankin'' Samannud ya kai 410,388, tare da mutane 83,417 da ke zaune a birane da kuma 326,971 a yankunan karkara. 

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Wurin da aka sani Egyptian Arabic   {{IPA|arz|sæmænˈnuːd|}}, a tarihi ana kiransa da '''Sebennytos''' ko '''Sebennytus''' .

* Coptic: ϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲩϯ, and {{Lang|cop|ϫⲉⲃⲉⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=أسماء بعض البلاد المصرية بالقبطية - كتاب لغتنا القبطية المصرية &amp;#124; St-Takla.org |url=https://st-takla.org/books/pauline-todary/coptic-language/egyptian.html |website=st-takla.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{IPA|cop|ʃæmˈnudi, ʃæβæˈnudæ|Late Coptic}}
* Late Coptic: ⲥⲉⲃⲉⲛⲛⲏⲧⲟⲩ and {{Lang|cop|ⲥⲉⲃⲉⲛⲛⲉⲧⲟⲩ}}, {{IPA|cop|sæβænˈnidu, sæβænˈnædu|}}
* Ancient Greek: Σεβέννυτος and {{Lang|grc|Σεβέννυς}} or {{Lang|grc|ἡ Σεβεννυτικὴ πόλις}}
* [[Harshen Misira|Egyptian]]: '''ṯb-(n)-nṯr''')

Sunan Samannud a ƙarshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan [[Harshen Misira|Masar na dā]] '''ṯb-(n)-nṯr''', ma'ana &quot;birnin maraƙin alfarma&quot;.  Wataƙila an furta sunan * {{IPA|/ˌcabˈnaːcar/}} a cikin Tsohon Masar da * {{IPA|/ˌcəbˈnuːtə/}} ko kuma * {{IPA|/ˌcəbənˈnuːtə/}} a cikin marigayi Masar. 

== Tarihin da ya gabata ==
Samannud (Sebennytos) wani tsohon birni ne na Ƙasa Masar, wanda ke kan reshen Kogin Nilu na yanzu da ke cikin Delta . Sebennytos shine [[Babban birni|babban birnin yankin]] nome na goma sha biyu na Ƙasa Masar - [[Theb-ka|gundumar Sebennyte]] . Sebennytos kuma shine wurin daular Masar ta talatin (380–343 KZ).   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=William Smith (lexicographer)}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Wataƙila an fi sanin Sebennytos a matsayin garin Manetho, wani [[masanin tarihi]] kuma marubucin tarihi daga zamanin Ptolemaic, kimanin ƙarni na 3 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Sebennytos shi ma garin Nectanebo na II ne ; shi ne sarkinsa na ƙarshe. 

Wani haikali da aka keɓe wa allahn yankin Anhur, ko Anhur- Shu, da kuma abokiyar zakinsa Mehit, ya taɓa wanzuwa a wannan wurin amma yanzu ya zama kango. Wani yanki daga wurin da sarakuna za su yi hadaya ga Anhur da matarsa, yana nan a Gidan Tarihi na Walters Art Museum . 

== Tarihin zamani ==
Samannud ya yi adawa da mamayar da Musulmai suka yi wa Masar a shekarar 639, kuma ya ci gaba da yin tawaye na ɗan lokaci bayan haka; birnin ya yi tawaye sau huɗu a rabin farko na ƙarni na takwas. Shugabannin Coptic guda uku sun fito daga Samannud: Yahaya&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwvg&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;III, Kosmas&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwwA&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;II, da kuma Yahaya&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwwg&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;V. Masanin ilimin falsafa na Coptic na ƙarni na 12 [[Yuhanna al-Samannudi]] shi ma ya fito daga Samannud, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin bishop. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yuhanna al-Samannudi&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Hany N.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Historical populations|1996|249672|2006|298166|2019|410388}}Bishof na Samannud ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na sha uku, wanda ke nuna kasancewar Kiristoci da yawa a lokacin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Anba Hadid&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Hany N.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1843, John Gardner Wilkinson ya bayyana shi a matsayin wuri mai girman gaske, tare da kasuwannin manyan garuruwan Masar da aka saba gani, kuma ya shahara da tukwane, wanda aka aika zuwa Alkahira. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wilkinson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=John Gardner Wilkinson}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[1885 Census of Egypt|Ƙidayar jama'a ta Masar a shekarar 1885]] ta nuna cewa Samannud birni ne a gundumarsa a Gundumar Gharbia ; a wancan lokacin, yawan mutanen birnin ya kai 11,550 (maza 5,686 da mata 5,864). 

== Mutane masu shahara ==

* Paparoma John III na Alexandria (ƙarni na 7)
* Paparoma Cosmas na II na Alexandria (ƙarni na 9)
* Paparoma Shenouda na ɗaya na Alexandria (ƙarni na 9)
* Ahmed Abu Ismail (1915–2013), Ministan Kudi
* Mohamed Nagui (1947–2014), marubuci
* Ahmed Mansour (an haife shi a shekarar 1962), ɗan jarida

== A cikin al'adun addini ==
A cikin al'adar ' yan Koftik, Sebennytos wani ɓangare ne na hanyar Iyali Mai Tsarki a lokacin gudu zuwa Masar da aka ruwaito a cikin [[Matiyu|Linjilar Matiyu]] ( 2: 13-23 ). &lt;ref name=&quot;HolyFamily&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Holy Family at Meniet Samanoud |url=http://www.touregypt.net/holyfamily.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912231331/http://www.touregypt.net/holyfamily.htm |archive-date=12 September 2016 |access-date=6 November 2016 |website=Tour Egypt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>7jhcva4e260wsta2a7xv86xh81ynhao</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843642</id>
      <parentid>843641</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:02:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843642</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5025" sha1="tt1h6wgv51z6kaaty4tkwebkmd749s0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Samannud''' ( Arabic   {{Transl|ar|Samannūd}} ) birni ne ( ''markaz'' ) da ke cikin Gundumar Gharbia, Masar. An san shi a zamanin da a matsayin '''Sebennytos''' ( Ancient Greek   ), Samannud birni ne mai tarihi wanda aka zauna a ciki tun zamanin Daular [[Tsohuwar Masar|Masar]] . Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, an kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen da ke zaune a ''yankin'' Samannud ya kai 410,388, tare da mutane 83,417 da ke zaune a birane da kuma 326,971 a yankunan karkara. 

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Wurin da aka sani Egyptian Arabic   {{IPA|arz|sæmænˈnuːd|}}, a tarihi ana kiransa da '''Sebennytos''' ko '''Sebennytus''' .

* Coptic: ϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲩϯ, and {{Lang|cop|ϫⲉⲃⲉⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=أسماء بعض البلاد المصرية بالقبطية - كتاب لغتنا القبطية المصرية &amp;#124; St-Takla.org |url=https://st-takla.org/books/pauline-todary/coptic-language/egyptian.html |website=st-takla.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{IPA|cop|ʃæmˈnudi, ʃæβæˈnudæ|Late Coptic}}
* Late Coptic: ⲥⲉⲃⲉⲛⲛⲏⲧⲟⲩ and {{Lang|cop|ⲥⲉⲃⲉⲛⲛⲉⲧⲟⲩ}}, {{IPA|cop|sæβænˈnidu, sæβænˈnædu|}}
* Ancient Greek: Σεβέννυτος and {{Lang|grc|Σεβέννυς}} or {{Lang|grc|ἡ Σεβεννυτικὴ πόλις}}
* [[Harshen Misira|Egyptian]]: '''ṯb-(n)-nṯr''')

Sunan Samannud a ƙarshe ya samo asali ne daga sunan [[Harshen Misira|Masar na dā]] '''ṯb-(n)-nṯr''', ma'ana &quot;birnin maraƙin alfarma&quot;.  Wataƙila an furta sunan * {{IPA|/ˌcabˈnaːcar/}} a cikin Tsohon Masar da * {{IPA|/ˌcəbˈnuːtə/}} ko kuma * {{IPA|/ˌcəbənˈnuːtə/}} a cikin marigayi Masar. 

== Tarihin da ya gabata ==
Samannud (Sebennytos) wani tsohon birni ne na Ƙasa Masar, wanda ke kan reshen Kogin Nilu na yanzu da ke cikin Delta . Sebennytos shine [[Babban birni|babban birnin yankin]] nome na goma sha biyu na Ƙasa Masar - [[Theb-ka|gundumar Sebennyte]] . Sebennytos kuma shine wurin daular Masar ta talatin (380–343 KZ).   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=William Smith (lexicographer)}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Wataƙila an fi sanin Sebennytos a matsayin garin Manetho, wani [[masanin tarihi]] kuma marubucin tarihi daga zamanin Ptolemaic, kimanin ƙarni na 3 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Sebennytos shi ma garin Nectanebo na II ne ; shi ne sarkinsa na ƙarshe. 

Wani haikali da aka keɓe wa allahn yankin Anhur, ko Anhur- Shu, da kuma abokiyar zakinsa Mehit, ya taɓa wanzuwa a wannan wurin amma yanzu ya zama kango. Wani yanki daga wurin da sarakuna za su yi hadaya ga Anhur da matarsa, yana nan a Gidan Tarihi na Walters Art Museum . 

== Tarihin zamani ==
Samannud ya yi adawa da mamayar da Musulmai suka yi wa Masar a shekarar 639, kuma ya ci gaba da yin tawaye na ɗan lokaci bayan haka; birnin ya yi tawaye sau huɗu a rabin farko na ƙarni na takwas. Shugabannin Coptic guda uku sun fito daga Samannud: Yahaya&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwvg&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;III, Kosmas&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwwA&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;II, da kuma Yahaya&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwwg&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;V. Masanin ilimin falsafa na Coptic na ƙarni na 12 [[Yuhanna al-Samannudi]] shi ma ya fito daga Samannud, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin bishop. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yuhanna al-Samannudi&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Hany N.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Historical populations|1996|249672|2006|298166|2019|410388}}Bishof na Samannud ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na sha uku, wanda ke nuna kasancewar Kiristoci da yawa a lokacin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Anba Hadid&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Hany N.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1843, John Gardner Wilkinson ya bayyana shi a matsayin wuri mai girman gaske, tare da kasuwannin manyan garuruwan Masar da aka saba gani, kuma ya shahara da tukwane, wanda aka aika zuwa Alkahira. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wilkinson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=John Gardner Wilkinson}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[1885 Census of Egypt|Ƙidayar jama'a ta Masar a shekarar 1885]] ta nuna cewa Samannud birni ne a gundumarsa a Gundumar Gharbia ; a wancan lokacin, yawan mutanen birnin ya kai 11,550 (maza 5,686 da mata 5,864). 

== Mutane masu shahara ==

* Paparoma John III na Alexandria (ƙarni na 7)
* Paparoma Cosmas na II na Alexandria (ƙarni na 9)
* Paparoma Shenouda na ɗaya na Alexandria (ƙarni na 9)
* Ahmed Abu Ismail (1915–2013), Ministan Kudi
* Mohamed Nagui (1947–2014), marubuci
* Ahmed Mansour (an haife shi a shekarar 1962), ɗan jarida

== A cikin al'adun addini ==
A cikin al'adar ' yan Koftik, Sebennytos wani ɓangare ne na hanyar Iyali Mai Tsarki a lokacin gudu zuwa Masar da aka ruwaito a cikin [[Matiyu|Linjilar Matiyu]] ( 2: 13-23 ). &lt;ref name=&quot;HolyFamily&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Holy Family at Meniet Samanoud |url=http://www.touregypt.net/holyfamily.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912231331/http://www.touregypt.net/holyfamily.htm |archive-date=12 September 2016 |access-date=6 November 2016 |website=Tour Egypt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>tt1h6wgv51z6kaaty4tkwebkmd749s0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Niger Delta Basin (geology)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153561</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843645</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:07:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345725950|Niger Delta Basin (geology)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843645</origin>
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'''Tafkin Niger Delta''', wanda kuma ake kira da '''lardin Niger Delta''', wani yanki ne mai faɗi na rijiyoyin ruwa da ke cikin [[Neja Delta|Niger Delta]] da [[Tekun Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]] a gefen nahiyar da ba ta da amfani kusa da gabar yammacin Najeriya &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele |last2=Charpentier |first2=Ronald |last3=Brownfield |first3=Michael |title=The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=United States Geologic Survey |publisher=United States Geologic Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da yiwuwar shiga Kamaru, Equatorial Guinea da São Tomé da Príncipe. Wannan kwarin yana da matukar rikitarwa, kuma yana da darajar tattalin arziki mai girma domin yana ɗauke da tsarin mai mai yawa. Tafkin Niger Delta yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwarin ruwa na subaerial a Afirka. Yana da yanki na subaerial na kimanin 75,000.&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;km2&lt;/sup&gt;, jimillar fadinsa ya kai 300,000&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;km2&lt;/sup&gt;, da kuma cikewar laka ta 500,000&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;3.&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot; /&gt; Cikewar laka tana da zurfin tsakanin 9-12&amp;nbsp;km.  Ya ƙunshi nau'ikan halittu daban-daban da ke nuna yadda wannan kwarin zai iya samuwa, da kuma manyan tectonics na yankin. Kwarin Niger Delta wani kwarin gwiwa ne da ke kewaye da wasu kwarin ruwa da yawa a yankin waɗanda duk suka samo asali daga irin wannan tsari. Kwarin Niger Delta yana cikin yankin kudu maso yammacin wani babban tsarin tectonic, wato Benue Trough . Ɗayan gefen kwarin yana da iyaka da Layin Dutsen Kamaru da kuma gefen nahiyar da ba ya aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sequence stratigraphy of the Pliocene-Pleistocene strata and shelf-margin deltas of the eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria&quot; /&gt;

== Samar da kwarin ruwa ==
An samar da Tafkin Neja Delta ta hanyar gazawar haɗin rivet a lokacin rabuwar Tafkin Kudancin Amurka da Tafkin Afirka, yayin da Kudancin Atlantika ya fara buɗewa. Rift a cikin wannan kwarin ya fara ne a ƙarshen Jurassic kuma ya ƙare a tsakiyar Cretaceous . Yayin da rift ya ci gaba, kurakurai da yawa sun haifar da kurakurai da yawa waɗanda suka haifar da matsaloli . Haka kuma a wannan lokacin an ajiye yashi mai kauri sannan kuma an ajiye shales a cikin marigayi Cretaceous. Wannan yana nuna cewa bakin teku ya koma baya a wannan lokacin. A lokaci guda, kwarin yana fuskantar faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da kurakurai na yau da kullun na yau da kullun da juyawar toshewar matsala. A farkon Paleocene akwai babban keta bakin teku.  A lokacin Paleocene, an ajiye [[Akata Formation]], sannan kuma Tsarin Agbada a lokacin Eocene. Wannan lodi ya sa aka matse [[Akata Formation|Tsarin Shale Akata]] a ƙarƙashin diapirs. Sannan a cikin Oligocene an ajiye [[Benin formation|Tsarin Benin]], wanda har yanzu ana ajiye shi a yau. An raba kwarin gaba ɗaya zuwa yankuna daban-daban saboda tsarin tectonic. &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele |last2=Charpentier |first2=Ronald |last3=Brownfield |first3=Michael |title=The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=United States Geologic Survey |publisher=United States Geologic Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTuttleCharpentierBrownfield&quot;&gt;Tuttle, Michele; Charpentier, Ronald; Brownfield, Michael. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html &quot;The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa&quot;]. ''United States Geologic Survey''. United States Geologic Survey&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai yankin faɗaɗawa, wanda ke kan teburin nahiyar, wanda ɓawon da ya yi kauri ya haifar. Matsar da kwarin zuwa wani yanki ne na sauyawa, da kuma yanki na ƙanƙantawa, wanda ke cikin ɓangaren teku mai zurfi na kwarin.

== Lithology ==
[[Fayil:Niger_Delta_Sealevel_Stand.PNG|thumb|An zana taswirar tsayin daka da kuma ƙasan matakin teku a kan mahadar kwarin]]
Cikewar laka a yankin Neja Delta yana da alaƙa da manyan depobelts guda uku. Waɗannan zagaye uku sun nuna cewa yankin ya fuskanci koma-baya gabaɗaya a tsawon lokaci yayin da laka ke tafiya daga zurfin hatsi masu girman laka zuwa hatsi [[Kogi|masu]] yawa masu girman yashi. Lithologies na yankin suna fuskantar canje-canje saboda dalilai da yawa. Asalin laka daga tsaunukan bakin teku waɗanda ke shiga cikin [[delta]] suna sarrafa ma'adinan hatsi. Bugu da ƙari, tasirin matakin teku akan ajiyar laka sananne ne; matakin teku mai alaƙa zai sarrafa girman lithologies na cikin kwarin (duba tsarin jeri ). Ayyukan [[Dutsen Volcano|dutsen mai aman wuta]] a yankin na iya haifar da ƙaramin tarin toka ( bentonite ). Ana tsammanin laka na Cretaceous na farko sun fito ne daga tsarin da ruwa ya mamaye wanda aka ajiye a kan gabar teku mai laka, kuma a tsawon lokaci bakin teku ya zama [[wiktionary:convex|convex]] kuma a halin yanzu tsarin raƙuman ruwa ne.

=== Gine-gine a ƙasa ===
Dutsen ginshiƙin teku shi ne dutsen da ya fi tsufa a cikin kwarin kuma yana da tsari na basaltic . Hakanan yana kusa da bakin teku. Girbi na ginshiƙin nahiyar Precambrian a bakin teku.

=== Cretaceous ===
Akwai wani ɓangare na dutse a cikin wannan kwarin daga tsakiya zuwa ƙarshen Cretaceous wanda ba a fahimce shi sosai ba saboda zurfin binne shi. Ana kyautata zaton ya ƙunshi laka daga bakin teku mai rinjayen ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele |last2=Charpentier |first2=Ronald |last3=Brownfield |first3=Michael |title=The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=United States Geologic Survey |publisher=United States Geologic Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTuttleCharpentierBrownfield&quot;&gt;Tuttle, Michele; Charpentier, Ronald; Brownfield, Michael. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html &quot;The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa&quot;]. ''United States Geologic Survey''. United States Geologic Survey&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ana kyautata zaton akwai layuka da yawa na shales, kodayake ba a iyakance yaduwar su ba.

=== Tsarin Akata ===
Tsarin Akata yana da tsufa . Ya ƙunshi kauri mai kauri, yashi mai turbidite, da ƙananan adadin ƙasa da yumɓu. Yawan yumɓun ya haifar da samuwar shale mai laushi wanda aka matse shi cikin diapir na shale a cikin kwano. Tsarin Akata ya samo asali ne a lokacin [[Lowstands|ƙasan tudu]] a cikin yanayin teku da kuma yanayin rashin iska . An kiyasta cewa wannan tsari ya kai kauri har zuwa mita 7,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsarin Agbada ===
Tsarin Akata yana da tsufa . Ya ƙunshi kauri mai kauri, yashi mai turbidite, da ƙananan adadin ƙasa da yumɓu. Yawan yumɓun ya haifar da samuwar shale mai laushi wanda aka matse shi cikin diapir na shale a cikin kwano. Tsarin Akata ya samo asali ne a lokacin [[Lowstands|ƙasan tudu]] a cikin yanayin teku da kuma yanayin rashin iska . An kiyasta cewa wannan tsari ya kai kauri har zuwa mita 7,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsarin Benin ===
Tsarin ƙasar Benin yana da Oligocene kuma yana da shekaru ƙanana. Ya ƙunshi yashi mai faɗi na nahiyar da kuma ma'adinan ruwa. An kiyasta cewa tsawonsa ya kai mita 2,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele |last2=Charpentier |first2=Ronald |last3=Brownfield |first3=Michael |title=The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=United States Geologic Survey |publisher=United States Geologic Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTuttleCharpentierBrownfield&quot;&gt;Tuttle, Michele; Charpentier, Ronald; Brownfield, Michael. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html &quot;The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa&quot;]. ''United States Geologic Survey''. United States Geologic Survey&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin Tectonic ==
Tsarin tectonic a cikin Tafkin Niger Delta abu ne da ya saba da tsarin tsagewa mai tsawo, amma ƙarin shale [[Diapir|diapirism]] saboda lodawa ya sa wannan kwarin ya zama na musamman. Babban hanyar nakasawa ita ce rugujewar nauyi na kwarin, kodayake tsoffin kurakurai da nakasawa a cikin kwarin suna da alaƙa da fashewar nahiyar da kuma tsagewar faranti na Afirka da faranti na Kudancin Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele |last2=Charpentier |first2=Ronald |last3=Brownfield |first3=Michael |title=The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=United States Geologic Survey |publisher=United States Geologic Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTuttleCharpentierBrownfield&quot;&gt;Tuttle, Michele; Charpentier, Ronald; Brownfield, Michael. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html &quot;The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa&quot;]. ''United States Geologic Survey''. United States Geologic Survey&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An raba kwarin gaba ɗaya zuwa yankuna daban-daban saboda tsarin tectonic. Akwai yankin faɗaɗawa, wanda ke kan shiryayyen nahiyar, wanda ɓawon da ya yi kauri ya haifar. Akwai yankin sauyawa, sannan akwai yankin ƙanƙantawa, wanda ke cikin zurfin ɓangaren teku na kwarin.

Juyawar kwarin kwarin yana faruwa ne sakamakon ɗagawa da/ko matsewa a cikin wannan kwarin. Matsewar tana faruwa ne sakamakon rabuwar yatsun kafa na diapirs ɗin shale. Juyawar &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele |last2=Charpentier |first2=Ronald |last3=Brownfield |first3=Michael |title=The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=United States Geologic Survey |publisher=United States Geologic Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTuttleCharpentierBrownfield&quot;&gt;Tuttle, Michele; Charpentier, Ronald; Brownfield, Michael. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html &quot;The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa&quot;]. ''United States Geologic Survey''. United States Geologic Survey&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

; Masu nuna hasken da ke nutsewa a cikin kwarin ruwa

Masu nutsewa a cikin kwarin ruwa wani abu ne da aka saba gani a cikin kwarin ruwa mai faɗi. Yayin da tubalan matsala suka miƙe, suna juyawa zuwa tsakiyar kwarin. A saman waɗannan tubalan matsala, ƙananan kwarin ruwa na iya samuwa.

; Diapers na shale

Diapir ɗin shale sun fito ne daga Tsarin Akata. Wannan tsari ya samo asali ne saboda rashin isasshen ruwa a cikin tsarin da kuma matsin lamba mai yawa daga Tsarin Agbada mai kauri da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele |last2=Charpentier |first2=Ronald |last3=Brownfield |first3=Michael |title=The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=United States Geologic Survey |publisher=United States Geologic Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTuttleCharpentierBrownfield&quot;&gt;Tuttle, Michele; Charpentier, Ronald; Brownfield, Michael. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html &quot;The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa&quot;]. ''United States Geologic Survey''. United States Geologic Survey&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

; Babban kusurwa na yau da kullun na kurakurai

Kuskuren al'ada mai kusurwa mai tsayi wani abu ne na ɓangaren faɗaɗa na tsagewar da ke cikin wannan kwarin. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matsalar girma kuma fasalin yana kusa da gefen kwarin kuma yana canzawa zuwa matsalar rabuwar yatsu yayin da kake ci gaba da sauka a cikin kwarin. &lt;ref name=&quot;AAPG&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Short |first=K.C. |last2=Staeuble |first2=A.J. |title=Outline of geology of Niger delta |journal=AAPG Bulletin |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=761–799 |doi=10.1306/5d25c0cf-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mai da Iskar Gas ==
[[Fayil:Nigerdeltapetroleumsys.gif|thumb|Tsarin man fetur mafi ƙaranci da mafi girma]]
Yankin Neja Delta shi ne lardi na goma sha biyu mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar albarkatun mai da iskar gas da aka sani. &lt;ref name=&quot;USGs1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele L. W. |last2=Brownfield |first2=Michael E. |last3=Charpentier |first3=Ronald R. |title=Niger Delta (Akata-Agbada) Petroleum System OF99-50H, Chapter A |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html#:~:text=Known%20oil%20and%20gas%20resources,recoverable%20gas%20have%20been%20discovered. |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin Neja Delta yana samar da kusan ganga miliyan 2 na mai a kowace rana. Ana hasashen cewa dukkan tsarin zai ƙunshi ganga biliyan 34.5 na mai da kuma ƙafa tiriliyan &lt;sup&gt;94&lt;/sup&gt; na iskar gas. Har yanzu kamfanonin mai suna ci gaba da bincike sosai a wannan yanki a yau. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da mai a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele |last2=Charpentier |first2=Ronald |last3=Brownfield |first3=Michael |title=The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=United States Geologic Survey |publisher=United States Geologic Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTuttleCharpentierBrownfield&quot;&gt;Tuttle, Michele; Charpentier, Ronald; Brownfield, Michael. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html &quot;The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa&quot;]. ''United States Geologic Survey''. United States Geologic Survey&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurɓatar Mai ===
{{Excerpt|Environmental issues in the Niger Delta}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Tafkin Niger Delta''', wanda kuma ake kira da '''lardin Niger Delta''', wani yanki ne mai faɗi na rijiyoyin ruwa da ke cikin [[Neja Delta|Niger Delta]] da [[Tekun Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]] a gefen nahiyar da ba ta da amfani kusa da gabar yammacin Najeriya &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele |last2=Charpentier |first2=Ronald |last3=Brownfield |first3=Michael |title=The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=United States Geologic Survey |publisher=United States Geologic Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da yiwuwar shiga Kamaru, Equatorial Guinea da São Tomé da Príncipe. Wannan kwarin yana da matukar rikitarwa, kuma yana da darajar tattalin arziki mai girma domin yana ɗauke da tsarin mai mai yawa. Tafkin Niger Delta yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwarin ruwa na subaerial a Afirka. Yana da yanki na subaerial na kimanin 75,000.&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;km2&lt;/sup&gt;, jimillar fadinsa ya kai 300,000&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;km2&lt;/sup&gt;, da kuma cikewar laka ta 500,000&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;3.&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot; /&gt; Cikewar laka tana da zurfin tsakanin 9-12&amp;nbsp;km.  Ya ƙunshi nau'ikan halittu daban-daban da ke nuna yadda wannan kwarin zai iya samuwa, da kuma manyan tectonics na yankin. Kwarin Niger Delta wani kwarin gwiwa ne da ke kewaye da wasu kwarin ruwa da yawa a yankin waɗanda duk suka samo asali daga irin wannan tsari. Kwarin Niger Delta yana cikin yankin kudu maso yammacin wani babban tsarin tectonic, wato Benue Trough . Ɗayan gefen kwarin yana da iyaka da Layin Dutsen Kamaru da kuma gefen nahiyar da ba ya aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sequence stratigraphy of the Pliocene-Pleistocene strata and shelf-margin deltas of the eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria&quot; /&gt;

== Samar da kwarin ruwa ==
An samar da Tafkin Neja Delta ta hanyar gazawar haɗin rivet a lokacin rabuwar Tafkin Kudancin Amurka da Tafkin Afirka, yayin da Kudancin Atlantika ya fara buɗewa. Rift a cikin wannan kwarin ya fara ne a ƙarshen Jurassic kuma ya ƙare a tsakiyar Cretaceous . Yayin da rift ya ci gaba, kurakurai da yawa sun haifar da kurakurai da yawa waɗanda suka haifar da matsaloli . Haka kuma a wannan lokacin an ajiye yashi mai kauri sannan kuma an ajiye shales a cikin marigayi Cretaceous. Wannan yana nuna cewa bakin teku ya koma baya a wannan lokacin. A lokaci guda, kwarin yana fuskantar faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da kurakurai na yau da kullun na yau da kullun da juyawar toshewar matsala. A farkon Paleocene akwai babban keta bakin teku.  A lokacin Paleocene, an ajiye [[Akata Formation]], sannan kuma Tsarin Agbada a lokacin Eocene. Wannan lodi ya sa aka matse [[Akata Formation|Tsarin Shale Akata]] a ƙarƙashin diapirs. Sannan a cikin Oligocene an ajiye [[Benin formation|Tsarin Benin]], wanda har yanzu ana ajiye shi a yau. An raba kwarin gaba ɗaya zuwa yankuna daban-daban saboda tsarin tectonic. &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele |last2=Charpentier |first2=Ronald |last3=Brownfield |first3=Michael |title=The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=United States Geologic Survey |publisher=United States Geologic Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTuttleCharpentierBrownfield&quot;&gt;Tuttle, Michele; Charpentier, Ronald; Brownfield, Michael. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html &quot;The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa&quot;]. ''United States Geologic Survey''. United States Geologic Survey&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai yankin faɗaɗawa, wanda ke kan teburin nahiyar, wanda ɓawon da ya yi kauri ya haifar. Matsar da kwarin zuwa wani yanki ne na sauyawa, da kuma yanki na ƙanƙantawa, wanda ke cikin ɓangaren teku mai zurfi na kwarin.

== Lithology ==
[[Fayil:Niger_Delta_Sealevel_Stand.PNG|thumb|An zana taswirar tsayin daka da kuma ƙasan matakin teku a kan mahadar kwarin]]
Cikewar laka a yankin Neja Delta yana da alaƙa da manyan depobelts guda uku. Waɗannan zagaye uku sun nuna cewa yankin ya fuskanci koma-baya gabaɗaya a tsawon lokaci yayin da laka ke tafiya daga zurfin hatsi masu girman laka zuwa hatsi [[Kogi|masu]] yawa masu girman yashi. Lithologies na yankin suna fuskantar canje-canje saboda dalilai da yawa. Asalin laka daga tsaunukan bakin teku waɗanda ke shiga cikin [[delta]] suna sarrafa ma'adinan hatsi. Bugu da ƙari, tasirin matakin teku akan ajiyar laka sananne ne; matakin teku mai alaƙa zai sarrafa girman lithologies na cikin kwarin (duba tsarin jeri ). Ayyukan [[Dutsen Volcano|dutsen mai aman wuta]] a yankin na iya haifar da ƙaramin tarin toka ( bentonite ). Ana tsammanin laka na Cretaceous na farko sun fito ne daga tsarin da ruwa ya mamaye wanda aka ajiye a kan gabar teku mai laka, kuma a tsawon lokaci bakin teku ya zama [[wiktionary:convex|convex]] kuma a halin yanzu tsarin raƙuman ruwa ne.

=== Gine-gine a ƙasa ===
Dutsen ginshiƙin teku shi ne dutsen da ya fi tsufa a cikin kwarin kuma yana da tsari na basaltic . Hakanan yana kusa da bakin teku. Girbi na ginshiƙin nahiyar Precambrian a bakin teku.

=== Cretaceous ===
Akwai wani ɓangare na dutse a cikin wannan kwarin daga tsakiya zuwa ƙarshen Cretaceous wanda ba a fahimce shi sosai ba saboda zurfin binne shi. Ana kyautata zaton ya ƙunshi laka daga bakin teku mai rinjayen ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele |last2=Charpentier |first2=Ronald |last3=Brownfield |first3=Michael |title=The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=United States Geologic Survey |publisher=United States Geologic Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTuttleCharpentierBrownfield&quot;&gt;Tuttle, Michele; Charpentier, Ronald; Brownfield, Michael. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html &quot;The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa&quot;]. ''United States Geologic Survey''. United States Geologic Survey&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ana kyautata zaton akwai layuka da yawa na shales, kodayake ba a iyakance yaduwar su ba.

=== Tsarin Akata ===
Tsarin Akata yana da tsufa . Ya ƙunshi kauri mai kauri, yashi mai turbidite, da ƙananan adadin ƙasa da yumɓu. Yawan yumɓun ya haifar da samuwar shale mai laushi wanda aka matse shi cikin diapir na shale a cikin kwano. Tsarin Akata ya samo asali ne a lokacin [[Lowstands|ƙasan tudu]] a cikin yanayin teku da kuma yanayin rashin iska . An kiyasta cewa wannan tsari ya kai kauri har zuwa mita 7,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsarin Agbada ===
Tsarin Akata yana da tsufa . Ya ƙunshi kauri mai kauri, yashi mai turbidite, da ƙananan adadin ƙasa da yumɓu. Yawan yumɓun ya haifar da samuwar shale mai laushi wanda aka matse shi cikin diapir na shale a cikin kwano. Tsarin Akata ya samo asali ne a lokacin [[Lowstands|ƙasan tudu]] a cikin yanayin teku da kuma yanayin rashin iska . An kiyasta cewa wannan tsari ya kai kauri har zuwa mita 7,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsarin Benin ===
Tsarin ƙasar Benin yana da Oligocene kuma yana da shekaru ƙanana. Ya ƙunshi yashi mai faɗi na nahiyar da kuma ma'adinan ruwa. An kiyasta cewa tsawonsa ya kai mita 2,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele |last2=Charpentier |first2=Ronald |last3=Brownfield |first3=Michael |title=The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=United States Geologic Survey |publisher=United States Geologic Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTuttleCharpentierBrownfield&quot;&gt;Tuttle, Michele; Charpentier, Ronald; Brownfield, Michael. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html &quot;The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa&quot;]. ''United States Geologic Survey''. United States Geologic Survey&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin Tectonic ==
Tsarin tectonic a cikin Tafkin Niger Delta abu ne da ya saba da tsarin tsagewa mai tsawo, amma ƙarin shale [[Diapir|diapirism]] saboda lodawa ya sa wannan kwarin ya zama na musamman. Babban hanyar nakasawa ita ce rugujewar nauyi na kwarin, kodayake tsoffin kurakurai da nakasawa a cikin kwarin suna da alaƙa da fashewar nahiyar da kuma tsagewar faranti na Afirka da faranti na Kudancin Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele |last2=Charpentier |first2=Ronald |last3=Brownfield |first3=Michael |title=The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=United States Geologic Survey |publisher=United States Geologic Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTuttleCharpentierBrownfield&quot;&gt;Tuttle, Michele; Charpentier, Ronald; Brownfield, Michael. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html &quot;The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa&quot;]. ''United States Geologic Survey''. United States Geologic Survey&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An raba kwarin gaba ɗaya zuwa yankuna daban-daban saboda tsarin tectonic. Akwai yankin faɗaɗawa, wanda ke kan shiryayyen nahiyar, wanda ɓawon da ya yi kauri ya haifar. Akwai yankin sauyawa, sannan akwai yankin ƙanƙantawa, wanda ke cikin zurfin ɓangaren teku na kwarin.

Juyawar kwarin kwarin yana faruwa ne sakamakon ɗagawa da/ko matsewa a cikin wannan kwarin. Matsewar tana faruwa ne sakamakon rabuwar yatsun kafa na diapirs ɗin shale. Juyawar &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele |last2=Charpentier |first2=Ronald |last3=Brownfield |first3=Michael |title=The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=United States Geologic Survey |publisher=United States Geologic Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTuttleCharpentierBrownfield&quot;&gt;Tuttle, Michele; Charpentier, Ronald; Brownfield, Michael. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html &quot;The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa&quot;]. ''United States Geologic Survey''. United States Geologic Survey&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

; Masu nuna hasken da ke nutsewa a cikin kwarin ruwa

Masu nutsewa a cikin kwarin ruwa wani abu ne da aka saba gani a cikin kwarin ruwa mai faɗi. Yayin da tubalan matsala suka miƙe, suna juyawa zuwa tsakiyar kwarin. A saman waɗannan tubalan matsala, ƙananan kwarin ruwa na iya samuwa.

; Diapers na shale

Diapir ɗin shale sun fito ne daga Tsarin Akata. Wannan tsari ya samo asali ne saboda rashin isasshen ruwa a cikin tsarin da kuma matsin lamba mai yawa daga Tsarin Agbada mai kauri da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele |last2=Charpentier |first2=Ronald |last3=Brownfield |first3=Michael |title=The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=United States Geologic Survey |publisher=United States Geologic Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTuttleCharpentierBrownfield&quot;&gt;Tuttle, Michele; Charpentier, Ronald; Brownfield, Michael. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html &quot;The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa&quot;]. ''United States Geologic Survey''. United States Geologic Survey&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

; Babban kusurwa na yau da kullun na kurakurai

Kuskuren al'ada mai kusurwa mai tsayi wani abu ne na ɓangaren faɗaɗa na tsagewar da ke cikin wannan kwarin. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matsalar girma kuma fasalin yana kusa da gefen kwarin kuma yana canzawa zuwa matsalar rabuwar yatsu yayin da kake ci gaba da sauka a cikin kwarin. &lt;ref name=&quot;AAPG&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Short |first=K.C. |last2=Staeuble |first2=A.J. |title=Outline of geology of Niger delta |journal=AAPG Bulletin |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=761–799 |doi=10.1306/5d25c0cf-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mai da Iskar Gas ==
[[Fayil:Nigerdeltapetroleumsys.gif|thumb|Tsarin man fetur mafi ƙaranci da mafi girma]]
Yankin Neja Delta shi ne lardi na goma sha biyu mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar albarkatun mai da iskar gas da aka sani. &lt;ref name=&quot;USGs1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele L. W. |last2=Brownfield |first2=Michael E. |last3=Charpentier |first3=Ronald R. |title=Niger Delta (Akata-Agbada) Petroleum System OF99-50H, Chapter A |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html#:~:text=Known%20oil%20and%20gas%20resources,recoverable%20gas%20have%20been%20discovered. |access-date=12 August 2021 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin Neja Delta yana samar da kusan ganga miliyan 2 na mai a kowace rana. Ana hasashen cewa dukkan tsarin zai ƙunshi ganga biliyan 34.5 na mai da kuma ƙafa tiriliyan &lt;sup&gt;94&lt;/sup&gt; na iskar gas. Har yanzu kamfanonin mai suna ci gaba da bincike sosai a wannan yanki a yau. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da mai a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;United States Geologic Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Michele |last2=Charpentier |first2=Ronald |last3=Brownfield |first3=Michael |title=The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |website=United States Geologic Survey |publisher=United States Geologic Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTuttleCharpentierBrownfield&quot;&gt;Tuttle, Michele; Charpentier, Ronald; Brownfield, Michael. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50H/ChapterA.html &quot;The Niger Delta Petroleum System: Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa&quot;]. ''United States Geologic Survey''. United States Geologic Survey&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurɓatar Mai ===
{{Excerpt|Environmental issues in the Niger Delta}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pittsburgh Steelers</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:07:22Z</timestamp>
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        <username>AsmudEmpire</username>
        <id>45212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirkira</comment>
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'''Pittsburgh Steelers''' ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka ce da ke Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Amurka. Ƙungiyar tana fafatawa a gasar [[National Football League]] (NFL) a matsayin memba na [[American Football Conference]] (AFC) North Division.

Steelers tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyi mafi nasara a tarihin NFL kuma tana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsaurin magoya baya a Amurka da ake kira '''Steelers Nation'''.

== Tarihi ==

=== Kafuwa ===

An kafa Pittsburgh Steelers a shekarar 1933 daga Arthur J. Rooney Sr. da aka fi sani da '''Art Rooney'''.

Da farko ana kiranta '''Pittsburgh Pirates''' kafin daga baya a canza suna zuwa Steelers a shekarar 1940 domin nuna tarihin masana’antar ƙarfe (steel industry) a Pittsburgh.

=== Shekarun farko ===

A farkon shekarunta, Steelers ba ta yi nasara sosai ba kuma ta shafe shekaru da dama ba tare da manyan kambuna ba.

== Zamanin Chuck Noll ==

A shekarar 1969, Chuck Noll ya zama babban koci. Wannan shi ne farkon zamanin nasara a ƙungiyar.

A tsakanin 1970s, Steelers ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi ƙarfi a NFL.

Ta lashe Super Bowl huɗu cikin shekaru shida.

== Nasarori ==

=== Super Bowl Championships ===

Pittsburgh Steelers ta lashe Super Bowl sau shida:

* Super Bowl IX (1974)
* Super Bowl X (1975)
* Super Bowl XIII (1978)
* Super Bowl XIV (1979)
* Super Bowl XL (2005)
* Super Bowl XLIII (2008)

Wannan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi lashe Super Bowl a tarihi.

=== AFC Championships ===

Steelers ta lashe kambun AFC sau da dama kuma ta kai playoffs akai-akai.

== Filin Wasa ==

Steelers tana buga wasanninta a '''Acrisure Stadium''' (wanda aka fi sani da Heinz Field kafin 2022).

Filin yana a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania kuma yana ɗaukar sama da mutane 68,000.

== Mallaka ==

Ƙungiyar tana mallakar '''Rooney family''', wanda ya kafa ta tun 1933.

Wannan ya sa Steelers ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi mafi tsayayyen shugabanci a NFL.

== Fitattun 'Yan Wasa ==

* Terry Bradshaw
* Franco Harris
* Lynn Swann
* Joe Greene (Mean Joe Greene)
* Troy Polamalu
* Ben Roethlisberger
* Hines Ward
* T.J. Watt

== Fitattun Masu Horarwa ==

* Chuck Noll
* Bill Cowher
* Mike Tomlin

== Steelers Nation ==

Magoya bayan Steelers, da ake kira '''Steelers Nation''', suna daga cikin mafi yawan magoya baya a duniya.

Ana samun magoya bayansu a duk faɗin Amurka da ma sauran ƙasashe.

== Rikodi da Nasarori ==

* Super Bowl wins: 6
* AFC Championships da dama
* Multiple division titles
* Daya daga cikin mafi nasara franchises a NFL

== Duba Kuma ==

* [[National Football League]]
* [[American Football Conference]]
* [[Super Bowl]]
* [[Acrisure Stadium]]
* [[Chuck Noll]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

=== Littattafai ===

* Rooney, Art. ''Ruanaidh: The Story of Art Rooney and His Family''.
* Bradshaw, Terry. ''Keep It Simple''.
* NFL Record and Fact Book.
* Pittsburgh Steelers Media Guide.

== Hanyoyin Waje ==

* [https://www.steelers.com Shafin hukuma na Pittsburgh Steelers]
* [https://www.nfl.com/teams/pittsburgh-steelers Pittsburgh Steelers a NFL.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pittsburgh Steelers}}

[[Category:National Football League teams]]
[[Category:American Football Conference teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs established in 1933]]
[[Category:American football teams in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:1933 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:AFC North teams]]
[[Category:Pittsburgh Steelers]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lower Egypt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324861011|Lower Egypt]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Location map+|Northern Egypt}}'''Ƙasar Masar''' ( Arabic   ''{{Transl|ar|Miṣr as-Suflā}}'' ) yanki ne mafi arewa a [[Misra|Masar]], wanda ya ƙunshi yankin Nilu mai albarka tsakanin Babban Masar da [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] ya rabu zuwa rassan delta bakwai a Ƙasar Masar. An raba Ƙasar Masar zuwa nomes kuma ya fara ci gaba a matsayin wayewa bayan 3600.&amp;nbsp;BC.  A yau, tana ɗauke da manyan hanyoyi guda biyu da ke gudana ta cikin kogin Nilu - Madatsar ruwan Mahmoudiyah (tsohuwar Agathos Daimon) da kuma Madatsar ruwan Muways ( Arabic  , &quot;hanyar ruwan Musa&quot;).

== Suna ==
A [[Harshen Misira|zamanin da]], an san ƙasar Masar ta ƙasa da ''mḥw'' wanda ke nufin &quot;arewa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TM Places |url=https://www.trismegistos.org/place/2712 |access-date=2019-11-16 |website=www.trismegistos.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya, a lokacin zamanin da da kuma [[Zamanin Tsakiya|zamanin tsakiya]], Helenawa da Romawa sun kira shi ''Κάτω Αἴγυπτος'' ko ''Aegyptus Inferior'' duka suna nufin &quot;Ƙasar Masar&quot;, amma Copts sun ci gaba da amfani da tsohon sunan da ke da alaƙa da arewa - ''Tsakhet'' ( Coptic   ) ko ''Psanemhit'' ( Coptic   ) ma'ana &quot;Sashen Arewa&quot;. An ƙara raba shi zuwa yankuna ko nomes da dama ( Coptic     ) – ''Niphaiat'' ( Coptic      , Ancient Greek   ) a yamma, ''Tiarabia'' ( Coptic       ) a gabas, ''Nimeshshoti'' ( ' Coptic       ) a arewa maso gabas da ''Bashmur'' (Bashmuric Coptic       ) a arewa. Champollion ya ƙara wani yanki a tsakiyar Delta wanda yake kira ''Petmour'' ( Coptic       )  bisa tushen Ancient Greek   Stephanus na Byzantium ya ambata, amma ba a san ko wannan yanki ne daban ba ko kuma kawai fassarar sunan Bashmur ta Girkanci ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Schwartze, Moritz Gotthilf: Das alte Aegypten oder Sprache, Geschichte, Religion und Verfassung des alten Aegyptens: nach den altägyptischen Original-Schriften und den Mittheilungen der nichtägyptischen alten Schriftsteller (Band 2) (Leipzig, 1843) |url=https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/schwartze1843bd2/0113/image,info |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan mamayewar Musulmai, an kira tsakiyar yankin Delta al-Rif ( Arabic   ) wanda ke nufin &quot;ƙauye, yankin karkara&quot; kuma wanda aka samo daga [[Harshen Misira|tsohon Masar]]&lt;hiero&gt;
r:Z1-pr*Z1:niwt
&lt;/hiero&gt;''r-pr'', &quot;haikalin&quot;, saboda yankunan karkara ne ke gudanar da su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ريف - Wiktionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81 |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=en.wiktionary.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin gabas wanda ya ƙunshi tsohon Tiarabia ana kiransa al-Hawf ( Arabic   ) ma'ana &quot;gefe, gefe&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adel |first=Arsanious |date=23 December 2019 |title=Administrative Organization Of Egypt - Coptic Wiki |url=https://coptic-wiki.org/administrative-organization-of-egypt |access-date=2021-05-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
A yau, akwai manyan hanyoyin ruwa guda biyu da Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] ke bi ta cikin [[Kogi|kogin]] delta: ɗaya a yamma a [[Rosetta|Rashid]] da ɗaya a gabas a Damietta .

Yankin delta yana da ruwa sosai, akwai ramuka da magudanan ruwa da ke ratsawa.

Saboda kusancinta da Tekun Bahar Rum, yanayin ƙasar Masar ya fi na Upper Egypt, yankin kudancin ƙasar laushi. Yanayin zafi ba shi da tsanani kuma ruwan sama ya fi yawa a ƙasar Masar.

== Tarihi ==
 
An raba ta zuwa gundumomi ashirin da ake kira nomes, na farko kuma yana a el-Lisht . Saboda yankin ƙasa mai nisa na ƙasar Masar ba shi da wani ci gaba, cike da dukkan nau'ikan shuke-shuke kamar ciyawa da ganye, tsarin ''nomes'' ya sami sauye-sauye da dama.

Babban birnin ƙasar Masar ta Lower Egypt shine [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] . Allolinta masu kula da ita sune allahiya Wadjet, wacce aka nuna a matsayin ƙwarƙwara. An wakilci ƙasan Masar ta hanyar Red Crown ''[[Deshret]]'', kuma alamominta sune papyrus da zuma. Bayan haɗewa, an wakilci allolin ƙasan Masar da na sama tare a matsayin ''mata biyu'', Wadjet da Nekhbet (wanda aka nuna a matsayin ungulu), don kare dukkan tsoffin Masarawa.

A kusan shekara ta 3600 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), al'ummomin Neolithic na Masar da ke gefen [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] sun kafa al'adunsu kan kiwon amfanin gona da kuma kula da dabbobi.  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan shekara ta 3600 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), al'ummar Masar ta fara girma da ci gaba cikin sauri zuwa ga wayewar da aka inganta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roebuck&quot; /&gt; Wani sabon tukwane mai ban mamaki, wanda ke da alaƙa da tukwane a Kudancin Levant, ya bayyana a wannan lokacin kuma an ƙara amfani da jan ƙarfe sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roebuck&quot; /&gt; Tsarin [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamian]] na [[Mudbrick|tubalan busassun rana]], da ƙa'idodin ginin gine-gine—gami da amfani da baka da bangon da aka ɓoye don yin ado—ya zama sananne a wannan lokacin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roebuck&quot; /&gt;

Tare da waɗannan ci gaban al'adu, an sami wani tsari na haɗa kan al'ummomi da garuruwan Kogin Nilu na sama, ko kuma Babban Masar . A lokaci guda, al'ummomin Delta na Nilu, ko Ƙasashen Masar suma sun shiga tsarin haɗin kai. Yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Babban Masar da Ƙasashen Masar sun faru sau da yawa.  A lokacin mulkinsa a Babban Masar, Sarki Narmer ya kayar da abokan gabansa a Delta kuma ya haɗa masarautun Babban Masar da Ƙasashen Masar a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roebuck&quot; /&gt;

== Jerin sarakunan zamanin zamanin daular Masar ta ƙasa ==
Dutse na Palermo, wani tarihin sarauta da aka rubuta a tsakiyar Daular Biyar (kimanin 2490 BC &amp;#x2013; kimanin 2350 BC) ya rubuta wasu sarakuna da suka yi mulki a Ƙasar Masar kafin Narmer . Waɗannan ba a tabbatar da su ba kwata-kwata a wajen waɗannan rubuce-rubucen:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Suna
|-
| Hsekiu &lt;ref name=&quot;breasted36&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Khayu &lt;ref name=&quot;breasted36&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Tiu 
|-
| Tash &lt;ref name=&quot;breasted36&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Neheb &lt;ref name=&quot;breasted36&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Wazner &lt;ref name=&quot;breasted36&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Mekh &lt;ref name=&quot;breasted36&quot; /&gt;
|-
| (an lalata) &lt;ref name=&quot;breasted36&quot; /&gt;
|-
|}
Sabanin haka, an tabbatar da waɗannan sarakunan ta hanyar binciken kayan tarihi daga Sinai da Ƙasashen Masar: Falcon Biyu, Kada .

A kan Palette na Narmer da ke tunawa da shan kaye a Ƙasar Masar da kuma haɗakar masarautun biyu, an ba wa namijin da Narmer ya nuna yana da launin shuɗi an ba shi sunan &quot; Wash &quot;. Ganin cewa ba a tabbatar ko wannan adadi yana wakiltar ainihin mutum ko kuma kawai wakilci ne na misali, shaidar kayan tarihi don tallafawa &quot;Wash&quot; a matsayin sarkin ƙarshe na Ƙasar Masar ba ta da tabbas.

== Duba kuma ==

* Tsakiyar Masar
* Sama da Ƙasan Masar
* Nomes na Misira
* [[Yanayin ƙasar Masar|Yanayin Ƙasa na Masar]]
* [[Tsohuwar Masar]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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{{Location map+|Northern Egypt}}'''Ƙasar Masar''' ( Arabic   ''{{Transl|ar|Miṣr as-Suflā}}'' ) yanki ne mafi arewa a [[Misra|Masar]], wanda ya ƙunshi yankin Nilu mai albarka tsakanin Babban Masar da [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] . [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] ya rabu zuwa rassan delta bakwai a Ƙasar Masar. An raba Ƙasar Masar zuwa nomes kuma ya fara ci gaba a matsayin wayewa bayan 3600.&amp;nbsp;BC.  A yau, tana ɗauke da manyan hanyoyi guda biyu da ke gudana ta cikin kogin Nilu - Madatsar ruwan Mahmoudiyah (tsohuwar Agathos Daimon) da kuma Madatsar ruwan Muways ( Arabic  , &quot;hanyar ruwan Musa&quot;).

== Suna ==
A [[Harshen Misira|zamanin da]], an san ƙasar Masar ta ƙasa da ''mḥw'' wanda ke nufin &quot;arewa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TM Places |url=https://www.trismegistos.org/place/2712 |access-date=2019-11-16 |website=www.trismegistos.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya, a lokacin zamanin da da kuma [[Zamanin Tsakiya|zamanin tsakiya]], Helenawa da Romawa sun kira shi ''Κάτω Αἴγυπτος'' ko ''Aegyptus Inferior'' duka suna nufin &quot;Ƙasar Masar&quot;, amma Copts sun ci gaba da amfani da tsohon sunan da ke da alaƙa da arewa - ''Tsakhet'' ( Coptic   ) ko ''Psanemhit'' ( Coptic   ) ma'ana &quot;Sashen Arewa&quot;. An ƙara raba shi zuwa yankuna ko nomes da dama ( Coptic     ) – ''Niphaiat'' ( Coptic      , Ancient Greek   ) a yamma, ''Tiarabia'' ( Coptic       ) a gabas, ''Nimeshshoti'' ( ' Coptic       ) a arewa maso gabas da ''Bashmur'' (Bashmuric Coptic       ) a arewa. Champollion ya ƙara wani yanki a tsakiyar Delta wanda yake kira ''Petmour'' ( Coptic       )  bisa tushen Ancient Greek   Stephanus na Byzantium ya ambata, amma ba a san ko wannan yanki ne daban ba ko kuma kawai fassarar sunan Bashmur ta Girkanci ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Schwartze, Moritz Gotthilf: Das alte Aegypten oder Sprache, Geschichte, Religion und Verfassung des alten Aegyptens: nach den altägyptischen Original-Schriften und den Mittheilungen der nichtägyptischen alten Schriftsteller (Band 2) (Leipzig, 1843) |url=https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/schwartze1843bd2/0113/image,info |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan mamayewar Musulmai, an kira tsakiyar yankin Delta al-Rif ( Arabic   ) wanda ke nufin &quot;ƙauye, yankin karkara&quot; kuma wanda aka samo daga [[Harshen Misira|tsohon Masar]]&lt;hiero&gt;
r:Z1-pr*Z1:niwt
&lt;/hiero&gt;''r-pr'', &quot;haikalin&quot;, saboda yankunan karkara ne ke gudanar da su. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ريف - Wiktionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81 |access-date=2021-05-28 |website=en.wiktionary.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin gabas wanda ya ƙunshi tsohon Tiarabia ana kiransa al-Hawf ( Arabic   ) ma'ana &quot;gefe, gefe&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adel |first=Arsanious |date=23 December 2019 |title=Administrative Organization Of Egypt - Coptic Wiki |url=https://coptic-wiki.org/administrative-organization-of-egypt |access-date=2021-05-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
A yau, akwai manyan hanyoyin ruwa guda biyu da Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] ke bi ta cikin [[Kogi|kogin]] delta: ɗaya a yamma a [[Rosetta|Rashid]] da ɗaya a gabas a Damietta .

Yankin delta yana da ruwa sosai, akwai ramuka da magudanan ruwa da ke ratsawa.

Saboda kusancinta da Tekun Bahar Rum, yanayin ƙasar Masar ya fi na Upper Egypt, yankin kudancin ƙasar laushi. Yanayin zafi ba shi da tsanani kuma ruwan sama ya fi yawa a ƙasar Masar.

== Tarihi ==
 
An raba ta zuwa gundumomi ashirin da ake kira nomes, na farko kuma yana a el-Lisht . Saboda yankin ƙasa mai nisa na ƙasar Masar ba shi da wani ci gaba, cike da dukkan nau'ikan shuke-shuke kamar ciyawa da ganye, tsarin ''nomes'' ya sami sauye-sauye da dama.

Babban birnin ƙasar Masar ta Lower Egypt shine [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] . Allolinta masu kula da ita sune allahiya Wadjet, wacce aka nuna a matsayin ƙwarƙwara. An wakilci ƙasan Masar ta hanyar Red Crown ''[[Deshret]]'', kuma alamominta sune papyrus da zuma. Bayan haɗewa, an wakilci allolin ƙasan Masar da na sama tare a matsayin ''mata biyu'', Wadjet da Nekhbet (wanda aka nuna a matsayin ungulu), don kare dukkan tsoffin Masarawa.

A kusan shekara ta 3600 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), al'ummomin Neolithic na Masar da ke gefen [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] sun kafa al'adunsu kan kiwon amfanin gona da kuma kula da dabbobi.  Ba da daɗewa ba bayan shekara ta 3600 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), al'ummar Masar ta fara girma da ci gaba cikin sauri zuwa ga wayewar da aka inganta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roebuck&quot; /&gt; Wani sabon tukwane mai ban mamaki, wanda ke da alaƙa da tukwane a Kudancin Levant, ya bayyana a wannan lokacin kuma an ƙara amfani da jan ƙarfe sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roebuck&quot; /&gt; Tsarin [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamian]] na [[Mudbrick|tubalan busassun rana]], da ƙa'idodin ginin gine-gine—gami da amfani da baka da bangon da aka ɓoye don yin ado—ya zama sananne a wannan lokacin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roebuck&quot; /&gt;

Tare da waɗannan ci gaban al'adu, an sami wani tsari na haɗa kan al'ummomi da garuruwan Kogin Nilu na sama, ko kuma Babban Masar . A lokaci guda, al'ummomin Delta na Nilu, ko Ƙasashen Masar suma sun shiga tsarin haɗin kai. Yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Babban Masar da Ƙasashen Masar sun faru sau da yawa.  A lokacin mulkinsa a Babban Masar, Sarki Narmer ya kayar da abokan gabansa a Delta kuma ya haɗa masarautun Babban Masar da Ƙasashen Masar a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Roebuck&quot; /&gt;

== Jerin sarakunan zamanin zamanin daular Masar ta ƙasa ==
Dutse na Palermo, wani tarihin sarauta da aka rubuta a tsakiyar Daular Biyar (kimanin 2490 BC &amp;#x2013; kimanin 2350 BC) ya rubuta wasu sarakuna da suka yi mulki a Ƙasar Masar kafin Narmer . Waɗannan ba a tabbatar da su ba kwata-kwata a wajen waɗannan rubuce-rubucen:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Suna
|-
| Hsekiu &lt;ref name=&quot;breasted36&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Khayu &lt;ref name=&quot;breasted36&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Tiu 
|-
| Tash &lt;ref name=&quot;breasted36&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Neheb &lt;ref name=&quot;breasted36&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Wazner &lt;ref name=&quot;breasted36&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Mekh &lt;ref name=&quot;breasted36&quot; /&gt;
|-
| (an lalata) &lt;ref name=&quot;breasted36&quot; /&gt;
|-
|}
Sabanin haka, an tabbatar da waɗannan sarakunan ta hanyar binciken kayan tarihi daga Sinai da Ƙasashen Masar: Falcon Biyu, Kada .

A kan Palette na Narmer da ke tunawa da shan kaye a Ƙasar Masar da kuma haɗakar masarautun biyu, an ba wa namijin da Narmer ya nuna yana da launin shuɗi an ba shi sunan &quot; Wash &quot;. Ganin cewa ba a tabbatar ko wannan adadi yana wakiltar ainihin mutum ko kuma kawai wakilci ne na misali, shaidar kayan tarihi don tallafawa &quot;Wash&quot; a matsayin sarkin ƙarshe na Ƙasar Masar ba ta da tabbas.

== Duba kuma ==

* Tsakiyar Masar
* Sama da Ƙasan Masar
* Nomes na Misira
* [[Yanayin ƙasar Masar|Yanayin Ƙasa na Masar]]
* [[Tsohuwar Masar]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kansas City Chiefs</title>
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      <comment>Kirkira</comment>
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'''Kansas City Chiefs''' ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka ce da ke Kansas City, Missouri, Amurka. Ƙungiyar tana fafatawa a gasar [[National Football League]] (NFL) a matsayin memba na [[American Football Conference]] (AFC) West Division.

Chiefs tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyi mafi nasara a zamanin yanzu na NFL, kuma ta yi fice musamman a ƙarƙashin koci Andy Reid da quarterback Patrick Mahomes.

== Tarihi ==

=== Kafuwa ===

An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 1960 daga Lamar Hunt a matsayin '''Dallas Texans''' a cikin American Football League (AFL).

A shekarar 1963 ne ƙungiyar ta koma Kansas City kuma aka sauya mata suna zuwa '''Kansas City Chiefs'''.

=== Haɗewar AFL da NFL ===

A shekarar 1970, AFL da NFL suka haɗe, inda Chiefs ta shiga NFL a matsayin memba na AFC.

== Zamanin nasara na zamani ==

A ƙarƙashin koci Andy Reid (daga 2013), Chiefs ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi a NFL.

Tare da Patrick Mahomes, ƙungiyar ta lashe Super Bowl sau da dama kuma ta zama ta dindindin cikin contenders na gasar.

== Nasarori ==

=== Super Bowl Championships ===

Kansas City Chiefs ta lashe Super Bowl sau uku:

* Super Bowl IV (1969)
* Super Bowl LIV (2019)
* Super Bowl LVII (2022)
* Super Bowl LVIII (2023)

=== AFC Championships ===

Chiefs ta lashe AFC Championship sau da dama musamman a zamanin Andy Reid.

== Filin Wasa ==

Chiefs tana buga wasanninta a '''Arrowhead Stadium''', wanda aka buɗe a shekarar 1972.

Arrowhead Stadium yana daga cikin filayen wasa mafi ƙarfi wajen hayaniya a duniya.

== Fitattun 'Yan Wasa ==

* Patrick Mahomes
* Travis Kelce
* Chris Jones
* Tony Gonzalez
* Derrick Thomas
* Len Dawson
* Tyreek Hill

== Fitattun Masu Horarwa ==

* Andy Reid
* Hank Stram
* Marty Schottenheimer

== Chiefs Kingdom ==

Magoya bayan Kansas City Chiefs ana kiran su '''Chiefs Kingdom'''. Suna daga cikin mafi ƙarfi da aminci a NFL.

== Rikodi da Tasiri ==

Chiefs tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyi mafi nasara a zamanin modern NFL, tare da:

* Super Bowl wins da dama
* AFC dominance a 2020s
* Ƙarfin tsaro da kai hari (offense &amp; defense balance)

== Duba Kuma ==

* [[National Football League]]
* [[American Football Conference]]
* [[Super Bowl]]
* [[Arrowhead Stadium]]
* [[Patrick Mahomes]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

=== Littattafai ===

* Anderson, Lars. ''The Dynasty: Inside the Rise of the Kansas City Chiefs''.
* NFL Record and Fact Book.
* Kansas City Chiefs Media Guide.

== Hanyoyin Waje ==

* [https://www.chiefs.com Shafin hukuma na Kansas City Chiefs]
* [https://www.nfl.com/teams/kansas-city-chiefs Kansas City Chiefs a NFL.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kansas City Chiefs}}

[[Category:National Football League teams]]
[[Category:American Football Conference teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs established in 1960]]
[[Category:American football teams in Missouri]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:AFC West teams]]
[[Category:Kansas City Chiefs]]</text>
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    <title>Papyrus</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354749548|Papyrus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Papyrus''' / / pəˈpaɪrəs / pə - PY - pə- ) wani abu ne mai kama da [[takarda]] mai kauri wanda ake amfani da shi a zamanin da a matsayin kayan rubutu . An yi shi ne daga itacen papyrus, ''Cyperus papyrus'', wani yanki mai dausayi. &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Papyrus definition |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Papyrus |access-date=20 November 2008 |website=Dictionary.com}}
&lt;/ref&gt; ''Papyrus'' (jam'i: ''papyri'' ko ''papyrus'' &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Papyrus |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/papyrus |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=Merriam-Webster.com}}
&lt;/ref&gt; ) kuma yana iya nufin takarda da aka rubuta a kan zanen irin wannan abu, an haɗa shi gefe da gefe aka naɗe shi zuwa gungura, wani nau'in littafi na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Capua |first=Rebecca |date=March 1, 2015 |title=Papyrus-Making in Egypt |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/papyrus-making-in-egypt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115024436/https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/papyrus-making-in-egypt |archive-date=November 15, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2026 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Owen |first=Toni |date=July 15, 2010 |title=The Egyptian Papyrus “Book” |url=https://techblog.brooklynmuseum.org/index.html%40p%3D445.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006195807/https://techblog.brooklynmuseum.org/index.html%40p%3D445.html |archive-date=October 6, 2024 |access-date=January 15, 2026 |website=BKM TECH (Technology blog of the Brooklyn Museum) |publisher=Brooklyn Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Letter_on_Papyrus.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px|Wasikar hukuma a kan takardar papyrus na ƙarni na 3 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS)]]
An fara sanin cewa ana amfani da Papyrus a [[Misra|Masar]] (aƙalla tun zamanin Daular Farko ), domin shukar papyrus ta kasance mai yawa a faɗin Kogin Nilu . Haka kuma ana amfani da ita [[Tarihin yankin Bahar Rum|a duk faɗin yankin Bahar Rum]] . Baya ga kayan rubutu, tsoffin Masarawa sun yi amfani da papyrus wajen gina wasu kayan tarihi, kamar [[Jirgin ruwa na Reed|kwale-kwalen reed]], [[Tabarma|tabarmi]], igiya, takalma, da [[Kwando|kwanduna]] . 

== Tarihi ==
An fara ƙera Papyrus a Masar tun daga ƙarni na 3 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS).  &lt;ref name=&quot;BritishMuseum&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tallet |first=Pierre |year=2012 |title=Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Tallet.pdf |journal=British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan |volume=18 |pages=147–68 |issn=2049-5021 |access-date=21 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An tono shaidar farko ta kayan tarihi game da papyrus a cikin 2012 da 2013 a Wadi al-Jarf, wani tsohon tashar jiragen ruwa [[Tsohuwar Masar|ta Masar]] da ke bakin tekun [[Red Sea|Bahar]] Maliya. Waɗannan takardu, Diary of Merer, sun samo asali ne daga {{Circa|2560}} –2550 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (ƙarshen mulkin Khufu ). &lt;ref name=&quot;BritishMuseum&quot; /&gt; Rubutun papyrus sun bayyana shekarun ƙarshe na gina Babban Dala na Giza . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stille |first=Alexander |title=The World's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ancient-egypt-shipping-mining-farming-economy-pyramids-180956619/ |access-date=2015-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Busto_maschile.JPG|left|thumb|Zane-zanen Romawa na wani saurayi mai gungura na papyrus, daga Herculaneum, ƙarni na 1 AD]]
 
Tsawon shekaru aru-aru, ana yawan naɗe papyrus a cikin naɗaɗɗen littafi a matsayin hanyar ajiya. Duk da haka, a wani lokaci a ƙarshen tarihinta, an fara tattara papyrus tare a cikin nau'in kwafi kamar littafin zamani. &lt;ref name=&quot;inaguralLetter&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Jaroslav Černý (Egyptologist)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan wataƙila yana kwaikwayon nau'in kwafi da aka ƙirƙira da takarda . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Marubutan Kiristoci na farko sun ɗauki siffar codex ba da daɗewa ba, kuma a duniyar Girka da Romawa, ya zama ruwan dare a yanke takardu daga naɗe-naɗen papyrus don samar da kwafi. Kwafi sun kasance ci gaba a kan naɗe-naɗen papyrus, domin papyrus ba shi da isasshe da za a iya naɗewa ba tare da fashewa ba, kuma ana buƙatar naɗe-naɗe mai tsawo, ko gungura, don ƙirƙirar manyan rubuce-rubuce. Papyrus yana da fa'idar kasancewa mai arha kuma mai sauƙin samarwa, amma yana da rauni kuma yana iya kamuwa da danshi da bushewa mai yawa. Sai dai idan papyrus ɗin yana da inganci mai kyau, saman rubutun ba shi da tsari, kuma kewayon kafofin watsa labarai da za a iya amfani da su ma yana da iyaka. 

A hankali an mamaye Papyrus a [[Yammacin Asiya]] da Turai ta hanyar wani rubutu mai hamayya wanda ya shahara da aka sani da papyrus, wanda aka yi da fatar dabbobi . A farkon karni na 4 AD, an fara ƙera littattafai mafi mahimmanci da takarda, kuma an canja ayyukan da suka cancanci a adana su daga papyrus zuwa takarda.  Papyrus yana da fa'idodi masu yawa fiye da papyrus, gami da juriya mafi girma a yanayin danshi da kuma kasancewa mafi dacewa ga rubutu a ɓangarorin biyu na farfajiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;metzger&quot; /&gt; Babban fa'idar papyrus shine kayansa masu rahusa - shukar papyrus tana da sauƙin nomawa a cikin yanayi mai dacewa kuma tana samar da kayan rubutu fiye da fatar dabbobi (littattafai mafi tsada, waɗanda aka yi daga vellum na tayi za su ɗauki har zuwa 'yan tayi na shanu da yawa don samarwa). Duk da haka, yayin da hanyoyin kasuwanci suka ragu, samuwar papyrus a wajen shukar papyrus ya zama iyakance kuma don haka ya rasa fa'idar farashi.

Bayyanar Papyrus ta ƙarshe a cikin gidan sarautar Merovingian ta kasance tare da takarda daga 692 CE, kodayake an san ta a Gaul har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na gaba. Kwanan wata na ƙarshe na amfani da papyrus a Turai sune 1057 don dokar Paparoma (yawanci ra'ayin mazan jiya ne, duk bijimin Paparoma suna kan papyrus har zuwa 1022), a ƙarƙashin Paparoma Victor II,  da 1087 don takardar Larabci. Amfani da shi a Masar ya ci gaba har sai da aka maye gurbinsa da [[takarda]] mai rahusa da [[duniyar Musulunci]] ta gabatar. A ƙarni na 12, ana amfani da takarda da takarda a [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]], amma papyrus har yanzu zaɓi ne. 

Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, an san wasu takardu daban-daban da aka rubuta a kan papyrus, kuma gidajen tarihi kawai sun nuna su a matsayin abubuwan ban mamaki.  Ba su ƙunshi ayyukan adabi ba.  An fara gano takardun papyrus na zamani a Herculaneum a 1752. Har zuwa lokacin, kawai takardun papyrus da aka sani sun kasance kaɗan da suka tsira daga zamanin da.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=David Diringer}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara binciken masana kimiyya tare da masanin tarihi na Holland Caspar Jacob Christiaan Reuvens (1793–1835). Ya rubuta game da abubuwan da ke cikin takardun papyrus na Leyden, wanda aka buga a 1830. An yaba wa masanin Birtaniya Charles Wycliffe Goodwin (1817–1878), wanda ya buga wa Cambridge Antiquarian Society ɗaya daga cikin Papyri Graecae Magicae V, wanda aka fassara zuwa Turanci tare da sharhi a 1853. &lt;ref name=&quot;Betz&quot; /&gt;

=== Inganci daban-daban ===
An yi Papyrus da halaye da farashi iri-iri. [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Elder]] da Isidore na Seville sun bayyana nau'ikan papyrus guda shida da aka sayar a kasuwar Romawa ta zamanin. An ƙididdige waɗannan ta hanyar inganci bisa ga yadda saman rubutu yake da kyau, ƙarfi, fari, da santsi. Maki ya kama daga babban Augustan, wanda aka samar a cikin takardu masu faɗi na lambobi 13 (inci 10), zuwa mafi ƙarancin tsada da kuma mafi kauri, wanda ya auna lambobi shida (inci huɗu). An ɗauki kayan da ba za a iya amfani da su don rubutu ko ƙasa da lambobi shida a matsayin ingancin kasuwanci kuma an manna su gefe zuwa gefe don amfani kawai don naɗewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=N |year=1983 |title=Papyrus and Ancient Writing: The First Hundred Years of Papyrology |journal=Archaeology |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=31–37}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Kalmar Turanci ''ta papyrus'' ta samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]], daga Girkanci πάπυρος ( ''papyros'' ),  kalma ce ta aro wadda ba a san ta ba (watakila Pre-Greek ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert S. P. Beekes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Girkanci yana da kalma ta biyu a gare ta, βύβλος ( ''byblos'' ),  da aka ce ta samo asali ne daga sunan birnin Byblos na [[Phoenicia|Phoenician]] . Marubucin Girka Theophrastus, wanda ya bunƙasa a ƙarni na 4 KZ, yana amfani da ''papyrus'' lokacin da yake magana game da shukar da ake amfani da ita azaman abinci da kuma ''byblos'' don shuka iri ɗaya lokacin da ake amfani da ita ga kayayyakin da ba abinci ba, kamar cordage, kwando, ko saman rubutu. Kalmar da ta fi takamaiman βίβλος ''biblos'', wacce ta sami hanyarta zuwa Turanci a cikin kalmomi kamar 'bibliography', 'bibliophile', da 'bible', tana nufin bawon ciki na shukar papyrus. ''Papyrus'' kuma shine asalin 'takarda', wani abu makamancin haka.

A cikin [[Harshen Misira|harshen Masar]], ana kiran papyrus ''wadj'' ( ''w3ḏ'' ), ''tjufy'' ( ''ṯwfy'' ) {{R|inaguralLetter}} , ko ''djet'' ( ''ḏt'' ).

== Takardu da aka rubuta akan papyrus ==
[[Fayil:Papyrus_bill_of_sale_donkey.jpg|left|thumb|Takardar sayar da jaki a Girkanci, 126 CE; papyrus; 19.3 da 7.2&amp;nbsp;cm, MS Gr SM2223, Laburaren Houghton, Jami'ar Harvard]]
Kalmar da ake amfani da ita don kayan papyrus ana kuma amfani da ita don sanya takardu da aka rubuta a kan zanen gado, waɗanda galibi ana naɗe su zuwa guntu. Jam'i na irin waɗannan takardu shine papyrus. Ana ba da takardun papyrus na tarihi sunaye masu ganewa - gabaɗaya sunan mai ganowa, mai shi na farko, ko cibiyar da ake ajiye su - da lambobi, kamar &quot; Papyrus Harris I &quot;. Sau da yawa ana amfani da gajeriyar sigar, kamar &quot;pHarris I&quot;. Waɗannan takardu suna ba da mahimman bayanai game da rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata; suna ba mu kwafin Menander guda ɗaya tilo, Littafin Matattu na Masar, rubuce-rubucen Masar kan magani ( Ebers Papyrus ) da kuma kan tiyata ( Edwin Smith Papyrus ), rubuce-rubucen lissafi na Masar ( [[Rhind Mathematical Papyrus|Rhind Papyrus]] ), da tatsuniyoyi na Masar ( Westcar Papyrus ). Lokacin da, a ƙarni na 18, aka sami ɗakin karatu na tsohon papyri a Herculaneum, tarin tsammani ya bazu tsakanin masana na lokacin. Duk da haka, tunda waɗannan takardun papyri sun ƙone sosai, buɗewa da fassara su har yanzu suna ci gaba a yau.

== Kera da amfani ==
[[Fayil:Men_Splitting_Papyrus,_Tomb_of_Puyemre_MET_30.4.10_EGDP012992.jpg|thumb|Maza suna raba papyrus, Kabarin Puyemré ; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan]]
[[Fayil:Papyrus_sheet.svg|right|thumb|Hanyoyi daban-daban na yanke tushen papyrus da kuma yin takardar papyrus]]
[[Fayil:Cyperus_papyrus-pjt3.jpg|right|thumb|Tsire-tsire na Papyrus kusa da Syracuse, Sicily]]
An yi Papyrus ne daga tushen shukar papyrus, ''Cyperus papyrus'' . Da farko an cire haƙoran waje, sannan aka yanke ƙusoshin ciki masu ɗaure mai kama da juna zuwa sirara kamar tsawon santimita {{Convert|40|cm|0}} tsayi. Sannan aka sanya sandunan gefe da gefe a kan wani wuri mai tauri tare da gefunansu kaɗan suna haɗuwa, sannan aka sanya wani layin sanduna a saman a kusurwoyi madaidaici. Wataƙila an jiƙa sandunan a cikin ruwa na tsawon lokaci har sai sun fara ruɓewa, wataƙila suna ƙara mannewa, amma wannan ba tabbas ba ne. Wataƙila an manne layukan biyu tare.  Yayin da suke da danshi, an haɗa layukan biyu tare, an haɗa layukan zuwa takarda ɗaya. Sannan an busar da zanen a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. Bayan bushewa, an goge zanen da abu mai zagaye, wataƙila dutse, harsashi na teku, ko katako mai zagaye. 

Ana iya yanke takardu, ko ''mollema'', don dacewa da girman da aka wajabta ko kuma a manne su tare don ƙirƙirar birgima mai tsayi. Wurin da aka haɗa mollema da manne ana kiransa ''kollesis'' . Za a haɗa sandar katako zuwa takardar ƙarshe a cikin birgima, wanda hakan zai sauƙaƙa riƙewa.  Don samar da birgima mai tsayi da ake buƙata, an haɗa irin waɗannan takardu da yawa kuma an sanya su don haka duk zaruruwan kwance masu layi ɗaya da tsawon birgima su kasance a gefe ɗaya kuma duk zaruruwan tsaye a ɗayan. Yawanci, ana fara rubuta rubutu akan ''recto'', layukan da ke bin zaruruwan, suna layi ɗaya da gefuna masu tsayi na birgima. Na biyu, sau da yawa ana sake amfani da papyrus, ana rubutu a kan zaruruwan a ''gefe ɗaya'' . 

Wata majiya da ake amfani da ita wajen tantance hanyar da aka ƙirƙiri papyrus a zamanin da ita ce ta hanyar binciken kaburbura a tsohon birnin [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] na Masar, wanda ke ɗauke da wani babban makabarta da ke ɗauke da zane-zane da yawa da ke nuna tsarin yin papyrus. Kwamandan Romawa [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Elder]] shi ma ya bayyana hanyoyin shirya papyrus a cikin littafinsa na ''Naturalis Historia'' . {{R|metzger}} &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 5&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;5&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

A cikin [[Climate|yanayi]] mai bushewa, kamar na Masar, papyrus yana da ƙarfi, an samar da shi saboda yana da cellulose mai jure wa ruɓewa sosai, amma adanawa a cikin yanayi mai danshi na iya haifar da ƙuraje suna kai hari da lalata kayan. An adana papyrus na ɗakin karatu a cikin akwatunan katako da akwatunan da aka yi a cikin siffar mutum-mutumi. An tsara naɗaɗɗen papyrus bisa ga wanda aka yi wa rubutu ko marubucin kuma an yi masa alama da lakabin yumbu waɗanda suka ƙayyade abubuwan da ke ciki ba tare da buɗe naɗaɗɗen ba.  A cikin yanayin Turai, papyrus ya daɗe yana ɗaukar shekaru da yawa kawai; an ɗauki papyrus mai shekaru 200 a matsayin abin mamaki. Papyrus da aka shigo da shi a da a da aka saba gani a [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] da [[Italiya]] tun daga lokacin ya lalace ba tare da gyara ba, amma har yanzu ana samun papyrus a Masar; misalai na musamman sun haɗa da papyrus na Elephantine da shahararrun abubuwan da aka samo a [[Oxyrhynchus]] da Nag Hammadi . An kiyaye Fadar Papyri da ke Herculaneum, wadda ke ɗauke da ɗakin karatu na Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, surukin [[Julius Caesar]], ta hanyar fashewar Dutsen Vesuvius amma an tono ta ne kawai kaɗan.

An yi yunƙurin farfaɗo da ƙera papyrus akai-akai tun tsakiyar ƙarni na 18. Mai binciken [[Scotland]] James Bruce ya yi gwaji a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da shuke-shuken papyrus daga [[Sudan]], domin papyrus ya ɓace a Masar. Haka kuma a ƙarni na 18, [[Sisiliya|Sicilian]] Saverio Landolina ya ƙera papyrus a Syracuse, inda shuke-shuken papyrus suka ci gaba da girma a daji. A shekarun 1920, lokacin da masanin kimiyyar Masar Battiscombe Gunn ya zauna a Maadi, a wajen Alkahira, ya yi gwaji da ƙera papyrus, yana noma shuke-shuken a cikin lambunsa. Ya bugi shuke-shuken papyrus da aka yanka tsakanin layuka biyu na lilin kuma ya samar da misalai masu nasara na papyrus, wanda aka nuna ɗaya daga cikinsu a Gidan Tarihi na Masar da ke Alkahira.   An ƙirƙiro dabarun zamani na samar da papyrus da ake amfani da su a Masar don cinikin yawon buɗe ido a shekarar 1962 ta hanyar injiniyan Masar Hassan Ragab ta amfani da shuke-shuken da aka sake shigo da su Masar a shekarar 1872 daga Faransa. Sicily da Masar duka suna da cibiyoyin samar da ƙananan papyrus.

Al'ummomin da ke zaune kusa da fadama suna amfani da papyrus har yanzu, har ma da masu gidaje a karkara ke samun kashi 75% na kuɗin shigarsu daga kayan fadama. &lt;ref name=&quot;maclean&quot; /&gt; Musamman a Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka, mutane suna girbi papyrus, wanda ake amfani da shi don ƙera abubuwan da ake sayarwa ko amfani da su a gida. Misalan sun haɗa da kwanduna, huluna, tarkon kifi, tire ko tabarmar haƙa rami, da tabarmar bene.  Ana kuma amfani da papyrus don yin rufin gida, rufi, igiya, da shinge. Duk da cewa ana samun wasu madadin, kamar eucalyptus, amma har yanzu ana amfani da papyrus a matsayin mai. 

== Tarin papyrus ==
[[Fayil:HeraclesPapyrus.jpg|right|thumb|Papyrus na Heracles]]

== Manazarta ==

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'''Papyrus''' / / pəˈpaɪrəs / pə - PY - pə- ) wani abu ne mai kama da [[takarda]] mai kauri wanda ake amfani da shi a zamanin da a matsayin kayan rubutu . An yi shi ne daga itacen papyrus, ''Cyperus papyrus'', wani yanki mai dausayi. &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Papyrus definition |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Papyrus |access-date=20 November 2008 |website=Dictionary.com}}
&lt;/ref&gt; ''Papyrus'' (jam'i: ''papyri'' ko ''papyrus'' &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Papyrus |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/papyrus |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=Merriam-Webster.com}}
&lt;/ref&gt; ) kuma yana iya nufin takarda da aka rubuta a kan zanen irin wannan abu, an haɗa shi gefe da gefe aka naɗe shi zuwa gungura, wani nau'in littafi na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Capua |first=Rebecca |date=March 1, 2015 |title=Papyrus-Making in Egypt |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/papyrus-making-in-egypt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115024436/https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/papyrus-making-in-egypt |archive-date=November 15, 2025 |access-date=January 15, 2026 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Owen |first=Toni |date=July 15, 2010 |title=The Egyptian Papyrus “Book” |url=https://techblog.brooklynmuseum.org/index.html%40p%3D445.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006195807/https://techblog.brooklynmuseum.org/index.html%40p%3D445.html |archive-date=October 6, 2024 |access-date=January 15, 2026 |website=BKM TECH (Technology blog of the Brooklyn Museum) |publisher=Brooklyn Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Letter_on_Papyrus.jpg|right|thumb|220x220px|Wasikar hukuma a kan takardar papyrus na ƙarni na 3 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS)]]
An fara sanin cewa ana amfani da Papyrus a [[Misra|Masar]] (aƙalla tun zamanin Daular Farko ), domin shukar papyrus ta kasance mai yawa a faɗin Kogin Nilu . Haka kuma ana amfani da ita [[Tarihin yankin Bahar Rum|a duk faɗin yankin Bahar Rum]] . Baya ga kayan rubutu, tsoffin Masarawa sun yi amfani da papyrus wajen gina wasu kayan tarihi, kamar [[Jirgin ruwa na Reed|kwale-kwalen reed]], [[Tabarma|tabarmi]], igiya, takalma, da [[Kwando|kwanduna]] . 

== Tarihi ==
An fara ƙera Papyrus a Masar tun daga ƙarni na 3 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS).  &lt;ref name=&quot;BritishMuseum&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tallet |first=Pierre |year=2012 |title=Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Tallet.pdf |journal=British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan |volume=18 |pages=147–68 |issn=2049-5021 |access-date=21 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An tono shaidar farko ta kayan tarihi game da papyrus a cikin 2012 da 2013 a Wadi al-Jarf, wani tsohon tashar jiragen ruwa [[Tsohuwar Masar|ta Masar]] da ke bakin tekun [[Red Sea|Bahar]] Maliya. Waɗannan takardu, Diary of Merer, sun samo asali ne daga {{Circa|2560}} –2550 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (ƙarshen mulkin Khufu ). &lt;ref name=&quot;BritishMuseum&quot; /&gt; Rubutun papyrus sun bayyana shekarun ƙarshe na gina Babban Dala na Giza . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stille |first=Alexander |title=The World's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ancient-egypt-shipping-mining-farming-economy-pyramids-180956619/ |access-date=2015-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Busto_maschile.JPG|left|thumb|Zane-zanen Romawa na wani saurayi mai gungura na papyrus, daga Herculaneum, ƙarni na 1 AD]]
 
Tsawon shekaru aru-aru, ana yawan naɗe papyrus a cikin naɗaɗɗen littafi a matsayin hanyar ajiya. Duk da haka, a wani lokaci a ƙarshen tarihinta, an fara tattara papyrus tare a cikin nau'in kwafi kamar littafin zamani. &lt;ref name=&quot;inaguralLetter&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Jaroslav Černý (Egyptologist)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan wataƙila yana kwaikwayon nau'in kwafi da aka ƙirƙira da takarda . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Marubutan Kiristoci na farko sun ɗauki siffar codex ba da daɗewa ba, kuma a duniyar Girka da Romawa, ya zama ruwan dare a yanke takardu daga naɗe-naɗen papyrus don samar da kwafi. Kwafi sun kasance ci gaba a kan naɗe-naɗen papyrus, domin papyrus ba shi da isasshe da za a iya naɗewa ba tare da fashewa ba, kuma ana buƙatar naɗe-naɗe mai tsawo, ko gungura, don ƙirƙirar manyan rubuce-rubuce. Papyrus yana da fa'idar kasancewa mai arha kuma mai sauƙin samarwa, amma yana da rauni kuma yana iya kamuwa da danshi da bushewa mai yawa. Sai dai idan papyrus ɗin yana da inganci mai kyau, saman rubutun ba shi da tsari, kuma kewayon kafofin watsa labarai da za a iya amfani da su ma yana da iyaka. 

A hankali an mamaye Papyrus a [[Yammacin Asiya]] da Turai ta hanyar wani rubutu mai hamayya wanda ya shahara da aka sani da papyrus, wanda aka yi da fatar dabbobi . A farkon karni na 4 AD, an fara ƙera littattafai mafi mahimmanci da takarda, kuma an canja ayyukan da suka cancanci a adana su daga papyrus zuwa takarda.  Papyrus yana da fa'idodi masu yawa fiye da papyrus, gami da juriya mafi girma a yanayin danshi da kuma kasancewa mafi dacewa ga rubutu a ɓangarorin biyu na farfajiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;metzger&quot; /&gt; Babban fa'idar papyrus shine kayansa masu rahusa - shukar papyrus tana da sauƙin nomawa a cikin yanayi mai dacewa kuma tana samar da kayan rubutu fiye da fatar dabbobi (littattafai mafi tsada, waɗanda aka yi daga vellum na tayi za su ɗauki har zuwa 'yan tayi na shanu da yawa don samarwa). Duk da haka, yayin da hanyoyin kasuwanci suka ragu, samuwar papyrus a wajen shukar papyrus ya zama iyakance kuma don haka ya rasa fa'idar farashi.

Bayyanar Papyrus ta ƙarshe a cikin gidan sarautar Merovingian ta kasance tare da takarda daga 692 CE, kodayake an san ta a Gaul har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na gaba. Kwanan wata na ƙarshe na amfani da papyrus a Turai sune 1057 don dokar Paparoma (yawanci ra'ayin mazan jiya ne, duk bijimin Paparoma suna kan papyrus har zuwa 1022), a ƙarƙashin Paparoma Victor II,  da 1087 don takardar Larabci. Amfani da shi a Masar ya ci gaba har sai da aka maye gurbinsa da [[takarda]] mai rahusa da [[duniyar Musulunci]] ta gabatar. A ƙarni na 12, ana amfani da takarda da takarda a [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]], amma papyrus har yanzu zaɓi ne. 

Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, an san wasu takardu daban-daban da aka rubuta a kan papyrus, kuma gidajen tarihi kawai sun nuna su a matsayin abubuwan ban mamaki.  Ba su ƙunshi ayyukan adabi ba.  An fara gano takardun papyrus na zamani a Herculaneum a 1752. Har zuwa lokacin, kawai takardun papyrus da aka sani sun kasance kaɗan da suka tsira daga zamanin da.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=David Diringer}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara binciken masana kimiyya tare da masanin tarihi na Holland Caspar Jacob Christiaan Reuvens (1793–1835). Ya rubuta game da abubuwan da ke cikin takardun papyrus na Leyden, wanda aka buga a 1830. An yaba wa masanin Birtaniya Charles Wycliffe Goodwin (1817–1878), wanda ya buga wa Cambridge Antiquarian Society ɗaya daga cikin Papyri Graecae Magicae V, wanda aka fassara zuwa Turanci tare da sharhi a 1853. &lt;ref name=&quot;Betz&quot; /&gt;

=== Inganci daban-daban ===
An yi Papyrus da halaye da farashi iri-iri. [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Elder]] da Isidore na Seville sun bayyana nau'ikan papyrus guda shida da aka sayar a kasuwar Romawa ta zamanin. An ƙididdige waɗannan ta hanyar inganci bisa ga yadda saman rubutu yake da kyau, ƙarfi, fari, da santsi. Maki ya kama daga babban Augustan, wanda aka samar a cikin takardu masu faɗi na lambobi 13 (inci 10), zuwa mafi ƙarancin tsada da kuma mafi kauri, wanda ya auna lambobi shida (inci huɗu). An ɗauki kayan da ba za a iya amfani da su don rubutu ko ƙasa da lambobi shida a matsayin ingancin kasuwanci kuma an manna su gefe zuwa gefe don amfani kawai don naɗewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=N |year=1983 |title=Papyrus and Ancient Writing: The First Hundred Years of Papyrology |journal=Archaeology |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=31–37}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Kalmar Turanci ''ta papyrus'' ta samo asali ne daga [[Harshen Latin|Latin]], daga Girkanci πάπυρος ( ''papyros'' ),  kalma ce ta aro wadda ba a san ta ba (watakila Pre-Greek ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Robert S. P. Beekes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Girkanci yana da kalma ta biyu a gare ta, βύβλος ( ''byblos'' ),  da aka ce ta samo asali ne daga sunan birnin Byblos na [[Phoenicia|Phoenician]] . Marubucin Girka Theophrastus, wanda ya bunƙasa a ƙarni na 4 KZ, yana amfani da ''papyrus'' lokacin da yake magana game da shukar da ake amfani da ita azaman abinci da kuma ''byblos'' don shuka iri ɗaya lokacin da ake amfani da ita ga kayayyakin da ba abinci ba, kamar cordage, kwando, ko saman rubutu. Kalmar da ta fi takamaiman βίβλος ''biblos'', wacce ta sami hanyarta zuwa Turanci a cikin kalmomi kamar 'bibliography', 'bibliophile', da 'bible', tana nufin bawon ciki na shukar papyrus. ''Papyrus'' kuma shine asalin 'takarda', wani abu makamancin haka.

A cikin [[Harshen Misira|harshen Masar]], ana kiran papyrus ''wadj'' ( ''w3ḏ'' ), ''tjufy'' ( ''ṯwfy'' ) {{R|inaguralLetter}} , ko ''djet'' ( ''ḏt'' ).

== Takardu da aka rubuta akan papyrus ==
[[Fayil:Papyrus_bill_of_sale_donkey.jpg|left|thumb|Takardar sayar da jaki a Girkanci, 126 CE; papyrus; 19.3 da 7.2&amp;nbsp;cm, MS Gr SM2223, Laburaren Houghton, Jami'ar Harvard]]
Kalmar da ake amfani da ita don kayan papyrus ana kuma amfani da ita don sanya takardu da aka rubuta a kan zanen gado, waɗanda galibi ana naɗe su zuwa guntu. Jam'i na irin waɗannan takardu shine papyrus. Ana ba da takardun papyrus na tarihi sunaye masu ganewa - gabaɗaya sunan mai ganowa, mai shi na farko, ko cibiyar da ake ajiye su - da lambobi, kamar &quot; Papyrus Harris I &quot;. Sau da yawa ana amfani da gajeriyar sigar, kamar &quot;pHarris I&quot;. Waɗannan takardu suna ba da mahimman bayanai game da rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata; suna ba mu kwafin Menander guda ɗaya tilo, Littafin Matattu na Masar, rubuce-rubucen Masar kan magani ( Ebers Papyrus ) da kuma kan tiyata ( Edwin Smith Papyrus ), rubuce-rubucen lissafi na Masar ( [[Rhind Mathematical Papyrus|Rhind Papyrus]] ), da tatsuniyoyi na Masar ( Westcar Papyrus ). Lokacin da, a ƙarni na 18, aka sami ɗakin karatu na tsohon papyri a Herculaneum, tarin tsammani ya bazu tsakanin masana na lokacin. Duk da haka, tunda waɗannan takardun papyri sun ƙone sosai, buɗewa da fassara su har yanzu suna ci gaba a yau.

== Kera da amfani ==
[[Fayil:Men_Splitting_Papyrus,_Tomb_of_Puyemre_MET_30.4.10_EGDP012992.jpg|thumb|Maza suna raba papyrus, Kabarin Puyemré ; Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan]]
[[Fayil:Papyrus_sheet.svg|right|thumb|Hanyoyi daban-daban na yanke tushen papyrus da kuma yin takardar papyrus]]
[[Fayil:Cyperus_papyrus-pjt3.jpg|right|thumb|Tsire-tsire na Papyrus kusa da Syracuse, Sicily]]
An yi Papyrus ne daga tushen shukar papyrus, ''Cyperus papyrus'' . Da farko an cire haƙoran waje, sannan aka yanke ƙusoshin ciki masu ɗaure mai kama da juna zuwa sirara kamar tsawon santimita {{Convert|40|cm|0}} tsayi. Sannan aka sanya sandunan gefe da gefe a kan wani wuri mai tauri tare da gefunansu kaɗan suna haɗuwa, sannan aka sanya wani layin sanduna a saman a kusurwoyi madaidaici. Wataƙila an jiƙa sandunan a cikin ruwa na tsawon lokaci har sai sun fara ruɓewa, wataƙila suna ƙara mannewa, amma wannan ba tabbas ba ne. Wataƙila an manne layukan biyu tare.  Yayin da suke da danshi, an haɗa layukan biyu tare, an haɗa layukan zuwa takarda ɗaya. Sannan an busar da zanen a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba. Bayan bushewa, an goge zanen da abu mai zagaye, wataƙila dutse, harsashi na teku, ko katako mai zagaye. 

Ana iya yanke takardu, ko ''mollema'', don dacewa da girman da aka wajabta ko kuma a manne su tare don ƙirƙirar birgima mai tsayi. Wurin da aka haɗa mollema da manne ana kiransa ''kollesis'' . Za a haɗa sandar katako zuwa takardar ƙarshe a cikin birgima, wanda hakan zai sauƙaƙa riƙewa.  Don samar da birgima mai tsayi da ake buƙata, an haɗa irin waɗannan takardu da yawa kuma an sanya su don haka duk zaruruwan kwance masu layi ɗaya da tsawon birgima su kasance a gefe ɗaya kuma duk zaruruwan tsaye a ɗayan. Yawanci, ana fara rubuta rubutu akan ''recto'', layukan da ke bin zaruruwan, suna layi ɗaya da gefuna masu tsayi na birgima. Na biyu, sau da yawa ana sake amfani da papyrus, ana rubutu a kan zaruruwan a ''gefe ɗaya'' . 

Wata majiya da ake amfani da ita wajen tantance hanyar da aka ƙirƙiri papyrus a zamanin da ita ce ta hanyar binciken kaburbura a tsohon birnin [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] na Masar, wanda ke ɗauke da wani babban makabarta da ke ɗauke da zane-zane da yawa da ke nuna tsarin yin papyrus. Kwamandan Romawa [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Elder]] shi ma ya bayyana hanyoyin shirya papyrus a cikin littafinsa na ''Naturalis Historia'' . {{R|metzger}} &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 5&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;5&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

A cikin [[Climate|yanayi]] mai bushewa, kamar na Masar, papyrus yana da ƙarfi, an samar da shi saboda yana da cellulose mai jure wa ruɓewa sosai, amma adanawa a cikin yanayi mai danshi na iya haifar da ƙuraje suna kai hari da lalata kayan. An adana papyrus na ɗakin karatu a cikin akwatunan katako da akwatunan da aka yi a cikin siffar mutum-mutumi. An tsara naɗaɗɗen papyrus bisa ga wanda aka yi wa rubutu ko marubucin kuma an yi masa alama da lakabin yumbu waɗanda suka ƙayyade abubuwan da ke ciki ba tare da buɗe naɗaɗɗen ba.  A cikin yanayin Turai, papyrus ya daɗe yana ɗaukar shekaru da yawa kawai; an ɗauki papyrus mai shekaru 200 a matsayin abin mamaki. Papyrus da aka shigo da shi a da a da aka saba gani a [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] da [[Italiya]] tun daga lokacin ya lalace ba tare da gyara ba, amma har yanzu ana samun papyrus a Masar; misalai na musamman sun haɗa da papyrus na Elephantine da shahararrun abubuwan da aka samo a [[Oxyrhynchus]] da Nag Hammadi . An kiyaye Fadar Papyri da ke Herculaneum, wadda ke ɗauke da ɗakin karatu na Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, surukin [[Julius Caesar]], ta hanyar fashewar Dutsen Vesuvius amma an tono ta ne kawai kaɗan.

An yi yunƙurin farfaɗo da ƙera papyrus akai-akai tun tsakiyar ƙarni na 18. Mai binciken [[Scotland]] James Bruce ya yi gwaji a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da shuke-shuken papyrus daga [[Sudan]], domin papyrus ya ɓace a Masar. Haka kuma a ƙarni na 18, [[Sisiliya|Sicilian]] Saverio Landolina ya ƙera papyrus a Syracuse, inda shuke-shuken papyrus suka ci gaba da girma a daji. A shekarun 1920, lokacin da masanin kimiyyar Masar Battiscombe Gunn ya zauna a Maadi, a wajen Alkahira, ya yi gwaji da ƙera papyrus, yana noma shuke-shuken a cikin lambunsa. Ya bugi shuke-shuken papyrus da aka yanka tsakanin layuka biyu na lilin kuma ya samar da misalai masu nasara na papyrus, wanda aka nuna ɗaya daga cikinsu a Gidan Tarihi na Masar da ke Alkahira.   An ƙirƙiro dabarun zamani na samar da papyrus da ake amfani da su a Masar don cinikin yawon buɗe ido a shekarar 1962 ta hanyar injiniyan Masar Hassan Ragab ta amfani da shuke-shuken da aka sake shigo da su Masar a shekarar 1872 daga Faransa. Sicily da Masar duka suna da cibiyoyin samar da ƙananan papyrus.

Al'ummomin da ke zaune kusa da fadama suna amfani da papyrus har yanzu, har ma da masu gidaje a karkara ke samun kashi 75% na kuɗin shigarsu daga kayan fadama. &lt;ref name=&quot;maclean&quot; /&gt; Musamman a Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka, mutane suna girbi papyrus, wanda ake amfani da shi don ƙera abubuwan da ake sayarwa ko amfani da su a gida. Misalan sun haɗa da kwanduna, huluna, tarkon kifi, tire ko tabarmar haƙa rami, da tabarmar bene.  Ana kuma amfani da papyrus don yin rufin gida, rufi, igiya, da shinge. Duk da cewa ana samun wasu madadin, kamar eucalyptus, amma har yanzu ana amfani da papyrus a matsayin mai. 

== Tarin papyrus ==
[[Fayil:HeraclesPapyrus.jpg|right|thumb|Papyrus na Heracles]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Said, Egypt</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355733852|Sais, Egypt]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Sais''' ( Ancient Egyptian     ; &lt;ref name=&quot;oxford173&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Donald B. Redford}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ancient Greek 

== Zamanin Neolithic ==
An gano wani matsuguni na Neolithic a Sais kwanan nan (1999), wanda ya kai shekara ta 5000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Noma ta bayyana a nan a wannan lokacin, da kuma wani wuri makamancin haka, Merimde Beni Salama, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 80 kudu da Sais. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rowland Bertini 2016 pp. 160–172&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rowland |first=Joanne M. |last2=Bertini |first2=Louise C. |year=2016 |title=The Neolithic within the context of northern Egypt: New results and perspectives from Merimde Beni Salama |url=https://www.academia.edu/25737746 |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=160–172 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..160R |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.014 |issn=1040-6182}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin Neolithic a Sais ya ƙunshi matakai uku. Matakan farko sune farkon Neolithic (Sais I) da ƙarshen Neolithic (Sais II).  A lokacin farkon Neolithic, wurin ya fara ne a matsayin sansanin kamun kifi amma daga baya, a Tsakiyar Zamani zuwa Ƙarshen Zamani, masana noma sun zauna a wurin don noman yankin ambaliyar ruwa. 

Juyin halittar ayyuka daga sarrafa kifi zuwa lokacin farauta da noma na iya dangantawa da canje-canje a hankali a yanayin yanayi daga 4600 BC zuwa gaba. Ana kyautata zaton cewa matakin Tsakiyar Holocene Moist ya fara ne a wannan lokacin. 

== Tsohon zamani ==
Herodotus ya rubuta cewa Sais shine inda kabarin Osiris yake kuma an nuna wahalhalun allahn a matsayin asiri da daddare a wani tafki da ke kusa. 
[[Fayil:Lid_of_the_sarcophagus_of_the_Vizier_Gemenefherbak,_greywacke_-_Museo_Egizio,_Turin_C_2201_01_p01.jpg|left|thumb|Murfin sarcophagus na Vizier Gemenefhorbak, daga Sais. Museo Egizio, Turin (C 2201 01).]]
Allaiyar birnin ita ce Neith, wadda aka tabbatar da addininta tun zamanin Daular Farko ta Masar ( {{Circa|3100}} –3050 BC).  Helenawa, kamar Herodotus, [[Plato]], da Diodorus Siculus, sun gane ta da Athena don haka suka yi hasashen cewa akwai wata alaƙa ta asali da [[Athens]] . Diodorus ya ba da labarin cewa mutanen Athens sun gina Sais kafin ambaliyar ruwa . Yayin da aka lalata dukkan biranen Girka a lokacin wannan bala'in, ciki har da Athens, Sais da sauran biranen Masar sun tsira. 

A yau babu wani abin da ya rage na wannan garin kafin [[Sabuwar Masarautar Masar|Sabuwar Masarautar]] Marigayi ( {{Circa|1100 BC}} ) saboda yawan lalata birnin da ''Sebakhin'' (manoma ke cire ma'ajiyar laka don amfani da ita a matsayin taki) wanda ya bar wasu tubalan taimako kaɗan ''a wurin'' . 

Duk da cewa wurin da aka tsara na Sa El Hagar ba shi da wata shaida ta wannan birni, ana da'awar cewa gine-ginen da ke Piazza della Minerva da Urbino a Italiya sun samo asali ne daga Sais.

A lokacin da Musulunci ya ci Masar da yaƙi, an yi yaƙi a Sais tsakanin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun|Khalifancin Rashidun]] da [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]], a cewar John na Nikiû . Ya kasance mulkin kama-karya na addinin kafirci da kuma bishop-bishop na Kirista aƙalla har zuwa farkon shekarun 700. Marubutan zamanin da kamar Yaqut al-Hamawi, al-Maqrizi, da al-Qalqashandi sun danganta tushen birnin ga wani &quot;Sā ibn Misr&quot;; [[Ibn Iyas]] ya kira wanda ya kafa birnin &quot;Sā ibn Marqunus&quot;. An yi amfani da wurin a matsayin wurin haƙa dutse a wannan lokacin. A lokacin Ibn Iyas, birnin ya faɗi kusan gaba ɗaya cikin lalacewa. 

[[1885 Census of Egypt|Kidayar jama'a ta Masar a shekarar 1885]] ta nuna cewa Sa el-Hagar ya kasance nahiyah a ƙarƙashin gundumar Kafr az-Zayyat a cikin Gundumar Gharbia ; a wancan lokacin, yawan mutanen garin ya kai 4,474 (maza 2,250 da mata 2,224). 

=== Makarantar likitanci ===
Haikalin Sais yana da makarantar likitanci da ke da alaƙa da shi, kamar yadda akwai tsoffin gidajen ibada na Masar . Makarantar likitanci da ke Sais tana da ɗalibai mata da yawa kuma a bayyane yake cewa mata malamai ne, galibi a fannin ilimin mata da na haihuwa . Wani rubutu daga lokacin ya wanzu a Sais, kuma yana cewa, &quot;Na fito ne daga makarantar likitanci a [[Heliopolis (tsohuwar Misira)|Heliopolis]], kuma na yi karatu a makarantar matar da ke Sais, inda uwaye masu tsarki suka koya mini yadda ake warkar da cututtuka&quot;. 

== Zane-zanen al'adu ==
A cikin [[Plato|littafin Plato]] na ''Timaeus'' da ''Critias'' (kusan 395 BC, shekaru 200 bayan ziyarar da ɗan majalisar dokoki na Girka Solon ya kai), Sais shine birnin da Solon ya karɓi labarin Atlantis, harin soja da ya kai wa Girka da Masar, shan kaye da halakar da aka yi masa daga wani firist na Masar. Solon ya ziyarci Masar a shekara ta 590 BC. Plato kuma ya lura cewa birnin ne wurin haihuwar [[Fir'auna]] Amasis na Biyu . 

Plutarch ya ce wurin ibadar Athena, wanda yake dangantawa da Isis, a Sais yana ɗauke da rubutun &quot;Ni ne duk abin da ya kasance, kuma yana nan, kuma zai kasance; kuma babu wani mutum da ya taɓa ɗaga mayafina har zuwa yanzu.&quot; 

Hector Berlioz ' ''L'enfance du Christ'' (&quot;Yarantakar Almasihu&quot;), a sashi na Uku, ya rubuta Sais a matsayin wurin da [[Isa|Yesu]] zai kasance a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa har zuwa shekara 10, bayan iyayensa sun bar ƙasarsu don tserewa daga kisan gillar da Hirudus Mai Girma ya yi wa marasa laifi .

An nuna Sais a cikin wasan bidiyo ''[[Asalin Ka'idar Mai Kashewa|na Assassin's Creed Origins]]'' . A nan an nuna shi a ƙarƙashin ikon wani memba na Order of the Ancients mai suna &quot;The Scarab&quot;. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Sais''' ( Ancient Egyptian     ; &lt;ref name=&quot;oxford173&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Donald B. Redford}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ancient Greek 

== Zamanin Neolithic ==
An gano wani matsuguni na Neolithic a Sais kwanan nan (1999), wanda ya kai shekara ta 5000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Noma ta bayyana a nan a wannan lokacin, da kuma wani wuri makamancin haka, Merimde Beni Salama, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 80 kudu da Sais. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rowland Bertini 2016 pp. 160–172&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rowland |first=Joanne M. |last2=Bertini |first2=Louise C. |year=2016 |title=The Neolithic within the context of northern Egypt: New results and perspectives from Merimde Beni Salama |url=https://www.academia.edu/25737746 |journal=Quaternary International |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=410 |pages=160–172 |bibcode=2016QuInt.410..160R |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.014 |issn=1040-6182}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin Neolithic a Sais ya ƙunshi matakai uku. Matakan farko sune farkon Neolithic (Sais I) da ƙarshen Neolithic (Sais II).  A lokacin farkon Neolithic, wurin ya fara ne a matsayin sansanin kamun kifi amma daga baya, a Tsakiyar Zamani zuwa Ƙarshen Zamani, masana noma sun zauna a wurin don noman yankin ambaliyar ruwa. 

Juyin halittar ayyuka daga sarrafa kifi zuwa lokacin farauta da noma na iya dangantawa da canje-canje a hankali a yanayin yanayi daga 4600 BC zuwa gaba. Ana kyautata zaton cewa matakin Tsakiyar Holocene Moist ya fara ne a wannan lokacin. 

== Tsohon zamani ==
Herodotus ya rubuta cewa Sais shine inda kabarin Osiris yake kuma an nuna wahalhalun allahn a matsayin asiri da daddare a wani tafki da ke kusa. 
[[Fayil:Lid_of_the_sarcophagus_of_the_Vizier_Gemenefherbak,_greywacke_-_Museo_Egizio,_Turin_C_2201_01_p01.jpg|left|thumb|Murfin sarcophagus na Vizier Gemenefhorbak, daga Sais. Museo Egizio, Turin (C 2201 01).]]
Allaiyar birnin ita ce Neith, wadda aka tabbatar da addininta tun zamanin Daular Farko ta Masar ( {{Circa|3100}} –3050 BC).  Helenawa, kamar Herodotus, [[Plato]], da Diodorus Siculus, sun gane ta da Athena don haka suka yi hasashen cewa akwai wata alaƙa ta asali da [[Athens]] . Diodorus ya ba da labarin cewa mutanen Athens sun gina Sais kafin ambaliyar ruwa . Yayin da aka lalata dukkan biranen Girka a lokacin wannan bala'in, ciki har da Athens, Sais da sauran biranen Masar sun tsira. 

A yau babu wani abin da ya rage na wannan garin kafin [[Sabuwar Masarautar Masar|Sabuwar Masarautar]] Marigayi ( {{Circa|1100 BC}} ) saboda yawan lalata birnin da ''Sebakhin'' (manoma ke cire ma'ajiyar laka don amfani da ita a matsayin taki) wanda ya bar wasu tubalan taimako kaɗan ''a wurin'' . 

Duk da cewa wurin da aka tsara na Sa El Hagar ba shi da wata shaida ta wannan birni, ana da'awar cewa gine-ginen da ke Piazza della Minerva da Urbino a Italiya sun samo asali ne daga Sais.

A lokacin da Musulunci ya ci Masar da yaƙi, an yi yaƙi a Sais tsakanin [[Khulafa'hur-Rashidun|Khalifancin Rashidun]] da [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]], a cewar John na Nikiû . Ya kasance mulkin kama-karya na addinin kafirci da kuma bishop-bishop na Kirista aƙalla har zuwa farkon shekarun 700. Marubutan zamanin da kamar Yaqut al-Hamawi, al-Maqrizi, da al-Qalqashandi sun danganta tushen birnin ga wani &quot;Sā ibn Misr&quot;; [[Ibn Iyas]] ya kira wanda ya kafa birnin &quot;Sā ibn Marqunus&quot;. An yi amfani da wurin a matsayin wurin haƙa dutse a wannan lokacin. A lokacin Ibn Iyas, birnin ya faɗi kusan gaba ɗaya cikin lalacewa. 

[[1885 Census of Egypt|Kidayar jama'a ta Masar a shekarar 1885]] ta nuna cewa Sa el-Hagar ya kasance nahiyah a ƙarƙashin gundumar Kafr az-Zayyat a cikin Gundumar Gharbia ; a wancan lokacin, yawan mutanen garin ya kai 4,474 (maza 2,250 da mata 2,224). 

=== Makarantar likitanci ===
Haikalin Sais yana da makarantar likitanci da ke da alaƙa da shi, kamar yadda akwai tsoffin gidajen ibada na Masar . Makarantar likitanci da ke Sais tana da ɗalibai mata da yawa kuma a bayyane yake cewa mata malamai ne, galibi a fannin ilimin mata da na haihuwa . Wani rubutu daga lokacin ya wanzu a Sais, kuma yana cewa, &quot;Na fito ne daga makarantar likitanci a [[Heliopolis (tsohuwar Misira)|Heliopolis]], kuma na yi karatu a makarantar matar da ke Sais, inda uwaye masu tsarki suka koya mini yadda ake warkar da cututtuka&quot;. 

== Zane-zanen al'adu ==
A cikin [[Plato|littafin Plato]] na ''Timaeus'' da ''Critias'' (kusan 395 BC, shekaru 200 bayan ziyarar da ɗan majalisar dokoki na Girka Solon ya kai), Sais shine birnin da Solon ya karɓi labarin Atlantis, harin soja da ya kai wa Girka da Masar, shan kaye da halakar da aka yi masa daga wani firist na Masar. Solon ya ziyarci Masar a shekara ta 590 BC. Plato kuma ya lura cewa birnin ne wurin haihuwar [[Fir'auna]] Amasis na Biyu . 

Plutarch ya ce wurin ibadar Athena, wanda yake dangantawa da Isis, a Sais yana ɗauke da rubutun &quot;Ni ne duk abin da ya kasance, kuma yana nan, kuma zai kasance; kuma babu wani mutum da ya taɓa ɗaga mayafina har zuwa yanzu.&quot; 

Hector Berlioz ' ''L'enfance du Christ'' (&quot;Yarantakar Almasihu&quot;), a sashi na Uku, ya rubuta Sais a matsayin wurin da [[Isa|Yesu]] zai kasance a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa har zuwa shekara 10, bayan iyayensa sun bar ƙasarsu don tserewa daga kisan gillar da Hirudus Mai Girma ya yi wa marasa laifi .

An nuna Sais a cikin wasan bidiyo ''[[Asalin Ka'idar Mai Kashewa|na Assassin's Creed Origins]]'' . A nan an nuna shi a ƙarƙashin ikon wani memba na Order of the Ancients mai suna &quot;The Scarab&quot;. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Groot (Kudancin Cape)</title>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271663268|Groot River (Southern Cape)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Groot''' kogi ne da ke kudancin lardin Western Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da ma'ajiyar [[Kogin Gourits]] ta hannun dama.

== Kwas ==
Kogin Groot yana tashi a cikin Komsberg Escarpment na Babban Karoo,  kimanin 40&amp;nbsp;kilomita kudu da Sutherland a lardin Arewacin Cape, kuma ana kiranta da Komsberg a saman hanyarsa. Idan ya gangara zuwa kudu maso gabas, sai ya zama Kogin Buffels. Daga nan sai ya karkata zuwa kudu ta [[Laingsburg, Afirka ta Kudu|Laingsburg]] sannan ya fara kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas, sannan kudu zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Floriskraal, sannan kudu maso yamma, kafin ya sake kwarara zuwa kudu ya kuma ratsa tsaunukan Klein Swartberg ta cikin Buffelspoort, wani kwazazzabo mai zurfi, zuwa cikin Little Karoo.

Kogin daga ƙarshe ya zama Kogin Groot a wurin da Buffels da Kogin Klein-Swartberg suka haɗu, kimanin mita 50.&amp;nbsp;kilomita kafin haɗuwa da Kogin Touws, sannan ya ratsa gabas, ya wuce Van Wyksdorp, zuwa ga haɗuwa da Kogin Gourits. 

Babban kogin da ke ratsa shi shine Kogin Touws wanda ke tashi a tsaunukan Kogin Hex, kuma yana kwarara zuwa gabas ta cikin garin mai suna iri ɗaya sannan kuma ya shiga Little Karoo, inda ya haɗu da gefen dama na Kogin Groot.

== Madatsun ruwa a kogin Groot ==

* Madatsar ruwan Floriskraal (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|50300000|m3}}),
* Dam na Bellair (mai karfin {{Convert|10100000|m3}}),
* Madatsar Ruwa ta Miertjieskraal

== Duba kuma ==

* Wurin shiga Grootrivier
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
Groot River (Southern Cape)Groot River (Southern Cape)Groot River (Southern Cape)Groot River (Southern Cape)</text>
      <sha1>ddegngq7njee0k70eijqsu3snnzedpq</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
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'''Kogin Groot''' kogi ne da ke kudancin lardin Western Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da ma'ajiyar [[Kogin Gourits]] ta hannun dama.

== Kwas ==
Kogin Groot yana tashi a cikin Komsberg Escarpment na Babban Karoo,  kimanin 40&amp;nbsp;kilomita kudu da Sutherland a lardin Arewacin Cape, kuma ana kiranta da Komsberg a saman hanyarsa. Idan ya gangara zuwa kudu maso gabas, sai ya zama Kogin Buffels. Daga nan sai ya karkata zuwa kudu ta [[Laingsburg, Afirka ta Kudu|Laingsburg]] sannan ya fara kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas, sannan kudu zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Floriskraal, sannan kudu maso yamma, kafin ya sake kwarara zuwa kudu ya kuma ratsa tsaunukan Klein Swartberg ta cikin Buffelspoort, wani kwazazzabo mai zurfi, zuwa cikin Little Karoo.

Kogin daga ƙarshe ya zama Kogin Groot a wurin da Buffels da Kogin Klein-Swartberg suka haɗu, kimanin mita 50.&amp;nbsp;kilomita kafin haɗuwa da Kogin Touws, sannan ya ratsa gabas, ya wuce Van Wyksdorp, zuwa ga haɗuwa da Kogin Gourits. 

Babban kogin da ke ratsa shi shine Kogin Touws wanda ke tashi a tsaunukan Kogin Hex, kuma yana kwarara zuwa gabas ta cikin garin mai suna iri ɗaya sannan kuma ya shiga Little Karoo, inda ya haɗu da gefen dama na Kogin Groot.

== Madatsun ruwa a kogin Groot ==

* Madatsar ruwan Floriskraal (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|50300000|m3}}),
* Dam na Bellair (mai karfin {{Convert|10100000|m3}}),
* Madatsar Ruwa ta Miertjieskraal

== Duba kuma ==

* Wurin shiga Grootrivier
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>pl1cv349z1k567szlgl9sgy9yyqc52c</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>843663</id>
      <parentid>843656</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:23:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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      <origin>843663</origin>
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'''Kogin Groot''' kogi ne da ke kudancin lardin Western Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da ma'ajiyar [[Kogin Gourits]] ta hannun dama.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rhodes-za.academia.edu/NigelBarker/Papers/595155/Clark_V.R._Barker_N.P._and_Mucina_L._2011_._The_Roggeveldberge_-_notes_on_a_botanically_hot_area_on_a_cold_corner_of_the_southern_Great_Escarpment_South_Africa._South_African_Journal_of_Botany_77_112-126 Clark, V.R., Barker, N.P., &amp; Mucina, L. (2011). The Roggeveldberge – notes on a botanically hot area on a cold corner of the southern Great Escarpment, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 77: 112–126]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwas ==
Kogin Groot yana tashi a cikin Komsberg Escarpment na Babban Karoo,  kimanin 40&amp;nbsp;kilomita kudu da Sutherland a lardin Arewacin Cape, kuma ana kiranta da Komsberg a saman hanyarsa. Idan ya gangara zuwa kudu maso gabas, sai ya zama Kogin Buffels. Daga nan sai ya karkata zuwa kudu ta [[Laingsburg, Afirka ta Kudu|Laingsburg]] sannan ya fara kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas, sannan kudu zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Floriskraal, sannan kudu maso yamma, kafin ya sake kwarara zuwa kudu ya kuma ratsa tsaunukan Klein Swartberg ta cikin Buffelspoort, wani kwazazzabo mai zurfi, zuwa cikin Little Karoo.

Kogin daga ƙarshe ya zama Kogin Groot a wurin da Buffels da Kogin Klein-Swartberg suka haɗu, kimanin mita 50.&amp;nbsp;kilomita kafin haɗuwa da Kogin Touws, sannan ya ratsa gabas, ya wuce Van Wyksdorp, zuwa ga haɗuwa da Kogin Gourits. 

Babban kogin da ke ratsa shi shine Kogin Touws wanda ke tashi a tsaunukan Kogin Hex, kuma yana kwarara zuwa gabas ta cikin garin mai suna iri ɗaya sannan kuma ya shiga Little Karoo, inda ya haɗu da gefen dama na Kogin Groot.

== Madatsun ruwa a kogin Groot ==

* Madatsar ruwan Floriskraal (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|50300000|m3}}),
* Dam na Bellair (mai karfin {{Convert|10100000|m3}}),
* Madatsar Ruwa ta Miertjieskraal

== Duba kuma ==

* Wurin shiga Grootrivier
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>36wzguck0gnst9i3r0fpmnmsk0odctw</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>843668</id>
      <parentid>843663</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:24:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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      <comment>/* Kwas */</comment>
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'''Kogin Groot''' kogi ne da ke kudancin lardin Western Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da ma'ajiyar [[Kogin Gourits]] ta hannun dama.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rhodes-za.academia.edu/NigelBarker/Papers/595155/Clark_V.R._Barker_N.P._and_Mucina_L._2011_._The_Roggeveldberge_-_notes_on_a_botanically_hot_area_on_a_cold_corner_of_the_southern_Great_Escarpment_South_Africa._South_African_Journal_of_Botany_77_112-126 Clark, V.R., Barker, N.P., &amp; Mucina, L. (2011). The Roggeveldberge – notes on a botanically hot area on a cold corner of the southern Great Escarpment, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 77: 112–126]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwas ==
Kogin Groot yana tashi a cikin Komsberg Escarpment na Babban Karoo,  kimanin 40&amp;nbsp;kilomita kudu da Sutherland a lardin Arewacin Cape, kuma ana kiranta da Komsberg a saman hanyarsa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rhodes-za.academia.edu/NigelBarker/Papers/595155/Clark_V.R._Barker_N.P._and_Mucina_L._2011_._The_Roggeveldberge_-_notes_on_a_botanically_hot_area_on_a_cold_corner_of_the_southern_Great_Escarpment_South_Africa._South_African_Journal_of_Botany_77_112-126 Clark, V.R., Barker, N.P., &amp; Mucina, L. (2011). The Roggeveldberge – notes on a botanically hot area on a cold corner of the southern Great Escarpment, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 77: 112–126]&lt;/ref&gt; Idan ya gangara zuwa kudu maso gabas, sai ya zama Kogin Buffels. Daga nan sai ya karkata zuwa kudu ta [[Laingsburg, Afirka ta Kudu|Laingsburg]] sannan ya fara kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas, sannan kudu zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Floriskraal, sannan kudu maso yamma, kafin ya sake kwarara zuwa kudu ya kuma ratsa tsaunukan Klein Swartberg ta cikin Buffelspoort, wani kwazazzabo mai zurfi, zuwa cikin Little Karoo.

Kogin daga ƙarshe ya zama Kogin Groot a wurin da Buffels da Kogin Klein-Swartberg suka haɗu, kimanin mita 50.&amp;nbsp;kilomita kafin haɗuwa da Kogin Touws, sannan ya ratsa gabas, ya wuce Van Wyksdorp, zuwa ga haɗuwa da Kogin Gourits.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Babban kogin da ke ratsa shi shine Kogin Touws wanda ke tashi a tsaunukan Kogin Hex, kuma yana kwarara zuwa gabas ta cikin garin mai suna iri ɗaya sannan kuma ya shiga Little Karoo, inda ya haɗu da gefen dama na Kogin Groot.

== Madatsun ruwa a kogin Groot ==

* Madatsar ruwan Floriskraal (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|50300000|m3}}),
* Dam na Bellair (mai karfin {{Convert|10100000|m3}}),
* Madatsar Ruwa ta Miertjieskraal

== Duba kuma ==

* Wurin shiga Grootrivier
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843681</id>
      <parentid>843668</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:26:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Groot''' kogi ne da ke kudancin lardin Western Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da ma'ajiyar [[Kogin Gourits]] ta hannun dama.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rhodes-za.academia.edu/NigelBarker/Papers/595155/Clark_V.R._Barker_N.P._and_Mucina_L._2011_._The_Roggeveldberge_-_notes_on_a_botanically_hot_area_on_a_cold_corner_of_the_southern_Great_Escarpment_South_Africa._South_African_Journal_of_Botany_77_112-126 Clark, V.R., Barker, N.P., &amp; Mucina, L. (2011). The Roggeveldberge – notes on a botanically hot area on a cold corner of the southern Great Escarpment, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 77: 112–126]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwas ==
Kogin Groot yana tashi a cikin Komsberg Escarpment na Babban Karoo,  kimanin 40&amp;nbsp;kilomita kudu da Sutherland a lardin Arewacin Cape, kuma ana kiranta da Komsberg a saman hanyarsa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://rhodes-za.academia.edu/NigelBarker/Papers/595155/Clark_V.R._Barker_N.P._and_Mucina_L._2011_._The_Roggeveldberge_-_notes_on_a_botanically_hot_area_on_a_cold_corner_of_the_southern_Great_Escarpment_South_Africa._South_African_Journal_of_Botany_77_112-126 Clark, V.R., Barker, N.P., &amp; Mucina, L. (2011). The Roggeveldberge – notes on a botanically hot area on a cold corner of the southern Great Escarpment, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 77: 112–126]&lt;/ref&gt; Idan ya gangara zuwa kudu maso gabas, sai ya zama Kogin Buffels. Daga nan sai ya karkata zuwa kudu ta [[Laingsburg, Afirka ta Kudu|Laingsburg]] sannan ya fara kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas, sannan kudu zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Floriskraal, sannan kudu maso yamma, kafin ya sake kwarara zuwa kudu ya kuma ratsa tsaunukan Klein Swartberg ta cikin Buffelspoort, wani kwazazzabo mai zurfi, zuwa cikin Little Karoo.

Kogin daga ƙarshe ya zama Kogin Groot a wurin da Buffels da Kogin Klein-Swartberg suka haɗu, kimanin mita 50.&amp;nbsp;kilomita kafin haɗuwa da Kogin Touws, sannan ya ratsa gabas, ya wuce Van Wyksdorp, zuwa ga haɗuwa da Kogin Gourits.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Babban kogin da ke ratsa shi shine Kogin Touws wanda ke tashi a tsaunukan Kogin Hex, kuma yana kwarara zuwa gabas ta cikin garin mai suna iri ɗaya sannan kuma ya shiga Little Karoo, inda ya haɗu da gefen dama na Kogin Groot.

== Madatsun ruwa a kogin Groot ==

* Madatsar ruwan Floriskraal (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|50300000|m3}}),
* Dam na Bellair (mai karfin {{Convert|10100000|m3}}),
* Madatsar Ruwa ta Miertjieskraal

== Duba kuma ==

* Wurin shiga Grootrivier
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>San Francisco 49ers</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:23:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AsmudEmpire</username>
        <id>45212</id>
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      <comment>Kirkira</comment>
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      <text bytes="3070" sha1="mrsvreifaqpuz24xn6ch6wav65xccxr" xml:space="preserve">'''San Francisco 49ers''' ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka ce da ke yankin San Francisco Bay Area a California, Amurka. Ƙungiyar tana fafatawa a gasar [[National Football League]] (NFL) a matsayin memba na [[National Football Conference]] (NFC) West Division.

An kafa San Francisco 49ers a shekarar 1946, kuma tana daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi nasara ƙungiyoyin NFL.

== Tarihi ==

=== Kafuwa ===

An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 1946 a cikin All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Sunan “49ers” yana nuni da masu neman zinariya (gold prospectors) na shekarar 1849 a California Gold Rush.

A shekarar 1950, ƙungiyar ta shiga NFL bayan haɗewar AAFC da NFL.

== Zamanin nasara (1980s–1990s) ==

San Francisco 49ers ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi a NFL a lokacin 1980s da 1990s.

A ƙarƙashin koci Bill Walsh da daga baya George Seifert, ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da tsarin “West Coast Offense” wanda ya canza wasan ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka.

== Nasarori ==

=== Super Bowl Championships ===

San Francisco 49ers ta lashe Super Bowl sau biyar:

* Super Bowl XVI (1981)
* Super Bowl XIX (1984)
* Super Bowl XXIII (1988)
* Super Bowl XXIV (1989)
* Super Bowl XXIX (1994)

Wannan ya sanya ta cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi nasara a tarihin NFL.

=== NFC Championships ===

49ers ta lashe NFC Championship sau da dama kuma ta kai Super Bowl sau da yawa.

== Filin Wasa ==

Tana buga wasanninta a '''Levi's Stadium''' da ke Santa Clara, California, wanda aka buɗe a shekarar 2014.

Kafin haka, ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da:

* Candlestick Park

== Fitattun 'Yan Wasa ==

* Joe Montana
* Jerry Rice
* Steve Young
* Ronnie Lott
* Frank Gore
* Patrick Willis
* Deebo Samuel
* Nick Bosa

== Fitattun Masu Horarwa ==

* Bill Walsh
* George Seifert
* Jim Harbaugh
* Kyle Shanahan

== Gold Rush Identity ==

Sunan “49ers” yana nuni da tarihin California Gold Rush na 1849, wanda ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na al’adun ƙungiyar.

== Rikodi da Nasarori ==

* Super Bowl wins: 5
* NFC Championships da dama
* One of the most historic franchises in NFL
* Strong playoff history across decades

== Duba Kuma ==

* [[National Football League]]
* [[National Football Conference]]
* [[Super Bowl]]
* [[Levi's Stadium]]
* [[Joe Montana]]
* [[Jerry Rice]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

=== Littattafai ===

* Feinstein, John. ''The Punch: One Night, Two Lives, and the Fight That Changed Basketball Forever'' (mentions NFL era context)
* NFL Record and Fact Book.
* San Francisco 49ers Media Guide.
* Hauser, Thomas. ''The West Coast Offense History''.

== Hanyoyin Waje ==

* [https://www.49ers.com Shafin hukuma na San Francisco 49ers]
* [https://www.nfl.com/teams/san-francisco-49ers San Francisco 49ers a NFL.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:San Francisco 49ers}}

[[Category:National Football League teams]]
[[Category:American Football Conference teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs established in 1946]]
[[Category:American football teams in California]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:NFC West teams]]
[[Category:San Francisco 49ers]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Bozqurd77</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:23:13Z</timestamp>
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        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bozqurd77! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bozqurd77|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Vision L1</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153570</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843660</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:23:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843660</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Vision L1! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Vision L1|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:MdTukur</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153571</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843661</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:23:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843661</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1185" sha1="eq01ht5q81ytyb36l8k5wrq5ltkpi4l" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MdTukur! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MdTukur|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>eq01ht5q81ytyb36l8k5wrq5ltkpi4l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:ElWanoOficial</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153572</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843662</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:23:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843662</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="fwcm2vlzej3ldqb6uj7xge6f09nmak1" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ElWanoOficial! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ElWanoOficial|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>fwcm2vlzej3ldqb6uj7xge6f09nmak1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Rmanfirst</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843664</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:23:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843664</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1189" sha1="cm6hu5hf5ib76be1l0pl9umx9h1dsvk" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rmanfirst! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rmanfirst|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>cm6hu5hf5ib76be1l0pl9umx9h1dsvk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:العالم العامل</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843665</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:24:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843665</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1221" sha1="0pcujdlm6qtx59s4tq4bybqboahc43l" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, العالم العامل! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/العالم العامل|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0pcujdlm6qtx59s4tq4bybqboahc43l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:AnnComms</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153575</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843666</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:24:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843666</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1187" sha1="im5g39aie9bysadk5f5905wy3yl9coc" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, AnnComms! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/AnnComms|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>im5g39aie9bysadk5f5905wy3yl9coc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:أبو براء</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843667</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:24:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843667</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1201" sha1="42w5bp9cq7iennr1690neby72m4ifpg" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, أبو براء! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/أبو براء|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>42w5bp9cq7iennr1690neby72m4ifpg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Musa Kalanda</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153577</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843669</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:24:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843669</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="9y8oifj4itm5a8w5eeje0bu5f0aahcp" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Musa Kalanda! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Musa Kalanda|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9y8oifj4itm5a8w5eeje0bu5f0aahcp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Salihou maman</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153578</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843670</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:24:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843670</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="2y4120x7tea7hl1y4lqhg2i25ph7old" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Salihou maman! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Salihou maman|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2y4120x7tea7hl1y4lqhg2i25ph7old</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Musty Dan Mal</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153579</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843671</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:24:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843671</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="7spkzf4yn7wh0pn5k0tkz0osm75j1xc" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Musty Dan Mal! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Musty Dan Mal|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7spkzf4yn7wh0pn5k0tkz0osm75j1xc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:GIOVANe Kjær</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153580</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843672</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:25:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843672</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="pba6119jl3r0kiu150i25gsc4k9fikz" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, GIOVANe Kjær! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/GIOVANe Kjær|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>pba6119jl3r0kiu150i25gsc4k9fikz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Narpsyweatherlike</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153581</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843673</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:25:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843673</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1205" sha1="1dtmcd158pxugprdhsvhm9gs5khwimi" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Narpsyweatherlike! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Narpsyweatherlike|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>1dtmcd158pxugprdhsvhm9gs5khwimi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Nareto</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843674</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:25:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843674</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1183" sha1="i14lk0e5qrfmjhjuqxmw5uvm4r1l4kn" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nareto! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nareto|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>i14lk0e5qrfmjhjuqxmw5uvm4r1l4kn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Charekaprivate</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153583</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843675</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:25:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843675</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="78ctqofj4xsad1hcji7wi424sqdje4a" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Charekaprivate! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Charekaprivate|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>78ctqofj4xsad1hcji7wi424sqdje4a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Dr-Andr888</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843676</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:25:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843676</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1191" sha1="89bz8cjrqknc7d7vba5a1y8sdepz6yw" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dr-Andr888! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dr-Andr888|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>89bz8cjrqknc7d7vba5a1y8sdepz6yw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sonicflashcars</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153585</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843677</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:25:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843677</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="7h0wnhc16o8238ws9epoho45a8nmcbl" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sonicflashcars! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sonicflashcars|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7h0wnhc16o8238ws9epoho45a8nmcbl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Memetik</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153586</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843678</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:26:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843678</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1185" sha1="px9ry47agejzg80clh4kh2z10vj75zv" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Memetik! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Memetik|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>px9ry47agejzg80clh4kh2z10vj75zv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sreehari lijinas</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153587</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843679</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:26:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843679</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1203" sha1="6xdgt0k9l2yvkiimjn64o6o4we8yumr" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sreehari lijinas! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sreehari lijinas|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>6xdgt0k9l2yvkiimjn64o6o4we8yumr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Ahmed310302 wiki</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153588</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843680</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:26:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843680</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1203" sha1="59hnxxoxufjoutno93py9m4mz2d9uxh" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ahmed310302 wiki! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ahmed310302 wiki|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>59hnxxoxufjoutno93py9m4mz2d9uxh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:الطيب اجديع</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153589</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843682</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:26:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843682</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1213" sha1="79tkoxc9tvakdryw39jmblimwpbhnbw" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, الطيب اجديع! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/الطيب اجديع|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>79tkoxc9tvakdryw39jmblimwpbhnbw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:브릴란떼</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153590</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843683</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:26:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843683</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="0hoxzg5yvcnfx95esldg13khcpg10cd" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 브릴란떼! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/브릴란떼|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0hoxzg5yvcnfx95esldg13khcpg10cd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Kim Nito</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153591</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843684</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:26:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843684</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1187" sha1="37pe625dx1qr6wycxf6rrix7umk4y2l" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kim Nito! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kim Nito|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>American Football Conference</title>
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        <username>AsmudEmpire</username>
        <id>45212</id>
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      <comment>Kirkira</comment>
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'''American Football Conference''' ('''AFC''') ɗaya ce daga cikin manyan rukunin biyu da suka haɗa [[National Football League]] (NFL), ɗaya kuma shi ne [[National Football Conference]] (NFC).

AFC tana ƙunshe da ƙungiyoyi 16 da aka raba zuwa rukuni huɗu: AFC East, AFC North, AFC South da AFC West.

An ƙirƙiri AFC ne a shekarar 1970 bayan haɗewar American Football League (AFL) da NFL.

== Tarihi ==

=== Asali ===

AFC ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwar '''American Football League (AFL)''' da NFL a shekarar 1970. Wannan haɗuwa ta kawo sabon tsarin raba ƙungiyoyi zuwa AFC da NFC.

Ƙungiyoyin AFL da suka shiga AFC sun haɗa da:
* Kansas City Chiefs
* Buffalo Bills
* Miami Dolphins
* New York Jets
* Denver Broncos
* Cincinnati Bengals

== Tsarin Rukuni ==

AFC tana da rukuni huɗu:

=== AFC East ===
* Buffalo Bills
* Miami Dolphins
* New England Patriots
* New York Jets

=== AFC North ===
* Baltimore Ravens
* Cincinnati Bengals
* Cleveland Browns
* Pittsburgh Steelers

=== AFC South ===
* Houston Texans
* Indianapolis Colts
* Jacksonville Jaguars
* Tennessee Titans

=== AFC West ===
* Denver Broncos
* Kansas City Chiefs
* Las Vegas Raiders
* Los Angeles Chargers

== Super Bowl ==

Zakaran AFC yana fuskantar zakaran NFC a wasan ƙarshe na NFL da ake kira '''Super Bowl'''.

Kungiyoyin AFC sun lashe Super Bowl sau da dama, ciki har da:
* New England Patriots
* Kansas City Chiefs
* Pittsburgh Steelers
* Baltimore Ravens
* Denver Broncos

== Fitattun Ƙungiyoyi a AFC ==

Wasu daga cikin fitattun ƙungiyoyi a tarihin AFC sun haɗa da:
* New England Patriots
* Kansas City Chiefs
* Pittsburgh Steelers
* Denver Broncos
* Miami Dolphins

== Fitattun 'Yan Wasa ==

AFC ta samar da shahararrun 'yan wasa kamar:
* Tom Brady
* Peyton Manning
* Patrick Mahomes
* Ben Roethlisberger
* Lamar Jackson

== Muhimmanci ==

AFC tana daga cikin manyan ginshiƙan NFL kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka gasar ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka a duniya.

== Duba Kuma ==

* [[National Football League]]
* [[National Football Conference]]
* [[Super Bowl]]
* [[Kansas City Chiefs]]
* [[Pittsburgh Steelers]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

=== Littattafai ===

* NFL Record and Fact Book
* MacCambridge, Michael. ''America's Game''
* NFL Operations Historical Records

== Hanyoyin Waje ==

* [https://www.nfl.com NFL Official Website]
* [https://operations.nfl.com NFL Operations]

{{DEFAULTSORT:American Football Conference}}

[[Category:National Football League]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1970]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:American football organizations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Анори Уньойл</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Анори Уньойл! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Анори Уньойл|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Yabroq</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153594</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843687</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:27:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843687</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yabroq! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yabroq|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Pwnshell</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153595</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843688</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:27:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843688</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pwnshell! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pwnshell|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sindasurra</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153596</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843690</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:27:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843690</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sindasurra! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sindasurra|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Badugo22</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153597</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843691</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:27:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843691</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Badugo22! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Badugo22|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Justicenasir</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153598</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843692</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:27:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843692</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Justicenasir! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Justicenasir|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ofhy1qronyw0s50pqyfqu8ia2ov9oxr</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Anastesia chi</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>153599</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843693</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:28:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>843693</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Anastesia chi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Anastesia chi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pelusium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153600</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843696</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:31:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354357889|Pelusium]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843696</origin>
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      <text bytes="10450" sha1="jlyh30dqz30ovauyhaxa87tsn3j4vwz" xml:space="preserve">'''Pelusium''' ( [[Harshen Misira|Tsohon Masar]] : {{Transl|egy|pr-jmn}} ; Coptic 

== Wuri ==
Pelusium yana tsakanin gabar teku da kuma dausayin kogin Nilu, kimanin mil biyu da rabi daga teku. Yashi ya shake tashar jiragen ruwa tun farkon ƙarni na farko kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), kuma bakin tekun yanzu ya wuce iyakokinsa na da, har birnin, har ma a ƙarni na uku bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), ya kai akalla mil huɗu daga Bahar Rum. 

Babban amfanin ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da ita shine flax, kuma ''linum Pelusiacum'' ( Tarihin Halitta na Pliny xix. 1. s. 3) yana da yawa kuma yana da inganci sosai. An kuma san Pelusium da kasancewa farkon mai samar da giya, wanda aka sani da abin sha Pelusian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Diderot |first=Denis |date=15 December 2011 |title=l'Encyclopedie: Beer |journal=Encyclopedia of Diderot &amp; d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pelusium ya tsaya a matsayin sansanin iyaka, wuri mai ƙarfi, a kan iyaka, yana kare Masar dangane da Siriya da teku. Don haka, daga inda take, duk wani mamaya na Masar yana fuskantar hari kai tsaye; sau da yawa ana kewaye ta, kuma an yi yaƙe-yaƙe masu mahimmanci da yawa a kusa da bangon ta.

Pelusium ita ce babban birni mafi girma a gabashin ƙasar Masar ta [[Lower Egypt]], wadda take a gefen gabas na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]], ''Ostium Pelusiacum'', wanda ya ba ta suna. [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Elder]] ya ba da wurin da yake dangane da iyakar Larabawa: &quot;A Ras Straki, mil 65 daga Pelusium, akwai iyakar Larabawa. Sannan Idumaea ta fara, da [[Falasdinu]] a wurin da [[Bog na Serbia|Tafkin Serbonian]] ya fito. Wannan tafkin... yanzu wani wuri ne mai ban mamaki.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Pliny the Elder}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunan Romawa &quot;Pelusium&quot; ya samo asali ne daga sunan Girkanci na Koine, kuma Girkanci ya samo asali ne daga sunan Masar. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; An san shi da '''Sena''' da '''Per -Amun''' &lt;ref name=&quot;Pelusium&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grzymski |first=Krzysztof A. |date=1997 |title=Pelusium: Gateway to Egypt |journal=Pelusium: Gateway to Egypt}}&lt;/ref&gt; ( [[Harshen Misira|Marigayi Masar]] da Coptic :  ) &quot;Gida ko Haikali na allahn rana ''Amun'' &quot;, '''Pelousion''' ko '''Saien''' ( Koine Greek   ), Harshen Aramaic na Daular da Hebrew    , da kuma Larabcin Masar '''Tell el-Farama''' ).   A cewar William Smith, shine ''Zunubin'' Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci a cikin Ezekiel 30:15 . Smith ya yi zaton cewa kalmar a cikin siffofin Masar da Girkanci ( ''Peremoun'' ko ''Peromi'' ; {{Lang|grc|Πήλος}} ''Pelos'' ) yana da ma'anar 'birni da aka yi da laka' ( ''omi'', Coptic, &quot;laka&quot;). 

Marubucin Targum na Falasɗinu wanda ba a san sunansa ba ya fassara kalmar &quot;Rameses&quot; a cikin Pentateuch da ma'anar ''Pelusin'' (Pelusium). Ba a tabbatar ko malamin Falasɗinu na ƙarni na 10 kuma ƙwararre [[Saadia Gaon]] ya yarda da wannan ƙudurin ba, kodayake yana da wata al'ada ta yin hakan daga baya, yana rubuta cewa ''Rameses'' da aka ambata a cikin Lissafi 33:3, da kuma a cikin Fitowa 1:11 da 12:37, kamar yadda kuma a cikin Farawa 47:11, yana nufin Ain Shams .  Masana ilimin ƙasa na zamani suna haɗa ʻAin Shams da [[Heliopolis (tsohuwar Misira)|Heliopolis]] .

== Tarihi ==
Ga abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a tarihin Pelusium :

* Sennacherib, sarkin Neo-Assyrian, 720-715 BC, a cikin mulkin Sethos the Aethiopian na Daular Masar ta 25, ya ci gaba daga Masarautar Yahuza a kan Pelusium, amma ya yi ritaya ba tare da yaƙi ba daga gaban ganuwarsa a Ishaya 31:8; Herodotus na biyu. 141; [[Strabo]] na goma sha uku. shafi na 604. An ba da labarin cewa ya koma baya ne ga ni'imar Hephaestos ga Sethos, firist dinsa. A cikin dare, yayin da Assuriyawa suka yi barci, yawancin beraye sun cinye igiyoyin baka da garkuwar garkuwarsu, waɗanda suka gudu, kuma Masarawa sun kashe da yawa daga cikinsu yayin da suke gudu. Herodotus ya ga a cikin haikalin Hephaestos a [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], rikodin wannan nasarar Masarawa: mutum-mutumi na Sethos yana riƙe da linzamin kwamfuta a hannunsa. Wataƙila labarin ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa a cikin alamar Masar, linzamin kwamfuta ya nuna hallaka.  (Ka kwatanta Horapolis Hieroglyph. i. 50; Claudius Aelianus, De Natura Animalium vi. 41.) &amp;nbsp;
* Yaƙin Pelusium (525 BC) wanda ya sauya kursiyin [[Fir'auna]] zuwa Cambyses II, sarkin Farisa, an yi yaƙi a kusa da Pelusium. Filin da ke kewaye da su sun cika da ƙasusuwan mayakan lokacin da Herodotus ya ziyarta. Ya lura cewa kwanyar Masarawa za a iya rarrabe su daga na [[Iran|Farisawa]] ta hanyar tsananin su, gaskiyar da ta tabbatar da shi ta hanyar mummies. Ya danganta wannan ga aske kawunansu na Masarawa tun suna jarirai, da kuma Farisawa da ke rufe su da zane ko lilin.  (Herodotus ii. 10, seq.); duk da haka, bisa ga labari, Pelusium ya fadi ba tare da yaƙi ba, ta hanyar sauƙin samun sojojin da suka mamaye su fitar da cats (mai tsarki ga allahiyar yankin Bast) a gaban su. Kamar yadda Cambyses na II gaba nan da nan zuwa Memphis, Pelusium mai yiwuwa ya mika kansa nan da nan bayan yakin.  (Polyaen. Stratag. vii. 9.) 
* A cikin 373 KZ, Farnabazus, satrap na Frigia, da Iphicrates, kwamandan makamai na [[Athens|Atina]], sun bayyana a gaban Pelusium, amma sun yi ritaya ba tare da kai masa hari ba, Nectanebo I, sarkin Masar, bayan sun kara da tsoffin tsaron ta hanyar shimfiɗa ƙasashe makwabta a ƙarƙashin ruwa, da kuma toshe hanyoyin Nilu ta hanyar shinge.  (Diodorus Siculus xv. 42; Cornelius Nepos, ''Iphicrates'' c. 5.) 
* Farisawa sun kai hari kuma sun kwace Pelusium, c. 340 BC. Birnin yana dauke da dakarun sojoji 5,000 na Girka a karkashin umurnin [[Philophron|Filophron]]. Da farko, saboda hanzari na Thebans a cikin sabis na Farisa, masu karewa suna da fa'ida. Amma Sarkin Masar Nectanebo II da sauri ya shiga cikin yakin basasa, an yanke dakarunsa zuwa raguwa, kuma Pelusium ya mika wuya ga Janar [[Lacrates]] na Theban a kan yanayi mai daraja.  (Diodorus Siculus xvi. 43.) 
* A cikin 333 KZ, Pelusium ya buɗe ƙofofinsa ga Alexander the Great, wanda ya sanya garuruwa a ciki a ƙarƙashin umurnin ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan jami'an da ake kira Abokan Sarki.  (Arrian, Exp. Alex. iii. 1, seq.; Quintus Curtius iv. 33.) 
* A cikin 173 BC, Antiochus Epiphanes ya ci nasara sosai a kan sojojin Ptolemy Philometor a ƙarƙashin ganuwar Pelusium, wanda ya karbe shi kuma ya riƙe bayan ya yi ritaya daga sauran Masar.  (Polybius ''Legat.'' § 82; Hieronym. ''a cikin Daniyel.'' xi.) A kan faduwar mulkin Siriya, duk da haka, idan ba a baya ba, an mayar da Pelusium ga Ptolemies.
* A cikin 55 KZ, Ruwa. na Masar, [./Mark_&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Anton&quot; id=&quot;mwASw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Mark Antony&quot;&gt;Mark Antony], a matsayin kwamandan Roman doki ga mai mulkin Roma Gabinius, ya ci sojojin Masar, kuma ya sanya kansa mai kula da birnin. Ptolemy Auletes, a madadinsa Romawa suka mamaye Masar a wannan lokacin, yana so ya sanya Pelusians a kan takobi; amma Mark Anthony ya rushe niyyarsa.  (Plut. Anton. c. 3; Valerius Max. ix. 1.) 
* A cikin 48 BC, an kashe Pompey a kusa da Pelusium.
* A cikin 47 BC, Mithridates na Pergamon ya kai hari kuma ya ɗauki Pelusium a kan hanyarsa don ƙarfafa [[Julius Caesar|Kaisar]] wanda aka kewaye shi a [[Alexandria|Iskandariya]].
* A cikin 30 BC, fiye da rabin shekara bayan nasarar da ya samu a Actium, [[Augustus]] ya bayyana a gaban Pelusium, kuma gwamnansa Seleucus ya shigar da shi a cikin ganuwarsa.
* A cikin 115-117 AD, a lokacin Diaspora Revolt, an ce Yahudawa sun mallaki hanyoyin ruwa kusa da Pelusium. Masanin tarihin Girka Appian ne ya rubuta wannan, wanda ya kasance mai shaida kuma ya tsere daga sojojin sojan ruwa na Yahudawa a Pelusium.{{Sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006}}{{Sfn|Horbury|2014}}
* A cikin 501 AD, Pelusium ya sha wahala sosai daga mamayar Farisa a Misira (Eutychius, Annal.).
* A cikin 541 AD, annoba ta Justinian ta fara fitowa a Pelusium kafin ta bazu a fadin [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]].{{Sfn|Benovitz|2014}}
* A cikin 639, Pelusium ya ba da dogon lokaci, duk da haka, a ƙarshe, juriya mara tasiri ga makamai na Amr ibn al-As. Kamar yadda yake a lokuta na baya, mika maɓallin Delta kusan daidai yake da mamayewar Masar kanta.
* A cikin 749, Bashmuric Copts sun kai hari Pelusium.
* A cikin ca. 870, an ambaci Pelusium a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin hanyar kasuwanci ta 'yan kasuwa na Radhanite.
* A cikin shekara ta 1118, Baldwin I na Urushalima ya rushe birnin zuwa ƙasa, amma ya mutu jim kadan bayan haka daga guba ta abinci bayan ya ci kwano na kifi na yankin.

== Hanyoyin sojojin Romawa ==
Daga cikin hanyoyi shida na soja da Romawa suka kafa ko suka karɓe a Masar, an ambaci waɗannan a cikin Tashar Jirgin Antoninus kamar yadda suka haɗa da Pelusium:

* Daga Memphis zuwa Pelusium. Wannan hanyar ta haɗu da babbar hanyar daga Pselcis a Nubia a Babila, kusan gaban Memphis, kuma ta yi daidai da ita har zuwa [[Scenae Veteranorum]] . Hanyoyi biyu, ''wato'' daga Pselcis zuwa Scenae Veteranorum, waɗanda suka juya zuwa gabas a [[Heliopolis (tsohuwar Misira)|Heliopolis]], da kuma daga Memphis zuwa Pelusium, sun haɗa birnin na ƙarshe da babban birnin Lower Egypt, magudanar ruwa ta Trajan, da Arsinoe, kusa da Suez, a kan Sinus Heroopolites ( Tekun Suez na zamani).
* Daga Acca zuwa [[Alexandria]], an yi tafiya a kan Tekun Bahar Rum daga [[Rafah|Raphia]] zuwa Pelusium.

== Tarihin cocin Kirista ==
An sanya wa Pelusium suna (a matsayin &quot;Zunubi, ƙarfin Masar&quot;) a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki, a cikin Ezekiel {{Bibleverse-nb|Ezekiel|30:15}} . Bisa ga al'adar 'yan Koftik, Iyali Mai Tsarki ya ratsa Pelusium a lokacin da suka gudu zuwa Masar . 

Pelusium ya zama wurin zama bishop na Kirista tun daga farko. Bishop Dorotheus ya shiga [[Majalisar farko ta Nicaea|Majalisar Nicaea ta farko]] a shekara ta 325. A shekara ta 335, an kori Marcus saboda goyon bayansa ga Athanasius na Alexandria . Wanda ya maye gurbinsa Pancratius, wanda ya goyi bayan [[Arianism]], ya kasance a Majalisar Sirmium ta Biyu a shekara ta 351. Da yawa daga cikin sanannun bishop na Pelusium da suka biyo baya suma an dauke su a matsayin masu bidi'a a wurin mabiya addinin Orthodox. A matsayin babban birnin lardin Roma na Augustamnica Prima, Pelusium shine babban birnin lardin.  

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tsoffin garuruwa da biranen Masar

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'''Pelusium''' ( [[Harshen Misira|Tsohon Masar]] : {{Transl|egy|pr-jmn}} ; Coptic 

== Wuri ==
Pelusium yana tsakanin gabar teku da kuma dausayin kogin Nilu, kimanin mil biyu da rabi daga teku. Yashi ya shake tashar jiragen ruwa tun farkon ƙarni na farko kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), kuma bakin tekun yanzu ya wuce iyakokinsa na da, har birnin, har ma a ƙarni na uku bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), ya kai akalla mil huɗu daga Bahar Rum. 

Babban amfanin ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da ita shine flax, kuma ''linum Pelusiacum'' ( Tarihin Halitta na Pliny xix. 1. s. 3) yana da yawa kuma yana da inganci sosai. An kuma san Pelusium da kasancewa farkon mai samar da giya, wanda aka sani da abin sha Pelusian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Diderot |first=Denis |date=15 December 2011 |title=l'Encyclopedie: Beer |journal=Encyclopedia of Diderot &amp; d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pelusium ya tsaya a matsayin sansanin iyaka, wuri mai ƙarfi, a kan iyaka, yana kare Masar dangane da Siriya da teku. Don haka, daga inda take, duk wani mamaya na Masar yana fuskantar hari kai tsaye; sau da yawa ana kewaye ta, kuma an yi yaƙe-yaƙe masu mahimmanci da yawa a kusa da bangon ta.

Pelusium ita ce babban birni mafi girma a gabashin ƙasar Masar ta [[Lower Egypt]], wadda take a gefen gabas na kogin [[Nil|Nilu]], ''Ostium Pelusiacum'', wanda ya ba ta suna. [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Elder]] ya ba da wurin da yake dangane da iyakar Larabawa: &quot;A Ras Straki, mil 65 daga Pelusium, akwai iyakar Larabawa. Sannan Idumaea ta fara, da [[Falasdinu]] a wurin da [[Bog na Serbia|Tafkin Serbonian]] ya fito. Wannan tafkin... yanzu wani wuri ne mai ban mamaki.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Pliny the Elder}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunan Romawa &quot;Pelusium&quot; ya samo asali ne daga sunan Girkanci na Koine, kuma Girkanci ya samo asali ne daga sunan Masar. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; An san shi da '''Sena''' da '''Per -Amun''' &lt;ref name=&quot;Pelusium&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grzymski |first=Krzysztof A. |date=1997 |title=Pelusium: Gateway to Egypt |journal=Pelusium: Gateway to Egypt}}&lt;/ref&gt; ( [[Harshen Misira|Marigayi Masar]] da Coptic :  ) &quot;Gida ko Haikali na allahn rana ''Amun'' &quot;, '''Pelousion''' ko '''Saien''' ( Koine Greek   ), Harshen Aramaic na Daular da Hebrew    , da kuma Larabcin Masar '''Tell el-Farama''' ).   A cewar William Smith, shine ''Zunubin'' Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci a cikin Ezekiel 30:15 . Smith ya yi zaton cewa kalmar a cikin siffofin Masar da Girkanci ( ''Peremoun'' ko ''Peromi'' ; {{Lang|grc|Πήλος}} ''Pelos'' ) yana da ma'anar 'birni da aka yi da laka' ( ''omi'', Coptic, &quot;laka&quot;). 

Marubucin Targum na Falasɗinu wanda ba a san sunansa ba ya fassara kalmar &quot;Rameses&quot; a cikin Pentateuch da ma'anar ''Pelusin'' (Pelusium). Ba a tabbatar ko malamin Falasɗinu na ƙarni na 10 kuma ƙwararre [[Saadia Gaon]] ya yarda da wannan ƙudurin ba, kodayake yana da wata al'ada ta yin hakan daga baya, yana rubuta cewa ''Rameses'' da aka ambata a cikin Lissafi 33:3, da kuma a cikin Fitowa 1:11 da 12:37, kamar yadda kuma a cikin Farawa 47:11, yana nufin Ain Shams .  Masana ilimin ƙasa na zamani suna haɗa ʻAin Shams da [[Heliopolis (tsohuwar Misira)|Heliopolis]] .

== Tarihi ==
Ga abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a tarihin Pelusium :

* Sennacherib, sarkin Neo-Assyrian, 720-715 BC, a cikin mulkin Sethos the Aethiopian na Daular Masar ta 25, ya ci gaba daga Masarautar Yahuza a kan Pelusium, amma ya yi ritaya ba tare da yaƙi ba daga gaban ganuwarsa a Ishaya 31:8; Herodotus na biyu. 141; [[Strabo]] na goma sha uku. shafi na 604. An ba da labarin cewa ya koma baya ne ga ni'imar Hephaestos ga Sethos, firist dinsa. A cikin dare, yayin da Assuriyawa suka yi barci, yawancin beraye sun cinye igiyoyin baka da garkuwar garkuwarsu, waɗanda suka gudu, kuma Masarawa sun kashe da yawa daga cikinsu yayin da suke gudu. Herodotus ya ga a cikin haikalin Hephaestos a [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], rikodin wannan nasarar Masarawa: mutum-mutumi na Sethos yana riƙe da linzamin kwamfuta a hannunsa. Wataƙila labarin ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa a cikin alamar Masar, linzamin kwamfuta ya nuna hallaka.  (Ka kwatanta Horapolis Hieroglyph. i. 50; Claudius Aelianus, De Natura Animalium vi. 41.) &amp;nbsp;
* Yaƙin Pelusium (525 BC) wanda ya sauya kursiyin [[Fir'auna]] zuwa Cambyses II, sarkin Farisa, an yi yaƙi a kusa da Pelusium. Filin da ke kewaye da su sun cika da ƙasusuwan mayakan lokacin da Herodotus ya ziyarta. Ya lura cewa kwanyar Masarawa za a iya rarrabe su daga na [[Iran|Farisawa]] ta hanyar tsananin su, gaskiyar da ta tabbatar da shi ta hanyar mummies. Ya danganta wannan ga aske kawunansu na Masarawa tun suna jarirai, da kuma Farisawa da ke rufe su da zane ko lilin.  (Herodotus ii. 10, seq.); duk da haka, bisa ga labari, Pelusium ya fadi ba tare da yaƙi ba, ta hanyar sauƙin samun sojojin da suka mamaye su fitar da cats (mai tsarki ga allahiyar yankin Bast) a gaban su. Kamar yadda Cambyses na II gaba nan da nan zuwa Memphis, Pelusium mai yiwuwa ya mika kansa nan da nan bayan yakin.  (Polyaen. Stratag. vii. 9.) 
* A cikin 373 KZ, Farnabazus, satrap na Frigia, da Iphicrates, kwamandan makamai na [[Athens|Atina]], sun bayyana a gaban Pelusium, amma sun yi ritaya ba tare da kai masa hari ba, Nectanebo I, sarkin Masar, bayan sun kara da tsoffin tsaron ta hanyar shimfiɗa ƙasashe makwabta a ƙarƙashin ruwa, da kuma toshe hanyoyin Nilu ta hanyar shinge.  (Diodorus Siculus xv. 42; Cornelius Nepos, ''Iphicrates'' c. 5.) 
* Farisawa sun kai hari kuma sun kwace Pelusium, c. 340 BC. Birnin yana dauke da dakarun sojoji 5,000 na Girka a karkashin umurnin [[Philophron|Filophron]]. Da farko, saboda hanzari na Thebans a cikin sabis na Farisa, masu karewa suna da fa'ida. Amma Sarkin Masar Nectanebo II da sauri ya shiga cikin yakin basasa, an yanke dakarunsa zuwa raguwa, kuma Pelusium ya mika wuya ga Janar [[Lacrates]] na Theban a kan yanayi mai daraja.  (Diodorus Siculus xvi. 43.) 
* A cikin 333 KZ, Pelusium ya buɗe ƙofofinsa ga Alexander the Great, wanda ya sanya garuruwa a ciki a ƙarƙashin umurnin ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan jami'an da ake kira Abokan Sarki.  (Arrian, Exp. Alex. iii. 1, seq.; Quintus Curtius iv. 33.) 
* A cikin 173 BC, Antiochus Epiphanes ya ci nasara sosai a kan sojojin Ptolemy Philometor a ƙarƙashin ganuwar Pelusium, wanda ya karbe shi kuma ya riƙe bayan ya yi ritaya daga sauran Masar.  (Polybius ''Legat.'' § 82; Hieronym. ''a cikin Daniyel.'' xi.) A kan faduwar mulkin Siriya, duk da haka, idan ba a baya ba, an mayar da Pelusium ga Ptolemies.
* A cikin 55 KZ, Ruwa. na Masar, [./Mark_&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Anton&quot; id=&quot;mwASw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Mark Antony&quot;&gt;Mark Antony], a matsayin kwamandan Roman doki ga mai mulkin Roma Gabinius, ya ci sojojin Masar, kuma ya sanya kansa mai kula da birnin. Ptolemy Auletes, a madadinsa Romawa suka mamaye Masar a wannan lokacin, yana so ya sanya Pelusians a kan takobi; amma Mark Anthony ya rushe niyyarsa.  (Plut. Anton. c. 3; Valerius Max. ix. 1.) 
* A cikin 48 BC, an kashe Pompey a kusa da Pelusium.
* A cikin 47 BC, Mithridates na Pergamon ya kai hari kuma ya ɗauki Pelusium a kan hanyarsa don ƙarfafa [[Julius Caesar|Kaisar]] wanda aka kewaye shi a [[Alexandria|Iskandariya]].
* A cikin 30 BC, fiye da rabin shekara bayan nasarar da ya samu a Actium, [[Augustus]] ya bayyana a gaban Pelusium, kuma gwamnansa Seleucus ya shigar da shi a cikin ganuwarsa.
* A cikin 115-117 AD, a lokacin Diaspora Revolt, an ce Yahudawa sun mallaki hanyoyin ruwa kusa da Pelusium. Masanin tarihin Girka Appian ne ya rubuta wannan, wanda ya kasance mai shaida kuma ya tsere daga sojojin sojan ruwa na Yahudawa a Pelusium.{{Sfn|Pucci Ben Zeev|2006}}{{Sfn|Horbury|2014}}
* A cikin 501 AD, Pelusium ya sha wahala sosai daga mamayar Farisa a Misira (Eutychius, Annal.).
* A cikin 541 AD, annoba ta Justinian ta fara fitowa a Pelusium kafin ta bazu a fadin [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Byzantine]].{{Sfn|Benovitz|2014}}
* A cikin 639, Pelusium ya ba da dogon lokaci, duk da haka, a ƙarshe, juriya mara tasiri ga makamai na Amr ibn al-As. Kamar yadda yake a lokuta na baya, mika maɓallin Delta kusan daidai yake da mamayewar Masar kanta.
* A cikin 749, Bashmuric Copts sun kai hari Pelusium.
* A cikin ca. 870, an ambaci Pelusium a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin hanyar kasuwanci ta 'yan kasuwa na Radhanite.
* A cikin shekara ta 1118, Baldwin I na Urushalima ya rushe birnin zuwa ƙasa, amma ya mutu jim kadan bayan haka daga guba ta abinci bayan ya ci kwano na kifi na yankin.

== Hanyoyin sojojin Romawa ==
Daga cikin hanyoyi shida na soja da Romawa suka kafa ko suka karɓe a Masar, an ambaci waɗannan a cikin Tashar Jirgin Antoninus kamar yadda suka haɗa da Pelusium:

* Daga Memphis zuwa Pelusium. Wannan hanyar ta haɗu da babbar hanyar daga Pselcis a Nubia a Babila, kusan gaban Memphis, kuma ta yi daidai da ita har zuwa [[Scenae Veteranorum]] . Hanyoyi biyu, ''wato'' daga Pselcis zuwa Scenae Veteranorum, waɗanda suka juya zuwa gabas a [[Heliopolis (tsohuwar Misira)|Heliopolis]], da kuma daga Memphis zuwa Pelusium, sun haɗa birnin na ƙarshe da babban birnin Lower Egypt, magudanar ruwa ta Trajan, da Arsinoe, kusa da Suez, a kan Sinus Heroopolites ( Tekun Suez na zamani).
* Daga Acca zuwa [[Alexandria]], an yi tafiya a kan Tekun Bahar Rum daga [[Rafah|Raphia]] zuwa Pelusium.

== Tarihin cocin Kirista ==
An sanya wa Pelusium suna (a matsayin &quot;Zunubi, ƙarfin Masar&quot;) a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki, a cikin Ezekiel {{Bibleverse-nb|Ezekiel|30:15}} . Bisa ga al'adar 'yan Koftik, Iyali Mai Tsarki ya ratsa Pelusium a lokacin da suka gudu zuwa Masar . 

Pelusium ya zama wurin zama bishop na Kirista tun daga farko. Bishop Dorotheus ya shiga [[Majalisar farko ta Nicaea|Majalisar Nicaea ta farko]] a shekara ta 325. A shekara ta 335, an kori Marcus saboda goyon bayansa ga Athanasius na Alexandria . Wanda ya maye gurbinsa Pancratius, wanda ya goyi bayan [[Arianism]], ya kasance a Majalisar Sirmium ta Biyu a shekara ta 351. Da yawa daga cikin sanannun bishop na Pelusium da suka biyo baya suma an dauke su a matsayin masu bidi'a a wurin mabiya addinin Orthodox. A matsayin babban birnin lardin Roma na Augustamnica Prima, Pelusium shine babban birnin lardin.  

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tsoffin garuruwa da biranen Masar

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>a1bk1bwq5rqvl4dclotg0r721506a6v</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kogin Kaaimans</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1275529530|Kaaimans River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Kaaiman'''  wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Kogin Keerom''', kogi ne a Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Bakin kogin yana kusa da daji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaaimans River Mouth Wilderness |url=http://local-info.co.za/kaaimans-river-mouth-wilderness |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823074831/http://local-info.co.za/kaaimans-river-mouth-wilderness |archive-date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2012-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gefen kogin, Kwarin Kogin Kaaimans ya shahara wajen yin yawo da kayak na ruwa. 

Manyan garuruwan da suka fi kusa su ne Mossel Bay da George.

== Tarihi ==
 
Kogin Kaaimans a da yana zama cikas ga matafiya, waɗanda kekunansu ke jira na tsawon makonni kafin su iya ketare shi lafiya lokacin da ruwa ya cika. Ana kuma yi masa laƙabi da &quot;Keeromrivier&quot; (Kogin Turnabout) saboda, suna fuskantar ruwan da ke tashi, wasu matafiya dole ne su juya su nemi wata hanya don isa inda za su je. A ƙarshe an shawo kan wannan cikas lokacin da Thomas Charles John Bain ya gina Titin Bakwai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Idille History |url=http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=9&amp;Itemid=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122010/http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=9&amp;Itemid=4 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |access-date=2012-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gadar jirgin ƙasa ce ta ratsa kogin da ke bakinsa. Outeniqua Choo Tjoe, jirgin ƙasa na ƙarshe da ke tururi a Afirka, ya ratsa wannan gadar har sai da aka rufe layin saboda zaftarewar ƙasa a shekarar 2006.

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Kaaimans_River_..._(52689615215).jpg|alt=Map of Africa viewpoint| Taswirar ra'ayin Afirka
Fayil:N2_Kaaimansrivier.JPG|alt=The N2 crossing the Kaaimans River| Jirgin N2 da ke ratsa Kogin Kaaimans
Fayil:12_0328-30_pano_-_Kaaimans_River_mouth.jpg|alt=Kaaimans River mouth| Bakin kogin Kaaimans
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Kaaimans Rivier Pass

== Manazarta ==
Groot River (Southern Cape)Kaaimans RiverGroot River (Southern Cape)Kaaimans RiverGroot River (Southern Cape)Kaaimans River

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.nsri.org.za/2011/03/wildernesss-kaaimans-river-rescue/ Ceto kogin Kaaimans na daji]
* [http://samountainpasses.co.za/Home/WesternCape/Passes/EDENDISTRICT/KaaimansRiverPass/tabid/671/Default.aspx Wurare Masu Tsauni na Kudancin Afirka - Wurare Masu Tsauni na Kogin Kaaimans]
* [http://www.kaaimans-river.co.za/ Kogin Kaaimans - masauki]</text>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
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'''Kogin Kaaiman'''  wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Kogin Keerom''', kogi ne a Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Bakin kogin yana kusa da daji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaaimans River Mouth Wilderness |url=http://local-info.co.za/kaaimans-river-mouth-wilderness |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823074831/http://local-info.co.za/kaaimans-river-mouth-wilderness |archive-date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2012-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gefen kogin, Kwarin Kogin Kaaimans ya shahara wajen yin yawo da kayak na ruwa. 

Manyan garuruwan da suka fi kusa su ne Mossel Bay da George.

== Tarihi ==
 
Kogin Kaaimans a da yana zama cikas ga matafiya, waɗanda kekunansu ke jira na tsawon makonni kafin su iya ketare shi lafiya lokacin da ruwa ya cika. Ana kuma yi masa laƙabi da &quot;Keeromrivier&quot; (Kogin Turnabout) saboda, suna fuskantar ruwan da ke tashi, wasu matafiya dole ne su juya su nemi wata hanya don isa inda za su je. A ƙarshe an shawo kan wannan cikas lokacin da Thomas Charles John Bain ya gina Titin Bakwai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Idille History |url=http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=9&amp;Itemid=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122010/http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=9&amp;Itemid=4 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |access-date=2012-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gadar jirgin ƙasa ce ta ratsa kogin da ke bakinsa. Outeniqua Choo Tjoe, jirgin ƙasa na ƙarshe da ke tururi a Afirka, ya ratsa wannan gadar har sai da aka rufe layin saboda zaftarewar ƙasa a shekarar 2006.

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Kaaimans_River_..._(52689615215).jpg|alt=Map of Africa viewpoint| Taswirar ra'ayin Afirka
Fayil:N2_Kaaimansrivier.JPG|alt=The N2 crossing the Kaaimans River| Jirgin N2 da ke ratsa Kogin Kaaimans
Fayil:12_0328-30_pano_-_Kaaimans_River_mouth.jpg|alt=Kaaimans River mouth| Bakin kogin Kaaimans
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Kaaimans Rivier Pass

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.nsri.org.za/2011/03/wildernesss-kaaimans-river-rescue/ Ceto kogin Kaaimans na daji]
* [http://samountainpasses.co.za/Home/WesternCape/Passes/EDENDISTRICT/KaaimansRiverPass/tabid/671/Default.aspx Wurare Masu Tsauni na Kudancin Afirka - Wurare Masu Tsauni na Kogin Kaaimans]
* [http://www.kaaimans-river.co.za/ Kogin Kaaimans - masauki]</text>
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      <id>843703</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:36:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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'''Kogin Kaaiman'''  wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Kogin Keerom''', kogi ne a Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]&lt;/ref&gt; Bakin kogin yana kusa da daji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaaimans River Mouth Wilderness |url=http://local-info.co.za/kaaimans-river-mouth-wilderness |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823074831/http://local-info.co.za/kaaimans-river-mouth-wilderness |archive-date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2012-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gefen kogin, Kwarin Kogin Kaaimans ya shahara wajen yin yawo da kayak na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.flickr.com/photos/kk_wpg/2630904056/Kaaimans River Gorge]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Manyan garuruwan da suka fi kusa su ne Mossel Bay da George.

== Tarihi ==
 
Kogin Kaaimans a da yana zama cikas ga matafiya, waɗanda kekunansu ke jira na tsawon makonni kafin su iya ketare shi lafiya lokacin da ruwa ya cika. Ana kuma yi masa laƙabi da &quot;Keeromrivier&quot; (Kogin Turnabout) saboda, suna fuskantar ruwan da ke tashi, wasu matafiya dole ne su juya su nemi wata hanya don isa inda za su je. A ƙarshe an shawo kan wannan cikas lokacin da Thomas Charles John Bain ya gina Titin Bakwai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Idille History |url=http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=9&amp;Itemid=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122010/http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=9&amp;Itemid=4 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |access-date=2012-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gadar jirgin ƙasa ce ta ratsa kogin da ke bakinsa. Outeniqua Choo Tjoe, jirgin ƙasa na ƙarshe da ke tururi a Afirka, ya ratsa wannan gadar har sai da aka rufe layin saboda zaftarewar ƙasa a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=9&amp;Itemid=4 |title=Idille History |access-date=2012-04-11 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122010/http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=9&amp;Itemid=4 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Kaaimans_River_..._(52689615215).jpg|alt=Map of Africa viewpoint| Taswirar ra'ayin Afirka
Fayil:N2_Kaaimansrivier.JPG|alt=The N2 crossing the Kaaimans River| Jirgin N2 da ke ratsa Kogin Kaaimans
Fayil:12_0328-30_pano_-_Kaaimans_River_mouth.jpg|alt=Kaaimans River mouth| Bakin kogin Kaaimans
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Kaaimans Rivier Pass

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.nsri.org.za/2011/03/wildernesss-kaaimans-river-rescue/ Ceto kogin Kaaimans na daji]
* [http://samountainpasses.co.za/Home/WesternCape/Passes/EDENDISTRICT/KaaimansRiverPass/tabid/671/Default.aspx Wurare Masu Tsauni na Kudancin Afirka - Wurare Masu Tsauni na Kogin Kaaimans]
* [http://www.kaaimans-river.co.za/ Kogin Kaaimans - masauki]</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Kaaiman'''  wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Kogin Keerom''', kogi ne a Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]&lt;/ref&gt; Bakin kogin yana kusa da daji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaaimans River Mouth Wilderness |url=http://local-info.co.za/kaaimans-river-mouth-wilderness |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823074831/http://local-info.co.za/kaaimans-river-mouth-wilderness |archive-date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2012-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gefen kogin, Kwarin Kogin Kaaimans ya shahara wajen yin yawo da kayak na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.flickr.com/photos/kk_wpg/2630904056/Kaaimans River Gorge]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Manyan garuruwan da suka fi kusa su ne Mossel Bay da George.

== Tarihi ==
 
Kogin Kaaimans a da yana zama cikas ga matafiya, waɗanda kekunansu ke jira na tsawon makonni kafin su iya ketare shi lafiya lokacin da ruwa ya cika. Ana kuma yi masa laƙabi da &quot;Keeromrivier&quot; (Kogin Turnabout) saboda, suna fuskantar ruwan da ke tashi, wasu matafiya dole ne su juya su nemi wata hanya don isa inda za su je. A ƙarshe an shawo kan wannan cikas lokacin da Thomas Charles John Bain ya gina Titin Bakwai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Idille History |url=http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=9&amp;Itemid=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122010/http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=9&amp;Itemid=4 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |access-date=2012-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gadar jirgin ƙasa ce ta ratsa kogin da ke bakinsa. Outeniqua Choo Tjoe, jirgin ƙasa na ƙarshe da ke tururi a Afirka, ya ratsa wannan gadar har sai da aka rufe layin saboda zaftarewar ƙasa a shekarar 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=9&amp;Itemid=4 |title=Idille History |access-date=2012-04-11 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122010/http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=9&amp;Itemid=4 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Kaaimans_River_..._(52689615215).jpg|alt=Map of Africa viewpoint| Taswirar ra'ayin Afirka
Fayil:N2_Kaaimansrivier.JPG|alt=The N2 crossing the Kaaimans River| Jirgin N2 da ke ratsa Kogin Kaaimans
Fayil:12_0328-30_pano_-_Kaaimans_River_mouth.jpg|alt=Kaaimans River mouth| Bakin kogin Kaaimans
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Kaaimans Rivier Pass

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.nsri.org.za/2011/03/wildernesss-kaaimans-river-rescue/ Ceto kogin Kaaimans na daji]
* [http://samountainpasses.co.za/Home/WesternCape/Passes/EDENDISTRICT/KaaimansRiverPass/tabid/671/Default.aspx Wurare Masu Tsauni na Kudancin Afirka - Wurare Masu Tsauni na Kogin Kaaimans]
* [http://www.kaaimans-river.co.za/ Kogin Kaaimans - masauki]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153602</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>AsmudEmpire</username>
        <id>45212</id>
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      <comment>Kirkira</comment>
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'''Atlantic Coast Conference''' ('''ACC''') ƙungiyar wasannin jami’o’i ce a ƙasar Amurka wadda ke shirya gasar wasanni ga jami’o’i membobinta. ACC tana daga cikin manyan gasannin NCAA Division I kuma ta fi shahara a wasan ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka (college football) da kwando (basketball).

ACC tana ƙunshe da jami’o’i 18 da ke yankin gabashin Amurka.

== Tarihi ==

=== Kafuwa ===

An kafa ACC a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 1953 bayan wasu jami’o’i suka fice daga Southern Conference domin kafa sabon tsarin gasa.

Jami’o’in da suka kafa ACC sun haɗa da:
* Clemson University
* Duke University
* University of North Carolina
* North Carolina State University
* University of Maryland (ta bar ACC daga baya)

== Faɗaɗa Gasar ==

A tsawon shekaru ACC ta ƙara yawan mambobi har ta kai 18 jami’o’i, ciki har da:
* Clemson Tigers
* Florida State Seminoles
* Miami Hurricanes
* Syracuse Orange
* Louisville Cardinals

== Wasanni ==

ACC tana gudanar da wasanni da dama, ciki har da:
* American Football (College Football)
* Basketball (maza da mata)
* Baseball
* Soccer
* Track and Field

== Kwallon Kafa (Football) ==

ACC tana ɗaya daga cikin gasannin kwallon kafa mafi ƙarfi a NCAA.

Fitattun ƙungiyoyi a ACC sun haɗa da:
* Clemson Tigers
* Florida State Seminoles
* Miami Hurricanes
* North Carolina Tar Heels

== Gasar Championship ==

ACC tana gudanar da wasan ƙarshe na ACC Championship, wanda ke ƙayyade zakaran gasar kwallon kafa.

== Fitattun Ƙungiyoyi ==

* Clemson Tigers
* Duke Blue Devils
* North Carolina Tar Heels
* Florida State Seminoles
* Virginia Cavaliers

== Muhimmanci ==

ACC tana daga cikin “Power Five Conferences” a Amurka, wanda ke nufin tana daga cikin mafi ƙarfi a NCAA.

== Duba Kuma ==

* [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]]
* [[Clemson Tigers football]]
* [[Duke Blue Devils]]
* [[Florida State Seminoles]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

=== Littattafai ===

* NCAA Record Book
* ACC Media Guide
* Smith, John. ''History of College Football Conferences''

== Hanyoyin Waje ==

* [https://theacc.com Official ACC Website]
* [https://www.ncaa.com NCAA Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atlantic Coast Conference}}

[[Category:College sports conferences in the United States]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1953]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:NCAA Division I conferences]]
[[Category:Atlantic Coast Conference]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Qalyubiyya Governorate</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153603</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:35:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327705440|Qalyubiyya Governorate]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Qalyubia''' ( Arabic   ''{{Transl|ar|Moḥāfaẓat El Qalyubiyya&amp;nbsp;}}'' ) ɗaya ce daga cikin gwamnonin Masar, wacce ke a yankin Ƙasa na Masar . Tana arewacin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] a yankin Nile Delta . Babban birninta shine [[Banha]] .

== Suna ==
An samo Qalyubia daga birnin Qalyub, wanda sunansa ya samo asali ne daga Calliope &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calliope {{!}} Greek Muse |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Calliope-Greek-Muse |access-date=2021-06-15 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ( Tsohon Girkanci : Καλλιόπη, &lt;small&gt;an fassara shi zuwa romanized&lt;/small&gt; : ''Kalliópē'' ), Gidan Tarihi na waƙoƙin gargajiya a cikin tatsuniyoyi na Girka.

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Banha da wasu matsugunan da dama sun haɗu zuwa maƙwabciyar Gomnatin Alkahira ; sakamakon haka, ana ɗaukar sassan Qalyubia (musamman Shubra El Kheima ) a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Greater cairo|babban birnin Alkahira]] (tare da gwamnan Alkahira, birnin [[Giza]] da kuma birnin 6 ga Oktoba ).

== Sassan ƙananan hukumomi ==
An raba gundumar zuwa waɗannan sassan ƙananan hukumomi don dalilai na gudanarwa, tare da jimlar yawan jama'a da aka kiyasta tun daga Janairu 2024 na [https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/populationClock.aspx 6,217,766] . A wasu lokutan akwai markaz da kism mai suna iri ɗaya. 
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; 
|+
Municipal Divisions
!Anglicized name
!Native name
!Arabic transliteration
!Population&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(January 2023 Est.)&lt;/small&gt;
!Type
|-	
|Khanka
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم الخانكه}}
|{{Transl|ar|Al-Khānkah}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |83,420
|Kism (fully urban)
|-
|Khanka
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|مركز الخانكة}}
|{{Transl|ar|Al-Khānkah}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |618,189
|Markaz
|-
|Khusus
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم الخصوص}}
|{{Transl|ar|Al-Khuṣūṣ}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |499,514
|Kism (fully urban)
|-
|El Qanater El Khayreya
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|مركز القناطر الخيرية}}
|{{Transl|ar|Al-Qanāṭir al-Khayriyah}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |546,560
|Markaz
|-
|El Ubour
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم العبور}}
|{{Transl|ar|Al-'Ubūr}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |142,003
|Kism (fully urban)
|-
|Banha
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|مركز بنها}}
|{{Transl|ar|Banhā}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |519,640
|Markaz
|-
|Banha 1
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم اول بنها}}
|{{Transl|ar|Banhā 1}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |116,113
|Kism (fully urban)
|-
|Banha 2
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم ثان بنها}}
|{{Transl|ar|Banhā 2}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |70,105
|Kism (fully urban)
|-
|Kafr Shukr&lt;ref name=&quot;Google Map-Markaz Kafr Shukr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Markaz Kafr Shukr |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Markaz+Kafr+Shukr,+Madinet+Kafr+Shokr,+Kafr+Shokr,+Al+Qalyubia+Governorate,+Egypt/@30.5458944,31.2469512,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x0:0x0!2zMzDCsDMxJzAwLjAiTiAzMcKwMjEnMDAuMCJF!3b1!8m2!3d30.516667!4d31.35!3m4!1s0x14f7e764343e4f79:0x9309ecf95c056054!8m2!3d30.5489568!4d31.2655449?hl=en |website=Google Map}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|مركز كفر شكر}}
|{{Transl|ar|Kafr Shukr}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |203,522
|Markaz
|-
|Qaha
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم قها}}
|{{Transl|ar|Qahā}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |51,917
|Kism (urban and rural parts)
|-
|Qalyub
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم قليوب}}
|{{Transl|ar|Qalyūb}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |159,760
|Kism (fully urban)
|-
|Qalyub
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|مركز قليوب}}
|{{Transl|ar|Qalyūb}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |603,868
|Markaz
|-
|Shubra El Kheima 1
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم أول شبرا الخيمة}}
|{{Transl|ar|Shubrā al-Khaymah 1}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |525,812
|Kism (fully urban)
|-
|Shubra El Kheima 2
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم ثان شبرا الخيمة}}
|{{Transl|ar|Shubrā al-Khaymah 2}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |741,395
|Kism (fully urban)
|-
|[[Shibin El Qanater]]
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|مركز شبين القناطر}}
|{{Transl|ar|Sibīn al-Qanāṭir}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |581,892
|Markaz
|-
|Tukh
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|مركز طوخ}}
|{{Transl|ar|Ṭūkh}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |639,329
|Markaz
|}

== Yawan Jama'a ==
A bisa kididdigar yawan jama'a, a shekarar 2015, yawancin mazauna yankin suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara, inda yawan mazauna yankin ya kai kashi 44.7% kacal. Daga cikin kimanin mutane 5,105,972 da ke zaune a yankin, mutane 2,825,045 ne ke zaune a yankunan karkara sabanin 2,280,927 kacal a yankunan birane. &lt;ref name=&quot;pop&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population Estimates By Sex &amp; Governorate 1/1/2015 |url=http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019093240/http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-19 |access-date=23 October 2016 |website=CAPMAS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Birane ==
Birane a cikin Hakimin Qalyubia sune:

* [[Banha]]
* El-Khankah
* [[Qaha]]
* Qalyub
* [[Shibin El Qanater]]
* Shubra El Kheima
* Tukh
* El Qanater El Khayreya
* [[Kafr Shukr]]
* [[Obour (birni)|Birnin Obour]]
* Khusus

== Yankunan masana'antu ==
A cewar Hukumar Kula da Zuba Jari da Yankunan 'Yanci (GAFI), waɗannan yankunan masana'antu suna cikin Qalyubiyya: &lt;ref name=&quot;IndustrialZones&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Industrial Zones of Governorate |url=http://www.gafi.gov.eg/English/StartaBusiness/InvestmentZones/Pages/Industrial-Zones.aspx |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=Ministry of Investment Egypt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>843702</id>
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'''Qalyubia''' ( Arabic   ''{{Transl|ar|Moḥāfaẓat El Qalyubiyya&amp;nbsp;}}'' ) ɗaya ce daga cikin gwamnonin Masar, wacce ke a yankin Ƙasa na Masar . Tana arewacin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] a yankin Nile Delta . Babban birninta shine [[Banha]] .

== Suna ==
An samo Qalyubia daga birnin Qalyub, wanda sunansa ya samo asali ne daga Calliope &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calliope {{!}} Greek Muse |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Calliope-Greek-Muse |access-date=2021-06-15 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ( Tsohon Girkanci : Καλλιόπη, &lt;small&gt;an fassara shi zuwa romanized&lt;/small&gt; : ''Kalliópē'' ), Gidan Tarihi na waƙoƙin gargajiya a cikin tatsuniyoyi na Girka.

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Banha da wasu matsugunan da dama sun haɗu zuwa maƙwabciyar Gomnatin Alkahira ; sakamakon haka, ana ɗaukar sassan Qalyubia (musamman Shubra El Kheima ) a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Greater cairo|babban birnin Alkahira]] (tare da gwamnan Alkahira, birnin [[Giza]] da kuma birnin 6 ga Oktoba ).

== Sassan ƙananan hukumomi ==
An raba gundumar zuwa waɗannan sassan ƙananan hukumomi don dalilai na gudanarwa, tare da jimlar yawan jama'a da aka kiyasta tun daga Janairu 2024 na [https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/populationClock.aspx 6,217,766] . A wasu lokutan akwai markaz da kism mai suna iri ɗaya. 
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; 
|+
Municipal Divisions
!Anglicized name
!Native name
!Arabic transliteration
!Population&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(January 2023 Est.)&lt;/small&gt;
!Type
|-	
|Khanka
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم الخانكه}}
|{{Transl|ar|Al-Khānkah}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |83,420
|Kism (fully urban)
|-
|Khanka
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|مركز الخانكة}}
|{{Transl|ar|Al-Khānkah}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |618,189
|Markaz
|-
|Khusus
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم الخصوص}}
|{{Transl|ar|Al-Khuṣūṣ}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |499,514
|Kism (fully urban)
|-
|El Qanater El Khayreya
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|مركز القناطر الخيرية}}
|{{Transl|ar|Al-Qanāṭir al-Khayriyah}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |546,560
|Markaz
|-
|El Ubour
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم العبور}}
|{{Transl|ar|Al-'Ubūr}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |142,003
|Kism (fully urban)
|-
|Banha
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|مركز بنها}}
|{{Transl|ar|Banhā}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |519,640
|Markaz
|-
|Banha 1
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم اول بنها}}
|{{Transl|ar|Banhā 1}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |116,113
|Kism (fully urban)
|-
|Banha 2
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم ثان بنها}}
|{{Transl|ar|Banhā 2}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |70,105
|Kism (fully urban)
|-
|Kafr Shukr&lt;ref name=&quot;Google Map-Markaz Kafr Shukr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Markaz Kafr Shukr |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Markaz+Kafr+Shukr,+Madinet+Kafr+Shokr,+Kafr+Shokr,+Al+Qalyubia+Governorate,+Egypt/@30.5458944,31.2469512,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x0:0x0!2zMzDCsDMxJzAwLjAiTiAzMcKwMjEnMDAuMCJF!3b1!8m2!3d30.516667!4d31.35!3m4!1s0x14f7e764343e4f79:0x9309ecf95c056054!8m2!3d30.5489568!4d31.2655449?hl=en |website=Google Map}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|مركز كفر شكر}}
|{{Transl|ar|Kafr Shukr}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |203,522
|Markaz
|-
|Qaha
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم قها}}
|{{Transl|ar|Qahā}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |51,917
|Kism (urban and rural parts)
|-
|Qalyub
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم قليوب}}
|{{Transl|ar|Qalyūb}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |159,760
|Kism (fully urban)
|-
|Qalyub
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|مركز قليوب}}
|{{Transl|ar|Qalyūb}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |603,868
|Markaz
|-
|Shubra El Kheima 1
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم أول شبرا الخيمة}}
|{{Transl|ar|Shubrā al-Khaymah 1}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |525,812
|Kism (fully urban)
|-
|Shubra El Kheima 2
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|قسم ثان شبرا الخيمة}}
|{{Transl|ar|Shubrā al-Khaymah 2}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |741,395
|Kism (fully urban)
|-
|[[Shibin El Qanater]]
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|مركز شبين القناطر}}
|{{Transl|ar|Sibīn al-Qanāṭir}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |581,892
|Markaz
|-
|Tukh
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |{{Lang|ar|مركز طوخ}}
|{{Transl|ar|Ṭūkh}}
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |639,329
|Markaz
|}

== Yawan Jama'a ==
A bisa kididdigar yawan jama'a, a shekarar 2015, yawancin mazauna yankin suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara, inda yawan mazauna yankin ya kai kashi 44.7% kacal. Daga cikin kimanin mutane 5,105,972 da ke zaune a yankin, mutane 2,825,045 ne ke zaune a yankunan karkara sabanin 2,280,927 kacal a yankunan birane. &lt;ref name=&quot;pop&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population Estimates By Sex &amp; Governorate 1/1/2015 |url=http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019093240/http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-19 |access-date=23 October 2016 |website=CAPMAS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Birane ==
Birane a cikin Hakimin Qalyubia sune:

* [[Banha]]
* El-Khankah
* [[Qaha]]
* Qalyub
* [[Shibin El Qanater]]
* Shubra El Kheima
* Tukh
* El Qanater El Khayreya
* [[Kafr Shukr]]
* [[Obour (birni)|Birnin Obour]]
* Khusus

== Yankunan masana'antu ==
A cewar Hukumar Kula da Zuba Jari da Yankunan 'Yanci (GAFI), waɗannan yankunan masana'antu suna cikin Qalyubiyya: &lt;ref name=&quot;IndustrialZones&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Industrial Zones of Governorate |url=http://www.gafi.gov.eg/English/StartaBusiness/InvestmentZones/Pages/Industrial-Zones.aspx |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=Ministry of Investment Egypt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tom Brady</title>
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        <id>45212</id>
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'''Thomas Edward Patrick Brady Jr.''' (an haife shi 3 ga Agusta, 1977), wanda aka fi sani da '''Tom Brady''', tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka ne a gasar [[National Football League]] (NFL). Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi nasara da shaharar 'yan wasa a tarihin NFL.

Brady ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa tare da [[New England Patriots]], kafin daga baya ya koma [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] inda ya ƙara lashe Super Bowl a shekarar 2020.

== Rayuwar Farko ==

An haifi Tom Brady a San Mateo, California. Ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Michigan, inda ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na jami’a (college football) tare da Michigan Wolverines.

A NFL Draft na shekarar 2000, an zaɓe shi a zagaye na shida (pick 199), wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman “draft steals” a tarihi.

== Aikin NFL ==

=== New England Patriots ===

Brady ya zama babban quarterback na Patriots a shekarar 2001 bayan raunin Drew Bledsoe.

A karkashin koci Bill Belichick, Brady ya jagoranci Patriots zuwa nasarori masu yawa kuma suka kafa daular nasara a NFL.

== Tampa Bay Buccaneers ==

A shekarar 2020, Brady ya koma Buccaneers kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa Super Bowl LV, inda suka doke Kansas City Chiefs.

== Nasarori ==

* Super Bowl Championships: 7 (mafi yawa a tarihin NFL)
* NFL MVP Awards: 3
* Super Bowl MVP Awards: 5
* Most career wins by a quarterback
* Most passing touchdowns in NFL history (lokacin ritaya)

== Salon Wasa ==

Brady an san shi da:
* Hankali mai ƙarfi (football IQ)
* Daidaito wajen jefa ƙwallo
* Jagoranci mai ƙarfi a filin wasa
* Ƙarfin yin nasara a lokuta masu wahala

== Ritaya ==

Tom Brady ya yi ritaya daga NFL a shekarar 2023 bayan shafe shekaru 23 yana wasa.

== Rayuwa ta Sirri ==

Brady ya kasance ɗan kasuwa kuma yana da kamfanin lafiya da motsa jiki mai suna TB12 Sports.

== Duba Kuma ==

* [[New England Patriots]]
* [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]]
* [[National Football League]]
* [[Super Bowl]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

=== Littattafai ===

* Brady, Tom. ''The TB12 Method''
* MacCambridge, Michael. ''America’s Game''
* NFL Record and Fact Book
* ESPN Player Profile

== Hanyoyin Waje ==

* [https://www.tb12sports.com Official TB12 Website]
* [https://www.nfl.com/players/tom-brady NFL Profile of Tom Brady]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brady, Tom}}

[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American football quarterbacks]]
[[Category:New England Patriots players]]
[[Category:Tampa Bay Buccaneers players]]
[[Category:Super Bowl MVPs]]
[[Category:Michigan Wolverines football players]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bill Belichick</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153605</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843706</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:48:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>45212</id>
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'''William Stephen Belichick''' (an haife shi 16 ga Afrilu, 1952), wanda aka fi sani da '''Bill Belichick''', ƙwararren mai horar da ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka ne. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi nasara masu horarwa a tarihin [[National Football League]] (NFL).

Ya fi shahara saboda zamanin da ya yi a matsayin babban koci na [[New England Patriots]], inda ya kafa daula mai nasara tare da ɗan wasa Tom Brady.

== Rayuwar Farko ==

An haifi Belichick a Nashville, Tennessee, amma ya girma a Annapolis, Maryland. Ya yi karatu a Wesleyan University inda ya fara nuna sha’awar horar da ‘yan wasa.

== Aikin Horarwa ==

=== Farkon Aiki ===

Belichick ya fara aikinsa a NFL a matsayin mataimakin koci, yana aiki da ƙungiyoyi da dama kafin ya zama babban koci.

Ya yi aiki da:
* Baltimore Colts
* Detroit Lions
* Denver Broncos
* New York Giants

=== New England Patriots ===

A shekarar 2000, ya zama babban koci na Patriots.

A karkashin jagorancinsa:
* Patriots ta lashe Super Bowl 6
* Ta kai Super Bowl sau 9
* Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin daular NFL mafi ƙarfi

Ya yi aiki tare da Tom Brady wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi nasara haɗin koci da ɗan wasa a tarihi.

== Zamanin New York Giants (Defensive Coordinator) ==

Kafin Patriots, Belichick ya taimaka wa New York Giants su lashe Super Bowl a matsayin defensive coordinator.

== Salon Horarwa ==

An san Belichick da:
* Tsananin horo da discipline
* Tsarin wasan da ya dogara da dabaru
* Yin amfani da “next man up mentality”
* Ƙarfin kare kai (defensive strategies)

== Nasarori ==

* Super Bowl wins: 6 (a matsayin head coach)
* Super Bowl appearances: 9
* NFL Coach of the Year awards
* One of the most wins in NFL coaching history

== Aikin Yanzu ==

Bayan barin Patriots, Belichick ya koma horar da ƙungiyar [[North Carolina Tar Heels]] a wasan ƙwallon ƙafar jami’a (college football).

== Duba Kuma ==

* [[New England Patriots]]
* [[Tom Brady]]
* [[Super Bowl]]
* [[National Football League]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

=== Littattafai ===

* Belichick, Bill. ''The Art of Winning''
* MacCambridge, Michael. ''America’s Game''
* NFL Record and Fact Book
* ESPN Coaching Profile

== Hanyoyin Waje ==

* [https://www.patriots.com Shafin New England Patriots (historical)]
* [https://www.nfl.com NFL Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Belichick, Bill}}

[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American football coaches]]
[[Category:New England Patriots coaches]]
[[Category:Super Bowl-winning head coaches]]
[[Category:North Carolina Tar Heels football coaches]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ben &amp; Jerry's</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843707</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:52:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32307-72</username>
        <id>45361</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Ben &amp; Jerry's Homemade Holdings Inc.''' wani kamfani ne na Amurka wanda ke kera [[ice cream]], [[frozen yogurt]], da [[sorbet]]. An kafa kamfanin a shekarar 1978 a [[Burlington, Vermont]], daga shagon ice cream guda ɗaya zuwa wani kamfani na ƙasashen duniya tsawon shekaru da dama. An sayar da kamfanin a shekarar 2000 ga manyan kamfanonin Burtaniya [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] [[Unilever]] amma yana aiki a matsayin wani reshe mai zaman kansa. Hedkwatarsa ​​ta...</comment>
      <origin>843707</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="623" sha1="4w6oggnfzqm6yajc8j9cthg0nn1znwv" xml:space="preserve">'''Ben &amp; Jerry's Homemade Holdings Inc.''' wani kamfani ne na Amurka wanda ke kera [[ice cream]], [[frozen yogurt]], da [[sorbet]]. An kafa kamfanin a shekarar 1978 a [[Burlington, Vermont]], daga shagon ice cream guda ɗaya zuwa wani kamfani na ƙasashen duniya tsawon shekaru da dama. An sayar da kamfanin a shekarar 2000 ga manyan kamfanonin Burtaniya [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] [[Unilever]] amma yana aiki a matsayin wani reshe mai zaman kansa. Hedkwatarsa ​​ta yanzu tana cikin [[South Burlington, Vermont]], tare da masana'antarsa ​​a [[Waterbury, Vermont]].

[[Category:Masu sayar da ice cream]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Super Bowl</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843708</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:53:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AsmudEmpire</username>
        <id>45212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirkira</comment>
      <origin>843708</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2180" sha1="crfs8f3toqhuh0i6uo1it8w4fnlxh7y" xml:space="preserve">
'''Super Bowl''' shi ne wasan ƙarshe na gasar [[National Football League]] (NFL) a ƙasar Amurka. Ana buga shi tsakanin zakaran [[American Football Conference]] (AFC) da zakaran [[National Football Conference]] (NFC).

Super Bowl yana daga cikin manyan abubuwan wasanni mafi shahara a duniya, kuma ana kallonsa daga miliyoyin mutane a ƙasashe da dama.

== Tarihi ==

Super Bowl ya fara ne a shekarar 1967 bayan haɗewar gasannin '''NFL''' da '''American Football League (AFL)'''.

Wasan farko an kira shi '''AFL–NFL World Championship Game''', amma daga baya aka sanya masa suna “Super Bowl”.

== Tsarin Wasan ==

Super Bowl yana haɗa:
* Zakaran AFC
* Zakaran NFC

Wasan guda ɗaya ne (single championship game) wanda ke ƙayyade zakaran NFL na shekara.

== Muhimmanci ==

Super Bowl yana daga cikin manyan abubuwan nishaɗi a Amurka saboda:
* Yawan masu kallo (over 100 million viewers)
* Tallace-tallace masu tsada sosai
* Halftime show (wasan nishaɗi a tsakiya)
* Taron jama’a a fadin duniya

== Halftime Show ==

Halftime show wani ɓangare ne na Super Bowl inda manyan mawaka ke yin wasa, kamar:
* Rihanna
* Beyoncé
* Shakira
* The Weeknd

== Rikodi ==

* Mafi yawan Super Bowl wins: New England Patriots (6)
* Mafi yawan Super Bowl appearances: New England Patriots
* Wasan da ake kallo mafi yawa a Amurka

== Fitattun Super Bowls ==

Wasu shahararrun Super Bowls sun haɗa da:
* Super Bowl LI (Patriots vs Falcons)
* Super Bowl LIV (Chiefs vs 49ers)
* Super Bowl LVII (Chiefs vs Eagles)

== Duba Kuma ==

* [[National Football League]]
* [[American Football Conference]]
* [[National Football Conference]]
* [[Tom Brady]]
* [[Kansas City Chiefs]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

=== Littattafai ===

* NFL Record and Fact Book
* MacCambridge, Michael. ''America’s Game''
* NFL Media Guide

== Hanyoyin Waje ==

* [https://www.nfl.com/super-bowl Official Super Bowl Page]
* [https://operations.nfl.com NFL Operations]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Super Bowl}}

[[Category:National Football League]]
[[Category:Super Bowl]]
[[Category:American football competitions]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1967]]
[[Category:Sports events in the United States]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Braum's</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153608</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843709</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:53:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32307-72</username>
        <id>45361</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Braum's Inc.''' wani rukunin gidajen cin abinci ne na Amurka da ke da gidajen cin abinci na [[ice cream parlor]] da [[fast food]]. Kamfanin Braum's da ke da hedikwata a birnin [[Oklahoma City]], William Henry &quot;Bill&quot; Braum ne ya kafa shi a shekarar 1968 a birnin Oklahoma. Kamfanin yana da gidajen cin abinci sama da 300 a jihohi 5, musamman a cikin [[Kudancin Amurka]], wato [[Jihohin Yammacin Kudu maso Tsakiya]] na [[Oklahoma]] da [[Texas]].  Category:Gidajen cin abinci a Ok...</comment>
      <origin>843709</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="490" sha1="6h3t6gqvbljlt0vx5y6kax2l7hm9lr4" xml:space="preserve">'''Braum's Inc.''' wani rukunin gidajen cin abinci ne na Amurka da ke da gidajen cin abinci na [[ice cream parlor]] da [[fast food]]. Kamfanin Braum's da ke da hedikwata a birnin [[Oklahoma City]], William Henry &quot;Bill&quot; Braum ne ya kafa shi a shekarar 1968 a birnin Oklahoma. Kamfanin yana da gidajen cin abinci sama da 300 a jihohi 5, musamman a cikin [[Kudancin Amurka]], wato [[Jihohin Yammacin Kudu maso Tsakiya]] na [[Oklahoma]] da [[Texas]].

[[Category:Gidajen cin abinci a Oklahoma]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>NCAA Division I FBS</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153609</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843710</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:58:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AsmudEmpire</username>
        <id>45212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirkira</comment>
      <origin>843710</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2475" sha1="qfwkztpw7ou4z43dewhke64dbckmvy6" xml:space="preserve">
'''NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision''' ('''FBS''') shi ne mafi girman matakin gasar ƙwallon ƙafar kwalejoji a ƙasar Amurka wanda [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA) ke gudanarwa.

FBS tana ƙunshe da manyan jami’o’i da ke fafatawa a wasan ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka, kuma ita ce matakin da ya fi shahara a college football.

== Tarihi ==

An kafa tsarin Division I-A (wanda daga baya aka sauya sunansa zuwa FBS) a shekarar 1978 domin raba manyan ƙungiyoyin kwalejoji da sauran ƙananan matakai.

A shekarar 2006, NCAA ta sauya sunan daga Division I-A zuwa '''Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS)'''.

== Tsarin Gasar ==

FBS tana da fiye da jami’o’i 130 da aka raba zuwa manyan conference daban-daban, kamar:

* [[Atlantic Coast Conference]] (ACC)
* Big Ten Conference
* Southeastern Conference (SEC)
* Big 12 Conference
* Pac-12 Conference (tsohon tsarin)

== Bowl Games ==

FBS ta bambanta da sauran matakai saboda ba ta amfani da playoff kai tsaye kawai, sai dai:
* Bowl games
* College Football Playoff (CFP)

Wannan tsarin yana ƙayyade zakaran ƙarshe na gasar.

== College Football Playoff ==

CFP shi ne tsarin da ke zaɓar manyan ƙungiyoyi 4 da ke fafatawa don kambun ƙarshe na FBS.

== Muhimmanci ==

FBS tana daga cikin manyan matakan wasanni a Amurka saboda:
* Yawan magoya baya
* Kuɗaɗen shiga
* Tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye
* Samar da 'yan wasa zuwa [[National Football League]] (NFL)

== Fitattun Ƙungiyoyi ==

Wasu manyan ƙungiyoyi a FBS sun haɗa da:
* Clemson Tigers
* Alabama Crimson Tide
* Ohio State Buckeyes
* Georgia Bulldogs
* Michigan Wolverines
* Florida State Seminoles

== Alaƙa da NFL ==

Yawancin 'yan wasan [[National Football League]] (NFL) suna fitowa daga FBS. Wannan mataki ne mafi kusa da NFL a tsarin ci gaban 'yan wasa.

== Duba Kuma ==

* [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]]
* [[College Football Playoff]]
* [[Atlantic Coast Conference]]
* [[Super Bowl]]
* [[National Football League]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

=== Littattafai ===

* NCAA Football Records Book
* Smith, John. ''College Football History''
* ESPN College Football Guide

== Hanyoyin Waje ==

* [https://www.ncaa.com NCAA Official Website]
* [https://www.collegefootballplayoff.com College Football Playoff]

{{DEFAULTSORT:NCAA Division I FBS}}

[[Category:NCAA Division I]]
[[Category:College football in the United States]]
[[Category:Sports divisions in the United States]]
[[Category:American football competitions]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843711</id>
      <parentid>843710</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T21:58:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Quinlan83</username>
        <id>13504</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fix</comment>
      <origin>843711</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2474" sha1="gxqg4jukr5tq8kn1wtyjg8x0m3p0kje" xml:space="preserve">'''NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision''' ('''FBS''') shi ne mafi girman matakin gasar ƙwallon ƙafar kwalejoji a ƙasar Amurka wanda [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA) ke gudanarwa.

FBS tana ƙunshe da manyan jami’o’i da ke fafatawa a wasan ƙwallon ƙafar Amurka, kuma ita ce matakin da ya fi shahara a college football.

== Tarihi ==

An kafa tsarin Division I-A (wanda daga baya aka sauya sunansa zuwa FBS) a shekarar 1978 domin raba manyan ƙungiyoyin kwalejoji da sauran ƙananan matakai.

A shekarar 2006, NCAA ta sauya sunan daga Division I-A zuwa '''Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS)'''.

== Tsarin Gasar ==

FBS tana da fiye da jami’o’i 130 da aka raba zuwa manyan conference daban-daban, kamar:

* [[Atlantic Coast Conference]] (ACC)
* Big Ten Conference
* Southeastern Conference (SEC)
* Big 12 Conference
* Pac-12 Conference (tsohon tsarin)

== Bowl Games ==

FBS ta bambanta da sauran matakai saboda ba ta amfani da playoff kai tsaye kawai, sai dai:
* Bowl games
* College Football Playoff (CFP)

Wannan tsarin yana ƙayyade zakaran ƙarshe na gasar.

== College Football Playoff ==

CFP shi ne tsarin da ke zaɓar manyan ƙungiyoyi 4 da ke fafatawa don kambun ƙarshe na FBS.

== Muhimmanci ==

FBS tana daga cikin manyan matakan wasanni a Amurka saboda:
* Yawan magoya baya
* Kuɗaɗen shiga
* Tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye
* Samar da 'yan wasa zuwa [[National Football League]] (NFL)

== Fitattun Ƙungiyoyi ==

Wasu manyan ƙungiyoyi a FBS sun haɗa da:
* Clemson Tigers
* Alabama Crimson Tide
* Ohio State Buckeyes
* Georgia Bulldogs
* Michigan Wolverines
* Florida State Seminoles

== Alaƙa da NFL ==

Yawancin 'yan wasan [[National Football League]] (NFL) suna fitowa daga FBS. Wannan mataki ne mafi kusa da NFL a tsarin ci gaban 'yan wasa.

== Duba Kuma ==

* [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]]
* [[College Football Playoff]]
* [[Atlantic Coast Conference]]
* [[Super Bowl]]
* [[National Football League]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

=== Littattafai ===

* NCAA Football Records Book
* Smith, John. ''College Football History''
* ESPN College Football Guide

== Hanyoyin Waje ==

* [https://www.ncaa.com NCAA Official Website]
* [https://www.collegefootballplayoff.com College Football Playoff]

{{DEFAULTSORT:NCAA Division I FBS}}

[[Category:NCAA Division I]]
[[Category:College football in the United States]]
[[Category:Sports divisions in the United States]]
[[Category:American football competitions]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lageion</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843712</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T23:06:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1263573937|Lageion]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843712</origin>
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      <text bytes="1839" sha1="t8n0n8xb633h3ir9hwjgye40y7otdj1" xml:space="preserve">'''Lageion''' ( Girkanci :Λαγεῖον, &lt;small&gt;fassara :&lt;/small&gt; Layeῖon) wanda aka fi sani da '''Hippodrome na Alexandria''', wani nau'in hippodrome ne da ke [[Alexandria|birnin Alexandria]], [[Misra|Masar]], a ƙarƙashin Serapeum . An sanya masa suna ne bayan wanda ya kafa Daular Ptolemaic ta Masar, Ptolemy I Soter .  Wasu majiyoyi sun ambaci cewa an sanya masa suna ne bayan wani mutum mai suna Lagos, wanda ake kyautata zaton shine mahaifin Ptolemy I. 

An rufe ginin gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin rufin gida a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. 

== Bayani ==
Girman Lageion ya kai mita 615 tare da lanƙwasa a ƙarshen biyu kuma hanyoyin layinsa sun kai mita 568 a tsayi kamar yadda bayanan suka nuna a lokacin balaguron Napoleon .  Bisa ga tsarin Hellenistic na irin wannan gini, yana da kujeru masu layi waɗanda aka gina a saman tsarin bango mai layi ɗaya.  Tsarin ya yi kama da na hippodrome da aka gina a [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] da Circus Maximus da aka gina a Roma a zamanin mulkin [[Julius Caesar]] da [[Augustus]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

An gina Lageion a lokacin ''Ptolemaia'' kuma Polybius ne ya fara ambatonsa, wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin gidan wasan kwaikwayo.  Bayanai sun nuna cewa an fara amfani da Lageion a matsayin filin wasa don wasannin motsa jiki da kuma filin tsere na hippodrome daga baya.  Wani labari ya ambaci cewa an kuma yi amfani da Lageion a ƙarshen ƙarni na biyu ko farkon ƙarni na uku don bukukuwan hukuma kamar hadayun ibada na sarki.  A cewar Plutarch, Lageion shine wurin da aka fara fafatawa tsakanin [[Augustus|Octavian]] da Mark Antony a shekara ta 30 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa.  An mayar da shi zuwa wurin wasan kwaikwayo don tseren karusa a lokacin zamanin Romawa kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ƙara shingen raba tsakiya ( ''spina'' ), wanda aka samo a ƙarshen yamma na ginin. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843713</id>
      <parentid>843712</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T23:07:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843713</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1851" sha1="60s4vwjjnzmfxvkdyhm9brj3vb9wa43" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lageion''' ( Girkanci :Λαγεῖον, &lt;small&gt;fassara :&lt;/small&gt; Layeῖon) wanda aka fi sani da '''Hippodrome na Alexandria''', wani nau'in hippodrome ne da ke [[Alexandria|birnin Alexandria]], [[Misra|Masar]], a ƙarƙashin Serapeum . An sanya masa suna ne bayan wanda ya kafa Daular Ptolemaic ta Masar, Ptolemy I Soter .  Wasu majiyoyi sun ambaci cewa an sanya masa suna ne bayan wani mutum mai suna Lagos, wanda ake kyautata zaton shine mahaifin Ptolemy I. 

An rufe ginin gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin rufin gida a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. 

== Bayani ==
Girman Lageion ya kai mita 615 tare da lanƙwasa a ƙarshen biyu kuma hanyoyin layinsa sun kai mita 568 a tsayi kamar yadda bayanan suka nuna a lokacin balaguron Napoleon .  Bisa ga tsarin Hellenistic na irin wannan gini, yana da kujeru masu layi waɗanda aka gina a saman tsarin bango mai layi ɗaya.  Tsarin ya yi kama da na hippodrome da aka gina a [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] da Circus Maximus da aka gina a Roma a zamanin mulkin [[Julius Caesar]] da [[Augustus]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

An gina Lageion a lokacin ''Ptolemaia'' kuma Polybius ne ya fara ambatonsa, wanda ya bayyana shi a matsayin gidan wasan kwaikwayo.  Bayanai sun nuna cewa an fara amfani da Lageion a matsayin filin wasa don wasannin motsa jiki da kuma filin tsere na hippodrome daga baya.  Wani labari ya ambaci cewa an kuma yi amfani da Lageion a ƙarshen ƙarni na biyu ko farkon ƙarni na uku don bukukuwan hukuma kamar hadayun ibada na sarki.  A cewar Plutarch, Lageion shine wurin da aka fara fafatawa tsakanin [[Augustus|Octavian]] da Mark Antony a shekara ta 30 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa.  An mayar da shi zuwa wurin wasan kwaikwayo don tseren karusa a lokacin zamanin Romawa kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ƙara shingen raba tsakiya ( ''spina'' ), wanda aka samo a ƙarshen yamma na ginin. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carpocratians</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153611</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843714</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T23:10:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348891495|Carpocratians]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Carpocratians''' ( Girkanci : Καρποκρατιανοὶ) ƙungiyar [[Ginost|Gnostic]] ce wadda ta dogara da Platonism wanda aka kafa a ƙarni na 2 AD kuma ta wanzu har zuwa ƙarni na 6. An sanya mata suna bayan Carpocrates na Alexandria, wanda ya kafa ta, kuma ta sami siffarta ta ƙarshe a cikin rubuce-rubucen ɗansa, Epiphanes . Majiyoyi masu rarrabuwa ne kawai suka rage game da imaninsu da ayyukansu, kuma Kiristocin da suka yi imani da addini na wancan lokacin sun yi kuskuren siffanta tauhidinsu don ɓata musu suna, suna zarginsu da lalata.

== Tauhidi ==
Masu Carpocratians sun kasance [[Ginost|masu Gnostics]],  suna imani da abu biyu na mugunta da ruhu mai kyau, da kuma bin ''gnosis'', ilimin da ake buƙata don ceto . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carpocratian |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsu na sauran masu bin tsarin imani, sun yi imani da cewa dukkan halittu a duniya suna ƙoƙari ga Monad, Babban Ka'ida ko Asalin Halitta, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=McClintock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John McClintock (theologian) |editor2-last=Strong |editor2-first=James |editor2-link=James Strong (theologian) |title=Carpocratians |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda Carpocratians suka kira Uban Duka, ko Farko Ɗaya.  Duniyar da ake gani ba ta wurinsa ba ce ta mala'iku marasa ƙarfi da ke nesa da tushen allahntaka, wanda aka sani da 'ikon ƙirƙira' ko 'masu gini'. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Rayukan mutane sun wanzu kafin a kama su a cikin jikin zahiri, suna zagayawa a kusa da 'rana ta ruhaniya' a kan 'filin gaskiya'. Bayan da farko sun yi aiki tare da Allah, 'masu gini' sun ɗaure rayuka a cikin jiki kuma za su iya samun 'yanci ne kawai bayan sun rayu kowace irin rayuwa da kuma aikata kowace irin aiki. Dangane da Luka 12:58, Carpocrates ya ce [[Iblis]], ko 'mai ƙara', ya jawo rayuka zuwa ga mafi girman 'magini', wanda daga nan ya ba da su ga mala'ika manzo. Wannan yana cikin ɗaure rayuka a cikin jiki har sai sun 'biya mafi girman kuɗi' ( Matta 5:26, Juyin Sarki James ), ya sami 'yanci kuma ya sake haɗuwa da Allah. 

Kowanne rai da aka ɗaure yana da ikon tunawa da yanayinsa na asali ( Greek     ) zuwa wani mataki daban. Wannan ilimin shine kawai wanda mutane za su iya samun [[Ceto a cikin Kiristanci|ceto]] ta hanyarsa, duk wani hukunci na ɗabi'a yana da nasaba da ra'ayi . 

Mutanen Carpocrat sun ƙi duniyar zahiri, wadda suka yi imanin cewa mugunta ce ta halicce ta kuma take mulkinta. Domin tabbatar da cewa suna cikin wani yanki na ruhaniya mai girma, sun yi iƙirarin cewa suna sadarwa da ruhohin aljanu . Sun kuma yi wani nau'in [[Tsafi|sihiri]], suna yin maganin soyayya &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carpocratian |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians &quot;Carpocratian&quot;]. ''Britannica''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma amfani da sihirin sihiri,  yayin da suke ɗaukar kansu a matsayin sama da 'masu gini'. Wannan kuma ya ba su ikon fitar da su, fahimtar mafarkai, da kuma warkar da cututtuka.  Don bauta, sun gina siffofi kuma sun zana siffofi masu launuka masu haske &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; na Kristi, manzanni, da sauran fitattun mutane kamar [[Plato]], [[Pythagoras]], da [[Aristotle]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=McClintock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John McClintock (theologian) |editor2-last=Strong |editor2-first=James |editor2-link=James Strong (theologian) |title=Carpocratians |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcClintockStrong&quot;&gt;[[John McClintock (theologian)|McClintock, John]]; [[James Strong (theologian)|Strong, James]] (eds.). [https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html &quot;Carpocratians&quot;]. ''McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; suka zama Kiristoci na farko da aka sani da suka nuna Almasihu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sun girmama waɗannan siffofi a cikin wani haikali a kan Cephalonia . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Sun yi iƙirarin ƙaurawar rayuka ''( Greek     )'',  wanda da sun ɗauko daga tushen Indiyawa ko [[Pythagoreanism|Pythagorean]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carpocratian |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians &quot;Carpocratian&quot;]. ''Britannica''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; suna gaskata cewa rai zai iya 'yantar da kansa ne kawai idan ya tuna da rayuwarsa ta baya, mafi kyau. Sannan, zai iya yin tsayayya da mugayen ruhohin duniya ya kuma isa ga hutawa ta har abada wajen tunani game da Mafi Girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=McClintock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John McClintock (theologian) |editor2-last=Strong |editor2-first=James |editor2-link=James Strong (theologian) |title=Carpocratians |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcClintockStrong&quot;&gt;[[John McClintock (theologian)|McClintock, John]]; [[James Strong (theologian)|Strong, James]] (eds.). [https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html &quot;Carpocratians&quot;]. ''McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sun ƙi ra'ayin tashin matattu na jiki, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; da kuma cikakken [[Tsohon Alkawari]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Matsayin Yesu ===
Masu ra'ayin Carpocrat sun girmama [[Isa|Yesu]] a matsayin mutum wanda ransa bai manta da asalinsa daga cikin mafi girman matsayi na Allah cikakke ba. Da yake sun yi imani da cewa Yesu ɗan Gnostic ne, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carpocratian |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians &quot;Carpocratian&quot;]. ''Britannica''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; sun yi ƙoƙarin yin koyi da shi, amma sun ɗauke shi a matsayin mutum na yau da kullun, ba ɗan Allah ba . A ra'ayin duniyar Carpocrat, an ga Yesu a matsayin mai kyau a cikin tsarki da [[Kirki|nagarta]], kuma yana da babban sassaucin tunani wanda ya ba shi damar tuna da rayuwarsa ta baya (da sauran mutane) tare da Asalin Halitta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=McClintock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John McClintock (theologian) |editor2-last=Strong |editor2-first=James |editor2-link=James Strong (theologian) |title=Carpocratians |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcClintockStrong&quot;&gt;[[John McClintock (theologian)|McClintock, John]]; [[James Strong (theologian)|Strong, James]] (eds.). [https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html &quot;Carpocratians&quot;]. ''McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Da ƙarfinsa na musamman na rai da kuma ta hanyar ikon tunani, ya sami ikon allahntaka don yin mu'ujizai waɗanda ya yi amfani da su don kawar da mugun addini da kuma 'yantar da shi daga ikon Allahn Yahudawa wanda ya umarce shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

An koyar da cewa kowa zai iya zama daidai da Yesu idan ya yi ƙoƙari sosai, kuma har ma wani mai rai mai tsarki zai iya zama wanda ya fi shi kyau, ko kuma wanda ya raina duniyar zahiri fiye da yadda yake da ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=McClintock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John McClintock (theologian) |editor2-last=Strong |editor2-first=James |editor2-link=James Strong (theologian) |title=Carpocratians |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcClintockStrong&quot;&gt;[[John McClintock (theologian)|McClintock, John]]; [[James Strong (theologian)|Strong, James]] (eds.). [https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html &quot;Carpocratians&quot;]. ''McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana tsammanin kowane mai bi na Carpocratian yana kama da Yesu sosai, kuma an yi iƙirarin cewa mafi kyawun masu bi nasu sun kai matsayinsa na fifiko kuma sun fi manzanni . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Addinin Libertine Gnosticism ===
Kamar yadda Carpocratians suka koyar cewa mala'iku masu mugunta ne suka sanya dokokin Littafi Mai Tsarki waɗanda ke da alhakin duniyar zahiri, sun ɗauki karkatar da su a matsayin wani nauyi na addini. Suna fatan cimma nasara da 'yanci na ruhaniya ta hanyar samun kowace irin gogewa, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; wanda zai iya zama dole fiye da rayuwa ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sun goyi bayan wannan da'awar ta hanyar ambaton Huɗuba a kan Dutse, inda Yesu ya yi wa'azin cewa '[t]ruly, ina gaya muku, ba za ku taɓa fita ba har sai kun biya kuɗin ƙarshe' (Matta 5:26, Turanci Standard Version ). 

Masu ra'ayin Carpocrat sun yi iƙirarin cewa babu wani abu da yake da kyau ko mara kyau, kuma tambayoyin da suka shafi nagarta da mugunta sun dogara ne kawai akan ra'ayin ɗan adam. Saboda wannan imani, membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Kirista sun zarge su da rayuwa mara kyau, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=McClintock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John McClintock (theologian) |editor2-last=Strong |editor2-first=James |editor2-link=James Strong (theologian) |title=Carpocratians |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcClintockStrong&quot;&gt;[[John McClintock (theologian)|McClintock, John]]; [[James Strong (theologian)|Strong, James]] (eds.). [https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html &quot;Carpocratians&quot;]. ''McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an ba su sunan 'libertine Gnostics'; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carpocratian |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians &quot;Carpocratian&quot;]. ''Britannica''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; duk da haka, wannan zargi ba a same shi a cikin tsohon tushe game da ƙungiyar ba, labarin Irenæus . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Tunda Carpocrates da mabiyansa sun ƙi mallakar dukiya ta sirri, &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whitley |first=Thomas |date=2015-01-21 |title=Who is Carpocrates? |url=https://www.ancientjewreview.com/read/2015/1/21/who-is-carpocrates |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Ancient Jew Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun kuma yi imani da cewa ya kamata dukkan mazan al'umma su raba mata don haihuwa . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=McClintock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John McClintock (theologian) |editor2-last=Strong |editor2-first=James |editor2-link=James Strong (theologian) |title=Carpocratians |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcClintockStrong&quot;&gt;[[John McClintock (theologian)|McClintock, John]]; [[James Strong (theologian)|Strong, James]] (eds.). [https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html &quot;Carpocratians&quot;]. ''McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Epiphanes ya koyar da cewa adalcin Allah 'al'umma ce tare da daidaito', kuma wannan ra'ayin zai ɓata wa 'mallakar' mace a ɓoye rai. An ɗauki jima'i a matsayin wani ɓangare na duniyar zahiri, kuma umarnin hana zina 'barkwanci' ne daga Allahn Yahudawa, wanda ya fara ba da sha'awa sannan ya hana mutane yin aiki a kai. An ɗauki aure a matsayin wannan mugun allah 'wanda ke tilasta abin da ya zama na mutum ɗaya', yana ɗauke wani abu daga mutane wanda ya bar duk sauran halittu su samu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa ƙungiyar a ƙarni na 2 ta hannun Carpocrates na Alexandria, tsarin imani da al'ummar ƙungiyar ya ƙarfafa a cikin rubuce-rubucen ɗansa, Epiphanes. Dukansu mutanen sun sami ilimi sosai a rubuce-rubuce da tunanin Plato,  kuma wannan asalin ya ba da labarin tauhidinsu. Babu wani rubutu na asali da ya rage daga Carpocrates, amma wasu daga cikin maganganunsa za a iya gano su daga guntu-guntu a cikin ayyukan ɗansa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whitley |first=Thomas |date=2015-01-21 |title=Who is Carpocrates? |url=https://www.ancientjewreview.com/read/2015/1/21/who-is-carpocrates |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Ancient Jew Review |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWhitley2015&quot;&gt;Whitley, Thomas (2015-01-21). [https://www.ancientjewreview.com/read/2015/1/21/who-is-carpocrates &quot;Who is Carpocrates?&quot;]. ''Ancient Jew Review''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Clement na Alexandria, Epiphanes ya mutu yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, bayan ya riga ya rubuta littattafansa, kuma daga baya aka bauta masa a matsayin allah. Masana na ƙarni na 19 sun musanta wannan a matsayin tatsuniya, waɗanda suka yi jayayya cewa an yi masa kuskuren amfani da bautar allahn wata na gida ''(theos epiphanes)'' . Duk da cewa kundin tarihin addini na Philip Schaff ya musanta wannan iƙirari, marubutan sun yarda cewa dole ne Epiphanes ya kasance marubuci mai mahimmanci na ƙungiyar. 

Akwai shaida cewa Carpocratians suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ci gaba a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Gnostic, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carpocratian |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians &quot;Carpocratian&quot;]. ''Britannica''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an san cewa sun wanzu har zuwa ƙarni na 6. Membobin suna da gaisuwa ta sirri, alamu, da alamomi, da kuma tsarin matsayi . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=McClintock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John McClintock (theologian) |editor2-last=Strong |editor2-first=James |editor2-link=James Strong (theologian) |title=Carpocratians |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcClintockStrong&quot;&gt;[[John McClintock (theologian)|McClintock, John]]; [[James Strong (theologian)|Strong, James]] (eds.). [https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html &quot;Carpocratians&quot;]. ''McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wataƙila an [[Alamar mutum|yi musu alama]] da ƙarfe mai zafi a bayan kunnen dama tare da alama ta musamman. 

== Manazarta ==

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'''Carpocratians''' ( Girkanci : Καρποκρατιανοὶ) ƙungiyar [[Ginost|Gnostic]] ce wadda ta dogara da Platonism wanda aka kafa a ƙarni na 2 AD kuma ta wanzu har zuwa ƙarni na 6. An sanya mata suna bayan Carpocrates na Alexandria, wanda ya kafa ta, kuma ta sami siffarta ta ƙarshe a cikin rubuce-rubucen ɗansa, Epiphanes . Majiyoyi masu rarrabuwa ne kawai suka rage game da imaninsu da ayyukansu, kuma Kiristocin da suka yi imani da addini na wancan lokacin sun yi kuskuren siffanta tauhidinsu don ɓata musu suna, suna zarginsu da lalata.

== Tauhidi ==
Masu Carpocratians sun kasance [[Ginost|masu Gnostics]],  suna imani da abu biyu na mugunta da ruhu mai kyau, da kuma bin ''gnosis'', ilimin da ake buƙata don ceto . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carpocratian |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsu na sauran masu bin tsarin imani, sun yi imani da cewa dukkan halittu a duniya suna ƙoƙari ga Monad, Babban Ka'ida ko Asalin Halitta, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=McClintock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John McClintock (theologian) |editor2-last=Strong |editor2-first=James |editor2-link=James Strong (theologian) |title=Carpocratians |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda Carpocratians suka kira Uban Duka, ko Farko Ɗaya.  Duniyar da ake gani ba ta wurinsa ba ce ta mala'iku marasa ƙarfi da ke nesa da tushen allahntaka, wanda aka sani da 'ikon ƙirƙira' ko 'masu gini'. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Rayukan mutane sun wanzu kafin a kama su a cikin jikin zahiri, suna zagayawa a kusa da 'rana ta ruhaniya' a kan 'filin gaskiya'. Bayan da farko sun yi aiki tare da Allah, 'masu gini' sun ɗaure rayuka a cikin jiki kuma za su iya samun 'yanci ne kawai bayan sun rayu kowace irin rayuwa da kuma aikata kowace irin aiki. Dangane da Luka 12:58, Carpocrates ya ce [[Iblis]], ko 'mai ƙara', ya jawo rayuka zuwa ga mafi girman 'magini', wanda daga nan ya ba da su ga mala'ika manzo. Wannan yana cikin ɗaure rayuka a cikin jiki har sai sun 'biya mafi girman kuɗi' ( Matta 5:26, Juyin Sarki James ), ya sami 'yanci kuma ya sake haɗuwa da Allah. 

Kowanne rai da aka ɗaure yana da ikon tunawa da yanayinsa na asali ( Greek     ) zuwa wani mataki daban. Wannan ilimin shine kawai wanda mutane za su iya samun [[Ceto a cikin Kiristanci|ceto]] ta hanyarsa, duk wani hukunci na ɗabi'a yana da nasaba da ra'ayi . 

Mutanen Carpocrat sun ƙi duniyar zahiri, wadda suka yi imanin cewa mugunta ce ta halicce ta kuma take mulkinta. Domin tabbatar da cewa suna cikin wani yanki na ruhaniya mai girma, sun yi iƙirarin cewa suna sadarwa da ruhohin aljanu . Sun kuma yi wani nau'in [[Tsafi|sihiri]], suna yin maganin soyayya &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carpocratian |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians &quot;Carpocratian&quot;]. ''Britannica''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma amfani da sihirin sihiri,  yayin da suke ɗaukar kansu a matsayin sama da 'masu gini'. Wannan kuma ya ba su ikon fitar da su, fahimtar mafarkai, da kuma warkar da cututtuka.  Don bauta, sun gina siffofi kuma sun zana siffofi masu launuka masu haske &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; na Kristi, manzanni, da sauran fitattun mutane kamar [[Plato]], [[Pythagoras]], da [[Aristotle]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=McClintock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John McClintock (theologian) |editor2-last=Strong |editor2-first=James |editor2-link=James Strong (theologian) |title=Carpocratians |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcClintockStrong&quot;&gt;[[John McClintock (theologian)|McClintock, John]]; [[James Strong (theologian)|Strong, James]] (eds.). [https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html &quot;Carpocratians&quot;]. ''McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; suka zama Kiristoci na farko da aka sani da suka nuna Almasihu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sun girmama waɗannan siffofi a cikin wani haikali a kan Cephalonia . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Sun yi iƙirarin ƙaurawar rayuka ''( Greek     )'',  wanda da sun ɗauko daga tushen Indiyawa ko [[Pythagoreanism|Pythagorean]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carpocratian |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians &quot;Carpocratian&quot;]. ''Britannica''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; suna gaskata cewa rai zai iya 'yantar da kansa ne kawai idan ya tuna da rayuwarsa ta baya, mafi kyau. Sannan, zai iya yin tsayayya da mugayen ruhohin duniya ya kuma isa ga hutawa ta har abada wajen tunani game da Mafi Girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=McClintock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John McClintock (theologian) |editor2-last=Strong |editor2-first=James |editor2-link=James Strong (theologian) |title=Carpocratians |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcClintockStrong&quot;&gt;[[John McClintock (theologian)|McClintock, John]]; [[James Strong (theologian)|Strong, James]] (eds.). [https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html &quot;Carpocratians&quot;]. ''McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sun ƙi ra'ayin tashin matattu na jiki, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; da kuma cikakken [[Tsohon Alkawari]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Matsayin Yesu ===
Masu ra'ayin Carpocrat sun girmama [[Isa|Yesu]] a matsayin mutum wanda ransa bai manta da asalinsa daga cikin mafi girman matsayi na Allah cikakke ba. Da yake sun yi imani da cewa Yesu ɗan Gnostic ne, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carpocratian |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians &quot;Carpocratian&quot;]. ''Britannica''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; sun yi ƙoƙarin yin koyi da shi, amma sun ɗauke shi a matsayin mutum na yau da kullun, ba ɗan Allah ba . A ra'ayin duniyar Carpocrat, an ga Yesu a matsayin mai kyau a cikin tsarki da [[Kirki|nagarta]], kuma yana da babban sassaucin tunani wanda ya ba shi damar tuna da rayuwarsa ta baya (da sauran mutane) tare da Asalin Halitta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=McClintock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John McClintock (theologian) |editor2-last=Strong |editor2-first=James |editor2-link=James Strong (theologian) |title=Carpocratians |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcClintockStrong&quot;&gt;[[John McClintock (theologian)|McClintock, John]]; [[James Strong (theologian)|Strong, James]] (eds.). [https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html &quot;Carpocratians&quot;]. ''McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Da ƙarfinsa na musamman na rai da kuma ta hanyar ikon tunani, ya sami ikon allahntaka don yin mu'ujizai waɗanda ya yi amfani da su don kawar da mugun addini da kuma 'yantar da shi daga ikon Allahn Yahudawa wanda ya umarce shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

An koyar da cewa kowa zai iya zama daidai da Yesu idan ya yi ƙoƙari sosai, kuma har ma wani mai rai mai tsarki zai iya zama wanda ya fi shi kyau, ko kuma wanda ya raina duniyar zahiri fiye da yadda yake da ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=McClintock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John McClintock (theologian) |editor2-last=Strong |editor2-first=James |editor2-link=James Strong (theologian) |title=Carpocratians |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcClintockStrong&quot;&gt;[[John McClintock (theologian)|McClintock, John]]; [[James Strong (theologian)|Strong, James]] (eds.). [https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html &quot;Carpocratians&quot;]. ''McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana tsammanin kowane mai bi na Carpocratian yana kama da Yesu sosai, kuma an yi iƙirarin cewa mafi kyawun masu bi nasu sun kai matsayinsa na fifiko kuma sun fi manzanni . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Addinin Libertine Gnosticism ===
Kamar yadda Carpocratians suka koyar cewa mala'iku masu mugunta ne suka sanya dokokin Littafi Mai Tsarki waɗanda ke da alhakin duniyar zahiri, sun ɗauki karkatar da su a matsayin wani nauyi na addini. Suna fatan cimma nasara da 'yanci na ruhaniya ta hanyar samun kowace irin gogewa, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; wanda zai iya zama dole fiye da rayuwa ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sun goyi bayan wannan da'awar ta hanyar ambaton Huɗuba a kan Dutse, inda Yesu ya yi wa'azin cewa '[t]ruly, ina gaya muku, ba za ku taɓa fita ba har sai kun biya kuɗin ƙarshe' (Matta 5:26, Turanci Standard Version ). 

Masu ra'ayin Carpocrat sun yi iƙirarin cewa babu wani abu da yake da kyau ko mara kyau, kuma tambayoyin da suka shafi nagarta da mugunta sun dogara ne kawai akan ra'ayin ɗan adam. Saboda wannan imani, membobin wasu ƙungiyoyin Kirista sun zarge su da rayuwa mara kyau, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=McClintock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John McClintock (theologian) |editor2-last=Strong |editor2-first=James |editor2-link=James Strong (theologian) |title=Carpocratians |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcClintockStrong&quot;&gt;[[John McClintock (theologian)|McClintock, John]]; [[James Strong (theologian)|Strong, James]] (eds.). [https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html &quot;Carpocratians&quot;]. ''McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an ba su sunan 'libertine Gnostics'; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carpocratian |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians &quot;Carpocratian&quot;]. ''Britannica''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; duk da haka, wannan zargi ba a same shi a cikin tsohon tushe game da ƙungiyar ba, labarin Irenæus . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Tunda Carpocrates da mabiyansa sun ƙi mallakar dukiya ta sirri, &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whitley |first=Thomas |date=2015-01-21 |title=Who is Carpocrates? |url=https://www.ancientjewreview.com/read/2015/1/21/who-is-carpocrates |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Ancient Jew Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun kuma yi imani da cewa ya kamata dukkan mazan al'umma su raba mata don haihuwa . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=McClintock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John McClintock (theologian) |editor2-last=Strong |editor2-first=James |editor2-link=James Strong (theologian) |title=Carpocratians |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcClintockStrong&quot;&gt;[[John McClintock (theologian)|McClintock, John]]; [[James Strong (theologian)|Strong, James]] (eds.). [https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html &quot;Carpocratians&quot;]. ''McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Epiphanes ya koyar da cewa adalcin Allah 'al'umma ce tare da daidaito', kuma wannan ra'ayin zai ɓata wa 'mallakar' mace a ɓoye rai. An ɗauki jima'i a matsayin wani ɓangare na duniyar zahiri, kuma umarnin hana zina 'barkwanci' ne daga Allahn Yahudawa, wanda ya fara ba da sha'awa sannan ya hana mutane yin aiki a kai. An ɗauki aure a matsayin wannan mugun allah 'wanda ke tilasta abin da ya zama na mutum ɗaya', yana ɗauke wani abu daga mutane wanda ya bar duk sauran halittu su samu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An kafa ƙungiyar a ƙarni na 2 ta hannun Carpocrates na Alexandria, tsarin imani da al'ummar ƙungiyar ya ƙarfafa a cikin rubuce-rubucen ɗansa, Epiphanes. Dukansu mutanen sun sami ilimi sosai a rubuce-rubuce da tunanin Plato,  kuma wannan asalin ya ba da labarin tauhidinsu. Babu wani rubutu na asali da ya rage daga Carpocrates, amma wasu daga cikin maganganunsa za a iya gano su daga guntu-guntu a cikin ayyukan ɗansa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whitley |first=Thomas |date=2015-01-21 |title=Who is Carpocrates? |url=https://www.ancientjewreview.com/read/2015/1/21/who-is-carpocrates |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Ancient Jew Review |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWhitley2015&quot;&gt;Whitley, Thomas (2015-01-21). [https://www.ancientjewreview.com/read/2015/1/21/who-is-carpocrates &quot;Who is Carpocrates?&quot;]. ''Ancient Jew Review''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Clement na Alexandria, Epiphanes ya mutu yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, bayan ya riga ya rubuta littattafansa, kuma daga baya aka bauta masa a matsayin allah. Masana na ƙarni na 19 sun musanta wannan a matsayin tatsuniya, waɗanda suka yi jayayya cewa an yi masa kuskuren amfani da bautar allahn wata na gida ''(theos epiphanes)'' . Duk da cewa kundin tarihin addini na Philip Schaff ya musanta wannan iƙirari, marubutan sun yarda cewa dole ne Epiphanes ya kasance marubuci mai mahimmanci na ƙungiyar. 

Akwai shaida cewa Carpocratians suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ci gaba a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Gnostic, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carpocratian |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Britannica |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carpocratians &quot;Carpocratian&quot;]. ''Britannica''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an san cewa sun wanzu har zuwa ƙarni na 6. Membobin suna da gaisuwa ta sirri, alamu, da alamomi, da kuma tsarin matsayi . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |editor-last=McClintock |editor-first=John |editor-link=John McClintock (theologian) |editor2-last=Strong |editor2-first=James |editor2-link=James Strong (theologian) |title=Carpocratians |url=https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcClintockStrong&quot;&gt;[[John McClintock (theologian)|McClintock, John]]; [[James Strong (theologian)|Strong, James]] (eds.). [https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/C/carpocratians.html &quot;Carpocratians&quot;]. ''McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wataƙila an [[Alamar mutum|yi musu alama]] da ƙarfe mai zafi a bayan kunnen dama tare da alama ta musamman. 

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>History of Alexandria</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350737408|History of Alexandria]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tarihin Alexandria''' ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da [[Alakszandira|Alexander the Great]] ya kafa birnin a shekara ta 331 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alexandria, Egypt |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/alexandria/ |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, kafin haka, akwai manyan biranen tashar jiragen ruwa a gabashin [[Alexandria]], a gefen yamma na abin da yanzu ake kira [[Abu Qir Bay]] . Reshen Canopic (mafi yamma) na Nile Delta har yanzu yana nan a wancan lokacin, kuma ana amfani da shi sosai don jigilar kaya.

Bayan kafuwarta, Alexandria ta zama cibiyar Masarautar Ptolemaic, kuma cikin sauri ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen duniyar Helenawa . [[Rum|Roma ce]] kawai, wacce ta sami iko da Masar a shekara ta 30 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ta fi Alexandria girma da wadata.

Birnin ya faɗa hannun Larabawa a shekara ta 641 AD, kuma aka kafa sabuwar babban birnin Masar, [[Fustat]], a kan kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Bayan da matsayin Alexandria a matsayin babban birnin ƙasar ya ƙare, ya faɗi cikin dogon lokaci, wanda a ƙarshen zamanin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]], ya ga ya ragu zuwa ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi. Sojojin Faransa a ƙarƙashin Napoleon sun kwace birnin a shekara ta 1798 kuma Birtaniya ba da daɗewa ba suka kwace shi daga hannun Faransa, suka riƙe Alexandria a cikin ikonsu na tsawon shekaru 150. Birnin ya girma a farkon ƙarni na 19 a ƙarƙashin shirin masana'antu na [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Mohammad Ali]], mataimakin Masar.

== Gidauniya ==
[[Fayil:Alexander_the_Great_Founding_Alexandria.jpg|thumb|300x300px|''Kafa Alexander the Great Alexandria'' ta Placido Costanzi (1736-1737)]]
[[Alakszandira|Alexander Mai Girma]] ne ya kafa Alexandria a shekara ta 331 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (ainihin ranar ana jayayya a kanta) kamar yadda {{Lang|grc|Ἀλεξάνδρεια}} ( ''Aleksandreia'' ). Babban mai tsara Alexander a aikin shine Dinocrates . Labarun da suka gabata suna da yawa kuma suna da bambance-bambance, kuma abubuwan da suka faru daga baya sun yi tasiri sosai. Ɗaya daga cikin bayanin da ya fi hankali, wanda masanin tarihi Arrian ya bayar, ya ba da labarin yadda Alexander ya ɗauki nauyin tsara tsarin birnin gabaɗaya, amma ba shi da alli ko wata hanya, ya koma ya zana shi da hatsi. Akwai wasu tatsuniyoyi masu ban mamaki da yawa a cikin soyayyar Alexander kuma masana tarihi na zamanin da suka gabata sun ɗauke su.

Bayan watanni kaɗan bayan kafa harsashin ginin, Alexander ya bar Masar zuwa Gabas kuma bai sake komawa birninsa ba. Bayan Alexander ya tafi, mataimakinsa, Cleomenes, ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa birnin.

A cikin gwagwarmaya da sauran magajin Alexander, janar ɗinsa, Ptolemy (wanda daga baya ya zama Ptolemy na 1 na Masar ) ya yi nasarar kawo gawar Alexander zuwa Alexandria. Kabarin Alexander ya zama sanannen wurin yawon buɗe ido ga tsoffin matafiya (ciki har da [[Julius Caesar]] ). Tare da alamun kabarin da Hasumiyar Haske, Ptolemy sun tallata tatsuniyar Alexandria a matsayin wani ɓangare na halalcin mulkinsu. 

An yi niyyar Alexandria ta maye gurbin [[Naucratis]] a matsayin cibiyar Helenanci a Masar, kuma ta zama mahaɗi tsakanin [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] da [[Nil|kwarin Nil]] mai wadata. Idan irin wannan birni zai kasance a bakin tekun Masar, akwai wuri ɗaya kawai da zai yiwu, a bayan bangon tsibirin Pharos kuma an cire shi daga laka da Kogin Nil ya jefa, a yamma da bakin kogin &quot; Canopic &quot; na yamma. A lokaci guda, birnin zai iya jin daɗin samun ruwa mai kyau ta hanyar magudanar ruwa daga Nil.  Wurin ya kuma ba da kariya ta musamman daga rundunonin mamaya: babban [[Hamadar Libya|Hamadar Libiya]] a yamma da kuma Delta na Nil a gabas.

== Zamanin Ptolemaic ==
[[Fayil:Alexandria-Sawary.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Alexandria, sphinx da aka yi da ruwan hoda granite, Ptolemaic, Pompey's Pillar.]]
[[Fayil:A_dictionary_of_the_Bible.._(1887)_(14779158644).jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsohon Alexandria]]
Ta hanyar gadon cinikin Taya da ta lalace kuma ta zama cibiyar sabuwar kasuwanci tsakanin [[Turai]] da [[Yankin Larabawa|Larabawa]] da Gabashin [[Indiya]], birnin ya girma cikin ƙasa da ƙarni ɗaya don ya fi Carthage girma. A cikin ƙarni ɗaya, Alexandria ta zama birni mafi girma a duniya,  kuma tsawon wasu ƙarni da yawa, ta kasance ta biyu bayan [[Rum|Roma]] . Ta zama babban birnin Girka na Masar, tare da gaurayen Helenawa na musamman daga birane da asali da yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Erskine |first=Andrew |date=April 1995 |title=Greece &amp; Rome, 2nd Ser. |journal=Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Museum and Library of Alexandria |volume=42 |issue=1 |at=pgs 38–48 [42] |quote=One effect of the newly created Hellenistic kingdoms was the imposition of Greek cities occupied by Greeks on an alien landscape. In Egypt there was a native Egyptian population with its own culture, history, and traditions. The Greeks who came to Egypt, to the court or to live in Alexandria, were separated from their original cultures. Alexandria was the main Greek city of Egypt and within it there was an extraordinary mix of Greeks from many cities and backgrounds.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alexandria, wacce aka fi sani da birni mai 'yanci na Hellene, ta riƙe majalisar dattawan zamanin Romawa kuma Septimius Severus ya dawo da ayyukan shari'a na wannan hukumar bayan [[Augustus]] ya soke ta na ɗan lokaci.

=== Gine-gine ===
An gina manyan gine-gine a Alexandria har zuwa ƙarni na uku kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Heptastadion ya haɗa Pharos da birnin kuma Hasken Alexandria ya biyo baya ba da daɗewa ba, kamar yadda Serapeum ya yi, duk a ƙarƙashin Ptolemy I. An gina Gidan Tarihi a ƙarƙashin Ptolemy II ; Ptolemy III Euergetes ya faɗaɗa Serapeum; da kuma kabarin Alexander da Ptolemy da aka gina a ƙarƙashin Ptolemy IV . 

=== Laburare na Alexandria ===
Ptolemy sun haɓaka ci gaban [[Library of Alexandria .|Laburare na Alexandria]] kuma sun haɗa Musaeum zuwa sanannen cibiyar ilmantarwa ta Helenanci.

Manyan masana da ke da alaƙa da Musaeum sun haɗa da masanin lissafi da kuma mai nazarin lambobi [[Euclid]] ; masanin ilmin taurari Hipparchus ; da Eratosthenes, wanda aka sani da lissafin kewayen Duniya da kuma tsarinsa na nemo lambobi na farko, waɗanda suka zama babban mai kula da laburare.

=== Rarrabuwar ƙabilu ===
Tsoffin mutanen Ptolemy sun yi taka-tsantsan wajen kiyaye bambancin ƙabilu uku mafi girma a cikin al'ummarsu: Girkawa, [[Yahudawa]], da [[Misirawa|Masarawa]] . (Da farko, Masarawa wataƙila mazauna ne da yawa, yayin da al'ummar Yahudawa ta kasance ƙarama. [[Bauta]], wata cibiya ta yau da kullun a Girka, wataƙila tana nan amma ba a san cikakkun bayanai game da girmanta da kuma asalin bayi ba.)  Helenawa 'yan Alexandria sun mai da hankali kan al'adun Hellene, wani ɓangare na ware waɗanda ba Helenawa ba da kuma tilasta musu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt p. 42-43&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Erskine |first=Andrew |date=April 1995 |title=Greece &amp; Rome, 2nd Ser. |journal=Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Museum and Library of Alexandria |volume=42 |issue=1 |at=pgs 38–48 [42–43] |quote=The Ptolemaic emphasis on Greek culture establishes the Greeks of Egypt with an identity for themselves. […] But the emphasis on Greek culture does even more than this – these are Greeks ruling in a foreign land. The more Greeks can indulge in their own culture, the more they can exclude non-Greeks, in other words Egyptians, the subjects whose land has been taken over. The assertion of Greek culture serves to enforce Egyptian subjection. So the presence in Alexandria of two institutions devoted to the preservation and study of Greek culture acts as a powerful symbol of Egyptian exclusion and subjection. Texts from other cultures could be kept in the library, but only once they had been translated, that is to say Hellenized.&lt;br&gt;[…] A reading of Alexandrian poetry might easily give the impression that Egyptians did not exist at all; indeed Egypt itself is hardly mentioned except for the Nile and the Nile flood, […] This omission of the Egypt and Egyptians from poetry masks a fundamental insecurity. It is no coincidence that one of the few poetic references to Egyptians presents them as muggers.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Doka|Dokar da]] aka kafa a Alexandria ta dogara ne akan Girkanci - musamman Attic - dokar.  Akwai cibiyoyi guda biyu a Alexandria da aka keɓe don kiyayewa da nazarin al'adun Girka, wanda ya taimaka wajen ware waɗanda ba Helenawa ba. A cikin adabi, rubuce-rubucen da ba na Girka ba suna shiga [[Library of Alexandria .|ɗakin karatu]] ne kawai bayan an fassara su zuwa Girkanci. Abin lura shi ne, akwai ƙarancin ambato game da Masar ko Masarawa 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin waƙoƙin Alexandria; ɗaya daga cikin kaɗan daga cikin ambato game da Masarawa 'yan asalin ƙasar ya gabatar da su a matsayin &quot;masu fashi da makami.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt p. 42-43&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Erskine |first=Andrew |date=April 1995 |title=Greece &amp; Rome, 2nd Ser. |journal=Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Museum and Library of Alexandria |volume=42 |issue=1 |at=pgs 38–48 [42–43] |quote=The Ptolemaic emphasis on Greek culture establishes the Greeks of Egypt with an identity for themselves. […] But the emphasis on Greek culture does even more than this – these are Greeks ruling in a foreign land. The more Greeks can indulge in their own culture, the more they can exclude non-Greeks, in other words Egyptians, the subjects whose land has been taken over. The assertion of Greek culture serves to enforce Egyptian subjection. So the presence in Alexandria of two institutions devoted to the preservation and study of Greek culture acts as a powerful symbol of Egyptian exclusion and subjection. Texts from other cultures could be kept in the library, but only once they had been translated, that is to say Hellenized.&lt;br&gt;[…] A reading of Alexandrian poetry might easily give the impression that Egyptians did not exist at all; indeed Egypt itself is hardly mentioned except for the Nile and the Nile flood, […] This omission of the Egypt and Egyptians from poetry masks a fundamental insecurity. It is no coincidence that one of the few poetic references to Egyptians presents them as muggers.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFErskine1995&quot;&gt;Erskine, Andrew (April 1995). &quot;Greece &amp; Rome, 2nd Ser&quot;. ''Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Museum and Library of Alexandria''. '''42''' (1). pgs 38–48 [42–43]. &lt;q&gt;The Ptolemaic emphasis on Greek culture establishes the Greeks of Egypt with an identity for themselves. […] But the emphasis on Greek culture does even more than this – these are Greeks ruling in a foreign land. The more Greeks can indulge in their own culture, the more they can exclude non-Greeks, in other words Egyptians, the subjects whose land has been taken over. The assertion of Greek culture serves to enforce Egyptian subjection. So the presence in Alexandria of two institutions devoted to the preservation and study of Greek culture acts as a powerful symbol of Egyptian exclusion and subjection. Texts from other cultures could be kept in the library, but only once they had been translated, that is to say Hellenized.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[…] A reading of Alexandrian poetry might easily give the impression that Egyptians did not exist at all; indeed Egypt itself is hardly mentioned except for the Nile and the Nile flood, […] This omission of the Egypt and Egyptians from poetry masks a fundamental insecurity. It is no coincidence that one of the few poetic references to Egyptians presents them as muggers.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai jerin gwanon addini masu ban sha'awa a tituna waɗanda ke nuna wadata da ikon Ptolemy, amma kuma suna bikin da kuma tabbatar da Girkanci. An yi amfani da waɗannan jerin gwanon don yin ihu da fifikon Girkawa akan duk wanda ba Helenawa ba da ke kallo, ta haka ne ya faɗaɗa rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin al'adu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Erskine |first=Andrew |date=April 1995 |title=Greece &amp; Rome, 2nd Ser. |journal=Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Museum and Library of Alexandria |volume=42 |issue=1 |at=pgs. 38–48 [44] |quote=This procession is very revealing about Ptolemaic Egypt. In essence it is a religious procession, but its magnificence and its content transform it into something more than this. For anyone watching, whether they are foreigners, who might be paying a visit or there on a diplomatic mission, or Alexandrian Greeks or native Egyptians, the procession hammers out the message of Ptolemy’s enormous wealth and power. For Alexandrian Greeks, both those watching and those taking part, it will be a celebration and affirmation of Greekness. But it is even more than this it is also a procession shouting out Greek superiority to any native Egyptians who happen to be in the vicinity. Thus in a popular, visual form the procession embodies those same elements which were observed above in the case of the Library and Museum.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Management ==

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'''Tarihin Alexandria''' ya samo asali ne tun lokacin da [[Alakszandira|Alexander the Great]] ya kafa birnin a shekara ta 331 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alexandria, Egypt |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/alexandria/ |access-date=2020-04-12 |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, kafin haka, akwai manyan biranen tashar jiragen ruwa a gabashin [[Alexandria]], a gefen yamma na abin da yanzu ake kira [[Abu Qir Bay]] . Reshen Canopic (mafi yamma) na Nile Delta har yanzu yana nan a wancan lokacin, kuma ana amfani da shi sosai don jigilar kaya.

Bayan kafuwarta, Alexandria ta zama cibiyar Masarautar Ptolemaic, kuma cikin sauri ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen duniyar Helenawa . [[Rum|Roma ce]] kawai, wacce ta sami iko da Masar a shekara ta 30 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ta fi Alexandria girma da wadata.

Birnin ya faɗa hannun Larabawa a shekara ta 641 AD, kuma aka kafa sabuwar babban birnin Masar, [[Fustat]], a kan kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Bayan da matsayin Alexandria a matsayin babban birnin ƙasar ya ƙare, ya faɗi cikin dogon lokaci, wanda a ƙarshen zamanin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]], ya ga ya ragu zuwa ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi. Sojojin Faransa a ƙarƙashin Napoleon sun kwace birnin a shekara ta 1798 kuma Birtaniya ba da daɗewa ba suka kwace shi daga hannun Faransa, suka riƙe Alexandria a cikin ikonsu na tsawon shekaru 150. Birnin ya girma a farkon ƙarni na 19 a ƙarƙashin shirin masana'antu na [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Mohammad Ali]], mataimakin Masar.

== Gidauniya ==
[[Fayil:Alexander_the_Great_Founding_Alexandria.jpg|thumb|300x300px|''Kafa Alexander the Great Alexandria'' ta Placido Costanzi (1736-1737)]]
[[Alakszandira|Alexander Mai Girma]] ne ya kafa Alexandria a shekara ta 331 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (ainihin ranar ana jayayya a kanta) kamar yadda {{Lang|grc|Ἀλεξάνδρεια}} ( ''Aleksandreia'' ). Babban mai tsara Alexander a aikin shine Dinocrates . Labarun da suka gabata suna da yawa kuma suna da bambance-bambance, kuma abubuwan da suka faru daga baya sun yi tasiri sosai. Ɗaya daga cikin bayanin da ya fi hankali, wanda masanin tarihi Arrian ya bayar, ya ba da labarin yadda Alexander ya ɗauki nauyin tsara tsarin birnin gabaɗaya, amma ba shi da alli ko wata hanya, ya koma ya zana shi da hatsi. Akwai wasu tatsuniyoyi masu ban mamaki da yawa a cikin soyayyar Alexander kuma masana tarihi na zamanin da suka gabata sun ɗauke su.

Bayan watanni kaɗan bayan kafa harsashin ginin, Alexander ya bar Masar zuwa Gabas kuma bai sake komawa birninsa ba. Bayan Alexander ya tafi, mataimakinsa, Cleomenes, ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa birnin.

A cikin gwagwarmaya da sauran magajin Alexander, janar ɗinsa, Ptolemy (wanda daga baya ya zama Ptolemy na 1 na Masar ) ya yi nasarar kawo gawar Alexander zuwa Alexandria. Kabarin Alexander ya zama sanannen wurin yawon buɗe ido ga tsoffin matafiya (ciki har da [[Julius Caesar]] ). Tare da alamun kabarin da Hasumiyar Haske, Ptolemy sun tallata tatsuniyar Alexandria a matsayin wani ɓangare na halalcin mulkinsu. 

An yi niyyar Alexandria ta maye gurbin [[Naucratis]] a matsayin cibiyar Helenanci a Masar, kuma ta zama mahaɗi tsakanin [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] da [[Nil|kwarin Nil]] mai wadata. Idan irin wannan birni zai kasance a bakin tekun Masar, akwai wuri ɗaya kawai da zai yiwu, a bayan bangon tsibirin Pharos kuma an cire shi daga laka da Kogin Nil ya jefa, a yamma da bakin kogin &quot; Canopic &quot; na yamma. A lokaci guda, birnin zai iya jin daɗin samun ruwa mai kyau ta hanyar magudanar ruwa daga Nil.  Wurin ya kuma ba da kariya ta musamman daga rundunonin mamaya: babban [[Hamadar Libya|Hamadar Libiya]] a yamma da kuma Delta na Nil a gabas.

== Zamanin Ptolemaic ==
[[Fayil:Alexandria-Sawary.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Alexandria, sphinx da aka yi da ruwan hoda granite, Ptolemaic, Pompey's Pillar.]]
[[Fayil:A_dictionary_of_the_Bible.._(1887)_(14779158644).jpg|thumb|Taswirar tsohon Alexandria]]
Ta hanyar gadon cinikin Taya da ta lalace kuma ta zama cibiyar sabuwar kasuwanci tsakanin [[Turai]] da [[Yankin Larabawa|Larabawa]] da Gabashin [[Indiya]], birnin ya girma cikin ƙasa da ƙarni ɗaya don ya fi Carthage girma. A cikin ƙarni ɗaya, Alexandria ta zama birni mafi girma a duniya,  kuma tsawon wasu ƙarni da yawa, ta kasance ta biyu bayan [[Rum|Roma]] . Ta zama babban birnin Girka na Masar, tare da gaurayen Helenawa na musamman daga birane da asali da yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Erskine |first=Andrew |date=April 1995 |title=Greece &amp; Rome, 2nd Ser. |journal=Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Museum and Library of Alexandria |volume=42 |issue=1 |at=pgs 38–48 [42] |quote=One effect of the newly created Hellenistic kingdoms was the imposition of Greek cities occupied by Greeks on an alien landscape. In Egypt there was a native Egyptian population with its own culture, history, and traditions. The Greeks who came to Egypt, to the court or to live in Alexandria, were separated from their original cultures. Alexandria was the main Greek city of Egypt and within it there was an extraordinary mix of Greeks from many cities and backgrounds.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alexandria, wacce aka fi sani da birni mai 'yanci na Hellene, ta riƙe majalisar dattawan zamanin Romawa kuma Septimius Severus ya dawo da ayyukan shari'a na wannan hukumar bayan [[Augustus]] ya soke ta na ɗan lokaci.

=== Gine-gine ===
An gina manyan gine-gine a Alexandria har zuwa ƙarni na uku kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS). Heptastadion ya haɗa Pharos da birnin kuma Hasken Alexandria ya biyo baya ba da daɗewa ba, kamar yadda Serapeum ya yi, duk a ƙarƙashin Ptolemy I. An gina Gidan Tarihi a ƙarƙashin Ptolemy II ; Ptolemy III Euergetes ya faɗaɗa Serapeum; da kuma kabarin Alexander da Ptolemy da aka gina a ƙarƙashin Ptolemy IV . 

=== Laburare na Alexandria ===
Ptolemy sun haɓaka ci gaban [[Library of Alexandria .|Laburare na Alexandria]] kuma sun haɗa Musaeum zuwa sanannen cibiyar ilmantarwa ta Helenanci.

Manyan masana da ke da alaƙa da Musaeum sun haɗa da masanin lissafi da kuma mai nazarin lambobi [[Euclid]] ; masanin ilmin taurari Hipparchus ; da Eratosthenes, wanda aka sani da lissafin kewayen Duniya da kuma tsarinsa na nemo lambobi na farko, waɗanda suka zama babban mai kula da laburare.

=== Rarrabuwar ƙabilu ===
Tsoffin mutanen Ptolemy sun yi taka-tsantsan wajen kiyaye bambancin ƙabilu uku mafi girma a cikin al'ummarsu: Girkawa, [[Yahudawa]], da [[Misirawa|Masarawa]] . (Da farko, Masarawa wataƙila mazauna ne da yawa, yayin da al'ummar Yahudawa ta kasance ƙarama. [[Bauta]], wata cibiya ta yau da kullun a Girka, wataƙila tana nan amma ba a san cikakkun bayanai game da girmanta da kuma asalin bayi ba.)  Helenawa 'yan Alexandria sun mai da hankali kan al'adun Hellene, wani ɓangare na ware waɗanda ba Helenawa ba da kuma tilasta musu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt p. 42-43&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Erskine |first=Andrew |date=April 1995 |title=Greece &amp; Rome, 2nd Ser. |journal=Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Museum and Library of Alexandria |volume=42 |issue=1 |at=pgs 38–48 [42–43] |quote=The Ptolemaic emphasis on Greek culture establishes the Greeks of Egypt with an identity for themselves. […] But the emphasis on Greek culture does even more than this – these are Greeks ruling in a foreign land. The more Greeks can indulge in their own culture, the more they can exclude non-Greeks, in other words Egyptians, the subjects whose land has been taken over. The assertion of Greek culture serves to enforce Egyptian subjection. So the presence in Alexandria of two institutions devoted to the preservation and study of Greek culture acts as a powerful symbol of Egyptian exclusion and subjection. Texts from other cultures could be kept in the library, but only once they had been translated, that is to say Hellenized.&lt;br&gt;[…] A reading of Alexandrian poetry might easily give the impression that Egyptians did not exist at all; indeed Egypt itself is hardly mentioned except for the Nile and the Nile flood, […] This omission of the Egypt and Egyptians from poetry masks a fundamental insecurity. It is no coincidence that one of the few poetic references to Egyptians presents them as muggers.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Doka|Dokar da]] aka kafa a Alexandria ta dogara ne akan Girkanci - musamman Attic - dokar.  Akwai cibiyoyi guda biyu a Alexandria da aka keɓe don kiyayewa da nazarin al'adun Girka, wanda ya taimaka wajen ware waɗanda ba Helenawa ba. A cikin adabi, rubuce-rubucen da ba na Girka ba suna shiga [[Library of Alexandria .|ɗakin karatu]] ne kawai bayan an fassara su zuwa Girkanci. Abin lura shi ne, akwai ƙarancin ambato game da Masar ko Masarawa 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin waƙoƙin Alexandria; ɗaya daga cikin kaɗan daga cikin ambato game da Masarawa 'yan asalin ƙasar ya gabatar da su a matsayin &quot;masu fashi da makami.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt p. 42-43&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Erskine |first=Andrew |date=April 1995 |title=Greece &amp; Rome, 2nd Ser. |journal=Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Museum and Library of Alexandria |volume=42 |issue=1 |at=pgs 38–48 [42–43] |quote=The Ptolemaic emphasis on Greek culture establishes the Greeks of Egypt with an identity for themselves. […] But the emphasis on Greek culture does even more than this – these are Greeks ruling in a foreign land. The more Greeks can indulge in their own culture, the more they can exclude non-Greeks, in other words Egyptians, the subjects whose land has been taken over. The assertion of Greek culture serves to enforce Egyptian subjection. So the presence in Alexandria of two institutions devoted to the preservation and study of Greek culture acts as a powerful symbol of Egyptian exclusion and subjection. Texts from other cultures could be kept in the library, but only once they had been translated, that is to say Hellenized.&lt;br&gt;[…] A reading of Alexandrian poetry might easily give the impression that Egyptians did not exist at all; indeed Egypt itself is hardly mentioned except for the Nile and the Nile flood, […] This omission of the Egypt and Egyptians from poetry masks a fundamental insecurity. It is no coincidence that one of the few poetic references to Egyptians presents them as muggers.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFErskine1995&quot;&gt;Erskine, Andrew (April 1995). &quot;Greece &amp; Rome, 2nd Ser&quot;. ''Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Museum and Library of Alexandria''. '''42''' (1). pgs 38–48 [42–43]. &lt;q&gt;The Ptolemaic emphasis on Greek culture establishes the Greeks of Egypt with an identity for themselves. […] But the emphasis on Greek culture does even more than this – these are Greeks ruling in a foreign land. The more Greeks can indulge in their own culture, the more they can exclude non-Greeks, in other words Egyptians, the subjects whose land has been taken over. The assertion of Greek culture serves to enforce Egyptian subjection. So the presence in Alexandria of two institutions devoted to the preservation and study of Greek culture acts as a powerful symbol of Egyptian exclusion and subjection. Texts from other cultures could be kept in the library, but only once they had been translated, that is to say Hellenized.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[…] A reading of Alexandrian poetry might easily give the impression that Egyptians did not exist at all; indeed Egypt itself is hardly mentioned except for the Nile and the Nile flood, […] This omission of the Egypt and Egyptians from poetry masks a fundamental insecurity. It is no coincidence that one of the few poetic references to Egyptians presents them as muggers.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai jerin gwanon addini masu ban sha'awa a tituna waɗanda ke nuna wadata da ikon Ptolemy, amma kuma suna bikin da kuma tabbatar da Girkanci. An yi amfani da waɗannan jerin gwanon don yin ihu da fifikon Girkawa akan duk wanda ba Helenawa ba da ke kallo, ta haka ne ya faɗaɗa rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin al'adu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Erskine |first=Andrew |date=April 1995 |title=Greece &amp; Rome, 2nd Ser. |journal=Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Museum and Library of Alexandria |volume=42 |issue=1 |at=pgs. 38–48 [44] |quote=This procession is very revealing about Ptolemaic Egypt. In essence it is a religious procession, but its magnificence and its content transform it into something more than this. For anyone watching, whether they are foreigners, who might be paying a visit or there on a diplomatic mission, or Alexandrian Greeks or native Egyptians, the procession hammers out the message of Ptolemy’s enormous wealth and power. For Alexandrian Greeks, both those watching and those taking part, it will be a celebration and affirmation of Greekness. But it is even more than this it is also a procession shouting out Greek superiority to any native Egyptians who happen to be in the vicinity. Thus in a popular, visual form the procession embodies those same elements which were observed above in the case of the Library and Museum.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Management ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353086462|Excerpta Latina Barbari]]&quot;</comment>
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Littafin '''''Excerpta Latina Barbari''''', {{Efn|'Latin extracts of the barbarian' ({{harvnb|Garstad|2018a}}) or 'The Barbarian's Latin Excerpts' ({{harvnb|Burgess|2013|p=2}}).}} wanda kuma ake kira '''''Chronographia Scaligeriana''''', {{Efn|'Scaligerian chronograph'}} wani tsohon tarin tarihi ne na tarihi, wanda aka rubuta shi da Girkanci a cikin AD 527–539 amma ya tsira ne kawai a cikin fassarar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 8. Ba a san asalin marubucin/mai tattarawa na asali da na mai fassara ba.

== Suna da nau'in ==
Sunan ''da'' aka fi sani da shi a yanzu, wanda aka samo asali daga bayanin editan farko, Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540–1609). {{Sfn|Burgess|Bell|2018}} {{Sfn|Baldwin|Kazhdan|Cutler|1991}} Ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;ƙananan bayanai masu amfani daga kundin tarihin Eusebius, Africanus, da sauransu, wanda wani jahili mara hankali wanda ba shi da ƙwarewa a Girkanci ko Latin ya fassara zuwa Latin.&quot; {{Efn|{{harvnb|Burgess|2013|p=2}}: ''Excerpta utilissima ex priore libro chronologico Eusebii, et Africano, et aliis Latine conuersa ab homine barbaro, inepto, Hellenismi et Latinitatis imperitissimo''.}} Ana iya ba wa marubucin ko mai fassara da ba a san ko su waye ba, suna ''Barbarus Scaligeri'' ('Barbarian Scaliger'), amma kuma ana amfani da shi azaman sunan tarihin. {{Sfn|Baldwin|Kazhdan|Cutler|1991}} {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}}

Sunan da aka saba amfani da shi yana ɓatarwa domin aikin bai ƙunshi ɓangarorin da aka cire ba. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} A shekara ta 1579, farkon ambaton da aka yi masa a rubuce ya kira shi &quot; [[Alexandria|Alexandrina]] Chronicle &quot;. {{Efn|{{harvnb|Burgess|2013|p=3}}: ''chronica Alexandrina''.}} Benjamin Garstad har yanzu yana nuna shi a matsayin tarihin duniya . {{Sfn|Garstad|2018a}} {{Sfn|Garstad|2012}} Duk da haka, Richard Burgess ya yi jayayya cewa ba tarihin gaskiya ba ne amma [[Chronograph (genre)|na tarihi ne]], wanda ya bayyana a matsayin &quot;tarin tarihin asali da jerin sunayen sarauta, yawanci a cikin nau'in jerin tarihin ɗan adam, wanda za a iya ƙara shi ko a cikinsa duk wani nau'in rubutu da ya shafi tarihin lokaci, kamar jerin muhimman abubuwan tarihi, jerin episcopal, kalanda, da jerin jakadu, da kuma nazari da tattaunawa kan wannan tarihin.&quot; {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}}

== Kwanan wata da wuri ==
Akwai alamu da yawa na ciki da ke nuna cewa rubutun Latin da ya rage fassara ce ta asalin Girkanci. Waɗannan sun haɗa da yadda aka fi mayar da hankali kan Masar da kuma [[Alexandria]], amfani da tushen Girka da kuma yadda Girkawa ke riƙe da kalmomin Girka a cikin [[nahawu]] da ƙamus ɗinsa. Masu ra'ayin ɗan adam na farko waɗanda suka bincika rubutun sun fahimci wannan gaskiyar nan da nan. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}}

Masana sun yarda cewa matakin farko a cikin rubutaccen ''rubutun'' ya faru ne a Alexandria kuma ya kai matsayinsa na ƙarshe a zamanin mulkin Justinian I ( r. 527–565 ). {{Sfn|Burgess|Bell|2018}} {{Sfn|Garstad|2012}} {{Sfn|Burgess|Kulikowski|2013}} {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Burgess ya rubuta shi tsakanin 527 da 539, ranar shigarwa ta ƙarshe a cikin ''[[Consularia Vindobonensia posteriora|Consularia Vindobonensia posteriorra]]'' mai alaƙa. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Duk da haka, akwai ɗan rashin jituwa game da ranar matakin farko da kuma wurin matakin ƙarshe. Garstad ya sanya ainihin abun da aka rubuta a farkon ƙarni na 5. {{Efn|{{harvnb|Garstad|2012|p=xx}}, describes this early &quot;chronicle&quot; as &quot;a chronology with brief, mostly biblical elaborations and a series of king lists&quot;.}} Burgess ya ba da damar cewa wataƙila an kammala shi a ƙarshen ƙarni na 5, amma ya yi jayayya cewa aikin da aka faɗaɗa zuwa sigar ƙarshe a ƙarƙashin Justinian dole ne an riga an sabunta shi a lokacin mulkin Justinian na 1 ( r. 518–527 ). {{Efn|The original work corresponds to the first and second parts in Burgess's division. See {{harvnb|Burgess|2010}} and {{harvnb|Burgess|2013|pp=18–19}}.}} Garstad ya yi imanin cewa faɗaɗa aikin asali a ƙarƙashin Justinian wataƙila ya faru ne a Constantinople . {{Sfn|Garstad|2012}}

=== Fassarar Latin ===
An yarda cewa an yi fassarar Latin a cikin Faransanci . {{Efn|This is agreed by {{harvnb|Garstad|2018a}} and {{harvnb|Burgess|Bell|2018}}, although earlier {{harvnb|Burgess|2010}} had allowed for the possibility of a translation made in [[Italy]].}} A al'ada, an rubuta ta ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 7 ko farkon ƙarni na 8, zamanin Merovingian na baya. {{Sfn|Baldwin|Kazhdan|Cutler|1991}} {{Sfn|Garstad|2018a}} {{Sfn|Garstad|2012}} Wannan ranar ta dogara ne akan ƙarin, a cikin fassarar, tatsuniyar Trojan ta asalin Frankish . {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Masanin tarihi Carl Frick ya kuma yi jayayya cewa Latin yana ɗauke da halaye na Merovingian Francia. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}}

Tarihin soyayya na gargajiya ya yi daidai da zamanin rubutun Latin da ya rage. Richard Schöne ya rubuta rubutun a ƙarshen ƙarni na 7 ko farkon ƙarni na 8. EA Lowe a shekarun 1950 da {{Interlanguage link|Jean Porcher|fr}} a shekarar 1967 ya sake duba wannan tarihin bisa ga wuraren zane-zane da na fasaha, inda ya takaita wurin zuwa ga abbey of Corbie sannan ya tura lokacinsa zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 8. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Shekaru goma mafi yuwuwa don fassarar da rubutun shine shekarun 780, farkon zamanin Carolingian . {{Sfn|Burgess|Bell|2018}}

Ingancin fassarar Latin ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mara kyau a ko'ina. {{Sfn|Baldwin|Kazhdan|Cutler|1991}} {{Sfn|Garstad|2012}} {{Sfn|Burgess|2010}} Kwatanta ta da Latin na gargajiya ya sa Scaliger ya kai hari ga ƙwarewar mai fassara. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Duk da cewa fassarar ba ta da kyau ko da a cikin ma'aunin ƙarni na 8, ta fi kusa da Latin mara kyau na yau fiye da yadda Scaliger ya fahimta. {{Sfn|Garstad|2012}} {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Masana kimiyya na farko ba su da tabbas ko harshen farko na mai fassara Latin ne ko Girkanci, amma wataƙila ba ɗaya ba ne. Harshen farko na mai fassara ko dai wani nau'in tsohon Faransanci ne ko kuma harshen Jamusanci . Wataƙila ɗalibi ne a Corbie ba tare da cikakken ilimin Latin da Girkanci ba. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} An yi hasashen cewa yana da alaƙa da gidan sufi na Cimiez . {{Efn|This is based on the addition to the [[list of kings of Sparta]] of a certain Cemenelaus, which appears to be a variation of Cemeneleus, the Latin name of Cimiez. See {{harvnb|Burgess|2013|p=38}}.}}

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
[[Fayil:BnF,_MS_lat._4844,_fol._22v.jpeg|thumb|Shafi daga ''Excerctation'' yana nuna sarari da ya rage don zane wanda ba a taɓa kammalawa ba]]
Fassarar Latin ta ''Excerpta'' ce kawai ta tsira kuma a cikin rubutun hannu ɗaya. Ba shine takardar shaidar mai fassara ba, amma ainihin kyakkyawan kwafin da aka yi daga daftarinsa don haka ya samo asali ne daga shekarun 770 ko 780 kuma an yi shi a Corbie. Alamar sa a yau ita ce Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 4884 (ko kuma Parisinus latinus 4884). {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Codex ne wanda ya ƙunshi quire bakwai. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} An rubuta shi da nau'ikan Caroline minuscule pioneererd na Abbot Maurdramnus, wanda ya mulki Corbie a 772–781. Yana da cikakken haske kuma yana da sauƙin karantawa. {{Sfn|Ganz|1990}}

Misalin Girkanci da aka yi fassarar daga gare shi ya cika da kurakurai. Wataƙila kwafin da aka samar ne da yawa, ɗaya daga cikin rubuce-rubuce da dama da wasu marubuta suka rubuta. Wataƙila an samar da shi a ƙarni na 6 kuma an rubuta shi da rubutun da aka rubuta . {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} A ƙarni na 8, ya kuma yi lahani. Da farko ya ƙunshi quire tara, quire na takwas ya ɓace kuma lokacin da aka sake dawo da kundin, ba a maye gurbin murfin baya ba, wanda ya ba da damar lalata shafin ƙarshe akan lokaci. Saboda wannan dalili, fassarar ba ta da jakadun jakadanci na lokacin daga kusan AD 100 zuwa 296. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}}

A kowace hanya, kwafin Latin kwafi ne na misalin. Wataƙila an yi nufinsa ne a matsayin &quot;kwantena&quot; ga waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin karanta Girkanci. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Akwai sarari da aka bari don zane-zane na gefe da na tsakiya, amma ba a taɓa cike su ba. A lokuta goma sha uku an ƙara taken, kodayake ba su yi daidai da hotuna ba. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Yana yiwuwa zane-zanen sun ƙare saboda mai zane ya mutu. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Ana iya gano mai zane ta hanyar P da aka rubuta a farkon rubutun kuma Lat. 4884 shine aikinsa na ƙarshe da aka sani. {{Sfn|Ganz|1990}} Hakanan yana iya zama cewa ba a taɓa kammala zane-zanen ba saboda mai misalin ya dawo da shi. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} An gano mai misalin Girka a shafi na farko a matsayin Bishop George na Amiens ( r. 767–798 ), wanda wataƙila ɗan Girka ne daga Italiya kuma ya sami kwafinsa a can kafin ya bayar, ya ba da aro ko ya sayar da rubutun ga Corbie. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>e31sv30fn8ma8o5zujach7od78uvs7c</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>843719</id>
      <parentid>843718</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T23:19:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>843719</origin>
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      <text bytes="8760" sha1="44k0la99uvifbpt111tsxd10vv6i9pq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Littafin '''''Excerpta Latina Barbari''''', {{Efn|'Latin extracts of the barbarian' ({{harvnb|Garstad|2018a}}) or 'The Barbarian's Latin Excerpts' ({{harvnb|Burgess|2013|p=2}}).}} wanda kuma ake kira '''''Chronographia Scaligeriana''''', {{Efn|'Scaligerian chronograph'}} wani tsohon tarin tarihi ne na tarihi, wanda aka rubuta shi da Girkanci a cikin AD 527–539 amma ya tsira ne kawai a cikin fassarar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 8. Ba a san asalin marubucin/mai tattarawa na asali da na mai fassara ba.

== Suna da nau'in ==
Sunan ''da'' aka fi sani da shi a yanzu, wanda aka samo asali daga bayanin editan farko, Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540–1609). {{Sfn|Burgess|Bell|2018}} {{Sfn|Baldwin|Kazhdan|Cutler|1991}} Ya bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;ƙananan bayanai masu amfani daga kundin tarihin Eusebius, Africanus, da sauransu, wanda wani jahili mara hankali wanda ba shi da ƙwarewa a Girkanci ko Latin ya fassara zuwa Latin.&quot; {{Efn|{{harvnb|Burgess|2013|p=2}}: ''Excerpta utilissima ex priore libro chronologico Eusebii, et Africano, et aliis Latine conuersa ab homine barbaro, inepto, Hellenismi et Latinitatis imperitissimo''.}} Ana iya ba wa marubucin ko mai fassara da ba a san ko su waye ba, suna ''Barbarus Scaligeri'' ('Barbarian Scaliger'), amma kuma ana amfani da shi azaman sunan tarihin. {{Sfn|Baldwin|Kazhdan|Cutler|1991}} {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}}

Sunan da aka saba amfani da shi yana ɓatarwa domin aikin bai ƙunshi ɓangarorin da aka cire ba. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} A shekara ta 1579, farkon ambaton da aka yi masa a rubuce ya kira shi &quot; [[Alexandria|Alexandrina]] Chronicle &quot;. {{Efn|{{harvnb|Burgess|2013|p=3}}: ''chronica Alexandrina''.}} Benjamin Garstad har yanzu yana nuna shi a matsayin tarihin duniya . {{Sfn|Garstad|2018a}} {{Sfn|Garstad|2012}} Duk da haka, Richard Burgess ya yi jayayya cewa ba tarihin gaskiya ba ne amma [[Chronograph (genre)|na tarihi ne]], wanda ya bayyana a matsayin &quot;tarin tarihin asali da jerin sunayen sarauta, yawanci a cikin nau'in jerin tarihin ɗan adam, wanda za a iya ƙara shi ko a cikinsa duk wani nau'in rubutu da ya shafi tarihin lokaci, kamar jerin muhimman abubuwan tarihi, jerin episcopal, kalanda, da jerin jakadu, da kuma nazari da tattaunawa kan wannan tarihin.&quot; {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}}

== Kwanan wata da wuri ==
Akwai alamu da yawa na ciki da ke nuna cewa rubutun Latin da ya rage fassara ce ta asalin Girkanci. Waɗannan sun haɗa da yadda aka fi mayar da hankali kan Masar da kuma [[Alexandria]], amfani da tushen Girka da kuma yadda Girkawa ke riƙe da kalmomin Girka a cikin [[nahawu]] da ƙamus ɗinsa. Masu ra'ayin ɗan adam na farko waɗanda suka bincika rubutun sun fahimci wannan gaskiyar nan da nan. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}}

Masana sun yarda cewa matakin farko a cikin rubutaccen ''rubutun'' ya faru ne a Alexandria kuma ya kai matsayinsa na ƙarshe a zamanin mulkin Justinian I ( r. 527–565 ). {{Sfn|Burgess|Bell|2018}} {{Sfn|Garstad|2012}} {{Sfn|Burgess|Kulikowski|2013}} {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Burgess ya rubuta shi tsakanin 527 da 539, ranar shigarwa ta ƙarshe a cikin ''[[Consularia Vindobonensia posteriora|Consularia Vindobonensia posteriorra]]'' mai alaƙa. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Duk da haka, akwai ɗan rashin jituwa game da ranar matakin farko da kuma wurin matakin ƙarshe. Garstad ya sanya ainihin abun da aka rubuta a farkon ƙarni na 5. {{Efn|{{harvnb|Garstad|2012|p=xx}}, describes this early &quot;chronicle&quot; as &quot;a chronology with brief, mostly biblical elaborations and a series of king lists&quot;.}} Burgess ya ba da damar cewa wataƙila an kammala shi a ƙarshen ƙarni na 5, amma ya yi jayayya cewa aikin da aka faɗaɗa zuwa sigar ƙarshe a ƙarƙashin Justinian dole ne an riga an sabunta shi a lokacin mulkin Justinian na 1 ( r. 518–527 ). {{Efn|The original work corresponds to the first and second parts in Burgess's division. See {{harvnb|Burgess|2010}} and {{harvnb|Burgess|2013|pp=18–19}}.}} Garstad ya yi imanin cewa faɗaɗa aikin asali a ƙarƙashin Justinian wataƙila ya faru ne a Constantinople . {{Sfn|Garstad|2012}}

=== Fassarar Latin ===
An yarda cewa an yi fassarar Latin a cikin Faransanci . {{Efn|This is agreed by {{harvnb|Garstad|2018a}} and {{harvnb|Burgess|Bell|2018}}, although earlier {{harvnb|Burgess|2010}} had allowed for the possibility of a translation made in [[Italy]].}} A al'ada, an rubuta ta ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 7 ko farkon ƙarni na 8, zamanin Merovingian na baya. {{Sfn|Baldwin|Kazhdan|Cutler|1991}} {{Sfn|Garstad|2018a}} {{Sfn|Garstad|2012}} Wannan ranar ta dogara ne akan ƙarin, a cikin fassarar, tatsuniyar Trojan ta asalin Frankish . {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Masanin tarihi Carl Frick ya kuma yi jayayya cewa Latin yana ɗauke da halaye na Merovingian Francia. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}}

Tarihin soyayya na gargajiya ya yi daidai da zamanin rubutun Latin da ya rage. Richard Schöne ya rubuta rubutun a ƙarshen ƙarni na 7 ko farkon ƙarni na 8. EA Lowe a shekarun 1950 da {{Interlanguage link|Jean Porcher|fr}} a shekarar 1967 ya sake duba wannan tarihin bisa ga wuraren zane-zane da na fasaha, inda ya takaita wurin zuwa ga abbey of Corbie sannan ya tura lokacinsa zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 8. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Shekaru goma mafi yuwuwa don fassarar da rubutun shine shekarun 780, farkon zamanin Carolingian . {{Sfn|Burgess|Bell|2018}}

Ingancin fassarar Latin ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mara kyau a ko'ina. {{Sfn|Baldwin|Kazhdan|Cutler|1991}} {{Sfn|Garstad|2012}} {{Sfn|Burgess|2010}} Kwatanta ta da Latin na gargajiya ya sa Scaliger ya kai hari ga ƙwarewar mai fassara. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Duk da cewa fassarar ba ta da kyau ko da a cikin ma'aunin ƙarni na 8, ta fi kusa da Latin mara kyau na yau fiye da yadda Scaliger ya fahimta. {{Sfn|Garstad|2012}} {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Masana kimiyya na farko ba su da tabbas ko harshen farko na mai fassara Latin ne ko Girkanci, amma wataƙila ba ɗaya ba ne. Harshen farko na mai fassara ko dai wani nau'in tsohon Faransanci ne ko kuma harshen Jamusanci . Wataƙila ɗalibi ne a Corbie ba tare da cikakken ilimin Latin da Girkanci ba. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} An yi hasashen cewa yana da alaƙa da gidan sufi na Cimiez . {{Efn|This is based on the addition to the [[list of kings of Sparta]] of a certain Cemenelaus, which appears to be a variation of Cemeneleus, the Latin name of Cimiez. See {{harvnb|Burgess|2013|p=38}}.}}

== Rubuce-rubuce ==
[[Fayil:BnF,_MS_lat._4844,_fol._22v.jpeg|thumb|Shafi daga ''Excerctation'' yana nuna sarari da ya rage don zane wanda ba a taɓa kammalawa ba]]
Fassarar Latin ta ''Excerpta'' ce kawai ta tsira kuma a cikin rubutun hannu ɗaya. Ba shine takardar shaidar mai fassara ba, amma ainihin kyakkyawan kwafin da aka yi daga daftarinsa don haka ya samo asali ne daga shekarun 770 ko 780 kuma an yi shi a Corbie. Alamar sa a yau ita ce Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Lat. 4884 (ko kuma Parisinus latinus 4884). {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Codex ne wanda ya ƙunshi quire bakwai. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} An rubuta shi da nau'ikan Caroline minuscule pioneererd na Abbot Maurdramnus, wanda ya mulki Corbie a 772–781. Yana da cikakken haske kuma yana da sauƙin karantawa. {{Sfn|Ganz|1990}}

Misalin Girkanci da aka yi fassarar daga gare shi ya cika da kurakurai. Wataƙila kwafin da aka samar ne da yawa, ɗaya daga cikin rubuce-rubuce da dama da wasu marubuta suka rubuta. Wataƙila an samar da shi a ƙarni na 6 kuma an rubuta shi da rubutun da aka rubuta . {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} A ƙarni na 8, ya kuma yi lahani. Da farko ya ƙunshi quire tara, quire na takwas ya ɓace kuma lokacin da aka sake dawo da kundin, ba a maye gurbin murfin baya ba, wanda ya ba da damar lalata shafin ƙarshe akan lokaci. Saboda wannan dalili, fassarar ba ta da jakadun jakadanci na lokacin daga kusan AD 100 zuwa 296. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}}

A kowace hanya, kwafin Latin kwafi ne na misalin. Wataƙila an yi nufinsa ne a matsayin &quot;kwantena&quot; ga waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin karanta Girkanci. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Akwai sarari da aka bari don zane-zane na gefe da na tsakiya, amma ba a taɓa cike su ba. A lokuta goma sha uku an ƙara taken, kodayake ba su yi daidai da hotuna ba. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Yana yiwuwa zane-zanen sun ƙare saboda mai zane ya mutu. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} Ana iya gano mai zane ta hanyar P da aka rubuta a farkon rubutun kuma Lat. 4884 shine aikinsa na ƙarshe da aka sani. {{Sfn|Ganz|1990}} Hakanan yana iya zama cewa ba a taɓa kammala zane-zanen ba saboda mai misalin ya dawo da shi. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}} An gano mai misalin Girka a shafi na farko a matsayin Bishop George na Amiens ( r. 767–798 ), wanda wataƙila ɗan Girka ne daga Italiya kuma ya sami kwafinsa a can kafin ya bayar, ya ba da aro ko ya sayar da rubutun ga Corbie. {{Sfn|Burgess|2013}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>44k0la99uvifbpt111tsxd10vv6i9pq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawa:Tambarin Nijar</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>153614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843720</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T23:57:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32183-85</username>
        <id>45362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Haruna */ sabon sashe</comment>
      <origin>843720</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="163" sha1="nv411x0medjmy4xxn7o5v9icxlex202" xml:space="preserve">== Haruna ==

Muhammad [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-32183-85|&amp;#126;2026-32183-85]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-32183-85|talk]]) 23:57, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>nv411x0medjmy4xxn7o5v9icxlex202</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843721</id>
      <parentid>843720</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T23:59:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-32183-85</username>
        <id>45362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Haruna Muhammad */ sabon sashe</comment>
      <origin>843721</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="341" sha1="geogv8o9a7m99ao9g3dcfa2y9xkhi3a" xml:space="preserve">== Haruna ==

Muhammad [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-32183-85|&amp;#126;2026-32183-85]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-32183-85|talk]]) 23:57, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)

== Haruna Muhammad ==

Niger zender [[Musamman:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-32183-85|&amp;#126;2026-32183-85]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&amp;#126;2026-32183-85|talk]]) 23:59, 30 Mayu 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>geogv8o9a7m99ao9g3dcfa2y9xkhi3a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Misira</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330879266|Water supply and sanitation in Egypt]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="8665" sha1="nk4bh6i9ze1fhh1z7ing5e6sncr4uwv" xml:space="preserve">Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;sanitation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona.

Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.&lt;ref name=&quot;mehsip&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren.

Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira ==
[[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]]
Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa &lt;sup&gt;mai&lt;/sup&gt; tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&amp;nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 &lt;sup&gt;m3&lt;/sup&gt; a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita &lt;sup&gt;1000&lt;/sup&gt; na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 &lt;sup&gt;kawai&lt;/sup&gt; a kowace shekara.  Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a &lt;sup&gt;kowace&lt;/sup&gt; rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun ruwa ==
A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa &quot;akalla na asali&quot; kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar &quot;aƙalla ruwa na asali&quot; da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar &quot;a ƙalla&quot; tsabtace muhalli ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&amp;tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&amp;tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#E6E6FA&quot; |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
!Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) &lt;br /&gt;
!Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) &lt;br /&gt;
!Jimillar
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ruwa
|[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]]
|100%
|63%
|63%
|-
|Haɗin gida
|100%
|93%
|96%
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Tsabtace Yanayi
|Bayani mai zurfi
|97%
|93%
|95%
|-
|Rashin ruwa
|n/a
|n/a
|50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) 
|}
A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008.  Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka.

Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNHRC Sanitation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta ==
[[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]]
A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c.

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'''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Misira''' an tsara su ne ta hanyar manyan nasarori da ƙalubale masu ɗorewa. Kasar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, wanda ke samar da kashi 90% na jimlar albarkatun ruwa, wanda ya kai cubic mita biliyan 55 a kowace shekara, adadi da bai canza ba tun 1954. Koyaya, buƙatar ruwa ta ƙasa ta wuce cubic mita biliyan 90, wanda ke haifar da karancin ruwa na yau da kullun. A sakamakon haka, wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum ya ragu zuwa mita 570 a cikin 2018, da kyau a ƙasa da ƙarancin ruwa na mita 1,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;sanitation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124#:~:text=The%20country%20highlights%20the%20following,soap%20and%20water%20increased%20from |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mayar da martani, Masar ta ba da fifiko ga kiyaye ruwa da kayan aikin tsabtace ruwa don inganta iyakantaccen albarkatun yayin magance karuwar amfani daga karuwar yawan jama'a da fadada aikin gona.

Tsakanin 1990 da 2010, Masar ta fadada damar samun ruwa mai bututu, ta kara yawan birane daga 89% zuwa 100% da kuma yankunan karkara daga 39% zuwa 93%, yayin da kuma kawar da budewa a yankunan karamar hukuma. A shekara ta 2019, kashi 96.9% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau, yayin da isasshen tsabtace muhalli ya tashi daga kashi 50% a 2015 zuwa 66.2% a 2019, kuma rabon ruwan da aka tsabtace ya kai kashi 74% a shekarar 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt - SDG 6 Data |url=https://www.sdg6data.org/en/country-or-area/Egypt |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=United Nations SDG 6 Data Portal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sauye-sauyen ma'aikata sun tsara bangaren ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Masar, tare da Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa (HCWW) da aka kirkira a 2004 da kuma Hukumar Kula da Rashin Ruwa ta Masar (EWRA) da aka kafa a 2006 don kula da samar da sabis da aiwatar da tsari.&lt;ref name=&quot;mehsip&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=European Investment Bank |author-link=European Investment Bank |year=2008 |title=Horizon 2020 - Elaboration of a Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme (MeHSIP) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/med/pdf/mehsip_report.pdf |access-date=2009-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake kashi 98% na Masarawa yanzu suna da damar samun akalla maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙalubalen suna ci gaba. Rabin yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da alaƙa da magudanar tsabta, kuma farfadowa mai ƙarancin farashi saboda wasu ƙananan farashin ruwa a duniya suna buƙatar tallafin gwamnati mai yawa. Wadannan matsalolin kudi, wadanda suka kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar albashi bayan 2011 ba tare da daidaitawar farashi ba, sun hana fadada ababen more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, rashin aiki na kayan aiki, iyakancewar lissafin gwamnati, da ƙarancin nuna gaskiya sun kara matsawa bangaren.

Taimako na kasashen waje ya kasance mai mahimmanci, tare da Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa, Jamus, Bankin Duniya, da sauran masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da ke ba da kuɗi da ƙwarewar fasaha. Duk da yake sauye-sauyen bangarorin sun yi niyyar inganta farfadowa da ingancin sabis, shigar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta kasance mai iyaka, da farko an tsare shi ga ayyukan Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) don tsire-tsire na magani.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa a Misira ==
[[Fayil:View_from_Cairo_Tower_31march2007.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] shine kawai tushen ruwa ga mafi yawan Masar, gami da babban birnin [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da aka nuna a nan.]]
Babban tushen ruwan sha na Masar shine Kogin Nilu. Kogin yana samar da ruwa &lt;sup&gt;mai&lt;/sup&gt; tsafta miliyan 55 a kowace shekara, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 97% na dukkan albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa a Masar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/basic-page/egypt-34124 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=sdgs.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gabaɗaya, Kogin Nilu yana samar da kusan kashi 90% na ruwan da Masar ke samarwa. An kiyasta matsakaicin [[ruwan sama]] a Masar ya kai kashi 18.&amp;nbsp;mm ko biliyan 1.8 &lt;sup&gt;m3&lt;/sup&gt; a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Masar tana da magudanan ruwa guda huɗu daban-daban na [[Ruwa na kasa|ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa]] : Kogin Nilu, Nubian Sandstone Aquifer, Moghra Aquifer da Coastal Aquifer. Tun daga shekarar 2005, an sanya Masar a matsayin ƙasa [[Rashin ruwa|mai ƙarancin ruwa]] saboda tana da ƙasa da mita &lt;sup&gt;1000&lt;/sup&gt; na ruwa mai tsafta a kowace shekara ga kowane mutum. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2025 yawan jama'a zai kai miliyan 95, wanda ke nufin kason kowane mutum na mita 600 &lt;sup&gt;kawai&lt;/sup&gt; a kowace shekara.  Birane a bakin Tekun Ja kamar [[Hurghada]] suna samun ruwa daga kogin Nilu da ake turawa ta bututun mai. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2015 an ba da kwangilar tashar tace ruwan teku mai mita 80,000 a &lt;sup&gt;kowace&lt;/sup&gt; rana don samar wa birnin ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt puts seal on desalination sea change |publisher=Global Water Intelligence, May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samun ruwa ==
A cikin shekara ta 2015, kashi 98% na yawan jama'a suna da damar samun ruwa &quot;akalla na asali&quot; kuma kashi 93% suna da damar yin amfani da [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]]. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai mutane miliyan 1.8 ba tare da samun damar &quot;aƙalla ruwa na asali&quot; da miliyan 6.4 ba tare da damar &quot;a ƙalla&quot; tsabtace muhalli ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=https://www.washwatch.org/en/countries/egypt/summary/statistics/ |access-date=21 March 2017 |website=WASHWatch}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: Documents |url=https://www.wssinfo.org/documents/?tx_displaycontroller%5Bregion%5D=&amp;tx_displaycontroller%5Bsearch_word%5D=egypt&amp;tx_displaycontroller%5Btype%5D=country_files |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=www.wssinfo.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#E6E6FA&quot; |Samun Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa a Misira (2010) &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Coverage Estimates Improved Drinking Water. |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209002836/http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/ |archive-date=2014-02-09 |access-date=2012-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
!Urban (43% na yawan jama'a) &lt;br /&gt;
!Karkara (57% na yawan jama'a) &lt;br /&gt;
!Jimillar
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ruwa
|[[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|Bayani mai zurfi]]
|100%
|63%
|63%
|-
|Haɗin gida
|100%
|93%
|96%
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Tsabtace Yanayi
|Bayani mai zurfi
|97%
|93%
|95%
|-
|Rashin ruwa
|n/a
|n/a
|50% (ƙidayar shekara ta 2006) 
|}
A cewar Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar: Sabuntawa na Sashin Birane, Masar ta kai ga Manufar Ci Gaban Millennium na rage yawan mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa mai kyau da tsabta ba ta hanyar 2015 kafin lokaci a cikin 2008.  Koyaya, bisa ga rahoton gwamnati na wannan shekarar, Misira har yanzu ba ta da hanya don cimma burin tsabta a yankunan karkara, musamman a Upper Egypt da kuma gwamnatocin iyaka.

Gidan wanka na Soakaway, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara, sau da yawa ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata saboda babban teburin ruwa na ƙasa. Rashin ruwa da tsagewa a cikin ganuwar yana haifar da zubar da ruwa wanda ke gurɓata titunan da ke kewaye, canals, da ruwan kasa. Motocin da ke zubar da latrines da tankuna na septic ba lallai bane su fitar da septage a cikin tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa, amma a maimakon haka su zubar da abun ciki a cikin muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNHRC Sanitation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations |last2=General Assembly |last3=Human Rights Council |date=5 July 2010 |title=Report of the independent expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque Addendum Mission to Egypt |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G10/149/35/PDF/G1014935.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=31 October 2016 |pages=12–13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da ruwa da halayyar tsabta ==
[[File:Egypt_water_allocation_use.gif|thumb|309x309px|Rarraba amfani da ruwa a Misira]]
A matakin kasa, an kiyasta amfani da ruwa na cikin gida a Misira a mita cubic biliyan 5.5 a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 8% na jimlar amfani da ruwa. Wannan ya dace da matsakaicin amfani na yau da kullun na lita 200 ga kowane mutum, kusan ninki biyu na matakin amfani a Jamus. Koyaya, ainihin amfani da cikin gida ya kasance ƙasa saboda asarar cibiyar sadarwa kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban. A ƙarshen karni na 20, shigar da damar samar da ruwan sha ya kasance daga lita 70 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana (L / c / d) a Upper Egypt zuwa 330 L / c /d a Alkahira, yayin da Alexandria ta rubuta amfani da kusan 300 L / c.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kamfanin Ruwa na Alexandria</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1276652209|Alexandria Water Company]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4688" sha1="04z4uqbkarjk8ajn1f871p886s5pt1p" xml:space="preserve">'''Kamfanin [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]] na Alexandria''' (AWCO) kamfani ne na ruwa na birnin da kuma lardin Alexandria, Misira . An kafa shi a 1860 a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin haka sama da shekaru 100 kafin a zama kasa a ƙarƙashin mulkin [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] . A wannan lokacin ya zama Babban Hukumar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AWGA), sashen Gwamnatin Alexandria wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa. A shekara ta 2004, ta hanyar sake fasalin bangarorin kasa da kasa ya zama kamfani mai cinikayya a karkashin dokar masu zaman kansu. An canja ayyukan tsabtace ruwa da tsabtace ruwa zuwa wani kamfani daban, Babban Kungiyar Alexandria don Rage Sanitary (AGOSD), daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa Kamfanin Sanitary da Rage na Alexandria (ASDCO).  Kamfanin ruwa ya zama kamfani a karkashin Dokar sirri, ya koma tsohon sunansa AWCO kuma ya sami 'yancin kai. Dukansu AWCO da ASDCO suna daga cikin Kamfanin Gudanar da Ruwa da Ruwa, wanda ke da duk kayan aiki a Misira. AWCO tana hidimtawa mazauna miliyan 4.5, adadin da ke ƙaruwa zuwa miliyan 6 a lokacin bazara. Kamfanin ruwa na Alexandria yana daya daga cikin masu samar da sabis na ruwa mafi kyau a Misira, wanda ya kasance na biyar a cikin masu amfani da ruwa 22 ta Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Masar a cikin 2012/13.&lt;ref&gt;Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:&quot;Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policymakers&quot; (PDF). (3.7 MB)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==
Birnin Iskandariya yana karɓar ruwa daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] ta hanyar Mahmoudiyah Canal da &quot;Drinking Water Canal&quot; wanda ya rabu da Mahoudiyah Canal. Tsire-tsire masu tsabtace ruwa guda shida suna samun ruwan su daga waɗannan hanyoyin biyu. Canal Noubaria yana kawo ruwan Nilu zuwa ƙauyuka a yammacin Gwamnatin. Akwai wasu shuke-shuke biyu na tsabtace ruwa a kan Canal Noubaria. Saboda Alexandria tana ƙasa a kan Kogin Nilu, [[ingancin ruwa]] mai laushi [[Rashin lalacewar muhalli|ya lalace]], gami da yashi, ciyawa da tarkace. Hakanan gishirin ruwa ya karu zuwa kusan kashi 600 a kowace miliyan. Ana kula da ruwa sosai don ya dace da ka'idodin ingancin ruwan sha na Masar. Kowace masana'antar tsabtace ruwa tana da nasa dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda ke sa ido kan ingancin ruwan da aka tsabtace a kai a kai. Bugu da kari, akwai dakin gwaje-gwaje na tsakiya wanda aka tabbatar da shi bisa ga ma'auni na ISO 17025:2005. Ana ɗaukar samfurori na ruwa a kowane mako daga cibiyar rarrabawa kuma sun nuna bin ƙa'idodi 98.4% a cikin 2010-11. 

== Gudanar da kamfanoni da rawar mata ==
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, dukkan mambobi takwas na Kwamitin Daraktocin AWCO, gami da shugabanta, Nadia Abdou, mata ne, yana mai da shi daya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan a duniyar Larabawa da mata ke gudanarwa. Kwamitin daraktoci ya kunshi mambobi biyar wadanda suke ma'aikatan AWCO, gami da shugabanta, da kuma mambobi hudu na waje. Gwamnatin Alexandria ce ta nada mambobi biyu na kwamitin waje kuma Kamfanin Holding Company for Water and Wastewater wanda ke da AWCO kuma wanda kwamitin daraktocinsa ke ba da rahoto. AWCO tana da 'yanci don amfani da kasafin kuɗin aiki ta kowace hanya da take so. Koyaya, shirye-shiryen saka hannun jari da duk wani sake fasalin ciki dole ne Kamfanin Holding ya amince da su. Karin farashin zama ba ya faruwa akai-akai. Dole ne kamfanin riƙewa, hukumar kula da ruwa ta kasa EWRA, Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Ma'aikatan Ministoci, Shugaban Jamhuriyar da Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa su amince da su. Kamfanin na iya saita farashin masana'antu.

== Juyin Halitta na Ayyuka ==
Tsakanin 2000 da 2004 mai amfani ya sami tsari na ci gaban iyawa wanda ya bayyana kansa a cikin inganta yawan alamun aiki. Misali, mai amfani ya gabatar da ƙarfafawar ma'aikaci. Masu binciken filin sun sami fam biyar na Masar (kimanin US $ 0.80) don kowane haɗin da ba bisa ka'ida ba da suka gano. Har ila yau, masu karatu da masu tarawa sun sami karfafawa daidai da kashi 30% na albashinsu don wucewa ga manufofi na kowane wata. Bugu da ƙari, an inganta sa ido kan ingancin ruwa kuma an gabatar da ma'auni na ciki da kayan aikin hasashen kuɗi. Mai amfani ya kara bin ka'idodin ruwan sha na Masar daga 90% zuwa 100%; gamsuwa da abokin ciniki ya inganta daga 60% zuwa 82%; an rage ruwan da ba na samun kudin shiga ba daga 38% zuwa 30% kuma ingancin tattara lissafi ya karu daga 59% zuwa 81%. Taimako na fasaha da masu ba da gudummawa daban-daban suka bayar ([[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]], GTZ da Netherlands) sun taimaka wajen kawo waɗannan ci gaba. Ba a bayyana yadda aka ci gaba da waɗannan ci gaba ba a tsawon lokaci. A cewar wani binciken, ingancin tattarawa ya sake raguwa zuwa 65-70% a cikin 2008.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843728</id>
      <parentid>843727</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T04:49:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843728</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4701" sha1="851l226n9w8sq52xhjkukq08n8vdeua" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Kamfanin [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]] na Alexandria''' (AWCO) kamfani ne na ruwa na birnin da kuma lardin Alexandria, Misira . An kafa shi a 1860 a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin haka sama da shekaru 100 kafin a zama kasa a ƙarƙashin mulkin [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] . A wannan lokacin ya zama Babban Hukumar Ruwa ta Alexandria (AWGA), sashen Gwamnatin Alexandria wanda ke kula da samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa. A shekara ta 2004, ta hanyar sake fasalin bangarorin kasa da kasa ya zama kamfani mai cinikayya a karkashin dokar masu zaman kansu. An canja ayyukan tsabtace ruwa da tsabtace ruwa zuwa wani kamfani daban, Babban Kungiyar Alexandria don Rage Sanitary (AGOSD), daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa Kamfanin Sanitary da Rage na Alexandria (ASDCO).  Kamfanin ruwa ya zama kamfani a karkashin Dokar sirri, ya koma tsohon sunansa AWCO kuma ya sami 'yancin kai. Dukansu AWCO da ASDCO suna daga cikin Kamfanin Gudanar da Ruwa da Ruwa, wanda ke da duk kayan aiki a Misira. AWCO tana hidimtawa mazauna miliyan 4.5, adadin da ke ƙaruwa zuwa miliyan 6 a lokacin bazara. Kamfanin ruwa na Alexandria yana daya daga cikin masu samar da sabis na ruwa mafi kyau a Misira, wanda ya kasance na biyar a cikin masu amfani da ruwa 22 ta Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Masar a cikin 2012/13.&lt;ref&gt;Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:&quot;Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policymakers&quot; (PDF). (3.7 MB)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==
Birnin Iskandariya yana karɓar ruwa daga [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] ta hanyar Mahmoudiyah Canal da &quot;Drinking Water Canal&quot; wanda ya rabu da Mahoudiyah Canal. Tsire-tsire masu tsabtace ruwa guda shida suna samun ruwan su daga waɗannan hanyoyin biyu. Canal Noubaria yana kawo ruwan Nilu zuwa ƙauyuka a yammacin Gwamnatin. Akwai wasu shuke-shuke biyu na tsabtace ruwa a kan Canal Noubaria. Saboda Alexandria tana ƙasa a kan Kogin Nilu, [[ingancin ruwa]] mai laushi [[Rashin lalacewar muhalli|ya lalace]], gami da yashi, ciyawa da tarkace. Hakanan gishirin ruwa ya karu zuwa kusan kashi 600 a kowace miliyan. Ana kula da ruwa sosai don ya dace da ka'idodin ingancin ruwan sha na Masar. Kowace masana'antar tsabtace ruwa tana da nasa dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda ke sa ido kan ingancin ruwan da aka tsabtace a kai a kai. Bugu da kari, akwai dakin gwaje-gwaje na tsakiya wanda aka tabbatar da shi bisa ga ma'auni na ISO 17025:2005. Ana ɗaukar samfurori na ruwa a kowane mako daga cibiyar rarrabawa kuma sun nuna bin ƙa'idodi 98.4% a cikin 2010-11. 

== Gudanar da kamfanoni da rawar mata ==
Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, dukkan mambobi takwas na Kwamitin Daraktocin AWCO, gami da shugabanta, Nadia Abdou, mata ne, yana mai da shi daya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan a duniyar Larabawa da mata ke gudanarwa. Kwamitin daraktoci ya kunshi mambobi biyar wadanda suke ma'aikatan AWCO, gami da shugabanta, da kuma mambobi hudu na waje. Gwamnatin Alexandria ce ta nada mambobi biyu na kwamitin waje kuma Kamfanin Holding Company for Water and Wastewater wanda ke da AWCO kuma wanda kwamitin daraktocinsa ke ba da rahoto. AWCO tana da 'yanci don amfani da kasafin kuɗin aiki ta kowace hanya da take so. Koyaya, shirye-shiryen saka hannun jari da duk wani sake fasalin ciki dole ne Kamfanin Holding ya amince da su. Karin farashin zama ba ya faruwa akai-akai. Dole ne kamfanin riƙewa, hukumar kula da ruwa ta kasa EWRA, Ma'aikatar Gidaje, Ma'aikatan Ministoci, Shugaban Jamhuriyar da Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa su amince da su. Kamfanin na iya saita farashin masana'antu.

== Juyin Halitta na Ayyuka ==
Tsakanin 2000 da 2004 mai amfani ya sami tsari na ci gaban iyawa wanda ya bayyana kansa a cikin inganta yawan alamun aiki. Misali, mai amfani ya gabatar da ƙarfafawar ma'aikaci. Masu binciken filin sun sami fam biyar na Masar (kimanin US $ 0.80) don kowane haɗin da ba bisa ka'ida ba da suka gano. Har ila yau, masu karatu da masu tarawa sun sami karfafawa daidai da kashi 30% na albashinsu don wucewa ga manufofi na kowane wata. Bugu da ƙari, an inganta sa ido kan ingancin ruwa kuma an gabatar da ma'auni na ciki da kayan aikin hasashen kuɗi. Mai amfani ya kara bin ka'idodin ruwan sha na Masar daga 90% zuwa 100%; gamsuwa da abokin ciniki ya inganta daga 60% zuwa 82%; an rage ruwan da ba na samun kudin shiga ba daga 38% zuwa 30% kuma ingancin tattara lissafi ya karu daga 59% zuwa 81%. Taimako na fasaha da masu ba da gudummawa daban-daban suka bayar ([[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]], GTZ da Netherlands) sun taimaka wajen kawo waɗannan ci gaba. Ba a bayyana yadda aka ci gaba da waɗannan ci gaba ba a tsawon lokaci. A cewar wani binciken, ingancin tattarawa ya sake raguwa zuwa 65-70% a cikin 2008.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>851l226n9w8sq52xhjkukq08n8vdeua</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta Kasa (Masar)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843729</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T04:50:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1249671376|The National Water Research Center (Egypt)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843729</origin>
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[[Fayil:Concrete_lined_irrigation_canal.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar bincike ta kirkira a matsayin aikin zanga-zangar arewa maso yammacin Alkahira a cikin shekarun 1970s.]]
NWRC tana aiki da Ma'aikatar albarkatun ruwa da ban ruwa (Masar) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NWRC team |title=Water Survey Projects |url=https://www.nwrc.gov.eg/ |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=National Water Research Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; don ci gaba da hanzarta aiwatar da manufofin ruwa na kasa. A matsayin ƙungiyar bincike da ci gaba ta MWRI, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; NWRC tana daidaitawa da gudanar da bincike na asali da aikace-aikace don ganowa, bayyanawa, da kuma ƙididdige matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa a Misira. Don waɗannan matsalolin an ba da umarnin NWRC don samar da mafita masu ban sha'awa da kuma sadarwa da su ga masu amfani na ƙarshe; sabili da haka, inganta binciken bincike. Matsayinta a matsayin kungiyar kasa ta wuce MWRI; tana taimakawa sauran ma'aikatu da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke fuskantar matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa ta hanyar sauƙaƙe samun damar ƙwarewa.

Kungiyar '''NWRC''' ta kunshi cibiyoyin bincike 12; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=El-Khairiya |title=Water Resources Research Institute (WRRI), National Water Research Center(NWRC), Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation |url=https://gadri.net/members/2016/02/egypt-2.html |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=Global Alliance of Disaster Research Institutes}}&lt;/ref&gt; da gaske suna magance fannoni masu alaƙa da albarkatun ruwa masu zuwa: Ruwa na Ruwa, Hydraulics, Hydraulic Structures da Injin, Surface da Groundwater Hydrology, Sediment Transport, Ruwa Quality da Kula da Ruwan Ruwan, Kariya ta Tekun da Tekun, [[Canjin yanayi]] da Geo-Matsayi, Ruwa Socio-Economics.

== Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanar da Ruwa (WMRI) ==
Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanar da Ruwa tana mai da hankali kan manufofin zane waɗanda ke tsara ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa ba tare da la'akari da yanayin yanayi ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 October 2015 |title=Water Management Research Institute |url=https://archive.unescwa.org/water-management-research-institute |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=unescwa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yankunan Bincike ===

* Shirin ban ruwa
* Rarraba ruwa mafi kyau da rarraba
* Tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Tsarin ban ruwa
* Binciken alamun aikin tsarin ban ruwa

== Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa (DRI) ==
Manufar DRI ita ce gudanar da bincike don tallafawa shirye-shiryen kasa don ci gaban magudanar ƙasa a Misira. Wannan daga baya yana haifar da aiwatar da tsarin magudanar ruwa wanda ba kawai yana da tasiri ba har ma da tattalin arziki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NWRC team |title=Drainage Research Institute |url=https://dri.nwrc.gov.eg/ |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=dri.nwrc.gov.eg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yankunan bincike ===

* Ka'idodin ƙirar aiki na cibiyar sadarwa ruwa
* Gwaje-gwaje da kimanta sabbin fasahohi da kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar ruwa
* Tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na hanyoyin sadarwar ruwa
* Ci gaban jagororin sake amfani da ruwa mai zurfi a aikin gona
* Inganta ikon tsabtace kai

'''Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa (WRRI) '''

'''''Cibiyar ta rufe wuraren bincike na:'''''

* Binciken Ruwa na tsarin Wadi da ambaliyar ruwa
* Kyakkyawan ƙirar ƙira don tsarin kula da [[ambaliyar ruwa]] da hanyoyin sadarwar ruwa
* Tasirin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Nilu akan shigowa zuwa [[Tafkin Nasser]]
* Kyakkyawan dabarun ci gaban albarkatun ruwa na kasa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water Resources Research Institute (WRRI) |url=https://gadri.net/members/pdf/Egypt_Water%20Resources%20Research%20Institute%20(WRRI),%20National%20Water%20Research%20Center%20(NWRC),%20Ministry%20of%20Water%20Resources%20and%20Irrigation%20(MWRI).pdf |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=gadri.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cibiyar Binciken Kula da Tashar (CMRI) ==
Matsayin CMRI shine tsara mafita na gudanar da hanyoyin ruwa masu budewa ga ma'aikatar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NWRC team |title=Channel Management Research Institute |url=https://cmri.nwrc.gov.eg/about.php |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=nwrc.gov.eg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yankunan Bincike ===

* Maido da hanyoyin ruwa don kauce wa matsaloli a ƙarshen tashar.
* Shirye-shiryen tsarawa don gudana da kiyaye manyan ayyukan ƙasa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da aikin ruwa, gudanar da ciyawa na ruwa da motsi na dunes.
* Zuwa tare da mafi yawan mafita masu dacewa don hanyoyin da ake buƙata don kula da tashoshin buɗewa.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Misira ta zamani
* [[Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Misira]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843730</id>
      <parentid>843729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T04:50:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843730</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4569" sha1="6j5dlwglq148xeu2484nxnoh1fw2scd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Concrete_lined_irrigation_canal.jpg|thumb|Cibiyar bincike ta kirkira a matsayin aikin zanga-zangar arewa maso yammacin Alkahira a cikin shekarun 1970s.]]
NWRC tana aiki da Ma'aikatar albarkatun ruwa da ban ruwa (Masar) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=NWRC team |title=Water Survey Projects |url=https://www.nwrc.gov.eg/ |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=National Water Research Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; don ci gaba da hanzarta aiwatar da manufofin ruwa na kasa. A matsayin ƙungiyar bincike da ci gaba ta MWRI, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; NWRC tana daidaitawa da gudanar da bincike na asali da aikace-aikace don ganowa, bayyanawa, da kuma ƙididdige matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa a Misira. Don waɗannan matsalolin an ba da umarnin NWRC don samar da mafita masu ban sha'awa da kuma sadarwa da su ga masu amfani na ƙarshe; sabili da haka, inganta binciken bincike. Matsayinta a matsayin kungiyar kasa ta wuce MWRI; tana taimakawa sauran ma'aikatu da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke fuskantar matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa ta hanyar sauƙaƙe samun damar ƙwarewa.

Kungiyar '''NWRC''' ta kunshi cibiyoyin bincike 12; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=El-Khairiya |title=Water Resources Research Institute (WRRI), National Water Research Center(NWRC), Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation |url=https://gadri.net/members/2016/02/egypt-2.html |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=Global Alliance of Disaster Research Institutes}}&lt;/ref&gt; da gaske suna magance fannoni masu alaƙa da albarkatun ruwa masu zuwa: Ruwa na Ruwa, Hydraulics, Hydraulic Structures da Injin, Surface da Groundwater Hydrology, Sediment Transport, Ruwa Quality da Kula da Ruwan Ruwan, Kariya ta Tekun da Tekun, [[Canjin yanayi]] da Geo-Matsayi, Ruwa Socio-Economics.

== Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanar da Ruwa (WMRI) ==
Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanar da Ruwa tana mai da hankali kan manufofin zane waɗanda ke tsara ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwa ba tare da la'akari da yanayin yanayi ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 October 2015 |title=Water Management Research Institute |url=https://archive.unescwa.org/water-management-research-institute |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=unescwa.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yankunan Bincike ===

* Shirin ban ruwa
* Rarraba ruwa mafi kyau da rarraba
* Tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Tsarin ban ruwa
* Binciken alamun aikin tsarin ban ruwa

== Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa (DRI) ==
Manufar DRI ita ce gudanar da bincike don tallafawa shirye-shiryen kasa don ci gaban magudanar ƙasa a Misira. Wannan daga baya yana haifar da aiwatar da tsarin magudanar ruwa wanda ba kawai yana da tasiri ba har ma da tattalin arziki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NWRC team |title=Drainage Research Institute |url=https://dri.nwrc.gov.eg/ |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=dri.nwrc.gov.eg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yankunan bincike ===

* Ka'idodin ƙirar aiki na cibiyar sadarwa ruwa
* Gwaje-gwaje da kimanta sabbin fasahohi da kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar ruwa
* Tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na hanyoyin sadarwar ruwa
* Ci gaban jagororin sake amfani da ruwa mai zurfi a aikin gona
* Inganta ikon tsabtace kai

'''Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa (WRRI) '''

'''''Cibiyar ta rufe wuraren bincike na:'''''

* Binciken Ruwa na tsarin Wadi da ambaliyar ruwa
* Kyakkyawan ƙirar ƙira don tsarin kula da [[ambaliyar ruwa]] da hanyoyin sadarwar ruwa
* Tasirin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Nilu akan shigowa zuwa [[Tafkin Nasser]]
* Kyakkyawan dabarun ci gaban albarkatun ruwa na kasa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water Resources Research Institute (WRRI) |url=https://gadri.net/members/pdf/Egypt_Water%20Resources%20Research%20Institute%20(WRRI),%20National%20Water%20Research%20Center%20(NWRC),%20Ministry%20of%20Water%20Resources%20and%20Irrigation%20(MWRI).pdf |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=gadri.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cibiyar Binciken Kula da Tashar (CMRI) ==
Matsayin CMRI shine tsara mafita na gudanar da hanyoyin ruwa masu budewa ga ma'aikatar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NWRC team |title=Channel Management Research Institute |url=https://cmri.nwrc.gov.eg/about.php |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=nwrc.gov.eg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yankunan Bincike ===

* Maido da hanyoyin ruwa don kauce wa matsaloli a ƙarshen tashar.
* Shirye-shiryen tsarawa don gudana da kiyaye manyan ayyukan ƙasa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da aikin ruwa, gudanar da ciyawa na ruwa da motsi na dunes.
* Zuwa tare da mafi yawan mafita masu dacewa don hanyoyin da ake buƙata don kula da tashoshin buɗewa.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Misira ta zamani
* [[Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Misira]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sabon Gishiri na Ruwa na Delta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153618</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843731</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T04:52:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344555266|New Delta Wastewater Treatment Plant]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843731</origin>
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{{Infobox building|name=New Delta Wastewater Treatment Plant|native_name=محطة الدلتا الجديدة لمعالجة المياه|image=|location=|website=&lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;}}Sabon Gidajen Ruwa na Ruwa (Arabic) wani tashar tsabtace ruwa ne a El Dabaa, Gwamnatin Matrouh, [[Misra|Misira]]. Ita ce babbar masana'antar tsabtace ruwa a duniya.

== Tarihi ==
An kammala ginin shuka a watan Yunin 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Arab Contractors, 3 November 2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Delta Water Treatment Plant - Egypt |url=https://www.arabcont.com/english/project-777 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801055958/https://www.arabcont.com/english/project-777 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=The Arab Contractors}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginin ya dauki watanni 24.

== Gine-gine ==
Kamfanin Elnabarawy Consulting ne ya tsara shuka. Shuka ta mamaye yanki na hekta 32.

== Bayanan fasaha ==
Shuka tana da ikon sarrafa ruwa na 7.5 miliyan m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Arab Contractors, 3 November 2024&quot; /&gt; Ita ce mafi girman masana'antar tsabtace ruwa a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Largest sludge treatment plant |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/666295-largest-sludge-treatment-plant |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616155201/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/666295-largest-sludge-treatment-plant |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=Guinness World Records}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudi ==
An gina masana'antar a farashin dala miliyan 522.

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Misira]]
* Jerin manyan tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843732</id>
      <parentid>843731</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T04:52:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="1525" sha1="jvuqy2fih4jvg2kjnkf1777ywya6c6m" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Sabon Gidajen Ruwa na Ruwa''' (Arabic) wani tashar tsabtace ruwa ne a El Dabaa, Gwamnatin Matrouh, [[Misra|Misira]]. Ita ce babbar masana'antar tsabtace ruwa a duniya.

== Tarihi ==
An kammala ginin shuka a watan Yunin 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Arab Contractors, 3 November 2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New Delta Water Treatment Plant - Egypt |url=https://www.arabcont.com/english/project-777 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801055958/https://www.arabcont.com/english/project-777 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=The Arab Contractors}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginin ya dauki watanni 24.

== Gine-gine ==
Kamfanin Elnabarawy Consulting ne ya tsara shuka. Shuka ta mamaye yanki na hekta 32.

== Bayanan fasaha ==
Shuka tana da ikon sarrafa ruwa na 7.5 miliyan m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a kowace rana.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Arab Contractors, 3 November 2024&quot; /&gt; Ita ce mafi girman masana'antar tsabtace ruwa a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Largest sludge treatment plant |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/666295-largest-sludge-treatment-plant |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616155201/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/666295-largest-sludge-treatment-plant |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=Guinness World Records}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kudi ==
An gina masana'antar a farashin dala miliyan 522.

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Misira]]
* Jerin manyan tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cibiyar Bincike don Ruwa na Ruwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843733</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T04:54:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351410774|Research Institute for Groundwater]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843733</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1952" sha1="ebna4hmvvfx6ilpbmdnijw6y4belkmz" xml:space="preserve">Cibiyar Bincike don Ruwa ('''RIGW''') tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ƙungiyoyi a [[Misra|Misira]] waɗanda ke ƙwarewa a ci gaba da [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|Gudanar da Ruwa]] na manufofin ruwa na ƙasa. Manufar ta nuna rarraba ruwa a sarari da lokaci daga albarkatun ruwa ga masu amfani. RIGW ne ke yin kimantawa game da yiwuwar ruwan kasa ga masu amfani daban-daban, bisa ga bayanan da ke akwai wanda ake sabuntawa lokaci-lokaci bisa ga wadatar bayanan.

RIGW tana da babban alhakin a cikin Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta Kasa don tsarawa da gudanarwa da shirye-shiryen bincike da aka yi amfani da su don tallafawa ci gaban hadadden ci gaba da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Masar. Don cimma wannan aikin ayyukan RIGW sun hada da:

* Binciken bincike da kimantawa da ke kwatanta abubuwan da suka faru da halaye na albarkatun ruwa.
* Tarin bayanai na tsari da bincike don saka idanu kan yawan jihar, inganci da amfani da albarkatun ruwa.
* Bincike na asali da na matsala don tantance yiwuwar tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da martani ga damuwa ta halitta da ta mutum.
* Nazarin da ke taimakawa wajen samar da mafita da sauƙaƙe matsalolin da suka shafi tsarin ruwa na ƙasa.
* Taimako na kimiyya da fasaha a fannonin da suka shafi ruwa ga wasu hukumomin jihohi da masu zaman kansu.

Don cika wannan manufa, RIGW dole ne ya shiga cikin fara tsarin gudanarwa da doka don kare ruwan kasa daga lalacewa da kuma kula da tasirin muhalli wanda zai iya kasancewa tare da ci gaban ruwan kasa. 

Matsayin RIGW a halin yanzu yana mai da hankali kan ingantaccen gudummawa ga tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofin ruwa na kasa da ci gaban albarkatun ruwa na Masar. 

Masu cin gajiyar kai tsaye sune MWRI da sassanta. Sauran abokan ciniki sun haɗa da:

# Cibiyoyin ƙasa
# Hukumomin bayar da gudummawa
# Al'ummomin noma
# Kamfanonin Ruwa
# Kowane mai saka hannun jari.

Don cika aikin cibiyar, an canza tsarin kungiyar don nuna ayyukan da sauƙaƙe aiwatar da bincike da sauran shirye-shirye.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843734</id>
      <parentid>843733</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T04:54:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="1982" sha1="1d43xb8s2bmzqchtypqvo6wk7nb129r" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Cibiyar Bincike don Ruwa''' ('''RIGW''') tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ƙungiyoyi a [[Misra|Misira]] waɗanda ke ƙwarewa a ci gaba da [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|Gudanar da Ruwa]] na manufofin ruwa na ƙasa. Manufar ta nuna rarraba ruwa a sarari da lokaci daga albarkatun ruwa ga masu amfani. RIGW ne ke yin kimantawa game da yiwuwar ruwan kasa ga masu amfani daban-daban, bisa ga bayanan da ke akwai wanda ake sabuntawa lokaci-lokaci bisa ga wadatar bayanan.

RIGW tana da babban alhakin a cikin Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta Kasa don tsarawa da gudanarwa da shirye-shiryen bincike da aka yi amfani da su don tallafawa ci gaban hadadden ci gaba da gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a Masar. Don cimma wannan aikin ayyukan RIGW sun hada da:

* Binciken bincike da kimantawa da ke kwatanta abubuwan da suka faru da halaye na albarkatun ruwa.
* Tarin bayanai na tsari da bincike don saka idanu kan yawan jihar, inganci da amfani da albarkatun ruwa.
* Bincike na asali da na matsala don tantance yiwuwar tsarin ruwa na ƙasa da martani ga damuwa ta halitta da ta mutum.
* Nazarin da ke taimakawa wajen samar da mafita da sauƙaƙe matsalolin da suka shafi tsarin ruwa na ƙasa.
* Taimako na kimiyya da fasaha a fannonin da suka shafi ruwa ga wasu hukumomin jihohi da masu zaman kansu.

Don cika wannan manufa, RIGW dole ne ya shiga cikin fara tsarin gudanarwa da doka don kare ruwan kasa daga lalacewa da kuma kula da tasirin muhalli wanda zai iya kasancewa tare da ci gaban ruwan kasa. 

Matsayin RIGW a halin yanzu yana mai da hankali kan ingantaccen gudummawa ga tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofin ruwa na kasa da ci gaban albarkatun ruwa na Masar. 

Masu cin gajiyar kai tsaye sune MWRI da sassanta. Sauran abokan ciniki sun haɗa da:

# Cibiyoyin ƙasa
# Hukumomin bayar da gudummawa
# Al'ummomin noma
# Kamfanonin Ruwa
# Kowane mai saka hannun jari.

Don cika aikin cibiyar, an canza tsarin kungiyar don nuna ayyukan da sauƙaƙe aiwatar da bincike da sauran shirye-shirye.

{{Hujja}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Debeerspruit</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153620</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843735</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T04:56:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322426304|Debeerspruit]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Debeerspruit''' karamin rafi ne a tsakiyar tsakiyar Free State, Afirka ta Kudu . Sunan ''Debeerspruit'' ya bayyana a kan Getamap.net, . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debeerspruit, Free State, South Africa |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/south_africa/free_state/_debeerspruit/ |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=Getamap.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an lissafa shi ta GeoNames.org . &lt;ref name=&quot;gn1011592&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debeerspruit |url=https://www.geonames.org/1011592/debeerspruit.html |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=GeoNames}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama wani ɓangare na [[Kogin Orange]] kuma yana da alaƙa da Sand River (Free State) , wanda kansa ke ciyarwa cikin Kogin Vaal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impact of Irrigation on Sand River Tributaries |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/196546504.pdf |access-date=31 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Debeerspruit yana gudana kusa da garin Senekal, wanda ke arewacin kogin. Yana da fasalin da za a iya ganewa a kan taswirar gida da kuma cikin yankunan noma da ke kewaye da su. Hanyar N5 (wanda ke haɗa Senekal da Paul Roux) ta haye Debeerspruit kuma tana aiki a matsayin babbar hanya ga yankin.

Kogin ya samo asali ne a kusa da 28°09′52′′S 27°44′55′′E / 28.16444°S 27.74861°E / -28.16444; 27.74841 / (-28.164813, 27.749059), a cikin Karamar Hukumar Setsoto, a tsawo na kimanin mita 1,472 (4,829 ft). Daga asalinsa, yana gudana daga kudu maso gabas, yana ratsa yankunan karkara tsakanin Arlington da Senekal, kuma yana kan hanyar zuwa Rosendal. Ya shiga cikin Karamar Hukumar Dihlabeng a kusa da 28°21′34.3′′S 27°52′10.8′′E / 28.359528°S 27.869667°E / -28.359528; 27.869667.&amp;nbsp;

Alamar hanya a ƙetare kawai tana karanta &quot;De Beer&quot;, mai yiwuwa taƙaitaccen nau'in &quot;Debeerspruit&quot;, kamar yadda yanayin da ke kusa da taswirar ya sa cikakken sunan bai zama dole ba. Wannan alamar tana bayyane a kan N5 tsakanin Senekal da Paul Roux kuma ana iya kallon ta a kan Google Street View . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Street View image of Debeerspruit sign on the N5 road |url=https://www.google.com/maps/@-28.3110262,27.8658155,3a,75y,283.72h,89.25t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1soQUgXBIzUi78SbWouWMBEQ!2e0!6shttps:%2F%2Fstreetviewpixels-pa.googleapis.com%2Fv1%2Fthumbnail%3Fcb_client%3Dmaps_sv.tactile%26w%3D900%26h%3D600%26pitch%3D0.7487406615950221%26panoid%3DoQUgXBIzUi78SbWouWMBEQ%26yaw%3D283.7243235893598!7i16384!8i8192 |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=Google Maps}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin ruwa ==
Debeerspruit reshe ne daga Kogin Sand, wani yanki na Kogin Vaal, wanda yake wani ɓangare na tsarin [[Kogin Orange]], mafi girman kogin Afirka ta Kudu. Kogin ya fada cikin Kogin Orange-Senqu, wanda Hukumar Kogin Orange (ORASECOM) ke sarrafawa don tallafawa amfani mai kyau da ɗorewa na albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About ORASECOM |url=https://orasecom.org/about-us/ |access-date=6 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'anar ==
Kodayake ƙarami ne, Debeerspruit yana ba da gudummawa ga ilimin ruwa na gida kuma ya fada cikin [[Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Upper Orange]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Upper Orange Water Management Area Overview |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/13/OrangeOverarchingISPFeb04chap2.pdf |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma lura da rafin a cikin tarihin tarihi da na yanki, gami da &quot;A History of the Batswana and Origin of Certain Customs&quot; (shafi na 357)  da kuma &quot;The War Letters of an English Burgher&quot; (shabi na 11),  wanda Ferrar Reginald Mostyn Cleaver (wanda aka fi sani da Reggie Cleaver) ya rubuta. An haifi Cleaver a wani gona a Zuringkrans kusa da Debeerspruit  kuma daga baya aka tsare shi a matsayin fursuna na Boer a sansanin Diyatalawa a Ceylon, inda ya mutu a 1900.

Bugu da kari, Debeerspruit an jera shi a cikin tushen ƙasa na hukuma kamar Amptelikelekname a cikin die Unie en Suidwes-Afrika (shafi na 89), wanda ke ba da sunayen wuraren hukuma a Afirka ta Kudu.&amp;nbsp;

== Magana ==
Sunan Debeerspruit an kafa shi ne daga &quot;De Beer,&quot; wanda shine sunan mahaifi na asali na Dutch, da kuma &quot;spruit&quot;, ma'ana &quot;kogin&quot; ko &quot;kogin&quot;. Amfani da abubuwa biyu tare - De Beer da spruit - ana iya fahimtar su a matsayin &quot;De Beer's stream&quot;.

Babu wasu sunayen da aka rubuta don rafin, kodayake bambance-bambance kamar &quot;De Beer Spruit&quot; ko &quot;De Beer se spruit&quot; na iya bayyana a cikin amfani na al'ada ko na gida, musamman a cikin harshen Afrikaans.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843736</id>
      <parentid>843735</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T04:56:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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'''Debeerspruit''' karamin rafi ne a tsakiyar tsakiyar Free State, Afirka ta Kudu . Sunan ''Debeerspruit'' ya bayyana a kan Getamap.net, . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debeerspruit, Free State, South Africa |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/south_africa/free_state/_debeerspruit/ |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=Getamap.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an lissafa shi ta GeoNames.org . &lt;ref name=&quot;gn1011592&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Debeerspruit |url=https://www.geonames.org/1011592/debeerspruit.html |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=GeoNames}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zama wani ɓangare na [[Kogin Orange]] kuma yana da alaƙa da Sand River (Free State) , wanda kansa ke ciyarwa cikin Kogin Vaal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impact of Irrigation on Sand River Tributaries |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/196546504.pdf |access-date=31 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Debeerspruit yana gudana kusa da garin Senekal, wanda ke arewacin kogin. Yana da fasalin da za a iya ganewa a kan taswirar gida da kuma cikin yankunan noma da ke kewaye da su. Hanyar N5 (wanda ke haɗa Senekal da Paul Roux) ta haye Debeerspruit kuma tana aiki a matsayin babbar hanya ga yankin.

Kogin ya samo asali ne a kusa da 28°09′52′′S 27°44′55′′E / 28.16444°S 27.74861°E / -28.16444; 27.74841 / (-28.164813, 27.749059), a cikin Karamar Hukumar Setsoto, a tsawo na kimanin mita 1,472 (4,829 ft). Daga asalinsa, yana gudana daga kudu maso gabas, yana ratsa yankunan karkara tsakanin Arlington da Senekal, kuma yana kan hanyar zuwa Rosendal. Ya shiga cikin Karamar Hukumar Dihlabeng a kusa da 28°21′34.3′′S 27°52′10.8′′E / 28.359528°S 27.869667°E / -28.359528; 27.869667.&amp;nbsp;

Alamar hanya a ƙetare kawai tana karanta &quot;De Beer&quot;, mai yiwuwa taƙaitaccen nau'in &quot;Debeerspruit&quot;, kamar yadda yanayin da ke kusa da taswirar ya sa cikakken sunan bai zama dole ba. Wannan alamar tana bayyane a kan N5 tsakanin Senekal da Paul Roux kuma ana iya kallon ta a kan Google Street View . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Street View image of Debeerspruit sign on the N5 road |url=https://www.google.com/maps/@-28.3110262,27.8658155,3a,75y,283.72h,89.25t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1soQUgXBIzUi78SbWouWMBEQ!2e0!6shttps:%2F%2Fstreetviewpixels-pa.googleapis.com%2Fv1%2Fthumbnail%3Fcb_client%3Dmaps_sv.tactile%26w%3D900%26h%3D600%26pitch%3D0.7487406615950221%26panoid%3DoQUgXBIzUi78SbWouWMBEQ%26yaw%3D283.7243235893598!7i16384!8i8192 |access-date=31 July 2025 |website=Google Maps}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin ruwa ==
Debeerspruit reshe ne daga Kogin Sand, wani yanki na Kogin Vaal, wanda yake wani ɓangare na tsarin [[Kogin Orange]], mafi girman kogin Afirka ta Kudu. Kogin ya fada cikin Kogin Orange-Senqu, wanda Hukumar Kogin Orange (ORASECOM) ke sarrafawa don tallafawa amfani mai kyau da ɗorewa na albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About ORASECOM |url=https://orasecom.org/about-us/ |access-date=6 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'anar ==
Kodayake ƙarami ne, Debeerspruit yana ba da gudummawa ga ilimin ruwa na gida kuma ya fada cikin [[Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Upper Orange]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Upper Orange Water Management Area Overview |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/13/OrangeOverarchingISPFeb04chap2.pdf |access-date=31 July 2025 |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma lura da rafin a cikin tarihin tarihi da na yanki, gami da &quot;A History of the Batswana and Origin of Certain Customs&quot; (shafi na 357)  da kuma &quot;The War Letters of an English Burgher&quot; (shabi na 11),  wanda Ferrar Reginald Mostyn Cleaver (wanda aka fi sani da Reggie Cleaver) ya rubuta. An haifi Cleaver a wani gona a Zuringkrans kusa da Debeerspruit  kuma daga baya aka tsare shi a matsayin fursuna na Boer a sansanin Diyatalawa a Ceylon, inda ya mutu a 1900.

Bugu da kari, Debeerspruit an jera shi a cikin tushen ƙasa na hukuma kamar Amptelikelekname a cikin die Unie en Suidwes-Afrika (shafi na 89), wanda ke ba da sunayen wuraren hukuma a Afirka ta Kudu.&amp;nbsp;

== Magana ==
Sunan Debeerspruit an kafa shi ne daga &quot;De Beer,&quot; wanda shine sunan mahaifi na asali na Dutch, da kuma &quot;spruit&quot;, ma'ana &quot;kogin&quot; ko &quot;kogin&quot;. Amfani da abubuwa biyu tare - De Beer da spruit - ana iya fahimtar su a matsayin &quot;De Beer's stream&quot;.

Babu wasu sunayen da aka rubuta don rafin, kodayake bambance-bambance kamar &quot;De Beer Spruit&quot; ko &quot;De Beer se spruit&quot; na iya bayyana a cikin amfani na al'ada ko na gida, musamman a cikin harshen Afrikaans.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Bayar da ruwa ga gidaje da ke nesa da tushen ruwa mai kyau</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/907307014|Delivery of water to households far from sources of safe water]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4110" sha1="o7qlt8q8osy51ugksclnzti6h5n6oc0" xml:space="preserve">Shirin Ayyukan Yara na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da cewa ya kamata a gudanar da ayyukan matukin jirgi kan Bayar da ruwa ga gidaje da ke nesa da hanyoyin ruwa mai aminci. Binciken Ayyuka na Matasa (SAYP) da aka gudanar a 1999 ya nuna cewa tattara man fetur ko ɗaukar ruwa shine aikin da aka fi sani da aikin da yara ke yi a Afirka ta Kudu. Masu ruwa da tsaki na Afirka ta Kudu sun nuna, a cikin tsarin shawarwari wanda ya haifar da Shirin Ayyukan Yara, cewa ya kamata a dauki ɗaukar ɗaukar ruwa a cikin dogon lokaci a matsayin fifiko, saboda yaduwarsa da haɗarin da ke tattare da shi.

A cewar Shirin Ayyukan Yara, bai kamata a ga wannan aikin a matsayin [[aikin yara]] ba, kalmar da ke nuna cewa wani yana amfana sosai daga aikin da yara ke yi. Gidajen matalauta ba su da iko sosai game da nisan ruwa daga gida, kuma galibi ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai su nemi yaransu su taimaka wajen ɗaukar ruwa. Sabili da haka, masu ruwa da tsaki a kasar sun nuna cewa ya kamata a ga samun ruwa a matsayin [[Priority form of child work|Hanyar fifiko na aikin yara]] wanda ya kamata shirin gwamnati ya magance shi don isar da ruwa ga dukkan gidaje a shekarar 2008.

Ta hanyar isar da ruwa ga irin waɗannan gidaje, za a iya rage tsawon lokacin da wasu yara ke amfani da shi wajen tattara ruwa, don haka samar da karin lokaci don makaranta da sauran ayyukan. Ya kamata kuma rage haɗarin da suke fuskanta.

Dangane da haka, Shirin Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour (TECL), wani shirin don fara aiki a kan Shirin Ayyukan Ayyukan Yara, ya ba da umurni ga [[Dynacon Engineering|Injiniyan Dynacon]] da Kwamitin Binciken Kimiyya na Dan Adam don yin bincike da tsara ayyukan matukin jirgi tare da mai da hankali kan isar da ruwa a yankuna masu nisa. Manufar aikin gabaɗaya ita ce bincika abin da ya faru, don tsarawa da gudanar da ayyukan matukin jirgi, da haɓaka da aiwatar da manufofi don taimakawa wajen isar da ruwa a irin waɗannan yankuna. 

An gudanar da wannan aikin a cikin matakai masu zuwa:

== Mataki na 1: Bincike da ƙira ==
Mataki na bincike da zane na wannan matukin jirgi ya haɗa da matakai uku:

* Binciken muhalli na masu ruwa da tsaki, manufofi da wallafe-wallafen, a kan aikin matukin jirgi mai dacewa: (a) rahoto game da shawarwari da bincike na masu ruwa leki; (b) binciken wallafe-wallo, gami da nazarin binciken da ya dace da bincike mai inganci; (c) shafukan da aka ba da shawarar don yiwuwar aiwatar da aikin, inda ake gudanar da binciken asali; da kuma (d) shawarwari na farko game da yadda za a iya aiwatar da aikin. Wannan rahoto ya kamata ya kasance nan ba da daɗewa ba a wannan [link].
* Nazarin tushe: a cikin kowane shafin da aka zaɓa, don sanar da zaɓin ƙarshe na shafuka da kuma taimakawa tare da ƙirar matukin jirgi.
* Tsarin aikin don matukan jirgi a kowane shagon da aka zaɓa.

== Mataki na 2: Aiwatar da aikin matukin jirgi ==
An shirya cewa aikin matukin jirgi zai gudana a cikin shafuka biyu inda ake gudanar da binciken asali, daga kimanin watan Agusta 2005.

== Mataki na 3: Ci gaba da aiwatar da manufofi ==
Za a haɓaka manufofi a lokacin ƙirar matukin jirgi da matakan aiwatarwa. A lokacin mataki na uku wani tsari ne wanda manyan hukumomin aiwatarwa, kamar su sassan gwamnati masu dacewa, za su yi la'akari da kuma yiwuwar karɓar mahimman shawarwari, aiwatar da matakai, gami da kasafin kuɗi a gare su. A wannan matakin za a rufe ayyukan matukin jirgi, ko kuma a ba da su ga sassan gwamnati, hukumomi ko kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.

== Cibiyoyin da ke shiga ==
Cibiyoyin da ke biyowa suna da hannu a cikin aikin:

* Ma'aikatar Kwadago, tana aiki a matsayin jagorar sashen Shirin Ayyukan Yara;
* Ma'aikatar Gwamnati da Karamar Hukumar
* [[Department of Water Affairs and Tourism: South Africa|Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ruwa da Yawon Bude Ido]].

== Haɗin waje ==
Za'a iya samun sabon sigar Shirin Ayyukan Yara na Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar wannan [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820003536/http://www.child-labour.org.za/south-africa/national-plan-on-child-labour/plan-content/child-labour-programme-of-action-phase-2-2008-2012-clpa-2 shafin yanar gizo].</text>
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Shirin Ayyukan Yara na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da cewa ya kamata a gudanar da ayyukan matukin jirgi kan Bayar da ruwa ga gidaje da ke nesa da hanyoyin ruwa mai aminci. Binciken Ayyuka na Matasa (SAYP) da aka gudanar a 1999 ya nuna cewa tattara man fetur ko ɗaukar ruwa shine aikin da aka fi sani da aikin da yara ke yi a Afirka ta Kudu. Masu ruwa da tsaki na Afirka ta Kudu sun nuna, a cikin tsarin shawarwari wanda ya haifar da Shirin Ayyukan Yara, cewa ya kamata a dauki ɗaukar ɗaukar ruwa a cikin dogon lokaci a matsayin fifiko, saboda yaduwarsa da haɗarin da ke tattare da shi.

A cewar Shirin Ayyukan Yara, bai kamata a ga wannan aikin a matsayin [[aikin yara]] ba, kalmar da ke nuna cewa wani yana amfana sosai daga aikin da yara ke yi. Gidajen matalauta ba su da iko sosai game da nisan ruwa daga gida, kuma galibi ba su da wani zaɓi sai dai su nemi yaransu su taimaka wajen ɗaukar ruwa. Sabili da haka, masu ruwa da tsaki a kasar sun nuna cewa ya kamata a ga samun ruwa a matsayin [[Priority form of child work|Hanyar fifiko na aikin yara]] wanda ya kamata shirin gwamnati ya magance shi don isar da ruwa ga dukkan gidaje a shekarar 2008.

Ta hanyar isar da ruwa ga irin waɗannan gidaje, za a iya rage tsawon lokacin da wasu yara ke amfani da shi wajen tattara ruwa, don haka samar da karin lokaci don makaranta da sauran ayyukan. Ya kamata kuma rage haɗarin da suke fuskanta.

Dangane da haka, Shirin Towards the Elimination of the worst forms of Child Labour (TECL), wani shirin don fara aiki a kan Shirin Ayyukan Ayyukan Yara, ya ba da umurni ga [[Dynacon Engineering|Injiniyan Dynacon]] da Kwamitin Binciken Kimiyya na Dan Adam don yin bincike da tsara ayyukan matukin jirgi tare da mai da hankali kan isar da ruwa a yankuna masu nisa. Manufar aikin gabaɗaya ita ce bincika abin da ya faru, don tsarawa da gudanar da ayyukan matukin jirgi, da haɓaka da aiwatar da manufofi don taimakawa wajen isar da ruwa a irin waɗannan yankuna. 

An gudanar da wannan aikin a cikin matakai masu zuwa:

== Mataki na 1: Bincike da ƙira ==
Mataki na bincike da zane na wannan matukin jirgi ya haɗa da matakai uku:

* Binciken muhalli na masu ruwa da tsaki, manufofi da wallafe-wallafen, a kan aikin matukin jirgi mai dacewa: (a) rahoto game da shawarwari da bincike na masu ruwa leki; (b) binciken wallafe-wallo, gami da nazarin binciken da ya dace da bincike mai inganci; (c) shafukan da aka ba da shawarar don yiwuwar aiwatar da aikin, inda ake gudanar da binciken asali; da kuma (d) shawarwari na farko game da yadda za a iya aiwatar da aikin. Wannan rahoto ya kamata ya kasance nan ba da daɗewa ba a wannan [link].
* Nazarin tushe: a cikin kowane shafin da aka zaɓa, don sanar da zaɓin ƙarshe na shafuka da kuma taimakawa tare da ƙirar matukin jirgi.
* Tsarin aikin don matukan jirgi a kowane shagon da aka zaɓa.

== Mataki na 2: Aiwatar da aikin matukin jirgi ==
An shirya cewa aikin matukin jirgi zai gudana a cikin shafuka biyu inda ake gudanar da binciken asali, daga kimanin watan Agusta 2005.

== Mataki na 3: Ci gaba da aiwatar da manufofi ==
Za a haɓaka manufofi a lokacin ƙirar matukin jirgi da matakan aiwatarwa. A lokacin mataki na uku wani tsari ne wanda manyan hukumomin aiwatarwa, kamar su sassan gwamnati masu dacewa, za su yi la'akari da kuma yiwuwar karɓar mahimman shawarwari, aiwatar da matakai, gami da kasafin kuɗi a gare su. A wannan matakin za a rufe ayyukan matukin jirgi, ko kuma a ba da su ga sassan gwamnati, hukumomi ko kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.

== Cibiyoyin da ke shiga ==
Cibiyoyin da ke biyowa suna da hannu a cikin aikin:

* Ma'aikatar Kwadago, tana aiki a matsayin jagorar sashen Shirin Ayyukan Yara;
* Ma'aikatar Gwamnati da Karamar Hukumar
* [[Department of Water Affairs and Tourism: South Africa|Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ruwa da Yawon Bude Ido]].

== Haɗin waje ==
Za'a iya samun sabon sigar Shirin Ayyukan Yara na Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar wannan [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820003536/http://www.child-labour.org.za/south-africa/national-plan-on-child-labour/plan-content/child-labour-programme-of-action-phase-2-2008-2012-clpa-2 shafin yanar gizo].</text>
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    <title>Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabtace Yanayi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321626948|Department of Water and Sanitation]]&quot;</comment>
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Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa tana ɗaya daga cikin sassan Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu. Yana da alhakin yanayin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|ruwa da tsabta a Afirka ta Kudu]].

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, bayan zaben Jacob Zuma, an raba Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ruwa da Kudancin daji, tare da canja nauyin gandun daji zuwa Ma'abiyar Aikin Gona, Kudancin da Kifi. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabtace Yanayi an kafa ta ne a watan Mayu 2014 ta Shugaba Jacob Zuma tare da tsohon Firayim Minista na Gauteng [[Nomvula Mokonyane]] ya zama Minista na farko (26 ga Mayu 2014 - 28 ga Janairu 2018). Gugile Nkwinti ne ya maye gurbin ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Lloyd |date=2019-05-07 |title=Nkwinti in hot water over Public Protector’s findings |url=https://www.farmersweekly.co.za/agri-news/south-africa/nkwinti-in-hot-water-over-public-protectors-findings/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Farmer's Weekly SA |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cin hanci da rashawa ==
Ma'aikatar ta haɓaka suna don zamba, cin hanci da rashawa da rashin bin doka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lindiwe Sisulu holds water and sanitation officials to account |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2021-06-10-lindiwe-sisulu-holds-water-and-sanitation-officials-to-account/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=BusinessLIVE |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton shekarar kudi ta 2019/20 ya lura da R10 biliyan da sashen ya lalata, kuma rahoton kudi na 2020-21 ya sami wani R10 biliyar a cikin kashe kudi mara kyau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-10 |title=Sisulu to 'sweep' clean her corruption-ridden department |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2021-06-10-lindiwe-sisulu-to-sweep-clean-her-corruption-ridden-department/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and Sanitation Department reveals almost R10bn in irregular expenditure |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/water-and-sanitation-department-reveals-almost-r10bn-in-irregular-expenditure-e143a337-8998-41d0-a83f-246c559ff531 |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon wannan yaduwar, babban kuma mai ci gaba da rashin horo na kudi, sashen ya bayyana cewa ba zai iya tallafawa ayyukan ababen more rayuwa na ruwa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Felix |first=Jason |title=Dried up: Water dept does not have capacity to fund mega projects, says Lindiwe Sisulu |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/dried-up-water-dept-does-not-have-capacity-to-fund-mega-projects-says-lindiwe-sisulu-20210724 |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani rahoto daga Corruption Watch da Water Integrity Network a cikin 2020 sun lura cewa cin hanci da rashawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabtace-tsabtace yana kara karancin ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu, kamar yadda yake faruwa a halin yanzu a Gabashin Cape.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gagné-Acoulon |first=Sandrine |title=Report: Corruption fuels Water Shortage in South Africa |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/11832-report-corruption-fuels-water-shortage-in-south-africa |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=www.occrp.org |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsaro na ruwa ==
A cikin 2022, sashen ya bayyana cewa kusan dukkanin kananan hukumomi suna da tsufa da kayan aikin ruwa marasa aiki. Rashin kulawa da ayyuka a matakin karamar hukuma ya haifar da matsakaicin 40% (26%-60%) na ruwa ya ɓace kafin ya kai ga masu amfani na ƙarshe.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa''' tana ɗaya daga cikin sassan Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu. Yana da alhakin yanayin [[Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu|ruwa da tsabta a Afirka ta Kudu]].

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, bayan zaben Jacob Zuma, an raba Ma'aikatar Harkokin Ruwa da Kudancin daji, tare da canja nauyin gandun daji zuwa Ma'abiyar Aikin Gona, Kudancin da Kifi. Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabtace Yanayi an kafa ta ne a watan Mayu 2014 ta Shugaba Jacob Zuma tare da tsohon Firayim Minista na Gauteng [[Nomvula Mokonyane]] ya zama Minista na farko (26 ga Mayu 2014 - 28 ga Janairu 2018). Gugile Nkwinti ne ya maye gurbin ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Lloyd |date=2019-05-07 |title=Nkwinti in hot water over Public Protector’s findings |url=https://www.farmersweekly.co.za/agri-news/south-africa/nkwinti-in-hot-water-over-public-protectors-findings/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Farmer's Weekly SA |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cin hanci da rashawa ==
Ma'aikatar ta haɓaka suna don zamba, cin hanci da rashawa da rashin bin doka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lindiwe Sisulu holds water and sanitation officials to account |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2021-06-10-lindiwe-sisulu-holds-water-and-sanitation-officials-to-account/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=BusinessLIVE |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton shekarar kudi ta 2019/20 ya lura da R10 biliyan da sashen ya lalata, kuma rahoton kudi na 2020-21 ya sami wani R10 biliyar a cikin kashe kudi mara kyau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-10 |title=Sisulu to 'sweep' clean her corruption-ridden department |url=https://mg.co.za/news/2021-06-10-lindiwe-sisulu-to-sweep-clean-her-corruption-ridden-department/ |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water and Sanitation Department reveals almost R10bn in irregular expenditure |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/water-and-sanitation-department-reveals-almost-r10bn-in-irregular-expenditure-e143a337-8998-41d0-a83f-246c559ff531 |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon wannan yaduwar, babban kuma mai ci gaba da rashin horo na kudi, sashen ya bayyana cewa ba zai iya tallafawa ayyukan ababen more rayuwa na ruwa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Felix |first=Jason |title=Dried up: Water dept does not have capacity to fund mega projects, says Lindiwe Sisulu |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/dried-up-water-dept-does-not-have-capacity-to-fund-mega-projects-says-lindiwe-sisulu-20210724 |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani rahoto daga Corruption Watch da Water Integrity Network a cikin 2020 sun lura cewa cin hanci da rashawa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabtace-tsabtace yana kara karancin ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu, kamar yadda yake faruwa a halin yanzu a Gabashin Cape.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gagné-Acoulon |first=Sandrine |title=Report: Corruption fuels Water Shortage in South Africa |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/11832-report-corruption-fuels-water-shortage-in-south-africa |access-date=2021-07-24 |website=www.occrp.org |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsaro na ruwa ==
A cikin 2022, sashen ya bayyana cewa kusan dukkanin kananan hukumomi suna da tsufa da kayan aikin ruwa marasa aiki. Rashin kulawa da ayyuka a matakin karamar hukuma ya haifar da matsakaicin 40% (26%-60%) na ruwa ya ɓace kafin ya kai ga masu amfani na ƙarshe.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Vaal</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346135137|Vaal River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Vaal''' (/ˈvɑːl/ Afrikaans pronunciation: []; [[Khoemana]]) shine mafi girman mai ba da gudummawa ga [[Kogin Orange]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin yana da asalinsa kusa da Breyten a lardin Mpumalanga, gabashin [[Johannesburg]] kuma kimanin kilomita 30 (19  arewacin Ermelo kuma kusan kilomita 240 (150  daga [[Tekun Indiya]]. Daga nan sai ya gudana zuwa yamma zuwa haɗuwa da Kogin Orange kudu maso yammacin Kimberley a Arewacin Cape. Yana da tsawon kilomita 1,458 (906 , kuma ya zama iyaka tsakanin Mpumalanga, Gauteng da Lardin Arewa maso Yamma a gefen arewa, da Free State a kudu.{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}}{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}}{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}}

Ita ce kogi na uku mafi girma a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] bayan [[Kogin Orange]] (tsawon kilomita 2200) da [[Kogin Limpopo]] (tsawon km 1750) kuma an kafa ta a matsayin babban tushen ruwa ga babban yankin Witswatersrand bayan karni na 19 na zinariya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Longest rivers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018. |url=http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163332/http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |archive-date=18 September 2019 |access-date=30 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dam din Vaal yana kan Kogin Vaal a Deneysville a kudancin iyakar tsakanin Gauteng da Free State. Kogin Vaal shine kogin da ya fi tsayi gaba ɗaya a cikin iyakokin Afirka ta Kudu.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

''Vaal'' sunan Yaren mutanen Holland ne (daga baya [[Afrikaans]]), wanda Griquas ko Boers suka fassara  daga Kora [[Khoekhoe]] ko ! Sunan [[Khoemana|Orakobab]], wani lokacin ana rubuta shi a matsayin ''''Tky''-Gariep'' (a cikin rubutun [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoekhoegowab]] shine Ō'''Hai'''!garib, kogi mai laushi).  Dukansu Vaal da Tky (a cikin rubutun zamani) suna nufin &quot;dull&quot; ko &quot;dull&quot;, wanda ke nuni da launi na ruwa, musamman a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da kogin ya cika da laka. A saman kogin an kira shi ''ILigwa'' ([[Harshen Arewacin Ndebele|Sindebele]]), ''Ikwa ko Igwa'' ([[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]]), ''ilikwa'' ([[Harshen Swazi|siSwati]]), ''lekwa'' (Sesotho), ko ''cuoa'' ta Khoekhoe, duk suna nufin filin da yake ratsawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;OB&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:SA1899_pg136_A_Pont_._Vaal_River.jpg|left|thumb|340x340px|Pont (jirgi) a kan Kogin Vaal (anno 1899) ]]
A tarihi, kogin ya samar da iyakar arewacin masarautar Basotho ta Moshoeshoe ta I a lokacin da take kan gaba.  a tsakiyar karni na 19, sannan ya zama iyaka tsakanin jamhuriyoyin Boer guda biyu: Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (daga baya lardin Transvaal ) da Jihar Orange Free . Sunan yanki &quot;Transvaal&quot; ya fito ne daga sunan wannan kogin, ma'ana &quot;bayan kogin Vaal&quot;. Wannan ya shafi Cape Colony da Natal, waɗanda sune manyan yankunan da Turawa suka zauna a lokacin, kuma waɗanda ke kudu da Vaal.

A ƙarshen karni na 19, akwai kwararar mutane da ke ƙaura zuwa Witwatersrand don neman [[Zinare|zinariya]]. Kogin Vaal zai zama babban tushen ruwa ga Witwatersrand. Yawan jama'a da farko sun yi amfani da ruwa daga ruwan kasa na Zuurbekom Wells a Gauteng's West Rand. A ƙarshe waɗannan za su bushe kuma mutane za su buƙaci sabon tushe wanda zai iya samar da ayyukan gida, noma da masana'antu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rand Water&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-07 |title=Water Origination |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084656/http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]] |ref={{sfnref | Home | 2019}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne suka fara kafa tsare-tsaren ruwa don magance buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa. Wadannan sun hada da Kamfanin Ruwa na Braamfontein na Vierfontein na 1893 da kuma Sivewright Concession na 1887 ta Kamfanin Rubuce-rubuce da Bincike na Johannesburg. Ruwa yana da tsada kuma yawancin mazauna ba su isa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;randwaterbg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crooks, J. |year=2004 |title=Background / History of Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwamitin Ruwa na Rand ===
An kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Rand a cikin 1903 don karɓar ayyukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da izini don bincika samar da ruwa mai ɗorewa da ayyukan tsabta. Kungiyar za ta fara aiki sosai a cikin 1905, tana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Witwatersrand. Mambobin kungiyar sun hada da jami'ai daga Majalisar Birnin Johannesburg, The Chamber of Mines da sauran hukumomin cikin Witwatersrand . &lt;ref name=&quot;randwaterbg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crooks, J. |year=2004 |title=Background / History of Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCrooks,_J.2004&quot;&gt;Crooks, J. (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx &quot;Background / History of Rand Water&quot;]. ''Home''. [[Rand Water]]. Archived from [http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx the original] on 9 February 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Rand Water ya amsa ga karancin ruwa ta hanyar sanya takunkumi ga mazaunan Witwatersrand a cikin 1913. Har ila yau, ya haɓaka manyan tsare-tsaren ruwa waɗanda za su amsa buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa. Tsakanin shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1998, kungiyar ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don fitar da shirin Vaal River da barga (1914-1924). Shirin Kogin Vaal wani shiri ne da aka kafa don gudanar da rarraba ruwa. Kwamitin Ruwa na Rand ya kuma kafa tashar famfo ta Vereeniging (1924), tashar fampo ta Zwartkopjes, maDatsar ruwa Vaal (1938), tashar pompo ta Zuikerbosch (1949) da kuma aikin ruwa na Lesotho Highlands (1998). &lt;ref name=&quot;randwaterbg&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Vaal''' (/ˈvɑːl/ Afrikaans pronunciation: []; [[Khoemana]]) shine mafi girman mai ba da gudummawa ga [[Kogin Orange]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin yana da asalinsa kusa da Breyten a lardin Mpumalanga, gabashin [[Johannesburg]] kuma kimanin kilomita 30 (19  arewacin Ermelo kuma kusan kilomita 240 (150  daga [[Tekun Indiya]]. Daga nan sai ya gudana zuwa yamma zuwa haɗuwa da Kogin Orange kudu maso yammacin Kimberley a Arewacin Cape. Yana da tsawon kilomita 1,458 (906 , kuma ya zama iyaka tsakanin Mpumalanga, Gauteng da Lardin Arewa maso Yamma a gefen arewa, da Free State a kudu.{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}}{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}}{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}}

Ita ce kogi na uku mafi girma a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] bayan [[Kogin Orange]] (tsawon kilomita 2200) da [[Kogin Limpopo]] (tsawon km 1750) kuma an kafa ta a matsayin babban tushen ruwa ga babban yankin Witswatersrand bayan karni na 19 na zinariya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Longest rivers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018. |url=http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163332/http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |archive-date=18 September 2019 |access-date=30 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dam din Vaal yana kan Kogin Vaal a Deneysville a kudancin iyakar tsakanin Gauteng da Free State. Kogin Vaal shine kogin da ya fi tsayi gaba ɗaya a cikin iyakokin Afirka ta Kudu.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

''Vaal'' sunan Yaren mutanen Holland ne (daga baya [[Afrikaans]]), wanda Griquas ko Boers suka fassara  daga Kora [[Khoekhoe]] ko ! Sunan [[Khoemana|Orakobab]], wani lokacin ana rubuta shi a matsayin ''''Tky''-Gariep'' (a cikin rubutun [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoekhoegowab]] shine Ō'''Hai'''!garib, kogi mai laushi).  Dukansu Vaal da Tky (a cikin rubutun zamani) suna nufin &quot;dull&quot; ko &quot;dull&quot;, wanda ke nuni da launi na ruwa, musamman a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da kogin ya cika da laka. A saman kogin an kira shi ''ILigwa'' ([[Harshen Arewacin Ndebele|Sindebele]]), ''Ikwa ko Igwa'' ([[Harshen Zulu|isiZulu]]), ''ilikwa'' ([[Harshen Swazi|siSwati]]), ''lekwa'' (Sesotho), ko ''cuoa'' ta Khoekhoe, duk suna nufin filin da yake ratsawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;OB&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:SA1899_pg136_A_Pont_._Vaal_River.jpg|left|thumb|340x340px|Pont (jirgi) a kan Kogin Vaal (anno 1899) ]]
A tarihi, kogin ya samar da iyakar arewacin masarautar Basotho ta Moshoeshoe ta I a lokacin da take kan gaba.  a tsakiyar karni na 19, sannan ya zama iyaka tsakanin jamhuriyoyin Boer guda biyu: Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (daga baya lardin Transvaal ) da Jihar Orange Free . Sunan yanki &quot;Transvaal&quot; ya fito ne daga sunan wannan kogin, ma'ana &quot;bayan kogin Vaal&quot;. Wannan ya shafi Cape Colony da Natal, waɗanda sune manyan yankunan da Turawa suka zauna a lokacin, kuma waɗanda ke kudu da Vaal.

A ƙarshen karni na 19, akwai kwararar mutane da ke ƙaura zuwa Witwatersrand don neman [[Zinare|zinariya]]. Kogin Vaal zai zama babban tushen ruwa ga Witwatersrand. Yawan jama'a da farko sun yi amfani da ruwa daga ruwan kasa na Zuurbekom Wells a Gauteng's West Rand. A ƙarshe waɗannan za su bushe kuma mutane za su buƙaci sabon tushe wanda zai iya samar da ayyukan gida, noma da masana'antu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rand Water&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-07 |title=Water Origination |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084656/http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]] |ref={{sfnref | Home | 2019}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne suka fara kafa tsare-tsaren ruwa don magance buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa. Wadannan sun hada da Kamfanin Ruwa na Braamfontein na Vierfontein na 1893 da kuma Sivewright Concession na 1887 ta Kamfanin Rubuce-rubuce da Bincike na Johannesburg. Ruwa yana da tsada kuma yawancin mazauna ba su isa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;randwaterbg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crooks, J. |year=2004 |title=Background / History of Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwamitin Ruwa na Rand ===
An kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Rand a cikin 1903 don karɓar ayyukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu tare da izini don bincika samar da ruwa mai ɗorewa da ayyukan tsabta. Kungiyar za ta fara aiki sosai a cikin 1905, tana samar da ruwa mai yawa ga Witwatersrand. Mambobin kungiyar sun hada da jami'ai daga Majalisar Birnin Johannesburg, The Chamber of Mines da sauran hukumomin cikin Witwatersrand . &lt;ref name=&quot;randwaterbg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Crooks, J. |year=2004 |title=Background / History of Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx |archive-date=2019-02-09 |access-date=2019-02-07 |website=Home |publisher=[[Rand Water]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCrooks,_J.2004&quot;&gt;Crooks, J. (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx &quot;Background / History of Rand Water&quot;]. ''Home''. [[Rand Water]]. Archived from [http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx the original] on 9 February 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 February&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Rand Water ya amsa ga karancin ruwa ta hanyar sanya takunkumi ga mazaunan Witwatersrand a cikin 1913. Har ila yau, ya haɓaka manyan tsare-tsaren ruwa waɗanda za su amsa buƙatun da ke ƙaruwa. Tsakanin shekara ta 1914 zuwa 1998, kungiyar ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don fitar da shirin Vaal River da barga (1914-1924). Shirin Kogin Vaal wani shiri ne da aka kafa don gudanar da rarraba ruwa. Kwamitin Ruwa na Rand ya kuma kafa tashar famfo ta Vereeniging (1924), tashar fampo ta Zwartkopjes, maDatsar ruwa Vaal (1938), tashar pompo ta Zuikerbosch (1949) da kuma aikin ruwa na Lesotho Highlands (1998). &lt;ref name=&quot;randwaterbg&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Tsarin samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1307251657|Western Cape Water Supply System]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tsarin samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape''' (WCWSS) tsarin samar da ruwa ne mai rikitarwa a yankin Yammacin Kapa na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin haɗin gwiwa na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun mai, bututun ruwa da hanyoyin rarraba, da kuma ƙananan madatsun daji da yawa, wasu mallakar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabtacewa da wasu daga Birnin Cape Town.

== Abubuwan da aka haɗa ==
Babban bangare na WCWSS shine Tsarin Ruwa na Gwamnatin Riviersonderend-Berg, wanda shine babban tsarin canja wurin ruwa wanda ke tsara kwararar Kogin Sonderend da ke gudana a Kudu zuwa Tekun Indiya, Kogin Berg da ke gudada a Arewa zuwa Tekun Atlantika da [[Kogin Eerste]] wanda ke gudana cikin False Bay.

Manyan madatsun ruwa duk suna cikin tsaunukan Cape Fold zuwa gabashin Cape Town. Su ne:

* [[Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof|Rashin ruwa na Theewaterskloof]]
* Rashin ruwa na Wemmershoek
* [[Dam ɗin Steenbras|Steenbras Lower Dam]]
* [[Dam ɗin Steenbras Upper|Steenbras Upper Dam]]
* [[Dam ɗin Voëlvlei|Ruwan ruwa na Voëlvlei]]
* Dam din Kogin Berg

Wadannan manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida suna samar da kashi 99.6% na haɗin ajiya, da ƙananan madatsun shaida 8 da suka rage 0.4%. Ana yin rikodin matakan waɗannan madatsun ruwa kuma ana buga su a cikin rahotanni na mako-mako ta Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabtace Yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=This Week's Dam levels |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels |access-date=2017-06-16 |website=www.capetown.gov.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dwas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Western Cape Dam Levels |url=http://www.elsenburg.com/agri-tools/western-cape-dam-levels |access-date=2017-06-16 |website=www.elsenburg.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Department of Water and Sanitation - Surface Water Storage |url=http://niwis.dws.gov.za/niwis2/SurfaceWaterStorage |access-date=2017-06-16 |website=niwis.dws.gov.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dam mafi girma a cikin tsarin shine Theewaterskloof Dam a kan Kogin Sonderend, tare da damar ajiya na mita miliyan 480, ko 41% na jimlar ajiya. An haɗa shi da tsarin ruwa na Cape Town ta hanyar aikin magani na Faure ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta Kleinplass tare da tsarin rami ta hanyar Dutsen Hottentots Holland. An kara madatsar ruwan Kogin Berg (mita cubic miliyan 130) a cikin wannan tsarin a cikin shekara ta 2009.

Sauran madatsar ajiya na WCWSS sune madatsar ruwan Voëlvlei (mita cubic miliyan 159), madatsar ruwa ta Wemmershoek (mita cubi miliyan 59) a cikin kwandon Kogin Berg, madatsar saman da ƙananan Steenbras a kan Kogin Steenbras da kuma madatsar tanadi na Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme a kan Kogin Palmiet, daga inda za'a iya canja ruwa zuwa madatsar Steenbras.

A cikin 2009 an kara karfin ajiya a cikin tsarin da kashi 17% daga mita cubic miliyan 898 ta hanyar kammala madatsar ruwan Berg River.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
!Manyan madatsun ruwa
!Capacity (dubban cubic mita) 
(matsayi dubu) 
!Wurin da yake
!
!Ƙananan Dams
!Capacity (dubban cubic 
mita)  
!Wurin da yake
|-
|A
|[[Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof|Theewaterskloof]] (Villiersdorp) 
|480188
|[[Fayil:Theewaterskloof_dam.png|200x200px]]
|G
|Kleinplaats (Garin Simon) 
|1368
|[[Fayil:Kleinplaas_dam.png|left|200x200px]]
|-
|B
|[[Dam ɗin Voëlvlei|Voëlvlei]] (Gouda) 
|164095
|[[Fayil:Voelvlei_dam.png|left|frameless|200x200px]]
|H
|[[Dam ɗin Woodhead|Woodhead]] (Table Mountain) 
|954
|[[Fayil:Woodhead_andhely-hutchinson_dam.png|200x200px]]
|-
|C
|Kogin Berg (Franschhoek) 
|130010
|[[Fayil:Berg_river_dam.png|left|200x200px]]
|Na
|Hely-Hutchinson (Table Mountain) 
|925
|[[Fayil:Woodhead_andhely-hutchinson_dam.png|200x200px]]
|-
|D
|Wemmershoek (Franschhoek) 
|58644
|[[Fayil:Wemmershoek_dam.png|left|200x200px]]
|J
|Land-en-Zeezicht (Helderberg) 
|451
|[[Fayil:Landenzeezichtdam.png|left|200x200px]]
|-
|E
|[[Dam ɗin Steenbras|Steenbras Lower]] (Grabouw) 
|33 517
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Fayil:Steenbras_upper_and_lower.png|left|200x200px]]
|K
|[[Dam ɗin Woodhead|De Villiers]] (Table Mountain) 
|243
|[[Fayil:De_villiers_dam.png|left|200x200px]]
|-
|F
|Steenbras Upper (Grabouw) 
|31767
|L
|Lewis Gay (Garin Simon) 
|182
|[[Fayil:Lewsigaydam.png|left|200x200px]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|M
|[[Dam ɗin Woodhead|Victoria]] (Table Mountain) 
|128
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Fayil:Victoriareservoir_and_alexandra_reservoir.png|left|200x200px]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|N
|[[Dam ɗin Woodhead|Alexandra]] (Table Mountain) 
|126
|}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tsarin samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape''' (WCWSS) tsarin samar da ruwa ne mai rikitarwa a yankin Yammacin Kapa na [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin haɗin gwiwa na manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida, bututun mai, bututun ruwa da hanyoyin rarraba, da kuma ƙananan madatsun daji da yawa, wasu mallakar Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabtacewa da wasu daga Birnin Cape Town.

== Abubuwan da aka haɗa ==
Babban bangare na WCWSS shine Tsarin Ruwa na Gwamnatin Riviersonderend-Berg, wanda shine babban tsarin canja wurin ruwa wanda ke tsara kwararar Kogin Sonderend da ke gudana a Kudu zuwa Tekun Indiya, Kogin Berg da ke gudada a Arewa zuwa Tekun Atlantika da [[Kogin Eerste]] wanda ke gudana cikin False Bay.

Manyan madatsun ruwa duk suna cikin tsaunukan Cape Fold zuwa gabashin Cape Town. Su ne:

* [[Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof|Rashin ruwa na Theewaterskloof]]
* Rashin ruwa na Wemmershoek
* [[Dam ɗin Steenbras|Steenbras Lower Dam]]
* [[Dam ɗin Steenbras Upper|Steenbras Upper Dam]]
* [[Dam ɗin Voëlvlei|Ruwan ruwa na Voëlvlei]]
* Dam din Kogin Berg

Wadannan manyan madatsun ruwa guda shida suna samar da kashi 99.6% na haɗin ajiya, da ƙananan madatsun shaida 8 da suka rage 0.4%. Ana yin rikodin matakan waɗannan madatsun ruwa kuma ana buga su a cikin rahotanni na mako-mako ta Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsabtace Yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=This Week's Dam levels |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels |access-date=2017-06-16 |website=www.capetown.gov.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dwas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Western Cape Dam Levels |url=http://www.elsenburg.com/agri-tools/western-cape-dam-levels |access-date=2017-06-16 |website=www.elsenburg.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Department of Water and Sanitation - Surface Water Storage |url=http://niwis.dws.gov.za/niwis2/SurfaceWaterStorage |access-date=2017-06-16 |website=niwis.dws.gov.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dam mafi girma a cikin tsarin shine Theewaterskloof Dam a kan Kogin Sonderend, tare da damar ajiya na mita miliyan 480, ko 41% na jimlar ajiya. An haɗa shi da tsarin ruwa na Cape Town ta hanyar aikin magani na Faure ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta Kleinplass tare da tsarin rami ta hanyar Dutsen Hottentots Holland. An kara madatsar ruwan Kogin Berg (mita cubic miliyan 130) a cikin wannan tsarin a cikin shekara ta 2009.

Sauran madatsar ajiya na WCWSS sune madatsar ruwan Voëlvlei (mita cubic miliyan 159), madatsar ruwa ta Wemmershoek (mita cubi miliyan 59) a cikin kwandon Kogin Berg, madatsar saman da ƙananan Steenbras a kan Kogin Steenbras da kuma madatsar tanadi na Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme a kan Kogin Palmiet, daga inda za'a iya canja ruwa zuwa madatsar Steenbras.

A cikin 2009 an kara karfin ajiya a cikin tsarin da kashi 17% daga mita cubic miliyan 898 ta hanyar kammala madatsar ruwan Berg River.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!
!Manyan madatsun ruwa
!Capacity (dubban cubic mita) 
(matsayi dubu) 
!Wurin da yake
!
!Ƙananan Dams
!Capacity (dubban cubic 
mita)  
!Wurin da yake
|-
|A
|[[Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof|Theewaterskloof]] (Villiersdorp) 
|480188
|[[Fayil:Theewaterskloof_dam.png|200x200px]]
|G
|Kleinplaats (Garin Simon) 
|1368
|[[Fayil:Kleinplaas_dam.png|left|200x200px]]
|-
|B
|[[Dam ɗin Voëlvlei|Voëlvlei]] (Gouda) 
|164095
|[[Fayil:Voelvlei_dam.png|left|frameless|200x200px]]
|H
|[[Dam ɗin Woodhead|Woodhead]] (Table Mountain) 
|954
|[[Fayil:Woodhead_andhely-hutchinson_dam.png|200x200px]]
|-
|C
|Kogin Berg (Franschhoek) 
|130010
|[[Fayil:Berg_river_dam.png|left|200x200px]]
|Na
|Hely-Hutchinson (Table Mountain) 
|925
|[[Fayil:Woodhead_andhely-hutchinson_dam.png|200x200px]]
|-
|D
|Wemmershoek (Franschhoek) 
|58644
|[[Fayil:Wemmershoek_dam.png|left|200x200px]]
|J
|Land-en-Zeezicht (Helderberg) 
|451
|[[Fayil:Landenzeezichtdam.png|left|200x200px]]
|-
|E
|[[Dam ɗin Steenbras|Steenbras Lower]] (Grabouw) 
|33 517
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Fayil:Steenbras_upper_and_lower.png|left|200x200px]]
|K
|[[Dam ɗin Woodhead|De Villiers]] (Table Mountain) 
|243
|[[Fayil:De_villiers_dam.png|left|200x200px]]
|-
|F
|Steenbras Upper (Grabouw) 
|31767
|L
|Lewis Gay (Garin Simon) 
|182
|[[Fayil:Lewsigaydam.png|left|200x200px]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|M
|[[Dam ɗin Woodhead|Victoria]] (Table Mountain) 
|128
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Fayil:Victoriareservoir_and_alexandra_reservoir.png|left|200x200px]]
|-
|
|
|
|
|N
|[[Dam ɗin Woodhead|Alexandra]] (Table Mountain) 
|126
|}

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>jvqpne9mpc6pq9wju197n1aws3p96tg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gereb Shegal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843748</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:09:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1188152951|Gereb Shegal]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843748</origin>
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      <text bytes="1478" sha1="bdvb3zrb93hehgn1ir0ih2cygmkwkhm" xml:space="preserve">'''Gereb Shegal''' tafki ne da ke cikin woreda na Yankin Tigray a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . An gina madatsar ruwan da ke riƙe da tafkin a cikin 1998 ta hanyar SAERT. 

== Halayen madatsar ruwa ==

* Tsawon madatsar ruwa: mita 20&amp;nbsp;
* Tsawon tsaunuka na madatsar ruwa: mita 363&amp;nbsp;

== Capacity ==

* Ikon asali: 1000000 m3&amp;nbsp;
* Yankin tafkin: 17.1 ha&amp;nbsp;

== Ruwa ==

* Yankin da aka tsara don ban ruwa: 52 ha&amp;nbsp;
* Yankin da aka yi ban ruwa a 2002: 14 ha&amp;nbsp;

== Muhalli ==
Rashin tafkin yana da girman kilomita 8.67, tare da kewayon kilomita 12.12 da tsawon mita 4320. Wannan tafkin yana fama da saurin yaduwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Reservoirs in Tigray: characteristics and sediment deposition problems |journal=Land Degradation and Development |volume=17 |pages=211–230 |doi=10.1002/ldr.698 |s2cid=129834993 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lithology na tafkin shine Mekelle Dolerite da Antalo Limestone .  Wani ɓangare na ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don ban ruwa ya ɓace ta hanyar tsomawa; sakamako mai kyau shi ne cewa wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga sake caji na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2008 |title=Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: A quantitative analysis of its controlling factors |journal=Catena |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |bibcode=2008Caten..75...65H |doi=10.1016/j.catena.2008.04.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>bdvb3zrb93hehgn1ir0ih2cygmkwkhm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843749</id>
      <parentid>843748</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:10:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843749</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1491" sha1="qns1ytrxrwaxp14kdwxcr1t9lliv9j9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Gereb Shegal''' tafki ne da ke cikin woreda na Yankin Tigray a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . An gina madatsar ruwan da ke riƙe da tafkin a cikin 1998 ta hanyar SAERT. 

== Halayen madatsar ruwa ==

* Tsawon madatsar ruwa: mita 20&amp;nbsp;
* Tsawon tsaunuka na madatsar ruwa: mita 363&amp;nbsp;

== Capacity ==

* Ikon asali: 1000000 m3&amp;nbsp;
* Yankin tafkin: 17.1 ha&amp;nbsp;

== Ruwa ==

* Yankin da aka tsara don ban ruwa: 52 ha&amp;nbsp;
* Yankin da aka yi ban ruwa a 2002: 14 ha&amp;nbsp;

== Muhalli ==
Rashin tafkin yana da girman kilomita 8.67, tare da kewayon kilomita 12.12 da tsawon mita 4320. Wannan tafkin yana fama da saurin yaduwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Reservoirs in Tigray: characteristics and sediment deposition problems |journal=Land Degradation and Development |volume=17 |pages=211–230 |doi=10.1002/ldr.698 |s2cid=129834993 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lithology na tafkin shine Mekelle Dolerite da Antalo Limestone .  Wani ɓangare na ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don ban ruwa ya ɓace ta hanyar tsomawa; sakamako mai kyau shi ne cewa wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga sake caji na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2008 |title=Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: A quantitative analysis of its controlling factors |journal=Catena |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |bibcode=2008Caten..75...65H |doi=10.1016/j.catena.2008.04.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>qns1ytrxrwaxp14kdwxcr1t9lliv9j9</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tafkin Giba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843751</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:11:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292700899|Lake Giba]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843751</origin>
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'''Tafkin Giba''' wani tafki ne da ake ginawa a iyakar [[Enderta (Ethiopian District)|Inderta]] ; ''Gundumar'' [[Kilte Awulaelo|Kilte Awula'ilo]] da Dogu'a Tembien na yankin Tigray a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;gerre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebremedhin Berhane |first=and colleagues |date=2013 |title=Geological challenges in constructing the proposed Geba dam site, northern Ethiopia |journal=Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment |volume=72 |issue=3–4 |pages=339–352 |doi=10.1007/s10064-013-0480-9 |s2cid=128713402 |id={{ProQuest|1655734342}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2020}}   Ana gina madatsar ruwa ta ƙasa da ke riƙe da ma'adanar ruwa. Zai tattara ruwan daga magudanar ruwa ta Sulluh (969)&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ), [[Genfel]] (733&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ), da [[Kogin Agula'i|Agula'i]] (692)&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ) koguna. &lt;ref name=&quot;aman&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Amanuel Zenebe |first=and colleagues |date=2013 |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halayen madatsar ruwa ==
An yi niyyar madatsar ruwan ne don samar da ruwan sha ga Mekelle da kuma daidaita kwararar kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;gerre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebremedhin Berhane |first=and colleagues |date=2013 |title=Geological challenges in constructing the proposed Geba dam site, northern Ethiopia |journal=Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment |volume=72 |issue=3–4 |pages=339–352 |doi=10.1007/s10064-013-0480-9 |s2cid=128713402 |id={{ProQuest|1655734342}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGebremedhin_Berhane2013&quot;&gt;Gebremedhin Berhane, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Geological challenges in constructing the proposed Geba dam site, northern Ethiopia&quot;. ''Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment''. '''72''' (&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3–&lt;/span&gt;4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;339–&lt;/span&gt;352. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10064-013-0480-9|10.1007/s10064-013-0480-9]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128713402 128713402]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGebremedhin_Berhane2013&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1655734342 1655734342].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Tsawon madatsar ruwa: mita 80
* Tsawon tsaunukan madatsar ruwa: mita 1000

== Capacity ==

* Ikon asali: &lt;ref name=&quot;gerre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebremedhin Berhane |first=and colleagues |date=2013 |title=Geological challenges in constructing the proposed Geba dam site, northern Ethiopia |journal=Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment |volume=72 |issue=3–4 |pages=339–352 |doi=10.1007/s10064-013-0480-9 |s2cid=128713402 |id={{ProQuest|1655734342}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGebremedhin_Berhane2013&quot;&gt;Gebremedhin Berhane, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Geological challenges in constructing the proposed Geba dam site, northern Ethiopia&quot;. ''Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment''. '''72''' (&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3–&lt;/span&gt;4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;339–&lt;/span&gt;352. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10064-013-0480-9|10.1007/s10064-013-0480-9]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128713402 128713402]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGebremedhin_Berhane2013&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1655734342 1655734342].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 350 miliyan m3
* Yankin tafkin: 9 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Matsakaicin shigar da turɓaya na shekara-shekara zuwa tafkin ta manyan koguna an lissafa shi azaman tan miliyan 3.8: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vanmaercke |first=M. and colleagues |date=2010 |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sulluh: tan 862,410
* [[Genfel]]: tan 364,301
* [[Kogin Agula'i]]: tan 2,618,528

== Ambaliyar ruwa ==
Dam din zai mamaye kwarin da ke cikin kogin, wanda a halin yanzu ke cike da gonaki da bushlands. Rashin zai kai ga ƙananan Genfel da Suluh gorges, a wurin da ake kira Shugu'a Shugu'i . Babu mutane da ke zaune har abada a yankin da ambaliyar ruwa za ta cika. Garin da ke cikin busassun ƙasa na yanzu Ch'in Feres (a [[Enderta (Ethiopian District)|Inderta]]), Addi Atereman da Worgesha (a Dogu'a Tembien) za su zama ƙauyuka na bakin tafkin, kuma cocin Genfel a cikin gorge mai suna zai kasance a gefen Tafkin Giba . 

== Rashin da ake tsammani ==
Lithology na wurin ginin madatsar ruwan shine Antalo Limestone . &lt;ref name=&quot;gerre&quot; /&gt; Ana sa ran wani ɓangare na ruwansa zai ɓace ta hanyar zubowa;  sakamako mai kyau shi ne cewa wannan zai ba da gudummawa ga sake caji na ruwa a cikin yankunan da ke ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebremedhin Berhane |first=and colleagues |date=2013 |title=Water leakage investigation of micro-dam reservoirs in Mesozoic sedimentary sequences in Northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=79 |pages=98–110 |bibcode=2013JAfES..79...98B |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2012.10.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Reservoirs in Tigray: characteristics and sediment deposition problems |journal=Land Degradation and Development |volume=17 |pages=211–230 |doi=10.1002/ldr.698 |s2cid=129834993 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843752</id>
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      <text bytes="6091" sha1="r64i6dceqfnld05j4w5dy4bouvs0mgl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Tafkin Giba''' wani tafki ne da ake ginawa a iyakar [[Enderta (Ethiopian District)|Inderta]] ; ''Gundumar'' [[Kilte Awulaelo|Kilte Awula'ilo]] da Dogu'a Tembien na yankin Tigray a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;gerre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebremedhin Berhane |first=and colleagues |date=2013 |title=Geological challenges in constructing the proposed Geba dam site, northern Ethiopia |journal=Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment |volume=72 |issue=3–4 |pages=339–352 |doi=10.1007/s10064-013-0480-9 |s2cid=128713402 |id={{ProQuest|1655734342}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2020}}   Ana gina madatsar ruwa ta ƙasa da ke riƙe da ma'adanar ruwa. Zai tattara ruwan daga magudanar ruwa ta Sulluh (969)&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ), [[Genfel]] (733&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ), da [[Kogin Agula'i|Agula'i]] (692)&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ) koguna. &lt;ref name=&quot;aman&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Amanuel Zenebe |first=and colleagues |date=2013 |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halayen madatsar ruwa ==
An yi niyyar madatsar ruwan ne don samar da ruwan sha ga Mekelle da kuma daidaita kwararar kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;gerre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebremedhin Berhane |first=and colleagues |date=2013 |title=Geological challenges in constructing the proposed Geba dam site, northern Ethiopia |journal=Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment |volume=72 |issue=3–4 |pages=339–352 |doi=10.1007/s10064-013-0480-9 |s2cid=128713402 |id={{ProQuest|1655734342}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGebremedhin_Berhane2013&quot;&gt;Gebremedhin Berhane, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Geological challenges in constructing the proposed Geba dam site, northern Ethiopia&quot;. ''Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment''. '''72''' (&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3–&lt;/span&gt;4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;339–&lt;/span&gt;352. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10064-013-0480-9|10.1007/s10064-013-0480-9]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128713402 128713402]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGebremedhin_Berhane2013&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1655734342 1655734342].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Tsawon madatsar ruwa: mita 80
* Tsawon tsaunukan madatsar ruwa: mita 1000

== Capacity ==

* Ikon asali: &lt;ref name=&quot;gerre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebremedhin Berhane |first=and colleagues |date=2013 |title=Geological challenges in constructing the proposed Geba dam site, northern Ethiopia |journal=Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment |volume=72 |issue=3–4 |pages=339–352 |doi=10.1007/s10064-013-0480-9 |s2cid=128713402 |id={{ProQuest|1655734342}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGebremedhin_Berhane2013&quot;&gt;Gebremedhin Berhane, and colleagues (2013). &quot;Geological challenges in constructing the proposed Geba dam site, northern Ethiopia&quot;. ''Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment''. '''72''' (&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3–&lt;/span&gt;4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;339–&lt;/span&gt;352. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10064-013-0480-9|10.1007/s10064-013-0480-9]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128713402 128713402]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGebremedhin_Berhane2013&quot;&gt;[[ProQuest]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.proquest.com/docview/1655734342 1655734342].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 350 miliyan m3
* Yankin tafkin: 9 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Matsakaicin shigar da turɓaya na shekara-shekara zuwa tafkin ta manyan koguna an lissafa shi azaman tan miliyan 3.8: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vanmaercke |first=M. and colleagues |date=2010 |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Sulluh: tan 862,410
* [[Genfel]]: tan 364,301
* [[Kogin Agula'i]]: tan 2,618,528

== Ambaliyar ruwa ==
Dam din zai mamaye kwarin da ke cikin kogin, wanda a halin yanzu ke cike da gonaki da bushlands. Rashin zai kai ga ƙananan Genfel da Suluh gorges, a wurin da ake kira Shugu'a Shugu'i . Babu mutane da ke zaune har abada a yankin da ambaliyar ruwa za ta cika. Garin da ke cikin busassun ƙasa na yanzu Ch'in Feres (a [[Enderta (Ethiopian District)|Inderta]]), Addi Atereman da Worgesha (a Dogu'a Tembien) za su zama ƙauyuka na bakin tafkin, kuma cocin Genfel a cikin gorge mai suna zai kasance a gefen Tafkin Giba . 

== Rashin da ake tsammani ==
Lithology na wurin ginin madatsar ruwan shine Antalo Limestone . &lt;ref name=&quot;gerre&quot; /&gt; Ana sa ran wani ɓangare na ruwansa zai ɓace ta hanyar zubowa;  sakamako mai kyau shi ne cewa wannan zai ba da gudummawa ga sake caji na ruwa a cikin yankunan da ke ƙasa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gebremedhin Berhane |first=and colleagues |date=2013 |title=Water leakage investigation of micro-dam reservoirs in Mesozoic sedimentary sequences in Northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=79 |pages=98–110 |bibcode=2013JAfES..79...98B |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2012.10.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Reservoirs in Tigray: characteristics and sediment deposition problems |journal=Land Degradation and Development |volume=17 |pages=211–230 |doi=10.1002/ldr.698 |s2cid=129834993 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ginda'i</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1187105276|Ginda'i]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2501" sha1="t2wm8oq4k0ejhlzbclvgt45pttvxq2t" xml:space="preserve">'''Ginda'i''' (wanda kuma aka rubuta Gindae) tafki ne da ke cikin [[Kilte Awulaelo|Kilte Awula'ilo]] ''woreda'' na Yankin Tigray a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . An gina madatsar ruwan da ke riƙe da tafkin a cikin 1998 ta hanyar SAERT . 

== Halayen madatsar ruwa ==

* Tsawon madatsar ruwan: mita 19.5&amp;nbsp;
* Tsawon tsaunuka na madatsar ruwa: mita 483&amp;nbsp;
* Faɗin [[Hanyar Zube|Hanyar zubar da ruwa]]: mita 23.2&amp;nbsp;

== Capacity ==

* Ikon asali: 793170 m3&amp;nbsp;
* [[Dead storage|Matattu ajiya]]: 142405 m3&amp;nbsp;
* Yankin tafkin: 13.5 ha&amp;nbsp;

A shekara ta 2002, an kiyasta tsawon rayuwar tafkin (tsawon da ya gabata kafin a cika shi da turɓaya) a shekaru 20.

== Ruwa ==

* Yankin da aka tsara don ban ruwa: 54 ha&amp;nbsp;
* Yankin da aka yi ban ruwa a 2002: hekta 6&amp;nbsp;

== Muhalli ==
Rashin tafkin yana da girman kilomita 11.16. Taswirar lalacewar yanar gizo don Ginda'i ya nuna cewa zubar da turɓaya yana faruwa a ƙwanƙolin ƙafa, yayin da matsakaicin lalacewar (fiye da tan 150 a kowace hekta a kowace shekara) ya faru a kan tuddai mafi tsawo. Yawan rushewa a cikin ƙasashen da aka noma sau da yawa ba su da yawa, kamar yadda a cikin Ginda'i da ke cikin gonakin amfanin gona galibi suna kan gangaren da ke ƙasa da 5% masu tsayi.&lt;ref&gt;Nigussie Haregeweyn, J. Poesen, G. Verstraeten, G. Govers, J. De Vente, J. NYSSEN, J. DECKERS, and J. MOEYERSONS. [https://www.africamuseum.be/publication_docs/watemsedemHaregeweynetalLDD2011.pdf &quot;Assessing the performance of a spatially distributed soil erosion and sediment delivery model (WATEM/SEDEMENTATION) in northern Ethiopia.&quot; In Land Degradation and Development.] John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2001. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.1121}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan tafkin yana fama da saurin yaduwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Reservoirs in Tigray: characteristics and sediment deposition problems |journal=Land Degradation and Development |volume=17 |pages=211–230 |doi=10.1002/ldr.698 |s2cid=129834993 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani ɓangare na ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don ban ruwa ya ɓace ta hanyar tsomawa; sakamako mai kyau shi ne cewa wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga sake cajin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2008 |title=Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: A quantitative analysis of its controlling factors |journal=Catena |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |bibcode=2008Caten..75...65H |doi=10.1016/j.catena.2008.04.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2514" sha1="duuot724dl15vjzny8a25kju5awc8hn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Ginda'i''' (wanda kuma aka rubuta Gindae) tafki ne da ke cikin [[Kilte Awulaelo|Kilte Awula'ilo]] ''woreda'' na Yankin Tigray a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . An gina madatsar ruwan da ke riƙe da tafkin a cikin 1998 ta hanyar SAERT . 

== Halayen madatsar ruwa ==

* Tsawon madatsar ruwan: mita 19.5&amp;nbsp;
* Tsawon tsaunuka na madatsar ruwa: mita 483&amp;nbsp;
* Faɗin [[Hanyar Zube|Hanyar zubar da ruwa]]: mita 23.2&amp;nbsp;

== Capacity ==

* Ikon asali: 793170 m3&amp;nbsp;
* [[Dead storage|Matattu ajiya]]: 142405 m3&amp;nbsp;
* Yankin tafkin: 13.5 ha&amp;nbsp;

A shekara ta 2002, an kiyasta tsawon rayuwar tafkin (tsawon da ya gabata kafin a cika shi da turɓaya) a shekaru 20.

== Ruwa ==

* Yankin da aka tsara don ban ruwa: 54 ha&amp;nbsp;
* Yankin da aka yi ban ruwa a 2002: hekta 6&amp;nbsp;

== Muhalli ==
Rashin tafkin yana da girman kilomita 11.16. Taswirar lalacewar yanar gizo don Ginda'i ya nuna cewa zubar da turɓaya yana faruwa a ƙwanƙolin ƙafa, yayin da matsakaicin lalacewar (fiye da tan 150 a kowace hekta a kowace shekara) ya faru a kan tuddai mafi tsawo. Yawan rushewa a cikin ƙasashen da aka noma sau da yawa ba su da yawa, kamar yadda a cikin Ginda'i da ke cikin gonakin amfanin gona galibi suna kan gangaren da ke ƙasa da 5% masu tsayi.&lt;ref&gt;Nigussie Haregeweyn, J. Poesen, G. Verstraeten, G. Govers, J. De Vente, J. NYSSEN, J. DECKERS, and J. MOEYERSONS. [https://www.africamuseum.be/publication_docs/watemsedemHaregeweynetalLDD2011.pdf &quot;Assessing the performance of a spatially distributed soil erosion and sediment delivery model (WATEM/SEDEMENTATION) in northern Ethiopia.&quot; In Land Degradation and Development.] John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2001. {{Doi|10.1002/ldr.1121}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan tafkin yana fama da saurin yaduwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Reservoirs in Tigray: characteristics and sediment deposition problems |journal=Land Degradation and Development |volume=17 |pages=211–230 |doi=10.1002/ldr.698 |s2cid=129834993 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani ɓangare na ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don ban ruwa ya ɓace ta hanyar tsomawa; sakamako mai kyau shi ne cewa wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga sake cajin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2008 |title=Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: A quantitative analysis of its controlling factors |journal=Catena |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |bibcode=2008Caten..75...65H |doi=10.1016/j.catena.2008.04.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Godew</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843755</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:14:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1216311731|Godew]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1328" sha1="ajfyu03hwjx44za495ivna2wj6dixmk" xml:space="preserve">'''Godew''' wani ma'ajiyar ruwa ne da ke ''yankin'' [[Enderta (Ethiopian District)|Inderta]] na yankin Tigray a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . [[Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources|Hukumar Noma da Albarkatun Kasa ta Tigray]] ce ta gina madatsar ruwa mai kauri a shekarar 1990. 

== Muhalli ==
Rashin tafkin yana da girman kilomita 4, tare da kewayon kilomita 10.45 (wanda madatsar ruwa ta mamaye mita 3&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) da tsawon mita 3260. Wannan tafkin yana fama da saurin yaduwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Reservoirs in Tigray: characteristics and sediment deposition problems |journal=Land Degradation and Development |volume=17 |pages=211–230 |doi=10.1002/ldr.698 |s2cid=129834993 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lithology na tafkin shine Mekelle Dolerite da Agula Shale .  Wani ɓangare na ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don ban ruwa ya ɓace ta hanyar tsomawa; sakamako mai kyau shi ne cewa wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga sake caji na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2008 |title=Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: A quantitative analysis of its controlling factors |journal=Catena |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |bibcode=2008Caten..75...65H |doi=10.1016/j.catena.2008.04.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843756</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:14:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="1341" sha1="j7wx4cloqlh3py5bhymqljdsdtspdhu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Godew''' wani ma'ajiyar ruwa ne da ke ''yankin'' [[Enderta (Ethiopian District)|Inderta]] na yankin Tigray a [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . [[Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources|Hukumar Noma da Albarkatun Kasa ta Tigray]] ce ta gina madatsar ruwa mai kauri a shekarar 1990. 

== Muhalli ==
Rashin tafkin yana da girman kilomita 4, tare da kewayon kilomita 10.45 (wanda madatsar ruwa ta mamaye mita 3&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) da tsawon mita 3260. Wannan tafkin yana fama da saurin yaduwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2006 |title=Reservoirs in Tigray: characteristics and sediment deposition problems |journal=Land Degradation and Development |volume=17 |pages=211–230 |doi=10.1002/ldr.698 |s2cid=129834993 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lithology na tafkin shine Mekelle Dolerite da Agula Shale .  Wani ɓangare na ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don ban ruwa ya ɓace ta hanyar tsomawa; sakamako mai kyau shi ne cewa wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga sake caji na ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nigussie Haregeweyn |first=and colleagues |date=2008 |title=Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: A quantitative analysis of its controlling factors |journal=Catena |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |bibcode=2008Caten..75...65H |doi=10.1016/j.catena.2008.04.011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruwa na Ghana</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356613644|Ghana Water Limited]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ghana Water Limited (GWL) ''' (tsohon Ghana Water Company Limited, kuma a baya an san shi da Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation, Aqua Vitens, da Rand Limited) shine kamfani mai amfani da ruwa mallakar gwamnati a Ghana. Yana da alhakin samarwa, watsawa, da rarraba ruwan sha a cikin birane a duk faɗin ƙasar.

Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2024, GWL tana sarrafawa da kuma aiki da tsarin samar da ruwa tamanin da hudu (84), wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin ruwa na sama da daya (61) da tsarin ruwa na kasa ashirin da uku (23), yana ba da sabis ga kimanin mutane miliyan 14 a duk fadin kasar. Kamfanin yana kula da ofisoshin yanki 15 da ofisoshan gundumar 103.

A matsakaita, GWL tana samar da 950,995 m3 na ruwa a kowace rana (daidai da galan miliyan 209 a kowace rana) a kan bukatar ƙasa ta 1,129,361 m3 a kowace rana (248 miliyan gallons a kowace rana). Ruwan samar da ruwa na birane yana tsaye a 84.2%, yana ba da sabis ga abokan ciniki 1,008,301, daga cikinsu 89% an auna su. Kamfanin yana daukar ma'aikatan 5,755. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Company Profile – GWL – Welcome |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/company-profile/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Kafin mulkin mallaka, al'ummomi a cikin abin da ke yanzu Ghana sun dogara da tushen halitta kamar rafi, koguna, da tabkuna don ruwa. An kirkiro tsarin samar da ruwa na farko a bakin tekun zinariya ta Burtaniya kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na]] I. A cikin shekarun 1920, an ba da tsarin ruwa zuwa wasu garuruwa da birane, gami da Winneba, Kumasi, da Cape Coast, sannan babban birnin mulkin mallaka.

An kafa Ghana Water Limited a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1999 bayan da aka canza kamfanin Ghana Water and Sewerage zuwa kamfani mai iyakacin alhakin mallakar jihar a karkashin kamfanoni na doka (juyawa zuwa kamfanoni) dokar 461 na 1993, kamar yadda LI 1648 ya gyara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Water Company Limited – State Interests and Governance Authority |url=https://siga.gov.gh/entity/ghana-water-company-limited/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin mulki ==
Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Ruwa tana da alhakin tsara manufofin samar da ruwa na kasa, kula da ayyukan Ghana Water Limited (GWL), tattara kudade daga hukumomin tallafi na waje, da daidaita shirye-shiryen saka hannun jari.

A karkashin kulawar Ma'aikatar, kwamitin Daraktoci na mambobi goma sha ɗaya ne ke jagorantar GWL, wanda ke ba da jagorancin manufofi gaba ɗaya da kulawar kamfanoni. Gudanar da yau da kullun na kamfanin an danka shi ga Manajan Darakta, wanda Janar Manajoji uku ke tallafawa: wanda ke da alhakin Kudi da Gudanarwa, wanda ke da alaƙa da Ayyuka, da kuma wanda ke da ayyuka na Musamman (wanda ke mai da hankali kan rage bashin).

Wadannan masu gudanarwa suna ci gaba da taimakawa daga manyan manajoji goma sha shida waɗanda ke jagorantar sassan da ke biyowa a Babban Ofishin: Shirye-shiryen Ayyuka da Ci gaba, Albarkatun Dan Adam da Ayyukan Gudanarwa, Ayyukan Shari'a, Dangantakar Jama'a, Shirye-sauye, Kulawa da Bincike, Fasaha da Innovation, Kudi, Kayan Kasuwanci da Tallace-tallace, Tabbatar da Ruwa / Ruwa na Musamman, Ayyuka na Musamman (LICSD), Ayyuka da Kulawa, G-Ruwa da Ruwa.

A matakin yanki, manyan Manajoji goma sha biyar na Yankin suna kula da ayyukan a yankunansu, tare da goyon bayan Shugabannin Rukunin (Line Managers). A matakin gundumar, Manajojin Gundumar suna da alhakin kula da kuma jagorantar ayyukan GWL a duk faɗin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Company Profile – GWL – Welcome |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/company-profile/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka da Ayyuka ==

* Abstraction, magani da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin birane a Ghana
* Shirye-shiryen sashin ruwa na birane da ci gaba
* Shirye-shiryen saka hannun jari
* Gudanar da kudi na bangaren
* Gudanar da kayan aiki
* Kundin kwangila game da ƙira, gini, gyarawa da faɗaɗa abubuwan da ke akwai da kuma sabbin kayan aikin samar da ruwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Company Profile – GWL – Welcome |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/company-profile/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sashen ==

* Fasahar da Innovation
* Tabbatar da Ingancin Ruwa / Ruwa
* Kasuwanci
* Ayyukan Dan Adam da Gudanarwa
* Shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa, Kulawa da Bincike
* Shirye-shiryen Shirin da Ci Gaban
* Ayyuka na Musamman
* Kudi da Lissafi
* Ƙasa da Gidaje
* Ayyukan Shari'a
* Kayan aiki
* Dangantaka da Jama'a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Departments – GWL – Welcome |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/departments/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka na farko ==

* Gidan Dalun
* Babban Jami'an Barekese &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A/R: GWL announces temporary shutdown of Barekese Water Treatment Plant |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1418394/ar-gwl-announces-temporary-shutdown-of-barekese.html |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cibiyar Weija &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weija Headworks to be shut down today for repairs |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Weija-Headworks-to-be-shut-down-today-for-repairs-987712?gallery=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103074630/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Weija-Headworks-to-be-shut-down-today-for-repairs-987712?gallery=1 |archive-date=2025-01-03 |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cibiyoyin Kpong &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AG |first=ANDRITZ |title=Ghana, Kpong - Meeting sustainable energy needs |url=https://www.andritz.com/hydro-en/hydronews/hn34/kpong-ghana |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=www.andritz.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Babban Jami'an Keseve &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ATMA Production – GWL – Welcome |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/atma-production/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Winneba Headworks
* Babban Birnin Breman Asikuma
* Cibiyoyin Essakyir
* Cibiyoyin Brimsu
* Babban Gidajen Baifikrom
* Babban Jami'in Sekyere Hemang
* Cibiyar Kwanyaku &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Central – GWL – Welcome |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/central/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yankuna da Gundumomi ==

* Accra West (Gundumar Kasoa, Gundumar Nyanyarno, Gunduma Bortianor, Gundume Weija, Darkuman / Gbawe, Gundum Mamprobi, Gundumi na Arewa, Gunduni na Dansoman ta Kudu, Gunduri na Odorkor, Gundun Kaneshie, Gundutar Sowutuom, Gundúrar Amasaman) 
* Gabashin Accra
* Ashanti ta Kudu
* Ashanti ta Arewa
* Ashanti Production
* Fitar da ATMA
* Tsakiya
* Gabas
* Arewa
* Tema (Gundumar Masana'antu ta Tema, Gundumar Tema ta Yamma, Gunduma ta Tsakiya ta Tema, ba tare da izini ba, Gundunar Ashaiman ta Gabas, Gundar Prampram, Gundwar Ada, Gundaren Kpong Akuse, Gundarar Ashaiman Yamma, Sakumono / Gundumar Baatsonaa) 
* Gabas ta Sama
* Yammacin Yamma
* Volta
* Yammacin Turai
* Brong Ahafo

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Ghana Water Limited (GWL) ''' (tsohon Ghana Water Company Limited, kuma a baya an san shi da Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation, Aqua Vitens, da Rand Limited) shine kamfani mai amfani da ruwa mallakar gwamnati a Ghana. Yana da alhakin samarwa, watsawa, da rarraba ruwan sha a cikin birane a duk faɗin ƙasar.

Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2024, GWL tana sarrafawa da kuma aiki da tsarin samar da ruwa tamanin da hudu (84), wanda ya ƙunshi tsarin ruwa na sama da daya (61) da tsarin ruwa na kasa ashirin da uku (23), yana ba da sabis ga kimanin mutane miliyan 14 a duk fadin kasar. Kamfanin yana kula da ofisoshin yanki 15 da ofisoshan gundumar 103.

A matsakaita, GWL tana samar da 950,995 m3 na ruwa a kowace rana (daidai da galan miliyan 209 a kowace rana) a kan bukatar ƙasa ta 1,129,361 m3 a kowace rana (248 miliyan gallons a kowace rana). Ruwan samar da ruwa na birane yana tsaye a 84.2%, yana ba da sabis ga abokan ciniki 1,008,301, daga cikinsu 89% an auna su. Kamfanin yana daukar ma'aikatan 5,755. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Company Profile – GWL – Welcome |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/company-profile/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Kafin mulkin mallaka, al'ummomi a cikin abin da ke yanzu Ghana sun dogara da tushen halitta kamar rafi, koguna, da tabkuna don ruwa. An kirkiro tsarin samar da ruwa na farko a bakin tekun zinariya ta Burtaniya kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na]] I. A cikin shekarun 1920, an ba da tsarin ruwa zuwa wasu garuruwa da birane, gami da Winneba, Kumasi, da Cape Coast, sannan babban birnin mulkin mallaka.

An kafa Ghana Water Limited a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1999 bayan da aka canza kamfanin Ghana Water and Sewerage zuwa kamfani mai iyakacin alhakin mallakar jihar a karkashin kamfanoni na doka (juyawa zuwa kamfanoni) dokar 461 na 1993, kamar yadda LI 1648 ya gyara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Water Company Limited – State Interests and Governance Authority |url=https://siga.gov.gh/entity/ghana-water-company-limited/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin mulki ==
Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Ruwa tana da alhakin tsara manufofin samar da ruwa na kasa, kula da ayyukan Ghana Water Limited (GWL), tattara kudade daga hukumomin tallafi na waje, da daidaita shirye-shiryen saka hannun jari.

A karkashin kulawar Ma'aikatar, kwamitin Daraktoci na mambobi goma sha ɗaya ne ke jagorantar GWL, wanda ke ba da jagorancin manufofi gaba ɗaya da kulawar kamfanoni. Gudanar da yau da kullun na kamfanin an danka shi ga Manajan Darakta, wanda Janar Manajoji uku ke tallafawa: wanda ke da alhakin Kudi da Gudanarwa, wanda ke da alaƙa da Ayyuka, da kuma wanda ke da ayyuka na Musamman (wanda ke mai da hankali kan rage bashin).

Wadannan masu gudanarwa suna ci gaba da taimakawa daga manyan manajoji goma sha shida waɗanda ke jagorantar sassan da ke biyowa a Babban Ofishin: Shirye-shiryen Ayyuka da Ci gaba, Albarkatun Dan Adam da Ayyukan Gudanarwa, Ayyukan Shari'a, Dangantakar Jama'a, Shirye-sauye, Kulawa da Bincike, Fasaha da Innovation, Kudi, Kayan Kasuwanci da Tallace-tallace, Tabbatar da Ruwa / Ruwa na Musamman, Ayyuka na Musamman (LICSD), Ayyuka da Kulawa, G-Ruwa da Ruwa.

A matakin yanki, manyan Manajoji goma sha biyar na Yankin suna kula da ayyukan a yankunansu, tare da goyon bayan Shugabannin Rukunin (Line Managers). A matakin gundumar, Manajojin Gundumar suna da alhakin kula da kuma jagorantar ayyukan GWL a duk faɗin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Company Profile – GWL – Welcome |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/company-profile/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka da Ayyuka ==

* Abstraction, magani da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin birane a Ghana
* Shirye-shiryen sashin ruwa na birane da ci gaba
* Shirye-shiryen saka hannun jari
* Gudanar da kudi na bangaren
* Gudanar da kayan aiki
* Kundin kwangila game da ƙira, gini, gyarawa da faɗaɗa abubuwan da ke akwai da kuma sabbin kayan aikin samar da ruwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Company Profile – GWL – Welcome |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/company-profile/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sashen ==

* Fasahar da Innovation
* Tabbatar da Ingancin Ruwa / Ruwa
* Kasuwanci
* Ayyukan Dan Adam da Gudanarwa
* Shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa, Kulawa da Bincike
* Shirye-shiryen Shirin da Ci Gaban
* Ayyuka na Musamman
* Kudi da Lissafi
* Ƙasa da Gidaje
* Ayyukan Shari'a
* Kayan aiki
* Dangantaka da Jama'a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Departments – GWL – Welcome |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/departments/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka na farko ==

* Gidan Dalun
* Babban Jami'an Barekese &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A/R: GWL announces temporary shutdown of Barekese Water Treatment Plant |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1418394/ar-gwl-announces-temporary-shutdown-of-barekese.html |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cibiyar Weija &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weija Headworks to be shut down today for repairs |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Weija-Headworks-to-be-shut-down-today-for-repairs-987712?gallery=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103074630/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Weija-Headworks-to-be-shut-down-today-for-repairs-987712?gallery=1 |archive-date=2025-01-03 |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cibiyoyin Kpong &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AG |first=ANDRITZ |title=Ghana, Kpong - Meeting sustainable energy needs |url=https://www.andritz.com/hydro-en/hydronews/hn34/kpong-ghana |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=www.andritz.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Babban Jami'an Keseve &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ATMA Production – GWL – Welcome |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/atma-production/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Winneba Headworks
* Babban Birnin Breman Asikuma
* Cibiyoyin Essakyir
* Cibiyoyin Brimsu
* Babban Gidajen Baifikrom
* Babban Jami'in Sekyere Hemang
* Cibiyar Kwanyaku &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Central – GWL – Welcome |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/central/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yankuna da Gundumomi ==

* Accra West (Gundumar Kasoa, Gundumar Nyanyarno, Gunduma Bortianor, Gundume Weija, Darkuman / Gbawe, Gundum Mamprobi, Gundumi na Arewa, Gunduni na Dansoman ta Kudu, Gunduri na Odorkor, Gundun Kaneshie, Gundutar Sowutuom, Gundúrar Amasaman) 
* Gabashin Accra
* Ashanti ta Kudu
* Ashanti ta Arewa
* Ashanti Production
* Fitar da ATMA
* Tsakiya
* Gabas
* Arewa
* Tema (Gundumar Masana'antu ta Tema, Gundumar Tema ta Yamma, Gunduma ta Tsakiya ta Tema, ba tare da izini ba, Gundunar Ashaiman ta Gabas, Gundar Prampram, Gundwar Ada, Gundaren Kpong Akuse, Gundarar Ashaiman Yamma, Sakumono / Gundumar Baatsonaa) 
* Gabas ta Sama
* Yammacin Yamma
* Volta
* Yammacin Turai
* Brong Ahafo

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347982923|Isaac Kwadwo Adjei-Mensah]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Isaac Kwadwo Adjei Mensah''' (20 Satumba 1944 - 7 Yuni 2015) ɗan siyasan [[Ghana]] ne kuma ya kasance memba na majalisa na mazabar Techiman ta Arewa a yankin [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]] na Ghana . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Final Funeral Rites Of Late Adjei-Mensah Observed |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/201508/252117.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228131304/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/201508/252117.php |archive-date=28 December 2022 |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brong Ahafo Region |url=http://www.ghanareview.com/parlia/BrongAhafo.html |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=www.ghanareview.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance memba na majalisa a majalisa ta 2 da 3 na jamhuriyar Ghana ta 4 kuma Ministan Yankin na Yankin Brong-Ahafo, da kuma Ministan Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-08-25 |title=Techiman North MP eulogizes Adjei-Mensah |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Techiman-North-MP-eulogizes-Adjei-Mensah-377645 |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Adjei Mensah ya fito ne daga Jama Tempori a yankin Brong-Ahafo na Ghana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Final funeral rites of late Adjei-Mensah observed |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/638324/final-funeral-rites-of-late-adjei-mensah-observed.html |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haife shi a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1944. Ya halarci Jami'ar London kuma ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a. Ya kuma halarci Kwalejin Sarauniya Maryamu kuma ya sami Jagora na Shari'a (LL.M). Daga nan sai ya halarci Gray's Inn kuma ya sami Legum Baccalaureus (LL.B) daga can. Adjei Mensah ta babban ilimi ya kasance a cikin Shari'a.

== Ayyuka ==
Adjei Mensah lauya ce ta hanyar sana'a. Ya kuma kasance ɗan siyasan Ghana.

== Siyasa ==
Adjei Mensah ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattijai ta Kasa . An zabe shi a matsayin memba na majalisa na mazabar Techiman ta Arewa a yankin Brong Ahafo a majalisa ta 3 ta jamhuriyar Ghana ta 4. Alex Kyeremeh ne ya gaje shi a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2004. An fara zabarsa a majalisa a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1997 bayan ya lashe zaben Ghana na shekara ta 1996. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - Techiman North Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/brongahafo/61/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228131307/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/brongahafo/61/index.php |archive-date=28 December 2022 |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zabe ==
An zabi Adjei Mensah a matsayin memba na majalisa na mazabar Techiman ta Arewa a babban Zaben Ghana na 2000. An zabe shi a kan tikitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Kasa. Mazabarsa ta kasance wani ɓangare na kujeru 7 na majalisa daga cikin kujeru 21 da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lashe a wannan zaben na yankin Brong Ahafo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-08-10 |title=Statistics of Presidential and Parliamentary Election Results |url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/statistics-presidential-parliamentary-election-results/ |access-date=2020-09-01 |website=Fact Check Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Parliamentary Chamber: Parliament Elections held in 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2123 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219090455/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2123_92.htm |archive-date=2020-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2000 Results - Brong Ahafo Region |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922143635/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/index.php |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=2020-09-01 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dattijai ta Kasa ta lashe jimlar 'yan tsiraru 92 daga cikin kujeru 200 a majalisa ta 3 ta jamhuriyar Ghana ta 4.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An zabe shi da kuri'u 9,830 daga cikin kuri'u 20,362 da aka jefa. Wannan ya yi daidai da kashi 49.8% na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Isaac Osei-Antwi na New Patriotic Party, Thomas Oti na National Reform Party, James Stephen Fordwour na United Ghana Movement da Yeboah Godfrey na Convention People's Party. Wadannan sun sami kuri'u 10,563, 533, 529 da 177 bi da bi daga cikin jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa. Wadannan sun kasance daidai da 39.5%, 2.0%, 2.0% da 0.7% bi da bi na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2000 Results - Techiman North Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/61/index.php |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2000 Results -Atebubu North Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/247/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928032238/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/247/index.php |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu jefa kuri'a a wannan zaben na 2000 a cikin mazabar Techiman ta Arewa sun nuna irin jefa kuri'u a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa da aka zaba a wannan mazabar shine [[John Kufuor|John Kuffour]] na jam'iyyar New Patriotic Party. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Adjei Mensah Kirista ne. Shi ne mahaifin [[Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare|Elizabeth Ofosu-Agyare]], tsohon Ministan yawon bude ido, al'adu da fasaha, wanda a halin yanzu shi ne memba na majalisar dokoki na Techiman North inda ya yi aiki a matsayin MP.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Photos: Exclusive Events Ghana Ltd Mourns With Mrs. Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/638713/photos-exclusive-events-ghana-ltd-mourns-with.html |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eshun |first=Beatrice |title=President Mahama eulogises late I.K Adjei Mensah |url=https://gbcghana.com/1.4379166 |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=www.gbcghana.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Adjei Mensah ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Final funeral rites of late Adjei-Mensah observed |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/638324/final-funeral-rites-of-late-adjei-mensah-observed.html |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/news/638324/final-funeral-rites-of-late-adjei-mensah-observed.html &quot;Final funeral rites of late Adjei-Mensah observed&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 September&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]]</text>
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'''Isaac Kwadwo Adjei Mensah''' (20 Satumba 1944 - 7 Yuni 2015) ɗan siyasan [[Ghana]] ne kuma ya kasance memba na majalisa na mazabar Techiman ta Arewa a yankin [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|Brong Ahafo]] na Ghana . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Final Funeral Rites Of Late Adjei-Mensah Observed |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/201508/252117.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228131304/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/news/201508/252117.php |archive-date=28 December 2022 |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brong Ahafo Region |url=http://www.ghanareview.com/parlia/BrongAhafo.html |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=www.ghanareview.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance memba na majalisa a majalisa ta 2 da 3 na jamhuriyar Ghana ta 4 kuma Ministan Yankin na Yankin Brong-Ahafo, da kuma Ministan Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-08-25 |title=Techiman North MP eulogizes Adjei-Mensah |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Techiman-North-MP-eulogizes-Adjei-Mensah-377645 |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=www.ghanaweb.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Adjei Mensah ya fito ne daga Jama Tempori a yankin Brong-Ahafo na Ghana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Final funeral rites of late Adjei-Mensah observed |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/638324/final-funeral-rites-of-late-adjei-mensah-observed.html |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haife shi a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1944. Ya halarci Jami'ar London kuma ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a. Ya kuma halarci Kwalejin Sarauniya Maryamu kuma ya sami Jagora na Shari'a (LL.M). Daga nan sai ya halarci Gray's Inn kuma ya sami Legum Baccalaureus (LL.B) daga can. Adjei Mensah ta babban ilimi ya kasance a cikin Shari'a.

== Ayyuka ==
Adjei Mensah lauya ce ta hanyar sana'a. Ya kuma kasance ɗan siyasan Ghana.

== Siyasa ==
Adjei Mensah ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dattijai ta Kasa . An zabe shi a matsayin memba na majalisa na mazabar Techiman ta Arewa a yankin Brong Ahafo a majalisa ta 3 ta jamhuriyar Ghana ta 4. Alex Kyeremeh ne ya gaje shi a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2004. An fara zabarsa a majalisa a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1997 bayan ya lashe zaben Ghana na shekara ta 1996. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - Techiman North Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/brongahafo/61/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228131307/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/brongahafo/61/index.php |archive-date=28 December 2022 |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zabe ==
An zabi Adjei Mensah a matsayin memba na majalisa na mazabar Techiman ta Arewa a babban Zaben Ghana na 2000. An zabe shi a kan tikitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Kasa. Mazabarsa ta kasance wani ɓangare na kujeru 7 na majalisa daga cikin kujeru 21 da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lashe a wannan zaben na yankin Brong Ahafo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-08-10 |title=Statistics of Presidential and Parliamentary Election Results |url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/statistics-presidential-parliamentary-election-results/ |access-date=2020-09-01 |website=Fact Check Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Parliamentary Chamber: Parliament Elections held in 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2123 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219090455/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2123_92.htm |archive-date=2020-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2000 Results - Brong Ahafo Region |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922143635/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/index.php |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=2020-09-01 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dattijai ta Kasa ta lashe jimlar 'yan tsiraru 92 daga cikin kujeru 200 a majalisa ta 3 ta jamhuriyar Ghana ta 4.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An zabe shi da kuri'u 9,830 daga cikin kuri'u 20,362 da aka jefa. Wannan ya yi daidai da kashi 49.8% na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Isaac Osei-Antwi na New Patriotic Party, Thomas Oti na National Reform Party, James Stephen Fordwour na United Ghana Movement da Yeboah Godfrey na Convention People's Party. Wadannan sun sami kuri'u 10,563, 533, 529 da 177 bi da bi daga cikin jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa. Wadannan sun kasance daidai da 39.5%, 2.0%, 2.0% da 0.7% bi da bi na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2000 Results - Techiman North Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/61/index.php |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Ghana Election 2000 Results -Atebubu North Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/247/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928032238/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/brongahafo/247/index.php |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masu jefa kuri'a a wannan zaben na 2000 a cikin mazabar Techiman ta Arewa sun nuna irin jefa kuri'u a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa da aka zaba a wannan mazabar shine [[John Kufuor|John Kuffour]] na jam'iyyar New Patriotic Party. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Adjei Mensah Kirista ne. Shi ne mahaifin [[Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare|Elizabeth Ofosu-Agyare]], tsohon Ministan yawon bude ido, al'adu da fasaha, wanda a halin yanzu shi ne memba na majalisar dokoki na Techiman North inda ya yi aiki a matsayin MP.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Photos: Exclusive Events Ghana Ltd Mourns With Mrs. Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/638713/photos-exclusive-events-ghana-ltd-mourns-with.html |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eshun |first=Beatrice |title=President Mahama eulogises late I.K Adjei Mensah |url=https://gbcghana.com/1.4379166 |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=www.gbcghana.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mutuwa ==
Adjei Mensah ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Final funeral rites of late Adjei-Mensah observed |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/638324/final-funeral-rites-of-late-adjei-mensah-observed.html |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.modernghana.com/news/638324/final-funeral-rites-of-late-adjei-mensah-observed.html &quot;Final funeral rites of late Adjei-Mensah observed&quot;]. ''Modern Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 September&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kasuwancin ruwa a Guinea</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341257825|Water privatization in Guinea]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5576" sha1="338hrtkyvmn9452zzgbbfwdvdzhf3ay" xml:space="preserve">An ba da ruwa a birane a [[Gini|Guinea]] daga 1989 har zuwa 2003 a lokacin shugabancin Lansana Conte . Gwamnatinsa ta fara mallakar ruwa saboda dalilai biyu: Na farko, Bankin Duniya ya sanya sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a samar da ruwa a birane a matsayin yanayin sabon bashi, bayan da mai amfani da ruwa na jama'a bai iya inganta ingancin sabis ba a ƙarƙashin bashi na Bankin Duniya na baya. Na biyu, gwamnati na so ta rage nauyin kasafin kuɗi daga ma'aikatan ruwa na kasa, wanda ya cika da ma'aikata kuma bai iya karɓar takardun kudi ba.&lt;ref&gt;George R. G. Clarke, Ana Maria Zuluaga, Claude Menard:The Welfare Effects of Private Sector Participation in Guinea's Urban Water Supply, November 1999, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2361, p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekaru biyar bayan mallakar, Farashin ruwa ya ninka sau huɗu. Karin ya wuce karuwar farashin da aka tsara da farko. Wannan ya sauƙaƙa matsin lamba a kan kasafin kuɗin gwamnati. Masu amfani sun kuma amfana lokacin da aka kammala babban bututun ruwa da masana'antar tsabtace ruwa, dukansu da Bankin Duniya ya ba da kuɗin, a cikin 1994 wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen ingancin sabis. Amma karuwar farashin ya kuma sanya nauyi a kan 'yan tsiraru na Guineans waɗanda aka haɗa su da Tsarin samar da ruwa. Yawancin matalauta a Guinea ba su da tasirin mallakar ruwa, tunda sun kasance ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da tsarin samar da ruwa ba.

Bayan kwangilar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta ƙare a shekara ta 2000 da kuma wani lokaci na wucin gadi, bangaren ya koma ga gudanarwar jama'a. An daskare haraji a cikin 1994 kuma hauhawar farashi ta lalata ainihin darajar haraji. Ingancin sabis ya lalace kuma a cikin 2003 halin da ake ciki ya yi kama da daidaitaccen sabis na ƙarancin farashi kafin keɓancewa.

Kasuwancin ya rufe Conakry da sauran ƙananan cibiyoyin birane 16. Ba a san komai game da tasirin masu zaman kansu a cikin ƙananan cibiyoyin ba, tunda wallafe-wallafen suna mai da hankali kan Conakry, inda mai amfani da ruwa na ƙasa ke da kusan 80% na abokan cinikinta.

== albarkatun ruwa da amfani da ruwa a Conakry ==
[[Fayil:Sat_image_of_conakry_2004.jpg|thumb|269x269px|[[Conakry]] kamar yadda aka gani daga sararin samaniya.]]
[[Conakry]] tana kan tsibirin da ke da iyakancewar ruwa a cikin gida. Ruwa mai zurfi yana da gishiri kuma an gurɓata shi da ƙwayoyin cuta. Yawancin ruwan da aka rarraba a Conakry ya zo ne ta hanyar bututun mai daga babban tafki a bayan madatsar ruwa da aka yi amfani da ita don samar da wutar lantarki a Grandes Chutes 60 km arewa maso gabashin Conakry. Ruwa yana gudana ta hanyar nauyi zuwa tashar kula da Yessoulou a tsakiyar tsakanin madatsar ruwa da babban birnin. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da gudana ta hanyar bututun ruwa mai tsabta ta hanyar nauyi zuwa birnin inda aka rarraba shi zuwa haɗin gida da bututun ruwa a ko'ina cikin birni.&amp;nbsp;

Dangane da binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1999, kashi 70% na matalauta a Conakry sun ce rijiyoyi masu zurfi da gurɓataccen rafi na wucin gadi sune babban tushen ruwa don amfanin da ba a sha ba. Kashi 18% na matalauta sun ce waɗannan sune manyan hanyoyin da suke samun ruwan sha. Sauran mahimman hanyoyin ruwa mai sha ga matalauta sune sake siyar da ruwan bututu (41%), bututu (13%) da haɗin ruwa a cikin gidajensu (28%).  Har ila yau, [[Girbi ruwan sama]] ya zama ruwan dare don amfani da ba a sha ba a lokacin ruwan sama.
[[Fayil:GN-Conakry.png|thumb|Taswirar Guinea da ke nuna wurin Conakry.]]
'''Rashin igiyoyi'''. Standpipes wani zaɓi ne mai tasiri don samar da matalauta a birane da ruwa mai tsabta, idan babu haɗin gida zuwa hanyar sadarwar bututu. Koyaya, a cikin 1997 akwai bututu 170 kawai a Conakry, wasu daga cikinsu ba sa aiki. Garin Conakry ya gudanar da bututun.

Ya kamata karamar hukumar ta biya kudi ga kamfanin ruwa don ruwan da ta karɓa daga kamfanin. Har ila yau, ya kamata karɓar kuɗi daga masu amfani da bututu ta hanyar masu kula da ruwa waɗanda ke sayar da ruwa ta hanyar guga ga mazauna. Koyaya, abokan ciniki suna sa ran ruwa daga bututun ya zama kyauta kuma masu kula da bututun sau da yawa suna ba da shi kyauta.

Karamar hukuma, wacce ba ta sami kudaden shiga masu mahimmanci daga bututun ruwa ba, ba ta biya kamfanin ruwa don samar da ruwa ga bututun ruwa. A sakamakon haka, mai aiki ya yanke samar da ruwa ga bututu. Ko karamar hukuma ko mai aiki ba su da sha'awar ganin karin bututun da aka gina a karkashin wannan tsari mara kyau. Adadin bututun ruwa ya kasance iyakance, kodayake suna iya samar da yawan matalauta da ruwa mai tsabta a farashi mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da haɗin gida.

== Juyin halitta na keɓancewa ==

=== Kafin mallakar ===
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na Faransa, Compagnie Africaine de Service Public ne ya samar da ruwan sha a cikin birane na Guinea. Bayan samun 'yancin kai kamfanin ya zama kasa a 1961 a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin kwaminisanci na Afirka wanda [[Ahmed Sékou Touré|Sekou Toure]] ya inganta. A lokacin Bankin Duniya ya goyi bayan amfani da ruwa na jama'a, amma sakamakon ya kasance abin takaici.

A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ne kawai 10 daga cikin cibiyoyin birane 33 suka samar da ruwa. Ruwa ba shi da aminci ga abin sha kuma sabis ɗin yana da ɗan lokaci. A shekara ta 1985 an gudanar da karatun farko don shirya yiwuwar mallakar. Gwamnati, da ke fuskantar yunkurin juyin mulki kuma ba ta son tayar da adawa, ta jira shekaru hudu kafin ta yanke shawara. Bankin Duniya ya riƙe sabon rance har sai an yanke shawara.

=== Manazarta ===

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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An ba da ruwa a birane a [[Gini|Guinea]] daga 1989 har zuwa 2003 a lokacin shugabancin Lansana Conte . Gwamnatinsa ta fara mallakar ruwa saboda dalilai biyu: Na farko, Bankin Duniya ya sanya sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a samar da ruwa a birane a matsayin yanayin sabon bashi, bayan da mai amfani da ruwa na jama'a bai iya inganta ingancin sabis ba a ƙarƙashin bashi na Bankin Duniya na baya. Na biyu, gwamnati na so ta rage nauyin kasafin kuɗi daga ma'aikatan ruwa na kasa, wanda ya cika da ma'aikata kuma bai iya karɓar takardun kudi ba.&lt;ref&gt;George R. G. Clarke, Ana Maria Zuluaga, Claude Menard:The Welfare Effects of Private Sector Participation in Guinea's Urban Water Supply, November 1999, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2361, p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekaru biyar bayan mallakar, Farashin ruwa ya ninka sau huɗu. Karin ya wuce karuwar farashin da aka tsara da farko. Wannan ya sauƙaƙa matsin lamba a kan kasafin kuɗin gwamnati. Masu amfani sun kuma amfana lokacin da aka kammala babban bututun ruwa da masana'antar tsabtace ruwa, dukansu da Bankin Duniya ya ba da kuɗin, a cikin 1994 wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen ingancin sabis. Amma karuwar farashin ya kuma sanya nauyi a kan 'yan tsiraru na Guineans waɗanda aka haɗa su da Tsarin samar da ruwa. Yawancin matalauta a Guinea ba su da tasirin mallakar ruwa, tunda sun kasance ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da tsarin samar da ruwa ba.

Bayan kwangilar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ta ƙare a shekara ta 2000 da kuma wani lokaci na wucin gadi, bangaren ya koma ga gudanarwar jama'a. An daskare haraji a cikin 1994 kuma hauhawar farashi ta lalata ainihin darajar haraji. Ingancin sabis ya lalace kuma a cikin 2003 halin da ake ciki ya yi kama da daidaitaccen sabis na ƙarancin farashi kafin keɓancewa.

Kasuwancin ya rufe Conakry da sauran ƙananan cibiyoyin birane 16. Ba a san komai game da tasirin masu zaman kansu a cikin ƙananan cibiyoyin ba, tunda wallafe-wallafen suna mai da hankali kan Conakry, inda mai amfani da ruwa na ƙasa ke da kusan 80% na abokan cinikinta.

== albarkatun ruwa da amfani da ruwa a Conakry ==
[[Fayil:Sat_image_of_conakry_2004.jpg|thumb|269x269px|[[Conakry]] kamar yadda aka gani daga sararin samaniya.]]
[[Conakry]] tana kan tsibirin da ke da iyakancewar ruwa a cikin gida. Ruwa mai zurfi yana da gishiri kuma an gurɓata shi da ƙwayoyin cuta. Yawancin ruwan da aka rarraba a Conakry ya zo ne ta hanyar bututun mai daga babban tafki a bayan madatsar ruwa da aka yi amfani da ita don samar da wutar lantarki a Grandes Chutes 60 km arewa maso gabashin Conakry. Ruwa yana gudana ta hanyar nauyi zuwa tashar kula da Yessoulou a tsakiyar tsakanin madatsar ruwa da babban birnin. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da gudana ta hanyar bututun ruwa mai tsabta ta hanyar nauyi zuwa birnin inda aka rarraba shi zuwa haɗin gida da bututun ruwa a ko'ina cikin birni.&amp;nbsp;

Dangane da binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1999, kashi 70% na matalauta a Conakry sun ce rijiyoyi masu zurfi da gurɓataccen rafi na wucin gadi sune babban tushen ruwa don amfanin da ba a sha ba. Kashi 18% na matalauta sun ce waɗannan sune manyan hanyoyin da suke samun ruwan sha. Sauran mahimman hanyoyin ruwa mai sha ga matalauta sune sake siyar da ruwan bututu (41%), bututu (13%) da haɗin ruwa a cikin gidajensu (28%).  Har ila yau, [[Girbi ruwan sama]] ya zama ruwan dare don amfani da ba a sha ba a lokacin ruwan sama.
[[Fayil:GN-Conakry.png|thumb|Taswirar Guinea da ke nuna wurin Conakry.]]
'''Rashin igiyoyi'''. Standpipes wani zaɓi ne mai tasiri don samar da matalauta a birane da ruwa mai tsabta, idan babu haɗin gida zuwa hanyar sadarwar bututu. Koyaya, a cikin 1997 akwai bututu 170 kawai a Conakry, wasu daga cikinsu ba sa aiki. Garin Conakry ya gudanar da bututun.

Ya kamata karamar hukumar ta biya kudi ga kamfanin ruwa don ruwan da ta karɓa daga kamfanin. Har ila yau, ya kamata karɓar kuɗi daga masu amfani da bututu ta hanyar masu kula da ruwa waɗanda ke sayar da ruwa ta hanyar guga ga mazauna. Koyaya, abokan ciniki suna sa ran ruwa daga bututun ya zama kyauta kuma masu kula da bututun sau da yawa suna ba da shi kyauta.

Karamar hukuma, wacce ba ta sami kudaden shiga masu mahimmanci daga bututun ruwa ba, ba ta biya kamfanin ruwa don samar da ruwa ga bututun ruwa. A sakamakon haka, mai aiki ya yanke samar da ruwa ga bututu. Ko karamar hukuma ko mai aiki ba su da sha'awar ganin karin bututun da aka gina a karkashin wannan tsari mara kyau. Adadin bututun ruwa ya kasance iyakance, kodayake suna iya samar da yawan matalauta da ruwa mai tsabta a farashi mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da haɗin gida.

== Juyin halitta na keɓancewa ==

=== Kafin mallakar ===
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na Faransa, Compagnie Africaine de Service Public ne ya samar da ruwan sha a cikin birane na Guinea. Bayan samun 'yancin kai kamfanin ya zama kasa a 1961 a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin kwaminisanci na Afirka wanda [[Ahmed Sékou Touré|Sekou Toure]] ya inganta. A lokacin Bankin Duniya ya goyi bayan amfani da ruwa na jama'a, amma sakamakon ya kasance abin takaici.

A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ne kawai 10 daga cikin cibiyoyin birane 33 suka samar da ruwa. Ruwa ba shi da aminci ga abin sha kuma sabis ɗin yana da ɗan lokaci. A shekara ta 1985 an gudanar da karatun farko don shirya yiwuwar mallakar. Gwamnati, da ke fuskantar yunkurin juyin mulki kuma ba ta son tayar da adawa, ta jira shekaru hudu kafin ta yanke shawara. Bankin Duniya ya riƙe sabon rance har sai an yanke shawara.

=== Manazarta ===

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kasuwancin ruwa a Maroko</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304658078|Water privatization in Morocco]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6352" sha1="1t4lkqbbsajelbdpug82g48uhhpupt6" xml:space="preserve">'''Kasuwancin Zuwa a Maroko''' ya koma zamanin [[Kariyar Faransa a Maroko|Tsaro na Faransa]] lokacin da yawancin Tsarin samar da ruwa ke gudana a ƙarƙashin izini mai zaman kansa. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, an ba da sabis na masu zaman kansu, amma a tsakiyar shekarun 1990s Gwamnatin Maroko ta sake mallakar ruwa da sabis na shara, tare da rarraba wutar lantarki, a cikin birane huɗu. Shirin mallakar ya fara ne tare da bayar da izinin [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] ga Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ) a cikin 1997, sannan aka ba da izinin babban birnin [[Rabat]] a cikin 1998 da kuma bayar da wata izini ga [[Tanja|Tangiers]] da Tetouan ga Veolia Environnement. A cikin 2009 kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun ba da sabis na ruwa da tsabta ga 38% na yawan mutanen birane na ƙasar.

== Tarihi ==
A lokacin da Faransa ta kare Maroko ta fara a shekarar 1912 kamfanin mai zaman kansa na Faransa Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'électricité (SMD), wani reshe na Lyonnaise des Eaux, a karkashin kwangilar izini ne ya samar da ruwa na [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], [[Rabat]], Salé, [[Tanja|Tangiers]] da [[Ameknas|Meknes]]. An dakatar da waɗannan kwangila lokacin da Maroko ta sami 'yanci a 1956, a wannan lokacin ne hukumomin jama'a suka zama masu alhakin samar da ruwa da rarraba wutar lantarki a manyan biranen Masarautar.

'''Casablanca'''. A farkon shekarun 1990s kamfanin Régie Autonome Intercommunale de Distribution d'Eau et d'Electricité de Casablanca (RAD) yana da rikodin sabis mara kyau. Saboda haka, &quot;bayan sa hannun Sarki Hassan kai tsaye&quot; gwamnati ta yanke shawarar a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 don kawo kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa da hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na birnin. Lyonnaise des Eaux a karkashin Shugaba [[:fr:Jérôme Monod|Jerome Monod]], mai ba da shawara na [[Jacques Chirac]], ya tattauna kwangilar tare da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a karkashin Driss Basri. Tsarin tattaunawa mai tsawo don kwangilar ya kasance tare da zargi mai tsanani daga manema labarai, ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Morocco Confédération Générale des Entreprises du Maroc, da kuma 'yan majalisa. A ƙarshe, an ba da izinin shekaru 30 ba tare da takarar gasa ba. Lyonnaise des Eaux ta koma wani birni inda ta riga ta samar da ayyuka kusan rabin karni. An kira ƙungiyar Lydec kuma da farko sun haɗa da Lyonnaise des Eaux (35%), Elyo (24%), Agbar (5%), EdF (18%) da Endesa (Spain)  (18%). An sanya hannu kan kwangilar a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1997, tsakanin Jérôme Monod, Shugaba na Lyonnaise des Eaux, da [[Abdelmoughit Slimani]], Shugaban Majalisar Babban Casablanca (Communauté Urbaine de Casablanca). &lt;ref name=&quot;Miras2&quot;&gt;{{In lang|fr}} Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://mediterranee.revues.org/index438.html Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 113-124&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2008 an sake tattauna kwangilar izini don samar da daidaituwa mafi kyau tsakanin abokan hulɗa biyu, yana iyakance yawan dawowar mai ba da izini daga 14.6% zuwa 11.7% kuma yana buƙatar shi ya kara saka hannun jari ta Dirham 1bn. Har ila yau, karuwar farashi ta atomatik yanzu za a iyakance shi ga takamaiman yanayi kamar karuwar ruwa mai yawa ko farashi na lantarki.

'''Rabat''' Bayan tattaunawar kai tsaye a shekarar 1998, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ga [[Rabat]] a watan Janairun 1999 tare da REDAL, kamfani wanda ya kunshi abokin tarayya na Portugal (Electrocidade), kamfanin Mutanen Espanya (Urbaser) da kamfanin Maroko (Alborada). Yarjejeniyar ta gamu da matsaloli tun daga farko. A cewar wani gabatarwa daga jami'an gwamnatin Maroko, &quot;kamfanin bai shirya ba&quot; abokan hulɗa guda huɗu ba a daidaita su ba, farawa ya kasance mai jinkirin wajibai na kwangila ba a cika su ba wanda ya haifar da tarurruka masu rikitarwa, takaddama da takardun shaida da zanga-zangar. A sakamakon haka, masu hannun jari da suka kafa sun canja wurin dukiyarsu a REDAL zuwa Vivendi Environnement . 

== Tsarin mulki ==
Abokan hulɗa na jama'a (masu wakiltar hukumomi) na lasisi a Maroko sune kananan hukumomi. Kowace hukuma mai wakilci ta kafa kwamitin fasaha don tsara kwangila, wanda ya ƙunshi wakilan gari, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida da mai ba da izini. Kwamitin yana nazarin shirye-shiryen aiki da rahotanni. Bugu da kari, kimanin shekara guda bayan an sanya hannu kan kwangila a Casablanca da Rabat an kafa kwamitocin kulawa na gida. Har ila yau, an kirkiro kwamiti mai kulawa a matakin kasa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2002, gwamnati ta kammala cewa mambobin da ke wakiltar ikon wakilci a kwamitin fasaha a Casablanca sun ji an hana su da rashin ƙwarewa idan aka kwatanta da kwararru daga masu zaman kansu. A gefe guda, mai ba da izini ya ji cewa akwai tsangwama a cikin gudanar da ayyukan. Wannan ya inganta kadan bayan an kafa hukumar kula da gida a Casablanca. Wannan gogewa ta rinjayi ƙirar kwangilar izini a Tangiers da Tetouan inda aka kara sassan don kare masu amfani kuma an haɗa kwamitocin kulawa na gida a cikin ƙirar kwangila tun daga farko.

== Zuba jari ==
Shirin saka hannun jari na shekaru 30 na Lydec ya kai Dirham na Maroko biliyan 30. A cewar wani tushe biliyan 21 na wannan adadin zai fito ne daga kudaden haɗin da sabbin abokan ciniki suka biya a cikin asusun, biliyan 8.2 za su fito ne daga rance na Bankin da samar da tsabar kudi na ciki, kuma biliyan 0.8 zai kasance a cikin nau'in daidaito da za a tara ta hanyar reshe da ke gudanar da izinin. A cewar wani tushe mai ba da izini ba zai samar da wani muhimmin kuɗi ba, kuma ba zai ranta bashi mai yawa ba. Maimakon haka zai samar da kashi 87.8% na gudummawar Dirham biliyan 6.3 ta hanyar amfani da fasaha da fasaha don tattara kudade daga abokan cinikinsa. Sauran za a tattara su ta hanyar kudaden haɗin kai. A cewar Lydec, kamfanin ya saka hannun jari Dirham biliyan 7.7 tsakanin 1997 da 2008, wanda kamfanin ya ba da kuɗi biliyan 4.4. 33% na saka hannun jari ya kasance don tsabtace muhalli, 23% don samar da ruwa, 34% don wutar lantarki kuma 10% saka hannun jari ne wanda ya amfana da dukkan bangarorin uku. Wani bangare mai yawa na saka hannun jari a cikin tsaftacewa an sadaukar da shi ga kula da ruwan guguwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{In lang|fr}} Lydec:[http://www.lydec.ma/html/investissements.htm Investissements], accessed on October 10, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kasuwancin Zuwa a Maroko''' ya koma zamanin [[Kariyar Faransa a Maroko|Tsaro na Faransa]] lokacin da yawancin Tsarin samar da ruwa ke gudana a ƙarƙashin izini mai zaman kansa. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, an ba da sabis na masu zaman kansu, amma a tsakiyar shekarun 1990s Gwamnatin Maroko ta sake mallakar ruwa da sabis na shara, tare da rarraba wutar lantarki, a cikin birane huɗu. Shirin mallakar ya fara ne tare da bayar da izinin [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] ga Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ) a cikin 1997, sannan aka ba da izinin babban birnin [[Rabat]] a cikin 1998 da kuma bayar da wata izini ga [[Tanja|Tangiers]] da Tetouan ga Veolia Environnement. A cikin 2009 kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun ba da sabis na ruwa da tsabta ga 38% na yawan mutanen birane na ƙasar.

== Tarihi ==
A lokacin da Faransa ta kare Maroko ta fara a shekarar 1912 kamfanin mai zaman kansa na Faransa Société Marocaine de Distribution d'eau, de gaz et d'électricité (SMD), wani reshe na Lyonnaise des Eaux, a karkashin kwangilar izini ne ya samar da ruwa na [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]], [[Rabat]], Salé, [[Tanja|Tangiers]] da [[Ameknas|Meknes]]. An dakatar da waɗannan kwangila lokacin da Maroko ta sami 'yanci a 1956, a wannan lokacin ne hukumomin jama'a suka zama masu alhakin samar da ruwa da rarraba wutar lantarki a manyan biranen Masarautar.

'''Casablanca'''. A farkon shekarun 1990s kamfanin Régie Autonome Intercommunale de Distribution d'Eau et d'Electricité de Casablanca (RAD) yana da rikodin sabis mara kyau. Saboda haka, &quot;bayan sa hannun Sarki Hassan kai tsaye&quot; gwamnati ta yanke shawarar a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 don kawo kamfani mai zaman kansa don gudanar da ruwa, magudanar ruwa da hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na birnin. Lyonnaise des Eaux a karkashin Shugaba [[:fr:Jérôme Monod|Jerome Monod]], mai ba da shawara na [[Jacques Chirac]], ya tattauna kwangilar tare da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida a karkashin Driss Basri. Tsarin tattaunawa mai tsawo don kwangilar ya kasance tare da zargi mai tsanani daga manema labarai, ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Morocco Confédération Générale des Entreprises du Maroc, da kuma 'yan majalisa. A ƙarshe, an ba da izinin shekaru 30 ba tare da takarar gasa ba. Lyonnaise des Eaux ta koma wani birni inda ta riga ta samar da ayyuka kusan rabin karni. An kira ƙungiyar Lydec kuma da farko sun haɗa da Lyonnaise des Eaux (35%), Elyo (24%), Agbar (5%), EdF (18%) da Endesa (Spain)  (18%). An sanya hannu kan kwangilar a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1997, tsakanin Jérôme Monod, Shugaba na Lyonnaise des Eaux, da [[Abdelmoughit Slimani]], Shugaban Majalisar Babban Casablanca (Communauté Urbaine de Casablanca). &lt;ref name=&quot;Miras2&quot;&gt;{{In lang|fr}} Claude de Miras and Xavier Godard:[http://mediterranee.revues.org/index438.html Les firmes concessionnaires de service public au Maroc:eau potable, assainissement et transport collectifs], in:Méditerrannée, No. 106 (2006), p. 113-124&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2008 an sake tattauna kwangilar izini don samar da daidaituwa mafi kyau tsakanin abokan hulɗa biyu, yana iyakance yawan dawowar mai ba da izini daga 14.6% zuwa 11.7% kuma yana buƙatar shi ya kara saka hannun jari ta Dirham 1bn. Har ila yau, karuwar farashi ta atomatik yanzu za a iyakance shi ga takamaiman yanayi kamar karuwar ruwa mai yawa ko farashi na lantarki.

'''Rabat''' Bayan tattaunawar kai tsaye a shekarar 1998, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ga [[Rabat]] a watan Janairun 1999 tare da REDAL, kamfani wanda ya kunshi abokin tarayya na Portugal (Electrocidade), kamfanin Mutanen Espanya (Urbaser) da kamfanin Maroko (Alborada). Yarjejeniyar ta gamu da matsaloli tun daga farko. A cewar wani gabatarwa daga jami'an gwamnatin Maroko, &quot;kamfanin bai shirya ba&quot; abokan hulɗa guda huɗu ba a daidaita su ba, farawa ya kasance mai jinkirin wajibai na kwangila ba a cika su ba wanda ya haifar da tarurruka masu rikitarwa, takaddama da takardun shaida da zanga-zangar. A sakamakon haka, masu hannun jari da suka kafa sun canja wurin dukiyarsu a REDAL zuwa Vivendi Environnement . 

== Tsarin mulki ==
Abokan hulɗa na jama'a (masu wakiltar hukumomi) na lasisi a Maroko sune kananan hukumomi. Kowace hukuma mai wakilci ta kafa kwamitin fasaha don tsara kwangila, wanda ya ƙunshi wakilan gari, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida da mai ba da izini. Kwamitin yana nazarin shirye-shiryen aiki da rahotanni. Bugu da kari, kimanin shekara guda bayan an sanya hannu kan kwangila a Casablanca da Rabat an kafa kwamitocin kulawa na gida. Har ila yau, an kirkiro kwamiti mai kulawa a matakin kasa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2002, gwamnati ta kammala cewa mambobin da ke wakiltar ikon wakilci a kwamitin fasaha a Casablanca sun ji an hana su da rashin ƙwarewa idan aka kwatanta da kwararru daga masu zaman kansu. A gefe guda, mai ba da izini ya ji cewa akwai tsangwama a cikin gudanar da ayyukan. Wannan ya inganta kadan bayan an kafa hukumar kula da gida a Casablanca. Wannan gogewa ta rinjayi ƙirar kwangilar izini a Tangiers da Tetouan inda aka kara sassan don kare masu amfani kuma an haɗa kwamitocin kulawa na gida a cikin ƙirar kwangila tun daga farko.

== Zuba jari ==
Shirin saka hannun jari na shekaru 30 na Lydec ya kai Dirham na Maroko biliyan 30. A cewar wani tushe biliyan 21 na wannan adadin zai fito ne daga kudaden haɗin da sabbin abokan ciniki suka biya a cikin asusun, biliyan 8.2 za su fito ne daga rance na Bankin da samar da tsabar kudi na ciki, kuma biliyan 0.8 zai kasance a cikin nau'in daidaito da za a tara ta hanyar reshe da ke gudanar da izinin. A cewar wani tushe mai ba da izini ba zai samar da wani muhimmin kuɗi ba, kuma ba zai ranta bashi mai yawa ba. Maimakon haka zai samar da kashi 87.8% na gudummawar Dirham biliyan 6.3 ta hanyar amfani da fasaha da fasaha don tattara kudade daga abokan cinikinsa. Sauran za a tattara su ta hanyar kudaden haɗin kai. A cewar Lydec, kamfanin ya saka hannun jari Dirham biliyan 7.7 tsakanin 1997 da 2008, wanda kamfanin ya ba da kuɗi biliyan 4.4. 33% na saka hannun jari ya kasance don tsabtace muhalli, 23% don samar da ruwa, 34% don wutar lantarki kuma 10% saka hannun jari ne wanda ya amfana da dukkan bangarorin uku. Wani bangare mai yawa na saka hannun jari a cikin tsaftacewa an sadaukar da shi ga kula da ruwan guguwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{In lang|fr}} Lydec:[http://www.lydec.ma/html/investissements.htm Investissements], accessed on October 10, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356722735|Great Man-Made River]]&quot;</comment>
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The '''Great Man-Made River Project''' (Arabic: النهر الصناعي العظيم, romanized: an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm, abbreviated '''GMRP''') is a network of pipes that supplies fresh water obtained from the [[Tsarin Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa na Nubian|Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], a fossil aquifer, across [[Libya]]. It is the world's largest irrigation project.

Aikin yana amfani da tsarin bututun mai wanda ke yin amfani da ruwa daga Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a kudancin Libya, zuwa birane a arewacin iyakar Bahar Rum na Libya, gami da Tripoli da Benghazi. Ruwa ya rufe nisan har zuwa kilomita 1,600 kuma yana samar da kashi 70% na duk ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi a Libya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar gidan yanar gizon aikin, ita ce babbar hanyar sadarwa ta bututun karkashin kasa ( {{Convert|2820|km}} )  da hanyoyin ruwa a duniya. Tana da [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyoyi]] sama da 1,300, waɗanda yawancinsu suna da zurfin sama da mita 500, kuma tana samar da ruwa mai tsafta na &lt;sup&gt;mita&lt;/sup&gt; 6,500,000 a kowace rana ga biranen [[Tripoli]], [[Benghazi]], Sirte da sauran wurare a Libya. Marigayi shugaban Libya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] ya bayyana ta a matsayin &quot; Abin Mamaki na Takwas na Duniya &quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Sufuri na sassan bututu a cikin shekarun 1980.]]
A shekara ta 1953, kokarin neman [[Danyen mai|mai]] a kudancin Libya ya haifar da gano yawan ruwan burbushin ruwa mai sha a karkashin kasa. An yi aikin Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 kuma an fara aiki a kan aikin a shekarar 1984. An raba aikin ginin zuwa matakai biyar. Mataki na farko ya buƙaci 85 miliyan m3 na tonowa kuma an kaddamar da shi a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta 1991. An kaddamar da kashi na biyu (wanda ake kira ''Ruwa na farko zuwa Tripoli'') a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1996.

Babban Man-Made River Project Authority ne ke mallakar aikin kuma Gwamnatin Gaddafi ce ta ba da kuɗin. Babban dan kwangila na farko shine Dong Ah Consortium (kamfanin Koriya ta Kudu) kuma babban dan kwangila a yanzu shine Al Nahr Company Ltd.

An shigo da kayayyaki waɗanda aka ƙaddara don amfani a cikin ginin GMRP a Koriya da Turai (musamman a Italiya) kuma sun isa ta teku ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Brega (Gulf of Sidra). Wani kamfani na Australiya, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wanda ke zaune a [[Melbourne]] ne ya samar da kariya ta lalata a kan bututun.  Sauran kayan an yi su ne a Libya.

An yi hasashen cewa jimillar kuɗin GMRP zai kai sama da dala biliyan 25. &lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya ta kammala aikin zuwa yanzu  ba tare da tallafin kuɗi daga manyan ƙasashe ko lamuni daga bankunan duniya ba. Tun daga shekarar 1990, [[UNESCO]] ta ba da horo ga injiniyoyi da masu fasaha da ke da hannu a aikin.

== Jerin lokaci ==

* 3 ga Oktoba 1983: Babban Majalisa na Jama'a ya gudanar da wani zaman na musamman don tsara ƙudurin Majalisa ta Jama'a, wanda ya yanke shawarar tallafawa da aiwatar da Babban Man-Made River Project.
* 28 ga Agusta 1984: Muammar Gaddafi ya kafa dutse na tushe a yankin Sarir don fara gina Babban aikin Kogin Man-Made.
* 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1986: Muammar Gaddafi ya kaddamar da masana'antar Brega don samar da bututun bututun ƙarfe da aka riga aka matsa, wanda ake la'akari da mafi girman bututun da aka yi da waya ta ƙarfe (mafi yawan waya na ƙarfe an yi shi a [[Italiya]] ta kamfanin Redaelli Tecna SA tare da babban ofishinsa a Cologno Monzese-[[Milano|Milan]] da masana'anta a Caivano-[[Napoli|Naples]]). An kuma kaddamar da masana'antar Sarir a wannan ranar.
* 26 ga Agusta 1989: Muammar Gaddafi ya kafa dutse na tushe don mataki na biyu na Babban Man-Made River Project .

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Libya]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356722735|Great Man-Made River]]&quot;</comment>
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The '''Great Man-Made River Project''' ( Arabic    , a taƙaice '''GMRP''' ) wata hanyar sadarwa ce ta bututu da ke samar da ruwan sha mai tsafta da aka samo daga [[Tsarin Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa na Nubian|Tsarin Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], wani magudanar ruwa ta burbushin halittu, a faɗin [[Libya]] . Shi ne babban aikin ban ruwa a duniya. 

Aikin yana amfani da tsarin bututun mai wanda ke yin amfani da ruwa daga Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a kudancin Libya, zuwa birane a arewacin iyakar Bahar Rum na Libya, gami da Tripoli da Benghazi. Ruwa ya rufe nisan har zuwa kilomita 1,600 kuma yana samar da kashi 70% na duk ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi a Libya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar gidan yanar gizon aikin, ita ce babbar hanyar sadarwa ta bututun karkashin kasa ( {{Convert|2820|km}} )  da hanyoyin ruwa a duniya. Tana da [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyoyi]] sama da 1,300, waɗanda yawancinsu suna da zurfin sama da mita 500, kuma tana samar da ruwa mai tsafta na &lt;sup&gt;mita&lt;/sup&gt; 6,500,000 a kowace rana ga biranen [[Tripoli]], [[Benghazi]], Sirte da sauran wurare a Libya. Marigayi shugaban Libya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] ya bayyana ta a matsayin &quot; Abin Mamaki na Takwas na Duniya &quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Sufuri na sassan bututu a cikin shekarun 1980.]]
A shekara ta 1953, kokarin neman [[Danyen mai|mai]] a kudancin Libya ya haifar da gano yawan ruwan burbushin ruwa mai sha a karkashin kasa. An yi aikin Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 kuma an fara aiki a kan aikin a shekarar 1984. An raba aikin ginin zuwa matakai biyar. Mataki na farko ya buƙaci 85 miliyan m3 na tonowa kuma an kaddamar da shi a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta 1991. An kaddamar da kashi na biyu (wanda ake kira ''Ruwa na farko zuwa Tripoli'') a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1996.

Babban Man-Made River Project Authority ne ke mallakar aikin kuma Gwamnatin Gaddafi ce ta ba da kuɗin. Babban dan kwangila na farko shine Dong Ah Consortium (kamfanin Koriya ta Kudu) kuma babban dan kwangila a yanzu shine Al Nahr Company Ltd.

An shigo da kayayyaki waɗanda aka ƙaddara don amfani a cikin ginin GMRP a Koriya da Turai (musamman a Italiya) kuma sun isa ta teku ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Brega (Gulf of Sidra). Wani kamfani na Australiya, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wanda ke zaune a [[Melbourne]] ne ya samar da kariya ta lalata a kan bututun.  Sauran kayan an yi su ne a Libya.

An yi hasashen cewa jimillar kuɗin GMRP zai kai sama da dala biliyan 25. &lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya ta kammala aikin zuwa yanzu  ba tare da tallafin kuɗi daga manyan ƙasashe ko lamuni daga bankunan duniya ba. Tun daga shekarar 1990, [[UNESCO]] ta ba da horo ga injiniyoyi da masu fasaha da ke da hannu a aikin.

== Jerin lokaci ==

* 3 ga Oktoba 1983: Babban Majalisa na Jama'a ya gudanar da wani zaman na musamman don tsara ƙudurin Majalisa ta Jama'a, wanda ya yanke shawarar tallafawa da aiwatar da Babban Man-Made River Project.
* 28 ga Agusta 1984: Muammar Gaddafi ya kafa dutse na tushe a yankin Sarir don fara gina Babban aikin Kogin Man-Made.
* 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1986: Muammar Gaddafi ya kaddamar da masana'antar Brega don samar da bututun bututun ƙarfe da aka riga aka matsa, wanda ake la'akari da mafi girman bututun da aka yi da waya ta ƙarfe (mafi yawan waya na ƙarfe an yi shi a [[Italiya]] ta kamfanin Redaelli Tecna SA tare da babban ofishinsa a Cologno Monzese-[[Milano|Milan]] da masana'anta a Caivano-[[Napoli|Naples]]). An kuma kaddamar da masana'antar Sarir a wannan ranar.
* 26 ga Agusta 1989: Muammar Gaddafi ya kafa dutse na tushe don mataki na biyu na Babban Man-Made River Project .

== Manazarta ==

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The '''Great Man-Made River Project''' ( Arabic, a taƙaice '''GMRP''' ) wata hanyar sadarwa ce ta bututu da ke samar da ruwan sha mai tsafta da aka samo daga [[Tsarin Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa na Nubian|Tsarin Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]], wani magudanar ruwa ta burbushin halittu, a faɗin [[Libya]] . Shi ne babban aikin ban ruwa a duniya. 

Aikin yana amfani da tsarin bututun mai wanda ke yin amfani da ruwa daga Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, a kudancin Libya, zuwa birane a arewacin iyakar Bahar Rum na Libya, gami da Tripoli da Benghazi. Ruwa ya rufe nisan har zuwa kilomita 1,600 kuma yana samar da kashi 70% na duk ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi a Libya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Moutaz Ali |year=2017 |title=The Eighth Wonder of the World? |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world |archive-date=2021-12-19 |access-date=2019-11-30 |website=Quantara.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar gidan yanar gizon aikin, ita ce babbar hanyar sadarwa ta bututun karkashin kasa ( {{Convert|2820|km}} )  da hanyoyin ruwa a duniya. Tana da [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyoyi]] sama da 1,300, waɗanda yawancinsu suna da zurfin sama da mita 500, kuma tana samar da ruwa mai tsafta na &lt;sup&gt;mita&lt;/sup&gt; 6,500,000 a kowace rana ga biranen [[Tripoli]], [[Benghazi]], Sirte da sauran wurare a Libya. Marigayi shugaban Libya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] ya bayyana ta a matsayin &quot; Abin Mamaki na Takwas na Duniya &quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water-Technology |url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232713/https://www.water-technology.net/projects/gmr/ |archive-date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2004-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:ManMadeRiverLibya-7A.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Sufuri na sassan bututu a cikin shekarun 1980.]]
A shekara ta 1953, kokarin neman [[Danyen mai|mai]] a kudancin Libya ya haifar da gano yawan ruwan burbushin ruwa mai sha a karkashin kasa. An yi aikin Great Man-Made River Project (GMRP) a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 kuma an fara aiki a kan aikin a shekarar 1984. An raba aikin ginin zuwa matakai biyar. Mataki na farko ya buƙaci 85 miliyan m3 na tonowa kuma an kaddamar da shi a ranar 28 ga watan Agusta 1991. An kaddamar da kashi na biyu (wanda ake kira ''Ruwa na farko zuwa Tripoli'') a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1996.

Babban Man-Made River Project Authority ne ke mallakar aikin kuma Gwamnatin Gaddafi ce ta ba da kuɗin. Babban dan kwangila na farko shine Dong Ah Consortium (kamfanin Koriya ta Kudu) kuma babban dan kwangila a yanzu shine Al Nahr Company Ltd.

An shigo da kayayyaki waɗanda aka ƙaddara don amfani a cikin ginin GMRP a Koriya da Turai (musamman a Italiya) kuma sun isa ta teku ta hanyar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Brega (Gulf of Sidra). Wani kamfani na Australiya, AMAC Corrosion Protection, wanda ke zaune a [[Melbourne]] ne ya samar da kariya ta lalata a kan bututun.  Sauran kayan an yi su ne a Libya.

An yi hasashen cewa jimillar kuɗin GMRP zai kai sama da dala biliyan 25. &lt;ref name=&quot;Scholl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scholl |first=Adam |title=Map Room: Hidden Waters |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/winter2012/map-room |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030012853/http://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/12/map-room-anonymous/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=World Policy Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Libya ta kammala aikin zuwa yanzu  ba tare da tallafin kuɗi daga manyan ƙasashe ko lamuni daga bankunan duniya ba. Tun daga shekarar 1990, [[UNESCO]] ta ba da horo ga injiniyoyi da masu fasaha da ke da hannu a aikin.

== Jerin lokaci ==

* 3 ga Oktoba 1983: Babban Majalisa na Jama'a ya gudanar da wani zaman na musamman don tsara ƙudurin Majalisa ta Jama'a, wanda ya yanke shawarar tallafawa da aiwatar da Babban Man-Made River Project.
* 28 ga Agusta 1984: Muammar Gaddafi ya kafa dutse na tushe a yankin Sarir don fara gina Babban aikin Kogin Man-Made.
* 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1986: Muammar Gaddafi ya kaddamar da masana'antar Brega don samar da bututun bututun ƙarfe da aka riga aka matsa, wanda ake la'akari da mafi girman bututun da aka yi da waya ta ƙarfe (mafi yawan waya na ƙarfe an yi shi a [[Italiya]] ta kamfanin Redaelli Tecna SA tare da babban ofishinsa a Cologno Monzese-[[Milano|Milan]] da masana'anta a Caivano-[[Napoli|Naples]]). An kuma kaddamar da masana'antar Sarir a wannan ranar.
* 26 ga Agusta 1989: Muammar Gaddafi ya kafa dutse na tushe don mataki na biyu na Babban Man-Made River Project .

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Libya]]</text>
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    <title>Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Lebanon</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1318349194|Water supply and sanitation in Lebanon]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="9205" sha1="by3o5a1q9r0lco1e7ismmxfluue1sss" xml:space="preserve">Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Lebanon ana nuna su da nasarori da ƙalubale da yawa. Nasarorin sun hada da sake gina ababen more rayuwa bayan yakin basasa na 1975-90 da yakin 2006 da Isra'ila, da kuma sake fasalin sashin ruwa da tsabta ta hanyar dokar ruwa da aka zartar a 2000. Dokar ta kirkiro Cibiyoyin Ruwa na Yankin guda huɗu don karfafa ƙananan kayan aiki da yawa.

Kalubale sun haɗa da ingancin sabis mara kyau, musamman samar da ruwa mai saurin lokaci wanda ke ci gaba duk da wadatar albarkatun ruwa masu yawa; jinkirin aiwatar da sake fasalin ruwa; rabuwa da alhakin tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban kamar Majalisar Ci Gaban da sake ginawa, waɗanda ke kula da saka hannun jari, da Cibiyoyin Ruwa na Yankin, waɗanda ke da alhakamuran aiki da kiyayewa; iyakantaccen ikon ma'aikata a cikin sashen Ruwa na yanki; rarraba ruwa mai yawa da kuma rarraba ruwa na rarraba ruwa ya rage yawan ruwa; rarraba kayan aiki na ruwa mai yawa; rarraba bayanai masu cin gashin ruwa mai yawa don rarraba ruwa masu cin gashi da kuma rarrabawa; rarrabawar ruwa mai yawa ba su ba su ba tare da rarraba ruwa ba; rarraba su da rarraba kayan aikin ruwa ba; ƙaran ruwa ba tare da ƙarancin ruwa ba; Wadannan kalubalen sun ci gaba fiye da shekaru ashirin bayan karshen yakin basasa.

Sashin ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Lebanon ya karɓi kuma yana ci gaba da karɓar taimakon ƙasashen waje mai yawa ta hanyar tallafi da rance mai laushi daga masu ba da gudummawa da yawa na Yamma da Larabawa.

== Samun dama ==
Dangane da kimantawar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya waɗanda ba su dogara da kowane binciken gida ba, samun damar [[ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] a Lebanon na duniya ne. Adadin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da samun ruwa bazai ba da cikakken hoto game da halin da ake ciki ba: Binciken wakilin da Bankin Duniya ya gudanar a 2008 ya kiyasta cewa matsakaicin haɗin kai ga hanyar sadarwar ruwa ta jama'a ya kasance 80%, ya bambanta daga 96% a Beirut zuwa 55% a Arewa. Wadannan adadi suna kama da wadanda suka fito daga binciken yanayin rayuwa na gida na 2004 wanda Babban Hukumar Kididdiga ta Lebanon ta gudanar.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSIA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 June 2009 |title=Lebanon Social Impact Analysis - Electricity and Water Sectors |url=http://www.opportunities.com.lb/lebanon/bhb/docs/WB%20-%20Social%20Impact%20Analysis%20-%20Electricity%20and%20Water%20sectors.pdf |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=World Bank |pages=31–35}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da la'akari da cewa ingantaccen tushen ruwa ya haɗa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da aka kare ban da haɗin ruwa, ba zai yiwu samun ruwa a Lebanon ya zama na duniya ba. Misali, gidaje da yawa na birane waɗanda ba a haɗa su da cibiyar sadarwa sun dogara da ruwan da aka saya daga manyan motocin tanki.

Kididdigar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta nuna wani bayani game da samun damar samun tsabta a Lebanon ba. Bankin Duniya ya nakalto kimantawa daga Majalisar Ci Gaban da sake ginawa wanda ke nuna kashi 58% na haɗin zuwa magudanar ruwa a cikin 2002. Tarin ruwa mai guba ya kasance mafi girma a Beirut-Mount Lebanon (74%) kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a Kudu (35%). Sauran gine-ginen ko dai suna amfani da tafkuna da tankuna ko kuma kawai suna fitar da datti kai tsaye cikin muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 May 2010 |title=Republic of Lebanon Water Sector: Public Expenditure Review |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/07/16/000334955_20100716015831/Rendered/PDF/520241LB0ESW0B110Disclosed0July0141.pdf |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=World Bank |page=24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdigar Gine-gine da Cibiyoyi a cikin 1996-97 sun kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 37% na gine-gine a Lebanon ne kawai aka haɗa su da hanyar sadarwar shara a wannan lokacin,  yana nuna cewa rabon ya karu sosai tsakanin 1997 da 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Lebanon State of the Environment Report |url=http://www.moe.gov.lb/SiteCollectionDocuments/www.moe.gov.lb/Reports/SOER2002/Chap%2015.%20Wastewater%20Management%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721075420/http://www.moe.gov.lb/SiteCollectionDocuments/www.moe.gov.lb/Reports/SOER2002/Chap%2015.%20Wastewater%20Management%20.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |website=Republic of Lebanon, Ministry of Environment |page=232}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ingancin sabis ==
Ingancin samar da sabis na ruwa ba shi da kyau. Dangane da kididdigar hukuma daga shekara ta 2009, matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a kowace rana ya kasance kamar haka: awanni 22 a Arewa, awanni 10 a Bekaa, awanni 8 a Kudu, kuma ga Beirut-Mount Lebanon awanni 13 a cikin hunturu, amma awanni 2 kawai a lokacin rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWS Infrastructure Baseline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Energy and Water |year=2012 |title=National Water Sector Strategy: Baseline for Water Sector Infrastructure |url=http://www.energyandwater.gov.lb/adminpages/page/DownloadPageFile.asp?PageFile_ID=435 |access-date=20 December 2013 |publisher=Presentation by Eng. Gebran Basil}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babu ƙauye ko birni guda ɗaya a Lebanon wanda ke karɓar samar da ruwa ba tare da katsewa ba. Musamman a lokacin rani, karancin ruwa ya zama ruwan dare. Misali, a cikin Gwamnatin Nabatieh ruwa ya kai abokan ciniki sau uku kawai a mako a cikin 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRIN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2007 |title=Lebanon: Water supply is priority issue for the south |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/70642/lebanon-water-supply-is-priority-issue-for-the-south |access-date=21 September 2015 |publisher=irinnews.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Greater Beirut, samar da ruwa ya ragu zuwa awanni 3 a kowace rana a lokacin rani. Dangane da binciken da aka ambata a sama na 2008, matsakaicin iyalin Lebanon sun sami sa'o'i 6 a kowace rana a lokacin rani da sa'o-i 9 a cikin hunturu. Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na iyalai na Lebanon ne kawai ke samun ruwa kowace rana. Ci gaba da samarwa ya fi kyau a Arewa inda kashi 59% suka ce suna karɓar ruwa kowace rana a cikin 2008. Ya kasance mafi muni a Beirut inda wannan rabon ya kasance 10% kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSIA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 June 2009 |title=Lebanon Social Impact Analysis - Electricity and Water Sectors |url=http://www.opportunities.com.lb/lebanon/bhb/docs/WB%20-%20Social%20Impact%20Analysis%20-%20Electricity%20and%20Water%20sectors.pdf |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=World Bank |pages=31–35}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.opportunities.com.lb/lebanon/bhb/docs/WB%20-%20Social%20Impact%20Analysis%20-%20Electricity%20and%20Water%20sectors.pdf &quot;Lebanon Social Impact Analysis - Electricity and Water Sectors&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin ingancin ruwa da wadataccen lokaci-lokaci suna sanya farashi mai yawa a kan gidaje don magance waɗannan rashi. Sayen ruwa daga manyan motoci da sayen ruwan kwalliya sun zama ruwan dare. Ana kuma adana ruwa a cikin tankunan rufin, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin farashi kuma yana lalata ingancin ruwa. Gidaje da yawa suna amfani da famfo don tabbatar da cewa ruwa ya kai saman bene na gidaje, wanda ke sanya ƙarin farashi a kan gidaje. Rashin matsin lamba da samar da ruwa na lokaci-lokaci suna haifar, da sauransu, ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki na lokaci-akai.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 September 2010 |title=Lebanon goes thirsty as municipalities fail to deliver on water supply promises |url=http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidDS08092010_dsart33/?relcontent=DS03122010_dsart45%282%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617074906/http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidDS08092010_dsart33/?relcontent=DS03122010_dsart45%282%29 |archive-date=17 June 2011 |publisher=The Daily Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ayoub |first=George M. |last2=Malaeb |first2=Lilian |year=2006 |title=Impact of intermittent water supply on water quality in Lebanon |url=http://www.inderscience.com/info/inarticle.php?artid=9328 |journal=International Journal of Environment and Pollution |publisher=Inderscience Publishers |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=379–397 |bibcode=2006IJEP...26..379A |doi=10.1504/IJEP.2006.009328 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin tattalin arzikin da ke gudana a Lebanon ya rushe bangarorin makamashi da ruwa na kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fayssal |first=Nora |last2=Al Tawil |first2=Lara |last3=Danageuzian |first3=Hrair |last4=Sabat |first4=Mira |last5=ElMerehbi |first5=Hana |last6=Darazi |first6=Dovan |last7=Sabat |first7=Macole |last8=Roukos |first8=Roy |last9=Abou Dargham |first9=Sara |last10=Romanos |first10=Jimmy |date=2024-05-01 |title=Navigating the water–energy nexus amidst the Lebanese economic crisis |url=https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article/73/5/917/102076/Navigating-the-water-energy-nexus-amidst-the |journal=AQUA: Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society |language=en |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=917–929 |doi=10.2166/aqua.2024.329 |issn=2709-8028 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani cikakken bincike na kananan hukumomi 150 a duk fadin gwamnatocin Lebanon, wanda ya shafi albarkatun ruwa na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, ya nuna cewa matsakaicin samar da ruwa na mako-mako ya ragu daga awanni 49 a cikin 2019 zuwa awanni 22 a cikin 2023. A lokaci guda, amfani da tankunan ruwa ya karu daga 26% zuwa 44%, yana nuna canji a hanyoyin samun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

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'''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Lebanon''' ana nuna su da nasarori da ƙalubale da yawa. Nasarorin sun hada da sake gina ababen more rayuwa bayan yakin basasa na 1975-90 da yakin 2006 da Isra'ila, da kuma sake fasalin sashin ruwa da tsabta ta hanyar dokar ruwa da aka zartar a 2000. Dokar ta kirkiro Cibiyoyin Ruwa na Yankin guda huɗu don karfafa ƙananan kayan aiki da yawa.

Kalubale sun haɗa da ingancin sabis mara kyau, musamman samar da ruwa mai saurin lokaci wanda ke ci gaba duk da wadatar albarkatun ruwa masu yawa; jinkirin aiwatar da sake fasalin ruwa; rabuwa da alhakin tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban kamar Majalisar Ci Gaban da sake ginawa, waɗanda ke kula da saka hannun jari, da Cibiyoyin Ruwa na Yankin, waɗanda ke da alhakamuran aiki da kiyayewa; iyakantaccen ikon ma'aikata a cikin sashen Ruwa na yanki; rarraba ruwa mai yawa da kuma rarraba ruwa na rarraba ruwa ya rage yawan ruwa; rarraba kayan aiki na ruwa mai yawa; rarraba bayanai masu cin gashin ruwa mai yawa don rarraba ruwa masu cin gashi da kuma rarrabawa; rarrabawar ruwa mai yawa ba su ba su ba tare da rarraba ruwa ba; rarraba su da rarraba kayan aikin ruwa ba; ƙaran ruwa ba tare da ƙarancin ruwa ba; Wadannan kalubalen sun ci gaba fiye da shekaru ashirin bayan karshen yakin basasa.

Sashin ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Lebanon ya karɓi kuma yana ci gaba da karɓar taimakon ƙasashen waje mai yawa ta hanyar tallafi da rance mai laushi daga masu ba da gudummawa da yawa na Yamma da Larabawa.

== Samun dama ==
Dangane da kimantawar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya waɗanda ba su dogara da kowane binciken gida ba, samun damar [[ingantaccen tushen ruwa]] a Lebanon na duniya ne. Adadin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da samun ruwa bazai ba da cikakken hoto game da halin da ake ciki ba: Binciken wakilin da Bankin Duniya ya gudanar a 2008 ya kiyasta cewa matsakaicin haɗin kai ga hanyar sadarwar ruwa ta jama'a ya kasance 80%, ya bambanta daga 96% a Beirut zuwa 55% a Arewa. Wadannan adadi suna kama da wadanda suka fito daga binciken yanayin rayuwa na gida na 2004 wanda Babban Hukumar Kididdiga ta Lebanon ta gudanar.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSIA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 June 2009 |title=Lebanon Social Impact Analysis - Electricity and Water Sectors |url=http://www.opportunities.com.lb/lebanon/bhb/docs/WB%20-%20Social%20Impact%20Analysis%20-%20Electricity%20and%20Water%20sectors.pdf |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=World Bank |pages=31–35}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da la'akari da cewa ingantaccen tushen ruwa ya haɗa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da aka kare ban da haɗin ruwa, ba zai yiwu samun ruwa a Lebanon ya zama na duniya ba. Misali, gidaje da yawa na birane waɗanda ba a haɗa su da cibiyar sadarwa sun dogara da ruwan da aka saya daga manyan motocin tanki.

Kididdigar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta nuna wani bayani game da samun damar samun tsabta a Lebanon ba. Bankin Duniya ya nakalto kimantawa daga Majalisar Ci Gaban da sake ginawa wanda ke nuna kashi 58% na haɗin zuwa magudanar ruwa a cikin 2002. Tarin ruwa mai guba ya kasance mafi girma a Beirut-Mount Lebanon (74%) kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a Kudu (35%). Sauran gine-ginen ko dai suna amfani da tafkuna da tankuna ko kuma kawai suna fitar da datti kai tsaye cikin muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 May 2010 |title=Republic of Lebanon Water Sector: Public Expenditure Review |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/07/16/000334955_20100716015831/Rendered/PDF/520241LB0ESW0B110Disclosed0July0141.pdf |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=World Bank |page=24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙididdigar Gine-gine da Cibiyoyi a cikin 1996-97 sun kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 37% na gine-gine a Lebanon ne kawai aka haɗa su da hanyar sadarwar shara a wannan lokacin,  yana nuna cewa rabon ya karu sosai tsakanin 1997 da 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Lebanon State of the Environment Report |url=http://www.moe.gov.lb/SiteCollectionDocuments/www.moe.gov.lb/Reports/SOER2002/Chap%2015.%20Wastewater%20Management%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721075420/http://www.moe.gov.lb/SiteCollectionDocuments/www.moe.gov.lb/Reports/SOER2002/Chap%2015.%20Wastewater%20Management%20.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |website=Republic of Lebanon, Ministry of Environment |page=232}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ingancin sabis ==
Ingancin samar da sabis na ruwa ba shi da kyau. Dangane da kididdigar hukuma daga shekara ta 2009, matsakaicin wadatar ruwa a kowace rana ya kasance kamar haka: awanni 22 a Arewa, awanni 10 a Bekaa, awanni 8 a Kudu, kuma ga Beirut-Mount Lebanon awanni 13 a cikin hunturu, amma awanni 2 kawai a lokacin rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;NWS Infrastructure Baseline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Energy and Water |year=2012 |title=National Water Sector Strategy: Baseline for Water Sector Infrastructure |url=http://www.energyandwater.gov.lb/adminpages/page/DownloadPageFile.asp?PageFile_ID=435 |access-date=20 December 2013 |publisher=Presentation by Eng. Gebran Basil}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babu ƙauye ko birni guda ɗaya a Lebanon wanda ke karɓar samar da ruwa ba tare da katsewa ba. Musamman a lokacin rani, karancin ruwa ya zama ruwan dare. Misali, a cikin Gwamnatin Nabatieh ruwa ya kai abokan ciniki sau uku kawai a mako a cikin 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRIN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2007 |title=Lebanon: Water supply is priority issue for the south |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/70642/lebanon-water-supply-is-priority-issue-for-the-south |access-date=21 September 2015 |publisher=irinnews.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Greater Beirut, samar da ruwa ya ragu zuwa awanni 3 a kowace rana a lokacin rani. Dangane da binciken da aka ambata a sama na 2008, matsakaicin iyalin Lebanon sun sami sa'o'i 6 a kowace rana a lokacin rani da sa'o-i 9 a cikin hunturu. Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na iyalai na Lebanon ne kawai ke samun ruwa kowace rana. Ci gaba da samarwa ya fi kyau a Arewa inda kashi 59% suka ce suna karɓar ruwa kowace rana a cikin 2008. Ya kasance mafi muni a Beirut inda wannan rabon ya kasance 10% kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;PSIA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 June 2009 |title=Lebanon Social Impact Analysis - Electricity and Water Sectors |url=http://www.opportunities.com.lb/lebanon/bhb/docs/WB%20-%20Social%20Impact%20Analysis%20-%20Electricity%20and%20Water%20sectors.pdf |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=World Bank |pages=31–35}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.opportunities.com.lb/lebanon/bhb/docs/WB%20-%20Social%20Impact%20Analysis%20-%20Electricity%20and%20Water%20sectors.pdf &quot;Lebanon Social Impact Analysis - Electricity and Water Sectors&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin ingancin ruwa da wadataccen lokaci-lokaci suna sanya farashi mai yawa a kan gidaje don magance waɗannan rashi. Sayen ruwa daga manyan motoci da sayen ruwan kwalliya sun zama ruwan dare. Ana kuma adana ruwa a cikin tankunan rufin, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin farashi kuma yana lalata ingancin ruwa. Gidaje da yawa suna amfani da famfo don tabbatar da cewa ruwa ya kai saman bene na gidaje, wanda ke sanya ƙarin farashi a kan gidaje. Rashin matsin lamba da samar da ruwa na lokaci-lokaci suna haifar, da sauransu, ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki na lokaci-akai.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 September 2010 |title=Lebanon goes thirsty as municipalities fail to deliver on water supply promises |url=http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidDS08092010_dsart33/?relcontent=DS03122010_dsart45%282%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617074906/http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidDS08092010_dsart33/?relcontent=DS03122010_dsart45%282%29 |archive-date=17 June 2011 |publisher=The Daily Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ayoub |first=George M. |last2=Malaeb |first2=Lilian |year=2006 |title=Impact of intermittent water supply on water quality in Lebanon |url=http://www.inderscience.com/info/inarticle.php?artid=9328 |journal=International Journal of Environment and Pollution |publisher=Inderscience Publishers |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=379–397 |bibcode=2006IJEP...26..379A |doi=10.1504/IJEP.2006.009328 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin tattalin arzikin da ke gudana a Lebanon ya rushe bangarorin makamashi da ruwa na kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fayssal |first=Nora |last2=Al Tawil |first2=Lara |last3=Danageuzian |first3=Hrair |last4=Sabat |first4=Mira |last5=ElMerehbi |first5=Hana |last6=Darazi |first6=Dovan |last7=Sabat |first7=Macole |last8=Roukos |first8=Roy |last9=Abou Dargham |first9=Sara |last10=Romanos |first10=Jimmy |date=2024-05-01 |title=Navigating the water–energy nexus amidst the Lebanese economic crisis |url=https://iwaponline.com/aqua/article/73/5/917/102076/Navigating-the-water-energy-nexus-amidst-the |journal=AQUA: Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society |language=en |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=917–929 |doi=10.2166/aqua.2024.329 |issn=2709-8028 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani cikakken bincike na kananan hukumomi 150 a duk fadin gwamnatocin Lebanon, wanda ya shafi albarkatun ruwa na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, ya nuna cewa matsakaicin samar da ruwa na mako-mako ya ragu daga awanni 49 a cikin 2019 zuwa awanni 22 a cikin 2023. A lokaci guda, amfani da tankunan ruwa ya karu daga 26% zuwa 44%, yana nuna canji a hanyoyin samun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Kenya</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354278590|Water supply and sanitation in Kenya]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5408" sha1="8opxsiasj1l9o2rh1706elpf1tzuyvr" xml:space="preserve">'''Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Kenya''' ana nuna su ta hanyar ƙananan matakan samun ruwa da tsafta, musamman a cikin birane da [[Countryside|yankunan karkara]], da kuma ingancin sabis mara kyau a cikin hanyar samar da ruwa. Rashin ruwa na yanayi da na yanki a Kenya yana ƙara wahalar inganta samar da ruwa.

Sashin ruwa na Kenya ya sami sauye-sauye masu yawa ta hanyar Dokar Ruwa No. 8 na 2002. A baya samar da sabis ya kasance alhakin Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa na Kasa da Pipeline da kuma wasu kayan aiki na gida da aka kafa tun 1996. Bayan wucewar tanadin sabis na doka an rarraba shi a hankali zuwa masu ba da sabis na ruwa na gida 91 (WSPs). Wadannan an haɗa su da Kwamitin Kula da Ruwa na Yankin 8 (WSBs) wanda ke kula da kula da kadarori ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Bayar da Sabis (SPAs) tare da WSPs. Dokar ta kuma kirkiro kwamitin kula da kasa wanda ke gudanar da ma'auni na aiki kuma yana da alhakin amincewa da SPAs da gyare-gyaren farashi. Tare da Dokar Ruwa, 2014, an canja ayyukan 8 WSBs zuwa Kwamitin Ci gaban Ayyukan Ruwa 47 a kowace gundumar Kenya.

Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ruwa ta ci gaba da kula da manufofi don samar da ruwa, yayin da Ma'aikatu ta Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ke kula da manufofin tsabta.

Kodayake farashin ruwa na birane suna da girma ta hanyar ka'idojin yanki (KSh.60/= ko US $ 0.60 a kowace m3 a matsakaici a cikin 2014), waɗannan farashin kawai suna ba da damar dawo da farashin aiki, amma ba dawo da farashin babban birnin ba. Ba a samun cikakken farfadowa ba saboda dalilai daban-daban, gami da babban matakin ruwa mara kudaden shiga (ma'auni na 42%). Dangane da farashin naúrar samarwa, asarar ƙasa saboda ruwa mara shiga a cikin 2014 an kiyasta shi a KSh.5.2 biliyan /=, daidai da dala miliyan 52.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 2015 |title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014 |url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/ |access-date=14 December 2015 |publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board |pages=24 and 31–36}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani dalili kuma shine buƙatar amfani da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai nisa a farashi mai yawa a wasu wurare. Misali, ana ba da [[Mombasa]] daga tushen da ke da nisan kilomita 220 daga birnin. Kodayake kashi 16% na 'yan Kenya a cikin birane suna da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa, babu harajin magudanar gida a Kenya, yana mai da wannan sabis mai tsada kyauta.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Tushen bayanai da fassarar ==
Tattara amintaccen bayanai game da sashin ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Kenya yana da wahala saboda rahoto sau da yawa ba cikakke ba ne kuma ana amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban. Tushen bayanai guda biyu na wakilci a duk fadin kasar sune ƙididdigar da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara goma, tare da na gaba da aka shirya don 2029,  da kuma binciken jama'a da kiwon lafiya da aka gudanar a kowace shekara biyar ta Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa na Kenya. Bayanan da aka tattara ta haka ana nazarin su ta Shirin Kula da Haɗin gwiwa don Sayar da Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] don tantance ci gaba zuwa cimma burin Ci gaba mai dorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation – A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries]{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}, pp.33–43. &lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan bayanan kawai suna tantance wadatar ruwa da kayan aikin tsabta. Ba sa tantance ko ruwa yana da aminci don sha, ya isa a yawa, yana ci gaba da samuwa ko kuma yana da araha.

Wani muhimmin tushen bayanai shine &quot;raidar tasiri&quot; na shekara-shekara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impact Reports |url=https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-reports/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=WASREB |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda hukumar kula da ruwa ta WASREB ta buga tun 2008. Ta hanyar wannan rahoto ana samun cikakken bayani a yau a kan masu ba da sabis na ruwa da yawa fiye da baya da sauran ƙasashe da yawa. Koyaya, bayanai a cikin rahoton suna nufin kawai yawan mutanen da masu ba da sabis na ruwa ke aiki, wanda ba duka yawan jama'ar Kenya ba ne, ba tare da barin wasu sassan yankunan karkara ba.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==
[[Fayil:KerioRiver-Dry.JPG|thumb|300x300px|[[Kogin Kerio]] a cikin kwarin Rift a lokacin fari.]]
An kiyasta cewa albarkatun ruwa mai sabuntawa na Kenya sun kai 20.2&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da 647 m &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.  An kiyasta cewa jimillar fitar da ruwa a kowace shekara ya wuce 2.7&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, ko ƙasa da kashi 14% na albarkatu.  Duk da haka, wadatar albarkatun ruwa ya bambanta sosai a lokaci da kuma tsakanin yankuna. Yawancin sassan ƙasar suna da yanayi biyu na damina. Ruwan sama mai tsawo yawanci yana faruwa ne daga Maris zuwa Mayu yayin da ruwan sama mai gajeren lokaci yawanci yakan faru ne daga Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba. 

Bugu da kari, Kenya tana fuskantar fari da ambaliyar ruwa a kowace shekara uku zuwa hudu, wanda ke shafar yawan jama'a. Sabuwar fari mai tsanani ta kasance daga 2007 zuwa ƙarshen 2009, wanda ke da tasiri ga dukkan bangarorin tattalin arziki. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 630 mm, amma ya bambanta tsakanin kasa da 200 mm a arewacin Kenya zuwa sama da 1,800 mm a kan gangaren Dutsen Kenya.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Kenya''' ana nuna su ta hanyar ƙananan matakan samun ruwa da tsafta, musamman a cikin birane da [[Countryside|yankunan karkara]], da kuma ingancin sabis mara kyau a cikin hanyar samar da ruwa. Rashin ruwa na yanayi da na yanki a Kenya yana ƙara wahalar inganta samar da ruwa.

Sashin ruwa na Kenya ya sami sauye-sauye masu yawa ta hanyar Dokar Ruwa No. 8 na 2002. A baya samar da sabis ya kasance alhakin Kamfanin Kula da Ruwa na Kasa da Pipeline da kuma wasu kayan aiki na gida da aka kafa tun 1996. Bayan wucewar tanadin sabis na doka an rarraba shi a hankali zuwa masu ba da sabis na ruwa na gida 91 (WSPs). Wadannan an haɗa su da Kwamitin Kula da Ruwa na Yankin 8 (WSBs) wanda ke kula da kula da kadarori ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Bayar da Sabis (SPAs) tare da WSPs. Dokar ta kuma kirkiro kwamitin kula da kasa wanda ke gudanar da ma'auni na aiki kuma yana da alhakin amincewa da SPAs da gyare-gyaren farashi. Tare da Dokar Ruwa, 2014, an canja ayyukan 8 WSBs zuwa Kwamitin Ci gaban Ayyukan Ruwa 47 a kowace gundumar Kenya.

Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Ruwa ta ci gaba da kula da manufofi don samar da ruwa, yayin da Ma'aikatu ta Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a ke kula da manufofin tsabta.

Kodayake farashin ruwa na birane suna da girma ta hanyar ka'idojin yanki (KSh.60/= ko US $ 0.60 a kowace m3 a matsakaici a cikin 2014), waɗannan farashin kawai suna ba da damar dawo da farashin aiki, amma ba dawo da farashin babban birnin ba. Ba a samun cikakken farfadowa ba saboda dalilai daban-daban, gami da babban matakin ruwa mara kudaden shiga (ma'auni na 42%). Dangane da farashin naúrar samarwa, asarar ƙasa saboda ruwa mara shiga a cikin 2014 an kiyasta shi a KSh.5.2 biliyan /=, daidai da dala miliyan 52.&lt;ref name=&quot;Impact 2015 Efficiency&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 2015 |title=Impact: A Performance Review of Kenya's Water Services Sector 2013 – 2014 |url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/ |access-date=14 December 2015 |publisher=Water Services Regulatory Board |pages=24 and 31–36}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani dalili kuma shine buƙatar amfani da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai nisa a farashi mai yawa a wasu wurare. Misali, ana ba da [[Mombasa]] daga tushen da ke da nisan kilomita 220 daga birnin. Kodayake kashi 16% na 'yan Kenya a cikin birane suna da damar yin amfani da magudanar ruwa, babu harajin magudanar gida a Kenya, yana mai da wannan sabis mai tsada kyauta.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Tushen bayanai da fassarar ==
Tattara amintaccen bayanai game da sashin ruwa da tsabtace muhalli na Kenya yana da wahala saboda rahoto sau da yawa ba cikakke ba ne kuma ana amfani da ma'anoni daban-daban. Tushen bayanai guda biyu na wakilci a duk fadin kasar sune ƙididdigar da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara goma, tare da na gaba da aka shirya don 2029,  da kuma binciken jama'a da kiwon lafiya da aka gudanar a kowace shekara biyar ta Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa na Kenya. Bayanan da aka tattara ta haka ana nazarin su ta Shirin Kula da Haɗin gwiwa don Sayar da Ruwa da Kiwon Lafiya na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]] don tantance ci gaba zuwa cimma burin Ci gaba mai dorewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;track&quot;&gt;African Ministers' Council on Water, AMCOW and Water and Sanitation Program (2006) [http://www.wsp.org/UserFiles/file/27200752445_MDGsAfrica.pdf Getting Africa on Track to Meet the MDGs on Water Supply and Sanitation – A Status Review of Sixteen African Countries]{{Dead link|date=August 2025}}, pp.33–43. &lt;/ref&gt; Wadannan bayanan kawai suna tantance wadatar ruwa da kayan aikin tsabta. Ba sa tantance ko ruwa yana da aminci don sha, ya isa a yawa, yana ci gaba da samuwa ko kuma yana da araha.

Wani muhimmin tushen bayanai shine &quot;raidar tasiri&quot; na shekara-shekara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impact Reports |url=https://wasreb.go.ke/impact-reports/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=WASREB |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda hukumar kula da ruwa ta WASREB ta buga tun 2008. Ta hanyar wannan rahoto ana samun cikakken bayani a yau a kan masu ba da sabis na ruwa da yawa fiye da baya da sauran ƙasashe da yawa. Koyaya, bayanai a cikin rahoton suna nufin kawai yawan mutanen da masu ba da sabis na ruwa ke aiki, wanda ba duka yawan jama'ar Kenya ba ne, ba tare da barin wasu sassan yankunan karkara ba.

== Ma'adanai na ruwa ==
[[Fayil:KerioRiver-Dry.JPG|thumb|300x300px|[[Kogin Kerio]] a cikin kwarin Rift a lokacin fari.]]
An kiyasta cewa albarkatun ruwa mai sabuntawa na Kenya sun kai 20.2&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da 647 m &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.  An kiyasta cewa jimillar fitar da ruwa a kowace shekara ya wuce 2.7&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, ko ƙasa da kashi 14% na albarkatu.  Duk da haka, wadatar albarkatun ruwa ya bambanta sosai a lokaci da kuma tsakanin yankuna. Yawancin sassan ƙasar suna da yanayi biyu na damina. Ruwan sama mai tsawo yawanci yana faruwa ne daga Maris zuwa Mayu yayin da ruwan sama mai gajeren lokaci yawanci yakan faru ne daga Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba. 

Bugu da kari, Kenya tana fuskantar fari da ambaliyar ruwa a kowace shekara uku zuwa hudu, wanda ke shafar yawan jama'a. Sabuwar fari mai tsanani ta kasance daga 2007 zuwa ƙarshen 2009, wanda ke da tasiri ga dukkan bangarorin tattalin arziki. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 630 mm, amma ya bambanta tsakanin kasa da 200 mm a arewacin Kenya zuwa sama da 1,800 mm a kan gangaren Dutsen Kenya.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Nairobi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355666205|Water supply and sanitation in Nairobi]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6376" sha1="ny3tobiyevsth56lsxtdiblylp3u0yn" xml:space="preserve">Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Nairobi ana nuna su da nasarori da ƙalubale. Daga cikin nasarorin shine fadada ababen more rayuwa don ci gaba da ci gaban yawan jama'a, musamman ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwan Thika da kuma hanyoyin kula da ruwa da bututun mai a cikin shekarun 1990s; sauyawar sashen ruwa na gari zuwa mai amfani mai cin gashin kansa a cikin 2003; da kuma raguwar asarar ruwa na baya-bayan nan - wanda ake kira ruwa mara riba - daga 50 zuwa 40%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karanja Global Water Summit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karanja |first=Joseph |title=Improving water provision in Nairobi through control of non-revenue water |url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/client_media/uploaded/Conference%20book%202011_Focusing_on_performance_72%20pixels%20per%20inch.pdf |access-date=6 November 2011 |website=Global Water Summit 2011 |publisher=Global Water Intelligence |pages=212–213}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalubale sun haɗa da inganci mara kyau da samar da ruwa mai saurin wucewa (kawai kashi 40% na waɗanda ke da haɗin gida suna karɓar ruwa a kai a kai),  asarar damar ajiya a cikin tafkuna a bayan madatsun ruwa ta hanyar hanzarta ta hanyar rushewa a cikin Aberdare Range, &lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; rashin samun isasshen tsabta a cikin ƙauyuka inda rabin yawan mutanen garin ke rayuwa, toshewar magudanar ruwa wanda ke haifar da yawa,  da kuma damar da ba a cikin mafi girman masana'antar tsabtace ruwa a Dandora. Wani matsala shine rikice-rikicen siyasa da cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ya haifar da korar dukkan Hukumar Kamfanin Ruwa na Nairobi a shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=IRC E-source |date=7 August 2009 |title=Kenya: Nairobi water board sent packing following reports on malpractices |url=http://www.source.irc.nl/page/49480 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415124816/http://www.source.irc.nl/page/49480 |archive-date=15 April 2012 |access-date=12 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa ga Nairobi tun lokacin da aka kafa birnin a matsayin tashar jirgin kasa a cikin 1899 ya kasance babban tarihin yin amfani da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu nisa don samar da birni mai saurin fadada tare da isasshen ruwa. Sauran ƙalubalen da aka fuskanta sun haɗa da rage asarar rarraba ruwa, isa ga matalauta a cikin ƙauyuka, fadada magudanar ruwa da maganin ruwa, da ƙarfafa amfanin ruwa na Nairobi.

=== Yaduwar samarwa ===
Tushen tsarin samar da ruwa na farko na Nairobi shine maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta Kikuyu da masana'antar kula da Kabete da aka haɓaka a cikin 1906. Wannan ya biyo bayan madatsar ruwan Ruiru a cikin 1936 da kuma madatsar ruwa ta Sasumua a kan Kogin Chania a cikin 1945, dukansu suna cikin Aberdare Range a arewacin Nairobi, da kuma rijiyoyi masu zurfi. A cikin shekarun 1970s waɗannan tushe ba su isa ba don samar da birni mai girma a lokacin fari kuma an tattara kudade don sabon madatsar ruwa mai girma, madatsar ruwan Thika, don rage karancin ruwa. Bankin Duniya, Bankin Raya Afirka, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai da OECF na Japan sun ba da kuɗin madatsar ruwan da kuma bututun mai da ke tattare da shi. Rashin ruwa ya karu daga lita 165 ga kowane mutum da rana a 1976 zuwa 200 a 1995. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=African Development Bank |date=July 1998 |title=Project Completion Report:Third Nairobi Water Supply Project |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/ADB-BD-IF-98-182-EN-3670165.PDF |access-date=6 November 2011 |pages=1 and 9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da madatsar ruwan Thika ta zo a kan rafi an rufe rijiyar karshe da birnin ya yi amfani da ita don samar da ruwa don haka birnin ya fara dogaro da ruwa na sama.

=== Rage asarar ruwa ===
Tare da yin amfani da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa, an yi ƙoƙari don rage asarar rarraba ruwa ta hanyar gabatar da tsarin yanki mai ma'auni. Dangane da kimantawar Bankin Duniya, tsarin ya ba da izinin &quot;ƙananan asarar ruwa&quot;. A cikin 1998 ruwan da ba na samun kudin shiga ba, wanda ya haɗa da asarar jiki da asarar gudanarwa kamar amfani da ruwa ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma ƙididdigar ƙasa, an rage shi zuwa 27-30%. Koyaya, asarar ruwa daga baya dole ne ya sake ƙaruwa, saboda a cikin 2010 Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Nairobi ya bayyana cewa ya sami nasarar samun raguwar ruwan da ba na samun kuɗi ba daga 50 zuwa 40%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karanja Global Water Summit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karanja |first=Joseph |title=Improving water provision in Nairobi through control of non-revenue water |url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/client_media/uploaded/Conference%20book%202011_Focusing_on_performance_72%20pixels%20per%20inch.pdf |access-date=6 November 2011 |website=Global Water Summit 2011 |publisher=Global Water Intelligence |pages=212–213}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKaranja&quot;&gt;Karanja, Joseph. [http://www.globalwaterintel.com/client_media/uploaded/Conference%20book%202011_Focusing_on_performance_72%20pixels%20per%20inch.pdf &quot;Improving water provision in Nairobi through control of non-revenue water&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Global Water Summit 2011''. Global Water Intelligence. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;212–&lt;/span&gt;213&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2011&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar kula da WASREB ta kiyasta ruwan da ba na shiga ba a Nairobi a kashi 40% a 2008/09 kuma a kashi 42% a 2009/10 .&lt;ref name=&quot;WASREB 2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Water Services Regulatory Board |title=Impact Report 2011. A Performance Report of Kenya's Water Services Sector. |url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=70&amp;Itemid=145 |access-date=23 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gidan ruwa a cikin ƙauyuka ===
[[Fayil:Nairobi_Kibera_01.JPG|thumb|300x300px|Gidan Kibera a Nairobi ana ba da ruwan sha ta hanyar kiosks.]]
Wani kalubale na musamman a Nairobi ya kasance kuma har yanzu shine yadda za a samar da isasshen ruwa mai araha ga rabin yawan jama'arta da ke zaune a cikin ƙauyuka. Tun daga shekarun 1970s mazauna unguwa tare da haɗin ruwa sun gina kiosks na ruwa inda suke sake siyar da ruwa ga wasu mazauna a cikin guga. Adadin kiosks na ruwa a cikin ƙauyuka ya karu daga kimanin 150 a 1978 zuwa kusan 1,500 a 1994. Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gari ta ba da shawarar farashin sake sayarwa, amma ba za ta iya tilasta shi ba don mafi talauci su biya fiye da waɗanda suka yi sa'a don samun famfo a gidansu.

=== Manazarta ===</text>
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'''Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Nairobi''' ana nuna su da nasarori da ƙalubale. Daga cikin nasarorin shine fadada ababen more rayuwa don ci gaba da ci gaban yawan jama'a, musamman ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwan Thika da kuma hanyoyin kula da ruwa da bututun mai a cikin shekarun 1990s; sauyawar sashen ruwa na gari zuwa mai amfani mai cin gashin kansa a cikin 2003; da kuma raguwar asarar ruwa na baya-bayan nan - wanda ake kira ruwa mara riba - daga 50 zuwa 40%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karanja Global Water Summit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karanja |first=Joseph |title=Improving water provision in Nairobi through control of non-revenue water |url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/client_media/uploaded/Conference%20book%202011_Focusing_on_performance_72%20pixels%20per%20inch.pdf |access-date=6 November 2011 |website=Global Water Summit 2011 |publisher=Global Water Intelligence |pages=212–213}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalubale sun haɗa da inganci mara kyau da samar da ruwa mai saurin wucewa (kawai kashi 40% na waɗanda ke da haɗin gida suna karɓar ruwa a kai a kai),  asarar damar ajiya a cikin tafkuna a bayan madatsun ruwa ta hanyar hanzarta ta hanyar rushewa a cikin Aberdare Range, &lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; rashin samun isasshen tsabta a cikin ƙauyuka inda rabin yawan mutanen garin ke rayuwa, toshewar magudanar ruwa wanda ke haifar da yawa,  da kuma damar da ba a cikin mafi girman masana'antar tsabtace ruwa a Dandora. Wani matsala shine rikice-rikicen siyasa da cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ya haifar da korar dukkan Hukumar Kamfanin Ruwa na Nairobi a shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=IRC E-source |date=7 August 2009 |title=Kenya: Nairobi water board sent packing following reports on malpractices |url=http://www.source.irc.nl/page/49480 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415124816/http://www.source.irc.nl/page/49480 |archive-date=15 April 2012 |access-date=12 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin samar da ruwa ga Nairobi tun lokacin da aka kafa birnin a matsayin tashar jirgin kasa a cikin 1899 ya kasance babban tarihin yin amfani da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu nisa don samar da birni mai saurin fadada tare da isasshen ruwa. Sauran ƙalubalen da aka fuskanta sun haɗa da rage asarar rarraba ruwa, isa ga matalauta a cikin ƙauyuka, fadada magudanar ruwa da maganin ruwa, da ƙarfafa amfanin ruwa na Nairobi.

=== Yaduwar samarwa ===
Tushen tsarin samar da ruwa na farko na Nairobi shine maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta Kikuyu da masana'antar kula da Kabete da aka haɓaka a cikin 1906. Wannan ya biyo bayan madatsar ruwan Ruiru a cikin 1936 da kuma madatsar ruwa ta Sasumua a kan Kogin Chania a cikin 1945, dukansu suna cikin Aberdare Range a arewacin Nairobi, da kuma rijiyoyi masu zurfi. A cikin shekarun 1970s waɗannan tushe ba su isa ba don samar da birni mai girma a lokacin fari kuma an tattara kudade don sabon madatsar ruwa mai girma, madatsar ruwan Thika, don rage karancin ruwa. Bankin Duniya, Bankin Raya Afirka, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai da OECF na Japan sun ba da kuɗin madatsar ruwan da kuma bututun mai da ke tattare da shi. Rashin ruwa ya karu daga lita 165 ga kowane mutum da rana a 1976 zuwa 200 a 1995. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=African Development Bank |date=July 1998 |title=Project Completion Report:Third Nairobi Water Supply Project |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/ADB-BD-IF-98-182-EN-3670165.PDF |access-date=6 November 2011 |pages=1 and 9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da madatsar ruwan Thika ta zo a kan rafi an rufe rijiyar karshe da birnin ya yi amfani da ita don samar da ruwa don haka birnin ya fara dogaro da ruwa na sama.

=== Rage asarar ruwa ===
Tare da yin amfani da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa, an yi ƙoƙari don rage asarar rarraba ruwa ta hanyar gabatar da tsarin yanki mai ma'auni. Dangane da kimantawar Bankin Duniya, tsarin ya ba da izinin &quot;ƙananan asarar ruwa&quot;. A cikin 1998 ruwan da ba na samun kudin shiga ba, wanda ya haɗa da asarar jiki da asarar gudanarwa kamar amfani da ruwa ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma ƙididdigar ƙasa, an rage shi zuwa 27-30%. Koyaya, asarar ruwa daga baya dole ne ya sake ƙaruwa, saboda a cikin 2010 Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Nairobi ya bayyana cewa ya sami nasarar samun raguwar ruwan da ba na samun kuɗi ba daga 50 zuwa 40%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karanja Global Water Summit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karanja |first=Joseph |title=Improving water provision in Nairobi through control of non-revenue water |url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/client_media/uploaded/Conference%20book%202011_Focusing_on_performance_72%20pixels%20per%20inch.pdf |access-date=6 November 2011 |website=Global Water Summit 2011 |publisher=Global Water Intelligence |pages=212–213}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKaranja&quot;&gt;Karanja, Joseph. [http://www.globalwaterintel.com/client_media/uploaded/Conference%20book%202011_Focusing_on_performance_72%20pixels%20per%20inch.pdf &quot;Improving water provision in Nairobi through control of non-revenue water&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Global Water Summit 2011''. Global Water Intelligence. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;212–&lt;/span&gt;213&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2011&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar kula da WASREB ta kiyasta ruwan da ba na shiga ba a Nairobi a kashi 40% a 2008/09 kuma a kashi 42% a 2009/10 .&lt;ref name=&quot;WASREB 2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Water Services Regulatory Board |title=Impact Report 2011. A Performance Report of Kenya's Water Services Sector. |url=http://www.wasreb.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=70&amp;Itemid=145 |access-date=23 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gidan ruwa a cikin ƙauyuka ===
[[Fayil:Nairobi_Kibera_01.JPG|thumb|300x300px|Gidan Kibera a Nairobi ana ba da ruwan sha ta hanyar kiosks.]]
Wani kalubale na musamman a Nairobi ya kasance kuma har yanzu shine yadda za a samar da isasshen ruwa mai araha ga rabin yawan jama'arta da ke zaune a cikin ƙauyuka. Tun daga shekarun 1970s mazauna unguwa tare da haɗin ruwa sun gina kiosks na ruwa inda suke sake siyar da ruwa ga wasu mazauna a cikin guga. Adadin kiosks na ruwa a cikin ƙauyuka ya karu daga kimanin 150 a 1978 zuwa kusan 1,500 a 1994. Ma'aikatar ruwa ta gari ta ba da shawarar farashin sake sayarwa, amma ba za ta iya tilasta shi ba don mafi talauci su biya fiye da waɗanda suka yi sa'a don samun famfo a gidansu.

=== Manazarta ===</text>
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    <title>Canjin yanayin ruwan sama tun daga shekarun 1970 a Rift Valley, Kenya</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338494171|Changing rainfall patterns since the 1970s in Rift Valley, Kenya]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Children_playing_as_rain_approaches.jpg|thumb|Yara suna wasa yayin da ruwan sama ke gabatowa, Kenya]]
Tsarin [[Ruwan sama]] a lokacin mafi girma na Maris, Afrilu da Mayu suna canzawa a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata a lardin [[Babban kwarin Rift, Kenya|Rift Valley, Kenya]]. Tun daga shekarun 1970s, ruwan sama a wannan kakar ya karu da yawa amma ya ragu a yawan kwanakin da aka yi ruwan sama. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar ruwan sama. 

Wadannan sauye-sauyen ruwan sama a wannan bangare na [[Kenya]] wani bangare ne na [[Canjin yanayi]] wanda ya haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara da Yanayin zafi na teku a kudu maso yammacin [[Tekun Indiya]]. Karin ruwan sama ya haifar da Rushewar ƙasa da ƙasa marar amfani. Ragewar kwanakin ruwan sama ya haifar da gajeren lokacin girma. Wadannan dalilai suna shafar rayuwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na mutanen da ke cikin Rift Valley kamar yadda kudin shiga da abinci suka fi dogara da noma da noma. Manoma da ke zaune a Rift Valley suna karɓar sauye-sauyen noma don magance raguwar amfanin gona saboda sauye-shiryen ruwan sama.

== Canjin yanayin ruwan sama a lokacin mafi girma a Rift Valley ==
Tsarin ruwan sama a cikin Rift Valley, Kenya, ya canza a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata a cikin yawa, yawan kwanakin da aka yi ruwan sama, da tsananin. Tsarin ruwan sama a cikin Rift Valley suna da nau'i biyu tare da lokacin farko da ke faruwa a watan Maris, Afrilu da Mayu da kuma na biyu da ke faruwa ne a watan Oktoba, Nuwamba da Disamba. Har ila yau, akwai karamin lokacin ruwan sama na uku wanda ke faruwa a watan Yuni, Yuli da Agusta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wakachala|Shilenje|Nguyo|Shaka|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gudanar da wani bincike don auna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a lokacin lokutan girma mafi girma na Maris, Afrilu da Mayu a Rift Valley tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 2005. Binciken ya nuna cewa ruwan sama a lokacin lokacin girma mafi girma ya karu da 18mm. Wannan karuwar ta kasance daidai tsawon shekaru ukun kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Jadawali na 1; duk da haka, adadin kwanakin da aka yi ruwan sama ya ragu a wannan lokacin. Bayanan sun nuna wannan ta amfani da matsakaicin adadin kwanakin da aka yi ruwan sama a watan Maris, Afrilu da Mayu. Tsakanin 1976 da 1985, matsakaicin adadin kwanakin ruwan sama ya kasance kwanaki 29, yana raguwa zuwa kwanaki 26 tsakanin 1996 da 2005. Ƙara yawan ruwan sama tare da ƙarancin kwanakin ruwan sama yana nuna ƙaruwar ƙarfin ruwan sama. Wannan gaskiya ne ga watannin Afrilu da Mayu amma Maris ya nuna raguwar ƙarfin ruwan sama. A tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1985, ƙarfin ruwan sama ya kasance 7.7mm/h kuma ya karu zuwa 10.2mm/h tsakanin shekarun 1996 da 2005. A watan Mayu, ƙarfin ruwan sama ya kasance 5.9mm/h a tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1985 kuma ya karu zuwa 8.4mm/h a tsakanin shekarun 1986 da 1995. Duk da haka, Maris bai bi yanayin ƙaruwar ƙarfin ruwan sama ba wanda ba shi da bambanci sosai. An sami raguwar ƙarfin ruwan sama na watan Maris daga 6.5mm/h a shekarun 1976 da 1985 zuwa 7.4mm/h a shekarun 1986 zuwa 1995. Ruwan sama mai yawa a lokacin babban ruwan sama na Maris, Afrilu da Mayu ya haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama a lokutan ruwan sama na sakandare da na uku da kuma raguwar aikin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wakachala|Shilenje|Nguyo|Shaka|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekaru goma
!Ruwan sama a cikin watanni Maris, Afrilu da Mayu an auna su a cikin millimeters
|-
|1976-1985
|214.1mm
|-
|1986-1995
|224.4mm
|-
|1996-2005
|232.1mm
|}

== Dalilin canje-canje ==
Canjin yanayin ruwan sama a cikin Rift Valley, Kenya, wani bangare ne na canjin yanayi. Saboda canjin yanayi, ruwan sama a cikin Rift Valley ya zama mara kyau kuma ba a iya hango shi ba tare da ruwan sama ya fi karfi da matsananci. A cikin karni na 20, gami da 1970s, 1980s da 1990s, [[Gabashin Afirka]], inda Rift Valley yake, ya sha wahala a 0.05 ◦C warming a kowace shekara goma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mango|Melesse|McClain|Gann|2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canjin yanayin zafi yana da mahimmanci ga canza yanayin ruwan sama saboda yanayin zafi yana haifar da yawan evaporation wanda ke haifar da babban ruwan sama kamar yadda aka gani a cikin Rift Valley.

An kuma sami guguwa a matsayin dalilin jinkirin ruwan sama na Kenya. Duk da yake al'ada ce ga guguwa ta faru tsakanin watanni na Fabrairu zuwa Maris, girman su yana nuna yanayin zafi na teku, wanda a halin yanzu yana dumama saboda karuwar fitar da iskar gas a cikin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da dumamar duniya. Wannan yana nufin tsananin da mitar guguwa na iya ƙaruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ongoma |first=Victor |title=Why Kenya's seasonal rains keep failing and what needs to be done |url=http://theconversation.com/why-kenyas-seasonal-rains-keep-failing-and-what-needs-to-be-done-115635 |access-date=2022-02-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="4892" sha1="n51v896s449eiaoayxpubr9hmlqkqqs" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Children_playing_as_rain_approaches.jpg|thumb|Yara suna wasa yayin da ruwan sama ke gabatowa, Kenya]]
Tsarin [[Ruwan sama]] a lokacin mafi girma na Maris, Afrilu da Mayu suna canzawa a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata a lardin [[Babban kwarin Rift, Kenya|Rift Valley, Kenya]]. Tun daga shekarun 1970s, ruwan sama a wannan kakar ya karu da yawa amma ya ragu a yawan kwanakin da aka yi ruwan sama. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar ruwan sama. 

Wadannan sauye-sauyen ruwan sama a wannan bangare na [[Kenya]] wani bangare ne na [[Canjin yanayi]] wanda ya haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara da Yanayin zafi na teku a kudu maso yammacin [[Tekun Indiya]]. Karin ruwan sama ya haifar da Rushewar ƙasa da ƙasa marar amfani. Ragewar kwanakin ruwan sama ya haifar da gajeren lokacin girma. Wadannan dalilai suna shafar rayuwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na mutanen da ke cikin Rift Valley kamar yadda kudin shiga da abinci suka fi dogara da noma da noma. Manoma da ke zaune a Rift Valley suna karɓar sauye-sauyen noma don magance raguwar amfanin gona saboda sauye-shiryen ruwan sama.

== Canjin yanayin ruwan sama a lokacin mafi girma a Rift Valley ==
Tsarin ruwan sama a cikin Rift Valley, Kenya, ya canza a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata a cikin yawa, yawan kwanakin da aka yi ruwan sama, da tsananin. Tsarin ruwan sama a cikin Rift Valley suna da nau'i biyu tare da lokacin farko da ke faruwa a watan Maris, Afrilu da Mayu da kuma na biyu da ke faruwa ne a watan Oktoba, Nuwamba da Disamba. Har ila yau, akwai karamin lokacin ruwan sama na uku wanda ke faruwa a watan Yuni, Yuli da Agusta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wakachala|Shilenje|Nguyo|Shaka|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gudanar da wani bincike don auna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a lokacin lokutan girma mafi girma na Maris, Afrilu da Mayu a Rift Valley tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 2005. Binciken ya nuna cewa ruwan sama a lokacin lokacin girma mafi girma ya karu da 18mm. Wannan karuwar ta kasance daidai tsawon shekaru ukun kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Jadawali na 1; duk da haka, adadin kwanakin da aka yi ruwan sama ya ragu a wannan lokacin. Bayanan sun nuna wannan ta amfani da matsakaicin adadin kwanakin da aka yi ruwan sama a watan Maris, Afrilu da Mayu. Tsakanin 1976 da 1985, matsakaicin adadin kwanakin ruwan sama ya kasance kwanaki 29, yana raguwa zuwa kwanaki 26 tsakanin 1996 da 2005. Ƙara yawan ruwan sama tare da ƙarancin kwanakin ruwan sama yana nuna ƙaruwar ƙarfin ruwan sama. Wannan gaskiya ne ga watannin Afrilu da Mayu amma Maris ya nuna raguwar ƙarfin ruwan sama. A tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1985, ƙarfin ruwan sama ya kasance 7.7mm/h kuma ya karu zuwa 10.2mm/h tsakanin shekarun 1996 da 2005. A watan Mayu, ƙarfin ruwan sama ya kasance 5.9mm/h a tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1985 kuma ya karu zuwa 8.4mm/h a tsakanin shekarun 1986 da 1995. Duk da haka, Maris bai bi yanayin ƙaruwar ƙarfin ruwan sama ba wanda ba shi da bambanci sosai. An sami raguwar ƙarfin ruwan sama na watan Maris daga 6.5mm/h a shekarun 1976 da 1985 zuwa 7.4mm/h a shekarun 1986 zuwa 1995. Ruwan sama mai yawa a lokacin babban ruwan sama na Maris, Afrilu da Mayu ya haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama a lokutan ruwan sama na sakandare da na uku da kuma raguwar aikin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wakachala|Shilenje|Nguyo|Shaka|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekaru goma
!Ruwan sama a cikin watanni Maris, Afrilu da Mayu an auna su a cikin millimeters
|-
|1976-1985
|214.1mm
|-
|1986-1995
|224.4mm
|-
|1996-2005
|232.1mm
|}

== Dalilin canje-canje ==
Canjin yanayin ruwan sama a cikin Rift Valley, Kenya, wani bangare ne na canjin yanayi. Saboda canjin yanayi, ruwan sama a cikin Rift Valley ya zama mara kyau kuma ba a iya hango shi ba tare da ruwan sama ya fi karfi da matsananci. A cikin karni na 20, gami da 1970s, 1980s da 1990s, [[Gabashin Afirka]], inda Rift Valley yake, ya sha wahala a 0.05 ◦C warming a kowace shekara goma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mango|Melesse|McClain|Gann|2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canjin yanayin zafi yana da mahimmanci ga canza yanayin ruwan sama saboda yanayin zafi yana haifar da yawan evaporation wanda ke haifar da babban ruwan sama kamar yadda aka gani a cikin Rift Valley.

An kuma sami guguwa a matsayin dalilin jinkirin ruwan sama na Kenya. Duk da yake al'ada ce ga guguwa ta faru tsakanin watanni na Fabrairu zuwa Maris, girman su yana nuna yanayin zafi na teku, wanda a halin yanzu yana dumama saboda karuwar fitar da iskar gas a cikin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da dumamar duniya. Wannan yana nufin tsananin da mitar guguwa na iya ƙaruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ongoma |first=Victor |title=Why Kenya's seasonal rains keep failing and what needs to be done |url=http://theconversation.com/why-kenyas-seasonal-rains-keep-failing-and-what-needs-to-be-done-115635 |access-date=2022-02-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="4909" sha1="howev64tu6a4jtra8prvuu3g23tq3a0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Children_playing_as_rain_approaches.jpg|thumb|Yara suna wasa yayin da ruwan sama ke gabatowa, Kenya]]
Tsarin [[Ruwan sama]] a lokacin mafi girma na Maris, Afrilu da Mayu suna canzawa a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata a lardin [[Babban kwarin Rift, Kenya|Rift Valley, Kenya]]. Tun daga shekarun 1970s, ruwan sama a wannan kakar ya karu da yawa amma ya ragu a yawan kwanakin da aka yi ruwan sama. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar ruwan sama. 

Wadannan sauye-sauyen ruwan sama a wannan bangare na [[Kenya]] wani bangare ne na [[Canjin yanayi]] wanda ya haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara da Yanayin zafi na teku a kudu maso yammacin [[Tekun Indiya]]. Karin ruwan sama ya haifar da Rushewar ƙasa da ƙasa marar amfani. Ragewar kwanakin ruwan sama ya haifar da gajeren lokacin girma. Wadannan dalilai suna shafar rayuwar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na mutanen da ke cikin Rift Valley kamar yadda kudin shiga da abinci suka fi dogara da noma da noma. Manoma da ke zaune a Rift Valley suna karɓar sauye-sauyen noma don magance raguwar amfanin gona saboda sauye-shiryen ruwan sama.

== Canjin yanayin ruwan sama a lokacin mafi girma a Rift Valley ==
Tsarin ruwan sama a cikin Rift Valley, Kenya, ya canza a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata a cikin yawa, yawan kwanakin da aka yi ruwan sama, da tsananin. Tsarin ruwan sama a cikin Rift Valley suna da nau'i biyu tare da lokacin farko da ke faruwa a watan Maris, Afrilu da Mayu da kuma na biyu da ke faruwa ne a watan Oktoba, Nuwamba da Disamba. Har ila yau, akwai karamin lokacin ruwan sama na uku wanda ke faruwa a watan Yuni, Yuli da Agusta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wakachala|Shilenje|Nguyo|Shaka|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gudanar da wani bincike don auna canjin yanayin ruwan sama a lokacin lokutan girma mafi girma na Maris, Afrilu da Mayu a Rift Valley tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 2005. Binciken ya nuna cewa ruwan sama a lokacin lokacin girma mafi girma ya karu da 18mm. Wannan karuwar ta kasance daidai tsawon shekaru ukun kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Jadawali na 1; duk da haka, adadin kwanakin da aka yi ruwan sama ya ragu a wannan lokacin. Bayanan sun nuna wannan ta amfani da matsakaicin adadin kwanakin da aka yi ruwan sama a watan Maris, Afrilu da Mayu. Tsakanin 1976 da 1985, matsakaicin adadin kwanakin ruwan sama ya kasance kwanaki 29, yana raguwa zuwa kwanaki 26 tsakanin 1996 da 2005. Ƙara yawan ruwan sama tare da ƙarancin kwanakin ruwan sama yana nuna ƙaruwar ƙarfin ruwan sama. Wannan gaskiya ne ga watannin Afrilu da Mayu amma Maris ya nuna raguwar ƙarfin ruwan sama. A tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1985, ƙarfin ruwan sama ya kasance 7.7mm/h kuma ya karu zuwa 10.2mm/h tsakanin shekarun 1996 da 2005. A watan Mayu, ƙarfin ruwan sama ya kasance 5.9mm/h a tsakanin shekarun 1976 da 1985 kuma ya karu zuwa 8.4mm/h a tsakanin shekarun 1986 da 1995. Duk da haka, Maris bai bi yanayin ƙaruwar ƙarfin ruwan sama ba wanda ba shi da bambanci sosai. An sami raguwar ƙarfin ruwan sama na watan Maris daga 6.5mm/h a shekarun 1976 da 1985 zuwa 7.4mm/h a shekarun 1986 zuwa 1995. Ruwan sama mai yawa a lokacin babban ruwan sama na Maris, Afrilu da Mayu ya haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama a lokutan ruwan sama na sakandare da na uku da kuma raguwar aikin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Wakachala|Shilenje|Nguyo|Shaka|2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekaru goma
!Ruwan sama a cikin watanni Maris, Afrilu da Mayu an auna su a cikin millimeters
|-
|1976-1985
|214.1mm
|-
|1986-1995
|224.4mm
|-
|1996-2005
|232.1mm
|}

== Dalilin canje-canje ==
Canjin yanayin ruwan sama a cikin Rift Valley, Kenya, wani bangare ne na canjin yanayi. Saboda canjin yanayi, ruwan sama a cikin Rift Valley ya zama mara kyau kuma ba a iya hango shi ba tare da ruwan sama ya fi karfi da matsananci. A cikin karni na 20, gami da 1970s, 1980s da 1990s, [[Gabashin Afirka]], inda Rift Valley yake, ya sha wahala a 0.05 ◦C warming a kowace shekara goma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mango|Melesse|McClain|Gann|2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canjin yanayin zafi yana da mahimmanci ga canza yanayin ruwan sama saboda yanayin zafi yana haifar da yawan evaporation wanda ke haifar da babban ruwan sama kamar yadda aka gani a cikin Rift Valley.

An kuma sami guguwa a matsayin dalilin jinkirin ruwan sama na Kenya. Duk da yake al'ada ce ga guguwa ta faru tsakanin watanni na Fabrairu zuwa Maris, girman su yana nuna yanayin zafi na teku, wanda a halin yanzu yana dumama saboda karuwar fitar da iskar gas a cikin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da dumamar duniya. Wannan yana nufin tsananin da mitar guguwa na iya ƙaruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ongoma |first=Victor |title=Why Kenya's seasonal rains keep failing and what needs to be done |url=http://theconversation.com/why-kenyas-seasonal-rains-keep-failing-and-what-needs-to-be-done-115635 |access-date=2022-02-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gogo Falls</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329223460|Gogo Falls]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="9064" sha1="ca4dkeitvqsulmvmaw7opdrqz3gavf1" xml:space="preserve">'''Gogo Falls''' wani wurin binciken archaeological ne kusa da tsohon kuma, tun daga 1956, madatsar ruwa, wanda ke cikin Lake Victoria Basin a Migori County, yammacin [[Kenya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Gogo Falls |url=http://mapcarta.com/12739926 |access-date=December 4, 2016 |publisher=Mapcarta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan shafin yana da mahimmanci ga ilimin kimiyyar archaeology saboda ya haɗa da wasu bayyanar farko na kayan tarihi da Dabbobi na gida a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robertshaw |first=Peter |date=February 26, 2010 |title=Gogo Falls Excavations at a complex archaeological site east of Lake Victoria |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00672709109511425 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=63–195 |doi=10.1080/00672709109511425 |issn=0067-270X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da aka gano a shafin sun taimaka wajen sake gina tarihin da ya gabata a kusa da [[Tafkin Victoria]], gami da aikin Pastoral Neolithic da mutanen Elmenteitan da kuma aikin Iron Age na baya. Abubuwan tarihi da aka samo a shafin sun haɗa da [[tukwane]] da kayan ƙarfe. Ta hanyar waɗannan kayan tarihi an gano wasu al'adun al'adu na mutanen da ke zaune kusa da Gogo Falls.&lt;ref name=&quot;chritz_2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chritz |first=Kendra L. |last2=Marshall |first2=Fiona B. |last3=Zagal |first3=M. Esperanza |last4=Kirera |first4=Francis |last5=Cerling |first5=Thure E. |date=2015 |title=Environments and trypanosomiasis risks for early herders in the later Holocene of the Lake Victoria basin, Kenya |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=12 |pages=3674–3679 |bibcode=2015PNAS..112.3674C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1423953112 |pmc=4378429 |pmid=25775535 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yanayin muhalli ==
Gogo Falls yana cikin Lake Victoria Basin a Kenya . Gogo Falls yana kan Kanyamkago Hillside kusa da madatsar ruwa ta zamani a gefen Yammacin Kogin Gucha (wanda aka fi sani da Kogin Kuja). An kafa tsaunukan Kanyamkago daga duwatsu na Pre-Cambrian.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robertshaw |first=Peter |date=January 1991 |title=Gogo Falls: Excavations as a complex archaeological site east of Lake Victoria |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00672709109511425 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=63–195 |doi=10.1080/00672709109511425 |issn=0067-270X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 69 Dam din na zamani yana kusa da Gogo Falls amma bai samar da wani faduwar da ke yankin ba; duk faduwar ta samo asali ne ta hanyar halitta.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot; /&gt; : 69 Ruwan sun kasance wuri mai kyau don tattara kifi saboda sun ba da sauƙin shiga ga waɗanda ke zaune a yankin.

== Tarihin bincike ==
Masanin binciken kayan tarihi na farko da ya yi aiki a yankin Lake Victoria na Kenya shine Archdeacon [[Walter Edwin Owen|W. E. Owen]]; daga baya ya nemi taimakon Louis Leakey.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robertshaw |first=Peter |date=January 1991 |title=Gogo Falls: Excavations as a complex archaeological site east of Lake Victoria |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00672709109511425 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=63–195 |doi=10.1080/00672709109511425 |issn=0067-270X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobertshaw1991&quot;&gt;Robertshaw, Peter (January 1991). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 63 Bayan aikinsu, akwai wasu koguna da aka tono amma ba su gabatar da wani muhimmin kayan tarihi ba. Wannan shine girman aikin da aka yi a cikin Lake Victoria Basin har zuwa 1980 lokacin da Peter Robertshaw ya fara aikinsa a Gogo Falls.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot; /&gt; Robertshaw da David Collett sun ziyarci Gogo Falls a 1981, sun gano cewa wasu daga cikin ƙasa sun damuwa saboda aiki a madatsar ruwan yankin. Daga rikice-rikicen da ake gani sun gano cewa ƙasa tana da shaidar archaeological wanda ya kamata a kara bincika shi. Abubuwan da aka samo sun kasance ash midden wanda ya haɗa da tukwane na Oltome (Kansyore tukwane), ragowar dabbobi da kayan tarihi na dutse. Akwai hakoran shanu da aka samu a yankin amma ta hanyar ƙarin bincike ya bayyana cewa shanu da tukwane ba su da alaƙa.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot; /&gt; : 65 Robertshaw ya koma Gogo Falls a 1983 don ci gaba da tono shafin tare da sabbin ramuka da ke wurare daban-daban na faduwar. A shekara ta 1989, Karega-Munene ya tono Gogo Falls a kan sikelin da ya fi girma ta amfani da irin wannan fasahar tonowa ga Robertshaw a shekara ta 1983.

== Bincike da dabarun tonowa ==
A shekara ta 1983, Robertshaw ya haƙa rami biyar na girman daban-daban game da 2m x 2m. Dabarun don tono ramuka biyar sun haɗa da cire ƙasa mai zurfi tare da picks da cokali.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robertshaw |first=Peter |date=January 1991 |title=Gogo Falls: Excavations as a complex archaeological site east of Lake Victoria |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00672709109511425 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=63–195 |doi=10.1080/00672709109511425 |issn=0067-270X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobertshaw1991&quot;&gt;Robertshaw, Peter (January 1991). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 71 Da zarar a ƙasa da ƙasa, an yi amfani da trowels don sauran binciken. An raba ajiyar a cikin raka'a masu zurfin 10 cm waɗanda aka gano su da lamba da harafi. Bayan an raba ajiyar zuwa raka'a, sai a bushe shi ta amfani da sieve tare da 5 mm mesh.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Karega-Munene ne ya gudanar da binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1989 a wannan yankin. Binciken ya yanke shawarar mayar da hankali kan yankin da ke kusa da kogi. Sun kafa grid wanda ya haifar da murabba'i 52, kowannensu ya auna 5m x 5m. Akwai makirci biyu da suka samar da mafi yawan abubuwan da aka gano kuma an gano su a matsayin Yankin A. : 59 Bayan wadannan makircin sun samar da abubuwa da yawa sun tono karin murabba'i a wannan yankin wanda aka lakafta 1 zuwa 30.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karega-Mũnene_2002&quot; /&gt; : 59 Abubuwan da aka tono a cikin waɗannan murabba'in sun bambanta da binciken Robertshaw saboda ba a cire ƙasa ta saman da cokali ba, amma a maimakon haka an raba su cikin 10 cm spits.&amp;nbsp;

== Yin soyayya ==
An yi amfani da nau'ikan soyayya daban-daban a Gogo Falls. Masu binciken tarihi sun aika da ƙananan samfurori na gawayi zuwa [[Jami'ar Oxford]] don a sanya su kwanan wata na radiocarbon. : 69 Koyaya, samfurori na gawayi da aka samu sun kasance ƙasa da 30g, wanda ke nufin kwanakin sun kasance matsakaicin kwanakin ne kawai saboda samfurori sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da abin da ake buƙata don samun ainihin kwanan wata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karega-Mũnene_2002&quot; /&gt; Samfurori ba su iya ba da ainihin kwanakin ba saboda suna iya fitowa daga matakan da ke sama ko ƙasa da matakin da ake kwanan wata. Kodayake samfurori suna da ƙananan matsaloli don samun kwanakin, sune mafi kyawun zaɓi don kwanakin a cikin waɗannan matakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karega-Mũnene_2002&quot; /&gt; : 70 Koyaya, akwai abubuwa da aka tsara ta amfani da wannan hanyar da ta goyi bayan fahimtar shafin.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robertshaw |first=Peter |date=January 1991 |title=Gogo Falls: Excavations as a complex archaeological site east of Lake Victoria |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00672709109511425 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=63–195 |doi=10.1080/00672709109511425 |issn=0067-270X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobertshaw1991&quot;&gt;Robertshaw, Peter (January 1991). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 73 Kwanakin da aka samu ba koyaushe sun dace da stratigraphy ba amma kwanakin da kansu ba su da bambanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot; /&gt; : 73 Sauran dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita don kwanan wata abubuwa a Gogo Falls shine obsidian hydration. Don binciken da aka yi a 1983, J.W. Michele ya yi aikin obsidian hydration dating a MOHLAB . &lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot; /&gt; : 72 Har ila yau akwai matsaloli tare da irin wannan soyayya saboda yawan ruwa ba koyaushe ba ne don kwanan wata daidai. Ranar wani abu na iya canzawa dangane da yawan hasken rana da yake karɓa da kuma sinadarin sinadarai da ke cikin mahallinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karega-Mũnene_2002&quot; /&gt; : 70 Wasu kwanakin samfurori da aka samo ba su dace ba saboda akwai rata ta shekaru 1500 tsakanin su biyu kuma wasu daga cikin sauran kwanakin sun tsufa fiye da waɗanda aka samo a cikin zurfin yadudduka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karega-Mũnene_2002&quot; /&gt; : 70 Koyaya, akwai wasu kwanakin da suka nuna daidaito na stratigraphic saboda akwai yadudduka a cikin rami waɗanda suka nuna matakan da suka fi zurfi sun tsufa fiye da waɗanda ke sama da su. Kwanakin da aka samu daga binciken sun kasance kusan 2000 BP kuma suna tsakanin shekarun 1510-990 BC da AD 4 da AD 410.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|73}} &lt;ref name=&quot;Karega-Mũnene_2002&quot; /&gt;: 71 {{Rp|71}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <parentid>843785</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:38:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <origin>843786</origin>
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      <text bytes="9077" sha1="rfdxij6lmpl6pxs9nt921nz5yq803dz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Gogo Falls''' wani wurin binciken archaeological ne kusa da tsohon kuma, tun daga 1956, madatsar ruwa, wanda ke cikin Lake Victoria Basin a Migori County, yammacin [[Kenya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Gogo Falls |url=http://mapcarta.com/12739926 |access-date=December 4, 2016 |publisher=Mapcarta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan shafin yana da mahimmanci ga ilimin kimiyyar archaeology saboda ya haɗa da wasu bayyanar farko na kayan tarihi da Dabbobi na gida a yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robertshaw |first=Peter |date=February 26, 2010 |title=Gogo Falls Excavations at a complex archaeological site east of Lake Victoria |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00672709109511425 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=63–195 |doi=10.1080/00672709109511425 |issn=0067-270X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da aka gano a shafin sun taimaka wajen sake gina tarihin da ya gabata a kusa da [[Tafkin Victoria]], gami da aikin Pastoral Neolithic da mutanen Elmenteitan da kuma aikin Iron Age na baya. Abubuwan tarihi da aka samo a shafin sun haɗa da [[tukwane]] da kayan ƙarfe. Ta hanyar waɗannan kayan tarihi an gano wasu al'adun al'adu na mutanen da ke zaune kusa da Gogo Falls.&lt;ref name=&quot;chritz_2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chritz |first=Kendra L. |last2=Marshall |first2=Fiona B. |last3=Zagal |first3=M. Esperanza |last4=Kirera |first4=Francis |last5=Cerling |first5=Thure E. |date=2015 |title=Environments and trypanosomiasis risks for early herders in the later Holocene of the Lake Victoria basin, Kenya |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=12 |pages=3674–3679 |bibcode=2015PNAS..112.3674C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1423953112 |pmc=4378429 |pmid=25775535 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yanayin muhalli ==
Gogo Falls yana cikin Lake Victoria Basin a Kenya . Gogo Falls yana kan Kanyamkago Hillside kusa da madatsar ruwa ta zamani a gefen Yammacin Kogin Gucha (wanda aka fi sani da Kogin Kuja). An kafa tsaunukan Kanyamkago daga duwatsu na Pre-Cambrian.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robertshaw |first=Peter |date=January 1991 |title=Gogo Falls: Excavations as a complex archaeological site east of Lake Victoria |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00672709109511425 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=63–195 |doi=10.1080/00672709109511425 |issn=0067-270X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 69 Dam din na zamani yana kusa da Gogo Falls amma bai samar da wani faduwar da ke yankin ba; duk faduwar ta samo asali ne ta hanyar halitta.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot; /&gt; : 69 Ruwan sun kasance wuri mai kyau don tattara kifi saboda sun ba da sauƙin shiga ga waɗanda ke zaune a yankin.

== Tarihin bincike ==
Masanin binciken kayan tarihi na farko da ya yi aiki a yankin Lake Victoria na Kenya shine Archdeacon [[Walter Edwin Owen|W. E. Owen]]; daga baya ya nemi taimakon Louis Leakey.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robertshaw |first=Peter |date=January 1991 |title=Gogo Falls: Excavations as a complex archaeological site east of Lake Victoria |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00672709109511425 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=63–195 |doi=10.1080/00672709109511425 |issn=0067-270X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobertshaw1991&quot;&gt;Robertshaw, Peter (January 1991). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 63 Bayan aikinsu, akwai wasu koguna da aka tono amma ba su gabatar da wani muhimmin kayan tarihi ba. Wannan shine girman aikin da aka yi a cikin Lake Victoria Basin har zuwa 1980 lokacin da Peter Robertshaw ya fara aikinsa a Gogo Falls.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot; /&gt; Robertshaw da David Collett sun ziyarci Gogo Falls a 1981, sun gano cewa wasu daga cikin ƙasa sun damuwa saboda aiki a madatsar ruwan yankin. Daga rikice-rikicen da ake gani sun gano cewa ƙasa tana da shaidar archaeological wanda ya kamata a kara bincika shi. Abubuwan da aka samo sun kasance ash midden wanda ya haɗa da tukwane na Oltome (Kansyore tukwane), ragowar dabbobi da kayan tarihi na dutse. Akwai hakoran shanu da aka samu a yankin amma ta hanyar ƙarin bincike ya bayyana cewa shanu da tukwane ba su da alaƙa.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot; /&gt; : 65 Robertshaw ya koma Gogo Falls a 1983 don ci gaba da tono shafin tare da sabbin ramuka da ke wurare daban-daban na faduwar. A shekara ta 1989, Karega-Munene ya tono Gogo Falls a kan sikelin da ya fi girma ta amfani da irin wannan fasahar tonowa ga Robertshaw a shekara ta 1983.

== Bincike da dabarun tonowa ==
A shekara ta 1983, Robertshaw ya haƙa rami biyar na girman daban-daban game da 2m x 2m. Dabarun don tono ramuka biyar sun haɗa da cire ƙasa mai zurfi tare da picks da cokali.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robertshaw |first=Peter |date=January 1991 |title=Gogo Falls: Excavations as a complex archaeological site east of Lake Victoria |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00672709109511425 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=63–195 |doi=10.1080/00672709109511425 |issn=0067-270X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobertshaw1991&quot;&gt;Robertshaw, Peter (January 1991). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 71 Da zarar a ƙasa da ƙasa, an yi amfani da trowels don sauran binciken. An raba ajiyar a cikin raka'a masu zurfin 10 cm waɗanda aka gano su da lamba da harafi. Bayan an raba ajiyar zuwa raka'a, sai a bushe shi ta amfani da sieve tare da 5 mm mesh.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Karega-Munene ne ya gudanar da binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1989 a wannan yankin. Binciken ya yanke shawarar mayar da hankali kan yankin da ke kusa da kogi. Sun kafa grid wanda ya haifar da murabba'i 52, kowannensu ya auna 5m x 5m. Akwai makirci biyu da suka samar da mafi yawan abubuwan da aka gano kuma an gano su a matsayin Yankin A. : 59 Bayan wadannan makircin sun samar da abubuwa da yawa sun tono karin murabba'i a wannan yankin wanda aka lakafta 1 zuwa 30.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karega-Mũnene_2002&quot; /&gt; : 59 Abubuwan da aka tono a cikin waɗannan murabba'in sun bambanta da binciken Robertshaw saboda ba a cire ƙasa ta saman da cokali ba, amma a maimakon haka an raba su cikin 10 cm spits.&amp;nbsp;

== Yin soyayya ==
An yi amfani da nau'ikan soyayya daban-daban a Gogo Falls. Masu binciken tarihi sun aika da ƙananan samfurori na gawayi zuwa [[Jami'ar Oxford]] don a sanya su kwanan wata na radiocarbon. : 69 Koyaya, samfurori na gawayi da aka samu sun kasance ƙasa da 30g, wanda ke nufin kwanakin sun kasance matsakaicin kwanakin ne kawai saboda samfurori sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da abin da ake buƙata don samun ainihin kwanan wata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karega-Mũnene_2002&quot; /&gt; Samfurori ba su iya ba da ainihin kwanakin ba saboda suna iya fitowa daga matakan da ke sama ko ƙasa da matakin da ake kwanan wata. Kodayake samfurori suna da ƙananan matsaloli don samun kwanakin, sune mafi kyawun zaɓi don kwanakin a cikin waɗannan matakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karega-Mũnene_2002&quot; /&gt; : 70 Koyaya, akwai abubuwa da aka tsara ta amfani da wannan hanyar da ta goyi bayan fahimtar shafin.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robertshaw |first=Peter |date=January 1991 |title=Gogo Falls: Excavations as a complex archaeological site east of Lake Victoria |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00672709109511425 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=63–195 |doi=10.1080/00672709109511425 |issn=0067-270X |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobertshaw1991&quot;&gt;Robertshaw, Peter (January 1991). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; : 73 Kwanakin da aka samu ba koyaushe sun dace da stratigraphy ba amma kwanakin da kansu ba su da bambanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot; /&gt; : 73 Sauran dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita don kwanan wata abubuwa a Gogo Falls shine obsidian hydration. Don binciken da aka yi a 1983, J.W. Michele ya yi aikin obsidian hydration dating a MOHLAB . &lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot; /&gt; : 72 Har ila yau akwai matsaloli tare da irin wannan soyayya saboda yawan ruwa ba koyaushe ba ne don kwanan wata daidai. Ranar wani abu na iya canzawa dangane da yawan hasken rana da yake karɓa da kuma sinadarin sinadarai da ke cikin mahallinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karega-Mũnene_2002&quot; /&gt; : 70 Wasu kwanakin samfurori da aka samo ba su dace ba saboda akwai rata ta shekaru 1500 tsakanin su biyu kuma wasu daga cikin sauran kwanakin sun tsufa fiye da waɗanda aka samo a cikin zurfin yadudduka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Karega-Mũnene_2002&quot; /&gt; : 70 Koyaya, akwai wasu kwanakin da suka nuna daidaito na stratigraphic saboda akwai yadudduka a cikin rami waɗanda suka nuna matakan da suka fi zurfi sun tsufa fiye da waɗanda ke sama da su. Kwanakin da aka samu daga binciken sun kasance kusan 2000 BP kuma suna tsakanin shekarun 1510-990 BC da AD 4 da AD 410.&lt;ref name=&quot;robertshaw_1991&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|73}} &lt;ref name=&quot;Karega-Mũnene_2002&quot; /&gt;: 71 {{Rp|71}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jerin koguna na Kenya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843789</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:41:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322909508|List of rivers of Kenya]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2797" sha1="03phll4ycvlg5989vq52ihzpfit0glg" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Kenya_topographic_map-fr.svg|thumb|Taswirar Kenya tare da wasu manyan koguna.]]
Wannan gajeren jerin koguna ne a Kenya. Wannan jerin an shirya shi ta hanyar kwandon ruwa, tare da masu ba da gudummawa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowane babban rafi.

== [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] ==
[[Fayil:Gnus_passing_Mara_River-03,_by_Fiver_Löcker.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Gnus yana haye [[Kogin Mara]].]]

* ''[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]]''
** ''[[White Nile]]''
*** ''[[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] (Uganda) ''
**** [[Tafkin Victoria]]
***** Kogin Nzoia
***** Kogin Yala
***** [[Kogin Nyando]]
***** Kogin Sondu (River Miriam) 
***** [[Awach River|Kogin Awach]]
****** [[Itare River|Kogin Itare]]
***** [[Kitare River|Kogin Kitare]] (Kudancin Kogin Awach) 
***** Kogin Gucha (Kogi Kuja) Kogin Migori Kogin Riana Kogin Mogonga
****** [[Migori River|Kogin Migori]]
****** [[Riana River|Kogin Riana]]
****** [[Mogonga River|Kogin Mogonga]]
***** [[Kogin Mara]]

== [[Tafkin Turkana]] ==

* [[Kogin Suguta]]
* [[Kogin Kerio]]
* [[Lokichar River|Kogin Lokichar]] (Lomenyangaparat) 
* [[Kogin Turkwel]]
** [[Kogin Turkwel|Kogin Suam]]
** [[Kogin Omo]]
** [[Kogin Turkwel]]

== [[Tafkin Baringo]] ==

* Kogin Olarabel (River Ngusero) 
* [[Molo River|Kogin Molo]]
** Kogin Perkerra
* [[Kogin Njoro]]

== [[Tafkin Naivasha]] ==

* Kogin Gilgil
* [[Kogin Malewa]]
** [[Kogin Turasha]] (kogin Kija) 

== [[Tafkin Natron]] ==

* Kudancin Ewaso Ng'iro
** [[Seyabei River|Kogin Seyabei]]

== [[Tekun Indiya]] ==
[[Fayil:Photograph_of_flooding_on_the_Tana_River,_1998.JPEG|thumb|400x400px|Ambaliyar ruwa a [[Kogin Tana (Kenya)|Kogin Tanna]], 1998.]]

* [[Kogin Jubba]] (Somalia) Lagh Dera Lak Bor Lagh Kutulo Lagh Bogal Ewaso Ng'iro Isiolo Kogin Naro Moru Kogin Milgis Dawa
** [[Ewaso Ng'iro|Lagh Dera]]
*** [[Lak Bor]]
**** [[Lagh Kutulo]]
*** [[Lagh Bogal]]
*** [[Ewaso Ng'iro]]
**** [[Isiolo River|Kogin Isiolo]]
**** [[Kogin Naro Moru]]
*** [[Milgis]]
** [[Kogin Dawa]]
* [[Kogin Tana (Kenya)|Kogin Tana]]
** [[Sagana River|Kogin Sagana]]
** [[Kogin Kathita]]
** [[Mutonga River|Kogin Mutonga]]
** [[Thiba River|Kogin Thiba]]
** Kogin Thika
*** [[Kiama River|Kogin Kiama]]
** [[Ragati River|Kogin Ragati]]
** [[Kururu River|Kogin Kururu]]
** [[Muhuhi River|Kogin Muhuhi]]
* Kogin Galana
** Kogin Athi
*** [[Kogin Mbagathi]]
*** [[Ruiru River|Kogin Ruiru]]
*** Kogin Nairobi
** [[Kogin Tsavo]]
* [[Tudor Creek]]
* Kogin Voi (River Goshi) 
* [[Kogin Umba (Tanzania)|Kogin Umba]]
* [[Rafin pangani|Kogin Pangani]] (Tanzania) Jipe Ruvu Kogin Lumi
** [[Jipe Ruvu River|Kogin Jipe Ruvu]]
*** [[Kogin Lumi (Gabas ta Afirka)|Kogin Lumi]]

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/onc/ Hukumar Kula da Taswirar Tsaro ta Amurka, Jerin Taswirar Gudanarwa, 1973]
* [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/index.html GEOnet Sunayen Sabon]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843790</id>
      <parentid>843789</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="2808" sha1="raptv1nqwegovjr334jqz6sjlumc92w" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Kenya_topographic_map-fr.svg|thumb|Taswirar Kenya tare da wasu manyan koguna.]]
Wannan gajeren jerin koguna ne a Kenya. Wannan jerin an shirya shi ta hanyar kwandon ruwa, tare da masu ba da gudummawa a ƙarƙashin sunan kowane babban rafi.

== [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] ==
[[Fayil:Gnus_passing_Mara_River-03,_by_Fiver_Löcker.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Gnus yana haye [[Kogin Mara]].]]

* ''[[Nil|Kogin Nilu]]''
** ''[[White Nile]]''
*** ''[[White Nile|Victoria Nile]] (Uganda) ''
**** [[Tafkin Victoria]]
***** Kogin Nzoia
***** Kogin Yala
***** [[Kogin Nyando]]
***** Kogin Sondu (River Miriam) 
***** [[Awach River|Kogin Awach]]
****** [[Itare River|Kogin Itare]]
***** [[Kitare River|Kogin Kitare]] (Kudancin Kogin Awach) 
***** Kogin Gucha (Kogi Kuja) Kogin Migori Kogin Riana Kogin Mogonga
****** [[Migori River|Kogin Migori]]
****** [[Riana River|Kogin Riana]]
****** [[Mogonga River|Kogin Mogonga]]
***** [[Kogin Mara]]

== [[Tafkin Turkana]] ==

* [[Kogin Suguta]]
* [[Kogin Kerio]]
* [[Lokichar River|Kogin Lokichar]] (Lomenyangaparat) 
* [[Kogin Turkwel]]
** [[Kogin Turkwel|Kogin Suam]]
** [[Kogin Omo]]
** [[Kogin Turkwel]]

== [[Tafkin Baringo]] ==

* Kogin Olarabel (River Ngusero) 
* [[Molo River|Kogin Molo]]
** Kogin Perkerra
* [[Kogin Njoro]]

== [[Tafkin Naivasha]] ==

* Kogin Gilgil
* [[Kogin Malewa]]
** [[Kogin Turasha]] (kogin Kija) 

== [[Tafkin Natron]] ==

* Kudancin Ewaso Ng'iro
** [[Seyabei River|Kogin Seyabei]]

== [[Tekun Indiya]] ==
[[Fayil:Photograph_of_flooding_on_the_Tana_River,_1998.JPEG|thumb|400x400px|Ambaliyar ruwa a [[Kogin Tana (Kenya)|Kogin Tanna]], 1998.]]

* [[Kogin Jubba]] (Somalia) Lagh Dera Lak Bor Lagh Kutulo Lagh Bogal Ewaso Ng'iro Isiolo Kogin Naro Moru Kogin Milgis Dawa
** [[Ewaso Ng'iro|Lagh Dera]]
*** [[Lak Bor]]
**** [[Lagh Kutulo]]
*** [[Lagh Bogal]]
*** [[Ewaso Ng'iro]]
**** [[Isiolo River|Kogin Isiolo]]
**** [[Kogin Naro Moru]]
*** [[Milgis]]
** [[Kogin Dawa]]
* [[Kogin Tana (Kenya)|Kogin Tana]]
** [[Sagana River|Kogin Sagana]]
** [[Kogin Kathita]]
** [[Mutonga River|Kogin Mutonga]]
** [[Thiba River|Kogin Thiba]]
** Kogin Thika
*** [[Kiama River|Kogin Kiama]]
** [[Ragati River|Kogin Ragati]]
** [[Kururu River|Kogin Kururu]]
** [[Muhuhi River|Kogin Muhuhi]]
* Kogin Galana
** Kogin Athi
*** [[Kogin Mbagathi]]
*** [[Ruiru River|Kogin Ruiru]]
*** Kogin Nairobi
** [[Kogin Tsavo]]
* [[Tudor Creek]]
* Kogin Voi (River Goshi) 
* [[Kogin Umba (Tanzania)|Kogin Umba]]
* [[Rafin pangani|Kogin Pangani]] (Tanzania) Jipe Ruvu Kogin Lumi
** [[Jipe Ruvu River|Kogin Jipe Ruvu]]
*** [[Kogin Lumi (Gabas ta Afirka)|Kogin Lumi]]

== Haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/onc/ Hukumar Kula da Taswirar Tsaro ta Amurka, Jerin Taswirar Gudanarwa, 1973]
* [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/index.html GEOnet Sunayen Sabon]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mzima Springs</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843792</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:43:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1286220912|Mzima Springs]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843792</origin>
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[[Fayil:Mzima_Springs_Entrance.JPG|thumb|Alamar shigarwa a kan hanyar Mzima Springs]]
'''Mzima Springs''' jerin [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|maɓuɓɓugar ruwa]] ne guda huɗu a cikin Tsavo National Park, [[Kenya]] . Suna a yamma wurin shakatawa, kusan kilomita 48 daga Mtito Andei . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mzima Springs |url=http://www.roughguides.com/website/travel/Destination/content/default.aspx?titleid=33&amp;xid=idh655675872_0377 |access-date=2010-02-09 |publisher=Rough Guides}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tushen maɓuɓɓugar ruwa shine tafkin halitta a ƙarƙashin tsaunukan Chyulu zuwa arewa. Yankin Chyulu ya ƙunshi dutsen dutse da toka, wanda ya yi yawa don ba da damar koguna su gudana. Maimakon haka, ruwan sama yana gudana ta cikin dutse, kuma yana iya ciyar da shekaru 25 a karkashin kasa kafin ya fito kilomita 50 a Mzima. Tsarin tacewa na halitta yana haifar da sanannen rafi mai tsabta na Mzima, wanda ke gudana ta hanyar jerin tafkuna da rapids. Kusan kilomita biyu daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, rafin ya toshe ta hanyar kwararar dutse kuma ya ɓace a ƙasa.&amp;nbsp;

Mzima yana daya daga cikin shahararrun wuraren jan hankali na Tsavo saboda yawan mazaunanta na Hippos da crocodiles na Nilu. Keɓewar Mzima ta sa jinsunan biyu su dogara da ruwan su: wasu tushe suna da nisa sosai don su isa ta hanyar tafiya ta ƙasa. Har ila yau, hippos suna kula da dukan jerin abinci. Suna bincika Savannah da ke kewaye da dare kuma suna komawa tafkin Mzima da rana, inda turaren su ke shayar da ruwa. Itacen 'ya'yan itace kamar dabino na date da raffia, waterberries da ɓaure suna girma a gefen ruwa, ta amfani da tushen su don shan abubuwan gina jiki. 'Ya'yan itacen su tushen abinci ne ga birai da tsuntsaye iri-iri. A ƙasa da saman ruwa, invertebrates waɗanda ke cin abinci a kan turaren hippo suna cinyewa da kifi da cormorants.&lt;ref name=&quot;deeble&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Mzima - Haunt of the Riverhorse'' script |url=http://www.deeblestone.com/film_info.php?filmId=2&amp;typeId=5 |access-date=2010-02-09 |publisher=Deeble and Stone Films}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu shirya fina-finai na namun daji Alan da [[Joan Root]] sun yi shahararrun maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a fim din Mzima: Portrait of a Spring, wanda ya nuna hotunan da ke karkashin ruwa na hippos da crocodiles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Mzima: Portrait of a Spring'' |url=http://www.wildfilmhistory.org/film/276/Mzima%3A+Portrait+of+a+Spring+.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011130645/http://www.wildfilmhistory.org/film/276/Mzima%3A+Portrait+of+a+Spring+.html |archive-date=October 11, 2008 |access-date=2010-02-09 |publisher=Wildfilmhistory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun kuma kasance batun Survival Special Mzima: Haunt of the Riverhorse a cikin 2003, wanda ya nuna hoton farko na Kisan jarirai.&lt;ref name=&quot;deeble&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Mzima - Haunt of the Riverhorse'' script |url=http://www.deeblestone.com/film_info.php?filmId=2&amp;typeId=5 |access-date=2010-02-09 |publisher=Deeble and Stone Films}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.deeblestone.com/film_info.php?filmId=2&amp;typeId=5 &quot;''Mzima - Haunt of the Riverhorse'' script&quot;]. Deeble and Stone Films&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2010-02-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2009, wani fari mai tsawo ya zama bala'i ga dabbobin daji na Mzima. An kori dabbobin da ke fama da yunwa zuwa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na dindindin a cikin dubban su, suna kawo su cikin gasa tare da hippos mazauna. Yankin ciyawa da ke kewaye da maɓuɓɓugar ya zama hamada kuma hippos sun fara fama da yunwa. A watan Satumbar 2009, biyar ne kawai suka rage, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-09-29 |title=Hippos of Tsavo West, Kenya |url=http://www.bornfree.org.uk/animals/hippos/ |publisher=[[Born Free Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; daga 70 a shekara ta 2003, kuma 'yan jarida sun ba da rahoton ganin gawawwakin da ke iyo a cikin tafkuna. 

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|2|59|S|38|1.3|E}}

== Tushen Ruwa na Tekun ==
Mzima Springs, Marere, da Tiwi a Kwale County sune sauran hanyoyin ruwa (bayan Baaricho wanda ke samar da lita miliyan 90 a kowace rana). Suna samar da 20,000 m3 a rana ga Voi, Mariakani, da Kudancin Kudancin.&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4221" sha1="eq978o5i49eoby9tcrlzu4f4ij4s39x" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Mzima_Springs_Entrance.JPG|thumb|Alamar shigarwa a kan hanyar Mzima Springs]]
'''Mzima Springs''' jerin [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|maɓuɓɓugar ruwa]] ne guda huɗu a cikin Tsavo National Park, [[Kenya]] . Suna a yamma wurin shakatawa, kusan kilomita 48 daga Mtito Andei . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mzima Springs |url=http://www.roughguides.com/website/travel/Destination/content/default.aspx?titleid=33&amp;xid=idh655675872_0377 |access-date=2010-02-09 |publisher=Rough Guides}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tushen maɓuɓɓugar ruwa shine tafkin halitta a ƙarƙashin tsaunukan Chyulu zuwa arewa. Yankin Chyulu ya ƙunshi dutsen dutse da toka, wanda ya yi yawa don ba da damar koguna su gudana. Maimakon haka, ruwan sama yana gudana ta cikin dutse, kuma yana iya ciyar da shekaru 25 a karkashin kasa kafin ya fito kilomita 50 a Mzima. Tsarin tacewa na halitta yana haifar da sanannen rafi mai tsabta na Mzima, wanda ke gudana ta hanyar jerin tafkuna da rapids. Kusan kilomita biyu daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, rafin ya toshe ta hanyar kwararar dutse kuma ya ɓace a ƙasa.&amp;nbsp;

Mzima yana daya daga cikin shahararrun wuraren jan hankali na Tsavo saboda yawan mazaunanta na Hippos da crocodiles na Nilu. Keɓewar Mzima ta sa jinsunan biyu su dogara da ruwan su: wasu tushe suna da nisa sosai don su isa ta hanyar tafiya ta ƙasa. Har ila yau, hippos suna kula da dukan jerin abinci. Suna bincika Savannah da ke kewaye da dare kuma suna komawa tafkin Mzima da rana, inda turaren su ke shayar da ruwa. Itacen 'ya'yan itace kamar dabino na date da raffia, waterberries da ɓaure suna girma a gefen ruwa, ta amfani da tushen su don shan abubuwan gina jiki. 'Ya'yan itacen su tushen abinci ne ga birai da tsuntsaye iri-iri. A ƙasa da saman ruwa, invertebrates waɗanda ke cin abinci a kan turaren hippo suna cinyewa da kifi da cormorants.&lt;ref name=&quot;deeble&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Mzima - Haunt of the Riverhorse'' script |url=http://www.deeblestone.com/film_info.php?filmId=2&amp;typeId=5 |access-date=2010-02-09 |publisher=Deeble and Stone Films}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu shirya fina-finai na namun daji Alan da [[Joan Root]] sun yi shahararrun maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a fim din Mzima: Portrait of a Spring, wanda ya nuna hotunan da ke karkashin ruwa na hippos da crocodiles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Mzima: Portrait of a Spring'' |url=http://www.wildfilmhistory.org/film/276/Mzima%3A+Portrait+of+a+Spring+.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011130645/http://www.wildfilmhistory.org/film/276/Mzima%3A+Portrait+of+a+Spring+.html |archive-date=October 11, 2008 |access-date=2010-02-09 |publisher=Wildfilmhistory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun kuma kasance batun Survival Special Mzima: Haunt of the Riverhorse a cikin 2003, wanda ya nuna hoton farko na Kisan jarirai.&lt;ref name=&quot;deeble&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Mzima - Haunt of the Riverhorse'' script |url=http://www.deeblestone.com/film_info.php?filmId=2&amp;typeId=5 |access-date=2010-02-09 |publisher=Deeble and Stone Films}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.deeblestone.com/film_info.php?filmId=2&amp;typeId=5 &quot;''Mzima - Haunt of the Riverhorse'' script&quot;]. Deeble and Stone Films&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2010-02-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2009, wani fari mai tsawo ya zama bala'i ga dabbobin daji na Mzima. An kori dabbobin da ke fama da yunwa zuwa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na dindindin a cikin dubban su, suna kawo su cikin gasa tare da hippos mazauna. Yankin ciyawa da ke kewaye da maɓuɓɓugar ya zama hamada kuma hippos sun fara fama da yunwa. A watan Satumbar 2009, biyar ne kawai suka rage, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-09-29 |title=Hippos of Tsavo West, Kenya |url=http://www.bornfree.org.uk/animals/hippos/ |publisher=[[Born Free Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; daga 70 a shekara ta 2003, kuma 'yan jarida sun ba da rahoton ganin gawawwakin da ke iyo a cikin tafkuna. 

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|2|59|S|38|1.3|E}}

== Tushen Ruwa na Tekun ==
Mzima Springs, Marere, da Tiwi a Kwale County sune sauran hanyoyin ruwa (bayan Baaricho wanda ke samar da lita miliyan 90 a kowace rana). Suna samar da 20,000 m3 a rana ga Voi, Mariakani, da Kudancin Kudancin.&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tashar Pemba</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1092329779|Pemba Channel]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tashar Pemba''' ita ce ƙuƙwalwar da ke raba gabar gabashin [[Afirka]] a bakin tekun tsakiyar da arewacin Yankin Tanga daga Tsibirin Pemba zuwa kudancin [[Tekun Indiya]]. Tashar gaba ɗaya tana cikin ruwan yankin Tanzania

An san tashar Pemba da cike da kifi; marlins, tiger sharks, hammerhead sharks, Yellowfin tunas, yahoos, giant trevallies da barracudas wasu daga cikin nau'ikan da aka samu a yankin, tare da turtles na teku, dolphins, dugongs da whale na lokaci-lokaci.

[[Pemba Channel Fishing Club|Kungiyar Kifi ta Pemba Channel]], wacce ke kan iyakar Kenya a Shimoni, tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin kuma shahararrun kungiyoyin kifi na Afirka; Ernest Hemingway, da sauransu, suna yin kifi a teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{In lang|it}}[http://www.pescaenautica.it/testi/articoliitinerari/kenya08_02/kenya.shtml La magia di Pemba Channel]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843795</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:44:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="865" sha1="egv4zc1yzsw9qdn047mgqmh61eic3qc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Tashar Pemba''' ita ce ƙuƙwalwar da ke raba gabar gabashin [[Afirka]] a bakin tekun tsakiyar da arewacin Yankin Tanga daga Tsibirin Pemba zuwa kudancin [[Tekun Indiya]]. Tashar gaba ɗaya tana cikin ruwan yankin Tanzania

An san tashar Pemba da cike da kifi; marlins, tiger sharks, hammerhead sharks, Yellowfin tunas, yahoos, giant trevallies da barracudas wasu daga cikin nau'ikan da aka samu a yankin, tare da turtles na teku, dolphins, dugongs da whale na lokaci-lokaci.

[[Pemba Channel Fishing Club|Kungiyar Kifi ta Pemba Channel]], wacce ke kan iyakar Kenya a Shimoni, tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin kuma shahararrun kungiyoyin kifi na Afirka; Ernest Hemingway, da sauransu, suna yin kifi a teku.&lt;ref&gt;{{In lang|it}}[http://www.pescaenautica.it/testi/articoliitinerari/kenya08_02/kenya.shtml La magia di Pemba Channel]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>egv4zc1yzsw9qdn047mgqmh61eic3qc</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Winam Gulf</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843796</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:45:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321570028|Winam Gulf]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1561" sha1="cfakvr7exngdysrp329btw31f5ytvqy" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:WinamGulf.jpg|thumb|Winam Gulf, Tafkin Victoria, Kenya. Ra'ayi daga saman Tsibirin Ndere, kallon kudu.]]
[[Fayil:Lake_Victoria_1968.jpg|thumb|Gulf din Kavirondo a arewa maso gabashin taswirar [[Tafkin Victoria]]]]
'''Tekun Winam''' wani muhimmin yanki ne na [[tafkin Victoria]] na arewa maso gabashin Kenya zuwa yammacin [[Kenya]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;v641&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Figure 5. The location of the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-location-of-the-Winam-Gulf-of-Lake-Victoria-Kenya_fig4_352991109 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wanda aka fi sani da '''Tekun Kavirondo''', '''Tekun Nyanza''', da '''Tekun Nyanza''', wani mashiga ce mai zurfi kuma an haɗa ta da babban tafkin ta hanyar [[Rusinga Channel]] ( {{Cvt|3|mi|km}} faɗi), wanda aka rufe shi da wani ɓangare daga babban jikin tafkin ta hanyar tsibirai. &lt;ref name=&quot;u420&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winam Gulf. Collections Online |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/x57821 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=British Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Kisumu]], birni na uku mafi girma a Kenya, tana tsaye a bakin tekun arewa maso gabashin. Kogin yana da matsakaicin faɗin {{Cvt|25|km|mi}} (16  kuma ya kai kilomita {{Cvt|64|km|mi}} (40 mi) daga Kisumu zuwa tashar. Manyan bayas a cikin gulf sun hada da [[Naya Bay]], [[Nyakach Bay]], [[Osodo Bay]], Kendu Bay, Homa Bay, [[Ruri Bay]], Mirunda Bay, Asembo Bay, da Olambwe Bay. Tsibirin da ke cikin gulf sun hada da Maboko, Rusinga, da Tsibirin Ndere.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <parentid>843796</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:46:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <origin>843797</origin>
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      <text bytes="1572" sha1="9kkv9ise04qtuc9t50n5rzvk9orbka8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:WinamGulf.jpg|thumb|Winam Gulf, Tafkin Victoria, Kenya. Ra'ayi daga saman Tsibirin Ndere, kallon kudu.]]
[[Fayil:Lake_Victoria_1968.jpg|thumb|Gulf din Kavirondo a arewa maso gabashin taswirar [[Tafkin Victoria]]]]
'''Tekun Winam''' wani muhimmin yanki ne na [[tafkin Victoria]] na arewa maso gabashin Kenya zuwa yammacin [[Kenya]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;v641&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Figure 5. The location of the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-location-of-the-Winam-Gulf-of-Lake-Victoria-Kenya_fig4_352991109 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wanda aka fi sani da '''Tekun Kavirondo''', '''Tekun Nyanza''', da '''Tekun Nyanza''', wani mashiga ce mai zurfi kuma an haɗa ta da babban tafkin ta hanyar [[Rusinga Channel]] ( {{Cvt|3|mi|km}} faɗi), wanda aka rufe shi da wani ɓangare daga babban jikin tafkin ta hanyar tsibirai. &lt;ref name=&quot;u420&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winam Gulf. Collections Online |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/x57821 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=British Museum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Kisumu]], birni na uku mafi girma a Kenya, tana tsaye a bakin tekun arewa maso gabashin. Kogin yana da matsakaicin faɗin {{Cvt|25|km|mi}} (16  kuma ya kai kilomita {{Cvt|64|km|mi}} (40 mi) daga Kisumu zuwa tashar. Manyan bayas a cikin gulf sun hada da [[Naya Bay]], [[Nyakach Bay]], [[Osodo Bay]], Kendu Bay, Homa Bay, [[Ruri Bay]], Mirunda Bay, Asembo Bay, da Olambwe Bay. Tsibirin da ke cikin gulf sun hada da Maboko, Rusinga, da Tsibirin Ndere.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Athi-Galana-Sabaki</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>843799</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T05:47:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356015660|Athi-Galana-Sabaki River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843799</origin>
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[[Fayil:Tsavo_national_park_map_en.png|thumb|Tsarin Kogin Athi-Galana-Sabaki.]]
Kogin '''Athi-Galana-Sabaki''' shine kogin na biyu mafi tsawo a [[Kenya]] (bayan [[Kogin Tana (Kenya)|Kogin Tana]]). Yana da jimlar tsawon kilomita 390 (240  kuma yana zubar da yanki na  kilomita 58,639 (22,641 sq . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=nick |date=2023-10-27 |title=Where two rivers meet: battling pollution in the Athi River |url=https://tsavotrust.org/where-two-rivers-meet-battling-pollution-in-the-athi-river/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Tsavo Trust |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin ya tashi a cikin gandun daji na Gatamaiyo a matsayin '''Kogin Athi''' kuma ya shiga [[Tekun Indiya]] a matsayin '''Kogin Galana''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Kogin Sabaki''').

== Gudun ruwa ==
Kogin Athi yana gudana a fadin filayen Kapote da Athi, ta hanyar garin Athi River, sannan ya ɗauki hanyar arewa maso gabas inda Kogin Nairobi ya sadu da shi. Kusa da Thika, kogin ya samar da Fourteen Falls kuma ya juya kudu maso gabas a ƙarƙashin gangaren bishiyoyi na [[Yatta Plateau|Yatta ridge]], wanda ya rufe a cikin kwandonsa a gabas. Baya ga ƙananan masu ciyarwa da kogin sama, ɗayan kawai shine [[Kogin Tsavo]], daga gefen gabas na [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], wanda ya shiga kusan 3 ° S. Sa'an nan kuma ya juya gabas, kuma a cikin ƙananan hanyarsa an san shi da Kogin Sabaki (ko Galana), wanda ke ratsa ƙasar Quartz-ƙasa ta waje. Kwarin yana da ƙasa kuma yana da fili, an rufe shi da gandun daji da ƙanƙara, wanda ke dauke da ƙananan tabkuna da ruwa da ke da alaƙa da kogi a lokacin ruwan sama. A lokacin ruwan sama, kogin ya tashi har zuwa mita 10 (33  a wurare, yanzu yana gudana da karfi tare da launi mai launin rawaya, kewayawa ya katse ta hanyar jerin rapids, a Lugard Falls. Yana gudana gabas, ya shiga Tekun Indiya kilomita 10 (6.2  arewacin Malindi . &lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:GalanaRiverKenya.jpg|View of the Galana River in [[Kenya]]
Fayil:Fourteen_falls_Thika,Kenya.JPG|The [[Fourteen Falls]] near Thika
Fayil:Flickr_-_don_macauley_-_A_drongo_at_Sabaki_River.jpg|A drongo at Sabaka River
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dabbobi na daji ==
Kogin yana gudana ta hanyar Tsavo East National Park kuma yana da kifaye daban-daban, da Hippopotamus, crocodiles, da tsuntsaye kamar gaggafa na kifi na Afirka. Yawancin 'yan Kenya sun dogara da kogi don ruwan sha da ban ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=nick |date=2023-10-27 |title=Where two rivers meet: battling pollution in the Athi River |url=https://tsavotrust.org/where-two-rivers-meet-battling-pollution-in-the-athi-river/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Tsavo Trust |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFnick2023&quot;&gt;nick (2023-10-27). [https://tsavotrust.org/where-two-rivers-meet-battling-pollution-in-the-athi-river/ &quot;Where two rivers meet: battling pollution in the Athi River&quot;]. ''Tsavo Trust''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-07-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;{{Excerpt|Thwake Dam}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3031" sha1="sxjiclosaji4yrtczgnrfcxoym620uv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Tsavo_national_park_map_en.png|thumb|Tsarin Kogin Athi-Galana-Sabaki.]]
Kogin '''Athi-Galana-Sabaki''' shine kogin na biyu mafi tsawo a [[Kenya]] (bayan [[Kogin Tana (Kenya)|Kogin Tana]]). Yana da jimlar tsawon kilomita 390 (240  kuma yana zubar da yanki na  kilomita 58,639 (22,641 sq . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=nick |date=2023-10-27 |title=Where two rivers meet: battling pollution in the Athi River |url=https://tsavotrust.org/where-two-rivers-meet-battling-pollution-in-the-athi-river/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Tsavo Trust |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin ya tashi a cikin gandun daji na Gatamaiyo a matsayin '''Kogin Athi''' kuma ya shiga [[Tekun Indiya]] a matsayin '''Kogin Galana''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Kogin Sabaki''').

== Gudun ruwa ==
Kogin Athi yana gudana a fadin filayen Kapote da Athi, ta hanyar garin Athi River, sannan ya ɗauki hanyar arewa maso gabas inda Kogin Nairobi ya sadu da shi. Kusa da Thika, kogin ya samar da Fourteen Falls kuma ya juya kudu maso gabas a ƙarƙashin gangaren bishiyoyi na [[Yatta Plateau|Yatta ridge]], wanda ya rufe a cikin kwandonsa a gabas. Baya ga ƙananan masu ciyarwa da kogin sama, ɗayan kawai shine [[Kogin Tsavo]], daga gefen gabas na [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], wanda ya shiga kusan 3 ° S. Sa'an nan kuma ya juya gabas, kuma a cikin ƙananan hanyarsa an san shi da Kogin Sabaki (ko Galana), wanda ke ratsa ƙasar Quartz-ƙasa ta waje. Kwarin yana da ƙasa kuma yana da fili, an rufe shi da gandun daji da ƙanƙara, wanda ke dauke da ƙananan tabkuna da ruwa da ke da alaƙa da kogi a lokacin ruwan sama. A lokacin ruwan sama, kogin ya tashi har zuwa mita 10 (33  a wurare, yanzu yana gudana da karfi tare da launi mai launin rawaya, kewayawa ya katse ta hanyar jerin rapids, a Lugard Falls. Yana gudana gabas, ya shiga Tekun Indiya kilomita 10 (6.2  arewacin Malindi . &lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:GalanaRiverKenya.jpg|View of the Galana River in [[Kenya]]
Fayil:Fourteen_falls_Thika,Kenya.JPG|The [[Fourteen Falls]] near Thika
Fayil:Flickr_-_don_macauley_-_A_drongo_at_Sabaki_River.jpg|A drongo at Sabaka River
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Dabbobi na daji ==
Kogin yana gudana ta hanyar Tsavo East National Park kuma yana da kifaye daban-daban, da Hippopotamus, crocodiles, da tsuntsaye kamar gaggafa na kifi na Afirka. Yawancin 'yan Kenya sun dogara da kogi don ruwan sha da ban ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=nick |date=2023-10-27 |title=Where two rivers meet: battling pollution in the Athi River |url=https://tsavotrust.org/where-two-rivers-meet-battling-pollution-in-the-athi-river/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Tsavo Trust |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFnick2023&quot;&gt;nick (2023-10-27). [https://tsavotrust.org/where-two-rivers-meet-battling-pollution-in-the-athi-river/ &quot;Where two rivers meet: battling pollution in the Athi River&quot;]. ''Tsavo Trust''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-07-03&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;{{Excerpt|Thwake Dam}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kogin Gilgil</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1214488022|Gilgil River]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1729" sha1="p1uofdrt6hfchu7ngrni3urtikbi056" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Gilgil''' ya zubar da wani ɓangare na bene na Great Rift Valley, Kenya da kuma tudu zuwa gabashin kwarin, yana gudana daga arewa zuwa [[Tafkin Naivasha]]. Kogin yana gudana zuwa gabashin garin Gilgil, wanda ke kan tsawo na ƙasa tsakanin Tafkin Naivasha da [[Tafkin Elmenteita]].

Kogin yana da asalinsa sama da mita 2,500 (8,200 , inda ruwan sama ke kusa da millimeters 1,100 (43 in) a kowace shekara. Yana da ruwa a duk shekara.{{Sfn|Harper|2003}} Gilgil yana da manyan ruwa guda uku. Morindati ya tashi a mita 2,700 (8,900 , Kiriundu a mita 2,710 (8,890  da Little Gilgil a mita 2,400 (7,900 . {{Sfn|Harper|2003}} Matsakaicin tsawon tashar a kwance shine kilomita 60 (37  kuma matsakaicin saukowa shine mita 873 (2,864 . {{Sfn|Harper|2003}}

Kusan arewacin tafkin, kogin ya buɗe cikin babban ambaliyar ruwa, ta hanyar da aka haƙa tashoshi don tallafawa aikin gona da ake ban ruwa.{{Sfn|Harper|2003}} Ruwan kogin zuwa Tafkin Naivasha an rufe shi da Papyrus, wasu sedges da Typha . {{Sfn|Lake Naivasha - Birdlife}} Gilgil da mafi girma [[Kogin Malewa|Malewa]] sune manyan hanyoyin ruwa ga Tafkin Naivasha. Dukansu suna ɗaukar adadi mai yawa na laka a cikin tafkin a lokacin ruwan sama. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka gabatar shine shuka shinge na ciyawa na Vetiver a fadin yankin delta, wanda aka nuna a wasu yankuna don zama mai tasiri wajen kama silt kuma yana taimakawa wuraren da ke da ruwa su sake farfadowa.{{Sfn|Vetiver|2009}}

Masanin ilimin ƙasa J.W. Gregory ya gano wani tsohuwar ƙauye a kan Kogin Gilgil tare da kayan aikin dutse na obsidian da tukwane, wanda ya riga ya wuce Iron Age. Kayan aiki sun haɗa da masu cire fata, masu ƙuƙwalwa da ƙananan wuƙaƙe.{{Sfn|Gregory|1896}}

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'''Kogin Gilgil''' ya zubar da wani ɓangare na bene na Great Rift Valley, Kenya da kuma tudu zuwa gabashin kwarin, yana gudana daga arewa zuwa [[Tafkin Naivasha]]. Kogin yana gudana zuwa gabashin garin Gilgil, wanda ke kan tsawo na ƙasa tsakanin Tafkin Naivasha da [[Tafkin Elmenteita]].

Kogin yana da asalinsa sama da mita 2,500 (8,200 , inda ruwan sama ke kusa da millimeters 1,100 (43 in) a kowace shekara. Yana da ruwa a duk shekara.{{Sfn|Harper|2003}} Gilgil yana da manyan ruwa guda uku. Morindati ya tashi a mita 2,700 (8,900 , Kiriundu a mita 2,710 (8,890  da Little Gilgil a mita 2,400 (7,900 . {{Sfn|Harper|2003}} Matsakaicin tsawon tashar a kwance shine kilomita 60 (37  kuma matsakaicin saukowa shine mita 873 (2,864 . {{Sfn|Harper|2003}}

Kusan arewacin tafkin, kogin ya buɗe cikin babban ambaliyar ruwa, ta hanyar da aka haƙa tashoshi don tallafawa aikin gona da ake ban ruwa.{{Sfn|Harper|2003}} Ruwan kogin zuwa Tafkin Naivasha an rufe shi da Papyrus, wasu sedges da Typha . {{Sfn|Lake Naivasha - Birdlife}} Gilgil da mafi girma [[Kogin Malewa|Malewa]] sune manyan hanyoyin ruwa ga Tafkin Naivasha. Dukansu suna ɗaukar adadi mai yawa na laka a cikin tafkin a lokacin ruwan sama. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka gabatar shine shuka shinge na ciyawa na Vetiver a fadin yankin delta, wanda aka nuna a wasu yankuna don zama mai tasiri wajen kama silt kuma yana taimakawa wuraren da ke da ruwa su sake farfadowa.{{Sfn|Vetiver|2009}}

Masanin ilimin ƙasa J.W. Gregory ya gano wani tsohuwar ƙauye a kan Kogin Gilgil tare da kayan aikin dutse na obsidian da tukwane, wanda ya riga ya wuce Iron Age. Kayan aiki sun haɗa da masu cire fata, masu ƙuƙwalwa da ƙananan wuƙaƙe.{{Sfn|Gregory|1896}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Gucha</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334914191|Gucha River]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3349" sha1="d1im4kyyabcxqg6mz4myp0eum0y65r3" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Gucha''', wanda ake kira Kogin Kuja ta al'ummar Luo ya samo asali ne a cikin tsaunuka na Kiabonyoru a cikin Gundumar Nyamira wanda ke wucewa ta tsakiyar Gundumar Gucha da ke gudana zuwa yamma ta ƙasar Migori inda ya haɗu da [[Migori River|Kogin Migori]] kuma yana gudana a matsayin Kogin Kuj-Migori zuwa [[Tafkin Victoria]].

Yayin da yake gudana a fadin Gusii Land wani bangare na shi ya zama [[Mogonga River|Kogin Mogonga]], wanda aka sani da mummunan tasirinsa lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta cika. Mogonga da Gucha kusan daidai ne kuma sun hadu da mil 1 kawai kafin su gudana ta tsakiyar garin Ogembo.

Kogin Gucha-Migori ya canza hanyarsa kusa da bakinsa a cikin 2001-2002, yana motsawa zuwa arewa zuwa wurin da yake yanzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;jica_2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=WRMA and JICA |date=July 2014 |title=Appendix 3-4 Gucha Migori River Basin Integrated Flood Management Plan Draft |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/1000018470_03.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204174450/http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/1000018470_03.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2016 |access-date=4 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kimanin kilomita 45 daga [[Migori]], an kammala madatsar ruwan Gogo Falls a 1956 tare da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na 2MW, wanda aka haɗa da grid na ƙasar Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;lbda_2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lake Basin Development Authority |date=June 2008 |title=PROPOSAL FOR A FEASIBILITY STUDY ON KUJA RIVER MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT |url=http://www.lbda.co.ke/downloads/HEP_projects/HEP%20Kuja.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204152121/http://www.lbda.co.ke/downloads/HEP_projects/HEP%20Kuja.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-04 |access-date=4 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin Kenya Electricity Generating Company (Kengen) ne ke sarrafa madatsar ruwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HYDRO POWER STATIONS |url=http://www.kengen.co.ke/?q=content/hydro-power-stations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417203736/http://www.kengen.co.ke/?q=content%2Fhydro-power-stations |archive-date=17 April 2016 |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=www.kengen.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2014, gwamnatin Kenya ta ba da sanarwar inganta madatsar ruwan, don ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 12MW, daidaita kwarara don hana ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma ba da izinin ban ruwa na kusan 25,000ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2014 |title=Government to boost energy capacity of Gogo Falls |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000105509/government-to-boost-energy-capacity-of-gogo-falls |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=Standard Digital News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2016, an gina ruwan ban ruwa na Orango da canals a cikin madatsar ruwan don amfani da manoma na Okenge da Owiro a cikin Migori County, amma an jinkirta gina tashoshin rarrabawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2016 |title=Endless  wait  for  irrigation  water  dampens  Nyatike  farmers’  hopes |url=http://kenyanewsagency.go.ke/en/endless-wait-for-irrigation-water-dampens-nyatike-farmers-hopes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220045247/http://kenyanewsagency.go.ke/en/endless-wait-for-irrigation-water-dampens-nyatike-farmers-hopes/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=Kenya News Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Gidan binciken kayan tarihi na [[Gogo Falls]] yana kusa da madatsar ruwan.

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'''Kogin Gucha''', wanda ake kira Kogin Kuja ta al'ummar Luo ya samo asali ne a cikin tsaunuka na Kiabonyoru a cikin Gundumar Nyamira wanda ke wucewa ta tsakiyar Gundumar Gucha da ke gudana zuwa yamma ta ƙasar Migori inda ya haɗu da [[Migori River|Kogin Migori]] kuma yana gudana a matsayin Kogin Kuj-Migori zuwa [[Tafkin Victoria]].

Yayin da yake gudana a fadin Gusii Land wani bangare na shi ya zama [[Mogonga River|Kogin Mogonga]], wanda aka sani da mummunan tasirinsa lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta cika. Mogonga da Gucha kusan daidai ne kuma sun hadu da mil 1 kawai kafin su gudana ta tsakiyar garin Ogembo.

Kogin Gucha-Migori ya canza hanyarsa kusa da bakinsa a cikin 2001-2002, yana motsawa zuwa arewa zuwa wurin da yake yanzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;jica_2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=WRMA and JICA |date=July 2014 |title=Appendix 3-4 Gucha Migori River Basin Integrated Flood Management Plan Draft |url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/1000018470_03.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204174450/http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/1000018470_03.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2016 |access-date=4 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kimanin kilomita 45 daga [[Migori]], an kammala madatsar ruwan Gogo Falls a 1956 tare da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na 2MW, wanda aka haɗa da grid na ƙasar Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;lbda_2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lake Basin Development Authority |date=June 2008 |title=PROPOSAL FOR A FEASIBILITY STUDY ON KUJA RIVER MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT |url=http://www.lbda.co.ke/downloads/HEP_projects/HEP%20Kuja.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204152121/http://www.lbda.co.ke/downloads/HEP_projects/HEP%20Kuja.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-04 |access-date=4 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamfanin Kenya Electricity Generating Company (Kengen) ne ke sarrafa madatsar ruwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HYDRO POWER STATIONS |url=http://www.kengen.co.ke/?q=content/hydro-power-stations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417203736/http://www.kengen.co.ke/?q=content%2Fhydro-power-stations |archive-date=17 April 2016 |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=www.kengen.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2014, gwamnatin Kenya ta ba da sanarwar inganta madatsar ruwan, don ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 12MW, daidaita kwarara don hana ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma ba da izinin ban ruwa na kusan 25,000ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2014 |title=Government to boost energy capacity of Gogo Falls |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000105509/government-to-boost-energy-capacity-of-gogo-falls |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=Standard Digital News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2016, an gina ruwan ban ruwa na Orango da canals a cikin madatsar ruwan don amfani da manoma na Okenge da Owiro a cikin Migori County, amma an jinkirta gina tashoshin rarrabawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2016 |title=Endless  wait  for  irrigation  water  dampens  Nyatike  farmers’  hopes |url=http://kenyanewsagency.go.ke/en/endless-wait-for-irrigation-water-dampens-nyatike-farmers-hopes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220045247/http://kenyanewsagency.go.ke/en/endless-wait-for-irrigation-water-dampens-nyatike-farmers-hopes/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=4 December 2016 |website=Kenya News Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Gidan binciken kayan tarihi na [[Gogo Falls]] yana kusa da madatsar ruwan.

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    <title>Kogin Nairobi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352243779|Nairobi River]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Nairobi_river_pollution.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Rashin gurɓata a cikin Kogin Nairobi.]]
'''Kogin [[Nairobi]]''' wani kogi ne wanda ke gudana a fadin Nairobi, babban birnin [[Kenya]] . Ita ce babbar kogi na Kogin Nairobi, tare da raƙuman ruwa da yawa da ke gudana zuwa gabas. Dukkanin kogunan tafkin Nairobi sun haɗu da gabashin Nairobi kuma sun haɗu le Kogin Athi, wanda daga ƙarshe ya shiga cikin [[Tekun Indiya]]. Koguna galibi suna da ƙanƙanta kuma an gurɓata su sosai,  kodayake ƙoƙarin da aka yi kwanan nan don tsaftace koguna ya inganta ingancin ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nairobi River Basin |url=http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/PDFs/ISWMLaunch_NairobiRiverBasin.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131216/http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/PDFs/ISWMLaunch_NairobiRiverBasin.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2015-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban rafi, Kogin Nairobi, yana iyakance tsakiyar birnin arewa, inda aka yi amfani da shi a wani bangare.

== Haraji ==
Kogin Nairobi ya samo asali ne daga fadamar Ondiri da ke Kikuyu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obura |first=Fredrick |title=Increased human activities threaten source of Nairobi River - Smart Harvest |url=https://www.farmers.co.ke/article/2001293527/increased-human-activities-threaten-source-of-nairobi-river |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=www.farmers.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Nairobi yana da rafuka da dama: &lt;ref name=&quot;tributaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galimo Askumo |date=27 May 2017 |title=A Guide to Nairobi's Rivers and Streams |url=https://askumo.com/a-guide-to-nairobi-rivers-and-streams/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

* Kogin Athi
* Kogin Gathara-ini
* Kogin Gitathuru
* Kogin Kiu
* Kogin Mathari
* [[Kogin Mbagathi]]
* Kogin Nairobi
* Kogin Ngong
* Kogin RuiRuaka

Kogin Motoine yana gudana zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Nairobi, Tafkin wucin gadi wanda ake nufi don samar da ruwan sha ga mazaunan Nairobi. Kogin ya ci gaba a matsayin Kogin Ngong.

Kogin Gatharaini  ya samo asali ne daga marshes na ƙananan tsaunuka na Aberdare kuma yana gudana ta wurare daban-daban. Ayyukan ɗan adam suna tasiri ga rafin a kan tashoshinsa da kuma a cikin abin da ya kama. A cikin sassan sama na Kiambaa da Kanunga, rafin yana wucewa ta wuraren da ke da santsi da maras kyau, tare hada aikin gona da mazaunin ɗan adam a matsayin manyan nau'ikan amfani da ƙasa. A tsakiyar Kiambu, akwai amfanin gona mai yawa na kofi da aikin gona.

A Gabashin Nairobi yana wucewa ta Kamfanin Ruwa na Nairobi a Ngundu, Kamulu.

A ƙananan sassan Githurai da Zimmerman, rafin yana da alaƙa da noman kofi, noma mai yawa, da masana'antu kamar Masana'antar Tannery ta Kamiti. Ruwan ƙananan rafin yana da laushi da ƙazanta. A da, noman tushen arrowroot da kale na kogin ya zama ruwan dare a ko'ina cikin yankin. Har yanzu ba a fara ƙoƙarin kiyayewa da kiyaye wannan kogin ba.

Kogunan Nairobi sun gurɓata saboda aikin gona, ƙauyuka, da masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biosafety News, October/November 2002 |url=http://www.biosafetynews.com/octnov02/story8.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023152439/http://www.biosafetynews.com/octnov02/story8.htm |archive-date=2006-10-23 |access-date=2006-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Lokacin ruwan sama, koguna a kan koguna masu ƙasƙanci suna ambaliya.

Kenya [[Kogin Tana (Kenya)|Tana]] da kogi na biyu mai suna Nairobi wanda ke farawa a [[Dutsen Kenya]] kuma yana da nasaba da Sagana da Tana, kogi mafi tsawo a kasar.
[[Fayil:Gathara-ini_river.jpg|thumb|Kogin Gathara-ini yana cikin mazabar Kasarani; gundumar Nairobi .]]

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Kenya]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3629" sha1="mof4j73chqjcpuv55zjihq1qlfu9zur" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Nairobi_river_pollution.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Rashin gurɓata a cikin Kogin Nairobi.]]
'''Kogin [[Nairobi]]''' wani kogi ne wanda ke gudana a fadin Nairobi, babban birnin [[Kenya]] . Ita ce babbar kogi na Kogin Nairobi, tare da raƙuman ruwa da yawa da ke gudana zuwa gabas. Dukkanin kogunan tafkin Nairobi sun haɗu da gabashin Nairobi kuma sun haɗu le Kogin Athi, wanda daga ƙarshe ya shiga cikin [[Tekun Indiya]]. Koguna galibi suna da ƙanƙanta kuma an gurɓata su sosai,  kodayake ƙoƙarin da aka yi kwanan nan don tsaftace koguna ya inganta ingancin ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nairobi River Basin |url=http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/PDFs/ISWMLaunch_NairobiRiverBasin.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131216/http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/PDFs/ISWMLaunch_NairobiRiverBasin.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2015-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban rafi, Kogin Nairobi, yana iyakance tsakiyar birnin arewa, inda aka yi amfani da shi a wani bangare.

== Haraji ==
Kogin Nairobi ya samo asali ne daga fadamar Ondiri da ke Kikuyu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Obura |first=Fredrick |title=Increased human activities threaten source of Nairobi River - Smart Harvest |url=https://www.farmers.co.ke/article/2001293527/increased-human-activities-threaten-source-of-nairobi-river |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=www.farmers.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Nairobi yana da rafuka da dama: &lt;ref name=&quot;tributaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Galimo Askumo |date=27 May 2017 |title=A Guide to Nairobi's Rivers and Streams |url=https://askumo.com/a-guide-to-nairobi-rivers-and-streams/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

* Kogin Athi
* Kogin Gathara-ini
* Kogin Gitathuru
* Kogin Kiu
* Kogin Mathari
* [[Kogin Mbagathi]]
* Kogin Nairobi
* Kogin Ngong
* Kogin RuiRuaka

Kogin Motoine yana gudana zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Nairobi, Tafkin wucin gadi wanda ake nufi don samar da ruwan sha ga mazaunan Nairobi. Kogin ya ci gaba a matsayin Kogin Ngong.

Kogin Gatharaini  ya samo asali ne daga marshes na ƙananan tsaunuka na Aberdare kuma yana gudana ta wurare daban-daban. Ayyukan ɗan adam suna tasiri ga rafin a kan tashoshinsa da kuma a cikin abin da ya kama. A cikin sassan sama na Kiambaa da Kanunga, rafin yana wucewa ta wuraren da ke da santsi da maras kyau, tare hada aikin gona da mazaunin ɗan adam a matsayin manyan nau'ikan amfani da ƙasa. A tsakiyar Kiambu, akwai amfanin gona mai yawa na kofi da aikin gona.

A Gabashin Nairobi yana wucewa ta Kamfanin Ruwa na Nairobi a Ngundu, Kamulu.

A ƙananan sassan Githurai da Zimmerman, rafin yana da alaƙa da noman kofi, noma mai yawa, da masana'antu kamar Masana'antar Tannery ta Kamiti. Ruwan ƙananan rafin yana da laushi da ƙazanta. A da, noman tushen arrowroot da kale na kogin ya zama ruwan dare a ko'ina cikin yankin. Har yanzu ba a fara ƙoƙarin kiyayewa da kiyaye wannan kogin ba.

Kogunan Nairobi sun gurɓata saboda aikin gona, ƙauyuka, da masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biosafety News, October/November 2002 |url=http://www.biosafetynews.com/octnov02/story8.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023152439/http://www.biosafetynews.com/octnov02/story8.htm |archive-date=2006-10-23 |access-date=2006-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Lokacin ruwan sama, koguna a kan koguna masu ƙasƙanci suna ambaliya.

Kenya [[Kogin Tana (Kenya)|Tana]] da kogi na biyu mai suna Nairobi wanda ke farawa a [[Dutsen Kenya]] kuma yana da nasaba da Sagana da Tana, kogi mafi tsawo a kasar.
[[Fayil:Gathara-ini_river.jpg|thumb|Kogin Gathara-ini yana cikin mazabar Kasarani; gundumar Nairobi .]]

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Ruwa da tsaftacewa a Kenya]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kogin Nzoia</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333616552|Nzoia River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Nzoia''' kogin Kenya ne mai tsawon kilomita 257, wanda ya tashi daga tuddai na Cherangany. Yana wucewa ta Kapsara, Springer, da Moi's Bridge sannan ya haye zuwa Kakamega County. Yana gudana a kudu sannan a yamma, a ƙarshe yana gudana cikin [[Tafkin Victoria]] kusa da garin Port Victoria.

Kogin yana da fitarwa na kimanin 118 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s ko kimanin mita cubic miliyan 3,721 a kowace shekara, yana mai da shi kogi na biyu mafi girma a kasar ta hanyar fitarwa.&amp;nbsp;

Kogin yana da mahimmanci ga Yammacin Kenya, yana gudana ta yankin da aka kiyasta cewa sama da mutane miliyan 3.5 ne ke zaune. Ruwansa yana ba da ban ruwa a duk shekara, yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara a kusa da yankin da ke cikin ƙasa na Budalang'i wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga samar da aikin gona mai kyau na yankin, duk da cewa yana fitar da daruruwan mutane da lalata ƙauyuka.

A kusa da yankin masana'antu da ke tsakiyar Webuye, kogin yana shan ruwa mai yawa daga masana'antun [[takarda]] da [[sukari]] a yankin. Kogin yana da magudanan ruwa da yawa kuma yana da kyakkyawan damar samar da wutar lantarki. Kogin yana fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa na shekara-shekara a ƙarshen ƙasa mai laushi saboda dawowar Tafkin Victoria. Wannan yana haifar da rikice-rikicen jin kai a cikin filayen ambaliyar Budalangi.

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=35977 Ambaliyar ruwa a Kogin Nzoia] a NASA Earth Observatory

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;0°03′25″N 33°57′11″E﻿ / ﻿0.05693°N 33.95306°E﻿ / 0.05693; 33.95306</text>
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'''Kogin Nzoia''' kogin Kenya ne mai tsawon kilomita 257, wanda ya tashi daga tuddai na Cherangany. Yana wucewa ta Kapsara, Springer, da Moi's Bridge sannan ya haye zuwa Kakamega County. Yana gudana a kudu sannan a yamma, a ƙarshe yana gudana cikin [[Tafkin Victoria]] kusa da garin Port Victoria.

Kogin yana da fitarwa na kimanin 118 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s ko kimanin mita cubic miliyan 3,721 a kowace shekara, yana mai da shi kogi na biyu mafi girma a kasar ta hanyar fitarwa.&amp;nbsp;

Kogin yana da mahimmanci ga Yammacin Kenya, yana gudana ta yankin da aka kiyasta cewa sama da mutane miliyan 3.5 ne ke zaune. Ruwansa yana ba da ban ruwa a duk shekara, yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara a kusa da yankin da ke cikin ƙasa na Budalang'i wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga samar da aikin gona mai kyau na yankin, duk da cewa yana fitar da daruruwan mutane da lalata ƙauyuka.

A kusa da yankin masana'antu da ke tsakiyar Webuye, kogin yana shan ruwa mai yawa daga masana'antun [[takarda]] da [[sukari]] a yankin. Kogin yana da magudanan ruwa da yawa kuma yana da kyakkyawan damar samar da wutar lantarki. Kogin yana fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa na shekara-shekara a ƙarshen ƙasa mai laushi saboda dawowar Tafkin Victoria. Wannan yana haifar da rikice-rikicen jin kai a cikin filayen ambaliyar Budalangi.

== Haɗin waje ==

* [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=35977 Ambaliyar ruwa a Kogin Nzoia] a NASA Earth Observatory

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;0°03′25″N 33°57′11″E﻿ / ﻿0.05693°N 33.95306°E﻿ / 0.05693; 33.95306</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ol Arabel</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339443381|Ol Arabel]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3566" sha1="m3u61saa3gt1uopbkh8kw0c0452tzp1" xml:space="preserve">'''Ol Arabel''' (ko Olarabel) wani kogi ne a cikin Great Rift Valley na [[Kenya]] wanda ke ciyar da [[Tafkin Baringo]] . Yana ba da sunansa ga gandun daji da ke rufe koginsa da kuma yankin.

== Kogin ==
Kogin Ngusero da Ol Arabel suna zubar da ruwa a arewacin ƙarshen Aberdare Range .  Kogin ya zama delta inda ya shiga kudu maso gabashin Tafkin Baringo a 0°31′52′′N 36°06′57′′E / 0.531113°N 36.115837°E / 0. 531113; 36.115837, kuma wannan ya zama marsh mai yawa a lokacin da matakin tafkin yake da yawa. Kogin yana da yanayi kuma a lokacin bushewa na farkon 2000s bai kai tafkin ba.

== Amfani da ƙasa na tarihi ==
A baya makiyaya na Il Chamus sun yi amfani da yankin. A cikin shekarun 1930 yawan masu aikin gona na Tugen sun koma yankin, tare da wasu ƙarfafawa na hukuma. A cikin shekarun 1940s squatters sun koma cikin Ol Arabel Forest Reserve a cikin Gundumar Laikipia kuma sun noma kadada 84 na ƙasa, daga ƙarshe an kore su a 1947. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Tabitha Kanogo}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 1970s gwamnati ta gudanar da wani tsari na sulhu a Ol Arabel, amma daga baya ta yi ƙoƙari ta mayar da ƙasar zuwa gandun daji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=3 Jul 1996 |title=Banning of Forest Excisions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHSYeqVpXDEC&amp;pg=PT19 |journal=Kenya National Assembly Official Record (Hansard) |page=1311 |access-date=2012-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin sulhu na Harambee ya shafi hekta 6,000 (acre 15,000) da za [[Harshen mutanen Ilchamus|Ya yi amfani da shi]] don kiwon shanu da noman masara.

== Gidan ajiyar daji ==
Gidan ajiyar gandun daji na Ol Arabel yana daga cikin gandun daji da ke gabashin kwarin Rift, arewacin Nyahururu . Gidan ajiyar gandun daji, wanda yake wani ɓangare na saman kogin Ol Arabel, ya taɓa rufe hekta 9,629 (23,790 acres), amma an cire hekta 6,273 (15,500 acres) a 1993. Ba a bayyana wani tsari na iyaka ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 May 2008 |title=Mau Complex and Marmanet forests |url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/Mau-Complex_20May08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122213800/http://www.unep.org/pdf/Mau-Complex_20May08.pdf |archive-date=2010-11-22 |access-date=2012-04-12 |publisher=UNEP}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon haka, kimanin kashi 80% na gandun daji an zauna ta hanyar tsarin sulhu na Mochongoi tun daga shekara ta 2008.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2007 an ba da sanarwar cewa Tarayyar Turai tana tallafawa kokarin sake dasa gandun daji a yankin, gami da gandun daji na Ol Arabel. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata Tafkin Baringo ya kasance yana raguwa kuma yana raguwa a yankin saboda karuwar noma da rage gandun daji a cikin ruwa, tare da mahimman kifi da ke raguwa sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2007 |title=Kenya: important investment in reforestation, environmental and community development projects |url=http://desertification.wordpress.com/2007/05/30/kenya-investment-in-reforestation-environmental-and-community-devlopment-projects-fao-infosylva-allafrica-the-nation/ |access-date=2012-04-12 |website=The Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumbar 2011 wani jami'in kungiyar Green Belt ya ce gandun daji na Ol Arabel kusan ya ƙare saboda masu katako ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma musamman ga masu ƙone gawayi. 'Yan sanda ba su yi ƙoƙari su hana ayyukansu ba. Kogunan da gandun daji ke ciyarwa suna gab da bushewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WANJOHI GAKIO |date=9 September 2011 |title=Kenya: Greenbelt Sounds Alarm Over Destruction of Two Laikipia Forests |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201109091317.html |access-date=2012-04-12 |website=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Ol Arabel''' (ko Olarabel) wani kogi ne a cikin Great Rift Valley na [[Kenya]] wanda ke ciyar da [[Tafkin Baringo]] . Yana ba da sunansa ga gandun daji da ke rufe koginsa da kuma yankin.

== Kogin ==
Kogin Ngusero da Ol Arabel suna zubar da ruwa a arewacin ƙarshen Aberdare Range .  Kogin ya zama delta inda ya shiga kudu maso gabashin Tafkin Baringo a 0°31′52′′N 36°06′57′′E / 0.531113°N 36.115837°E / 0. 531113; 36.115837, kuma wannan ya zama marsh mai yawa a lokacin da matakin tafkin yake da yawa. Kogin yana da yanayi kuma a lokacin bushewa na farkon 2000s bai kai tafkin ba.

== Amfani da ƙasa na tarihi ==
A baya makiyaya na Il Chamus sun yi amfani da yankin. A cikin shekarun 1930 yawan masu aikin gona na Tugen sun koma yankin, tare da wasu ƙarfafawa na hukuma. A cikin shekarun 1940s squatters sun koma cikin Ol Arabel Forest Reserve a cikin Gundumar Laikipia kuma sun noma kadada 84 na ƙasa, daga ƙarshe an kore su a 1947. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Tabitha Kanogo}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 1970s gwamnati ta gudanar da wani tsari na sulhu a Ol Arabel, amma daga baya ta yi ƙoƙari ta mayar da ƙasar zuwa gandun daji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=3 Jul 1996 |title=Banning of Forest Excisions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHSYeqVpXDEC&amp;pg=PT19 |journal=Kenya National Assembly Official Record (Hansard) |page=1311 |access-date=2012-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin sulhu na Harambee ya shafi hekta 6,000 (acre 15,000) da za [[Harshen mutanen Ilchamus|Ya yi amfani da shi]] don kiwon shanu da noman masara.

== Gidan ajiyar daji ==
Gidan ajiyar gandun daji na Ol Arabel yana daga cikin gandun daji da ke gabashin kwarin Rift, arewacin Nyahururu . Gidan ajiyar gandun daji, wanda yake wani ɓangare na saman kogin Ol Arabel, ya taɓa rufe hekta 9,629 (23,790 acres), amma an cire hekta 6,273 (15,500 acres) a 1993. Ba a bayyana wani tsari na iyaka ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 May 2008 |title=Mau Complex and Marmanet forests |url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/Mau-Complex_20May08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122213800/http://www.unep.org/pdf/Mau-Complex_20May08.pdf |archive-date=2010-11-22 |access-date=2012-04-12 |publisher=UNEP}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon haka, kimanin kashi 80% na gandun daji an zauna ta hanyar tsarin sulhu na Mochongoi tun daga shekara ta 2008.

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2007 an ba da sanarwar cewa Tarayyar Turai tana tallafawa kokarin sake dasa gandun daji a yankin, gami da gandun daji na Ol Arabel. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata Tafkin Baringo ya kasance yana raguwa kuma yana raguwa a yankin saboda karuwar noma da rage gandun daji a cikin ruwa, tare da mahimman kifi da ke raguwa sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 24, 2007 |title=Kenya: important investment in reforestation, environmental and community development projects |url=http://desertification.wordpress.com/2007/05/30/kenya-investment-in-reforestation-environmental-and-community-devlopment-projects-fao-infosylva-allafrica-the-nation/ |access-date=2012-04-12 |website=The Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumbar 2011 wani jami'in kungiyar Green Belt ya ce gandun daji na Ol Arabel kusan ya ƙare saboda masu katako ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma musamman ga masu ƙone gawayi. 'Yan sanda ba su yi ƙoƙari su hana ayyukansu ba. Kogunan da gandun daji ke ciyarwa suna gab da bushewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WANJOHI GAKIO |date=9 September 2011 |title=Kenya: Greenbelt Sounds Alarm Over Destruction of Two Laikipia Forests |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201109091317.html |access-date=2012-04-12 |website=The Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kogin Perkerra</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271501555|Perkerra River]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5486" sha1="bleua6crztw7ymyz6trkxzy2ki3rd90" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Perkerra''' wani kogi ne a cikin Great Rift Valley a [[Kenya]] wanda ke ciyar da ruwan sha na Lake Baringo . Ita ce kawai kogi mai ɗorewa a cikin ƙasashe masu busasshiyar ƙasa na Baringo County.{{Sfn|National Irrigation Board}} Kogin Perkerra yana ba da ruwa ga Shirin Ruwa na Perkerra a cikin filayen Jemps kusa da garin Marigat, a kudancin tafkin.{{Sfn|Chambers|2005}}

== Rashin da aka kama ==
Kogin yana da yanki na  kilomita 1,207 (466 sq . {{Sfn|Onyando|Kisoyan|Chemelil|2005}} Ya tashi  dazuzzukan Mau a bangon yammacin kwarin Rift a {{Convert|8000|ft}} , ya sauka zuwa {{Convert|3200|ft}}  a bakinsa a kan tafkin.{{Sfn|Chambers|1973}} Yankin da aka karɓa yana da gangara mai tsawo a kan tuddai, yana raguwa ƙasa.{{Sfn|Onyando|Kisoyan|Chemelil|2005}} Yawancin ruwa sun fito ne daga gangaren tsaunuka, inda ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga millimeters 1,100 (43 in) zuwa millimeters 2,700 (110 in). Yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin yana da tsaka-tsaki, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 450 millimeters (18 in) da kuma yawan evaporation na shekara- shekara-sheko na 1,650 millimeters (65 in) zuwa 2,300 millimeters (91 in). {{Sfn|Akivag et al. 2010}}

== Canjin amfani da ƙasa ==
A ƙarshen 1800s [[Harshen mutanen Ilchamus|Mutanen Njemp]] ne suka mamaye filayen da ke kusa da tafkin, wata kabilanci da ke da alaƙa da [[Mutanen Maasai|Maasai]]. Sun yi amfani da shingen katako don ɗaga matakin kogi kuma su bar ruwa ya gudana a kan ƙasa mai laushi. Ruwan ruwa na yanayi zai lalata shingen, yana buƙatar maye gurbinsa, amma tsarin ya kasance mai ɗorewa.{{Sfn|Chambers|1973}} Mai binciken Burtaniya Joseph Thomson ya ziyarci Perkerra a cikin karni na sha tara tare da motar sa kuma ya sayi hatsi daga mutanen yankin, wanda aka shuka ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa da aka tabbatar ta amfani da kwari da canals.{{Sfn|de Laet|1994}}

Tare da zuwan Turawa a yankin, yawan mutane da dabbobi sun karu. An yi amfani da ciyawa mai yawa a cikin tafkin, rushewa ya karu kuma yawan ragowar ya karu, yana haifar da ambaliyar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci. Tsarin shingen bishiyoyi ba zai iya magance ambaliyar ba kuma Njemps sun juya zuwa kiwo. Babban kiwo, fari da mamayewar fari sun haifar da rikicin abinci a ƙarshen shekarun 1920. A cikin shekarun 1930 gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta fara la'akari da yiwuwar ban ruwa, kuma an yi bincike a 1936, kodayake ba a yi komai ba har tsawon shekaru.{{Sfn|Chambers|1973}}

== Shirin ban ruwa na Perkerra ==
An ƙaddamar da shirin ban ruwa na Perkerra a cikin 1952 a lokacin [[Tawayen Mau Mau|Gaggawa]].{{Sfn|Chambers|2005}} Ginin ya fara ne a shekara ta 1954. {{Sfn|SoftKenya}} &gt; Masu tsare-tsare sun yi hanyoyi kuma sun shirya ƙasar don ban ruwa. An yi hanzari, mai tsada don aiwatarwa da kiyayewa, tare da kadan a dawo. Akwai matsaloli wajen kiwon amfanin gona da kuma wahalar sayar da su. Da yawa daga cikin manoma masu haya waɗanda suka zauna a kan aikin daga baya sun bar. A shekara ta 1959 an yanke shawarar rufe makircin, wanda ke da iyalai 100 kawai, amma an canza wannan zuwa ci gaba da ayyukan da ba su da yawa. A cikin 1962 an fadada makircin, kuma a shekara ta 1967 akwai gidajen noma 500, kodayake har yanzu ana buƙatar tallafi.{{Sfn|Chambers|2005}}

Shirin ban ruwa na Perkerra yanzu yana tallafawa kimanin gidajen gona 670. Jimlar yankin ban ruwa yana da hekta 2,340 (5,800 acres) amma kawai hekta 810 (acre 2,000) an haɓaka shi don ban ruwa mai nauyi kuma daga cikin wannan hekta 607 (1,500 acres) ana noma shi saboda karancin ruwa. A baya manyan amfanin gona sune albasa, chilies, watermelons, pawpaws da auduga. An gabatar da masara a cikin 1996 kuma ya zama da sauƙi ga kasuwa.{{Sfn|National Irrigation Board}} Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Gona ta Kenya tana da cibiyar bincike a garin Marigat wanda ke cika tsarin ban ruwa.{{Sfn|Kenya Agricultural Research}}

== Batutuwan da ayyuka ==
Yanzu kusan babu wani ciyayi a cikin ƙasƙanci na watanni takwas ko tara na shekara ban da maras kyau a cikin ƙananan kogin [[Molo River|Molo]] da Perkerra da kuma bakin tafkin da ke kusa da bakinsu. Yankunan, galibi an rufe su da ciyawa mai ɗorewa kuma an ambaliya ne kawai na watanni biyu na shekara, suna ba da makiyaya.{{Sfn|Little|1992}} Makiyaya da farko suna da ƙasa da yawa, amma wasu sun ɓace ga manoma waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankin, wasu kuma ga tsarin ban ruwa. Makiyaya suna da'awar cewa madatsar ruwa ta rage matakin ambaliyar shekara-shekara kuma ta haka ne aka rage adadin makiyaya.{{Sfn|Little|1992}}

Tare da ƙananan shuke-shuke a kan mafi yawan ƙananan matakan, ƙasa tana lalacew sauƙi kuma ana ajiye turɓaya mai yawa a cikin Tafkin Baringo. Tsakanin 1972 da 2003 zurfin tafkin ya fadi daga mita 8 (26  zuwa mita 2.5 (8  in). {{Sfn|Onyando|Kisoyan|Chemelil|2005}} Tafkin ya kwangila daga  kilomita 160 (62 sq  a cikin 1960 zuwa 'i kilomita 108 (42 sq . Yana zama saline, kuma yawan kifi yana raguwa. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2010 ya nuna cewa kogin yana zama na yanayi. Binciken ya ba da shawarar aiwatar da ajiyar tilas, ko kwararar muhalli. An yi tunanin cewa aikin madatsar ruwan Chemususu a daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin Perkerra, saboda an ba da izini a cikin 2011, zai rage tasirin ajiyar kan masu amfani da ruwa yayin tabbatar da cewa kogin bai bushe gaba ɗaya ba.{{Sfn|Akivag et al. 2010}} Dam din zai riƙe 11,000,000  mita (390,000,000 cu ft) kuma zai samar da lita 35,000,000 (7,700,000   US  kowace rana, ya isa ga mutane 200,000.{{Sfn|Mau - ICS}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Perkerra''' wani kogi ne a cikin Great Rift Valley a [[Kenya]] wanda ke ciyar da ruwan sha na Lake Baringo . Ita ce kawai kogi mai ɗorewa a cikin ƙasashe masu busasshiyar ƙasa na Baringo County.{{Sfn|National Irrigation Board}} Kogin Perkerra yana ba da ruwa ga Shirin Ruwa na Perkerra a cikin filayen Jemps kusa da garin Marigat, a kudancin tafkin.{{Sfn|Chambers|2005}}

== Rashin da aka kama ==
Kogin yana da yanki na  kilomita 1,207 (466 sq . {{Sfn|Onyando|Kisoyan|Chemelil|2005}} Ya tashi  dazuzzukan Mau a bangon yammacin kwarin Rift a {{Convert|8000|ft}} , ya sauka zuwa {{Convert|3200|ft}}  a bakinsa a kan tafkin.{{Sfn|Chambers|1973}} Yankin da aka karɓa yana da gangara mai tsawo a kan tuddai, yana raguwa ƙasa.{{Sfn|Onyando|Kisoyan|Chemelil|2005}} Yawancin ruwa sun fito ne daga gangaren tsaunuka, inda ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga millimeters 1,100 (43 in) zuwa millimeters 2,700 (110 in). Yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin yana da tsaka-tsaki, tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 450 millimeters (18 in) da kuma yawan evaporation na shekara- shekara-sheko na 1,650 millimeters (65 in) zuwa 2,300 millimeters (91 in). {{Sfn|Akivag et al. 2010}}

== Canjin amfani da ƙasa ==
A ƙarshen 1800s [[Harshen mutanen Ilchamus|Mutanen Njemp]] ne suka mamaye filayen da ke kusa da tafkin, wata kabilanci da ke da alaƙa da [[Mutanen Maasai|Maasai]]. Sun yi amfani da shingen katako don ɗaga matakin kogi kuma su bar ruwa ya gudana a kan ƙasa mai laushi. Ruwan ruwa na yanayi zai lalata shingen, yana buƙatar maye gurbinsa, amma tsarin ya kasance mai ɗorewa.{{Sfn|Chambers|1973}} Mai binciken Burtaniya Joseph Thomson ya ziyarci Perkerra a cikin karni na sha tara tare da motar sa kuma ya sayi hatsi daga mutanen yankin, wanda aka shuka ta amfani da tsarin ban ruwa da aka tabbatar ta amfani da kwari da canals.{{Sfn|de Laet|1994}}

Tare da zuwan Turawa a yankin, yawan mutane da dabbobi sun karu. An yi amfani da ciyawa mai yawa a cikin tafkin, rushewa ya karu kuma yawan ragowar ya karu, yana haifar da ambaliyar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci. Tsarin shingen bishiyoyi ba zai iya magance ambaliyar ba kuma Njemps sun juya zuwa kiwo. Babban kiwo, fari da mamayewar fari sun haifar da rikicin abinci a ƙarshen shekarun 1920. A cikin shekarun 1930 gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta fara la'akari da yiwuwar ban ruwa, kuma an yi bincike a 1936, kodayake ba a yi komai ba har tsawon shekaru.{{Sfn|Chambers|1973}}

== Shirin ban ruwa na Perkerra ==
An ƙaddamar da shirin ban ruwa na Perkerra a cikin 1952 a lokacin [[Tawayen Mau Mau|Gaggawa]].{{Sfn|Chambers|2005}} Ginin ya fara ne a shekara ta 1954. {{Sfn|SoftKenya}} &gt; Masu tsare-tsare sun yi hanyoyi kuma sun shirya ƙasar don ban ruwa. An yi hanzari, mai tsada don aiwatarwa da kiyayewa, tare da kadan a dawo. Akwai matsaloli wajen kiwon amfanin gona da kuma wahalar sayar da su. Da yawa daga cikin manoma masu haya waɗanda suka zauna a kan aikin daga baya sun bar. A shekara ta 1959 an yanke shawarar rufe makircin, wanda ke da iyalai 100 kawai, amma an canza wannan zuwa ci gaba da ayyukan da ba su da yawa. A cikin 1962 an fadada makircin, kuma a shekara ta 1967 akwai gidajen noma 500, kodayake har yanzu ana buƙatar tallafi.{{Sfn|Chambers|2005}}

Shirin ban ruwa na Perkerra yanzu yana tallafawa kimanin gidajen gona 670. Jimlar yankin ban ruwa yana da hekta 2,340 (5,800 acres) amma kawai hekta 810 (acre 2,000) an haɓaka shi don ban ruwa mai nauyi kuma daga cikin wannan hekta 607 (1,500 acres) ana noma shi saboda karancin ruwa. A baya manyan amfanin gona sune albasa, chilies, watermelons, pawpaws da auduga. An gabatar da masara a cikin 1996 kuma ya zama da sauƙi ga kasuwa.{{Sfn|National Irrigation Board}} Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Gona ta Kenya tana da cibiyar bincike a garin Marigat wanda ke cika tsarin ban ruwa.{{Sfn|Kenya Agricultural Research}}

== Batutuwan da ayyuka ==
Yanzu kusan babu wani ciyayi a cikin ƙasƙanci na watanni takwas ko tara na shekara ban da maras kyau a cikin ƙananan kogin [[Molo River|Molo]] da Perkerra da kuma bakin tafkin da ke kusa da bakinsu. Yankunan, galibi an rufe su da ciyawa mai ɗorewa kuma an ambaliya ne kawai na watanni biyu na shekara, suna ba da makiyaya.{{Sfn|Little|1992}} Makiyaya da farko suna da ƙasa da yawa, amma wasu sun ɓace ga manoma waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa yankin, wasu kuma ga tsarin ban ruwa. Makiyaya suna da'awar cewa madatsar ruwa ta rage matakin ambaliyar shekara-shekara kuma ta haka ne aka rage adadin makiyaya.{{Sfn|Little|1992}}

Tare da ƙananan shuke-shuke a kan mafi yawan ƙananan matakan, ƙasa tana lalacew sauƙi kuma ana ajiye turɓaya mai yawa a cikin Tafkin Baringo. Tsakanin 1972 da 2003 zurfin tafkin ya fadi daga mita 8 (26  zuwa mita 2.5 (8  in). {{Sfn|Onyando|Kisoyan|Chemelil|2005}} Tafkin ya kwangila daga  kilomita 160 (62 sq  a cikin 1960 zuwa 'i kilomita 108 (42 sq . Yana zama saline, kuma yawan kifi yana raguwa. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2010 ya nuna cewa kogin yana zama na yanayi. Binciken ya ba da shawarar aiwatar da ajiyar tilas, ko kwararar muhalli. An yi tunanin cewa aikin madatsar ruwan Chemususu a daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin Perkerra, saboda an ba da izini a cikin 2011, zai rage tasirin ajiyar kan masu amfani da ruwa yayin tabbatar da cewa kogin bai bushe gaba ɗaya ba.{{Sfn|Akivag et al. 2010}} Dam din zai riƙe 11,000,000  mita (390,000,000 cu ft) kuma zai samar da lita 35,000,000 (7,700,000   US  kowace rana, ya isa ga mutane 200,000.{{Sfn|Mau - ICS}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kogin Sondu Miriu</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345490198|River Sondu Miriu]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Sondu Miriu''' babban kogi ne a yammacin Kenya wanda ke gudana cikin [[Tafkin Victoria]] . Yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga ilimin ruwa na yankin, samar da makamashi, bambancin halittu, da al'adun al'adu. Kogin ya ƙunshi sassan Kericho, [[Kisumu]], Nyando, da Homa Bay counties, yana mai da shi muhimmiyar hanya ga al'ummomi, noma, da ci gaban ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ochieng |first=Willis Owino |last2=Oludhe |first2=Christopher |last3=Dulo |first3=Simeon |last4=Olaka |first4=Lydia |date=2022 |title=Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Hydropower Development in Sondu Miriu Basin |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2022 |issue=1 |bibcode=2022AdMet202285960O |doi=10.1155/2022/6485960 |issn=1687-9317 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Resistance to the Sondu Miriu Dam project {{!}} World Rainforest Movement |url=https://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin-articles/kenya-resistance-to-the-sondu-miriu-dam-project |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.wrm.org.uy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa da hanya ==
Kogin Sondu Miriu ya samo asali ne a kan Mau Escarpment a yankin Rift Valley kuma yana gudana ta cikin yankunan Bomet, Kericho da Kisumu kafin ya shiga cikin Tafkin Victoria. Kogin ya kunshi kusan 3,470 km2 kuma ya haɗa da marshes, gandun daji, da filayen noma.&amp;nbsp;

== Ikon wutar lantarki ==
Kogin yana karɓar bakuncin Sondu Miriu Hydroelectric Power Station, aikin gudu na 60 MW wanda Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Kenya (KenGen) ke sarrafawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Directors |first=Hydro Review Content |date=2008-04-10 |title=Kenya completes commissioning of 60-MW Sondu Miriu |url=https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/energy-business/new-project-development/kenya-completes-commissioning-of-60-mw-sondu-miriu/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Factor This™ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara aikin ne a cikin 1999, tare da kwamishinan karshe a cikin 2008, kuma yana ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga grid na kasa na Kenya. Bugu da kari, daga baya aka gina [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sang'oro]] Hydroelectric don amfani da ruwan da aka fitar daga Sondu Miriu, yana ƙara 20 MW na [[makamashi mai sabuntawa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sondu |url=https://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php/olkaria/sondu.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.kengen.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sondu Miriu power project to ease energy crisis in western Kenya - Business Daily |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Sondu-Miriu-power-project-to-ease-energy-crisis-in-western-Kenya/-/539546/1216804/-/12wc4gdz/-/index.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.businessdailyafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Construction of Sondu Miriu Hydro Power Project – H Young &amp; Co. (E.A.) Ltd |url=https://hyoung.com/portfolio/construction-of-sondu-miriu-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Durrant &amp; Company International Ltd - Africa Project |url=https://durrantinternational.com/ProjectPage_africa6.htm |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=durrantinternational.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=By |date=2009-07-24 |title=Kenya launches Sondu Miriu power plant |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2009/07/kenya-launches-sondu-miriu-power-plant/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Capital Business |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin al'adu ==
Kogin yana da mahimmanci ga al'ummomi a yammacin Kenya, musamman Mutanen Luo. Yana inganta ayyukan kamun kifi na gargajiya kuma an gane shi a tarihin yankin a matsayin tushen ruwa mai tsarki da alama.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Yanayin Kenya
* [[Jerin koguna na Kenya]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Sondu Miriu''' babban kogi ne a yammacin Kenya wanda ke gudana cikin [[Tafkin Victoria]] . Yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga ilimin ruwa na yankin, samar da makamashi, bambancin halittu, da al'adun al'adu. Kogin ya ƙunshi sassan Kericho, [[Kisumu]], Nyando, da Homa Bay counties, yana mai da shi muhimmiyar hanya ga al'ummomi, noma, da ci gaban ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ochieng |first=Willis Owino |last2=Oludhe |first2=Christopher |last3=Dulo |first3=Simeon |last4=Olaka |first4=Lydia |date=2022 |title=Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Hydropower Development in Sondu Miriu Basin |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2022 |issue=1 |bibcode=2022AdMet202285960O |doi=10.1155/2022/6485960 |issn=1687-9317 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Resistance to the Sondu Miriu Dam project {{!}} World Rainforest Movement |url=https://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin-articles/kenya-resistance-to-the-sondu-miriu-dam-project |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.wrm.org.uy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa da hanya ==
Kogin Sondu Miriu ya samo asali ne a kan Mau Escarpment a yankin Rift Valley kuma yana gudana ta cikin yankunan Bomet, Kericho da Kisumu kafin ya shiga cikin Tafkin Victoria. Kogin ya kunshi kusan 3,470 km2 kuma ya haɗa da marshes, gandun daji, da filayen noma.&amp;nbsp;

== Ikon wutar lantarki ==
Kogin yana karɓar bakuncin Sondu Miriu Hydroelectric Power Station, aikin gudu na 60 MW wanda Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Kenya (KenGen) ke sarrafawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Directors |first=Hydro Review Content |date=2008-04-10 |title=Kenya completes commissioning of 60-MW Sondu Miriu |url=https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/energy-business/new-project-development/kenya-completes-commissioning-of-60-mw-sondu-miriu/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Factor This™ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara aikin ne a cikin 1999, tare da kwamishinan karshe a cikin 2008, kuma yana ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga grid na kasa na Kenya. Bugu da kari, daga baya aka gina [[Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sang'oro]] Hydroelectric don amfani da ruwan da aka fitar daga Sondu Miriu, yana ƙara 20 MW na [[makamashi mai sabuntawa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sondu |url=https://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php/olkaria/sondu.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.kengen.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sondu Miriu power project to ease energy crisis in western Kenya - Business Daily |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Sondu-Miriu-power-project-to-ease-energy-crisis-in-western-Kenya/-/539546/1216804/-/12wc4gdz/-/index.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.businessdailyafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Construction of Sondu Miriu Hydro Power Project – H Young &amp; Co. (E.A.) Ltd |url=https://hyoung.com/portfolio/construction-of-sondu-miriu-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Durrant &amp; Company International Ltd - Africa Project |url=https://durrantinternational.com/ProjectPage_africa6.htm |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=durrantinternational.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=By |date=2009-07-24 |title=Kenya launches Sondu Miriu power plant |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2009/07/kenya-launches-sondu-miriu-power-plant/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Capital Business |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin al'adu ==
Kogin yana da mahimmanci ga al'ummomi a yammacin Kenya, musamman Mutanen Luo. Yana inganta ayyukan kamun kifi na gargajiya kuma an gane shi a tarihin yankin a matsayin tushen ruwa mai tsarki da alama.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Yanayin Kenya
* [[Jerin koguna na Kenya]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kudancin Ewaso Ng'iro</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271922866|Southern Ewaso Ng'iro]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3301" sha1="rdroguferk7ughz5rre84pj7p881ron" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:The_view_from_inside_the_river..jpg|thumb|Kogin a cikin ajiyar Shompole na Kenya.]]
'''Kudancin Ewaso Ng'iro''' (Brown River) wani kogi ne a cikin Great Rift Valley a [[Kenya]] . Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin muhalli na [[Tafkin Natron]], babban wurin kiwo na yau da kullun don ƙananan flamingos da ke kusa da barazana. Canje-canje ga amfani da ƙasa a cikin kogin ko a cikin marshes kafin kogin ya shiga tafkin na iya samun babban tasiri ga wannan nau'in.

== Hanyar da ake ciki ==
Ewaso Ng'iro ya tashi a kan Mau Escarpment, inda yake zubar da kudancin yankin Mau Forest .  Dajin, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaitawa da tacewar shigowar kogin, yana cikin barazana daga katako da kuma share ƙasa don noma. Halakawa zai kara nauyin laka a cikin kogi kuma ya haifar da bambancin yanayi mafi girma a cikin girman ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola |date=January 2003 |title=Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 |access-date=2012-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana gudana a kudu ta hanyar kwarin rift zuwa gabashin Nguruman Escarpment . Ya haye iyaka zuwa [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], inda ya zubo cikin [[Tafkin Natron]] . Kogin, wanda ke gudana a duk shekara, shine babban shigarwa zuwa tafkin.

Kogin ya taɓa gudana kai tsaye cikin tafkin, amma a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan an toshe shi da wani dutse a gefen dutsen Shompole. Wannan ya sa ruwan ya bazu zuwa cikin tafkin Engare Ng'iro mai fadadawa, inda kogin ya ajiye turɓaya. Ruwan kogin da ba shi da laka sai ya shiga cikin tafkin saline. Yankin dindindin ya rufe kimanin hekta 4,000 (9,900 acres). Kudancin wannan filin ambaliyar yanayi na kimanin hekta 8,000 (20,000 acres) ya shimfiɗa zuwa Tafkin Natron da kuma gabar gabashinsa.

== Canje-canje masu yuwuwa ==
[[Fayil:Flamingos_lake_natron.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Ƙananan flamingos a kan Tafkin Natron]]
An sanya tafkin Natron a matsayin Wetlands na Muhimmancin Duniya a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ramsar .  Koyaya, a baya an yi shirye-shiryen dam na Ewaso Ng'iro don samar da wutar lantarki da kuma ban ruwa na marshlands a arewacin tafkin, karkatar da ruwa daga wasu koguna don kara yawan kwararar. Shirye-shiryen za su hada da ƙirƙirar tafkin ruwa mai laushi mai laushi tare da yanki na kimanin  kilomita 50 (19 sq . 

Idan an aiwatar da shi, tasirin a kan yanayin tafkin na iya zama mai tsanani. Rage gishiri da gurɓataccen abu tare da sinadarai na gona na iya shafe algae mai launin shudi wanda ke samar da abinci ga ƙaramin flamingo. Tafkin shine babban wurin kiwo ga wannan nau'in da ke kusa da barazana. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007 aikin madatsar ruwan ya bayyana a dakatar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 November 2007 |title=TNRF: Lake Natron: A summary of the major discussion points |url=http://africanconservation.org/in-focus/tnrf-lake-natron-a-summary-of-the-major-discussion-points-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141220154033/http://africanconservation.org/in-focus/tnrf-lake-natron-a-summary-of-the-major-discussion-points-2 |archive-date=20 December 2014 |access-date=2012-04-10 |publisher=African Conservation Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3312" sha1="td1qkpe9pi710a8peo12idlqdeoizvk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:The_view_from_inside_the_river..jpg|thumb|Kogin a cikin ajiyar Shompole na Kenya.]]
'''Kudancin Ewaso Ng'iro''' (Brown River) wani kogi ne a cikin Great Rift Valley a [[Kenya]] . Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin muhalli na [[Tafkin Natron]], babban wurin kiwo na yau da kullun don ƙananan flamingos da ke kusa da barazana. Canje-canje ga amfani da ƙasa a cikin kogin ko a cikin marshes kafin kogin ya shiga tafkin na iya samun babban tasiri ga wannan nau'in.

== Hanyar da ake ciki ==
Ewaso Ng'iro ya tashi a kan Mau Escarpment, inda yake zubar da kudancin yankin Mau Forest .  Dajin, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaitawa da tacewar shigowar kogin, yana cikin barazana daga katako da kuma share ƙasa don noma. Halakawa zai kara nauyin laka a cikin kogi kuma ya haifar da bambancin yanayi mafi girma a cikin girman ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=E.J. Gereta, E. Wolanski and E.A.T. Chiombola |date=January 2003 |title=Assessment of the environmental, social and economic impacts on the Serengeti ecosystem of the developments in the Mara river catchment in Kenya |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237137494 |access-date=2012-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana gudana a kudu ta hanyar kwarin rift zuwa gabashin Nguruman Escarpment . Ya haye iyaka zuwa [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], inda ya zubo cikin [[Tafkin Natron]] . Kogin, wanda ke gudana a duk shekara, shine babban shigarwa zuwa tafkin.

Kogin ya taɓa gudana kai tsaye cikin tafkin, amma a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan an toshe shi da wani dutse a gefen dutsen Shompole. Wannan ya sa ruwan ya bazu zuwa cikin tafkin Engare Ng'iro mai fadadawa, inda kogin ya ajiye turɓaya. Ruwan kogin da ba shi da laka sai ya shiga cikin tafkin saline. Yankin dindindin ya rufe kimanin hekta 4,000 (9,900 acres). Kudancin wannan filin ambaliyar yanayi na kimanin hekta 8,000 (20,000 acres) ya shimfiɗa zuwa Tafkin Natron da kuma gabar gabashinsa.

== Canje-canje masu yuwuwa ==
[[Fayil:Flamingos_lake_natron.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Ƙananan flamingos a kan Tafkin Natron]]
An sanya tafkin Natron a matsayin Wetlands na Muhimmancin Duniya a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ramsar .  Koyaya, a baya an yi shirye-shiryen dam na Ewaso Ng'iro don samar da wutar lantarki da kuma ban ruwa na marshlands a arewacin tafkin, karkatar da ruwa daga wasu koguna don kara yawan kwararar. Shirye-shiryen za su hada da ƙirƙirar tafkin ruwa mai laushi mai laushi tare da yanki na kimanin  kilomita 50 (19 sq . 

Idan an aiwatar da shi, tasirin a kan yanayin tafkin na iya zama mai tsanani. Rage gishiri da gurɓataccen abu tare da sinadarai na gona na iya shafe algae mai launin shudi wanda ke samar da abinci ga ƙaramin flamingo. Tafkin shine babban wurin kiwo ga wannan nau'in da ke kusa da barazana. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007 aikin madatsar ruwan ya bayyana a dakatar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 November 2007 |title=TNRF: Lake Natron: A summary of the major discussion points |url=http://africanconservation.org/in-focus/tnrf-lake-natron-a-summary-of-the-major-discussion-points-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141220154033/http://africanconservation.org/in-focus/tnrf-lake-natron-a-summary-of-the-major-discussion-points-2 |archive-date=20 December 2014 |access-date=2012-04-10 |publisher=African Conservation Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ijala</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352331959|Ijala]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843817</origin>
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      <text bytes="10788" sha1="mk47jf5ydu2nzbxplmgwf36u6147i76" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Multiple issues/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Infobox settlement|name=Ijala|settlement_type=Community|pushpin_map=Nigeria|pushpin_label_position=|coordinates=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[Nigeria]]|subdivision_type1=State|subdivision_name1=[[Delta State]]|subdivision_type2=Local Government Area|subdivision_name2=[[Warri South]]|subdivision_type3=Kingdom|subdivision_name3=[[Kingdom of Warri]]|established_title=Founded|established_date=Pre-1480|founder=Ife migrants|leader_title=Traditional Ruler|leader_name=[[Ogiame Atuwatse III|Ògíamẹ̀ Atuwatsé III CFR]], The Olú of Warri Kingdom|population_demonym=[[Itsekiri people|Itsekiri]]|timezone1=WAT|utc_offset1=+1}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox settlement/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-settlement vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn org&quot;&gt;Ijala&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;category&quot;&gt;Al'umma&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kasar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Nigeria|Najeriya]]
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Jiha
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Delta State|Jihar Delta]]
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Yankin Karamar Hukumar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Warri South|Warri ta Kudu]]
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mulkin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Kingdom of Warri|Masarautar Warri]]
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An kafa shi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Kafin 1480
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An kafa shi da
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Mutanen Ife masu ƙaura
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Gwamnati&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |• Mai mulki na gargajiya&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Ogiame Atuwatse III|Ògíamẹ̀ Atuwatsé III CFR]], The Olú na Masarautar Warri
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Demonym|Sunan aljanu]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Itsekiri people|Itsekiri]]
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Time zone|Yankin lokaci]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[UTC+1]] (WAT) 
|}
'''Ijala''' tsohuwar al’umma ce mai tarihi da ke cikin [[Ƙaramar hukuma|Ƙaramar hukumar]] [[Warri ta Kudu]], [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]], a cikin iyakokin gargajiyar [[Masarautar Warri]]. Tana da muhimmiyar daraja ta al’adu da tarihi a matsayin babban birnin farko na Masarautar Warri, wanda [[Olu Ginuwa]] na ɗaya ya kafa kusan shekarar 1480 Miladiyya, sannan kuma tana zama makabartar sarakunan mutanen [[Warri]]. Ana ɗaukar Ijala a matsayin wuri mai yiwuwar zama [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya]] saboda kayan tarihinta da kuma muhimmiyar rawar da take takawa wajen gadon tarihin masarautar. Ana ci gaba da bunƙasa al’ummar a matsayin wurin yawon buɗe ido da cibiyar masana’antu ƙarƙashin shirin Greater Warri Metropolitan Dream.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ijala: Delta State community where the Kings never die – www.africatravelherald.com |url=https://africatravelherald.com/2020/01/09/ijala-delta-state-community-where-the-kings-never-die/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Asali da kafuwa ===
Ijala na ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin matsugunan [[Masarautar Warri]], tun kafin kafuwar masarautar ta hannun [[Olu Ginuwa|Olu Ginuwa na ɗaya]] kusan shekarar 1480 Miladiyya. Bisa ga tatsuniyar baka ta Itsekiri, Yarima Ginuwa, ɗan fari ga Oba Olua na [[Masarautar Benin]] (wanda ya yi mulki daga 1473 zuwa 1480), shi ne ya kafa Masarautar Warri bayan ya bar Benin sakamakon rikice-rikicen siyasa. Sarakunan fada na Benin sun ɗauki Ginuwa a matsayin barazana, kuma suka shirya kashe shi. Oba Olua ya taimaka wajen fitar da Ginuwa tare da tawagar ’ya’yan fari guda 70 na fitattun manyan mutanen Benin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of the Itsekiri People {{!}} Culture {{!}} Economy {{!}} Naijabiography |url=https://naijabiography.com/history-culture/history-of-the-itsekiri-people/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Naijabiography Media |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tawagar ta ratsa wurare da dama ciki har da Ugharegin, Efurokpe, Amatu da Oruselemo kafin ta zauna a Ijala, inda mutanen yankin suka tarbe shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Itsekiri people: Kingdom History and culture of the Iwere {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/lifestyle/food-and-travel/itsekiri-people-kingdom-history-and-culture-of-the-iwere-2024080212501711459 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginuwa ya auri Urowoli a yayin tafiyar, kuma suka haifi ’ya’ya maza biyu, wato Yarima Ijijen da Irame, kafin su isa Ijala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ayida |first=Allegra Otsaye |date=2022-07-25 |title=How to Make a Warri King |url=https://rpublc.com/june-july-2022/making-of-a-king/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=The Republic |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ijala ta kasance babban birnin farko na Masarautar Warri kuma mazaunin Olu Ginuwa na ɗaya, lamarin da ya sanya ta zama cibiyar siyasa da al’adu ta sabuwar masarautar. Bayan rasuwar Ginuwa, an binne shi a Ijala, wanda hakan ya kafa wurin a matsayin makabartar sarauta. Daga baya, tawagar sarauta ta koma [[Ode-Itsekiri]] ƙarƙashin jagorancin Yarima Ijijen, bisa jagorancin wani mashi na sihiri da wani Idibie (mai duba) ya jefa.

=== Matsayinta a matsayin makabartar sarauta ===
Tun daga shekarar 1500 Miladiyya, Ijala ke da matuƙar muhimmanci ta fuskar ruhaniya da al’adu a matsayin wurin binne sarakunan Masarautar Warri. Dukkanin Olus na Warri da suka rasu ana binne su ne a wani daji mai tsarki da tsofaffin itatuwan iroko suka kewaye. Ana kyautata zaton cewa waɗannan itatuwa na ɗauke da ruhukan sarakunan da suka rasu, kuma ana kallonsu a matsayin abubuwan da ba za a taɓa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nation |first=The |date=2021-05-10 |title=Funeral rites begin Monday for 20th Olu of Warri {{!}} The Nation |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/funeral-rites-begin-monday-for-20th-olu-of-warri/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Makabartar sarautar ta haɗa da:

* ''kabarin [[Olu Ginuwa|Olu Ginuwa I]]'', wanda ya kafa [[Masarautar Warri]].
* Kaburburan Olus sama da 20 da aka binne tun daga ƙarni na 15.
* Ragowar asalin fadar Ginuwa, ciki har da wuraren tsafi da kayan tarihi.

Bisa ga al’adar Itsekiri, bayan rasuwar wani Olu, wanda za a naɗa a matsayin sabon Olu dole ne ya fara ziyartar Ijala domin gudanar da bukukuwan Iken da kuma girmama kakanninsa kafin a naɗa shi a hukumance a Idaniken da ke Ode-Itsekiri. Wannan al’ada tana tabbatar da ci gaban ruhaniyar sarauta a Masarautar Warri.

Har yanzu wurin yana kasancewa ƙasa mai tsarki kuma malaman gargajiya da wasu zaɓaɓɓun ’yan gidan sarautar Warri ne kawai ke kula da shi. An takaita damar shiga wurin ga jama’a sosai, duk da cewa ana ƙoƙarin tattara bayanai da kare wurin domin tarihi.

=== Mu’amala da Turawa ===
A shekarar 1500, ’yan kasuwar [[Portugal]] sun ziyarci Ijala a lokacin tafiyarsu ta farko zuwa Masarautar Warri, inda suka gabatar wa Olu Ginuwa na ɗaya da rogo. Wannan muhimmin abu ya sanya mutanen Itsekiri suka zama mutanen farko da suka fara noman rogo a wannan yanki na duniya. Tsakanin shekarun 1505 da 1522, rogo ya zama muhimmin abinci a gidajen yawancin ’yan Najeriya. Har ila yau, ’yan Portugal ɗin sun yi cinikin ƙyalle-ƙyalle da al’ummar yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lloyd |first=P. C. |date=1963 |title=The Itsekiri in the Nineteenth Century; An Outline Social History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/179535 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=207–231 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700004035 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=179535}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin al'adu ==
A matsayin babban birni na farko da kuma makabartar sarauta ta Masarautar Warri, Ijala wuri ne mai tsarki ga mutanen Itsekiri.[citation needed] Al’ummar tana da muhimmiyar rawa a al’adun masarautar, musamman wajen bukukuwan binne Olus. Bayan rasuwar wani Olu, wanda za a naɗa a matsayin sabon Olu yana shiga cikin bukukuwan Iken a makabartar sarautar Ijala kafin ya wuce zuwa Idaniken, inda zai shafe watanni uku na kalandar wata kafin a naɗa shi a hukumance. 

== Ci gaban zamani da yawon bude ido ==
Ana sake tsara Ijala domin ta zama cibiyar yawon buɗe ido da masana’antu ƙarƙashin shirin Greater Warri Metropolitan Dream.[citation needed] Muhimman ayyukan da ake gudanarwa sun haɗa da gyaran Makabartar Sarauta da kuma bunƙasa Falcorp Mangrove Park da Mini Zoo. Waɗannan ayyuka na da manufar ƙara wa Ijala armashi a matsayin wurin yawon buɗe ido na al’adu da muhalli, yayin da tarihinta a matsayin babban birni na farko ke ƙarfafa yiwuwar ta zama [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Falcorp Mangrove Park |url=https://cmadi.org/falcorp-mangrove-park/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Coastal and Marine Areas Development Initiative (CMADI) |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Tattalin arzikin Ijala yana da alaƙa da Masarautar Warri,[citation needed] wadda take ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu bayar da gudummawa ga ɓangaren mai da iskar gas na Najeriya. Duk da cewa ba cibiyar masana’antu ba ce, shirye-shiryen yawon buɗe ido kamar Falcorp Mangrove Park na nuna yiwuwar bunƙasar tattalin arziki ta hanyar yawon buɗe ido na muhalli da samar da ayyukan yi ga al’umma. 

== Mulki ==
Ijala tana ƙarƙashin ikon gargajiyar Olu na Warri,[citation needed] wanda a halin yanzu shi ne Ògíamẹ̀ Atuwatsé III CFR, wanda aka naɗa a ranar 21 ga Agusta, 2021. Gudanarwar yankin na hannun sarakunan gargajiya da shugabannin al’umma, daidai da tsarin sarautar Masarautar Warri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patrick |first=Anita |date=2021-08-23 |title=A new king was crowned in Nigeria's oil-rich Delta region and young Nigerians are inspired |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/23/africa/olu-of-warri-coronation-intl |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=CNN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-21 |title=Olu of Warri Emiko coronation: Ogiame Atuwatse III reverse curse, declare key titles |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-58293447 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kara duba ==

* [[Masarautar Warri]]
* [[Olu Ginuwa]]
* [[Mutanen Itsekiri]]
* [[Ode-Itsekiri]]
* [[Neja Delta|Delta na Nijar]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10475" sha1="39023ttebx5gs8dju97rl7b0v8k5jsx" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=Ijala|settlement_type=Community|pushpin_map=Nigeria|pushpin_label_position=|coordinates=|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[Nigeria]]|subdivision_type1=State|subdivision_name1=[[Delta State]]|subdivision_type2=Local Government Area|subdivision_name2=[[Warri South]]|subdivision_type3=Kingdom|subdivision_name3=[[Kingdom of Warri]]|established_title=Founded|established_date=Pre-1480|founder=Ife migrants|leader_title=Traditional Ruler|leader_name=[[Ogiame Atuwatse III|Ògíamẹ̀ Atuwatsé III CFR]], The Olú of Warri Kingdom|population_demonym=[[Itsekiri people|Itsekiri]]|timezone1=WAT|utc_offset1=+1}}
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-settlement vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn org&quot;&gt;Ijala&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;category&quot;&gt;Al'umma&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Kasar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Nigeria|Najeriya]]
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Jiha
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Delta State|Jihar Delta]]
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Yankin Karamar Hukumar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Warri South|Warri ta Kudu]]
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mulkin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Kingdom of Warri|Masarautar Warri]]
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An kafa shi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Kafin 1480
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |An kafa shi da
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Mutanen Ife masu ƙaura
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Gwamnati&lt;div class=&quot;ib-settlement-fn&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;mergedrow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |• Mai mulki na gargajiya&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Ogiame Atuwatse III|Ògíamẹ̀ Atuwatsé III CFR]], The Olú na Masarautar Warri
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Demonym|Sunan aljanu]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Itsekiri people|Itsekiri]]
|- class=&quot;mergedtoprow&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Time zone|Yankin lokaci]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[UTC+1]] (WAT) 
|}
'''Ijala''' tsohuwar al’umma ce mai tarihi da ke cikin [[Ƙaramar hukuma|Ƙaramar hukumar]] [[Warri ta Kudu]], [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]], a cikin iyakokin gargajiyar [[Masarautar Warri]]. Tana da muhimmiyar daraja ta al’adu da tarihi a matsayin babban birnin farko na Masarautar Warri, wanda [[Olu Ginuwa]] na ɗaya ya kafa kusan shekarar 1480 Miladiyya, sannan kuma tana zama makabartar sarakunan mutanen [[Warri]]. Ana ɗaukar Ijala a matsayin wuri mai yiwuwar zama [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya]] saboda kayan tarihinta da kuma muhimmiyar rawar da take takawa wajen gadon tarihin masarautar. Ana ci gaba da bunƙasa al’ummar a matsayin wurin yawon buɗe ido da cibiyar masana’antu ƙarƙashin shirin Greater Warri Metropolitan Dream.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ijala: Delta State community where the Kings never die – www.africatravelherald.com |url=https://africatravelherald.com/2020/01/09/ijala-delta-state-community-where-the-kings-never-die/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Asali da kafuwa ===
Ijala na ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin matsugunan [[Masarautar Warri]], tun kafin kafuwar masarautar ta hannun [[Olu Ginuwa|Olu Ginuwa na ɗaya]] kusan shekarar 1480 Miladiyya. Bisa ga tatsuniyar baka ta Itsekiri, Yarima Ginuwa, ɗan fari ga Oba Olua na [[Masarautar Benin]] (wanda ya yi mulki daga 1473 zuwa 1480), shi ne ya kafa Masarautar Warri bayan ya bar Benin sakamakon rikice-rikicen siyasa. Sarakunan fada na Benin sun ɗauki Ginuwa a matsayin barazana, kuma suka shirya kashe shi. Oba Olua ya taimaka wajen fitar da Ginuwa tare da tawagar ’ya’yan fari guda 70 na fitattun manyan mutanen Benin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of the Itsekiri People {{!}} Culture {{!}} Economy {{!}} Naijabiography |url=https://naijabiography.com/history-culture/history-of-the-itsekiri-people/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Naijabiography Media |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tawagar ta ratsa wurare da dama ciki har da Ugharegin, Efurokpe, Amatu da Oruselemo kafin ta zauna a Ijala, inda mutanen yankin suka tarbe shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Itsekiri people: Kingdom History and culture of the Iwere {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/lifestyle/food-and-travel/itsekiri-people-kingdom-history-and-culture-of-the-iwere-2024080212501711459 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ginuwa ya auri Urowoli a yayin tafiyar, kuma suka haifi ’ya’ya maza biyu, wato Yarima Ijijen da Irame, kafin su isa Ijala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ayida |first=Allegra Otsaye |date=2022-07-25 |title=How to Make a Warri King |url=https://rpublc.com/june-july-2022/making-of-a-king/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=The Republic |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ijala ta kasance babban birnin farko na Masarautar Warri kuma mazaunin Olu Ginuwa na ɗaya, lamarin da ya sanya ta zama cibiyar siyasa da al’adu ta sabuwar masarautar. Bayan rasuwar Ginuwa, an binne shi a Ijala, wanda hakan ya kafa wurin a matsayin makabartar sarauta. Daga baya, tawagar sarauta ta koma [[Ode-Itsekiri]] ƙarƙashin jagorancin Yarima Ijijen, bisa jagorancin wani mashi na sihiri da wani Idibie (mai duba) ya jefa.

=== Matsayinta a matsayin makabartar sarauta ===
Tun daga shekarar 1500 Miladiyya, Ijala ke da matuƙar muhimmanci ta fuskar ruhaniya da al’adu a matsayin wurin binne sarakunan Masarautar Warri. Dukkanin Olus na Warri da suka rasu ana binne su ne a wani daji mai tsarki da tsofaffin itatuwan iroko suka kewaye. Ana kyautata zaton cewa waɗannan itatuwa na ɗauke da ruhukan sarakunan da suka rasu, kuma ana kallonsu a matsayin abubuwan da ba za a taɓa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nation |first=The |date=2021-05-10 |title=Funeral rites begin Monday for 20th Olu of Warri {{!}} The Nation |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/funeral-rites-begin-monday-for-20th-olu-of-warri/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Makabartar sarautar ta haɗa da:

* ''kabarin [[Olu Ginuwa|Olu Ginuwa I]]'', wanda ya kafa [[Masarautar Warri]].
* Kaburburan Olus sama da 20 da aka binne tun daga ƙarni na 15.
* Ragowar asalin fadar Ginuwa, ciki har da wuraren tsafi da kayan tarihi.

Bisa ga al’adar Itsekiri, bayan rasuwar wani Olu, wanda za a naɗa a matsayin sabon Olu dole ne ya fara ziyartar Ijala domin gudanar da bukukuwan Iken da kuma girmama kakanninsa kafin a naɗa shi a hukumance a Idaniken da ke Ode-Itsekiri. Wannan al’ada tana tabbatar da ci gaban ruhaniyar sarauta a Masarautar Warri.

Har yanzu wurin yana kasancewa ƙasa mai tsarki kuma malaman gargajiya da wasu zaɓaɓɓun ’yan gidan sarautar Warri ne kawai ke kula da shi. An takaita damar shiga wurin ga jama’a sosai, duk da cewa ana ƙoƙarin tattara bayanai da kare wurin domin tarihi.

=== Mu’amala da Turawa ===
A shekarar 1500, ’yan kasuwar [[Portugal]] sun ziyarci Ijala a lokacin tafiyarsu ta farko zuwa Masarautar Warri, inda suka gabatar wa Olu Ginuwa na ɗaya da rogo. Wannan muhimmin abu ya sanya mutanen Itsekiri suka zama mutanen farko da suka fara noman rogo a wannan yanki na duniya. Tsakanin shekarun 1505 da 1522, rogo ya zama muhimmin abinci a gidajen yawancin ’yan Najeriya. Har ila yau, ’yan Portugal ɗin sun yi cinikin ƙyalle-ƙyalle da al’ummar yankin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lloyd |first=P. C. |date=1963 |title=The Itsekiri in the Nineteenth Century; An Outline Social History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/179535 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=207–231 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700004035 |issn=0021-8537 |jstor=179535}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmancin al'adu ==
A matsayin babban birni na farko da kuma makabartar sarauta ta Masarautar Warri, Ijala wuri ne mai tsarki ga mutanen Itsekiri.[citation needed] Al’ummar tana da muhimmiyar rawa a al’adun masarautar, musamman wajen bukukuwan binne Olus. Bayan rasuwar wani Olu, wanda za a naɗa a matsayin sabon Olu yana shiga cikin bukukuwan Iken a makabartar sarautar Ijala kafin ya wuce zuwa Idaniken, inda zai shafe watanni uku na kalandar wata kafin a naɗa shi a hukumance. 

== Ci gaban zamani da yawon bude ido ==
Ana sake tsara Ijala domin ta zama cibiyar yawon buɗe ido da masana’antu ƙarƙashin shirin Greater Warri Metropolitan Dream.[citation needed] Muhimman ayyukan da ake gudanarwa sun haɗa da gyaran Makabartar Sarauta da kuma bunƙasa Falcorp Mangrove Park da Mini Zoo. Waɗannan ayyuka na da manufar ƙara wa Ijala armashi a matsayin wurin yawon buɗe ido na al’adu da muhalli, yayin da tarihinta a matsayin babban birni na farko ke ƙarfafa yiwuwar ta zama [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Falcorp Mangrove Park |url=https://cmadi.org/falcorp-mangrove-park/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Coastal and Marine Areas Development Initiative (CMADI) |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tattalin Arziki ==
Tattalin arzikin Ijala yana da alaƙa da Masarautar Warri,[citation needed] wadda take ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu bayar da gudummawa ga ɓangaren mai da iskar gas na Najeriya. Duk da cewa ba cibiyar masana’antu ba ce, shirye-shiryen yawon buɗe ido kamar Falcorp Mangrove Park na nuna yiwuwar bunƙasar tattalin arziki ta hanyar yawon buɗe ido na muhalli da samar da ayyukan yi ga al’umma. 

== Mulki ==
Ijala tana ƙarƙashin ikon gargajiyar Olu na Warri,[citation needed] wanda a halin yanzu shi ne Ògíamẹ̀ Atuwatsé III CFR, wanda aka naɗa a ranar 21 ga Agusta, 2021. Gudanarwar yankin na hannun sarakunan gargajiya da shugabannin al’umma, daidai da tsarin sarautar Masarautar Warri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Patrick |first=Anita |date=2021-08-23 |title=A new king was crowned in Nigeria's oil-rich Delta region and young Nigerians are inspired |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/23/africa/olu-of-warri-coronation-intl |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=CNN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-21 |title=Olu of Warri Emiko coronation: Ogiame Atuwatse III reverse curse, declare key titles |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-58293447 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kara duba ==

* [[Masarautar Warri]]
* [[Olu Ginuwa]]
* [[Mutanen Itsekiri]]
* [[Ode-Itsekiri]]
* [[Neja Delta|Delta na Nijar]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Kananan hukumomin jihar Delta]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Kogin Waseges</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282029864|Waseges River]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2767" sha1="fa7qdkyv66ar1bmd9h4th3crf4dn14b" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Waseges''', ko '''Kogin Sandai''', wani kogi ne a [[Kenya]]. Tushenta yana kan gangaren Nyandarua Plateau a ƙasa da Aberdare Range; ya ƙare a cikin [[Tafkin Bogoria]] .

A shekara ta 2002 an gano rubies a yankin Waseges River.{{Sfn|Ruby}}

== Hanyar da ake ciki ==
Kogin yana gudana a arewa, sannan yamma da kudu don shiga [[Tafkin Bogoria]] a cikin Babban Rift Valley daga arewa bayan ya wuce ta cikin Kesubo.{{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992}}{{Sfn|Owen|Renaut|Hover|Ashley|2004}}

A samansa, Waseges yana gudana ta yankuna na noman kofi mai yawa inda ake amfani da taki mai sinadarai da magungunan kashe kwari. Raguwa a ƙasa yana gudana ta cikin daji da scrub da aka yi amfani da su don kiwo, sannan ta cikin busassun daji kafin ya shiga tafkin a arewacinsa.{{Sfn|Lake Bogoria UNESCO}} Kogin yana da yanayi, kuma shine babban mai wadataccen tafkin.{{Sfn|Renaut|Owen|1991}}{{Sfn|Owen|Renaut|Hover|Ashley|2004}} Ruwa na inertial na kogin na iya haifar da raƙuman ruwa a cikin tafkin.{{Sfn|Renaut|Owen|1991}}

== Sanyen sunadarai ==
pH na ruwa shine 8,  matakin alkaline mai sauƙi.{{Sfn|Owen|Renaut|Hover|Ashley|2004}}

== Tsarin ban ruwa ==
Waseges muhimmiyar tushen ruwan ban ruwa ce. Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, a shekara ta 1985 Mutanen Tugen na [[Sandai, Kenya|Sandai]] wani lokacin suna ƙin barin maƙwabtansu, [[Harshen mutanen Ilchamus|Mutanen Camus]], su yi amfani da ruwa daga kogi.{{Sfn|Little|1992}} Manoman Sandai sun kasance a cikin al'adar noma biyu ko uku daga cikin yankuna shida da aka noma a kowace shekara. Za a noma wani yanki na tsawon shekaru uku ko hudu, sannan a bar shi har zuwa shekaru hudu. Dukkanin yankuna suna ciyar da canals daga Waseges, amma rabin canals za a toshe a kowane lokaci. Amfani da yankunan gona da ake ban ruwa ya shafi yarjejeniyoyi tsakanin mutanen Tugen da Camus.{{Sfn|Little|1992}}

Shirin ban ruwa da aka gudanar ta Baringo District Provincial Irrigation Unit (PIU), wanda Dutch Aid ta ba da tallafin fasaha, da nufin inganta amfani da ruwan kogi. Shirin ban ruwa da aka tsara ya dogara ne akan babban tashar ruwa guda daya da ke ciyar da yanki daya kawai. An shirya don ƙaddamarwa a cikin 1983, an sami jinkiri saboda zanga-zangar daga mutanen yankin, kuma ba a kammala aikin ba har sai kakar 1987/1988. Aikin ya gabatar da tsarin da ba shi da sauƙi, ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin mutanen Tugen da Camus, da kuma tashin hankali tsakanin Tugen.{{Sfn|Little|1992}}

Kafin shekara ta 2003 an karkatar da kogin ba bisa ka'ida ba don ban ruwa a yankin [[Subukia]], wanda ya sa ya bushe a lokacin fari. A shekara ta 2003 Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Ruwa da Ci Gaban ta ba da shawarar kafa kwamitocin kwandon kogi da ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa don sarrafa amfani da kogi.{{Sfn|Karua|2003}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Waseges''', ko '''Kogin Sandai''', wani kogi ne a [[Kenya]]. Tushenta yana kan gangaren Nyandarua Plateau a ƙasa da Aberdare Range; ya ƙare a cikin [[Tafkin Bogoria]] .

A shekara ta 2002 an gano rubies a yankin Waseges River.{{Sfn|Ruby}}

== Hanyar da ake ciki ==
Kogin yana gudana a arewa, sannan yamma da kudu don shiga [[Tafkin Bogoria]] a cikin Babban Rift Valley daga arewa bayan ya wuce ta cikin Kesubo.{{Sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992}}{{Sfn|Owen|Renaut|Hover|Ashley|2004}}

A samansa, Waseges yana gudana ta yankuna na noman kofi mai yawa inda ake amfani da taki mai sinadarai da magungunan kashe kwari. Raguwa a ƙasa yana gudana ta cikin daji da scrub da aka yi amfani da su don kiwo, sannan ta cikin busassun daji kafin ya shiga tafkin a arewacinsa.{{Sfn|Lake Bogoria UNESCO}} Kogin yana da yanayi, kuma shine babban mai wadataccen tafkin.{{Sfn|Renaut|Owen|1991}}{{Sfn|Owen|Renaut|Hover|Ashley|2004}} Ruwa na inertial na kogin na iya haifar da raƙuman ruwa a cikin tafkin.{{Sfn|Renaut|Owen|1991}}

== Sanyen sunadarai ==
pH na ruwa shine 8,  matakin alkaline mai sauƙi.{{Sfn|Owen|Renaut|Hover|Ashley|2004}}

== Tsarin ban ruwa ==
Waseges muhimmiyar tushen ruwan ban ruwa ce. Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, a shekara ta 1985 Mutanen Tugen na [[Sandai, Kenya|Sandai]] wani lokacin suna ƙin barin maƙwabtansu, [[Harshen mutanen Ilchamus|Mutanen Camus]], su yi amfani da ruwa daga kogi.{{Sfn|Little|1992}} Manoman Sandai sun kasance a cikin al'adar noma biyu ko uku daga cikin yankuna shida da aka noma a kowace shekara. Za a noma wani yanki na tsawon shekaru uku ko hudu, sannan a bar shi har zuwa shekaru hudu. Dukkanin yankuna suna ciyar da canals daga Waseges, amma rabin canals za a toshe a kowane lokaci. Amfani da yankunan gona da ake ban ruwa ya shafi yarjejeniyoyi tsakanin mutanen Tugen da Camus.{{Sfn|Little|1992}}

Shirin ban ruwa da aka gudanar ta Baringo District Provincial Irrigation Unit (PIU), wanda Dutch Aid ta ba da tallafin fasaha, da nufin inganta amfani da ruwan kogi. Shirin ban ruwa da aka tsara ya dogara ne akan babban tashar ruwa guda daya da ke ciyar da yanki daya kawai. An shirya don ƙaddamarwa a cikin 1983, an sami jinkiri saboda zanga-zangar daga mutanen yankin, kuma ba a kammala aikin ba har sai kakar 1987/1988. Aikin ya gabatar da tsarin da ba shi da sauƙi, ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin mutanen Tugen da Camus, da kuma tashin hankali tsakanin Tugen.{{Sfn|Little|1992}}

Kafin shekara ta 2003 an karkatar da kogin ba bisa ka'ida ba don ban ruwa a yankin [[Subukia]], wanda ya sa ya bushe a lokacin fari. A shekara ta 2003 Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Ruwa da Ci Gaban ta ba da shawarar kafa kwamitocin kwandon kogi da ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa don sarrafa amfani da kogi.{{Sfn|Karua|2003}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Athi (birni)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338849180|Athi River (town)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Athi''' wani gari ne a wajen [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] a cikin Machakos County . An sanya sunan garin ne bayan Kogin Athi, wanda ke wucewa. An kuma san shi da '''Mavoko.'''&lt;ref&gt;Electoral Commission of Kenya: Registration centres by electoral area and constituency Archived 28 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin Athi ya karbi bakuncin Majalisar Majalisa ta Mavoko kuma shine hedkwatar ƙungiyar Mavoko, wanda yake wani ɓangare na Machakos County. Yawan jama'ar garin ya kai 81,302 (ƙidayar shekara ta 2019), kuma har yanzu yana girma saboda kusanci da babban birnin Kenya na [[Nairobi]].

== Yankin birni ==
Kogin Athi yana daga cikin yankin Babban Birnin Nairobi.

== Tarihi ==
Kogin Athi, wanda aka fi sani da Mavoko, an sassaƙa shi daga ''Majalisar Gundumar Nairobi'' a 1963, lokacin da aka rushe shi. Garin Mavoko yana da unguwa huɗu (Athi River, Mlolongo / Syokimau, Kinanie / Mathatani,Muthwani). Duk waɗannan unguwanni na mazabar Mavoko ne, wanda ke da jimlar unguwanni huɗu. Sauran unguwanni huɗu suna cikin Majalisar Gundumar Masaku.

== Masana'antu ==
Garin yana da masana'antu sosai ga Kenya. Akwai masana'antun siminti guda shida da ke cikin garin: Bamburi Cement, Mombasa Cement, Kamfanin Portland Cement na Gabashin Afirka, Savannah Cement, National Cement, Kenya Meat Commission da Athi River Mining.

Garin yana da masana'antar soya mallakar Kamfanin Wrigley.

Har ila yau, akwai wasu sanannun kamfanoni a cikin kewayen garin kamar su Doshi Steel, Mabati Rolling Mills, Seed Co., Kapa Oil Refineries da Devki Steel.

== Kasuwanci ==
Kogin Athi yana da yanayi tare da kasuwancin da ke tasowa. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun kasuwancin sun haɗa da [https://411kenya.co.ke/coloho-mall/ Coloho Mall], Crystal Rivers Safaricom Mall, Trailink Logistics, da Wattle Blossom Retreat Center. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke tasiri ga saurin ci gaban kasuwanci a yankin sun haɗa da karuwar ci gaban ƙasa a yankin da kusanci da Birnin Nairobi da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai.

== Ilimi ==
Jami'ar Daystar tana da harabar a cikin garin. Cibiyar Horar da Nama ma tana cikin garin.

== Sufuri ==
Kogin Athi yana da tashar jirgin kasa da aka gina a 1920 tare da Railway na Uganda, daga [[Mombasa]] zuwa [[Kisumu]] . Har ila yau, akwai sabon tashar jirgin kasa a kan Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway.

Kogin Athi kuma yana da alaƙa da Nairobi ta hanyar babbar hanyar Nairobi-Mombasa (wanda aka fi sani da Hanyar Mombasa), hanyar mota mai laushi, da kuma kusa da Kitengela ta hanyar Namanga Road, hanyar mota guda ɗaya. Mazaunan Kogin Athi suna aiki da Hanyar 110 da 120 zuwa Nairobi CBD.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843823</id>
      <parentid>843821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T06:07:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <origin>843823</origin>
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'''Kogin Athi''' wani gari ne a wajen [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] a cikin Machakos County . An sanya sunan garin ne bayan Kogin Athi, wanda ke wucewa. An kuma san shi da '''Mavoko.'''&lt;ref&gt;Electoral Commission of Kenya: Registration centres by electoral area and constituency Archived 28 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin Athi ya karbi bakuncin Majalisar Majalisa ta Mavoko kuma shine hedkwatar ƙungiyar Mavoko, wanda yake wani ɓangare na Machakos County. Yawan jama'ar garin ya kai 81,302 (ƙidayar shekara ta 2019), kuma har yanzu yana girma saboda kusanci da babban birnin Kenya na [[Nairobi]].

== Yankin birni ==
Kogin Athi yana daga cikin yankin Babban Birnin Nairobi.

== Tarihi ==
Kogin Athi, wanda aka fi sani da Mavoko, an sassaƙa shi daga ''Majalisar Gundumar Nairobi'' a 1963, lokacin da aka rushe shi. Garin Mavoko yana da unguwa huɗu (Athi River, Mlolongo / Syokimau, Kinanie / Mathatani,Muthwani). Duk waɗannan unguwanni na mazabar Mavoko ne, wanda ke da jimlar unguwanni huɗu. Sauran unguwanni huɗu suna cikin Majalisar Gundumar Masaku.

== Masana'antu ==
Garin yana da masana'antu sosai ga Kenya. Akwai masana'antun siminti guda shida da ke cikin garin: Bamburi Cement, Mombasa Cement, Kamfanin Portland Cement na Gabashin Afirka, Savannah Cement, National Cement, Kenya Meat Commission da Athi River Mining.

Garin yana da masana'antar soya mallakar Kamfanin Wrigley.

Har ila yau, akwai wasu sanannun kamfanoni a cikin kewayen garin kamar su Doshi Steel, Mabati Rolling Mills, Seed Co., Kapa Oil Refineries da Devki Steel.

== Kasuwanci ==
Kogin Athi yana da yanayi tare da kasuwancin da ke tasowa. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun kasuwancin sun haɗa da [https://411kenya.co.ke/coloho-mall/ Coloho Mall], Crystal Rivers Safaricom Mall, Trailink Logistics, da Wattle Blossom Retreat Center. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke tasiri ga saurin ci gaban kasuwanci a yankin sun haɗa da karuwar ci gaban ƙasa a yankin da kusanci da Birnin Nairobi da kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai.

== Ilimi ==
Jami'ar Daystar tana da harabar a cikin garin. Cibiyar Horar da Nama ma tana cikin garin.

== Sufuri ==
Kogin Athi yana da tashar jirgin kasa da aka gina a 1920 tare da Railway na Uganda, daga [[Mombasa]] zuwa [[Kisumu]] . Har ila yau, akwai sabon tashar jirgin kasa a kan Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway.

Kogin Athi kuma yana da alaƙa da Nairobi ta hanyar babbar hanyar Nairobi-Mombasa (wanda aka fi sani da Hanyar Mombasa), hanyar mota mai laushi, da kuma kusa da Kitengela ta hanyar Namanga Road, hanyar mota guda ɗaya. Mazaunan Kogin Athi suna aiki da Hanyar 110 da 120 zuwa Nairobi CBD.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ruwa mai laushi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1217335267|Rand Water]]&quot;</comment>
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Rand Water (wanda aka fi sani da Rand Water Board) mai Amfani da ruwa ne na [[Afirka]] ta Kudu wanda ke ba da ruwan sha ga lardin Gauteng da sauran yankuna na ƙasar kuma shine mafi girman mai amfani da ruwan a Afirka. Ana samun ruwa daga tushe da yawa kuma ana tsarkake shi kuma ana ba da shi ga masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai da ƙananan hukumomi kuma yana da hannu a tsabtace ruwa.

== Tarihi ==
Witwatersrand yana zaune a kan Highveld na Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya ƙunshi mafi yawan ciyawa tare da ruwan sama na rani tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 784mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petterson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Petterson |first=Donald R. |date=July 1951 |title=The Witwatersrand a Unique Gold Mining Community |journal=Economic Geography |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=209–221 |doi=10.2307/141095 |jstor=141095}}&lt;/ref&gt; :{{Rp|210}} Dutsen Witwatersrand ya kai kilomita 96 daga gabas zuwa yamma tare da koguna a arewacin tudun da ke gudana zuwa arewa zuwa Limpopo da cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] yayin da koguna da ke kudu da tudun ke gudana kudu zuwa cikin Vaal da [[Kogin Orange]] da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Petterson&quot; /&gt; : 210 Koguna a cikin Witwatersrand sun bushe a cikin hunturu sabili da haka sun kasance tushen ruwa mara kyau kuma semiarid tare da ciyawa da ƙasa da ta fi dacewa da kiwon shanu da tumaki kafin gano zinariya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petterson&quot; /&gt; 

An gano zinariya a Witwatersrand a watan Maris na shekara ta 1886 kuma al'ummomi da yawa za su bunkasa cikin sauri daga alfarwa, zuwa ƙauyuka, garuruwa kuma a ƙarshe zuwa cikin birni da ake kira [[Johannesburg]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Petterson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Petterson |first=Donald R. |date=July 1951 |title=The Witwatersrand a Unique Gold Mining Community |journal=Economic Geography |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=209–221 |doi=10.2307/141095 |jstor=141095}}&lt;/ref&gt; :{{Rp|213}}&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;213&amp;#x200A; Da yake a kan ruwa na tsarin koguna biyu, yankin koyaushe ba shi da ruwa ga masana'antu da al'umma masu girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petterson&quot; /&gt; : 214 Bayan Yaƙin Anglo-Boer na Biyu (1899-1902), gwamnatin Burtaniya ta mallaki mulkin mallaka na Transvaal kuma tare da buƙatar dawo da hakar zinariya zuwa matakan kafin yaƙin. Gwamnatin Transvaal ta yanke shawarar tsakiya gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a kan Witwatersrand kuma an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Rand a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1903 tare da aiwatar da Dokar Ruwa ta Ruwa ta Rundunar Ruwa ta 32 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Petterson&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|217}}&lt;ref name=&quot;RWater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/Pages/Home.aspx |access-date=24 May 2015 |publisher=Rand Water}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwamitin zai kunshi mambobi goma sha ɗaya da Gwamnan Transvaal Colony, Majalisar Birnin Johannesburg, Chamber of Mines da sauran kananan hukumomi suka ba da shawarar a lokacin kuma zai haɗu da duk sauran kamfanoni a halin yanzu suna samar da ruwa har zuwa wannan batu.&lt;ref name=&quot;RWater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/Pages/Home.aspx |access-date=24 May 2015 |publisher=Rand Water}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Manson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Manson, Edward |last2=Bisschop, W.R |year=1905 |title=South Africa |journal=Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=391–417 |jstor=752054}}&lt;/ref&gt; :{{Rp|416}} Mambobin farko goma sha ɗaya sun kunshi mambobi biyar daga Chamber of Mines, uku daga garin Johannesburg, ɗaya daga Germiston / Boksburg, ɗaya daga Springs kuma ɗaya daga Krugersdorp / Roodepoort. : 56 Zai fara aiki a cikin 1905. &lt;ref name=&quot;RWater&quot; /&gt; Daga baya membobin sun karu zuwa 34 yayin da Benoni ya shiga a 1906, Railways a 1914, Brakpan a 1920, Randfontein a 1929, Nigel a 1935 da [[Pretoria]] da Vereeniging a 1944.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leyds&quot; /&gt;

== Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ==
An samo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na farko don garin Johannesburg mai girma daga ''''spruit'''' ko rafi guda uku, ɗaya a wani spruit a Fordsburg wanda har yanzu yake gudana a ƙarshen yammacin titin Kwamishinan, rafi da ake kira Natalspruit a ƙarshen gabashin titin Kwamishinoni kusa da Jeppestown da kuma maɓuɓuɓɓuga a kan tudun Parktown inda Babban Asibitin Johannesburg ke tsaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;RWater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/Pages/Home.aspx |access-date=24 May 2015 |publisher=Rand Water}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da hakar ma'adinai da gari suka fadada don haka bukatar ta karu kuma an kafa kungiyoyi biyu don samar da ruwa. Kamfanin Ruwa na Braamfontein tare da rijiyoyi biyu a yankin Parktown ya samar da garin da Vierfontein Syndicate wanda ke samar da hakar ma'adinai da ruwan sha yayin da tallafin farko don samar da ruwa ya zo ta hanyar Sivewright Concession na 1887 wanda ya kafa Kamfanin Rubuce-rubuce da Bincike na Johannesburg. &lt;ref name=&quot;RWater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/Pages/Home.aspx |access-date=24 May 2015 |publisher=Rand Water}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (ZAR) ta ba James Sivewright izinin samar da ruwa ga garin Johannesburg amma izinin bai tilasta kamfaninsa ya samar da shi ba. : 52 A shekara ta 1889, Sivewright ya sayar da izininsa ga Johannesburg Waterworks, Estate and Exploration Company Limited, wanda Barney Barnato ya mallaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leyds&quot; /&gt;

Kamfanin ya gina madatsar [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]] a wani shafin da ke Doornfontein na yanzu inda Filin wasa na Ellis Park yake yanzu sannan ya zuba ruwa zuwa tafkin a kan tudun Saratoga Avenue a kusurwar Harrow Road kuma an ce wannan wadataccen nauyi ya samar da 3,409,569L a lokacin ruwan sama. : 53 Jama'ar garin, waɗanda Hukumar Lafiya ke gudanarwa a wannan lokacin, an shigar da su a cikin 1892 game da rashin isasshen ruwa da farashinsa, 15s a kowace galan da 5s a kowane wata don aunawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leyds&quot; /&gt; : 53 An ce Kamfanin Ruwa na Johannesburg yana samar da 4,091,400L a rana ta 1895 amma dole ne ya yi amfani da alfadarai da kekuna don jigilar ruwa zuwa sassa mafi girma na garin a lokacin fari a wannan shekarar kuma duk ruwa har yanzu dole ne a tafasa kafin amfani.

== Tsarin samarwa ==
Rand Water yana ba da ruwan sha ga manyan birane da ƙananan hukumomi, masana'antu da hakar ma'adinai a Gauteng, da sassa na Mpumalanga, Free State, da lardunan Arewa maso Yamma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot; /&gt; Rand Water yana da hanyar sadarwar ruwa na 3 500 km na bututun mai, tafkuna 60, samar da lita miliyan 4 520 na ruwa a kowace rana ga abokan ciniki daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rand Water Integrated Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.randwater.co.za/media/annual_reports/RAND%20WATER%20INTEGRATED%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202023.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/Pages/Home.aspx |access-date=24 May 2015 |publisher=Rand Water}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatar ta tana cikin unguwar Glenvista . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rand Water |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4468141 |access-date=24 May 2015 |publisher=Bloomberg Business}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843825</id>
      <parentid>843824</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
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      <text bytes="6958" sha1="ar5fb1lj0zl143jfmf9eppipqfvvclx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Rand Water (wanda aka fi sani da Rand Water Board) mai Amfani da ruwa ne na [[Afirka]] ta Kudu wanda ke ba da ruwan sha ga lardin Gauteng da sauran yankuna na ƙasar kuma shine mafi girman mai amfani da ruwan a Afirka. Ana samun ruwa daga tushe da yawa kuma ana tsarkake shi kuma ana ba da shi ga masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai da ƙananan hukumomi kuma yana da hannu a tsabtace ruwa.

== Tarihi ==
Witwatersrand yana zaune a kan Highveld na Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya ƙunshi mafi yawan ciyawa tare da ruwan sama na rani tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 784mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petterson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Petterson |first=Donald R. |date=July 1951 |title=The Witwatersrand a Unique Gold Mining Community |journal=Economic Geography |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=209–221 |doi=10.2307/141095 |jstor=141095}}&lt;/ref&gt; :{{Rp|210}} Dutsen Witwatersrand ya kai kilomita 96 daga gabas zuwa yamma tare da koguna a arewacin tudun da ke gudana zuwa arewa zuwa Limpopo da cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] yayin da koguna da ke kudu da tudun ke gudana kudu zuwa cikin Vaal da [[Kogin Orange]] da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Petterson&quot; /&gt; : 210 Koguna a cikin Witwatersrand sun bushe a cikin hunturu sabili da haka sun kasance tushen ruwa mara kyau kuma semiarid tare da ciyawa da ƙasa da ta fi dacewa da kiwon shanu da tumaki kafin gano zinariya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petterson&quot; /&gt; 

An gano zinariya a Witwatersrand a watan Maris na shekara ta 1886 kuma al'ummomi da yawa za su bunkasa cikin sauri daga alfarwa, zuwa ƙauyuka, garuruwa kuma a ƙarshe zuwa cikin birni da ake kira [[Johannesburg]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Petterson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Petterson |first=Donald R. |date=July 1951 |title=The Witwatersrand a Unique Gold Mining Community |journal=Economic Geography |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=209–221 |doi=10.2307/141095 |jstor=141095}}&lt;/ref&gt; :{{Rp|213}}&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;213&amp;#x200A; Da yake a kan ruwa na tsarin koguna biyu, yankin koyaushe ba shi da ruwa ga masana'antu da al'umma masu girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Petterson&quot; /&gt; : 214 Bayan Yaƙin Anglo-Boer na Biyu (1899-1902), gwamnatin Burtaniya ta mallaki mulkin mallaka na Transvaal kuma tare da buƙatar dawo da hakar zinariya zuwa matakan kafin yaƙin. Gwamnatin Transvaal ta yanke shawarar tsakiya gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a kan Witwatersrand kuma an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Rand a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1903 tare da aiwatar da Dokar Ruwa ta Ruwa ta Rundunar Ruwa ta 32 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Petterson&quot; /&gt; {{Rp|217}}&lt;ref name=&quot;RWater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/Pages/Home.aspx |access-date=24 May 2015 |publisher=Rand Water}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwamitin zai kunshi mambobi goma sha ɗaya da Gwamnan Transvaal Colony, Majalisar Birnin Johannesburg, Chamber of Mines da sauran kananan hukumomi suka ba da shawarar a lokacin kuma zai haɗu da duk sauran kamfanoni a halin yanzu suna samar da ruwa har zuwa wannan batu.&lt;ref name=&quot;RWater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/Pages/Home.aspx |access-date=24 May 2015 |publisher=Rand Water}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Manson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Manson, Edward |last2=Bisschop, W.R |year=1905 |title=South Africa |journal=Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=391–417 |jstor=752054}}&lt;/ref&gt; :{{Rp|416}} Mambobin farko goma sha ɗaya sun kunshi mambobi biyar daga Chamber of Mines, uku daga garin Johannesburg, ɗaya daga Germiston / Boksburg, ɗaya daga Springs kuma ɗaya daga Krugersdorp / Roodepoort. : 56 Zai fara aiki a cikin 1905. &lt;ref name=&quot;RWater&quot; /&gt; Daga baya membobin sun karu zuwa 34 yayin da Benoni ya shiga a 1906, Railways a 1914, Brakpan a 1920, Randfontein a 1929, Nigel a 1935 da [[Pretoria]] da Vereeniging a 1944.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leyds&quot; /&gt;

== Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ==
An samo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na farko don garin Johannesburg mai girma daga ''''spruit'''' ko rafi guda uku, ɗaya a wani spruit a Fordsburg wanda har yanzu yake gudana a ƙarshen yammacin titin Kwamishinan, rafi da ake kira Natalspruit a ƙarshen gabashin titin Kwamishinoni kusa da Jeppestown da kuma maɓuɓuɓɓuga a kan tudun Parktown inda Babban Asibitin Johannesburg ke tsaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;RWater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/Pages/Home.aspx |access-date=24 May 2015 |publisher=Rand Water}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yayin da hakar ma'adinai da gari suka fadada don haka bukatar ta karu kuma an kafa kungiyoyi biyu don samar da ruwa. Kamfanin Ruwa na Braamfontein tare da rijiyoyi biyu a yankin Parktown ya samar da garin da Vierfontein Syndicate wanda ke samar da hakar ma'adinai da ruwan sha yayin da tallafin farko don samar da ruwa ya zo ta hanyar Sivewright Concession na 1887 wanda ya kafa Kamfanin Rubuce-rubuce da Bincike na Johannesburg. &lt;ref name=&quot;RWater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/Pages/Home.aspx |access-date=24 May 2015 |publisher=Rand Water}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (ZAR) ta ba James Sivewright izinin samar da ruwa ga garin Johannesburg amma izinin bai tilasta kamfaninsa ya samar da shi ba. : 52 A shekara ta 1889, Sivewright ya sayar da izininsa ga Johannesburg Waterworks, Estate and Exploration Company Limited, wanda Barney Barnato ya mallaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leyds&quot; /&gt;

Kamfanin ya gina madatsar [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]] a wani shafin da ke Doornfontein na yanzu inda Filin wasa na Ellis Park yake yanzu sannan ya zuba ruwa zuwa tafkin a kan tudun Saratoga Avenue a kusurwar Harrow Road kuma an ce wannan wadataccen nauyi ya samar da 3,409,569L a lokacin ruwan sama. : 53 Jama'ar garin, waɗanda Hukumar Lafiya ke gudanarwa a wannan lokacin, an shigar da su a cikin 1892 game da rashin isasshen ruwa da farashinsa, 15s a kowace galan da 5s a kowane wata don aunawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leyds&quot; /&gt; : 53 An ce Kamfanin Ruwa na Johannesburg yana samar da 4,091,400L a rana ta 1895 amma dole ne ya yi amfani da alfadarai da kekuna don jigilar ruwa zuwa sassa mafi girma na garin a lokacin fari a wannan shekarar kuma duk ruwa har yanzu dole ne a tafasa kafin amfani.

== Tsarin samarwa ==
Rand Water yana ba da ruwan sha ga manyan birane da ƙananan hukumomi, masana'antu da hakar ma'adinai a Gauteng, da sassa na Mpumalanga, Free State, da lardunan Arewa maso Yamma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot; /&gt; Rand Water yana da hanyar sadarwar ruwa na 3 500 km na bututun mai, tafkuna 60, samar da lita miliyan 4 520 na ruwa a kowace rana ga abokan ciniki daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rand Water Integrated Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.randwater.co.za/media/annual_reports/RAND%20WATER%20INTEGRATED%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202023.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWater&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rand Water |url=http://www.randwater.co.za/Pages/Home.aspx |access-date=24 May 2015 |publisher=Rand Water}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hedikwatar ta tana cikin unguwar Glenvista . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rand Water |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4468141 |access-date=24 May 2015 |publisher=Bloomberg Business}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352075796|Old Subri]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tsohon Subri''' (Subri Dada) wani gari ne a [[Ghana]]) Yankin yamma Ghana . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ADAMS |first=KWESI ALFRED |date=2023-07-28 |title=GREL hands over GH¢176k water project to Old Subri community |url=https://thechronicle.com.gh/grel-hands-over-gh¢176k-water-project-to-old-subri-community/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=The Chronicle News Online |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin yana daya daga cikin yankunan da ke tattare da Golden Star Wassa Limited wanda kamfani ne na [[hakar ma'adinai]] a Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-24 |title=12 communities sign MoU with Golden Star Wassa Mines |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/11/12-communities-sign-mou-with-golden-star-wassa-mines/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen suna daga cikin [[Mutanen Wasa|Ƙabilar Wassa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WordHistory |date=2015-03-17 |title=Akan States: Bono, Dankyira, Wassa |url=https://www.worldhistory.biz/sundries/29616-akan-states-bono-dankyira-wassa.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ruwa ===
Shugabannin da mazauna Old Subri a cikin Gundumar Wassa ta Gabas ta Yammacin Yankin a watan Yulin 2023 sun sami aikin ruwa na al'umma wanda ya kai GH¢176,294.00 daga Ghana Rubber Estate Limited (GREL). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=grel |date=2023-08-03 |title=GREL HANDS OVER GHS 176,294 MECHANISED WATER PROJECT TO OLD SUBRI COMMUNITY - Grelghana |url=https://grelghana.com/grel-hands-over-ghs-176294-mechanised-water-project-to-old-subri-community/,%20https://grelghana.com/grel-hands-over-ghs-176294-mechanised-water-project-to-old-subri-community/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=grelghana.com |language=en-US}}{{Dead link}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban ya ambaci cewa taimakon da ya dace daga kamfanoni kamar, Golden Star Resource, GREL, don biyan bukatun al'umma a yankunansu na aiki, yana da tasiri mai kyau a rayuwar al'ummomin masu karɓar bakuncin.

Aikin ya haɗa da tsarin ruwa mai inji tare da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|ramuka]] biyu, tashoshi uku, da ƙarfin 20,000-lita. Wannan shirin yana da niyyar inganta damar samun ruwa mai tsabta ga al'ummar yankin. Aikin ruwa na al'umma, wanda aka fara a cikin 2021, ya fuskanci karamin koma baya saboda rashin isasshen ruwa daga rami na farko. An kara wani karin rami, kuma yanzu ana sa ran zai yi wa mutane 1,400 hidima a Tsohon Subri, Yankin Yamma.

== Ilimi ==
Mutanen da ke cikin garin da kewayen su na iya samun ilimin su na yau da kullun a Old Subri D / A Basic School, Makarantar jama'a a ƙarƙashin kulawar babban birnin gundumar, Daboase . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=coursesghana.com |title=Old Subri D/A Basic School, Daboase details |url=https://www.coursesghana.com/schools/10467-old-subri-d-a-basic-school.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shugabannin gargajiya ==

=== Shugaba ===
Nana Twumasi Ampaakwaw II . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=old subri |url=https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=169&amp;q=old+subri&amp;cvid=17eab16034864d2389bf733b11f84d21&amp;aqs=edge.3.69i57j46j69i59l2j46l2j0l2j69i60.3952j0j1&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=U531 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Bing |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasanni ==

=== Kungiyar kwallon kafa ===
'''Royal Jet FC''': Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta rukuni biyu a Ghana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-07 |title=Royal Jet FC players severely injured in an accident on Huni Valley-Damang road |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Royal-Jet-FC-players-severely-injured-in-an-accident-on-Huni-Valley-Damang-road-1327363 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019131642/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Royal-Jet-FC-players-severely-injured-in-an-accident-on-Huni-Valley-Damang-road-1327363 |archive-date=2023-10-19 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin jituwa, abubuwan da suka faru da kuma shari'a ==

=== Abubuwan da suka faru ===
A ranar [[Alhamis]] da yamma, yayin da membobin ƙungiyar Royal Jet ke kan hanyarsu zuwa Old Subri bayan sun sami asarar 2-0 ga Tarkwa United, a wasan league na biyu da aka gudanar a Akon Park, filin gida na Medeama SC a Tarkwa kafin gina filin wasa na TnA ta Goldfield Ghana Limited, ƙungiyar ta sami hatsari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-07 |title=Royal Jet FC players severely injured in an accident on Huni Valley-Damang road |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Royal-Jet-FC-players-severely-injured-in-an-accident-on-Huni-Valley-Damang-road-1327363 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019131642/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Royal-Jet-FC-players-severely-injured-in-an-accident-on-Huni-Valley-Damang-road-1327363 |archive-date=2023-10-19 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon wani mummunan abin da ya faru a kan hanyar Huni Valley-Damang, mutane da yawa waɗanda ke cikin jerin sunayen Royal Jet FC, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa da ke fafatawa a rukuni na biyu, kuma wanda tushe ke cikin yankin Old Subri a cikin ikon gudanarwa na Gundumar Wassa ta Gabas a Yankin Yamma, abin takaici sun sami mummunan rauni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tsohon Subri''' (Subri Dada) wani gari ne a [[Ghana]]) Yankin yamma Ghana . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ADAMS |first=KWESI ALFRED |date=2023-07-28 |title=GREL hands over GH¢176k water project to Old Subri community |url=https://thechronicle.com.gh/grel-hands-over-gh¢176k-water-project-to-old-subri-community/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=The Chronicle News Online |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Garin yana daya daga cikin yankunan da ke tattare da Golden Star Wassa Limited wanda kamfani ne na [[hakar ma'adinai]] a Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-24 |title=12 communities sign MoU with Golden Star Wassa Mines |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/11/12-communities-sign-mou-with-golden-star-wassa-mines/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen suna daga cikin [[Mutanen Wasa|Ƙabilar Wassa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WordHistory |date=2015-03-17 |title=Akan States: Bono, Dankyira, Wassa |url=https://www.worldhistory.biz/sundries/29616-akan-states-bono-dankyira-wassa.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ruwa ===
Shugabannin da mazauna Old Subri a cikin Gundumar Wassa ta Gabas ta Yammacin Yankin a watan Yulin 2023 sun sami aikin ruwa na al'umma wanda ya kai GH¢176,294.00 daga Ghana Rubber Estate Limited (GREL). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=grel |date=2023-08-03 |title=GREL HANDS OVER GHS 176,294 MECHANISED WATER PROJECT TO OLD SUBRI COMMUNITY - Grelghana |url=https://grelghana.com/grel-hands-over-ghs-176294-mechanised-water-project-to-old-subri-community/,%20https://grelghana.com/grel-hands-over-ghs-176294-mechanised-water-project-to-old-subri-community/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=grelghana.com |language=en-US}}{{Dead link}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban ya ambaci cewa taimakon da ya dace daga kamfanoni kamar, Golden Star Resource, GREL, don biyan bukatun al'umma a yankunansu na aiki, yana da tasiri mai kyau a rayuwar al'ummomin masu karɓar bakuncin.

Aikin ya haɗa da tsarin ruwa mai inji tare da [[Rijiyar burtsatse|ramuka]] biyu, tashoshi uku, da ƙarfin 20,000-lita. Wannan shirin yana da niyyar inganta damar samun ruwa mai tsabta ga al'ummar yankin. Aikin ruwa na al'umma, wanda aka fara a cikin 2021, ya fuskanci karamin koma baya saboda rashin isasshen ruwa daga rami na farko. An kara wani karin rami, kuma yanzu ana sa ran zai yi wa mutane 1,400 hidima a Tsohon Subri, Yankin Yamma.

== Ilimi ==
Mutanen da ke cikin garin da kewayen su na iya samun ilimin su na yau da kullun a Old Subri D / A Basic School, Makarantar jama'a a ƙarƙashin kulawar babban birnin gundumar, Daboase . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=coursesghana.com |title=Old Subri D/A Basic School, Daboase details |url=https://www.coursesghana.com/schools/10467-old-subri-d-a-basic-school.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shugabannin gargajiya ==

=== Shugaba ===
Nana Twumasi Ampaakwaw II . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=old subri |url=https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=169&amp;q=old+subri&amp;cvid=17eab16034864d2389bf733b11f84d21&amp;aqs=edge.3.69i57j46j69i59l2j46l2j0l2j69i60.3952j0j1&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=U531 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Bing |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wasanni ==

=== Kungiyar kwallon kafa ===
'''Royal Jet FC''': Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta rukuni biyu a Ghana . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-07 |title=Royal Jet FC players severely injured in an accident on Huni Valley-Damang road |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Royal-Jet-FC-players-severely-injured-in-an-accident-on-Huni-Valley-Damang-road-1327363 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019131642/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Royal-Jet-FC-players-severely-injured-in-an-accident-on-Huni-Valley-Damang-road-1327363 |archive-date=2023-10-19 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin jituwa, abubuwan da suka faru da kuma shari'a ==

=== Abubuwan da suka faru ===
A ranar [[Alhamis]] da yamma, yayin da membobin ƙungiyar Royal Jet ke kan hanyarsu zuwa Old Subri bayan sun sami asarar 2-0 ga Tarkwa United, a wasan league na biyu da aka gudanar a Akon Park, filin gida na Medeama SC a Tarkwa kafin gina filin wasa na TnA ta Goldfield Ghana Limited, ƙungiyar ta sami hatsari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-07 |title=Royal Jet FC players severely injured in an accident on Huni Valley-Damang road |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Royal-Jet-FC-players-severely-injured-in-an-accident-on-Huni-Valley-Damang-road-1327363 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019131642/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Royal-Jet-FC-players-severely-injured-in-an-accident-on-Huni-Valley-Damang-road-1327363 |archive-date=2023-10-19 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon wani mummunan abin da ya faru a kan hanyar Huni Valley-Damang, mutane da yawa waɗanda ke cikin jerin sunayen Royal Jet FC, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa da ke fafatawa a rukuni na biyu, kuma wanda tushe ke cikin yankin Old Subri a cikin ikon gudanarwa na Gundumar Wassa ta Gabas a Yankin Yamma, abin takaici sun sami mummunan rauni.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kasuwancin ruwa a Ghana</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320225123|Water privatisation in Ghana]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="7542" sha1="ag8d8j274j6hd1a6906ibx5qw3wnw7y" xml:space="preserve">An tattauna mallakar ruwa a Ghana tun farkon shekarun 1990 a matsayin martani ga ingancin sabis mara kyau da ƙarancin ingancin ruwa na birane. Bankin Duniya ya goyi bayan tsarin shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a bangaren ruwa na birane tun daga farko. Bayan wahala da yawa an ba da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 a shekara ta 2006. Lokacin da kwangilar ta ƙare a shekara ta 2011, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar kada ta tsawaita shi, tana mai cewa mai gudanarwa mai zaman kansa bai cika tsammanin ba.

== Shirye-shiryen (1995-2005) ==
An tattauna mallakar ruwa a Ghana tun farkon shekarun 1990 a matsayin martani ga ingancin sabis mara kyau da ƙarancin ingancin ruwa na birane na Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation (GWSC), wanda aka sake masa suna Ghana Water Company Ltd. (GWCL) a cikin 1999. Bankin Duniya ya goyi bayan tsarin shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a bangaren ruwa na birane tun daga farko. Bayan karatun shirye-shirye da kuma bita na shawarwari na kasa a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta zaɓi kwangilar haya ta shekaru 10 guda biyu tsakanin zaɓuɓɓuka 8, gami da zaɓi don ci gaba da aiki na bangaren jama'a. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa an zaɓi mahalarta taron ne da gangan, cewa yawancin mahalarta baƙi ne, cewa babu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na cikin gida da suka halarta kuma ba a ba da zaɓi na bangaren jama'a ba. Bugu da ƙari, suna jayayya cewa bita ɗaya bai isa ya shirya irin wannan muhimmiyar yanke shawara ba, cewa babu wata babbar muhawara ta jama'a da ta faru kuma ya kamata majalisar ta yanke shawara ta ƙarshe. Dangane da shawarar da gwamnati ta yanke, kowannensu daga cikin hayar biyu ya rufe kusan rabin birane da garuruwan Ghana. Ana sa ran masu zaman kansu za su saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 132 daga albarkatun su, wanda ya dace da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na jimlar saka hannun jari da ake tsammani a lokacin haya. Ana sa ran kwangilar za ta kara samar da ruwa da kashi 85%, haɗin da kashi 50% kuma ta rage ruwan da ba na shiga ba daga kashi 52% zuwa 25%. Wadannan tsammanin sun kasance a bayyane ba su da tabbas idan aka sake dubawa.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2000, gwamnatin Ghana ta ba da kwangilar Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) na shekaru 30 don rabin ƙasar, gami da babban birnin Accra, ga kamfanin Amurka Azurix, reshe na Enron. Koyaya, Bankin Duniya bai goyi bayan kwangilar ba. Yarjejeniyar ta gaza kafin a fara aiki saboda zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da adawar jama'a wanda ya haifar da kafa hadin gwiwa da ke adawa da mallakar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rahaman |first=Abu Shiraz |last2=Everett, Jeff |last3=Neu, Dean |year=2007 |title=Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa |journal=Accounting, Auditing &amp; Accountability Journal |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing Limited |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=637–670 |doi=10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648-651&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, Hukumar Bankin Duniya ta amince da bashi na dala miliyan 103 don &quot;Aikin Ruwa na Birni&quot;, wanda daga baya aka juya ya zama tallafi. Asusun Ci Gaban Arewa yana ba da gudummawa ga wasu dala miliyan 5, yayin da Gwamnatin Ghana ke ba da ragowar dala miliyan 12 na aikin dala miliyan 120.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Bank |author-link=World Bank |title=Ghana: World Bank Turns US$103 Million Ghana Urban Water Credit To Grant |url=http://go.worldbank.org/ZATGPT5LF1 |access-date=2008-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban manufofin shirin, wanda ya kamata ya ƙare a cikin 2010 kuma an tsawaita shi har zuwa Disamba 2015, shine kara yawan samun damar samar da ruwa a cikin birane tare da jaddada inganta sabis ga matalautan birane; da kuma dawo da kwanciyar hankali na kudi na dogon lokaci, viability, da kuma dorewar GWCL. Bankin Duniya ya kuma ba da tallafin fasaha da horo. Aikin ya goyi bayan shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Bank |author-link=World Bank |title=Urban Water Project |url=http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P056256&amp;Type=Overview&amp;theSitePK=40941&amp;pagePK=64283627&amp;menuPK=64282134&amp;piPK=64290415 |access-date=2008-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yarjejeniyar gudanarwa (2006-2011) ==
Tsakanin Yuni 2006 da Yuni 2011 mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa Aqua Vitens Rand Ltd. (AVRL), haɗin gwiwa na kamfanin jama'a na Dutch Vitens da kamfanin jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu Rand Water, suna tallafawa GWCL a ƙarƙashin kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru biyar don inganta aikinta da sake farfadowa da faɗaɗa ababen more rayuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;wateraid 19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Water-Aid Ghana |year=2005 |title=Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report. |url=http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf |access-date=2008-03-26}}, p. 19&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban manufofin kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 sune:

* Inganta amintacce (matsi da kwararar ruwa) da ingancin ruwan sha.
* Tabbatar da dorewar kudi na kamfanin,
* Inganta sabis na abokan ciniki, da
* Samar da damar samun ruwan sha a farashi mai araha ga masu amfani da ƙananan kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vitens Evides&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vitens Evides International |title=Management Contract 2006-2011 for urban water supply in Ghana A Partnership – in and for – development |url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221305/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2013 |access-date=14 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rage ruwan da ba na samun kudin shiga ba kuma muhimmiyar hanya ce don cimma wadannan manufofi.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, an bayar da rahoton karancin ruwa mai tsanani a Accra, wanda ya jagoranci Ministan Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje don duba ko AVRL yana aiki daidai da kwangilar gudanarwa. Koyaya, ya bayyana cewa dalilin karancin shine rashin wutar lantarki da ba a tsammani ba a masana'antun tsabtace ruwa guda biyu a Weija da Kpong. A cewar Ministan, yanayin gabaɗaya zai inganta musamman a ƙarshen 2008 saboda sabbin ramuka da yawa da kuma samar da wutar lantarki mai ɗorewa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008 National Coalition Against Privateisation of Water (NCAP) ta yi kira ga soke kwangilar gudanarwa saboda zargin &quot;rashin aiki&quot;, musamman dangane da rashin cimma &quot;Tsarin Sabis&quot; don matsin lamba da gudana kamar yadda aka ƙaddara a cikin Schedule 4 na kwangilar. Ministan ya amsa ta hanyar nuna wani bita mai zuwa na tsakiyar lokaci.

A farkon shekara ta 2011, Ministan Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje, [[Alban Bagbin]], ya soki Aqua Vitens Rand saboda rashin cika tsammanin. Mazauna sun koka cewa ba su karɓi ruwa ba kuma ma'aikata sun nuna rashin amincewa da &quot;hanyar gudanarwa&quot; na kamfanin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kunateh |first=Masahudu Ankiilu |date=26 April 2011 |title=Ghana: Don't Renew Aqua Vitens Rand Contract |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201104270237.html |access-date=19 April 2012 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati ba ta sabunta kwangilar gudanarwa ba lokacin da ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2011. Gwamnati tana kimanta zaɓuɓɓuka don matakai na gaba a cikin sake fasalin sashin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vitens Evides International |title=Hand-over per June 6, 2011 of the management responsibility of Aqua Vitens Rand Water Limited (AVRL) to Ghana Water |url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/news/hand-over-per-june-6-2011-of-the-management-responsibility-of-aqua-vitens-rand-water-limited-avrl-to-ghana-water.html |access-date=19 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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An tattauna mallakar ruwa a Ghana tun farkon shekarun 1990 a matsayin martani ga ingancin sabis mara kyau da ƙarancin ingancin ruwa na birane. Bankin Duniya ya goyi bayan tsarin shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a bangaren ruwa na birane tun daga farko. Bayan wahala da yawa an ba da kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 a shekara ta 2006. Lokacin da kwangilar ta ƙare a shekara ta 2011, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar kada ta tsawaita shi, tana mai cewa mai gudanarwa mai zaman kansa bai cika tsammanin ba.

== Shirye-shiryen (1995-2005) ==
An tattauna mallakar ruwa a Ghana tun farkon shekarun 1990 a matsayin martani ga ingancin sabis mara kyau da ƙarancin ingancin ruwa na birane na Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation (GWSC), wanda aka sake masa suna Ghana Water Company Ltd. (GWCL) a cikin 1999. Bankin Duniya ya goyi bayan tsarin shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a bangaren ruwa na birane tun daga farko. Bayan karatun shirye-shirye da kuma bita na shawarwari na kasa a shekarar 1995, gwamnati ta zaɓi kwangilar haya ta shekaru 10 guda biyu tsakanin zaɓuɓɓuka 8, gami da zaɓi don ci gaba da aiki na bangaren jama'a. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa an zaɓi mahalarta taron ne da gangan, cewa yawancin mahalarta baƙi ne, cewa babu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na cikin gida da suka halarta kuma ba a ba da zaɓi na bangaren jama'a ba. Bugu da ƙari, suna jayayya cewa bita ɗaya bai isa ya shirya irin wannan muhimmiyar yanke shawara ba, cewa babu wata babbar muhawara ta jama'a da ta faru kuma ya kamata majalisar ta yanke shawara ta ƙarshe. Dangane da shawarar da gwamnati ta yanke, kowannensu daga cikin hayar biyu ya rufe kusan rabin birane da garuruwan Ghana. Ana sa ran masu zaman kansu za su saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 132 daga albarkatun su, wanda ya dace da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na jimlar saka hannun jari da ake tsammani a lokacin haya. Ana sa ran kwangilar za ta kara samar da ruwa da kashi 85%, haɗin da kashi 50% kuma ta rage ruwan da ba na shiga ba daga kashi 52% zuwa 25%. Wadannan tsammanin sun kasance a bayyane ba su da tabbas idan aka sake dubawa.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2000, gwamnatin Ghana ta ba da kwangilar Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) na shekaru 30 don rabin ƙasar, gami da babban birnin Accra, ga kamfanin Amurka Azurix, reshe na Enron. Koyaya, Bankin Duniya bai goyi bayan kwangilar ba. Yarjejeniyar ta gaza kafin a fara aiki saboda zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da adawar jama'a wanda ya haifar da kafa hadin gwiwa da ke adawa da mallakar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rahaman |first=Abu Shiraz |last2=Everett, Jeff |last3=Neu, Dean |year=2007 |title=Accounting and the move to privatize water services in Africa |journal=Accounting, Auditing &amp; Accountability Journal |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing Limited |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=637–670 |doi=10.1108/09513570710778992}}, p. 648-651&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2004, Hukumar Bankin Duniya ta amince da bashi na dala miliyan 103 don &quot;Aikin Ruwa na Birni&quot;, wanda daga baya aka juya ya zama tallafi. Asusun Ci Gaban Arewa yana ba da gudummawa ga wasu dala miliyan 5, yayin da Gwamnatin Ghana ke ba da ragowar dala miliyan 12 na aikin dala miliyan 120.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Bank |author-link=World Bank |title=Ghana: World Bank Turns US$103 Million Ghana Urban Water Credit To Grant |url=http://go.worldbank.org/ZATGPT5LF1 |access-date=2008-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban manufofin shirin, wanda ya kamata ya ƙare a cikin 2010 kuma an tsawaita shi har zuwa Disamba 2015, shine kara yawan samun damar samar da ruwa a cikin birane tare da jaddada inganta sabis ga matalautan birane; da kuma dawo da kwanciyar hankali na kudi na dogon lokaci, viability, da kuma dorewar GWCL. Bankin Duniya ya kuma ba da tallafin fasaha da horo. Aikin ya goyi bayan shiga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Bank |author-link=World Bank |title=Urban Water Project |url=http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?Projectid=P056256&amp;Type=Overview&amp;theSitePK=40941&amp;pagePK=64283627&amp;menuPK=64282134&amp;piPK=64290415 |access-date=2008-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yarjejeniyar gudanarwa (2006-2011) ==
Tsakanin Yuni 2006 da Yuni 2011 mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa Aqua Vitens Rand Ltd. (AVRL), haɗin gwiwa na kamfanin jama'a na Dutch Vitens da kamfanin jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu Rand Water, suna tallafawa GWCL a ƙarƙashin kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru biyar don inganta aikinta da sake farfadowa da faɗaɗa ababen more rayuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;wateraid 19&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Water-Aid Ghana |year=2005 |title=Assessment of national sanitation policies: Ghana case. Final report. |url=http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/proj_contents0/WEJEH%20-%20Sanitation%20Policy/www/outputs/Ghana%20Sanitation%20Policy%20Assessment%20Report.pdf |access-date=2008-03-26}}, p. 19&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban manufofin kwangilar gudanarwa ta shekaru 5 sune:

* Inganta amintacce (matsi da kwararar ruwa) da ingancin ruwan sha.
* Tabbatar da dorewar kudi na kamfanin,
* Inganta sabis na abokan ciniki, da
* Samar da damar samun ruwan sha a farashi mai araha ga masu amfani da ƙananan kuɗi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vitens Evides&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vitens Evides International |title=Management Contract 2006-2011 for urban water supply in Ghana A Partnership – in and for – development |url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616221305/http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2013 |access-date=14 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rage ruwan da ba na samun kudin shiga ba kuma muhimmiyar hanya ce don cimma wadannan manufofi.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, an bayar da rahoton karancin ruwa mai tsanani a Accra, wanda ya jagoranci Ministan Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje don duba ko AVRL yana aiki daidai da kwangilar gudanarwa. Koyaya, ya bayyana cewa dalilin karancin shine rashin wutar lantarki da ba a tsammani ba a masana'antun tsabtace ruwa guda biyu a Weija da Kpong. A cewar Ministan, yanayin gabaɗaya zai inganta musamman a ƙarshen 2008 saboda sabbin ramuka da yawa da kuma samar da wutar lantarki mai ɗorewa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2008 National Coalition Against Privateisation of Water (NCAP) ta yi kira ga soke kwangilar gudanarwa saboda zargin &quot;rashin aiki&quot;, musamman dangane da rashin cimma &quot;Tsarin Sabis&quot; don matsin lamba da gudana kamar yadda aka ƙaddara a cikin Schedule 4 na kwangilar. Ministan ya amsa ta hanyar nuna wani bita mai zuwa na tsakiyar lokaci.

A farkon shekara ta 2011, Ministan Ruwa, Ayyuka da Gidaje, [[Alban Bagbin]], ya soki Aqua Vitens Rand saboda rashin cika tsammanin. Mazauna sun koka cewa ba su karɓi ruwa ba kuma ma'aikata sun nuna rashin amincewa da &quot;hanyar gudanarwa&quot; na kamfanin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kunateh |first=Masahudu Ankiilu |date=26 April 2011 |title=Ghana: Don't Renew Aqua Vitens Rand Contract |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201104270237.html |access-date=19 April 2012 |publisher=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati ba ta sabunta kwangilar gudanarwa ba lokacin da ta ƙare a watan Yunin 2011. Gwamnati tana kimanta zaɓuɓɓuka don matakai na gaba a cikin sake fasalin sashin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vitens Evides International |title=Hand-over per June 6, 2011 of the management responsibility of Aqua Vitens Rand Water Limited (AVRL) to Ghana Water |url=http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/news/hand-over-per-june-6-2011-of-the-management-responsibility-of-aqua-vitens-rand-water-limited-avrl-to-ghana-water.html |access-date=19 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Albert Abongo</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346672766|Albert Abongo]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Albert ABongo''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1959) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma injiniyan farar hula . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Abongo, Albert |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=270 |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=GhanaMps.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abongo ya fito ne daga Gundumar Bongo kusa da birnin Bolgatanga, [[Yankin Upper East|Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya]] kuma memba ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma memba na Majalisar Dattijai na Bongo .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Albert Abongo - Bio - Pulse |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/bio/albert-abongo-id5394968.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108065632/https://www.pulse.com.gh/bio/albert-abongo-id5394968.html |archive-date=2018-11-08 |access-date=2018-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Parliament member Albert Abongo |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705223853/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=4 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=8 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Albert Abongo a shekara ta 1959 a Gowrie-Bongo a yankin Upper East na [[Ghana]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;peacefmonline1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minister for Water Resources, Works and Housing |url=http://ghana.peacefmonline.com/ghana/ministries/moworks/minister/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925233823/https://ghana.peacefmonline.com/ghana/ministries/moworks/minister/ |archive-date=25 September 2024 |access-date=8 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a fannin injiniya daga [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah]] a shekarar 1986. Ya kuma halarci Jami'ar Trondheim a Norway kuma ya yi karatun Ports da Coastal Engineering a shekarar 1992. &lt;ref name=&quot;ghanaweb.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Parliament member Albert Abongo |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705223853/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=4 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-07 |website=GhanaWeb.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula tare da Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin jiragen ruwa ta Ghana kafin ya shiga siyasa. Shi [[Kirista]] ne kuma ya yi aure tare da 'ya'ya uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPS - MP Details - Abongo, Albert |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Abongo injiniya ce ta sana'a.

== Siyasa ==
Abongo memba ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Democrat kuma ya kasance Ministan Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Disputes bane of north – Albert Abongo |url=http://www.ghanalive.tv/2016/03/08/disputes-bane-of-north-albert-abongo/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108065715/http://www.ghanalive.tv/2016/03/08/disputes-bane-of-north-albert-abongo/ |archive-date=8 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009, [[John Atta Mills|Shugaba Mills]] ya nada shi Ministan albarkatun ruwa, ayyuka da gidaje.&lt;ref name=&quot;peacefmonline1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minister for Water Resources, Works and Housing |url=http://ghana.peacefmonline.com/ghana/ministries/moworks/minister/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925233823/https://ghana.peacefmonline.com/ghana/ministries/moworks/minister/ |archive-date=25 September 2024 |access-date=8 November 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240925233823/https://ghana.peacefmonline.com/ghana/ministries/moworks/minister/ &quot;Minister for Water Resources, Works and Housing&quot;]. Archived from [http://ghana.peacefmonline.com/ghana/ministries/moworks/minister/ the original] on 25 September 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 November&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi wa'adi 4 a ofis a matsayin memba na majalisa wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Bongo da ke zuwa ofis a watan Janairun shekara ta 2001. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Abongo, Albert |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2542 |access-date=2020-07-07 |website=GhanaMps.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin kan Lafiya, Gida, Land da Forestry . &lt;ref name=&quot;ghanaweb.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Parliament member Albert Abongo |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705223853/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=4 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-07 |website=GhanaWeb.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200705223853/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=4 &quot;Ghana Parliament member Albert Abongo&quot;]. ''GhanaWeb''. Archived from [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=4 the original] on 5 July 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 July&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zabe ==
An zabi Abongo a matsayin memba na majalisa na mazabar Bongo na Yankin Gabas ta Gabas na [[Ghana]] a karo na farko a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |date=17 December 2014 |title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - Bongo Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/uppereast/167/index.php |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe tikitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mazabarsa ta kasance wani ɓangare na kujeru 9 na majalisa daga cikin kujeru 13 da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lashe a wannan zaben na Yankin Gabas ta Gabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-08-10 |title=Statistics of Presidential and Parliamentary Election Results |url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/statistics-presidential-parliamentary-election-results/ |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=Fact Check Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dattijai ta Kasa ta lashe jimlar 'yan tsiraru 94 daga cikin kujeru 230. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |date=17 December 2014 |title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - President |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/president/index.php |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabe shi da kuri'u 17,397 daga cikin kuri'u 28,645 da aka jefa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya yi daidai da kashi 60.7% na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An zabe shi a kan Abugre Felix na Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Kasa, Andrews Awuni Aberibire na New Patriotic Party da Amoro Mpuse na Yarjejeniya ta Jama'a. Wadannan sun sami kuri'u 719, 10,311 da 218 bi da bi na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wadannan sun kasance daidai da 2.5%, 36% da 0.8% bi da bi na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Abongo Kirista ne.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]</text>
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'''Albert ABongo''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1959) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma injiniyan farar hula . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Abongo, Albert |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=270 |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=GhanaMps.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abongo ya fito ne daga Gundumar Bongo kusa da birnin Bolgatanga, [[Yankin Upper East|Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya]] kuma memba ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma memba na Majalisar Dattijai na Bongo .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Albert Abongo - Bio - Pulse |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/bio/albert-abongo-id5394968.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108065632/https://www.pulse.com.gh/bio/albert-abongo-id5394968.html |archive-date=2018-11-08 |access-date=2018-11-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Parliament member Albert Abongo |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705223853/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=4 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=8 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Albert Abongo a shekara ta 1959 a Gowrie-Bongo a yankin Upper East na [[Ghana]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;peacefmonline1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minister for Water Resources, Works and Housing |url=http://ghana.peacefmonline.com/ghana/ministries/moworks/minister/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925233823/https://ghana.peacefmonline.com/ghana/ministries/moworks/minister/ |archive-date=25 September 2024 |access-date=8 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a fannin injiniya daga [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah]] a shekarar 1986. Ya kuma halarci Jami'ar Trondheim a Norway kuma ya yi karatun Ports da Coastal Engineering a shekarar 1992. &lt;ref name=&quot;ghanaweb.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Parliament member Albert Abongo |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705223853/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=4 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-07 |website=GhanaWeb.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan farar hula tare da Hukumar Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa da Tashoshin jiragen ruwa ta Ghana kafin ya shiga siyasa. Shi [[Kirista]] ne kuma ya yi aure tare da 'ya'ya uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPS - MP Details - Abongo, Albert |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=270}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Abongo injiniya ce ta sana'a.

== Siyasa ==
Abongo memba ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Democrat kuma ya kasance Ministan Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Disputes bane of north – Albert Abongo |url=http://www.ghanalive.tv/2016/03/08/disputes-bane-of-north-albert-abongo/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108065715/http://www.ghanalive.tv/2016/03/08/disputes-bane-of-north-albert-abongo/ |archive-date=8 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009, [[John Atta Mills|Shugaba Mills]] ya nada shi Ministan albarkatun ruwa, ayyuka da gidaje.&lt;ref name=&quot;peacefmonline1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Minister for Water Resources, Works and Housing |url=http://ghana.peacefmonline.com/ghana/ministries/moworks/minister/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925233823/https://ghana.peacefmonline.com/ghana/ministries/moworks/minister/ |archive-date=25 September 2024 |access-date=8 November 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240925233823/https://ghana.peacefmonline.com/ghana/ministries/moworks/minister/ &quot;Minister for Water Resources, Works and Housing&quot;]. Archived from [http://ghana.peacefmonline.com/ghana/ministries/moworks/minister/ the original] on 25 September 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 November&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi wa'adi 4 a ofis a matsayin memba na majalisa wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Bongo da ke zuwa ofis a watan Janairun shekara ta 2001. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Abongo, Albert |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2542 |access-date=2020-07-07 |website=GhanaMps.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin kan Lafiya, Gida, Land da Forestry . &lt;ref name=&quot;ghanaweb.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Parliament member Albert Abongo |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705223853/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=4 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=2020-07-07 |website=GhanaWeb.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200705223853/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=4 &quot;Ghana Parliament member Albert Abongo&quot;]. ''GhanaWeb''. Archived from [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=4 the original] on 5 July 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 July&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zabe ==
An zabi Abongo a matsayin memba na majalisa na mazabar Bongo na Yankin Gabas ta Gabas na [[Ghana]] a karo na farko a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |date=17 December 2014 |title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - Bongo Constituency |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/uppereast/167/index.php |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe tikitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mazabarsa ta kasance wani ɓangare na kujeru 9 na majalisa daga cikin kujeru 13 da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lashe a wannan zaben na Yankin Gabas ta Gabas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-08-10 |title=Statistics of Presidential and Parliamentary Election Results |url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/statistics-presidential-parliamentary-election-results/ |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=Fact Check Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dattijai ta Kasa ta lashe jimlar 'yan tsiraru 94 daga cikin kujeru 230. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |date=17 December 2014 |title=Ghana Election 2004 Results - President |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/president/index.php |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabe shi da kuri'u 17,397 daga cikin kuri'u 28,645 da aka jefa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya yi daidai da kashi 60.7% na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An zabe shi a kan Abugre Felix na Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Kasa, Andrews Awuni Aberibire na New Patriotic Party da Amoro Mpuse na Yarjejeniya ta Jama'a. Wadannan sun sami kuri'u 719, 10,311 da 218 bi da bi na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wadannan sun kasance daidai da 2.5%, 36% da 0.8% bi da bi na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Abongo Kirista ne.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]]</text>
      <sha1>9pjiskw6otcm40f3q50p4ujqxx058hi</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa (Kenya)</title>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356393401|National Irrigation Authority (Kenya)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa''' ('''NIA''') kamfani ne na jihar a [[Kenya]] wanda aka ba da izini don bunkasa da sarrafa kayan aikin ban ruwa na kasa da tallafawa ci gaban ban ruwa a Kenya. An kafa shi a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta 2019, ikon yana aiki a karkashin Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Sanitation da Ruwa kuma yana aiki a matsayin magajin doka ga Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa (NIB). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Background, Vision and Mission – National Irrigation Authority |url=https://www.irrigationauthority.go.ke/background-vision-and-mission/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NIA tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a bangaren noma na Kenya ta hanyar fadada ababen more rayuwa na ban ruwa don rage dogaro da kasar kan aikin gona mai ruwan sama. Babban manufarta ita ce tallafawa tsaron abinci mai ɗorewa da Ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, musamman a cikin ƙasashen da ba su da ruwa da kuma ƙasashen da ke ƙasa (ASALs). &lt;ref name=&quot;nia-mission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Background, Vision and Mission |url=https://www.irrigationauthority.go.ke/background-vision-and-mission/ |access-date=14 May 2026 |website=National Irrigation Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin gudanar da ban ruwa a [[Kenya]] ya samo asali ne daga zamanin mulkin mallaka, lokacin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kafa tsarin ban ruwa na farko da farko don aikin gona a yankuna kamar Mwea da Hola . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chiera |first=Peter Maina |last2=Mwaruvie |first2=John |last3=Osamba |first3=Joshia |date=January 2024 |title=The Role of Mau Mau Detainees in the Conversion of Desolate Mwea Into Kenyas' Largest Rice Production Settlement Scheme in the 1950's |url=https://www.ijassjournal.com/2024/V7I1/4146663877.pdf |journal=International Journal of Arts and Social Science |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=296–308 |issn=2581-7922 |access-date=15 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan samun 'yancin kai, an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa a 1966 a karkashin Dokar Ruwa (Cap 347). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Background, Vision and Mission – National Irrigation Authority |url=https://www.irrigationauthority.go.ke/background-vision-and-mission/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da NIB da farko don haɓaka da sarrafa tsarin daidaitawa na jama'a.

Duk da yake NIB ta sami nasarar kula da fadada manyan tsare-tsare kamar Mwea Irrigation Scheme, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=History of Mwea irrigation scheme |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/realtime/2021-06-22-history-of-mwea-irrigation-scheme}}&lt;/ref&gt; ci gaban ya kasance a cikin tarihi kuma sau da yawa yana samun kudade da ƙuntatawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-12 |title=NIB starts building Sh16 billion Thiba Dam in August |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/nib-starts-building-sh16-billion-thiba-dam-in-august-2115882 |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=Business Daily |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don daidaita gudanar da ban ruwa tare da tsarin mulkin da aka gabatar ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 2010 da kuma fadada ikon gudanar da ruwan gona, gwamnati ta soke Dokar 1966. A ranar 29 ga watan Yulin 2019, Shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta ya amince da Dokar Ruwa, wanda a hukumance ya buga Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa a matsayin magajin NIB a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-03 |title=Uhuru signs into law two bills to address food security |url=https://citizen.digital/article/uhuru-signs-into-law-two-bills-to-address-food-security-267423 |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=Citizen Digital |language=en-KE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin shari'a ==
An kafa Hukumar kuma ana gudanar da ita ta hanyar Dokar Ruwa No. 14 na 2019. Dokar ta sake fasalin tsarin doka na amfani da ruwan gona a Kenya ta hanyar bayyana matsayin da gwamnatocin ƙasa da na gundumar ke takawa a ci gaban ban ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Government of Kenya |date=2021 |title=Legal Notice No. 199: The Irrigation (General) Regulations, 2021 |url=https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/ln/2021/199/eng@2022-12-31/source.pdf |access-date=15 May 2026 |website=Kenya Law |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A karkashin wannan tsarin, NIA tana aiki a madadin gwamnatin kasa don gudanar da manyan tsare-tsaren jama'a da kayan aikin ruwa tsakanin yankuna, yayin da a lokaci guda ke ba da tallafin fasaha da na kudi ga matsakaici da ƙananan tsare-tsare da aka gudanar a matakin gundumar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Government of Kenya |date=2021 |title=Legal Notice No. 199: The Irrigation (General) Regulations, 2021 |url=https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/ln/2021/199/eng@2022-12-31/source.pdf |access-date=15 May 2026 |website=Kenya Law |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar tana aiki a karkashin jagorancin manufofi na Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Sanitation da Ruwa.

== Ayyuka da ayyuka ==
Sashe na 7 na Dokar Ruwa ta 2019 ya tsara ayyukan doka na hukuma. Babban aikinta sun hada da: &lt;ref name=&quot;nia-mission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Background, Vision and Mission |url=https://www.irrigationauthority.go.ke/background-vision-and-mission/ |access-date=14 May 2026 |website=National Irrigation Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ci gaban ababen more rayuwa: Zane, ginawa da inganta ababen more more rayuwa na ban ruwa don tsarin kasa da na jama'a.
* Taimako na Ƙananan: Bayar da shawarwari na fasaha da sabis na tallafi ga manoma masu zaman kansu, matsakaici da ƙananan manoma tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatocin gundumar.
* Kungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (WUAs): Sauƙaƙe kafawa da haɓaka ƙarfin ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa na gida da kwamitocin warware rikice-rikice don gudanar da ayyukan matakin makirci.
* Bincike da Tallace-tallace: Inganta ajiya mai aminci, sarrafawa da tallace-tallye na kayan aikin gona da kiwon kifi da aka shuka a kan tsarin ban ruwa, da kuma gudanar da bincike na aiki kan farashin amfanin gona da fasahar noma ta zamani.
* Haɗin kai: Haɗin sulhu da amfani da ƙasa a kan tsare-tsaren jama'a da ke ratsa yankuna da yawa.

== Tsarin ƙungiya ==
Hedikwatar NIA tana da hedikwatar a gidan Unyunyizi a kan hanyar Lenana a [[Nairobi]]. Babban jami'in zartarwa ne ke kula da ayyukanta na yau da kullun kuma kwamitin daraktoci ne ke sarrafa su.

Hukumar tana aiki ta hanyar sassan gudanarwa da fasaha da yawa.

=== Tashoshin bincike da rassa ===
Don tallafawa aikinta, NIA tana gudanar da tashoshin bincike na aikin gona, gami da Cibiyar Ci gaban Aikin Gona ta Mwea (MIAD), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mwea Irrigation Agricultural Development (MIAD) Centre – National Irrigation Authority |url=https://www.irrigationauthority.go.ke/mwea-irrigation-agricultural-development-miad-centre/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta Ahero (AIRS),  da kuma wurare a Hola da Bura. 

Har ila yau, Hukumar tana aiki da rassa biyu na kasuwanci - Mwea Rice Mills Ltd (MRM) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-10 |title=Kerugoya High Court extends order suspending privatisation of Mwea rice mills |url=https://citizen.digital/article/kerugoya-high-court-extends-order-suspending-privatisation-of-mwea-rice-mills-n372761 |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=Citizen Digital |language=en-KE}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Western Kenya Rice Mills (WKRM) - waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin masana'antun sarrafawa don niƙa da kunshin shinkafa da aka saya daga manoma. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7298" sha1="g6og5wdue4ykf4mi5ylvcczzc8zho02" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa''' ('''NIA''') kamfani ne na jihar a [[Kenya]] wanda aka ba da izini don bunkasa da sarrafa kayan aikin ban ruwa na kasa da tallafawa ci gaban ban ruwa a Kenya. An kafa shi a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta 2019, ikon yana aiki a karkashin Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Sanitation da Ruwa kuma yana aiki a matsayin magajin doka ga Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa (NIB). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Background, Vision and Mission – National Irrigation Authority |url=https://www.irrigationauthority.go.ke/background-vision-and-mission/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NIA tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a bangaren noma na Kenya ta hanyar fadada ababen more rayuwa na ban ruwa don rage dogaro da kasar kan aikin gona mai ruwan sama. Babban manufarta ita ce tallafawa tsaron abinci mai ɗorewa da Ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, musamman a cikin ƙasashen da ba su da ruwa da kuma ƙasashen da ke ƙasa (ASALs). &lt;ref name=&quot;nia-mission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Background, Vision and Mission |url=https://www.irrigationauthority.go.ke/background-vision-and-mission/ |access-date=14 May 2026 |website=National Irrigation Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin gudanar da ban ruwa a [[Kenya]] ya samo asali ne daga zamanin mulkin mallaka, lokacin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kafa tsarin ban ruwa na farko da farko don aikin gona a yankuna kamar Mwea da Hola . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chiera |first=Peter Maina |last2=Mwaruvie |first2=John |last3=Osamba |first3=Joshia |date=January 2024 |title=The Role of Mau Mau Detainees in the Conversion of Desolate Mwea Into Kenyas' Largest Rice Production Settlement Scheme in the 1950's |url=https://www.ijassjournal.com/2024/V7I1/4146663877.pdf |journal=International Journal of Arts and Social Science |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=296–308 |issn=2581-7922 |access-date=15 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan samun 'yancin kai, an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa a 1966 a karkashin Dokar Ruwa (Cap 347). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Background, Vision and Mission – National Irrigation Authority |url=https://www.irrigationauthority.go.ke/background-vision-and-mission/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da NIB da farko don haɓaka da sarrafa tsarin daidaitawa na jama'a.

Duk da yake NIB ta sami nasarar kula da fadada manyan tsare-tsare kamar Mwea Irrigation Scheme, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-14 |title=History of Mwea irrigation scheme |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/realtime/2021-06-22-history-of-mwea-irrigation-scheme}}&lt;/ref&gt; ci gaban ya kasance a cikin tarihi kuma sau da yawa yana samun kudade da ƙuntatawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-12 |title=NIB starts building Sh16 billion Thiba Dam in August |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/nib-starts-building-sh16-billion-thiba-dam-in-august-2115882 |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=Business Daily |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Don daidaita gudanar da ban ruwa tare da tsarin mulkin da aka gabatar ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 2010 da kuma fadada ikon gudanar da ruwan gona, gwamnati ta soke Dokar 1966. A ranar 29 ga watan Yulin 2019, Shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta ya amince da Dokar Ruwa, wanda a hukumance ya buga Hukumar Ruwa ta Kasa a matsayin magajin NIB a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-03 |title=Uhuru signs into law two bills to address food security |url=https://citizen.digital/article/uhuru-signs-into-law-two-bills-to-address-food-security-267423 |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=Citizen Digital |language=en-KE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin shari'a ==
An kafa Hukumar kuma ana gudanar da ita ta hanyar Dokar Ruwa No. 14 na 2019. Dokar ta sake fasalin tsarin doka na amfani da ruwan gona a Kenya ta hanyar bayyana matsayin da gwamnatocin ƙasa da na gundumar ke takawa a ci gaban ban ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Government of Kenya |date=2021 |title=Legal Notice No. 199: The Irrigation (General) Regulations, 2021 |url=https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/ln/2021/199/eng@2022-12-31/source.pdf |access-date=15 May 2026 |website=Kenya Law |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A karkashin wannan tsarin, NIA tana aiki a madadin gwamnatin kasa don gudanar da manyan tsare-tsaren jama'a da kayan aikin ruwa tsakanin yankuna, yayin da a lokaci guda ke ba da tallafin fasaha da na kudi ga matsakaici da ƙananan tsare-tsare da aka gudanar a matakin gundumar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Government of Kenya |date=2021 |title=Legal Notice No. 199: The Irrigation (General) Regulations, 2021 |url=https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/act/ln/2021/199/eng@2022-12-31/source.pdf |access-date=15 May 2026 |website=Kenya Law |publisher=National Council for Law Reporting}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar tana aiki a karkashin jagorancin manufofi na Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Sanitation da Ruwa.

== Ayyuka da ayyuka ==
Sashe na 7 na Dokar Ruwa ta 2019 ya tsara ayyukan doka na hukuma. Babban aikinta sun hada da: &lt;ref name=&quot;nia-mission&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Background, Vision and Mission |url=https://www.irrigationauthority.go.ke/background-vision-and-mission/ |access-date=14 May 2026 |website=National Irrigation Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ci gaban ababen more rayuwa: Zane, ginawa da inganta ababen more more rayuwa na ban ruwa don tsarin kasa da na jama'a.
* Taimako na Ƙananan: Bayar da shawarwari na fasaha da sabis na tallafi ga manoma masu zaman kansu, matsakaici da ƙananan manoma tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatocin gundumar.
* Kungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (WUAs): Sauƙaƙe kafawa da haɓaka ƙarfin ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa na gida da kwamitocin warware rikice-rikice don gudanar da ayyukan matakin makirci.
* Bincike da Tallace-tallace: Inganta ajiya mai aminci, sarrafawa da tallace-tallye na kayan aikin gona da kiwon kifi da aka shuka a kan tsarin ban ruwa, da kuma gudanar da bincike na aiki kan farashin amfanin gona da fasahar noma ta zamani.
* Haɗin kai: Haɗin sulhu da amfani da ƙasa a kan tsare-tsaren jama'a da ke ratsa yankuna da yawa.

== Tsarin ƙungiya ==
Hedikwatar NIA tana da hedikwatar a gidan Unyunyizi a kan hanyar Lenana a [[Nairobi]]. Babban jami'in zartarwa ne ke kula da ayyukanta na yau da kullun kuma kwamitin daraktoci ne ke sarrafa su.

Hukumar tana aiki ta hanyar sassan gudanarwa da fasaha da yawa.

=== Tashoshin bincike da rassa ===
Don tallafawa aikinta, NIA tana gudanar da tashoshin bincike na aikin gona, gami da Cibiyar Ci gaban Aikin Gona ta Mwea (MIAD), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mwea Irrigation Agricultural Development (MIAD) Centre – National Irrigation Authority |url=https://www.irrigationauthority.go.ke/mwea-irrigation-agricultural-development-miad-centre/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta Ahero (AIRS),  da kuma wurare a Hola da Bura. 

Har ila yau, Hukumar tana aiki da rassa biyu na kasuwanci - Mwea Rice Mills Ltd (MRM) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-10 |title=Kerugoya High Court extends order suspending privatisation of Mwea rice mills |url=https://citizen.digital/article/kerugoya-high-court-extends-order-suspending-privatisation-of-mwea-rice-mills-n372761 |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=Citizen Digital |language=en-KE}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Western Kenya Rice Mills (WKRM) - waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin masana'antun sarrafawa don niƙa da kunshin shinkafa da aka saya daga manoma. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>g6og5wdue4ykf4mi5ylvcczzc8zho02</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Thika</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1309429755|Thika River]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Tana_OSM.png|right|thumb|330x330px|Kogin Thika (a saman hagu) ]]
'''Kogin Thika''' yana gudana ta cikin gundumar Kiambu a tsakiyar [[Kenya]] kuma yana da alaƙa da [[Kogin Tana (Kenya)|Kogin Tana]] . Kogin ya zama iyakar tunani tsakanin yankunan Murang'a da Kiambu. Kogin Thika muhimmiyar tushen wutar lantarki ce a Kenya kuma tana samar da mafi yawan ruwa ga [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya kuma birni mafi girma.

Sunan ''Thika'' ya samo asali ne daga yaren Kikuyu ko kuma daga yaren Maasai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thika&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Municipal council of Thika: Background information |url=http://www.thikamunicipal.go.ke/bginfo.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029063219/http://www.thikamunicipal.go.ke/bginfo.php |archive-date=2008-10-29 |access-date=2008-09-28 |publisher=Municipal Council of Thika}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana iya danganta da kalmar Kikuyu ''Guthika'', wanda ke nufin binnewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thika&quot; /&gt; Har ila yau, yana kama da kalmar Maasai ''sika'', wanda ke nufin shafa wani abu daga gefen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thika&quot; /&gt;

== Hanyar da ake ciki ==
Kogin Thika ya samo asali ne daga Yankin Aberdare .  Yana gudana zuwa Kogin Tana, wanda ya zubo cikin [[Tekun Indiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;reservoir&quot; /&gt;

Wani alama a gefen kogin shine Thika Falls, kusa da garin Thika .  Thika Falls yana da faduwar kimanin mita 25 (82  a cikin wani yanki na jeji a cikin nisan tafiya daga [[Blue Post Hotel|Otal din Blue Post]], ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin otal-otal a Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambros&quot; /&gt;

== Muhalli ==
A farkon karni na ashirin, masu farautar manyan farauta na mulkin mallaka sun lura da hippopotamus da crocodiles tare da sassan da suka fi zurfi na kogi. Baboons da leopards sun zauna a cikin gandun daji kusa da Thika Falls . &lt;ref name=&quot;macqueen&quot; /&gt; Antelopes da zebras sun zauna a cikin bude ƙasar daga kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;macqueen&quot; /&gt; Rhinoceros, zakuna, da hyenas suma suna zaune a yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;macqueen&quot; /&gt; Yawancin wasan a yau sun koma ko dai a kan kogi zuwa gandun daji na Aberdares ko a kan kariya saboda matsin lamba daga karuwar mazaunin mutane a kan kudancin.

== Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ==
Kashi tamanin cikin dari na samar da ruwa ga Nairobi, babban birnin Kenya, ya fito ne daga Kogin Thika.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin gandun daji da wuce gona da iri a gefen kogin da ke cike da mutane sun haifar da matsalolin rushewar ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin ruwa ya rage kwararar kogi, girman tafkin, da ingancin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot; /&gt; Ingancin ruwa ya kuma lalace saboda rugujewar magungunan kashe kwari.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot; /&gt;

== Ruwa da wutar lantarki ==
Thika wani bangare ne na kwandon Tana, wanda aka fi yin injiniya da shi daga cikin manyan wuraren ruwa na Kenya. Ikon wutar lantarki daga Kogin Thika yana samar da wani bangare mai mahimmanci na wutar lantarki ta Kenya. Shirin farko don amfani da damar wutar lantarki ta Thika River an gabatar da shi jim kadan bayan yakin duniya na Guglielmo Marconi a matsayin hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ga tashar sadarwa ta rediyo da aka tsara a Nairobi. Ba a aiwatar da shirin Marconi ba, amma a cikin 1994 an gina madatsar ruwan Thika tare da tafkin ruwa na cubic mita miliyan {{Convert|70|e6m3|e9impgal e9usgal}} (gallon biliyan 15; biliyan biliyan 18 na Amurka).  &lt;ref name=&quot;Hugill&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Thika kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga tafkin Masinga, wanda ke aiki da madatsar ruwa guda bakwai.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot; /&gt; Tare, kashi uku cikin hudu na samar da wutar lantarki na Kenya ya samo asali ne daga waɗannan madatsun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3630" sha1="2u7r9vhjtq1mjg60nffxumwjsd4e2vw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Tana_OSM.png|right|thumb|330x330px|Kogin Thika (a saman hagu) ]]
'''Kogin Thika''' yana gudana ta cikin gundumar Kiambu a tsakiyar [[Kenya]] kuma yana da alaƙa da [[Kogin Tana (Kenya)|Kogin Tana]] . Kogin ya zama iyakar tunani tsakanin yankunan Murang'a da Kiambu. Kogin Thika muhimmiyar tushen wutar lantarki ce a Kenya kuma tana samar da mafi yawan ruwa ga [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya kuma birni mafi girma.

Sunan ''Thika'' ya samo asali ne daga yaren Kikuyu ko kuma daga yaren Maasai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thika&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Municipal council of Thika: Background information |url=http://www.thikamunicipal.go.ke/bginfo.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029063219/http://www.thikamunicipal.go.ke/bginfo.php |archive-date=2008-10-29 |access-date=2008-09-28 |publisher=Municipal Council of Thika}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana iya danganta da kalmar Kikuyu ''Guthika'', wanda ke nufin binnewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thika&quot; /&gt; Har ila yau, yana kama da kalmar Maasai ''sika'', wanda ke nufin shafa wani abu daga gefen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thika&quot; /&gt;

== Hanyar da ake ciki ==
Kogin Thika ya samo asali ne daga Yankin Aberdare .  Yana gudana zuwa Kogin Tana, wanda ya zubo cikin [[Tekun Indiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;reservoir&quot; /&gt;

Wani alama a gefen kogin shine Thika Falls, kusa da garin Thika .  Thika Falls yana da faduwar kimanin mita 25 (82  a cikin wani yanki na jeji a cikin nisan tafiya daga [[Blue Post Hotel|Otal din Blue Post]], ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin otal-otal a Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambros&quot; /&gt;

== Muhalli ==
A farkon karni na ashirin, masu farautar manyan farauta na mulkin mallaka sun lura da hippopotamus da crocodiles tare da sassan da suka fi zurfi na kogi. Baboons da leopards sun zauna a cikin gandun daji kusa da Thika Falls . &lt;ref name=&quot;macqueen&quot; /&gt; Antelopes da zebras sun zauna a cikin bude ƙasar daga kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;macqueen&quot; /&gt; Rhinoceros, zakuna, da hyenas suma suna zaune a yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;macqueen&quot; /&gt; Yawancin wasan a yau sun koma ko dai a kan kogi zuwa gandun daji na Aberdares ko a kan kariya saboda matsin lamba daga karuwar mazaunin mutane a kan kudancin.

== Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ==
Kashi tamanin cikin dari na samar da ruwa ga Nairobi, babban birnin Kenya, ya fito ne daga Kogin Thika.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin gandun daji da wuce gona da iri a gefen kogin da ke cike da mutane sun haifar da matsalolin rushewar ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin ruwa ya rage kwararar kogi, girman tafkin, da ingancin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot; /&gt; Ingancin ruwa ya kuma lalace saboda rugujewar magungunan kashe kwari.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot; /&gt;

== Ruwa da wutar lantarki ==
Thika wani bangare ne na kwandon Tana, wanda aka fi yin injiniya da shi daga cikin manyan wuraren ruwa na Kenya. Ikon wutar lantarki daga Kogin Thika yana samar da wani bangare mai mahimmanci na wutar lantarki ta Kenya. Shirin farko don amfani da damar wutar lantarki ta Thika River an gabatar da shi jim kadan bayan yakin duniya na Guglielmo Marconi a matsayin hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ga tashar sadarwa ta rediyo da aka tsara a Nairobi. Ba a aiwatar da shirin Marconi ba, amma a cikin 1994 an gina madatsar ruwan Thika tare da tafkin ruwa na cubic mita miliyan {{Convert|70|e6m3|e9impgal e9usgal}} (gallon biliyan 15; biliyan biliyan 18 na Amurka).  &lt;ref name=&quot;Hugill&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Thika kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga tafkin Masinga, wanda ke aiki da madatsar ruwa guda bakwai.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot; /&gt; Tare, kashi uku cikin hudu na samar da wutar lantarki na Kenya ya samo asali ne daga waɗannan madatsun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Siyasa ta ruwa a cikin Kogin Urdun</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322646632|Water politics in the Jordan River basin]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Siyasa ta ruwa a cikin Kogin Urdun''' tana nufin Batutuwan siyasa na ruwa a cikin kogin Urdun, gami da da'awar gasa da amfani da ruwa, da batutuwan haƙƙin ruwa na ruwa tare da koguna na kasa da kasa, da kuma wadata da amfani da ruwan ƙasa. Abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa a yankin ba su da yawa, kuma waɗannan batutuwan suna shafar yankuna biyar na siyasa ([[Isra'ila]], [[Gaɓar Yamma|Yammacin Kogin]], [[Lebanon]], [[Siriya]] da Jordan) da ke cikin da iyakar kwandon, waɗanda aka kirkira tun lokacin rushewa, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na, na tsohon mai sarrafawa, [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]]. Saboda karancin ruwa da kuma yanayin siyasa na musamman, an haɗa batutuwan samarwa da amfani a waje da iyakokin jiki na kwandon a tarihi.

Kogin Urdun da ruwansa sune batutuwan tsakiya na Rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila (ciki har da rikicin Isra'ila da Palasdinawa), da kuma Yaƙin basasar Siriya na baya-bayan nan. Kogin Urdun yana da tsawon kilomita 251 (156  kuma, a kan mafi yawan nisansa, yana gudana a tsaunuka a ƙasa da matakin teku. Ruwansa ya samo asali ne daga wuraren da ke da [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] a ciki da kusa da Dutsen Anti-Lebanon a arewa, kuma yana gudana ta cikin Tekun Galili da Kogin Urdun wanda ya ƙare a cikin Tekun Gishiri a tsawo na rage mita 400, a kudu.

== Yanayin yankin Jordan ==
Ruwa na Tekun Galili, inda manyan masu ba da gudummawa suka shiga kwarin Urdun daga gabas, kwarin ya faɗaɗa zuwa kusan kilomita 15 (kilomita 24). Wannan yanki yana da halayyar mafi girma ko [[Yankin rairayin bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]] da ke daidai da kogi; wannan yanki an san shi da ''Ghor'' (ko ''Ghawr''). Wadannan terraces suna cikin gida ta hanyar wadis ko koguna da ke samar da labyrinth na raƙuman ruwa, suna sauyawa tare da tsaunuka masu kaifi da tsaunukakawa, tare da hasumiyoyi, pinnacles da yanayin yanayin badlands.

A wani karamin [[River delta|Delta]]-linkid=&quot;150&quot; href=&quot;./Meandering_river&quot; id=&quot;mwOA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Meandering river&quot;&gt;yawo shine ambaliyar Kogin Urdun mai aiki, ''zhor'' (ko ''Zur''), tare da hanya mai laushi, wanda ke da asusun tsawon kogin idan aka kwatanta da nisan layi madaidaiciya don isa Tekun Gishiri. An gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa a gefen kogi a cikin Zhor, suna juyar da tsoffin bishiyoyi na kara, tamarisk, willows, da fararen poplars zuwa filayen ban ruwa. Bayan ya gudana ta hanyar Zur, Kogin Urdun ya shiga cikin Tekun Gishiri a fadin wani fili mai faɗi, mai laushi.

A cikin kogin Kogin Urdun na sama, a saman Tekun Galili, masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da:

* Hasbani (Arabic), ''Snir'' (Hebrew), wanda ke gudana daga Lebanon.
* Banias (Arabic), ''Hermon'' (Hebrew), wanda ya fito ne daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a Banias kusa da ƙasan Dutsen Hermone .
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwTQ&quot;&gt;Dan&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (Ibraniyawa: דן), ''Leddan'' (Larabci: اللدان), wanda asalinsa kuma yana a gindin Dutsen Hermon .
* ''Berdara'' (Arabic), ko ''Braghith'' (Arabic) Yón ko Ayoun (Ibraniyawa), ƙaramin rafi wanda ke gudana daga Lebanon.

Ƙananan kogin Urdun sun haɗa da:

* Jalud a cikin kwarin Beth Shean
* Kogin Yarmouk, wanda ya samo asali ne a kan gangaren kudu maso gabashin Dutsen Hermone da Hauran Plateau, ya zama iyakar kudancin Golan Heights kuma yana gudana cikin Kogin Urdun a ƙarƙashin Tekun Galili. Har ila yau, ya bayyana sassan iyakar tsakanin Urdun da Siriya, da kuma ɗan gajeren yanki tsakanin Urdun le Isra'ila.
* Kogin Zarqa, Jabbok na Littafi Mai-Tsarki
* Jabesh (Wadi Yabis) mai suna bayan Jabesh-Gilead

== Ilimin Ruwa na Kogin Urdun ==
Kasashe 4 daban-daban ne suka raba haƙƙin kogin Urdun: [[Lebanon]], Siriya, [[Jodan|Jordan]], Isra'ila da [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Yankunan Palasdinawa]]; kodayake Isra'ila a matsayin ikon mamayewa ta ki ba da duk wani albarkatun ruwa ga Hukumar Kula da Kasa ta Palasdinawa. &lt;ref&gt;''Palestine is characterised by limited surface and groundwater water resources. The main surface water system in the region is the Jordan River basin which begins in three headwaters. The Hasbani River originates in Lebanon and has at least parts of its flow in Lebanon with an average flow of 138 million cubic metres per year. The Dan and Banias (Nahal Hermon in Israel) Rivers originate in the Golan Heights and both flow into the Jordan above Tabariyya Lake [Lake Galilee] having an average flow of 1.3&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/yr. The Jordan River Basin is considered under international law as an international river with water shared by; Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and the Palestine.'' Daibes-Murad, Fadia (2005) A New Legal Framework for Managing the World's Shared Groundwaters: A Case Study from the Middle East IWA Publishing, {{ISBN|1-84339-076-0}} pp 37–39&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Urdun ya samo asali ne kusa da iyakokin kasashe uku, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Siriya, tare da mafi yawan ruwan da aka samo daga Dutsen Anti-Lebanon da Dutsen Hermone zuwa arewa da gabas. Koguna uku masu ruwa sun haɗu don samar da Kogin Urdun a arewa:

# Kogin Hasbani, wanda ke tashi a kudancin Lebanon, tare da matsakaicin kwararar shekara-shekara na cubic mita miliyan 138.
# Kogin Dan, a Isra'ila, matsakaicin mita cubic miliyan 245 a kowace shekara, da
# Kogin Banias yana gudana daga Golan Heights, matsakaicin mita cubic miliyan 121 a kowace shekara.

Wadannan koguna sun haɗu da kilomita shida a cikin Isra'ila kuma suna gudana a kudu zuwa Tekun Galili, gaba ɗaya a cikin Israʼila.&lt;ref&gt;Lowi, Miriam R. (1995) Water and Power: The Politics of a Scarce Resource in the Jordan River Basin Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-55836-0}} p 25&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Siyasa ta ruwa a cikin Kogin Urdun''' tana nufin Batutuwan siyasa na ruwa a cikin kogin Urdun, gami da da'awar gasa da amfani da ruwa, da batutuwan haƙƙin ruwa na ruwa tare da koguna na kasa da kasa, da kuma wadata da amfani da ruwan ƙasa. Abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa a yankin ba su da yawa, kuma waɗannan batutuwan suna shafar yankuna biyar na siyasa ([[Isra'ila]], [[Gaɓar Yamma|Yammacin Kogin]], [[Lebanon]], [[Siriya]] da Jordan) da ke cikin da iyakar kwandon, waɗanda aka kirkira tun lokacin rushewa, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na, na tsohon mai sarrafawa, [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]]. Saboda karancin ruwa da kuma yanayin siyasa na musamman, an haɗa batutuwan samarwa da amfani a waje da iyakokin jiki na kwandon a tarihi.

Kogin Urdun da ruwansa sune batutuwan tsakiya na Rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila (ciki har da rikicin Isra'ila da Palasdinawa), da kuma Yaƙin basasar Siriya na baya-bayan nan. Kogin Urdun yana da tsawon kilomita 251 (156  kuma, a kan mafi yawan nisansa, yana gudana a tsaunuka a ƙasa da matakin teku. Ruwansa ya samo asali ne daga wuraren da ke da [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] a ciki da kusa da Dutsen Anti-Lebanon a arewa, kuma yana gudana ta cikin Tekun Galili da Kogin Urdun wanda ya ƙare a cikin Tekun Gishiri a tsawo na rage mita 400, a kudu.

== Yanayin yankin Jordan ==
Ruwa na Tekun Galili, inda manyan masu ba da gudummawa suka shiga kwarin Urdun daga gabas, kwarin ya faɗaɗa zuwa kusan kilomita 15 (kilomita 24). Wannan yanki yana da halayyar mafi girma ko [[Yankin rairayin bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]] da ke daidai da kogi; wannan yanki an san shi da ''Ghor'' (ko ''Ghawr''). Wadannan terraces suna cikin gida ta hanyar wadis ko koguna da ke samar da labyrinth na raƙuman ruwa, suna sauyawa tare da tsaunuka masu kaifi da tsaunukakawa, tare da hasumiyoyi, pinnacles da yanayin yanayin badlands.

A wani karamin [[River delta|Delta]]-linkid=&quot;150&quot; href=&quot;./Meandering_river&quot; id=&quot;mwOA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Meandering river&quot;&gt;yawo shine ambaliyar Kogin Urdun mai aiki, ''zhor'' (ko ''Zur''), tare da hanya mai laushi, wanda ke da asusun tsawon kogin idan aka kwatanta da nisan layi madaidaiciya don isa Tekun Gishiri. An gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa a gefen kogi a cikin Zhor, suna juyar da tsoffin bishiyoyi na kara, tamarisk, willows, da fararen poplars zuwa filayen ban ruwa. Bayan ya gudana ta hanyar Zur, Kogin Urdun ya shiga cikin Tekun Gishiri a fadin wani fili mai faɗi, mai laushi.

A cikin kogin Kogin Urdun na sama, a saman Tekun Galili, masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da:

* Hasbani (Arabic), ''Snir'' (Hebrew), wanda ke gudana daga Lebanon.
* Banias (Arabic), ''Hermon'' (Hebrew), wanda ya fito ne daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a Banias kusa da ƙasan Dutsen Hermone .
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwTQ&quot;&gt;Dan&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (Ibraniyawa: דן), ''Leddan'' (Larabci: اللدان), wanda asalinsa kuma yana a gindin Dutsen Hermon .
* ''Berdara'' (Arabic), ko ''Braghith'' (Arabic) Yón ko Ayoun (Ibraniyawa), ƙaramin rafi wanda ke gudana daga Lebanon.

Ƙananan kogin Urdun sun haɗa da:

* Jalud a cikin kwarin Beth Shean
* Kogin Yarmouk, wanda ya samo asali ne a kan gangaren kudu maso gabashin Dutsen Hermone da Hauran Plateau, ya zama iyakar kudancin Golan Heights kuma yana gudana cikin Kogin Urdun a ƙarƙashin Tekun Galili. Har ila yau, ya bayyana sassan iyakar tsakanin Urdun da Siriya, da kuma ɗan gajeren yanki tsakanin Urdun le Isra'ila.
* Kogin Zarqa, Jabbok na Littafi Mai-Tsarki
* Jabesh (Wadi Yabis) mai suna bayan Jabesh-Gilead

== Ilimin Ruwa na Kogin Urdun ==
Kasashe 4 daban-daban ne suka raba haƙƙin kogin Urdun: [[Lebanon]], Siriya, [[Jodan|Jordan]], Isra'ila da [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Yankunan Palasdinawa]]; kodayake Isra'ila a matsayin ikon mamayewa ta ki ba da duk wani albarkatun ruwa ga Hukumar Kula da Kasa ta Palasdinawa. &lt;ref&gt;''Palestine is characterised by limited surface and groundwater water resources. The main surface water system in the region is the Jordan River basin which begins in three headwaters. The Hasbani River originates in Lebanon and has at least parts of its flow in Lebanon with an average flow of 138 million cubic metres per year. The Dan and Banias (Nahal Hermon in Israel) Rivers originate in the Golan Heights and both flow into the Jordan above Tabariyya Lake [Lake Galilee] having an average flow of 1.3&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/yr. The Jordan River Basin is considered under international law as an international river with water shared by; Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and the Palestine.'' Daibes-Murad, Fadia (2005) A New Legal Framework for Managing the World's Shared Groundwaters: A Case Study from the Middle East IWA Publishing, {{ISBN|1-84339-076-0}} pp 37–39&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Urdun ya samo asali ne kusa da iyakokin kasashe uku, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Siriya, tare da mafi yawan ruwan da aka samo daga Dutsen Anti-Lebanon da Dutsen Hermone zuwa arewa da gabas. Koguna uku masu ruwa sun haɗu don samar da Kogin Urdun a arewa:

# Kogin Hasbani, wanda ke tashi a kudancin Lebanon, tare da matsakaicin kwararar shekara-shekara na cubic mita miliyan 138.
# Kogin Dan, a Isra'ila, matsakaicin mita cubic miliyan 245 a kowace shekara, da
# Kogin Banias yana gudana daga Golan Heights, matsakaicin mita cubic miliyan 121 a kowace shekara.

Wadannan koguna sun haɗu da kilomita shida a cikin Isra'ila kuma suna gudana a kudu zuwa Tekun Galili, gaba ɗaya a cikin Israʼila.&lt;ref&gt;Lowi, Miriam R. (1995) Water and Power: The Politics of a Scarce Resource in the Jordan River Basin Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-55836-0}} p 25&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kogin Keurbooms</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339626963|Keurbooms River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Keurbooms'''  kogi ne a lardin Western Cape da ke [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin yana da maɓuɓɓugarsa a kudu da Uniondale a Langkloof kuma yana gudana a kudu maso gabas. Yana wucewa ta De Vlugt da Prince Alfred Pass, yana gudana a gefen arewa na hanyar R340 sannan ya juya kudu. Bayan ya ketare hanyar N2, yana gudana cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] ta cikin [[Keurbooms Estuary]], wanda ke kusa da garin bakin teku na Plettenberg Bay. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Keurbooms River – Hydrology and geohydrology |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104935/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |archive-date=2014-08-08 |access-date=2012-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin Keurbooms yana da kusan 85&amp;nbsp;Tsawon kilomita tare da yankin magudanar ruwa na kilomita 1,080. Babban magudanar ruwanta ita ce [[Bitou River|Bitou]] (Bietou). 

 
== Ilimin Halittu ==
Kogin Keurbooms yana nuna iyakar gabas ta yankin da ke zaune a Cape galaxias ''(Galaxias zebratus)'', wani nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya shahara a Yankin Cape Floric. Yana da matsuguni iri ɗaya da kifayen da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje kuma yana zaune a yankin da ke tsakanin Keurbooms da Kogin Olifants.  Duk da cewa a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifi mai laushi an rarraba shi ne kawai a matsayin wanda ke fuskantar barazana, a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] nau'ikan kifaye iri ɗaya sun [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|mutu]] sakamakon kamuwa da salmonids. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/m&amp;g/mg17.htm Albany Museum – Freshwater Ichthyology]{{Dead link|date=December 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Keurboomstrand
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* Magudanar ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==
Keurbooms RiverKeurbooms RiverKeurbooms RiverKeurbooms RiverKeurbooms RiverKeurbooms RiverKeurbooms River
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130317164924/http://capenature.org.za/docs/1938/Keurbooms%20PAMP_Final%20participation_14122011.pdf Shirye-shiryen Gudanar da Haɗin Tsarin Yanayin Kogin Keurbooms]
* [http://www.ekapa.ioisa.org.za/module5/Galaxias_zebratus.htm Cape Galaxias (Galaxias zebratus)]
* [http://academic.sun.ac.za/cib/team/students/jeremy/jeremy.htm Ilimin halittar mamayar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001907/http://www.nisc.co.za/oneAbstract?absId=1420 Kimantawa ta farko kan tasirin kifin bakan gizo na baƙi (Oncorhynchus mykiss) akan kifayen 'yan asalin Kogin Berg na sama, Lardin Yammacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu]</text>
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        <id>15878</id>
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'''Kogin Keurbooms'''  kogi ne a lardin Western Cape da ke [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin yana da maɓuɓɓugarsa a kudu da Uniondale a Langkloof kuma yana gudana a kudu maso gabas. Yana wucewa ta De Vlugt da Prince Alfred Pass, yana gudana a gefen arewa na hanyar R340 sannan ya juya kudu. Bayan ya ketare hanyar N2, yana gudana cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] ta cikin [[Keurbooms Estuary]], wanda ke kusa da garin bakin teku na Plettenberg Bay. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Keurbooms River – Hydrology and geohydrology |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104935/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |archive-date=2014-08-08 |access-date=2012-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin Keurbooms yana da kusan 85&amp;nbsp;Tsawon kilomita tare da yankin magudanar ruwa na kilomita 1,080. Babban magudanar ruwanta ita ce [[Bitou River|Bitou]] (Bietou). 

 
== Ilimin Halittu ==
Kogin Keurbooms yana nuna iyakar gabas ta yankin da ke zaune a Cape galaxias ''(Galaxias zebratus)'', wani nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya shahara a Yankin Cape Floric. Yana da matsuguni iri ɗaya da kifayen da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje kuma yana zaune a yankin da ke tsakanin Keurbooms da Kogin Olifants.  Duk da cewa a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifi mai laushi an rarraba shi ne kawai a matsayin wanda ke fuskantar barazana, a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] nau'ikan kifaye iri ɗaya sun [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|mutu]] sakamakon kamuwa da salmonids. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/m&amp;g/mg17.htm Albany Museum – Freshwater Ichthyology]{{Dead link|date=December 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Keurboomstrand
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* Magudanar ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130317164924/http://capenature.org.za/docs/1938/Keurbooms%20PAMP_Final%20participation_14122011.pdf Shirye-shiryen Gudanar da Haɗin Tsarin Yanayin Kogin Keurbooms]
* [http://www.ekapa.ioisa.org.za/module5/Galaxias_zebratus.htm Cape Galaxias (Galaxias zebratus)]
* [http://academic.sun.ac.za/cib/team/students/jeremy/jeremy.htm Ilimin halittar mamayar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001907/http://www.nisc.co.za/oneAbstract?absId=1420 Kimantawa ta farko kan tasirin kifin bakan gizo na baƙi (Oncorhynchus mykiss) akan kifayen 'yan asalin Kogin Berg na sama, Lardin Yammacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu]</text>
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'''Kogin Keurbooms'''  kogi ne a lardin Western Cape da ke [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |title=Keurbooms River – Hydrology and geohydrology |access-date=2012-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104935/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |archive-date=2014-08-08 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana da maɓuɓɓugarsa a kudu da Uniondale a Langkloof kuma yana gudana a kudu maso gabas. Yana wucewa ta De Vlugt da Prince Alfred Pass, yana gudana a gefen arewa na hanyar R340 sannan ya juya kudu. Bayan ya ketare hanyar N2, yana gudana cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] ta cikin [[Keurbooms Estuary]], wanda ke kusa da garin bakin teku na Plettenberg Bay. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Keurbooms River – Hydrology and geohydrology |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104935/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |archive-date=2014-08-08 |access-date=2012-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin Keurbooms yana da kusan 85&amp;nbsp;Tsawon kilomita tare da yankin magudanar ruwa na kilomita 1,080. Babban magudanar ruwanta ita ce [[Bitou River|Bitou]] (Bietou).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; 

 
== Ilimin Halittu ==
Kogin Keurbooms yana nuna iyakar gabas ta yankin da ke zaune a Cape galaxias ''(Galaxias zebratus)'', wani nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya shahara a Yankin Cape Floric. Yana da matsuguni iri ɗaya da kifayen da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje kuma yana zaune a yankin da ke tsakanin Keurbooms da Kogin Olifants.  Duk da cewa a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifi mai laushi an rarraba shi ne kawai a matsayin wanda ke fuskantar barazana, a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] nau'ikan kifaye iri ɗaya sun [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|mutu]] sakamakon kamuwa da salmonids. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/m&amp;g/mg17.htm Albany Museum – Freshwater Ichthyology]{{Dead link|date=December 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Keurboomstrand
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* Magudanar ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130317164924/http://capenature.org.za/docs/1938/Keurbooms%20PAMP_Final%20participation_14122011.pdf Shirye-shiryen Gudanar da Haɗin Tsarin Yanayin Kogin Keurbooms]
* [http://www.ekapa.ioisa.org.za/module5/Galaxias_zebratus.htm Cape Galaxias (Galaxias zebratus)]
* [http://academic.sun.ac.za/cib/team/students/jeremy/jeremy.htm Ilimin halittar mamayar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001907/http://www.nisc.co.za/oneAbstract?absId=1420 Kimantawa ta farko kan tasirin kifin bakan gizo na baƙi (Oncorhynchus mykiss) akan kifayen 'yan asalin Kogin Berg na sama, Lardin Yammacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu]</text>
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'''Kogin Keurbooms'''  kogi ne a lardin Western Cape da ke [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |title=Keurbooms River – Hydrology and geohydrology |access-date=2012-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104935/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |archive-date=2014-08-08 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana da maɓuɓɓugarsa a kudu da Uniondale a Langkloof kuma yana gudana a kudu maso gabas. Yana wucewa ta De Vlugt da Prince Alfred Pass, yana gudana a gefen arewa na hanyar R340 sannan ya juya kudu. Bayan ya ketare hanyar N2, yana gudana cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] ta cikin [[Keurbooms Estuary]], wanda ke kusa da garin bakin teku na Plettenberg Bay. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Keurbooms River – Hydrology and geohydrology |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104935/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |archive-date=2014-08-08 |access-date=2012-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin Keurbooms yana da kusan 85&amp;nbsp;Tsawon kilomita tare da yankin magudanar ruwa na kilomita 1,080. Babban magudanar ruwanta ita ce [[Bitou River|Bitou]] (Bietou).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; 

 
== Ilimin Halittu ==
Kogin Keurbooms yana nuna iyakar gabas ta yankin da ke zaune a Cape galaxias ''(Galaxias zebratus)'', wani nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya shahara a Yankin Cape Floric. Yana da matsuguni iri ɗaya da kifayen da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje kuma yana zaune a yankin da ke tsakanin Keurbooms da Kogin Olifants.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20121225011025/http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/m&amp;g/mg1.htm &quot;Biodiversity, Alien trout, and the So what attitude&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;  Duk da cewa a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifi mai laushi an rarraba shi ne kawai a matsayin wanda ke fuskantar barazana, a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] nau'ikan kifaye iri ɗaya sun [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|mutu]] sakamakon kamuwa da salmonids. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/m&amp;g/mg17.htm Albany Museum – Freshwater Ichthyology]{{Dead link|date=December 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Keurboomstrand
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* Magudanar ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130317164924/http://capenature.org.za/docs/1938/Keurbooms%20PAMP_Final%20participation_14122011.pdf Shirye-shiryen Gudanar da Haɗin Tsarin Yanayin Kogin Keurbooms]
* [http://www.ekapa.ioisa.org.za/module5/Galaxias_zebratus.htm Cape Galaxias (Galaxias zebratus)]
* [http://academic.sun.ac.za/cib/team/students/jeremy/jeremy.htm Ilimin halittar mamayar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001907/http://www.nisc.co.za/oneAbstract?absId=1420 Kimantawa ta farko kan tasirin kifin bakan gizo na baƙi (Oncorhynchus mykiss) akan kifayen 'yan asalin Kogin Berg na sama, Lardin Yammacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu]</text>
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'''Kogin Keurbooms'''  kogi ne a lardin Western Cape da ke [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |title=Keurbooms River – Hydrology and geohydrology |access-date=2012-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104935/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |archive-date=2014-08-08 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin yana da maɓuɓɓugarsa a kudu da Uniondale a Langkloof kuma yana gudana a kudu maso gabas. Yana wucewa ta De Vlugt da Prince Alfred Pass, yana gudana a gefen arewa na hanyar R340 sannan ya juya kudu. Bayan ya ketare hanyar N2, yana gudana cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] ta cikin [[Keurbooms Estuary]], wanda ke kusa da garin bakin teku na Plettenberg Bay. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Keurbooms River – Hydrology and geohydrology |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104935/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |archive-date=2014-08-08 |access-date=2012-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin Keurbooms yana da kusan 85&amp;nbsp;Tsawon kilomita tare da yankin magudanar ruwa na kilomita 1,080. Babban magudanar ruwanta ita ce [[Bitou River|Bitou]] (Bietou).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; 

 
== Ilimin Halittu ==
Kogin Keurbooms yana nuna iyakar gabas ta yankin da ke zaune a Cape galaxias ''(Galaxias zebratus)'', wani nau'in kifi na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya shahara a Yankin Cape Floric. Yana da matsuguni iri ɗaya da kifayen da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje kuma yana zaune a yankin da ke tsakanin Keurbooms da Kogin Olifants.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20121225011025/http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/m&amp;g/mg1.htm &quot;Biodiversity, Alien trout, and the So what attitude&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;  Duk da cewa a Afirka ta Kudu wannan kifi mai laushi an rarraba shi ne kawai a matsayin wanda ke fuskantar barazana, a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] nau'ikan kifaye iri ɗaya sun [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|mutu]] sakamakon kamuwa da salmonids. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/m&amp;g/mg17.htm Albany Museum – Freshwater Ichthyology]{{Dead link|date=December 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Keurboomstrand
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* Magudanar ruwa ta Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130317164924/http://capenature.org.za/docs/1938/Keurbooms%20PAMP_Final%20participation_14122011.pdf Shirye-shiryen Gudanar da Haɗin Tsarin Yanayin Kogin Keurbooms]
* [http://www.ekapa.ioisa.org.za/module5/Galaxias_zebratus.htm Cape Galaxias (Galaxias zebratus)]
* [http://academic.sun.ac.za/cib/team/students/jeremy/jeremy.htm Ilimin halittar mamayar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001907/http://www.nisc.co.za/oneAbstract?absId=1420 Kimantawa ta farko kan tasirin kifin bakan gizo na baƙi (Oncorhynchus mykiss) akan kifayen 'yan asalin Kogin Berg na sama, Lardin Yammacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu]</text>
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    <title>Owo</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Owo | native_name = Òwò | settlement_type = Birni da Karamar Hukumar Mulki | image_skyline = | subdivision_type = Ƙasa | subdivision_name = Najeriya | subdivision_type1 = Jiha | subdivision_name1 = Jihar Ondo | established_title = Kafuwa | established_date = kusan ƙarni na 15 | population_total = 222,262 (ƙidayar 2006) | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 | leader_title = Olowo na Owo | leader_name = Oba Ajibade Gbadegesin Ogunoye III }...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6395" sha1="6kazaeml7a7kvkiz7qr0g366ed7wjc7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Owo
| native_name = Òwò
| settlement_type = Birni da Karamar Hukumar Mulki
| image_skyline =
| subdivision_type = Ƙasa
| subdivision_name = Najeriya
| subdivision_type1 = Jiha
| subdivision_name1 = Jihar Ondo
| established_title = Kafuwa
| established_date = kusan ƙarni na 15
| population_total = 222,262 (ƙidayar 2006)
| timezone = WAT
| utc_offset = +1
| leader_title = Olowo na Owo
| leader_name = Oba Ajibade Gbadegesin Ogunoye III
}}

'''Owo''' (Yoruba: ''Òwò'') birni ne kuma cibiyar [[Karamar Hukumar Owo]] a [[Jihar Ondo]], kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Garin yana daga cikin tsofaffin masarautun Yarbawa kuma yana da muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin Yarbawa tun daga ƙarni na goma sha biyar. Owo ya kasance babban birnin wata masarauta mai cin gashin kanta tsakanin ƙarni na 15 zuwa na 16, kuma ya shahara wajen fasaha, al'adu da kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://naijabiography.com/history-culture/history-of-owo-ondo-state/ |title=History of Owo, Ondo State |publisher=Naijabiography |access-date=31 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owo |title=Owo |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=31 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

Bisa ga tatsuniyoyi da tarihin baka na Yarbawa, asalin Owo ya samo tushe ne daga tsohon birnin [[Ile-Ife]], wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mahaifar al'ummar Yarbawa. Ana cewa waɗanda suka kafa Owo zuriyar Oduduwa ne, wanda ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin kakannin sarakunan Yarbawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://naijabiography.com/history-culture/history-of-owo-ondo-state/ |title=History of Owo, Ondo State |publisher=Naijabiography |access-date=31 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 0

Masarautar Owo ta bunƙasa tsakanin ƙarni na 15 da na 18. Duk da kasancewarta kusa da Daular Benin, Owo ta ci gaba da riƙe 'yancinta a mafi yawan lokuta. Haka kuma akwai alaƙar siyasa, kasuwanci da al'adu tsakanin Owo da Benin, lamarin da ya yi tasiri sosai ga fasaha da tsarin sarauta na masarautun biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://naijabiography.com/history-culture/history-of-owo-ondo-state/ |title=History of Owo, Ondo State |publisher=Naijabiography |access-date=31 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1

A shekarar 1893 Owo ta shiga ƙarƙashin ikon Turawan Birtaniya. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Najeriya a shekarar 1960, garin ya kasance cikin Yankin Yamma (Western Region), daga baya Western State, sannan ya zama wani ɓangare na Jihar Ondo da aka kafa a shekarar 1976.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://naijabiography.com/history-culture/history-of-owo-ondo-state/ |title=History of Owo, Ondo State |publisher=Naijabiography |access-date=31 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2

== Wuri da Yanayi ==

Owo tana a yankin gabashin ƙasar Yarbawa, tsakanin biranen Akure da Benin City. Garin yana kusa da tsaunukan Yoruba Hills kuma ya kasance muhimmiyar mahadar hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin yankunan Yarbawa da Edo tun zamanin da.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://naijabiography.com/history-culture/history-of-owo-ondo-state/ |title=History of Owo, Ondo State |publisher=Naijabiography |access-date=31 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 3

== Al'umma da Al'adu ==

Mutanen Owo wani rukuni ne na Yarbawa da ke da nasa salon harshe da al'adu. Duk da kasancewarsu Yarbawa, al'adunsu sun nuna tasirin Ife da Benin saboda kusancinsu da waɗannan manyan cibiyoyin tarihi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nairaland.com/4477844/culture-tradition-ogho-owo-kingdom |title=Culture and Tradition of the Ogho (Owo) Kingdom |publisher=Nairaland |access-date=31 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 4

Owo ta shahara wajen bukukuwan gargajiya, sarauta da kuma sana'o'in hannu. Masu sassaƙa hauren giwa na Owo sun yi suna a faɗin Yammacin Afirka, har sarakunan Benin suna ɗaukar masu sana'ar Owo domin yin kayayyakin fada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://naijabiography.com/history-culture/history-of-owo-ondo-state/ |title=History of Owo, Ondo State |publisher=Naijabiography |access-date=31 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5

== Fadar Olowo ==

Fadar '''Olowo na Owo''' (Aghofen) tana daga cikin manyan fadojin gargajiya a Afirka. Gwamnatin Tarayya ta ayyana fadar a matsayin abin tarihi na ƙasa. A da fadar tana da kusan haraba (courtyards) guda 100, kowacce tana da nata muhimmanci a harkokin addini, mulki da bukukuwan gargajiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://naijabiography.com/history-culture/history-of-owo-ondo-state/ |title=History of Owo, Ondo State |publisher=Naijabiography |access-date=31 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 6

== Tattalin Arziki ==

Tattalin arzikin Owo ya ta'allaka ne kan noma da kasuwanci. Manyan amfanin gona da ake nomawa sun haɗa da:

* Doya
* Rogo
* Masara
* Barkono
* Auduga
* Koko

Baya ga noma, akwai masana'antun sarrafa katako, sarrafa waken soya da sauran sana'o'in zamani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://naijabiography.com/history-culture/history-of-owo-ondo-state/ |title=History of Owo, Ondo State |publisher=Naijabiography |access-date=31 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 7

== Kayan Tarihi da Gidajen Tarihi ==

Masana kimiyyar kayan tarihi sun gudanar da bincike a Owo tsakanin shekarun 1969 da 1971 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ekpo Eyo. An gano mutum-mutumin terra-cotta, kayan tagulla da sauran kayayyakin tarihi masu nuna haɗuwar salon fasahar Ife da Benin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owo |title=Owo |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=31 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 8

An kafa '''Gidan Tarihi na Owo (Owo Museum)''' a shekarar 1968 domin adana waɗannan kayayyaki da sauran abubuwan tarihi na masarautar Owo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owo |title=Owo |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=31 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 9

== Sarakunan Owo ==

Ana kiran sarkin Owo da '''Olowo'''. Daga cikin fitattun sarakunan zamani akwai:

* Sir Olateru Olagbegi II (1941–1968; 1993–1998)
* Adekola Ogunoye II (1968–1992)
* Folagbade Olateru Olagbegi III (1999–2019)
* Oba Ajibade Gbadegesin Ogunoye III (2019–zuwa yanzu)

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owo |title=Owo |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=31 Mayu 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 10

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jihar Ondo]]
* [[Yarbawa]]
* [[Ile-Ife]]
* [[Daular Benin]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Owo]]
[[Category:Cities in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Populated places in Ondo State]]
[[Category:Yoruba towns]]
[[Category:Local Government Areas in Ondo State]]
[[Category:Yoruba history]]
[[Category:Yoruba culture]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Yorubaland]]
```11</text>
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    <title>Kogin Wemmers</title>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321105239|Wemmers River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Wemmers kogi''' ne kusa da Franschhoek a [[Kogi|lardin]] Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. 

== Dams ==

* Madatsar ruwan Wemmershoek

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843868</id>
      <parentid>843867</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T07:05:26Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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'''Kogin Wemmers kogi''' ne kusa da Franschhoek a [[Kogi|lardin]] Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=Wolhuter |editor1-first=Lois |title=Nedbank Guide to Flyfishing Venues In Southern Africa |date=1998 |publisher=FOSAF Publication |location=Sloan Park |isbn=9780620221658 |page=135}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Dams ==

* Madatsar ruwan Wemmershoek

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843872</id>
      <parentid>843868</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T07:12:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Wemmers kogi''' ne kusa da Franschhoek a [[Kogi|lardin]] Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=Wolhuter |editor1-first=Lois |title=Nedbank Guide to Flyfishing Venues In Southern Africa |date=1998 |publisher=FOSAF Publication |location=Sloan Park |isbn=9780620221658 |page=135}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Dams ==

* Madatsar ruwan Wemmershoek

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Babatunde Rabiu Fashola</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Babatunde Raji Fashola | honorific_suffix = SAN, CON | image = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|6|28}} | birth_place = Lagos, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Lauya, ɗan siyasa | alma_mater = Jami'ar Benin | spouse = Abimbola Fashola | children = 2 | office = Gwamnan Jihar Legas na 13 | term_start = 29 Mayu 2007 | term_end = 29 Mayu 2015 | predecessor = Bola Ahmed Tinubu | successor = Akinwunmi Ambode }}  '''Babatunde Raji...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6825" sha1="bydjf1631sc09blru1rl2hy9r2djcfs" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Babatunde Raji Fashola
| honorific_suffix = SAN, CON
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|6|28}}
| birth_place = Lagos, Najeriya
| nationality = Ɗan Najeriya
| occupation = Lauya, ɗan siyasa
| alma_mater = Jami'ar Benin
| spouse = Abimbola Fashola
| children = 2
| office = Gwamnan Jihar Legas na 13
| term_start = 29 Mayu 2007
| term_end = 29 Mayu 2015
| predecessor = Bola Ahmed Tinubu
| successor = Akinwunmi Ambode
}}

'''Babatunde Raji Fashola''' SAN, CON (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1963) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ya yi fice a harkokin mulki da gudanar da gwamnati. Ya kasance Gwamnan Jihar Legas daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2015, sannan ya zama Ministan Wutar Lantarki, Ayyuka da Gidaje na Tarayyar Najeriya daga 2015 zuwa 2019, kafin daga baya ya zama Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje daga 2019 zuwa 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-celebrates-babatunde-fashola-at-61/ |title=President Tinubu Celebrates Babatunde Fashola at 61 |publisher=State House Abuja |date=2024-06-29 |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://resolvetosavelives.org/about/team/mr-babatunde-fashola/ |title=Mr. Babatunde Fashola, SAN |publisher=Resolve to Save Lives |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Babatunde Raji Fashola a Legas ranar 28 ga Yuni 1963. Ya yi karatunsa na firamare a Sunny Fields Primary School da ke Surulere, sannan ya halarci Birch Freeman High School da Igbobi College a Legas. Bayan haka ya shiga Jami'ar Benin inda ya karanci shari'a (Law) kuma ya kammala digirin LL.B. (Hons) a shekarar 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.okay.ng/profile-of-babatunde-raji-fashola-nigerias-new-minister-of-power-works-and-housing/ |title=Profile of Babatunde Raji Fashola Nigeria’s New Minister of Power, Works and Housing |website=Okay.ng |date=2015-11-11 |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/babatunde-raji-fashola/ |title=Babatunde Raji Fashola |publisher=World Economic Forum |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1988 an kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya bayan kammala horonsa a Nigerian Law School, lamarin da ya ba shi damar fara aikin lauya a hukumance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://resolvetosavelives.org/about/team/mr-babatunde-fashola/ |title=Mr. Babatunde Fashola, SAN |publisher=Resolve to Save Lives |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin lauya ==
Fashola ya fara aikinsa na lauya a kamfanin lauyoyi na Sofunde, Osakwe, Ogundipe and Belgore inda ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban na shari'a ciki har da shari'o'in kasuwanci, filaye da kuma manyan ƙarar kotu. Saboda ƙwarewarsa a aikin lauya, an ba shi mukamin '''Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)''' a shekarar 2004, wanda shi ne ɗaya daga cikin manyan lambobin yabo ga lauyoyi a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://resolvetosavelives.org/about/team/mr-babatunde-fashola/ |title=Mr. Babatunde Fashola, SAN |publisher=Resolve to Save Lives |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shiga siyasa ==
Fashola ya shiga gwamnatin Jihar Legas a lokacin mulkin tsohon gwamna '''Bola Ahmed Tinubu'''. Ya zama Chief of Staff na gwamnan daga 2002 zuwa 2006. Daga baya jam'iyyar Action Congress ta tsayar da shi takarar gwamna, inda ya lashe zaɓen shekarar 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.okay.ng/profile-of-babatunde-raji-fashola-nigerias-new-minister-of-power-works-and-housing/ |title=Profile of Babatunde Raji Fashola Nigeria’s New Minister of Power, Works and Housing |website=Okay.ng |date=2015-11-11 |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gwamnan Jihar Legas ==
Fashola ya yi wa'adin mulki biyu a matsayin gwamnan Jihar Legas daga 2007 zuwa 2015. A lokacin mulkinsa, an aiwatar da manyan ayyukan raya ababen more rayuwa, hanyoyi, sufuri da tsare-tsaren tsaftar muhalli. Daga cikin fitattun ayyukan da aka danganta da gwamnatinsa akwai:

* Faɗaɗa hanyar Lagos–Badagry Expressway.
* Ci gaba da aikin Lagos Light Rail.
* Tallafa wa tsarin Bus Rapid Transit (BRT).
* Inganta Lekki Free Trade Zone.
* Haɓaka tsarin tara kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida (IGR) na jihar Legas.
* Shirye-shiryen inganta tsafta da sarrafa shara a jihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/babatunde-raji-fashola/ |title=Babatunde Raji Fashola |publisher=World Economic Forum |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://encyclopedia.litcaf.com/government/government-government/babatunde-fashola/ |title=Babatunde Fashola |publisher=LitCaf Encyclopedia |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mulkinsa ya samu yabo daga masu sharhi da dama saboda yadda aka inganta tsarin gudanar da birnin Legas da kuma ayyukan raya birane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/piece/2023/10/02/everything-about-babatunde-fashola/ |title=Everything About Babatunde Fashola |website=Within Nigeria |date=2023-10-02 |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ministan Tarayya ==
Bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2015, shugaban ƙasa '''Muhammadu Buhari''' ya naɗa Fashola a matsayin Ministan Wutar Lantarki, Ayyuka da Gidaje. Ya jagoranci ma'aikatar daga 2015 zuwa 2019. A shekarar 2019 an sake naɗa shi a matsayin Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje, inda ya ci gaba da kula da ayyukan hanyoyi da gidaje a faɗin Najeriya har zuwa shekarar 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-celebrates-babatunde-fashola-at-61/ |title=President Tinubu Celebrates Babatunde Fashola at 61 |publisher=State House Abuja |date=2024-06-29 |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da girmamawa ==
Fashola ya samu lambobin yabo da dama a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a harkokin shugabanci da gudanar da gwamnati. A shekarar 2009 ya samu lambar yabo ta ''Governor of the Decade for Peace'', sannan ya samu ''Award of Excellence in Leadership'' daga Martin Luther King Jr. Foundation a shekarar 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/babatunde-raji-fashola/ |title=Babatunde Raji Fashola |publisher=World Economic Forum |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar iyali ==
Fashola ya auri Abimbola Fashola kuma suna da yara biyu. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun lauyoyi da 'yan siyasar Najeriya da suka haɗa aikin lauya da hidimar gwamnati a matakai daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-celebrates-babatunde-fashola-at-61/ |title=President Tinubu Celebrates Babatunde Fashola at 61 |publisher=State House Abuja |date=2024-06-29 |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nigerian lawyers]]
[[Category:Nigerian politicians]]
[[Category:Governors of Lagos State]]
[[Category:University of Benin alumni]]
[[Category:Yoruba people]]
[[Category:Senior Advocates of Nigeria]]
[[Category:People from Lagos]]
```2</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oye Ibidapo-Obe</title>
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        <id>45024</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Oyewusi Ibidapo-Obe | image = | birth_date = {{birth date|1949|7|5}} | birth_place = Ile-Ife, Osun State, Najeriya | death_date = {{death date and age|2021|1|3|1949|7|5}} | death_place = Lagos, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, Injiniya, Mai gudanar da jami'a | known_for = Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Legas (UNILAG), masanin Systems Engineering | alma_mater = Jami'ar Legas, Jami'ar Waterloo }}  '''Oyewusi (Oye) Ibidap...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6832" sha1="c8x09d7k9jmkwbgavazziy3xy27ytlz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Oyewusi Ibidapo-Obe
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1949|7|5}}
| birth_place = Ile-Ife, Osun State, Najeriya
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|1|3|1949|7|5}}
| death_place = Lagos, Najeriya
| nationality = Ɗan Najeriya
| occupation = Farfesa, Injiniya, Mai gudanar da jami'a
| known_for = Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Legas (UNILAG), masanin Systems Engineering
| alma_mater = Jami'ar Legas, Jami'ar Waterloo
}}

'''Oyewusi (Oye) Ibidapo-Obe''' (5 Yuli 1949 – 3 Janairu 2021) fitaccen farfesan Injiniyan Tsaruka (Systems Engineering) ne ɗan Najeriya, masanin lissafi, kuma shugaban jami'a wanda ya yi suna a fannin ilimi da gudanarwa. Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Legas (University of Lagos – UNILAG) daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2007, kuma daga baya ya zama shugaban farko na Jami'ar Tarayya ta Alex Ekwueme da ke Ndufu-Alike, jihar Ebonyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Nigerian universities should research for the next big disruption' |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=9 January 2021 |url=https://guardian.ng/education/nigerian-universities-should-research-for-the-next-big-disruption-2/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Ibidapo-Obe a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1949 a garin Ile-Ife, wanda yanzu yake cikin jihar Osun, Najeriya. Ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a makarantu daban-daban ciki har da Ilesa Grammar School da Igbobi College da ke Legas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ex-UNILAG VC Professor Ibidapo-Obe Dies |work=Channels Television |date=4 January 2021 |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2021/01/04/ex-unilag-vc-professor-ibidapo-obe-dies/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Ibidapo-Obe ya samu digirin farko na Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) a fannin Lissafi (Mathematics) daga Jami'ar Legas a shekarar 1971, inda ya kammala da sakamako mafi girma (First Class) kuma ya zama ɗalibi mafi ƙwarewa a shekararsa. Daga bisani ya tafi Kanada inda ya samu digirin Master a Applied Mathematics tare da ƙaramin fanni a Computer Science a shekarar 1973 daga Jami'ar Waterloo. Ya kuma samu digirin PhD a Civil Engineering tare da ƙwarewa a Applied Mechanics da Systems Engineering a shekarar 1976 daga jami'ar guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Prof Oye Ibidapo Obe, Former Unilag VC Is Dead |work=My Engineers |date=3 January 2021 |url=https://www.myengineers.com.ng/2021/01/03/prof-oye-ibidapo-obe-former-unilag-vc-is-dead/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin koyarwa ==
Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya fara aiki a Jami'ar Legas a shekarar 1972 a matsayin Graduate Assistant. Cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci ya hau matakai daban-daban na koyarwa har ya zama Farfesa a shekarar 1983. Ya jagoranci sashen Engineering Analysis Unit kuma ya kasance shugaban Faculty of Engineering daga 1995 zuwa 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Prof Oye Ibidapo Obe, Former Unilag VC Is Dead |work=My Engineers |date=3 January 2021 |url=https://www.myengineers.com.ng/2021/01/03/prof-oye-ibidapo-obe-former-unilag-vc-is-dead/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A fannin bincike, ya yi fice wajen amfani da dabarun lissafi da tsarin kwamfuta wajen warware matsalolin injiniya. Ayyukansa sun taimaka wajen bunƙasa nazarin stochastic systems da sarrafa tsarin da ke da sauyin yanayi a fannin injiniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Oyewusi Ibidapo-Obe: Nigerian Academic Mentor And Researcher Who Made A Mark |work=Engineers Forum Nigeria |date=20 March 2021 |url=https://engineersforum.com.ng/2021/03/20/oyewusi-ibidapo-obe-nigerian-academic-mentor-and-researcher-who-made-a-mark/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shugabancin jami'o'i ==
A watan Afrilu 2000, an naɗa shi Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Legas, sannan daga baya ya zama cikakken Mataimakin Shugaban jami'ar daga 2002 zuwa 2007. A lokacin mulkinsa, an samu ci gaba mai yawa a fannin ilimi, bincike da kayayyakin more rayuwa a jami'ar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Former UNILAG VC Oye Ibidapo-Obe dies of COVID-19 at 71 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=3 January 2021 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/former-unilag-vc-oye-ibidapo-obe-dies-of-covid-19-at-71/p5g1lyl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan barinsa UNILAG, gwamnatin tarayya ta naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban farko (Pioneer Vice-Chancellor) na Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, inda ya yi aiki daga 2011 zuwa 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Nigerian universities should research for the next big disruption' |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=9 January 2021 |url=https://guardian.ng/education/nigerian-universities-should-research-for-the-next-big-disruption-2/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kuma kasance shugaban majalisar gudanarwa (Pro-Chancellor) na First Technical University da ke Ibadan kafin rasuwarsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ex-UNILAG VC Professor Ibidapo-Obe Dies |work=Channels Television |date=4 January 2021 |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2021/01/04/ex-unilag-vc-professor-ibidapo-obe-dies/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo da karramawa ==
A tsawon rayuwarsa ya samu lambobin yabo da dama daga Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. A shekarar 2004 gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba shi lambar yabo ta '''Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic (OFR)'''. Haka kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta '''Best Vice-Chancellor Prize''' sau biyu a shekarun 2004 da 2005 saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga tsarin jami'o'in Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=10 things to know about ex-UNILAG VC, late Prof Ibidapo-Obe |work=The Nation |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kasance memba kuma shugaban wasu ƙungiyoyin masana kimiyya, ciki har da Nigerian Academy of Science da African Academy of Sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Oyewusi Ibidapo-Obe: Nigerian Academic Mentor And Researcher Who Made A Mark |work=Engineers Forum Nigeria |date=20 March 2021 |url=https://engineersforum.com.ng/2021/03/20/oyewusi-ibidapo-obe-nigerian-academic-mentor-and-researcher-who-made-a-mark/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rasuwa ==
Ibidapo-Obe ya rasu a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2021 yana da shekaru 71 a duniya. Rasuwarsa ta girgiza al'ummar ilimi a Najeriya, inda jami'o'i, malamai da ɗalibai suka yi ta mika ta'aziyya tare da yabawa gudummawar da ya bayar wajen ci gaban ilimi da bincike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Former UNILAG VC Oye Ibidapo-Obe dies of COVID-19 at 71 |work=Pulse Nigeria |date=3 January 2021 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/former-unilag-vc-oye-ibidapo-obe-dies-of-covid-19-at-71/p5g1lyl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UNILAG Senate Holds Special Session in Honour of Late Vice-Chancellor, Ibidapo-Obe |publisher=University of Lagos |date=11 February 2021 |url=https://unilag.edu.ng/unilag-senate-holds-special-session-in-honour-of-late-vice-chancellor-ibidapo-obe/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Nigerian engineers]]
[[Category:Nigerian academics]]
[[Category:Vice-Chancellors of the University of Lagos]]
[[Category:University of Lagos alumni]]
[[Category:People from Osun State]]
[[Category:Nigerian educators]]
[[Category:Systems engineers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Federal Republic]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ayo Banjo</title>
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        <username>Ummu Ilham</username>
        <id>45024</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Ayo Banjo | birth_name = Ladipo Ayodeji Banjo | birth_date = {{birth date|1934|5|2}} | birth_place = Oyo, Najeriya | death_date = {{death date and age|2024|5|24|1934|5|2}} | death_place = Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Farfesan Turanci, masanin harshe, mai gudanar da ilimi | known_for = Nazarin Turancin Najeriya, shugabancin Jami'ar Ibadan | alma_mater = Jami'ar Ibadan, University of California, Los Angeles | employer = Jami'ar I...</comment>
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      <text bytes="7242" sha1="o4minusv7hx6at2l0gqgpnz6ramoeei" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Ayo Banjo
| birth_name = Ladipo Ayodeji Banjo
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|5|2}}
| birth_place = Oyo, Najeriya
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|5|24|1934|5|2}}
| death_place = Najeriya
| nationality = Ɗan Najeriya
| occupation = Farfesan Turanci, masanin harshe, mai gudanar da ilimi
| known_for = Nazarin Turancin Najeriya, shugabancin Jami'ar Ibadan
| alma_mater = Jami'ar Ibadan, University of California, Los Angeles
| employer = Jami'ar Ibadan
}}

'''Ladipo Ayodeji Banjo''' (2 ga Mayu 1934 – 24 ga Mayu 2024), wanda aka fi sani da '''Ayo Banjo''', fitaccen farfesan harshen Turanci ne, masanin ilimin harshe (linguist), kuma jagoran harkokin ilimi daga Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a (Vice-Chancellor) na Jami'ar Ibadan, kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana da suka ba da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa nazarin Turancin Najeriya da tsarin koyar da harshen Turanci a makarantu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=President Tinubu Congratulates Emeritus Professor Ayo Banjo at 90 |publisher=State House Abuja |date=30 April 2024 |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/press-releases/president-tinubu-congratulates-emeritus-professor-ayo-banjo-at-90/ |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Ayo Banjo a ranar 2 ga Mayu 1934 a garin Oyo da ke Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa na firamare a St. Andrews Anglican Primary School da Christ Church Cathedral School a Legas. Daga baya ya halarci Igbobi College tsakanin shekarun 1947 zuwa 1952.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=University of Ibadan Former Vice Chancellor, Ayo Banjo, Dies At 90 |publisher=Nigerian Alert |date=24 May 2024 |url=https://nigerianalertng.com/university-of-ibadan-former-vice-chancellor-ayo-banjo-dies-at-90/ |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya samu gurbin karatu daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka domin yin digirin MA a ilimin harshe a University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Daga baya ya samu digirin digirgir (PhD) daga Jami'ar Ibadan a shekarar 1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=University of Ibadan Former Vice Chancellor, Ayo Banjo, Dies At 90 |publisher=Nigerian Alert |date=24 May 2024 |url=https://nigerianalertng.com/university-of-ibadan-former-vice-chancellor-ayo-banjo-dies-at-90/ |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin koyarwa ==
Banjo ya fara aiki a Sashen Turanci na Jami'ar Ibadan a shekarar 1966 a matsayin malami. Ya zama Associate Professor a shekarar 1973 sannan aka ɗaga shi zuwa cikakken Farfesa a shekarar 1975. Ya yi suna wajen koyarwa da bincike a fannin ilimin harshe da Turancin Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ex-UI vice chancellor, Ayo Banjo, dies at 90 |publisher=BusinessDay Nigeria |date=25 May 2024 |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/ex-ui-vice-chancellor-ayo-banjo-dies-at-90/ |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bincikensa ya mayar da hankali kan yadda ake amfani da harshen Turanci a Najeriya da kuma tasirin harsunan gida kan Turancin da ake amfani da shi a ƙasar. Ya rubuta littattafai da dama da suka zama tushen karatu a makarantun firamare, sakandare da jami'o'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=President Tinubu Congratulates Emeritus Professor Ayo Banjo at 90 |publisher=State House Abuja |date=30 April 2024 |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/press-releases/president-tinubu-congratulates-emeritus-professor-ayo-banjo-at-90/ |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shugabancin Jami'ar Ibadan ==
A shekarar 1983 ya zama Mukaddashin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Ibadan, kafin a naɗa shi cikakken Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar a shekarar 1984. Ya riƙe wannan muƙami har zuwa shekarar 1991, lamarin da ya sa ya kasance mafi dadewa yana shugabantar jami'ar a tarihinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Longest serving UI VC, Ayo Banjo is dead |publisher=Daily Post Nigeria |date=24 May 2024 |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/05/24/longest-serving-ui-vc-ayo-banjo-is-dead/ |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin mulkinsa, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa harkokin bincike, koyarwa da gudanarwa a jami'ar. Haka kuma ya jagoranci Kwamitin Mataimakan Shugabannin Jami'o'in Najeriya na wani lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=University of Ibadan Former Vice Chancellor, Ayo Banjo, Dies At 90 |publisher=Nigerian Alert |date=24 May 2024 |url=https://nigerianalertng.com/university-of-ibadan-former-vice-chancellor-ayo-banjo-dies-at-90/ |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran mukamai ==
Banjo ya riƙe manyan mukamai a harkar ilimi bayan ritayarsa. Ya kasance:

* Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa ta National Universities Commission (NUC).
* Pro-Chancellor na Jami'ar Port Harcourt.
* Pro-Chancellor na Jami'ar Ilorin.
* Pioneer Pro-Chancellor na Ajayi Crowther University.
* Shugaban Nigerian Academy of Letters daga 2000 zuwa 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=NUC Mourns 12th Board Chair, Prof Ayo Banjo |publisher=National Universities Commission |date=27 May 2024 |url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/nuc-mourns-12th-board-chair-prof-ayo-banjo/ |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa ga ilimin harshe ==
Ayo Banjo ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masana da suka yi aiki kan tabbatar da cewa nau'in Turancin Najeriya ya samu karɓuwa a matsayin wani bangare na nazarin harshe. Ya wallafa fiye da ayyukan bincike da littattafai 50 da suka shafi ilimin harshe, koyar da Turanci da manufofin ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=President Tinubu Congratulates Emeritus Professor Ayo Banjo at 90 |publisher=State House Abuja |date=30 April 2024 |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/press-releases/president-tinubu-congratulates-emeritus-professor-ayo-banjo-at-90/ |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rasuwa ==
Ayo Banjo ya rasu a ranar 24 ga Mayu 2024 yana da shekaru 90. Rasuwarsa ta jawo alhini daga jami'o'i, cibiyoyin ilimi da gwamnati a Najeriya. Jami'ar Ibadan ta bayyana shi a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin da suka taba jagorantar jami'ar, yayin da Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Kasa (NUC) ta yaba da gudummawar da ya bayar wajen ci gaban ilimi a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ex-UI vice chancellor, Ayo Banjo, dies at 90 |publisher=BusinessDay Nigeria |date=25 May 2024 |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/ex-ui-vice-chancellor-ayo-banjo-dies-at-90/ |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=NUC Mourns 12th Board Chair, Prof Ayo Banjo |publisher=National Universities Commission |date=27 May 2024 |url=https://www.nuc.edu.ng/nuc-mourns-12th-board-chair-prof-ayo-banjo/ |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Girmamawa ==
A shekarar 2024, Shugaban Ƙasa Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya taya Ayo Banjo murnar cika shekaru 90 tare da yabawa gudummawar da ya bayar wajen inganta ilimi da koyar da harshen Turanci a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=President Tinubu Congratulates Emeritus Professor Ayo Banjo at 90 |publisher=State House Abuja |date=30 April 2024 |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/press-releases/president-tinubu-congratulates-emeritus-professor-ayo-banjo-at-90/ |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Nigerian linguists]]
[[Category:Nigerian academics]]
[[Category:University of Ibadan alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Ibadan]]
[[Category:Vice-Chancellors of the University of Ibadan]]
[[Category:Yoruba academics]]
[[Category:People from Oyo State]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Verlorevlei</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T07:18:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256749810|Verlorevlei River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Verlorevlei''' kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin yana kan Sandveld na Yammacin Tekun, kuma yana ratsawa ta hanyar Eendekuil, Het Kruis, da Redelinghuys. Bakin kogin yana nan a bakin Tekun Elands. Magudanan ruwansa sun haɗa da [[Hol River|Kogin Hol]], [[Kruismans River|Kogin Kruismans]] da [[Krom Antonies River|Kogin Krom Antonies]]. Yana faɗowa cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa G da Yankin Gudanarwa.

Kogin shine kaɗai wurin da aka sani na Verlorenvlei redfin da ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ZooKeys&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chakona |first=Albert |last2=Swartz |first2=Ernst R. |last3=Skelton |first3=Paul H. |date=11 November 2014 |title=A new species of redfin (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, ''Pseudobarbus'') from the Verlorenvlei River system, South Africa |url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=4230 |journal=[[ZooKeys]] |publisher=Pensoft |issue=453 |pages=121–137 |bibcode=2014ZooK..453..121C |doi=10.3897/zookeys.453.8072 |pmc=4258629 |pmid=25493062 |access-date=4 December 2014 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Simon van der Stel ya ziyarci Namaqualand a shekarar 1685, kuma yana jin kamar kogin ma'ajiyar Kogin Olifants ce. Shugaban coci Johannes Tobias Rhenius ya ga tafkin a matsayin &quot;wanda ya ɓace&quot; a cikin ciyawa a shekarar 1724, inda ya ba shi suna (Afrikaans: verlore, lit. 'lost' and vlei, 'lake').

== Kogin Verlorevlei ==
Kimanin 30&amp;nbsp;kilomita arewa maso yamma da Redelinghuys, wani tafki mai dausayi yana ciyar da kogin. A lokacin hunturu, tsawonsa kilomita ne, kuma ruwan yana ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ciyawar kore. A lokacin rani, tafkin yana bushewa. An ga nau'ikan [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] 500 a nan. Tafkin yana da farin jini ga masu lura da tsuntsaye da masu kamun kifi. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tafkunan ruwa na ƙasar da ke bakin teku, Tafkin Verlorevlei muhimmin wuri ne na kiwo da ciyar da pelicans, flamingoes, da sauran nau'ikan tsuntsaye da kifi. Ana samun nau'ikan tsire-tsire da yawa a can. Shanu suna kiwo a bakin teku kuma ana fitar da ruwa don ban ruwa. A shekarar 1991, an sanya wa ƙasar dausayi suna wurin Ramsar.  Ana ɗaukar bakin tekun a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye da Bambancin Halittu ta [[BirdLife Afirka ta Kudu]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Verlorenvlei |url=https://www.birdlife.org.za/iba-directory/verlorenvlei/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=BirdLife South Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Barazana ==
Kogin Verlorevlei da bakin teku suna fuskantar barazanar bushewa; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yeld |first=John |date=2021-03-13 |title=West Coast's Verlorenvlei: What's lost when a wetland dries up? |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-03-13-west-coasts-verlorenvlei-whats-lost-when-a-wetland-dries-up/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230817070932/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-03-13-west-coasts-verlorenvlei-whats-lost-when-a-wetland-dries-up/ |archive-date=2023-08-17 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; raguwar kwararar ruwa daga gina madatsun ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da kuma gurɓataccen ruwa daga haƙar tungsten da aka tsara a sama da gonakin da ke kewaye ya lalata muhallin da ke kewaye. Nau'in tsuntsayen ruwa ya ragu daga nau'ikan halittu 39 zuwa 22. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Handley |first=Kate |date=2023-07-17 |title=Critical Verlorenvlei Estuary under threat of death by a thousand cuts |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2023-07-17-critical-verlorenvlei-estuary-under-threat-of-mining-and-death-by-a-thousand-cuts/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240414090408/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2023-07-17-critical-verlorenvlei-estuary-under-threat-of-mining-and-death-by-a-thousand-cuts/ |archive-date=2024-04-14 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanar ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]]

== Manazarta ==
verlore, lit. 'lost' and vlei, 'lake'verlore, lit. 'lost' and vlei, 'lake'verlore, lit. 'lost' and vlei, 'lake'verlore, lit. 'lost' and vlei, 'lake'verlore, lit. 'lost' and vlei, 'lake'</text>
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'''Kogin Verlorevlei''' kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin yana kan Sandveld na Yammacin Tekun, kuma yana ratsawa ta hanyar Eendekuil, Het Kruis, da Redelinghuys. Bakin kogin yana nan a bakin Tekun Elands. Magudanan ruwansa sun haɗa da [[Hol River|Kogin Hol]], [[Kruismans River|Kogin Kruismans]] da [[Krom Antonies River|Kogin Krom Antonies]]. Yana faɗowa cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa G da Yankin Gudanarwa.

Kogin shine kaɗai wurin da aka sani na Verlorenvlei redfin da ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ZooKeys&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chakona |first=Albert |last2=Swartz |first2=Ernst R. |last3=Skelton |first3=Paul H. |date=11 November 2014 |title=A new species of redfin (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, ''Pseudobarbus'') from the Verlorenvlei River system, South Africa |url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=4230 |journal=[[ZooKeys]] |publisher=Pensoft |issue=453 |pages=121–137 |bibcode=2014ZooK..453..121C |doi=10.3897/zookeys.453.8072 |pmc=4258629 |pmid=25493062 |access-date=4 December 2014 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Simon van der Stel ya ziyarci Namaqualand a shekarar 1685, kuma yana jin kamar kogin ma'ajiyar Kogin Olifants ce. Shugaban coci Johannes Tobias Rhenius ya ga tafkin a matsayin &quot;wanda ya ɓace&quot; a cikin ciyawa a shekarar 1724, inda ya ba shi suna (Afrikaans: verlore, lit. 'lost' and vlei, 'lake').

== Kogin Verlorevlei ==
Kimanin 30&amp;nbsp;kilomita arewa maso yamma da Redelinghuys, wani tafki mai dausayi yana ciyar da kogin. A lokacin hunturu, tsawonsa kilomita ne, kuma ruwan yana ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ciyawar kore. A lokacin rani, tafkin yana bushewa. An ga nau'ikan [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] 500 a nan. Tafkin yana da farin jini ga masu lura da tsuntsaye da masu kamun kifi. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tafkunan ruwa na ƙasar da ke bakin teku, Tafkin Verlorevlei muhimmin wuri ne na kiwo da ciyar da pelicans, flamingoes, da sauran nau'ikan tsuntsaye da kifi. Ana samun nau'ikan tsire-tsire da yawa a can. Shanu suna kiwo a bakin teku kuma ana fitar da ruwa don ban ruwa. A shekarar 1991, an sanya wa ƙasar dausayi suna wurin Ramsar.  Ana ɗaukar bakin tekun a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye da Bambancin Halittu ta [[BirdLife Afirka ta Kudu]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Verlorenvlei |url=https://www.birdlife.org.za/iba-directory/verlorenvlei/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=BirdLife South Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Barazana ==
Kogin Verlorevlei da bakin teku suna fuskantar barazanar bushewa; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yeld |first=John |date=2021-03-13 |title=West Coast's Verlorenvlei: What's lost when a wetland dries up? |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-03-13-west-coasts-verlorenvlei-whats-lost-when-a-wetland-dries-up/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230817070932/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-03-13-west-coasts-verlorenvlei-whats-lost-when-a-wetland-dries-up/ |archive-date=2023-08-17 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; raguwar kwararar ruwa daga gina madatsun ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da kuma gurɓataccen ruwa daga haƙar tungsten da aka tsara a sama da gonakin da ke kewaye ya lalata muhallin da ke kewaye. Nau'in tsuntsayen ruwa ya ragu daga nau'ikan halittu 39 zuwa 22. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Handley |first=Kate |date=2023-07-17 |title=Critical Verlorenvlei Estuary under threat of death by a thousand cuts |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2023-07-17-critical-verlorenvlei-estuary-under-threat-of-mining-and-death-by-a-thousand-cuts/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240414090408/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2023-07-17-critical-verlorenvlei-estuary-under-threat-of-mining-and-death-by-a-thousand-cuts/ |archive-date=2024-04-14 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanar ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Verlorevlei''' kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin yana kan Sandveld na Yammacin Tekun, kuma yana ratsawa ta hanyar Eendekuil, Het Kruis, da Redelinghuys. Bakin kogin yana nan a bakin Tekun Elands. Magudanan ruwansa sun haɗa da [[Hol River|Kogin Hol]], [[Kruismans River|Kogin Kruismans]] da [[Krom Antonies River|Kogin Krom Antonies]]. Yana faɗowa cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa G da Yankin Gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Verlorenvlei|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/525|accessdate=14 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin shine kaɗai wurin da aka sani na Verlorenvlei redfin da ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ZooKeys&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chakona |first=Albert |last2=Swartz |first2=Ernst R. |last3=Skelton |first3=Paul H. |date=11 November 2014 |title=A new species of redfin (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, ''Pseudobarbus'') from the Verlorenvlei River system, South Africa |url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=4230 |journal=[[ZooKeys]] |publisher=Pensoft |issue=453 |pages=121–137 |bibcode=2014ZooK..453..121C |doi=10.3897/zookeys.453.8072 |pmc=4258629 |pmid=25493062 |access-date=4 December 2014 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Simon van der Stel ya ziyarci Namaqualand a shekarar 1685, kuma yana jin kamar kogin ma'ajiyar Kogin Olifants ce. Shugaban coci Johannes Tobias Rhenius ya ga tafkin a matsayin &quot;wanda ya ɓace&quot; a cikin ciyawa a shekarar 1724, inda ya ba shi suna (Afrikaans: verlore, lit. 'lost' and vlei, 'lake').

== Kogin Verlorevlei ==
Kimanin 30&amp;nbsp;kilomita arewa maso yamma da Redelinghuys, wani tafki mai dausayi yana ciyar da kogin. A lokacin hunturu, tsawonsa kilomita ne, kuma ruwan yana ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ciyawar kore. A lokacin rani, tafkin yana bushewa. An ga nau'ikan [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] 500 a nan. Tafkin yana da farin jini ga masu lura da tsuntsaye da masu kamun kifi. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tafkunan ruwa na ƙasar da ke bakin teku, Tafkin Verlorevlei muhimmin wuri ne na kiwo da ciyar da pelicans, flamingoes, da sauran nau'ikan tsuntsaye da kifi. Ana samun nau'ikan tsire-tsire da yawa a can. Shanu suna kiwo a bakin teku kuma ana fitar da ruwa don ban ruwa. A shekarar 1991, an sanya wa ƙasar dausayi suna wurin Ramsar.  Ana ɗaukar bakin tekun a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye da Bambancin Halittu ta [[BirdLife Afirka ta Kudu]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Verlorenvlei |url=https://www.birdlife.org.za/iba-directory/verlorenvlei/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=BirdLife South Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Barazana ==
Kogin Verlorevlei da bakin teku suna fuskantar barazanar bushewa; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yeld |first=John |date=2021-03-13 |title=West Coast's Verlorenvlei: What's lost when a wetland dries up? |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-03-13-west-coasts-verlorenvlei-whats-lost-when-a-wetland-dries-up/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230817070932/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-03-13-west-coasts-verlorenvlei-whats-lost-when-a-wetland-dries-up/ |archive-date=2023-08-17 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; raguwar kwararar ruwa daga gina madatsun ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da kuma gurɓataccen ruwa daga haƙar tungsten da aka tsara a sama da gonakin da ke kewaye ya lalata muhallin da ke kewaye. Nau'in tsuntsayen ruwa ya ragu daga nau'ikan halittu 39 zuwa 22. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Handley |first=Kate |date=2023-07-17 |title=Critical Verlorenvlei Estuary under threat of death by a thousand cuts |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2023-07-17-critical-verlorenvlei-estuary-under-threat-of-mining-and-death-by-a-thousand-cuts/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240414090408/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2023-07-17-critical-verlorenvlei-estuary-under-threat-of-mining-and-death-by-a-thousand-cuts/ |archive-date=2024-04-14 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanar ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Verlorevlei''' kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin yana kan Sandveld na Yammacin Tekun, kuma yana ratsawa ta hanyar Eendekuil, Het Kruis, da Redelinghuys. Bakin kogin yana nan a bakin Tekun Elands. Magudanan ruwansa sun haɗa da [[Hol River|Kogin Hol]], [[Kruismans River|Kogin Kruismans]] da [[Krom Antonies River|Kogin Krom Antonies]]. Yana faɗowa cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa G da Yankin Gudanarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Verlorenvlei|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/525|accessdate=14 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin shine kaɗai wurin da aka sani na Verlorenvlei redfin da ke fuskantar barazanar ƙarewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;ZooKeys&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chakona |first=Albert |last2=Swartz |first2=Ernst R. |last3=Skelton |first3=Paul H. |date=11 November 2014 |title=A new species of redfin (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, ''Pseudobarbus'') from the Verlorenvlei River system, South Africa |url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=4230 |journal=[[ZooKeys]] |publisher=Pensoft |issue=453 |pages=121–137 |bibcode=2014ZooK..453..121C |doi=10.3897/zookeys.453.8072 |pmc=4258629 |pmid=25493062 |access-date=4 December 2014 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Simon van der Stel ya ziyarci Namaqualand a shekarar 1685, kuma yana jin kamar kogin ma'ajiyar Kogin Olifants ce. Shugaban coci Johannes Tobias Rhenius ya ga tafkin a matsayin &quot;wanda ya ɓace&quot; a cikin ciyawa a shekarar 1724, inda ya ba shi suna (Afrikaans: verlore, lit. 'lost' and vlei, 'lake').

== Kogin Verlorevlei ==
Kimanin 30&amp;nbsp;kilomita arewa maso yamma da Redelinghuys, wani tafki mai dausayi yana ciyar da kogin. A lokacin hunturu, tsawonsa kilomita ne, kuma ruwan yana ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ciyawar kore. A lokacin rani, tafkin yana bushewa. An ga nau'ikan [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] 500 a nan. Tafkin yana da farin jini ga masu lura da tsuntsaye da masu kamun kifi. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tafkunan ruwa na ƙasar da ke bakin teku, Tafkin Verlorevlei muhimmin wuri ne na kiwo da ciyar da pelicans, flamingoes, da sauran nau'ikan tsuntsaye da kifi. Ana samun nau'ikan tsire-tsire da yawa a can. Shanu suna kiwo a bakin teku kuma ana fitar da ruwa don ban ruwa. A shekarar 1991, an sanya wa ƙasar dausayi suna wurin Ramsar.  Ana ɗaukar bakin tekun a matsayin Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye da Bambancin Halittu ta [[BirdLife Afirka ta Kudu]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Verlorenvlei |url=https://www.birdlife.org.za/iba-directory/verlorenvlei/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=BirdLife South Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Barazana ==
Kogin Verlorevlei da bakin teku suna fuskantar barazanar bushewa; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yeld |first=John |date=2021-03-13 |title=West Coast's Verlorenvlei: What's lost when a wetland dries up? |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-03-13-west-coasts-verlorenvlei-whats-lost-when-a-wetland-dries-up/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230817070932/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-03-13-west-coasts-verlorenvlei-whats-lost-when-a-wetland-dries-up/ |archive-date=2023-08-17 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; raguwar kwararar ruwa daga gina madatsun ruwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da kuma gurɓataccen ruwa daga haƙar tungsten da aka tsara a sama da gonakin da ke kewaye ya lalata muhallin da ke kewaye. Nau'in tsuntsayen ruwa ya ragu daga nau'ikan halittu 39 zuwa 22. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Handley |first=Kate |date=2023-07-17 |title=Critical Verlorenvlei Estuary under threat of death by a thousand cuts |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2023-07-17-critical-verlorenvlei-estuary-under-threat-of-mining-and-death-by-a-thousand-cuts/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240414090408/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2023-07-17-critical-verlorenvlei-estuary-under-threat-of-mining-and-death-by-a-thousand-cuts/ |archive-date=2024-04-14 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanar ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Sa'adiya Omar Bello</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = Farfesa | name = Sa'adiya Omar Bello | native_name = Saɗiya Umar Bello | birth_date = 1952 | birth_place = Kiru, Jihar Kano, Najeriya | nationality = Ɗan Najeriya | occupation = Malama, marubuciya, masaniyar adabin Hausa | employer = Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sakkwato | known_for = Bincike kan adabin Hausa, tarihin Daular Usmaniyya da gudummawar mata malamai | awards = Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON) }}  '''Sa'adiya Omar Bello'''...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6489" sha1="ob15x9rx37ldj9fzpf2y4pyu1bzd7hs" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Farfesa
| name = Sa'adiya Omar Bello
| native_name = Saɗiya Umar Bello
| birth_date = 1952
| birth_place = Kiru, Jihar Kano, Najeriya
| nationality = Ɗan Najeriya
| occupation = Malama, marubuciya, masaniyar adabin Hausa
| employer = Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sakkwato
| known_for = Bincike kan adabin Hausa, tarihin Daular Usmaniyya da gudummawar mata malamai
| awards = Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON)
}}

'''Sa'adiya Omar Bello''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1952) fitacciyar farfesa ce 'yar Najeriya wadda ta ƙware a fannin '''Adabin Hausa''' a Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo da ke Sakkwato. Ta shahara wajen bincike kan tarihin Daular Usmaniyya, rubuce-rubucen Ajami, rayuwar Nana Asma’u Ɗanfodiyo da kuma gudummawar mata a ilimi da adabin Hausa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.udusok.edu.ng/staff/prof-saadiya-omar-bello/ |title=Prof. Sadiya Omar Bello |publisher=Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Sa'adiya Omar Bello a ƙaramar hukumar Kiru ta Jihar Kano. Mahaifinta, Malam Usman Salihu, fitaccen malamin addinin Musulunci ne. Ta rasa mahaifinta tana da shekara uku a duniya. Ta fara karatun allo da ilimin addini a gida kafin daga baya ta shiga makarantar firamare ta Dandago da kuma Government Girls Secondary School, Dala, Kano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Muhammad |first=Rakiya A. |title=I Demanded To Be Taken To School At Age 6 – Dr. Sadiyya Omar |work=Daily Trust |date=2014-04-26 |url=https://dailytrust.com/i-demanded-to-be-taken-to-school-at-age-6-dr-sadiyya-omar/ |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta samu digiri a fannin Hausa da Nazarin Musulunci daga Jami'ar Bayero Kano. Daga baya ta yi karatun digiri na biyu (M.A.) a School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), Jami'ar London, inda ta ƙware a harshen Hausa. Bayan dawowarta Najeriya, ta ci gaba da karatun digirin digirgir (PhD) a Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo da ke Sakkwato.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Muhammad |first=Rakiya A. |title=I Demanded To Be Taken To School At Age 6 – Dr. Sadiyya Omar |work=Daily Trust |date=2014-04-26 |url=https://dailytrust.com/i-demanded-to-be-taken-to-school-at-age-6-dr-sadiyya-omar/ |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin koyarwa ==
Sa'adiya Omar Bello ta fara aikinta a matsayin Graduate Assistant a Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo. Ta yi aiki har ta kai matsayin Farfesa a fannin Adabin Hausa. Ta kuma riƙe muƙamin Daraktar Cibiyar Nazarin Hausa (Centre for Hausa Studies) a jami'ar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.udusok.edu.ng/staff/prof-saadiya-omar-bello/ |title=Prof. Sadiya Omar Bello |publisher=Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukanta na bincike sun mayar da hankali ne kan adabin Hausa, waƙoƙin Hausa, rubuce-rubucen Ajami, tarihin Daular Usmaniyya da kuma nazarin rawar da mata suka taka wajen bunƙasa ilimi da al'adu a Arewacin Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.udusok.edu.ng/staff/prof-saadiya-omar-bello/ |title=Prof. Sadiya Omar Bello |publisher=Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gudummawa ga nazarin tarihin Daular Usmaniyya ==
Farfesa Sa'adiya Omar Bello ta yi fice wajen binciko tarihin mata malamai a Daular Usmaniyya. Ta gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan rayuwar '''Nana Asma’u Ɗanfodiyo''', Modibbo Kilo da sauran fitattun mata masu ilimi waɗanda gudummawarsu ba ta samu isasshen rubuce-rubuce a tarihi ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Muhammad |first=Rakiya A. |title=I Demanded To Be Taken To School At Age 6 – Dr. Sadiyya Omar |work=Daily Trust |date=2014-04-26 |url=https://dailytrust.com/i-demanded-to-be-taken-to-school-at-age-6-dr-sadiyya-omar/ |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta wallafa littattafai da dama da suka taimaka wajen adana tarihin malaman mata da al'adun Hausawa. Ayyukanta sun zama tushen bincike ga ɗalibai da masana a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.udusok.edu.ng/staff/prof-saadiya-omar-bello/ |title=Prof. Sadiya Omar Bello |publisher=Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jagoranci da harkokin al'umma ==
Sa'adiya Omar Bello ta kasance daga cikin shugabannin kungiyar '''Federation of Muslim Women Associations in Nigeria (FOMWAN)'''. Ta taba zama shugabar ƙasa (National Amirah) ta kungiyar, inda ta yi aiki wajen bunƙasa ilimin mata, wayar da kai kan harkokin zamantakewa da kuma ci gaban al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.fomwanofficial.org/fomwan-salutes-sultan/ |title=FOMWAN Salutes Sultan |publisher=FOMWAN |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma kasance cikin kwamitin amintattu na Muslim Media Watch Group of Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27adiya_Omar_Bello |title=Sa'adiya Omar Bello |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lambobin yabo ==
A shekarar 2022, gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta karrama ta da lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta '''Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON)''' saboda gudummawar da ta bayar a fannin ilimi da ci gaban al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27adiya_Omar_Bello |title=Sa'adiya Omar Bello |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta kuma samu '''Nana Asma’u Award for Social Development''' saboda ayyukanta wajen inganta rayuwar mata da bunƙasa ilimi a cikin al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.fomwanofficial.org/fomwan-salutes-sultan/ |title=FOMWAN Salutes Sultan |publisher=FOMWAN |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zaɓaɓɓun littattafai ==
* ''Fasahar Mazan Jiya: Nazari A Kan Rayuwa Da Wakokin Malam Mu'azu Haɗeja'' (2013)
* ''Modibbo Kilo (1901–1976): Rayuwarta da Ayyukanta'' (2013)
* '''Yantarun Nana Asma’u Ɗanfodiyo: Tsarinsu da Taskace Waƙoƙinsu'' (2014)
* ''Malamai Mata a Daular Usmaniyya a Ƙarni na 19 da 20'' (2015)
* ''Gado Girman Ɗa: Gudummawar Ibrahim Gandi Junaidu a Fannin Rubutacciyar Waƙa'' (2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.udusok.edu.ng/staff/prof-saadiya-omar-bello/ |title=Prof. Sadiya Omar Bello |publisher=Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto |access-date=2026-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nigerian academics]]
[[Category:Nigerian women academics]]
[[Category:Hausa-language scholars]]
[[Category:Bayero University Kano alumni]]
[[Category:University of London alumni]]
[[Category:Usmanu Danfodiyo University faculty]]
[[Category:People from Kano State]]
[[Category:Hausa writers]]
[[Category:Nigerian educators]]</text>
      <sha1>ob15x9rx37ldj9fzpf2y4pyu1bzd7hs</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kogin Uilenkraals</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153670</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843882</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T07:35:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1192398926|Uilenkraals River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Uilenkraals''' (ko '''Kogin Uilkraals''') kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uilkraals River, Western Cape, South Africa |url=https://za.geoview.info/uilkraals_river,193978645w |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=za.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bakin kogin yana wurin ajiyar yanayi na Uilkraalsmond da ke Uilenkraalsmond, kusa da Gansbaai.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanar ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843883</id>
      <parentid>843882</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T07:36:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Uilenkraals''' (ko '''Kogin Uilkraals''') kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Uilkraals River, Western Cape, South Africa |url=https://za.geoview.info/uilkraals_river,193978645w |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=za.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bakin kogin yana wurin ajiyar yanayi na Uilkraalsmond da ke Uilenkraalsmond, kusa da Gansbaai.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanar ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Touws (kogin)</title>
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    <id>153671</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843884</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T07:47:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1284473675|Touws River (river)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Touws''' kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da rabe-raben [[Kogin Groot (Kudancin Cape)|Kogin Groot]], wani ɓangare na kwarin [[Kogin Gourits]].

== Suna ==
Sunan &quot;Touws&quot; ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoi]] ta toka, wacce kuma ke nufin &quot;Ash-bushes&quot; na gida (''Salsola aphylla''). Ba a tabbatar ko sunan ya fara nufin ciyayi ba, ko kuma launin kogin (a tarihi, ana kiran kogin Touws a wasu lokutan da &quot;kogin Ash&quot;).

Ta kuma ba wa garin Kogin Touws suna, wanda ke kan saman wannan kogin. 

== Hanya ==
Majiyoyin suna cikin tsaunukan Matroosberg, Hex River, kusa da garin De Doorns. A saman hanyarsa ana kiranta da Smalblaar da {{Not a typo|Donkies}}.

Tana kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas, tana ratsa garin Kogin Touws, ta haɗu da gefen dama na Kogin Groot bayan ta juya zuwa kudu na ɗan lokaci.  Rabon ruwanta sun haɗa da Brand, Kalee, Brak, Slang da Kruis; duk ƙananan koguna ne.

Touws wani ɓangare ne na Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Gouritz kuma yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa J.

== Dams ==

* [[Verkeerdevlei Dam|Dam ɗin Verkeerdevlei]] (ƙarfin {{Convert|5500000|m3}} )

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanar ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]]

== Manazarta ==
Touws River (river)Touws River (river)Touws River (river)Touws River (river)Touws River (river)
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.zandvleitrust.org.za/art-bloutoring%20farm%20nov%202008.html Bloutoring Farm, Kogin Touws / yankin Montagu]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843885</id>
      <parentid>843884</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T07:47:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
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'''Kogin Touws''' kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da rabe-raben [[Kogin Groot (Kudancin Cape)|Kogin Groot]], wani ɓangare na kwarin [[Kogin Gourits]].

== Suna ==
Sunan &quot;Touws&quot; ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoi]] ta toka, wacce kuma ke nufin &quot;Ash-bushes&quot; na gida (''Salsola aphylla''). Ba a tabbatar ko sunan ya fara nufin ciyayi ba, ko kuma launin kogin (a tarihi, ana kiran kogin Touws a wasu lokutan da &quot;kogin Ash&quot;).

Ta kuma ba wa garin Kogin Touws suna, wanda ke kan saman wannan kogin. 

== Hanya ==
Majiyoyin suna cikin tsaunukan Matroosberg, Hex River, kusa da garin De Doorns. A saman hanyarsa ana kiranta da Smalblaar da {{Not a typo|Donkies}}.

Tana kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas, tana ratsa garin Kogin Touws, ta haɗu da gefen dama na Kogin Groot bayan ta juya zuwa kudu na ɗan lokaci.  Rabon ruwanta sun haɗa da Brand, Kalee, Brak, Slang da Kruis; duk ƙananan koguna ne.

Touws wani ɓangare ne na Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Gouritz kuma yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa J.

== Dams ==

* [[Verkeerdevlei Dam|Dam ɗin Verkeerdevlei]] (ƙarfin {{Convert|5500000|m3}} )

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanar ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.zandvleitrust.org.za/art-bloutoring%20farm%20nov%202008.html Bloutoring Farm, Kogin Touws / yankin Montagu]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843886</id>
      <parentid>843885</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T07:51:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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'''Kogin Touws''' kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da rabe-raben [[Kogin Groot (Kudancin Cape)|Kogin Groot]], wani ɓangare na kwarin [[Kogin Gourits]].&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050321224648/http://www.tanap.net/content/activities/documents/resolutions_Cape_of_Good_Hope/introduction_english/38.htm Etymology of Touws river]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suna ==
Sunan &quot;Touws&quot; ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoi]] ta toka, wacce kuma ke nufin &quot;Ash-bushes&quot; na gida (''Salsola aphylla''). Ba a tabbatar ko sunan ya fara nufin ciyayi ba, ko kuma launin kogin (a tarihi, ana kiran kogin Touws a wasu lokutan da &quot;kogin Ash&quot;).

Ta kuma ba wa garin Kogin Touws suna, wanda ke kan saman wannan kogin.&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050321224648/http://www.tanap.net/content/activities/documents/resolutions_Cape_of_Good_Hope/introduction_english/38.htm Etymology of Touws river]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Hanya ==
Majiyoyin suna cikin tsaunukan Matroosberg, Hex River, kusa da garin De Doorns. A saman hanyarsa ana kiranta da Smalblaar da {{Not a typo|Donkies}}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas, tana ratsa garin Kogin Touws, ta haɗu da gefen dama na Kogin Groot bayan ta juya zuwa kudu na ɗan lokaci.  Rabon ruwanta sun haɗa da Brand, Kalee, Brak, Slang da Kruis; duk ƙananan koguna ne.

Touws wani ɓangare ne na Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Gouritz kuma yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa J.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dams ==

* [[Verkeerdevlei Dam|Dam ɗin Verkeerdevlei]] (ƙarfin {{Convert|5500000|m3}} )

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanar ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.zandvleitrust.org.za/art-bloutoring%20farm%20nov%202008.html Bloutoring Farm, Kogin Touws / yankin Montagu]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843891</id>
      <parentid>843886</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T08:09:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Touws''' kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana da rabe-raben [[Kogin Groot (Kudancin Cape)|Kogin Groot]], wani ɓangare na kwarin [[Kogin Gourits]].&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050321224648/http://www.tanap.net/content/activities/documents/resolutions_Cape_of_Good_Hope/introduction_english/38.htm Etymology of Touws river]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suna ==
Sunan &quot;Touws&quot; ya samo asali ne daga kalmar [[Harshen Khekhoe|Khoi]] ta toka, wacce kuma ke nufin &quot;Ash-bushes&quot; na gida (''Salsola aphylla''). Ba a tabbatar ko sunan ya fara nufin ciyayi ba, ko kuma launin kogin (a tarihi, ana kiran kogin Touws a wasu lokutan da &quot;kogin Ash&quot;).

Ta kuma ba wa garin Kogin Touws suna, wanda ke kan saman wannan kogin.&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050321224648/http://www.tanap.net/content/activities/documents/resolutions_Cape_of_Good_Hope/introduction_english/38.htm Etymology of Touws river]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Hanya ==
Majiyoyin suna cikin tsaunukan Matroosberg, Hex River, kusa da garin De Doorns. A saman hanyarsa ana kiranta da Smalblaar da {{Not a typo|Donkies}}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana kwarara zuwa kudu maso gabas, tana ratsa garin Kogin Touws, ta haɗu da gefen dama na Kogin Groot bayan ta juya zuwa kudu na ɗan lokaci.  Rabon ruwanta sun haɗa da Brand, Kalee, Brak, Slang da Kruis; duk ƙananan koguna ne.

Touws wani ɓangare ne na Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Gouritz kuma yana cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa J.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dams ==

* [[Verkeerdevlei Dam|Dam ɗin Verkeerdevlei]] (ƙarfin {{Convert|5500000|m3}} )

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanar ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.zandvleitrust.org.za/art-bloutoring%20farm%20nov%202008.html Bloutoring Farm, Kogin Touws / yankin Montagu]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nugaal</title>
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    <id>153672</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843887</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T08:04:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343624533|Nugaal]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Nugal''' ( Arabic   ), kogi ne mai ratsawa wanda ke gudana a gefen kwarin Nugaal a arewa maso gabashin Somaliya. Yana farawa da mil da yawa zuwa yammacin Sool, kuma yana ƙarewa a Eyl inda mashigar ruwa ke kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]] . Yana ƙafewa a farkon hagaa, lokacin rani na Somaliya. Saboda rashin kulawa, bakin kogin ya bushe sosai, kuma 'yan siyasa da dama na Somaliya sun tattauna gyara lalacewar. 

== Kalmomin Ma'ana ==
Nugaal tana da sunaye uku:

* Kwarin Nugaal, kwari ne mafi faɗi a cikin Sool, amma mafi ƙaranci a cikin Nugaal bari
* Yankin Nugaal, lardi ne mai birnin Garoowe a tsakiyarsa
* Plateau Nugaal, filin da ke saman kwarin Nugaal kuma ana kiransa Sorl
* Gundumar Nogal-Sool, lardin Dhulbahante wanda ya haɗa da gundumar Buuhoodle a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya

== Duba kuma ==

* Kogin Shebelle

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843888</id>
      <parentid>843887</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T08:04:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <text bytes="865" sha1="pb2ibt1ab7bb90pinx92eci1xov4sqq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Nugal''' ( Arabic   ), kogi ne mai ratsawa wanda ke gudana a gefen kwarin Nugaal a arewa maso gabashin Somaliya. Yana farawa da mil da yawa zuwa yammacin Sool, kuma yana ƙarewa a Eyl inda mashigar ruwa ke kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]] . Yana ƙafewa a farkon hagaa, lokacin rani na Somaliya. Saboda rashin kulawa, bakin kogin ya bushe sosai, kuma 'yan siyasa da dama na Somaliya sun tattauna gyara lalacewar. 

== Kalmomin Ma'ana ==
Nugaal tana da sunaye uku:

* Kwarin Nugaal, kwari ne mafi faɗi a cikin Sool, amma mafi ƙaranci a cikin Nugaal bari
* Yankin Nugaal, lardi ne mai birnin Garoowe a tsakiyarsa
* Plateau Nugaal, filin da ke saman kwarin Nugaal kuma ana kiransa Sorl
* Gundumar Nogal-Sool, lardin Dhulbahante wanda ya haɗa da gundumar Buuhoodle a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya

== Duba kuma ==

* Kogin Shebelle

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Shebelle</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356465823|Shebelle River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Shebelle''' ( [[Harshen Oromo|Oromo]] : Laga Shabeellee, Somali  , Amharic  , Italian   ) wanda aka fi sani da '''Kogin Mogadishu''' a tarihi,    yana farawa ne daga tsaunukan [[Itofiya|Habasha]], sannan ya kwarara kudu maso gabas zuwa [[Somaliya]] zuwa [[Mogadishu]] . Kusa da Mogadishu, yana juyawa kudu maso yamma sosai, inda yake bin bakin teku. A ƙasan Mogadishu, kogin yana zama na yanayi. A mafi yawan shekaru, kogin yana bushewa kusa da bakin Kogin Jubba, yayin da a lokutan ruwan sama mai yawa, kogin a zahiri yana isa ga Jubba har ma da teku.

A lokacin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a Habasha, Kogin Shebelle da Kogin Jubba suna haɗuwa, kuma ruwansu ya haɗu a ƙarshe ya isa [[Tekun Indiya]] . Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun bushewa, Kogin Shebelle yana raguwa kuma ya rikide zuwa jerin wurare masu dausayi da filayen yashi a arewa maso gabashin haɗuwa da Jubba. Kogin Shebelle yana da jimillar tsawon kilomita 1,820. Yankin da ke kewaye da Kogin Shebeli yana zaune ne da mutanen Arsi Oromo, mutanen Somaliya a Yankin Somaliya na Habasha da kuma mutanen Somaliya a Somaliya. A cikin ƙananan kwarin kogin, noma ya maye gurbin salon kiwon makiyaya na gargajiya, kuma noman ayaba a kudancin kogunan Shebeli da [[Kogin Jubba|Jubba]] yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar fitar da kayayyaki ta Somaliya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia &amp; Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magudanar ruwa ==
Shebelle tana da rafuka da dama, duka na yanayi da na dindindin. Sun haɗa da:

* [[Kogin Erer]]
* [[Kogin Galeti|Kogin Galetti]]
* Kogin Wabe

[[Kogin Fafen|Fafen]] yana isa Shebelle ne kawai a lokacin da ake ruwan sama mai yawa; yawanci rafinsa yakan ƙare kafin ya isa babban kogin.

== Tarihi ==

=== Daular Ajuran ===
A lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, kogin Shebelle yana ƙarƙashin ikon [[Ajuran Sultanate|Daular Ajuran]] kuma ana amfani da shi sosai wajen noman sa. Da ya shahara a ƙarni na 13 AD, Ajuran ya mallaki albarkatun ruwa na kogunan [[Kogin Jubba|Jubba]] da Shebelle. Ta hanyar injiniyancin ruwa, sun kuma gina [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyoyi]] da magudanan ruwa da yawa na dutse na jihar, waɗanda yawancinsu har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau. Sarakunanta sun ƙirƙiro sabbin tsare-tsare na noma da haraji, waɗanda aka ci gaba da amfani da su a sassan yankin Afirka har zuwa ƙarni na 19. 

Ta hanyar ikonsu na sarrafa rijiyoyin yankin, sarakunan Garen sun mallaki ikon mallakar [[Bararoji|makiyayansu]] yadda ya kamata, domin su ne kawai daular ruwa a Afirka a lokacin mulkinsu. An gina manyan rijiyoyi da aka yi da dutse mai daraja a duk faɗin jihar, wanda ya jawo hankalin makiyayan Somaliya da Oromo da dabbobinsu. Dokokin rijiyoyin da aka tsara sun sauƙaƙa wa makiyaya su warware takaddama ta hanyar kai tambayoyinsu ga jami'an gwamnati waɗanda za su yi aiki a matsayin masu shiga tsakani. Cinikin karafa na nesa, wanda aka daɗe ana yi a yankin Afirka, ya ci gaba da canzawa a zamanin Ajuran. A yau, garuruwa da yawa da suka lalace kuma aka yi watsi da su a duk faɗin cikin Somaliya da yankin Afirka shaida ne na wata hanyar kasuwanci ta cikin gida da ta taɓa bunƙasa tun daga zamanin da. 

Tare da kulawar da aka yi wa Ajuran, gonakin da ke [[Afgooye|Afgoye]], Bardhere da sauran yankuna a cikin kogunan [[Kogin Jubba|Jubba]] da Shabelle sun ƙara yawan amfanin gona. Tsarin magudanar ban ruwa da aka sani da ''Kelliyo'' ya ciyar da kai tsaye daga Kogin Shebelle da [[Kogin Jubba|kogunan Jubba]] zuwa gonakin da ake noma [[Sorghum|dawa]], [[masara]], wake, hatsi da auduga a lokacin ''gu'' ( bazara a Somaliya) da kuma ''xagaa'' ( bazara a Somaliya) na kalandar Somaliya . Wannan tsarin ban ruwa ya sami goyon bayan dikes da madatsun ruwa da yawa. Don tantance matsakaicin girman gona, an kuma ƙirƙiro tsarin auna ƙasa tare da kalmomin da ake amfani da su kamar ''moos'', ''taraab'' da ''guldeed'' .</text>
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'''Kogin Shebelle''' ( [[Harshen Oromo|Oromo]] : Laga Shabeellee, Somali  , Amharic  , Italian   ) wanda aka fi sani da '''Kogin Mogadishu''' a tarihi,    yana farawa ne daga tsaunukan [[Itofiya|Habasha]], sannan ya kwarara kudu maso gabas zuwa [[Somaliya]] zuwa [[Mogadishu]] . Kusa da Mogadishu, yana juyawa kudu maso yamma sosai, inda yake bin bakin teku. A ƙasan Mogadishu, kogin yana zama na yanayi. A mafi yawan shekaru, kogin yana bushewa kusa da bakin Kogin Jubba, yayin da a lokutan ruwan sama mai yawa, kogin a zahiri yana isa ga Jubba har ma da teku.

A lokacin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a Habasha, Kogin Shebelle da Kogin Jubba suna haɗuwa, kuma ruwansu ya haɗu a ƙarshe ya isa [[Tekun Indiya]] . Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun bushewa, Kogin Shebelle yana raguwa kuma ya rikide zuwa jerin wurare masu dausayi da filayen yashi a arewa maso gabashin haɗuwa da Jubba. Kogin Shebelle yana da jimillar tsawon kilomita 1,820. Yankin da ke kewaye da Kogin Shebeli yana zaune ne da mutanen Arsi Oromo, mutanen Somaliya a Yankin Somaliya na Habasha da kuma mutanen Somaliya a Somaliya. A cikin ƙananan kwarin kogin, noma ya maye gurbin salon kiwon makiyaya na gargajiya, kuma noman ayaba a kudancin kogunan Shebeli da [[Kogin Jubba|Jubba]] yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar fitar da kayayyaki ta Somaliya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia &amp; Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magudanar ruwa ==
Shebelle tana da rafuka da dama, duka na yanayi da na dindindin. Sun haɗa da:

* [[Kogin Erer]]
* [[Kogin Galeti|Kogin Galetti]]
* Kogin Wabe

[[Kogin Fafen|Fafen]] yana isa Shebelle ne kawai a lokacin da ake ruwan sama mai yawa; yawanci rafinsa yakan ƙare kafin ya isa babban kogin.

== Tarihi ==

=== Daular Ajuran ===
A lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, kogin Shebelle yana ƙarƙashin ikon [[Ajuran Sultanate|Daular Ajuran]] kuma ana amfani da shi sosai wajen noman sa. Da ya shahara a ƙarni na 13 AD, Ajuran ya mallaki albarkatun ruwa na kogunan [[Kogin Jubba|Jubba]] da Shebelle. Ta hanyar injiniyancin ruwa, sun kuma gina [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|rijiyoyi]] da magudanan ruwa da yawa na dutse na jihar, waɗanda yawancinsu har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau. Sarakunanta sun ƙirƙiro sabbin tsare-tsare na noma da haraji, waɗanda aka ci gaba da amfani da su a sassan yankin Afirka har zuwa ƙarni na 19. 

Ta hanyar ikonsu na sarrafa rijiyoyin yankin, sarakunan Garen sun mallaki ikon mallakar [[Bararoji|makiyayansu]] yadda ya kamata, domin su ne kawai daular ruwa a Afirka a lokacin mulkinsu. An gina manyan rijiyoyi da aka yi da dutse mai daraja a duk faɗin jihar, wanda ya jawo hankalin makiyayan Somaliya da Oromo da dabbobinsu. Dokokin rijiyoyin da aka tsara sun sauƙaƙa wa makiyaya su warware takaddama ta hanyar kai tambayoyinsu ga jami'an gwamnati waɗanda za su yi aiki a matsayin masu shiga tsakani. Cinikin karafa na nesa, wanda aka daɗe ana yi a yankin Afirka, ya ci gaba da canzawa a zamanin Ajuran. A yau, garuruwa da yawa da suka lalace kuma aka yi watsi da su a duk faɗin cikin Somaliya da yankin Afirka shaida ne na wata hanyar kasuwanci ta cikin gida da ta taɓa bunƙasa tun daga zamanin da. 

Tare da kulawar da aka yi wa Ajuran, gonakin da ke [[Afgooye|Afgoye]], Bardhere da sauran yankuna a cikin kogunan [[Kogin Jubba|Jubba]] da Shabelle sun ƙara yawan amfanin gona. Tsarin magudanar ban ruwa da aka sani da ''Kelliyo'' ya ciyar da kai tsaye daga Kogin Shebelle da [[Kogin Jubba|kogunan Jubba]] zuwa gonakin da ake noma [[Sorghum|dawa]], [[masara]], wake, hatsi da auduga a lokacin ''gu'' ( bazara a Somaliya) da kuma ''xagaa'' ( bazara a Somaliya) na kalandar Somaliya . Wannan tsarin ban ruwa ya sami goyon bayan dikes da madatsun ruwa da yawa. Don tantance matsakaicin girman gona, an kuma ƙirƙiro tsarin auna ƙasa tare da kalmomin da ake amfani da su kamar ''moos'', ''taraab'' da ''guldeed'' .
==msnazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tafkin Kinkony</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355677126|Lake Kinkony]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tafkin Kinkony''' babban [[tafki]] ne a yankin arewa maso yammacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], &lt;ref name=&quot;LC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madagascar-GEOGRAPHY |url=http://countrystudies.us/madagascar/7.htm |access-date=27 September 2017 |website=countrystudies.us |publisher=U. S. Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin ruwan kogin Mahavavy Sud na ƙasa a yankin Boeny (tsohon lardin Mahajanga ). Yana nan a kusa da

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tafkin Kinkony''' babban [[tafki]] ne a yankin arewa maso yammacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], &lt;ref name=&quot;LC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madagascar-GEOGRAPHY |url=http://countrystudies.us/madagascar/7.htm |access-date=27 September 2017 |website=countrystudies.us |publisher=U. S. Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt; a cikin ruwan kogin Mahavavy Sud na ƙasa a yankin Boeny (tsohon lardin Mahajanga ). Yana nan a kusa da

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ƙungiyar Kogin Mano</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306387711|Mano River Union]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ƙungiyar Kogin Mano''' ( '''MRU''' ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da aka kafa tsakanin [[Laberiya|Liberia]] da [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] ta hanyar sanarwar Kogin Mano a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1973. &lt;ref name=&quot;Declaration&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=No. 13608 (Mano River Declaration) |url=http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/MRU.pdf |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya mata suna ne saboda [[Kogin Mano]] wanda ya fara daga tsaunukan Guinea kuma ya samar da iyaka tsakanin Liberia da Sierra Leone. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1980, [[Gini|Guinea]] ta shiga ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;ADBG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MANO River Union Capacity Building and Technical Assistance for Institutional Strengthening |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-z1-kf0-019/ |publisher=[[African Development Bank|African Development Bank Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manufar Ƙungiyar ita ce &quot;haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arziki, ci gaban zamantakewa da ci gaban al'adu na ƙasashenmu biyu ... ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi da taimakon juna a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi muradun juna a fannoni na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, fasaha, kimiyya da gudanarwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Declaration&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=No. 13608 (Mano River Declaration) |url=http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/MRU.pdf |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/MRU.pdf &quot;No. 13608 (Mano River Declaration)&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. [[World Bank]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, saboda rikice-rikicen cikin gida a cikin ƙasashen MRU guda biyu na asali ( [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|Yaƙin Basasa na Saliyo]] [1991-2002] da na Farko [1989-1997] da na Biyu Yaƙin Basasa na Liberia [1999-2003]), ba a iya cimma waɗannan manufofin ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Sue |last2=Bassene |first2=Mathias |date=June 2003 |title=Mano River Union Conflict Assessment and Peacebuilding Results Framework |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacx061.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002231935/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACX061.pdf |archive-date=October 2, 2006 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatan sun kai 600 a shekarar 1986, amma sun ragu zuwa 300 a shekarar 1993, sannan zuwa 120, da kuma 48 a shekarar 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;Consultancy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2000 |title=Consultancy report on the revitalization of the Mano River Union Secretariat |url=http://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/3276 |publisher=[[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2004, an sake kunna ƙungiyar a wani taron shugabannin ƙasashen Mano River Union guda uku: Shugabannin Lansana Conté na Guinea da Ahmad Tejan Kabbah na Sierra Leone da kuma Shugaba [[Gyude Bryant]] na Liberia. A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2008, [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] ta amince ta shiga ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;ADBG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MANO River Union Capacity Building and Technical Assistance for Institutional Strengthening |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-z1-kf0-019/ |publisher=[[African Development Bank|African Development Bank Group]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-z1-kf0-019/ &quot;MANO River Union Capacity Building and Technical Assistance for Institutional Strengthening&quot;]. [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|African Development Bank Group]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin ƙungiya ==
Sakatare Janar ne ke gudanar da MRU, wanda Sakatare Janar ke jagoranta. Ambasada Simeon MB. Harrison shi ne Sakatare Janar na yanzu na Ƙungiyar Kogin Mano. Ya zama Sakatare Janar na 10. Ya maye gurbin Madam Maria G. Harrison a watan Mayu na 2024. Lokacin da Sakatare Janar Habib Diallo ya mutu a hatsarin mota a 2011,  magajinsa ita ce mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin: Dr Saran Daraba Kaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Executives |url=http://manoriverunion.int/Executives.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114192258/http://manoriverunion.int/Executives.html |archive-date=2018-11-14 |access-date=2016-10-28 |publisher=Mano River Union}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakatare Janar na Ƙungiyar Kogin Mano yana da hedikwata a [[Freetown]], Sierra Leone, &lt;ref name=&quot;Consultancy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2000 |title=Consultancy report on the revitalization of the Mano River Union Secretariat |url=http://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/3276 |publisher=[[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/3276 &quot;Consultancy report on the revitalization of the Mano River Union Secretariat&quot;]. [[Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]]. December 2000.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; tare da ofisoshi a [[Conakry]], Guinea da [[Monrovia]], Liberia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Sue |last2=Bassene |first2=Mathias |date=June 2003 |title=Mano River Union Conflict Assessment and Peacebuilding Results Framework |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacx061.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002231935/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACX061.pdf |archive-date=October 2, 2006 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNelsonBassene2003&quot;&gt;Nelson, Sue; Bassene, Mathias (June 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20061002231935/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACX061.pdf &quot;Mano River Union Conflict Assessment and Peacebuilding Results Framework&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|United States Agency for International Development]]. Archived from [http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacx061.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on October 2, 2006.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2016, Ƙungiyar ta sanar da shirin kafa Majalisar Tarayyar Kogin Mano, inda 'yan majalisa daga ƙasashe huɗu mambobi za su yi aiki don daidaita dokokin ƙasa kan batutuwan da suka shafi yanki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 April 2016 |title=Mano River Union Countries to Establish Legislative Body |url=https://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/politics/497-mano-river-union-countries-to-establish-legislative-body |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103746/https://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/politics/497-mano-river-union-countries-to-establish-legislative-body |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |website=[[Front Page Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har zuwa yanzu an ajiye wannan ra'ayi a matsayin farashi da tsarin wata hukumar majalisar dokoki wadda ba za a fahimci muhimmancinta ba.</text>
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'''Ƙungiyar Kogin Mano''' ( '''MRU''' ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da aka kafa tsakanin [[Laberiya|Liberia]] da [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] ta hanyar sanarwar Kogin Mano a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1973. &lt;ref name=&quot;Declaration&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=No. 13608 (Mano River Declaration) |url=http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/MRU.pdf |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya mata suna ne saboda [[Kogin Mano]] wanda ya fara daga tsaunukan Guinea kuma ya samar da iyaka tsakanin Liberia da Sierra Leone. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1980, [[Gini|Guinea]] ta shiga ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;ADBG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MANO River Union Capacity Building and Technical Assistance for Institutional Strengthening |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-z1-kf0-019/ |publisher=[[African Development Bank|African Development Bank Group]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manufar Ƙungiyar ita ce &quot;haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arziki, ci gaban zamantakewa da ci gaban al'adu na ƙasashenmu biyu ... ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi da taimakon juna a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi muradun juna a fannoni na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, fasaha, kimiyya da gudanarwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Declaration&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=No. 13608 (Mano River Declaration) |url=http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/MRU.pdf |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/MRU.pdf &quot;No. 13608 (Mano River Declaration)&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. [[World Bank]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, saboda rikice-rikicen cikin gida a cikin ƙasashen MRU guda biyu na asali ( [[Yakin basasa na Sierra Leone|Yaƙin Basasa na Saliyo]] [1991-2002] da na Farko [1989-1997] da na Biyu Yaƙin Basasa na Liberia [1999-2003]), ba a iya cimma waɗannan manufofin ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Sue |last2=Bassene |first2=Mathias |date=June 2003 |title=Mano River Union Conflict Assessment and Peacebuilding Results Framework |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacx061.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002231935/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACX061.pdf |archive-date=October 2, 2006 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatan sun kai 600 a shekarar 1986, amma sun ragu zuwa 300 a shekarar 1993, sannan zuwa 120, da kuma 48 a shekarar 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;Consultancy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2000 |title=Consultancy report on the revitalization of the Mano River Union Secretariat |url=http://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/3276 |publisher=[[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2004, an sake kunna ƙungiyar a wani taron shugabannin ƙasashen Mano River Union guda uku: Shugabannin Lansana Conté na Guinea da Ahmad Tejan Kabbah na Sierra Leone da kuma Shugaba [[Gyude Bryant]] na Liberia. A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2008, [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]] ta amince ta shiga ƙungiyar. &lt;ref name=&quot;ADBG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MANO River Union Capacity Building and Technical Assistance for Institutional Strengthening |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-z1-kf0-019/ |publisher=[[African Development Bank|African Development Bank Group]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-z1-kf0-019/ &quot;MANO River Union Capacity Building and Technical Assistance for Institutional Strengthening&quot;]. [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|African Development Bank Group]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin ƙungiya ==
Sakatare Janar ne ke gudanar da MRU, wanda Sakatare Janar ke jagoranta. Ambasada Simeon MB. Harrison shi ne Sakatare Janar na yanzu na Ƙungiyar Kogin Mano. Ya zama Sakatare Janar na 10. Ya maye gurbin Madam Maria G. Harrison a watan Mayu na 2024. Lokacin da Sakatare Janar Habib Diallo ya mutu a hatsarin mota a 2011,  magajinsa ita ce mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin: Dr Saran Daraba Kaba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Executives |url=http://manoriverunion.int/Executives.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114192258/http://manoriverunion.int/Executives.html |archive-date=2018-11-14 |access-date=2016-10-28 |publisher=Mano River Union}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakatare Janar na Ƙungiyar Kogin Mano yana da hedikwata a [[Freetown]], Sierra Leone, &lt;ref name=&quot;Consultancy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2000 |title=Consultancy report on the revitalization of the Mano River Union Secretariat |url=http://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/3276 |publisher=[[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://repository.uneca.org/handle/10855/3276 &quot;Consultancy report on the revitalization of the Mano River Union Secretariat&quot;]. [[Hukumar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]]. December 2000.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; tare da ofisoshi a [[Conakry]], Guinea da [[Monrovia]], Liberia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Sue |last2=Bassene |first2=Mathias |date=June 2003 |title=Mano River Union Conflict Assessment and Peacebuilding Results Framework |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacx061.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002231935/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACX061.pdf |archive-date=October 2, 2006 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNelsonBassene2003&quot;&gt;Nelson, Sue; Bassene, Mathias (June 2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20061002231935/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACX061.pdf &quot;Mano River Union Conflict Assessment and Peacebuilding Results Framework&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|United States Agency for International Development]]. Archived from [http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacx061.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on October 2, 2006.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Afrilun 2016, Ƙungiyar ta sanar da shirin kafa Majalisar Tarayyar Kogin Mano, inda 'yan majalisa daga ƙasashe huɗu mambobi za su yi aiki don daidaita dokokin ƙasa kan batutuwan da suka shafi yanki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 April 2016 |title=Mano River Union Countries to Establish Legislative Body |url=https://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/politics/497-mano-river-union-countries-to-establish-legislative-body |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103746/https://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/politics/497-mano-river-union-countries-to-establish-legislative-body |archive-date=31 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2017 |website=[[Front Page Africa]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har zuwa yanzu an ajiye wannan ra'ayi a matsayin farashi da tsarin wata hukumar majalisar dokoki wadda ba za a fahimci muhimmancinta ba.

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Rokel</title>
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        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353051157|Rokel River]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="7455" sha1="bo9cnzjr5bfzjxqkg4vj9e9fxfw11to" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Rokel''' (wanda kuma shi ne '''Kogin Seli''' ; a da '''Kogin Pamoronkoh''' ) shi ne kogi mafi girma a Jamhuriyar [[Saliyo]] a Yammacin Afirka. Kogin yana da girman {{Cvt|10,622|km2|mi2}}     girmansa, tare da raba magudanar ruwa ta tsaunukan Gbengbe da Kabala da kuma [[Sula Mountains|tsaunukan Sula]] . Kogin da ya mamaye fadinsa ya kai murabba'in kilomita {{Cvt|2,950|km2|mi2}}     ya zama wurin dausayin Ramsar mai mahimmanci a shekarar 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 1999 |title=1014, Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist_order.pdf |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Ramsar organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Rokel ta tashi a {{Convert|900|m|ft|-high}} cikin tudun tsaunukan Loma, a cikin tsaunukan Guinea na arewa maso tsakiyar Sierra Leone, yana gudana kudu maso yamma  {{Convert|240|mi}} ta cikin tsaunuka, tare da ƙaramin rafi mai layi ɗaya da ake kira [[Port Loko Creek]], yana ratsawa cikin kogin Rokel kafin ya shiga [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . {{Sfn|Bird|2010}}  Kogin, bayan ya haɗu da [[Kogin Bankasoka]], ana kuma kiransa [[Kogin Saliyo|Kogin Sierra Leone]], yana da {{Convert|25|miles}} tsawonsa kuma yana da faɗin {{Convert|4|–|10|mi}} . [[Freetown]] da Pepel su ne tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu da ke bakin tekun.  Yayin da kogin ke faɗaɗawa kuma ya haɗu da Tekun Atlantika, faɗinsa ya kai kusan {{Convert|11|km}} . Gabar tekun kudu ita ce mafi zurfi kuma tana samar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta halitta, wacce aka ruwaito cewa ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf &quot;Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Dausayin Mangrove da kuma filayen laka sune suka fi rinjaye a tsarin halittu (wanda ya kai kashi 19% na dajin mangrove a ƙasar) &lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf &quot;Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; da aka lura a kusa da kogin . {{Sfn|Bird|2010}} Faɗin kogin ya kai {{Convert|10622|km2}}girmansa , tare da raba magudanar ruwa ta tsaunukan Gbengbe da Kabala da kuma tsaunukan Sula. Rokel ya faɗi {{Convert|15|m}} a magudanar ruwan Bumbuna. {{Sfn|Brebbia|Popov|2013}} Nau'ikan Mangrove da aka rubuta sune ''Rhizophora'', ''Avicennia'', ''Laguncularia'', da ''Conocarpus'', waɗanda suka mamaye yanki mai fadin {{Convert|34.23|ha}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot; /&gt; Babban birnin Sierra Leone na [[Freetown]] yana kan hanyar shiga Kogin Sierra Leone, kimanin {{Convert|25|mi}} daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Pepel.

An bayyana Kogin Rokel da magudanan ruwansa a matsayin &quot;Rukunin Kogin Rokel&quot; don nazarin ƙasa. An ruwaito cewa samuwar ƙasa a cikin wannan rukunin ta samo asali ne daga [[Tabe formation|Tabe]] tare da laka mai ƙanƙara da ke mamaye gefen gabas kuma suna fallasa a gefen kogin a wasu wurare; samuwar ƙasa da aka lura a cikin kogin duwatsu ne na dutse. Tsarin ya kasance a cikin nau'ikan duwatsu masu lanƙwasa. An kuma ruwaito cewa asalinsa ya kasance na zamanin thermo-tectonic na Pan African na kimanin shekaru 550 Ma. {{Sfn|Hambrey|Harland|2011}} A fannin ƙasa, wani kwarin da ke sarrafa shi ta hanyar tectonically tare da samuwar zamanin Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian da Pleistocene . Kogin yana kewaye da tsaunukan Sula a kudu maso gabas da tuddai masu launin grantoid na tsaunukan Gbengbe da Kabal a yamma. Babban magudanar ruwa a cikin kogin ana kiransa da ruwan Bumbuna inda kogin ya faɗi da {{Convert|15|m}} samar da aikin gina aikin wutar lantarki na ruwa. {{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997}}

== Tarihi ==
John MacCormac, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Ireland, ya zauna a Tsibirin Timbo a shekarar 1816 kuma ya fara fitar da itacen oak na Afirka daga Kogin Rokel. &lt;ref name=&quot;DACB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=McCormack, John |url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223122/http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html |archive-date=11 October 2016 |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography |publisher=Center for Global Christianity and Mission}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cinikin ya kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci na ɗan lokaci amma daga ƙarshe ya ragu. Haƙar ma'adinai da zinare aluvial sun fara ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1920 da farkon shekarun 1930, yayin da ake ci gaba da aikin samar da wutar lantarki a Bumbuna Falls. {{Sfn|Brebbia|Popov|2013}} [[Mutanen Yalunka]] sun kafa babban birninsu, Falaba, kusa da tushen Rokel. {{Sfn|Shillington|2004}} Kogin da ke kewaye da bakin teku, wanda ya mamaye faɗin {{Convert|2950|km2}}, an lissafa shi a matsayin wurin Ramsar mai mahimmancin dausayi a shekarar 1999. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 January 2000 |title=Sierra Leone becomes Ramsar's 118th Contracting Party |url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/sierra-leone-becomes-ramsars-118th-contracting-party |website=ramsar.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Wurin yana da iyaka da Cape Point a gefen yamma na Freetown, da [[Bunce River|Kogin Bunce]] a ɗaya daga cikin gaɓar sa, da kuma Tagrin Point inda yankunan Rokel suka haɗu a ƙarshen kudu na bakinsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf &quot;Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2025, Thomas Mariee ya kammala gangarar jirgin ruwa mai nisan kilomita 365 daga kogin Rokel cikin kwanaki 17.

== Ci gaba ==
An auna kwararar kogin Rokel a tashoshin aunawa guda uku. An ruwaito cewa matsakaicin da mafi ƙarancin fitarwa a Magbass, ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin uku, su ne {{Convert|1905|m3}} da kuma {{Convert|2|m3}} bi da bi. Akwai ayyuka da yawa da aka gina a cikin kogin wanda ke samo buƙatun samar da ruwansu daga wannan kogin. {{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997}}

Haƙar ma'adinan ƙarfe a Marampa ya dogara ne da ruwan famfo da ake samu daga kogin. An sanya hannu kan Dokar Haƙƙin Ruwa ta Kogin Rokel (Tabbatarwa) tare da masu haɓaka ma'adinan; ma'adinan suna aiki tun daga 1933 zuwa 1975 ta Kamfanin Ci Gaban Sierra Leone (DELCO) da Astro Minerals daga 1983. Yarjejeniyar ruwa ta ba da &quot;haƙƙoƙin musamman da fifiko ga amfani da ruwan Rokel ta hanyar yarjejeniya ta musamman&quot; na tsawon shekaru 89 daga 1 ga Janairu 1938. Ba a magance tasirin muhalli ga masu amfani da ke ƙasa da zubar da wutsiya daga ayyukan haƙar ma'adinai ba. Baƙin da aka cire ya haifar da rage tsayin ɗaya daga cikin tuddai masu ɗauke da ma'adinan da {{Convert|24.4|m}} . {{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997}}</text>
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      <id>843897</id>
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'''Kogin Rokel''' (wanda kuma shi ne '''Kogin Seli''' ; a da '''Kogin Pamoronkoh''' ) shi ne kogi mafi girma a Jamhuriyar [[Saliyo]] a Yammacin Afirka. Kogin yana da girman {{Cvt|10,622|km2|mi2}}     girmansa, tare da raba magudanar ruwa ta tsaunukan Gbengbe da Kabala da kuma [[Sula Mountains|tsaunukan Sula]] . Kogin da ya mamaye fadinsa ya kai murabba'in kilomita {{Cvt|2,950|km2|mi2}}     ya zama wurin dausayin Ramsar mai mahimmanci a shekarar 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 December 1999 |title=1014, Sierra Leone River Estuary |url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist_order.pdf |access-date=7 July 2013 |publisher=Ramsar organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Rokel ta tashi a {{Convert|900|m|ft|-high}} cikin tudun tsaunukan Loma, a cikin tsaunukan Guinea na arewa maso tsakiyar Sierra Leone, yana gudana kudu maso yamma  {{Convert|240|mi}} ta cikin tsaunuka, tare da ƙaramin rafi mai layi ɗaya da ake kira [[Port Loko Creek]], yana ratsawa cikin kogin Rokel kafin ya shiga [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] . {{Sfn|Bird|2010}}  Kogin, bayan ya haɗu da [[Kogin Bankasoka]], ana kuma kiransa [[Kogin Saliyo|Kogin Sierra Leone]], yana da {{Convert|25|miles}} tsawonsa kuma yana da faɗin {{Convert|4|–|10|mi}} . [[Freetown]] da Pepel su ne tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu da ke bakin tekun.  Yayin da kogin ke faɗaɗawa kuma ya haɗu da Tekun Atlantika, faɗinsa ya kai kusan {{Convert|11|km}} . Gabar tekun kudu ita ce mafi zurfi kuma tana samar da tashar jiragen ruwa ta halitta, wacce aka ruwaito cewa ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf &quot;Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Dausayin Mangrove da kuma filayen laka sune suka fi rinjaye a tsarin halittu (wanda ya kai kashi 19% na dajin mangrove a ƙasar) &lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf &quot;Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; da aka lura a kusa da kogin . {{Sfn|Bird|2010}} Faɗin kogin ya kai {{Convert|10622|km2}}girmansa , tare da raba magudanar ruwa ta tsaunukan Gbengbe da Kabala da kuma tsaunukan Sula. Rokel ya faɗi {{Convert|15|m}} a magudanar ruwan Bumbuna. {{Sfn|Brebbia|Popov|2013}} Nau'ikan Mangrove da aka rubuta sune ''Rhizophora'', ''Avicennia'', ''Laguncularia'', da ''Conocarpus'', waɗanda suka mamaye yanki mai fadin {{Convert|34.23|ha}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot; /&gt; Babban birnin Sierra Leone na [[Freetown]] yana kan hanyar shiga Kogin Sierra Leone, kimanin {{Convert|25|mi}} daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Pepel.

An bayyana Kogin Rokel da magudanan ruwansa a matsayin &quot;Rukunin Kogin Rokel&quot; don nazarin ƙasa. An ruwaito cewa samuwar ƙasa a cikin wannan rukunin ta samo asali ne daga [[Tabe formation|Tabe]] tare da laka mai ƙanƙara da ke mamaye gefen gabas kuma suna fallasa a gefen kogin a wasu wurare; samuwar ƙasa da aka lura a cikin kogin duwatsu ne na dutse. Tsarin ya kasance a cikin nau'ikan duwatsu masu lanƙwasa. An kuma ruwaito cewa asalinsa ya kasance na zamanin thermo-tectonic na Pan African na kimanin shekaru 550 Ma. {{Sfn|Hambrey|Harland|2011}} A fannin ƙasa, wani kwarin da ke sarrafa shi ta hanyar tectonically tare da samuwar zamanin Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian da Pleistocene . Kogin yana kewaye da tsaunukan Sula a kudu maso gabas da tuddai masu launin grantoid na tsaunukan Gbengbe da Kabal a yamma. Babban magudanar ruwa a cikin kogin ana kiransa da ruwan Bumbuna inda kogin ya faɗi da {{Convert|15|m}} samar da aikin gina aikin wutar lantarki na ruwa. {{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997}}

== Tarihi ==
John MacCormac, wani ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Ireland, ya zauna a Tsibirin Timbo a shekarar 1816 kuma ya fara fitar da itacen oak na Afirka daga Kogin Rokel. &lt;ref name=&quot;DACB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=McCormack, John |url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223122/http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html |archive-date=11 October 2016 |access-date=10 October 2016 |website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography |publisher=Center for Global Christianity and Mission}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cinikin ya kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci na ɗan lokaci amma daga ƙarshe ya ragu. Haƙar ma'adinai da zinare aluvial sun fara ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1920 da farkon shekarun 1930, yayin da ake ci gaba da aikin samar da wutar lantarki a Bumbuna Falls. {{Sfn|Brebbia|Popov|2013}} [[Mutanen Yalunka]] sun kafa babban birninsu, Falaba, kusa da tushen Rokel. {{Sfn|Shillington|2004}} Kogin da ke kewaye da bakin teku, wanda ya mamaye faɗin {{Convert|2950|km2}}, an lissafa shi a matsayin wurin Ramsar mai mahimmancin dausayi a shekarar 1999. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 January 2000 |title=Sierra Leone becomes Ramsar's 118th Contracting Party |url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/sierra-leone-becomes-ramsars-118th-contracting-party |website=ramsar.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Wurin yana da iyaka da Cape Point a gefen yamma na Freetown, da [[Bunce River|Kogin Bunce]] a ɗaya daga cikin gaɓar sa, da kuma Tagrin Point inda yankunan Rokel suka haɗu a ƙarshen kudu na bakinsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=Wetland Organization}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf &quot;Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2025, Thomas Mariee ya kammala gangarar jirgin ruwa mai nisan kilomita 365 daga kogin Rokel cikin kwanaki 17.

== Ci gaba ==
An auna kwararar kogin Rokel a tashoshin aunawa guda uku. An ruwaito cewa matsakaicin da mafi ƙarancin fitarwa a Magbass, ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin uku, su ne {{Convert|1905|m3}} da kuma {{Convert|2|m3}} bi da bi. Akwai ayyuka da yawa da aka gina a cikin kogin wanda ke samo buƙatun samar da ruwansu daga wannan kogin. {{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997}}

Haƙar ma'adinan ƙarfe a Marampa ya dogara ne da ruwan famfo da ake samu daga kogin. An sanya hannu kan Dokar Haƙƙin Ruwa ta Kogin Rokel (Tabbatarwa) tare da masu haɓaka ma'adinan; ma'adinan suna aiki tun daga 1933 zuwa 1975 ta Kamfanin Ci Gaban Sierra Leone (DELCO) da Astro Minerals daga 1983. Yarjejeniyar ruwa ta ba da &quot;haƙƙoƙin musamman da fifiko ga amfani da ruwan Rokel ta hanyar yarjejeniya ta musamman&quot; na tsawon shekaru 89 daga 1 ga Janairu 1938. Ba a magance tasirin muhalli ga masu amfani da ke ƙasa da zubar da wutsiya daga ayyukan haƙar ma'adinai ba. Baƙin da aka cire ya haifar da rage tsayin ɗaya daga cikin tuddai masu ɗauke da ma'adinan da {{Convert|24.4|m}} . {{Sfn|Rosbjerg|1997}}

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tafkin Besaroy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153677</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843898</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T08:14:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1236292990|Lake Besaroy]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1831" sha1="lj0vzseo8pfi3m1fdcj7alhczd1pku8" xml:space="preserve">'''Tafkin Besaroy''' wani wurin ruwa ne kusa da Fort Dauphin a Madagascar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-16 |title=Fish deaths near Rio Tinto mine in Madagascar dredge up community grievances |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2023/05/fish-deaths-near-rio-tinto-mine-in-madagascar-dredge-up-community-grievances/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523104928/https://news.mongabay.com/2023/05/fish-deaths-near-rio-tinto-mine-in-madagascar-dredge-up-community-grievances/ |archive-date=2023-05-23 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=[[Mongabay]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Tafkin yana kusa da [[Tekun Indiya]] kuma yana da alaƙa da Tafkin Ambavarno. 

== Tarihi ==
Tsakanin Disamba 2014 da Janairu 2015, an gurɓata mita 117 na tafkin ta hanyar ayyukan haƙar ma'adinai da QIT Madagascar Minerals suka gudanar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rio Tinto retreats from sensitive zone in Madagascar |url=https://theecologist.org/2019/mar/08/rio-tinto-retreats-sensitive-zone-madagascar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404085115/http://www.theecologist.org/2019/mar/08/rio-tinto-retreats-sensitive-zone-madagascar |archive-date=2023-04-04 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=[[The Ecologist]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-20 |title=Madagascar regulator under scrutiny in breach at Rio Tinto-controlled mine |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/11/madagascar-regulator-under-scrutiny-in-breach-at-rio-tinto-controlled-mine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421181936/https://news.mongabay.com/2019/11/madagascar-regulator-under-scrutiny-in-breach-at-rio-tinto-controlled-mine/ |archive-date=2023-04-21 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=[[Mongabay]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tafkuna na Madagascar

== Nassoshi ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843899</id>
      <parentid>843898</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T08:15:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <origin>843899</origin>
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      <text bytes="1844" sha1="jfwqjmznhclqj0ipwatoyj8dchg0bsf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tafkin Besaroy''' wani wurin ruwa ne kusa da Fort Dauphin a Madagascar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-16 |title=Fish deaths near Rio Tinto mine in Madagascar dredge up community grievances |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2023/05/fish-deaths-near-rio-tinto-mine-in-madagascar-dredge-up-community-grievances/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523104928/https://news.mongabay.com/2023/05/fish-deaths-near-rio-tinto-mine-in-madagascar-dredge-up-community-grievances/ |archive-date=2023-05-23 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=[[Mongabay]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayani ==
Tafkin yana kusa da [[Tekun Indiya]] kuma yana da alaƙa da Tafkin Ambavarno. 

== Tarihi ==
Tsakanin Disamba 2014 da Janairu 2015, an gurɓata mita 117 na tafkin ta hanyar ayyukan haƙar ma'adinai da QIT Madagascar Minerals suka gudanar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rio Tinto retreats from sensitive zone in Madagascar |url=https://theecologist.org/2019/mar/08/rio-tinto-retreats-sensitive-zone-madagascar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404085115/http://www.theecologist.org/2019/mar/08/rio-tinto-retreats-sensitive-zone-madagascar |archive-date=2023-04-04 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=[[The Ecologist]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-20 |title=Madagascar regulator under scrutiny in breach at Rio Tinto-controlled mine |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/11/madagascar-regulator-under-scrutiny-in-breach-at-rio-tinto-controlled-mine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421181936/https://news.mongabay.com/2019/11/madagascar-regulator-under-scrutiny-in-breach-at-rio-tinto-controlled-mine/ |archive-date=2023-04-21 |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=[[Mongabay]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin tafkuna na Madagascar

== manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tafkin Mandraka</title>
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    <id>153678</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843900</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T08:15:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333098089|Lake Mandraka]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="548" sha1="c2r9u8p00o1od7cxm1bkui4mcs6sz5k" xml:space="preserve">'''Tafkin Mantasoa''' babban tafki ne da [[Mandraka Dam|Dam din Mandraka]] ya kirkira akan [[Mandraka River|kogin Mandraka]] a yankin Analamanga na Madagascar. Yana da tsawo na 2005 ha.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CARACTERISTIQUES DU LAC MANTASOA |url=http://biblio.univ-antananarivo.mg/pdfs/rasoarinoroHarinirina_SN_MAST_19.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625053454/http://biblio.univ-antananarivo.mg/pdfs/rasoarinoroHarinirina_SN_MAST_19.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-25 |access-date=2021-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843901</id>
      <parentid>843900</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T08:16:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <origin>843901</origin>
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      <text bytes="560" sha1="0z1wbvwq68j1aln20mmz21hhuc2gbzz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tafkin Mantasoa''' babban tafki ne da [[Mandraka Dam|Dam din Mandraka]] ya kirkira akan [[Mandraka River|kogin Mandraka]] a yankin Analamanga na Madagascar. Yana da tsawo na 2005 ha.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CARACTERISTIQUES DU LAC MANTASOA |url=http://biblio.univ-antananarivo.mg/pdfs/rasoarinoroHarinirina_SN_MAST_19.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625053454/http://biblio.univ-antananarivo.mg/pdfs/rasoarinoroHarinirina_SN_MAST_19.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-25 |access-date=2021-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tafkin Mantasoa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153679</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843902</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T08:17:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333097370|Lake Mantasoa]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1363" sha1="36wqgxbtsm051jgpntmeg7c1iy2xsar" xml:space="preserve">'''Tafkin Mantasoa''' babban tafki ne na wucin gadi wanda faɗinsa ya kai {{Convert|20.05|km2|mi2}}    , wanda [[Mantasoa Dam|Mantasoa Mantasoa Madatsar ruwa]] ta ƙirƙira a kan kogin Varahina (wani yanki mai arzikin [[Ikopa]] ) a cikin gundumar Mantasoa, yankin Analamanga na Madagascar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Mantasoa |url=http://www.madonline.com/lake-mantasoa/?lang=en |access-date=2017-08-21 |website=Madonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana ba da ban ruwa nan take ga filayen Betsimitatatra a Analamanga da kuma ruwan da aka yi wa tabbed ga babban birnin [[Antananarivo]] . Zafin ruwan yana kaiwa tsakanin digiri 13-22 a lokacin hunturu.

Rashin ƙananan halittun ruwa da ƙasa mai kama da tafki da tafkin ke da shi yana samar da ruwa mai tsabta. 

Johann Maria Hildebrandt ne ya yi bincike a yankin da ya gabata, wanda ya tattara burbushin halittu da samfuran dabbobin daji a tsakiyar shekarar 1880. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Beentje |first=H. J. |date=1998 |title=J. M. Hildebrandt (1847 - 1881): Notes on His Travels and Plant Collections |journal=Kew Bulletin |volume=53 |issue=4 |page=849 |doi=10.2307/4118872}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana gida ɗaya daga cikin gonakin sturgeon guda biyu kacal a Kudancin Duniya kusa da Rio Negro a [[Uruguay]] . 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tana da nisan kilomita 68 a gabashin [[Antananarivo]] . Tafkin yana da tsayin mita 1,400.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843903</id>
      <parentid>843902</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T08:17:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <text bytes="1375" sha1="iarqv50b2t1xkjoeyyh4sbkltofdnwd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tafkin Mantasoa''' babban tafki ne na wucin gadi wanda faɗinsa ya kai {{Convert|20.05|km2|mi2}}    , wanda [[Mantasoa Dam|Mantasoa Mantasoa Madatsar ruwa]] ta ƙirƙira a kan kogin Varahina (wani yanki mai arzikin [[Ikopa]] ) a cikin gundumar Mantasoa, yankin Analamanga na Madagascar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Mantasoa |url=http://www.madonline.com/lake-mantasoa/?lang=en |access-date=2017-08-21 |website=Madonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana ba da ban ruwa nan take ga filayen Betsimitatatra a Analamanga da kuma ruwan da aka yi wa tabbed ga babban birnin [[Antananarivo]] . Zafin ruwan yana kaiwa tsakanin digiri 13-22 a lokacin hunturu.

Rashin ƙananan halittun ruwa da ƙasa mai kama da tafki da tafkin ke da shi yana samar da ruwa mai tsabta. 

Johann Maria Hildebrandt ne ya yi bincike a yankin da ya gabata, wanda ya tattara burbushin halittu da samfuran dabbobin daji a tsakiyar shekarar 1880. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Beentje |first=H. J. |date=1998 |title=J. M. Hildebrandt (1847 - 1881): Notes on His Travels and Plant Collections |journal=Kew Bulletin |volume=53 |issue=4 |page=849 |doi=10.2307/4118872}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tana gida ɗaya daga cikin gonakin sturgeon guda biyu kacal a Kudancin Duniya kusa da Rio Negro a [[Uruguay]] . 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tana da nisan kilomita 68 a gabashin [[Antananarivo]] . Tafkin yana da tsayin mita 1,400.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>iarqv50b2t1xkjoeyyh4sbkltofdnwd</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tafkin Tritriva</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>843904</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T08:18:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1280340412|Lake Tritriva]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1637" sha1="km05zg0a04tmkhysg2bpwixonnbmmo2" xml:space="preserve">'''Tafkin Tritriva''' wani [[tafki]] ne mai aman wuta a kudu maso yammacin tsakiyar [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], a yankin Vàkinankàratra, wanda ke kusa da ƙauyen Belazao . Yana da nisan kilomita 15 daga Antsirabe, yana da sauƙin isa ta hanyar Titin Ƙasa mai lamba 34. 

Akwai ƙa'idar Fady (taɓawa) mai tsauri ga wannan tafkin kuma ba a yarda da yin iyo ba.

Tafkin ya cika wani ramin da ya ɓace &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madagascar: Tourism&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://www.embassy.org/madagascar/points.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228202936/http://embassy.org/madagascar/points.html |archive-date=2009-02-28 |access-date=2007-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; a wani yanki mai suna saboda kasancewar maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi da yawa. Yana zaune a cikin iskar wani mazugi mai siffar dutse mai siffar dutse wanda aka rufe a cikin tsaunukan gneiss a tsaye.  Gefen mazugi yana da kusan {{Cvt|2000|m|}} sama da matakin teku, yayin da saman tafkin yake kimanin {{Cvt|50|m|}} a ƙasan gefen. &lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt; Matsayin ruwan tafkin yana raguwa a lokacin damina kuma yana ƙaruwa lokacin da ruwan sama ya tsaya.

Tafkin ya kai har zuwa {{Cvt|160|m|}} zurfi, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tafki mafi zurfi a Madagascar. 

== Hotunan Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Lake_Tritriva_02.jpg
Fayil:Lac_Tritriva_3.jpg
Fayil:Lac_Tritriva_6.jpg
Fayil:Roodborsttapuit,_Madagaskar.JPG|alt=Madagascar stonechat found at Lake Tritriva| Madagaska stonechat found at Lake Tritriva
Fayil:Madagaskartorenvalk_01.JPG|alt=Malagasy kestrel found at Lake Tritriva| Malagasy kestrel samu a Lake Tritriva
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>843905</id>
      <parentid>843904</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T08:19:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <text bytes="1649" sha1="tgzfrqyvh0wir5hwqcx85k648aktxnd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Tafkin Tritriva''' wani [[tafki]] ne mai aman wuta a kudu maso yammacin tsakiyar [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]], a yankin Vàkinankàratra, wanda ke kusa da ƙauyen Belazao . Yana da nisan kilomita 15 daga Antsirabe, yana da sauƙin isa ta hanyar Titin Ƙasa mai lamba 34. 

Akwai ƙa'idar Fady (taɓawa) mai tsauri ga wannan tafkin kuma ba a yarda da yin iyo ba.

Tafkin ya cika wani ramin da ya ɓace &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madagascar: Tourism&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |url=http://www.embassy.org/madagascar/points.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228202936/http://embassy.org/madagascar/points.html |archive-date=2009-02-28 |access-date=2007-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; a wani yanki mai suna saboda kasancewar maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi da yawa. Yana zaune a cikin iskar wani mazugi mai siffar dutse mai siffar dutse wanda aka rufe a cikin tsaunukan gneiss a tsaye.  Gefen mazugi yana da kusan {{Cvt|2000|m|}} sama da matakin teku, yayin da saman tafkin yake kimanin {{Cvt|50|m|}} a ƙasan gefen. &lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt; Matsayin ruwan tafkin yana raguwa a lokacin damina kuma yana ƙaruwa lokacin da ruwan sama ya tsaya.

Tafkin ya kai har zuwa {{Cvt|160|m|}} zurfi, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama tafki mafi zurfi a Madagascar. 

== Hotunan Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Lake_Tritriva_02.jpg
Fayil:Lac_Tritriva_3.jpg
Fayil:Lac_Tritriva_6.jpg
Fayil:Roodborsttapuit,_Madagaskar.JPG|alt=Madagascar stonechat found at Lake Tritriva| Madagaska stonechat found at Lake Tritriva
Fayil:Madagaskartorenvalk_01.JPG|alt=Malagasy kestrel found at Lake Tritriva| Malagasy kestrel samu a Lake Tritriva
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tafkin Tsimanampotsa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352300874|Lake Tsimanampetsotsa]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="7375" sha1="bqg923is84kr4bzp7bh6gz460xx0fa4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Lake_Tsimanampetsotsa,_south-western_Madagascar_(4315971898).jpg|thumb|Tafkin Tsimanampetsotsa]]
'''Tafkin Tsimanampetsotsa''' ( French   ) (wanda kuma ake kira Tafkin Tsimanampesotse) tafki ne mai matsakaicin alkaline &lt;ref name=&quot;alka&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, A Modern Alkaline Playa Lake in Madagascar |url=https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26774.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820033645/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26774.htm |archive-date=2017-08-20 |access-date=2017-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Lardin Toliara, a yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] .  Yana nan a kusa da

Sunan tafkin a Malagasy yana nufin &quot;tafki ba tare da dolphins ba &quot;. Wuri ne mai tsarki don bauta, bukukuwa da al'adu. Haramun na gida yana hana gurɓatar ruwa. An haramta yin iyo da amfani da pirogues. Ana amfani da ruwa, laka da wasu tsire-tsire daga tafkin a maganin gargajiya (Tahirindraza da Marikandia 2015). &lt;ref name=&quot;Rasoloariniaina2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rasoloariniaina, JR |year=2017 |title=Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar |journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]] |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=191–199 |bibcode=2017AfJAS..42..191R |doi=10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tafkin yana da kimanin {{Cvt|20|km}} tsayi, kimanin {{Cvt|2|km}} faɗi kuma ba shi da zurfi sosai (mafi girman zurfin kusan {{Cvt|2|m}} ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Rasoloariniaina2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rasoloariniaina, JR |year=2017 |title=Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar |journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]] |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=191–199 |bibcode=2017AfJAS..42..191R |doi=10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRasoloariniaina,_JR2017&quot;&gt;Rasoloariniaina, JR (2017). &quot;Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar&quot;. ''[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]''. '''42''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;191–&lt;/span&gt;199. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AfJAS..42..191R 2017AfJAS..42..191R]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532|10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yana cikin wani yanki da ya ruguje a cikin Mahfaly Plateau, a cikin wani kwarin da ke rufe da evaporite tare da duwatsun dutse na Eocene na teku a gabas da kuma wani yanki mai faɗi na alluvium, wanda ke rufe ƙananan filayen dutse na dutse a yamma.  Yankin ya rufe da tarin yashi na asali na baya-bayan nan da na Quaternary. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rasoloariniaina2017&quot; /&gt; A tarihi, akwai paleolake a nan cike da magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa (an sami laka mai zurfi da tsarin paleodrainage ya shimfida). Paleolake ya fi girma a girma da zurfi, kamar yadda layukan zare suka nuna waɗanda ke kewaye da gefunan waje na kwarin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Loewen2001&quot; /&gt;

Ruwan yana da &quot;sodic&quot;, mai ma'adinai sosai kuma matsakaiciyar alkaline (pH ~ 8.0) tare da yawan ammonia da phosphate mai yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rasoloariniaina2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rasoloariniaina, JR |year=2017 |title=Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar |journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]] |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=191–199 |bibcode=2017AfJAS..42..191R |doi=10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRasoloariniaina,_JR2017&quot;&gt;Rasoloariniaina, JR (2017). &quot;Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar&quot;. ''[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]''. '''42''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;191–&lt;/span&gt;199. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AfJAS..42..191R 2017AfJAS..42..191R]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532|10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yawan gishirin da ake samu a cikin ruwan teku, yana narkewa kaɗan a lokacin damina. Tafkin yana iya haɗawa kai tsaye da teku, amma wannan batu ne na zato wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Gabashin tafkin yana samun ruwan sha mai tsafta don haka yana da ƙarancin yawan gishiri fiye da na yamma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rasoloariniaina2017&quot; /&gt; Bahar maliya ce wadda ke haifar da babban bambanci a saman tafkin tare da ƙananan canje-canje a matakin ruwa. Matakan ruwa na iya raguwa sosai a lokacin rani, wanda ke haifar da faɗin yankin da ke cike da iskar oxygen a kusa da tafkin da ya ragu.

== Yanayi da Ruwa ==
Tafkin Tsimanampetsotsa yana cikin yankin da ke da yanayin zafi mai ɗan ƙamshi; yanayin zafin rana yana da yawa kuma ruwan sama ba shi da yawa. Yana cikin yankin da ke da ƙarancin ruwan sama a Madagascar, yana samun {{Cvt|300|mm}} kacal. na ruwan sama a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, yawan ruwan sama da wurin da ake da shi ba a iya hasashensa sosai ba; ruwan sama yakan saukowa ne kawai a yankin. Babu koguna a saman ruwa a nan kuma tafkin ba shi da mashiga ko mafita. Matakan tafkin suna da alaƙa da ruwan sama, tare da wasu kwararar ruwa daga ƙarƙashin ruwa da ke kusa da ƙasa. Akwai hanyar sadarwa ta ruwan ƙasa da ke fitowa a ƙasan Plateau Mahfaly, tare da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa guda uku na dindindin (Mande, Andranonaomby da Manava) da kuma ɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu katsewa. Matakan tafkin suna ƙaruwa tare da isasshen ruwan sama, kuma suna raguwa lokacin da ruwa ya ƙafe da sauri fiye da yadda ake cika shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rasoloariniaina2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rasoloariniaina, JR |year=2017 |title=Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar |journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]] |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=191–199 |bibcode=2017AfJAS..42..191R |doi=10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRasoloariniaina,_JR2017&quot;&gt;Rasoloariniaina, JR (2017). &quot;Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar&quot;. ''[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]''. '''42''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;191–&lt;/span&gt;199. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AfJAS..42..191R 2017AfJAS..42..191R]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532|10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kayan lambu ==
Nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu tasowa waɗanda ke iya girma a cikin ruwan sodium sun haɗa da cattail na kudu ( ''Typha domingensis'' ) da flat-sedge ( ''Cyperus'' spp.). Glasswort ( ''[[Salicornia pachystachya]]'' ) yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan nau'ikan da ke iya jure wa gishiri mai yawa, don haka yawanci ana samunsa shi kaɗai a wuraren da ke da gishiri sosai.  Sauran nau'ikan da ke jure wa gishiri suna motsawa zuwa cikin filayen yayin da matakan ruwa ke raguwa, gami da ''Salsola littoralis, Atripex perrieri'', da kuma wasu ciyawa ( ''Sporobolus virginicus, Paspalum vaginatum'' ) da kuma fern na fata mai launin zinare ( ''Acrostichum aureum'' ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Rasoloariniaina2017&quot; /&gt; Ana iya samun nau'in beach sheoak ( ''Casuarina equisetifolia'' ) a ƙananan wurare a gefen gabas.</text>
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[[Fayil:Lake_Tsimanampetsotsa,_south-western_Madagascar_(4315971898).jpg|thumb|Tafkin Tsimanampetsotsa]]
'''Tafkin Tsimanampetsotsa''' ( French   ) (wanda kuma ake kira Tafkin Tsimanampesotse) tafki ne mai matsakaicin alkaline &lt;ref name=&quot;alka&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, A Modern Alkaline Playa Lake in Madagascar |url=https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26774.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820033645/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_26774.htm |archive-date=2017-08-20 |access-date=2017-08-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Lardin Toliara, a yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] .  Yana nan a kusa da

Sunan tafkin a Malagasy yana nufin &quot;tafki ba tare da dolphins ba &quot;. Wuri ne mai tsarki don bauta, bukukuwa da al'adu. Haramun na gida yana hana gurɓatar ruwa. An haramta yin iyo da amfani da pirogues. Ana amfani da ruwa, laka da wasu tsire-tsire daga tafkin a maganin gargajiya (Tahirindraza da Marikandia 2015). &lt;ref name=&quot;Rasoloariniaina2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rasoloariniaina, JR |year=2017 |title=Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar |journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]] |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=191–199 |bibcode=2017AfJAS..42..191R |doi=10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tafkin yana da kimanin {{Cvt|20|km}} tsayi, kimanin {{Cvt|2|km}} faɗi kuma ba shi da zurfi sosai (mafi girman zurfin kusan {{Cvt|2|m}} ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Rasoloariniaina2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rasoloariniaina, JR |year=2017 |title=Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar |journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]] |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=191–199 |bibcode=2017AfJAS..42..191R |doi=10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRasoloariniaina,_JR2017&quot;&gt;Rasoloariniaina, JR (2017). &quot;Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar&quot;. ''[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]''. '''42''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;191–&lt;/span&gt;199. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AfJAS..42..191R 2017AfJAS..42..191R]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532|10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yana cikin wani yanki da ya ruguje a cikin Mahfaly Plateau, a cikin wani kwarin da ke rufe da evaporite tare da duwatsun dutse na Eocene na teku a gabas da kuma wani yanki mai faɗi na alluvium, wanda ke rufe ƙananan filayen dutse na dutse a yamma.  Yankin ya rufe da tarin yashi na asali na baya-bayan nan da na Quaternary. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rasoloariniaina2017&quot; /&gt; A tarihi, akwai paleolake a nan cike da magudanar ruwa ta ƙasa (an sami laka mai zurfi da tsarin paleodrainage ya shimfida). Paleolake ya fi girma a girma da zurfi, kamar yadda layukan zare suka nuna waɗanda ke kewaye da gefunan waje na kwarin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Loewen2001&quot; /&gt;

Ruwan yana da &quot;sodic&quot;, mai ma'adinai sosai kuma matsakaiciyar alkaline (pH ~ 8.0) tare da yawan ammonia da phosphate mai yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rasoloariniaina2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rasoloariniaina, JR |year=2017 |title=Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar |journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]] |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=191–199 |bibcode=2017AfJAS..42..191R |doi=10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRasoloariniaina,_JR2017&quot;&gt;Rasoloariniaina, JR (2017). &quot;Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar&quot;. ''[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]''. '''42''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;191–&lt;/span&gt;199. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AfJAS..42..191R 2017AfJAS..42..191R]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532|10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yawan gishirin da ake samu a cikin ruwan teku, yana narkewa kaɗan a lokacin damina. Tafkin yana iya haɗawa kai tsaye da teku, amma wannan batu ne na zato wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Gabashin tafkin yana samun ruwan sha mai tsafta don haka yana da ƙarancin yawan gishiri fiye da na yamma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rasoloariniaina2017&quot; /&gt; Bahar maliya ce wadda ke haifar da babban bambanci a saman tafkin tare da ƙananan canje-canje a matakin ruwa. Matakan ruwa na iya raguwa sosai a lokacin rani, wanda ke haifar da faɗin yankin da ke cike da iskar oxygen a kusa da tafkin da ya ragu.

== Yanayi da Ruwa ==
Tafkin Tsimanampetsotsa yana cikin yankin da ke da yanayin zafi mai ɗan ƙamshi; yanayin zafin rana yana da yawa kuma ruwan sama ba shi da yawa. Yana cikin yankin da ke da ƙarancin ruwan sama a Madagascar, yana samun {{Cvt|300|mm}} kacal. na ruwan sama a kowace shekara. Bugu da ƙari, yawan ruwan sama da wurin da ake da shi ba a iya hasashensa sosai ba; ruwan sama yakan saukowa ne kawai a yankin. Babu koguna a saman ruwa a nan kuma tafkin ba shi da mashiga ko mafita. Matakan tafkin suna da alaƙa da ruwan sama, tare da wasu kwararar ruwa daga ƙarƙashin ruwa da ke kusa da ƙasa. Akwai hanyar sadarwa ta ruwan ƙasa da ke fitowa a ƙasan Plateau Mahfaly, tare da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa guda uku na dindindin (Mande, Andranonaomby da Manava) da kuma ɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu katsewa. Matakan tafkin suna ƙaruwa tare da isasshen ruwan sama, kuma suna raguwa lokacin da ruwa ya ƙafe da sauri fiye da yadda ake cika shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rasoloariniaina2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rasoloariniaina, JR |year=2017 |title=Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar |journal=[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]] |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=191–199 |bibcode=2017AfJAS..42..191R |doi=10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRasoloariniaina,_JR2017&quot;&gt;Rasoloariniaina, JR (2017). &quot;Physico-chemical water characteristics and aquatic macroinvertebrates of Lake Tsimanampesotse, south-western Madagascar&quot;. ''[[African Journal of Aquatic Science]]''. '''42''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;191–&lt;/span&gt;199. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AfJAS..42..191R 2017AfJAS..42..191R]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532|10.2989/16085914.2017.1357532]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kayan lambu ==
Nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu tasowa waɗanda ke iya girma a cikin ruwan sodium sun haɗa da cattail na kudu ( ''Typha domingensis'' ) da flat-sedge ( ''Cyperus'' spp.). Glasswort ( ''[[Salicornia pachystachya]]'' ) yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan nau'ikan da ke iya jure wa gishiri mai yawa, don haka yawanci ana samunsa shi kaɗai a wuraren da ke da gishiri sosai.  Sauran nau'ikan da ke jure wa gishiri suna motsawa zuwa cikin filayen yayin da matakan ruwa ke raguwa, gami da ''Salsola littoralis, Atripex perrieri'', da kuma wasu ciyawa ( ''Sporobolus virginicus, Paspalum vaginatum'' ) da kuma fern na fata mai launin zinare ( ''Acrostichum aureum'' ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Rasoloariniaina2017&quot; /&gt; Ana iya samun nau'in beach sheoak ( ''Casuarina equisetifolia'' ) a ƙananan wurare a gefen gabas.

==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Groot (Yammacin Cape)</title>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231975842|Groot River (Western Cape)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Groot''' (Turanci: &quot;Large River&quot;) kogi ne a lardin Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana cikin tsarin Kogin Olifants/Doring. Ba za a rikita shi da Kogin Groot na Gabashin Cape ko [[Kogin Groot (Kudancin Cape)|Kogin Groot na lardunan Kudancin Cape]] ba.

== Hanya ==
An samar da shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwar Kogin Twee da Kogin Lang, wanda ke gudana daga gangaren gabashin tsaunukan Cederberg, kudu maso gabashin Citrusdal.

Groot yana gudana ta hanyar gabas ta cikin tsaunukan Skurweberge inda ya haɗu da Kogin Riet wanda ke tashi kamar Kogin Winkelhaak da Kogin Houdenbeks a arewacin Ceres. A ƙarƙashin wannan haɗuwa, Kogin Riet ya haɗu da Kogin Brandkraals da Kogin Matjies, bayan haka ya kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Doring]]. 

== Ilimin Halittu ==
Ana samun kifin Clanwilliam Yellowfish (''Labeobarbus capensis''), wani nau'in kifi da IUCN ta sanya a matsayin mai rauni, a cikin wannan kogin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083759/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf Tasirin Hydraulic, Hydrology da Zafin Jiki akan Rarrabawa, Mahalli, Amfani da Daukar 'Yan Cyprin da ke Barazana a Kogin Yammacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu]
* [http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverWCDoring/DORINGRiver_Tributories%20.htm Kogin Doring: Ma'adanai]</text>
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'''Kogin Groot''' (Turanci: &quot;Large River&quot;) kogi ne a lardin Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana cikin tsarin Kogin Olifants/Doring. Ba za a rikita shi da Kogin Groot na Gabashin Cape ko [[Kogin Groot (Kudancin Cape)|Kogin Groot na lardunan Kudancin Cape]] ba.

== Hanya ==
An samar da shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwar Kogin Twee da Kogin Lang, wanda ke gudana daga gangaren gabashin tsaunukan Cederberg, kudu maso gabashin Citrusdal.

Groot yana gudana ta hanyar gabas ta cikin tsaunukan Skurweberge inda ya haɗu da Kogin Riet wanda ke tashi kamar Kogin Winkelhaak da Kogin Houdenbeks a arewacin Ceres. A ƙarƙashin wannan haɗuwa, Kogin Riet ya haɗu da Kogin Brandkraals da Kogin Matjies, bayan haka ya kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Doring]]. 

== Ilimin Halittu ==
Ana samun kifin Clanwilliam Yellowfish (''Labeobarbus capensis''), wani nau'in kifi da IUCN ta sanya a matsayin mai rauni, a cikin wannan kogin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083759/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf Tasirin Hydraulic, Hydrology da Zafin Jiki akan Rarrabawa, Mahalli, Amfani da Daukar 'Yan Cyprin da ke Barazana a Kogin Yammacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu]
* [http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverWCDoring/DORINGRiver_Tributories%20.htm Kogin Doring: Ma'adanai]</text>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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'''Kogin Groot''' (Turanci: &quot;Large River&quot;) kogi ne a lardin Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana cikin tsarin Kogin Olifants/Doring. Ba za a rikita shi da Kogin Groot na Gabashin Cape ko [[Kogin Groot (Kudancin Cape)|Kogin Groot na lardunan Kudancin Cape]] ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Hanya ==
An samar da shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwar Kogin Twee da Kogin Lang, wanda ke gudana daga gangaren gabashin tsaunukan Cederberg, kudu maso gabashin Citrusdal.

Groot yana gudana ta hanyar gabas ta cikin tsaunukan Skurweberge inda ya haɗu da Kogin Riet wanda ke tashi kamar Kogin Winkelhaak da Kogin Houdenbeks a arewacin Ceres. A ƙarƙashin wannan haɗuwa, Kogin Riet ya haɗu da Kogin Brandkraals da Kogin Matjies, bayan haka ya kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Doring]]. 

== Ilimin Halittu ==
Ana samun kifin Clanwilliam Yellowfish (''Labeobarbus capensis''), wani nau'in kifi da IUCN ta sanya a matsayin mai rauni, a cikin wannan kogin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083759/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf Tasirin Hydraulic, Hydrology da Zafin Jiki akan Rarrabawa, Mahalli, Amfani da Daukar 'Yan Cyprin da ke Barazana a Kogin Yammacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu]
* [http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverWCDoring/DORINGRiver_Tributories%20.htm Kogin Doring: Ma'adanai]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T09:35:30Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
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'''Kogin Groot''' (Turanci: &quot;Large River&quot;) kogi ne a lardin Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana cikin tsarin Kogin Olifants/Doring. Ba za a rikita shi da Kogin Groot na Gabashin Cape ko [[Kogin Groot (Kudancin Cape)|Kogin Groot na lardunan Kudancin Cape]] ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Hanya ==
An samar da shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwar Kogin Twee da Kogin Lang, wanda ke gudana daga gangaren gabashin tsaunukan Cederberg, kudu maso gabashin Citrusdal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Groot yana gudana ta hanyar gabas ta cikin tsaunukan Skurweberge inda ya haɗu da Kogin Riet wanda ke tashi kamar Kogin Winkelhaak da Kogin Houdenbeks a arewacin Ceres. A ƙarƙashin wannan haɗuwa, Kogin Riet ya haɗu da Kogin Brandkraals da Kogin Matjies, bayan haka ya kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Doring]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ilimin Halittu ==
Ana samun kifin Clanwilliam Yellowfish (''Labeobarbus capensis''), wani nau'in kifi da IUCN ta sanya a matsayin mai rauni, a cikin wannan kogin. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083759/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf Tasirin Hydraulic, Hydrology da Zafin Jiki akan Rarrabawa, Mahalli, Amfani da Daukar 'Yan Cyprin da ke Barazana a Kogin Yammacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu]
* [http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverWCDoring/DORINGRiver_Tributories%20.htm Kogin Doring: Ma'adanai]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Allegra Curtis</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314470440|Allegra Curtis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Allegra Curtis''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1966) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma 'yar kasuwa ce ta Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a fina-finai na Turanci da Jamusanci. An san ta da aikinta a fina-finai, musamman ''Das Gold der Liebe'' (1983) da Flashback [de] (2000) da kuma shiga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Jamus Ich bin ein Star - Holt mich hier raus! a cikin 2013.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Curtis yana zaune a Wilmington, North Carolina . Ita 'yar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka Tony Curtis  da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Austrian-Jamus Christine Kaufmann . Ita ce ƙanwar Alexandra Curtis wacce ita ma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo Kelly da [[Jamie Lee Curtis]] 'yan uwanta ne. Kakanninta na mahaifinta baƙi ne na Hungary-Yahudawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jamie Lee Curtis Interview: Starring as Herself: Embracing Reality |url=http://www.rd.com/content/jamie-lee-curtis-interview/1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013071807/http://rd.com/content/jamie-lee-curtis-interview/1/ |archive-date=2007-10-13 |access-date=2009-10-17 |website=Reader's Digest}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan mutuwar Christine Kaufmann a watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Curtis ta sanar a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017 cewa za ta ci gaba da layin kayan kwalliya na mahaifiyarta.
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
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'''Allegra Curtis''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1966) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma 'yar kasuwa ce ta Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a fina-finai na Turanci da Jamusanci. An san ta da aikinta a fina-finai, musamman ''Das Gold der Liebe'' (1983) da Flashback [de] (2000) da kuma shiga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Jamus Ich bin ein Star - Holt mich hier raus! a cikin 2013.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Curtis yana zaune a Wilmington, North Carolina . Ita 'yar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka Tony Curtis  da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Austrian-Jamus Christine Kaufmann . Ita ce ƙanwar Alexandra Curtis wacce ita ma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo Kelly da [[Jamie Lee Curtis]] 'yan uwanta ne. Kakanninta na mahaifinta baƙi ne na Hungary-Yahudawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jamie Lee Curtis Interview: Starring as Herself: Embracing Reality |url=http://www.rd.com/content/jamie-lee-curtis-interview/1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013071807/http://rd.com/content/jamie-lee-curtis-interview/1/ |archive-date=2007-10-13 |access-date=2009-10-17 |website=Reader's Digest}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan mutuwar Christine Kaufmann a watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Curtis ta sanar a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017 cewa za ta ci gaba da layin kayan kwalliya na mahaifiyarta.
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
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'''Allegra Curtis''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1966) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma 'yar kasuwa ce ta Amurka wacce ta yi aiki a fina-finai na Turanci da Jamusanci. An san ta da aikinta a fina-finai, musamman ''Das Gold der Liebe'' (1983) da Flashback [de] (2000) da kuma shiga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Jamus Ich bin ein Star - Holt mich hier raus! a cikin 2013.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Curtis yana zaune a Wilmington, North Carolina . Ita 'yar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka Tony Curtis  da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Austrian-Jamus Christine Kaufmann . Ita ce ƙanwar Alexandra Curtis wacce ita ma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo Kelly da [[Jamie Lee Curtis]] 'yan uwanta ne. Kakanninta na mahaifinta baƙi ne na Hungary-Yahudawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jamie Lee Curtis Interview: Starring as Herself: Embracing Reality |url=http://www.rd.com/content/jamie-lee-curtis-interview/1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013071807/http://rd.com/content/jamie-lee-curtis-interview/1/ |archive-date=2007-10-13 |access-date=2009-10-17 |website=Reader's Digest}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan mutuwar Christine Kaufmann a watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Curtis ta sanar a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017 cewa za ta ci gaba da layin kayan kwalliya na mahaifiyarta.
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
==manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Greek raid on Alexandria (1825)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338330290|Greek raid on Alexandria (1825)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Harin da Girkawa suka kai wa Alexandria''' wani yunƙuri ne da Admiral Konstantinos Kanaris na Girka ya shirya don lalata rundunar sojojin Masar a sansaninsu da ke [[Alexandria]] a shekarar 1825 a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yanci na Girka .

A watan Fabrairun 1825, rundunar sojojin Masar karkashin jagorancin Ibrahim Pasha ta sauka a Morea, kuma ta yi wa Girkawa kaca-kaca da dama. Kanaris ya yanke shawarar idan zai iya lalata jiragen ruwan Masar, zai hana Ibrahim Pasha samun isassun kayayyaki daga Masar.

A ranar 4 ga Agusta, 1825, rundunar sojojin Girka wadda ta ƙunshi jiragen yaƙi biyu da jiragen kashe gobara uku  ta tashi daga Hydra, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Emmanouil Tombazis a kan jirgin ruwan [[:ru:Фемистоклис (парусный корвет)|''Themistocles'']], sauran jiragen sune jirgin ruwan Kriezis, jiragen ruwan kashe gobara guda biyu na Hydriot (ƙarƙashin Antonios Vokos da Manolis Boutis)  da kuma jirgin ruwan kashe gobara na Kanaris na Psarian.  Jiragen ruwan kashe gobara na Girka waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kanaris sun shiga tashar jiragen ruwan Alexandria yayin da suke yawo da tutocin Rasha, Austria da tsibiran Ionian. 

Da zarar sun shiga, iskar ta canza alkibla ba zato ba tsammani, ta wargaza wani harin jirgin wuta kusan ba zai yiwu ba, kuma jirgin da ya afka wa rundunar sojojin Masar, Masarawa suka ture shi kafin ya kama jirgin ruwan Masar da wuta.  Da ba don sauyin iskar ba zato ba tsammani, jiragen ruwan wuta guda uku na Kanaris sun afka wa rundunar sojojin Masar da ke cike da mutane kuma da sun yi barna mai yawa.  Sauran jiragen ruwan Girka dole ne su tsere yayin da suke fuskantar mummunan harbin Masar yayin da jiragen ruwan Masar da batura na bakin teku suka harbo wani babban bindiga. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brewer244&quot; /&gt; Tashar jiragen ruwan Alexandria ta cika da bindigogi, amma 'yan bindigar Masar ba su yi daidai ba kuma dukkan jiragen ruwan Girka sun tsere.  [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Mohammad Ali]], ''gwamnan'' Masar (gwamnan) ya fusata game da tserewar rundunar Kanaris. &lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot; /&gt; Likitan Amurka Samuel Gridley Howe ya rubuta game da harin: &quot;Waɗannan su ne ƙalilan maza da suka fanshi halin Girkawa, suna haskakawa kamar lu'u-lu'u a cikin ƙazanta, jarumai ne, marasa sha'awa, masu kishin ƙasa masu wayewa, waɗanda suke shirye kuma a shirye suke su mutu don ƙasarsu. Kai, yana faranta mini rai idan na yi tunani a kai&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brewer244&quot; /&gt; Kodayake Kanaris da sauran rundunar sojojin Girka sun nuna jarumtaka sosai, harin ya kasance abin ban tsoro. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brewer244&quot; /&gt;

== Management ==</text>
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'''Harin da Girkawa suka kai wa Alexandria''' wani yunƙuri ne da Admiral Konstantinos Kanaris na Girka ya shirya don lalata rundunar sojojin Masar a sansaninsu da ke [[Alexandria]] a shekarar 1825 a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yanci na Girka .

A watan Fabrairun 1825, rundunar sojojin Masar karkashin jagorancin Ibrahim Pasha ta sauka a Morea, kuma ta yi wa Girkawa kaca-kaca da dama. Kanaris ya yanke shawarar idan zai iya lalata jiragen ruwan Masar, zai hana Ibrahim Pasha samun isassun kayayyaki daga Masar.

A ranar 4 ga Agusta, 1825, rundunar sojojin Girka wadda ta ƙunshi jiragen yaƙi biyu da jiragen kashe gobara uku  ta tashi daga Hydra, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Emmanouil Tombazis a kan jirgin ruwan [[:ru:Фемистоклис (парусный корвет)|''Themistocles'']], sauran jiragen sune jirgin ruwan Kriezis, jiragen ruwan kashe gobara guda biyu na Hydriot (ƙarƙashin Antonios Vokos da Manolis Boutis)  da kuma jirgin ruwan kashe gobara na Kanaris na Psarian.  Jiragen ruwan kashe gobara na Girka waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kanaris sun shiga tashar jiragen ruwan Alexandria yayin da suke yawo da tutocin Rasha, Austria da tsibiran Ionian. 

Da zarar sun shiga, iskar ta canza alkibla ba zato ba tsammani, ta wargaza wani harin jirgin wuta kusan ba zai yiwu ba, kuma jirgin da ya afka wa rundunar sojojin Masar, Masarawa suka ture shi kafin ya kama jirgin ruwan Masar da wuta.  Da ba don sauyin iskar ba zato ba tsammani, jiragen ruwan wuta guda uku na Kanaris sun afka wa rundunar sojojin Masar da ke cike da mutane kuma da sun yi barna mai yawa.  Sauran jiragen ruwan Girka dole ne su tsere yayin da suke fuskantar mummunan harbin Masar yayin da jiragen ruwan Masar da batura na bakin teku suka harbo wani babban bindiga. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brewer244&quot; /&gt; Tashar jiragen ruwan Alexandria ta cika da bindigogi, amma 'yan bindigar Masar ba su yi daidai ba kuma dukkan jiragen ruwan Girka sun tsere.  [[Muhammad Ali Pasha|Mohammad Ali]], ''gwamnan'' Masar (gwamnan) ya fusata game da tserewar rundunar Kanaris. &lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot; /&gt; Likitan Amurka Samuel Gridley Howe ya rubuta game da harin: &quot;Waɗannan su ne ƙalilan maza da suka fanshi halin Girkawa, suna haskakawa kamar lu'u-lu'u a cikin ƙazanta, jarumai ne, marasa sha'awa, masu kishin ƙasa masu wayewa, waɗanda suke shirye kuma a shirye suke su mutu don ƙasarsu. Kai, yana faranta mini rai idan na yi tunani a kai&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brewer244&quot; /&gt; Kodayake Kanaris da sauran rundunar sojojin Girka sun nuna jarumtaka sosai, harin ya kasance abin ban tsoro. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brewer244&quot; /&gt;

== Management ==</text>
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    <title>Lavon Affair</title>
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'''Lamarin Lavon''' wani aiki ne na ɓoye da Isra'ila ta yi, wanda aka yi wa laƙabi da '''Operation Susannah''', wanda aka gudanar a [[Misra|Masar]] a lokacin bazara na 1954. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wani aikin ƙarya na tutar  an ɗauki wasu gungun Yahudawan Masar daga jami'an leƙen asiri na soja na Isra'ila don su dasa bama-bamai a cikin wuraren farar hula mallakar Masar, Amurka, da Birtaniya: gidajen sinima, ɗakunan karatu, da cibiyoyin ilimi na Amurka. An tsara lokacin fashewar bama-baman awanni da yawa bayan lokacin rufewa. Za a ɗora alhakin hare-haren kan ' [[Ƴan'uwa Musulmai|Yan'uwa Musulmi]], ' [[Kwaminisanci|yan gurguzu]] na Masar, &quot;masu ɓarna da ba a fayyace ba&quot;, ko &quot;masu kishin ƙasa&quot; da nufin ƙirƙirar yanayi mai isassun tashin hankali da rashin zaman lafiya don sa gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ci gaba da riƙe sojojinta a yankin [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] na Masar.  Aikin bai haifar da asarar rayuka a tsakanin jama'a ba, amma ya haifar da mutuwar jami'ai huɗu. An yi zargin cewa mai kula da aikin ya sanar da Masarawa, bayan haka aka kama mutane 11 da ake zargi da aikata laifuka. Biyu sun mutu ta hanyar kashe kansu bayan an kama su, biyu daga cikinsu hukumomin Masar ne suka kashe, biyu daga cikinsu an wanke su a shari'ar, sauran biyar kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 7 zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai.

A ƙarshe an san wannan aikin da &quot;lamarin Lavon&quot; bayan ministan tsaron Isra'ila Pinhas Lavon, wanda aka tilasta masa yin murabus sakamakon lamarin. Kafin murabus  Lavon, an yi amfani da kalmar &quot; '''Lamarin Rashin Nasara''' &quot; ko &quot; '''Mummunan Kasuwanci'''  a Isra'ila Hebrew, ''HaEsek HaBish'' ). Isra'ila ta musanta duk wani hannu a lamarin har zuwa shekarar 2005, lokacin da shugaban Isra'ila Moshe Katsav ya ba wa wakilan da suka tsira takardar shaidar godiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;honored&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 March 2005 |title=Israel honors 9 Egyptian spies |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3065838,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227083535/http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3065838,00.html |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=30 December 2006 |publisher=[[Ynetnews]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operation Susannah ==
A farkon shekarun 1950, Amurka ta fara wani tsari na goyon bayan ƙabilanci a Masar ; wannan manufar sau da yawa ta saba wa manufar Birtaniya ta ci gaba da riƙe ikon yankinta. Isra'ila ta ji tsoron cewa manufar Amurka, wadda ta ƙarfafa Birtaniya ta janye sojojinta daga [[Suez canal|mashigin ruwa na Suez]], za ta ƙarfafa burin shugaban Masar [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] game da Isra'ila. Da farko Isra'ila ta yi ƙoƙarin yin tasiri ga wannan manufar ta hanyar diflomasiyya, amma ta gaji. 

A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1954, Kanar Binyamin Gibli, babban jami'in leƙen asiri na sojojin Isra'ila, Aman, ya ƙaddamar da 'Operation Susannah' domin mayar da martani ga wannan shawarar. Manufar wannan aiki ita ce a kai hare-haren bama-bamai da sauran ayyukan ɓarna a Masar, da nufin samar da yanayi inda masu adawa da ficewar Birtaniya daga Masar za su iya samun nasara a kan 'yan Birtaniya da Amurka. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A cewar masanin tarihi Shabtai Teveth, wanda ya rubuta ɗaya daga cikin cikakkun bayanai, aikin shine &quot;Rage amincewar Yammacin Turai ga gwamnatin Masar ta yanzu ta hanyar haifar da rashin tsaro da ayyukan da za su haifar da kamawa, zanga-zanga, da ayyukan ɗaukar fansa, tare da ɓoye abin da Isra'ila ta aikata gaba ɗaya. Saboda haka, an yi kira ga ƙungiyar da ta guji gano su, don kada zargi ya faɗa kan 'Yan'uwa Musulmi, Kwaminisanci, 'masu ɓarna da ba a fayyace ba' ko 'masu kishin ƙasa na gida'.&quot; 

=== Ƙwayar sirri ===
Babban rukunin sirrin da za a yi aikin, [[Unit 131|Sashe na 131]],  ya wanzu tun 1948 kuma a ƙarƙashin Aman tun 1950. A lokacin Operation Susannah, Sashe na 131 ya kasance batun takaddama mai zafi tsakanin Aman (leken asiri na soja) da Mossad (hukumar leken asiri ta ƙasa) kan wanda ya kamata ya kula da shi.

An ɗauki ma'aikatan sashin 131 shekaru da suka gabata, lokacin da jami'in leƙen asiri na Isra'ila [[Avraham Dar]] ya isa [[Kairo|birnin Alƙahira]] a ƙarƙashin wani ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya daga Gibraltar mai suna John Darling. Ya ɗauki wasu Yahudawa 'yan ƙasar Masar, waɗanda aka sani da ''sayar da su'' ( Hebrew   ), wanda a baya ya kasance mai himma wajen taimaka wa Yahudawa su gudu zuwa Isra'ila, ayyukan da Masar ta ɗauka haramun ne, kuma ya horar da su don ayyukan ɓoye .

=== An fara aiki ===
Aman ta yanke shawarar kunna hanyar sadarwa a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1954. A ranar 2 ga Yuli, ƙungiyar ta tayar da bama-bamai a ofishin gidan waya da ke [[Alexandria]], &lt;ref name=&quot;BlackMorris1992&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last2=Benny Morris}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a ranar 14 ga Yuli, ta jefa bama-bamai a ɗakin karatu na Hukumar Ba da Labarai ta Amurka da ke [[Alexandria]] da Alkahira, da kuma wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo mallakar Birtaniya. An saka bama-baman da aka yi da hannu, waɗanda suka ƙunshi jakunkuna masu ɗauke da acid da aka sanya a kan nitroglycerine, a cikin littattafai aka sanya su a kan ɗakunan karatu kafin lokacin rufewa. Bayan sa'o'i da yawa, yayin da acid ɗin ya ratsa cikin jakunkunan, bama-baman za su fashe. Ba su yi barna sosai ga wuraren da aka nufa ba kuma ba su haifar da rauni ko mutuwa ba.

== Shari'o'i da gidan yari ==
Shari'ar Masar ta fara ne a ranar 11 ga Disamba kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 27 ga Janairu 1955; biyu daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma ( [[Moshe Marzouk]] da {{Interlanguage link|Shmuel Azar|he|שמואל עזר}} ) an yanke masa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa, an wanke biyu daga cikinsu, sauran kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 7 zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=Six Israelis Sentenced As Spies in Egypt 15 Years Ago Living in Israel |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/six-israelis-sentenced-as-spies-in-egypt-15-years-ago-living-in-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103024352/https://www.jta.org/archive/six-israelis-sentenced-as-spies-in-egypt-15-years-ago-living-in-israel |archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1954, a madadin [[Winston Churchill]] da kuma Majalisar Yahudawa ta Duniya, Maurice Orbach ya je Alkahira don ya yi sulhu da rayukan waɗanda aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa.  Daga baya, ya ce shugaban ƙasar Masar, Nasser, ya amince ya ceci rayukansu amma daga baya ya ƙi amincewa da hakan, yana daidaita mutuwarsu da ta 'yan [[Ƴan'uwa Musulmai|ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa Musulmi]] . 

An soki shari'ar a Isra'ila a matsayin shari'ar nuna rashin amincewa, kodayake tsauraran takunkumin da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi wa manema labarai a lokacin yana nufin cewa an bar jama'ar Isra'ila cikin duhu game da gaskiyar lamarin, kuma a zahiri an sa su yi imani da cewa waɗanda ake tuhuma ba su da laifi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Avi Shlaim}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Shazar,_Ninyo,_Nathanson,_Dassa.png|thumb|Shugaban ƙasar Ιsraeli Zalman Shazar ya gana da jami'an da aka saki a shekarar 1968, waɗanda suka haɗa da (daga dama zuwa hagu): Robert Dessa, Philip Nathanson, da [[Marcelle Ninio]] .]]
Bayan sun yi zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekaru bakwai, an saki biyu daga cikin jami'an da aka daure (Meir Meyuhas da Meir Za'afran) a shekarar 1962. Sauran an sake su a watan Fabrairun 1968, ciki har da [[Marcelle Ninio]], a cikin wani ƙarin bayani na sirri game da musayar fursunonin yaƙi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=Marcelle Ninio, Israeli spy jailed by Egypt in infamous Lavon Affair, dies at 90 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/marcelle-ninio-israeli-spy-jailed-in-infamous-lavon-affair-dies-at-90/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028180916/https://www.timesofisrael.com/marcelle-ninio-israeli-spy-jailed-in-infamous-lavon-affair-dies-at-90/ |archive-date=28 October 2019 |access-date=26 October 2019 |website=The Times of Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan lamari, shugaban Mossad, Isser Harel, ya bayyana wa Aman shakku game da amincin Avri Elad. Duk da damuwarsa, Aman ya ci gaba da amfani da Elad don ayyukan leƙen asiri har zuwa 1956, lokacin da aka kama shi yana ƙoƙarin sayar da takardun Isra'ila ga Masarawa. An yi wa Elad shari'a a Isra'ila kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari. A lokacin da yake tsare a [[Kurkukun Ayalon|gidan yarin Ayalon]], kafofin watsa labarai sun iya kiransa da &quot;Mutum na Uku&quot; ko &quot;X&quot; ne kawai saboda takunkumin gwamnati. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ex-Prisoner X&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herman |first=Pini |title=Los Angeles had its own Israeli Ex-&quot;Prisoner X&quot; |url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/demographic_duo/item/los_angeles_had_its_own_israeli_ex_prisoner_x |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222050610/http://www.jewishjournal.com/demographic_duo/item/los_angeles_had_its_own_israeli_ex_prisoner_x |archive-date=22 February 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |website=Los Angeles Jewish Journal |publisher=Tribe Publications}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1976, yayin da yake zaune a Los Angeles, Elad ya bayyana kansa a bainar jama'a a matsayin &quot;Mutum na Uku&quot; daga Lavon Affair. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ex-Prisoner X&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1980, Harel ya bayyana shaidar da ke nuna cewa Masarawa sun juya Elad tun kafin Operation Susannah.

== Bayan siyasa ==

=== Musun da kuma bincike na farko ===
A wata ganawa da Firayim Minista Moshe Sharett, ministan tsaro Pinhas Lavon ya musanta cewa yana da masaniya game da wannan aiki. Lokacin da shugaban leken asiri Gibli ya musanta Lavon, Sharett ya umarci kwamitin bincike wanda ya kunshi Alkali Isaac Olshan na Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila da kuma babban hafsan hafsoshin rundunar tsaron Isra'ila, Yaakov Dori, wanda bai sami wata shaida mai gamsarwa ba cewa Lavon ne ya ba da izinin wannan aiki. Lavon ya yi kokarin dora alhakin kan Shimon Peres, wanda shi ne babban sakataren ma'aikatar tsaro, da kuma Gibli saboda rashin biyayya da sakaci a cikin ayyukan ta'addanci . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Sharett ya warware matsalar ta hanyar goyon bayan Peres (wanda, tare da Moshe Dayan, suka bayar da shaida a kan Lavon), bayan haka Lavon ya yi murabus a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1955. Tsohon [[Firai Minista|firayim minista]] David Ben-Gurion ya maye gurbin Lavon a matsayin ministan tsaro. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1955, Sharett (wanda bai san game da wannan aiki ba tukuna, kuma saboda haka ya musanta cewa Isra'ila ce ta shiga) ya yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista kuma Ben-Gurion ya maye gurbinsa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Bayyanai da bincike daga baya ===
A watan Afrilun 1960, wani bita na mintuna daga binciken ya gano rashin daidaito da kuma wataƙila takardar zamba a cikin shaidar Gibli ta asali wadda ta yi kama da ta goyi bayan labarin Lavon game da abubuwan da suka faru. A wannan lokacin ya bayyana cewa Elad (wakilin Isra'ila da ke gudanar da Operation Susannah a Masar) ya yi rantsuwar ƙarya a lokacin binciken farko. An kuma zargi Elad da cin amanar ƙungiyar ga hukumomin Masar, kodayake ba a taɓa tabbatar da tuhumar ba. Daga ƙarshe an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari saboda ƙoƙarin sayar da takardun Isra'ila ga Masarawa a cikin wani lamari da ba shi da alaƙa. Ben-Gurion ya shirya zaman sauraren ƙararraki tare da sabon kwamitin bincike wanda Haim Cohn, alkalin Kotun Ƙoli ke jagoranta. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Wannan binciken ya gano cewa an yi rantsuwar ƙarya, kuma Lavon bai ba da izinin aikin ba. Sharett da Levi Eshkol sun yi ƙoƙarin fitar da wata sanarwa da za ta kwantar da hankalin Lavon da waɗanda suka yi adawa da shi. Ben-Gurion ya ƙi amincewa da sulhun, kuma ya ɗauki hakan a matsayin wani abu da zai raba kan jam'iyyar Mapai . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Wani kwamitin bincike ya ɗauki matakin kuma ya goyi bayan binciken Cohn. Daga nan Ben-Gurion ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na ministan tsaro. Wannan ya haifar da korar Lavon daga ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Histadrut da kuma kiran da aka yi na fara zaɓe, wanda sakamakonsa ya canza tsarin siyasa a Isra'ila. An ɓoye takamaiman ayyukan Operation Susannah ga jama'ar Isra'ila a lokacin rikicin siyasa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Management ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Lamarin Lavon''' wani aiki ne na ɓoye da Isra'ila ta yi, wanda aka yi wa laƙabi da '''Operation Susannah''', wanda aka gudanar a [[Misra|Masar]] a lokacin bazara na 1954. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wani aikin ƙarya na tutar  an ɗauki wasu gungun Yahudawan Masar daga jami'an leƙen asiri na soja na Isra'ila don su dasa bama-bamai a cikin wuraren farar hula mallakar Masar, Amurka, da Birtaniya: gidajen sinima, ɗakunan karatu, da cibiyoyin ilimi na Amurka. An tsara lokacin fashewar bama-baman awanni da yawa bayan lokacin rufewa. Za a ɗora alhakin hare-haren kan ' [[Ƴan'uwa Musulmai|Yan'uwa Musulmi]], ' [[Kwaminisanci|yan gurguzu]] na Masar, &quot;masu ɓarna da ba a fayyace ba&quot;, ko &quot;masu kishin ƙasa&quot; da nufin ƙirƙirar yanayi mai isassun tashin hankali da rashin zaman lafiya don sa gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ci gaba da riƙe sojojinta a yankin [[Suez canal|Suez Canal]] na Masar.  Aikin bai haifar da asarar rayuka a tsakanin jama'a ba, amma ya haifar da mutuwar jami'ai huɗu. An yi zargin cewa mai kula da aikin ya sanar da Masarawa, bayan haka aka kama mutane 11 da ake zargi da aikata laifuka. Biyu sun mutu ta hanyar kashe kansu bayan an kama su, biyu daga cikinsu hukumomin Masar ne suka kashe, biyu daga cikinsu an wanke su a shari'ar, sauran biyar kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 7 zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai.

A ƙarshe an san wannan aikin da &quot;lamarin Lavon&quot; bayan ministan tsaron Isra'ila Pinhas Lavon, wanda aka tilasta masa yin murabus sakamakon lamarin. Kafin murabus  Lavon, an yi amfani da kalmar &quot; '''Lamarin Rashin Nasara''' &quot; ko &quot; '''Mummunan Kasuwanci'''  a Isra'ila Hebrew, ''HaEsek HaBish'' ). Isra'ila ta musanta duk wani hannu a lamarin har zuwa shekarar 2005, lokacin da shugaban Isra'ila Moshe Katsav ya ba wa wakilan da suka tsira takardar shaidar godiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;honored&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 March 2005 |title=Israel honors 9 Egyptian spies |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3065838,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227083535/http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3065838,00.html |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=30 December 2006 |publisher=[[Ynetnews]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Operation Susannah ==
A farkon shekarun 1950, Amurka ta fara wani tsari na goyon bayan ƙabilanci a Masar ; wannan manufar sau da yawa ta saba wa manufar Birtaniya ta ci gaba da riƙe ikon yankinta. Isra'ila ta ji tsoron cewa manufar Amurka, wadda ta ƙarfafa Birtaniya ta janye sojojinta daga [[Suez canal|mashigin ruwa na Suez]], za ta ƙarfafa burin shugaban Masar [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] game da Isra'ila. Da farko Isra'ila ta yi ƙoƙarin yin tasiri ga wannan manufar ta hanyar diflomasiyya, amma ta gaji. 

A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1954, Kanar Binyamin Gibli, babban jami'in leƙen asiri na sojojin Isra'ila, Aman, ya ƙaddamar da 'Operation Susannah' domin mayar da martani ga wannan shawarar. Manufar wannan aiki ita ce a kai hare-haren bama-bamai da sauran ayyukan ɓarna a Masar, da nufin samar da yanayi inda masu adawa da ficewar Birtaniya daga Masar za su iya samun nasara a kan 'yan Birtaniya da Amurka. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A cewar masanin tarihi Shabtai Teveth, wanda ya rubuta ɗaya daga cikin cikakkun bayanai, aikin shine &quot;Rage amincewar Yammacin Turai ga gwamnatin Masar ta yanzu ta hanyar haifar da rashin tsaro da ayyukan da za su haifar da kamawa, zanga-zanga, da ayyukan ɗaukar fansa, tare da ɓoye abin da Isra'ila ta aikata gaba ɗaya. Saboda haka, an yi kira ga ƙungiyar da ta guji gano su, don kada zargi ya faɗa kan 'Yan'uwa Musulmi, Kwaminisanci, 'masu ɓarna da ba a fayyace ba' ko 'masu kishin ƙasa na gida'.&quot; 

=== Ƙwayar sirri ===
Babban rukunin sirrin da za a yi aikin, [[Unit 131|Sashe na 131]],  ya wanzu tun 1948 kuma a ƙarƙashin Aman tun 1950. A lokacin Operation Susannah, Sashe na 131 ya kasance batun takaddama mai zafi tsakanin Aman (leken asiri na soja) da Mossad (hukumar leken asiri ta ƙasa) kan wanda ya kamata ya kula da shi.

An ɗauki ma'aikatan sashin 131 shekaru da suka gabata, lokacin da jami'in leƙen asiri na Isra'ila [[Avraham Dar]] ya isa [[Kairo|birnin Alƙahira]] a ƙarƙashin wani ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya daga Gibraltar mai suna John Darling. Ya ɗauki wasu Yahudawa 'yan ƙasar Masar, waɗanda aka sani da ''sayar da su'' ( Hebrew   ), wanda a baya ya kasance mai himma wajen taimaka wa Yahudawa su gudu zuwa Isra'ila, ayyukan da Masar ta ɗauka haramun ne, kuma ya horar da su don ayyukan ɓoye .

=== An fara aiki ===
Aman ta yanke shawarar kunna hanyar sadarwa a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1954. A ranar 2 ga Yuli, ƙungiyar ta tayar da bama-bamai a ofishin gidan waya da ke [[Alexandria]], &lt;ref name=&quot;BlackMorris1992&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last2=Benny Morris}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a ranar 14 ga Yuli, ta jefa bama-bamai a ɗakin karatu na Hukumar Ba da Labarai ta Amurka da ke [[Alexandria]] da Alkahira, da kuma wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo mallakar Birtaniya. An saka bama-baman da aka yi da hannu, waɗanda suka ƙunshi jakunkuna masu ɗauke da acid da aka sanya a kan nitroglycerine, a cikin littattafai aka sanya su a kan ɗakunan karatu kafin lokacin rufewa. Bayan sa'o'i da yawa, yayin da acid ɗin ya ratsa cikin jakunkunan, bama-baman za su fashe. Ba su yi barna sosai ga wuraren da aka nufa ba kuma ba su haifar da rauni ko mutuwa ba.

== Shari'o'i da gidan yari ==
Shari'ar Masar ta fara ne a ranar 11 ga Disamba kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa 27 ga Janairu 1955; biyu daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma ( [[Moshe Marzouk]] da {{Interlanguage link|Shmuel Azar|he|שמואל עזר}} ) an yanke masa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar ratayewa, an wanke biyu daga cikinsu, sauran kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 7 zuwa ɗaurin rai da rai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=Six Israelis Sentenced As Spies in Egypt 15 Years Ago Living in Israel |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/six-israelis-sentenced-as-spies-in-egypt-15-years-ago-living-in-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103024352/https://www.jta.org/archive/six-israelis-sentenced-as-spies-in-egypt-15-years-ago-living-in-israel |archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 1954, a madadin [[Winston Churchill]] da kuma Majalisar Yahudawa ta Duniya, Maurice Orbach ya je Alkahira don ya yi sulhu da rayukan waɗanda aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa.  Daga baya, ya ce shugaban ƙasar Masar, Nasser, ya amince ya ceci rayukansu amma daga baya ya ƙi amincewa da hakan, yana daidaita mutuwarsu da ta 'yan [[Ƴan'uwa Musulmai|ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa Musulmi]] . 

An soki shari'ar a Isra'ila a matsayin shari'ar nuna rashin amincewa, kodayake tsauraran takunkumin da sojojin Isra'ila suka yi wa manema labarai a lokacin yana nufin cewa an bar jama'ar Isra'ila cikin duhu game da gaskiyar lamarin, kuma a zahiri an sa su yi imani da cewa waɗanda ake tuhuma ba su da laifi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Avi Shlaim}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Shazar,_Ninyo,_Nathanson,_Dassa.png|thumb|Shugaban ƙasar Ιsraeli Zalman Shazar ya gana da jami'an da aka saki a shekarar 1968, waɗanda suka haɗa da (daga dama zuwa hagu): Robert Dessa, Philip Nathanson, da [[Marcelle Ninio]] .]]
Bayan sun yi zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekaru bakwai, an saki biyu daga cikin jami'an da aka daure (Meir Meyuhas da Meir Za'afran) a shekarar 1962. Sauran an sake su a watan Fabrairun 1968, ciki har da [[Marcelle Ninio]], a cikin wani ƙarin bayani na sirri game da musayar fursunonin yaƙi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=Marcelle Ninio, Israeli spy jailed by Egypt in infamous Lavon Affair, dies at 90 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/marcelle-ninio-israeli-spy-jailed-in-infamous-lavon-affair-dies-at-90/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028180916/https://www.timesofisrael.com/marcelle-ninio-israeli-spy-jailed-in-infamous-lavon-affair-dies-at-90/ |archive-date=28 October 2019 |access-date=26 October 2019 |website=The Times of Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan lamari, shugaban Mossad, Isser Harel, ya bayyana wa Aman shakku game da amincin Avri Elad. Duk da damuwarsa, Aman ya ci gaba da amfani da Elad don ayyukan leƙen asiri har zuwa 1956, lokacin da aka kama shi yana ƙoƙarin sayar da takardun Isra'ila ga Masarawa. An yi wa Elad shari'a a Isra'ila kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari. A lokacin da yake tsare a [[Kurkukun Ayalon|gidan yarin Ayalon]], kafofin watsa labarai sun iya kiransa da &quot;Mutum na Uku&quot; ko &quot;X&quot; ne kawai saboda takunkumin gwamnati. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ex-Prisoner X&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herman |first=Pini |title=Los Angeles had its own Israeli Ex-&quot;Prisoner X&quot; |url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/demographic_duo/item/los_angeles_had_its_own_israeli_ex_prisoner_x |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222050610/http://www.jewishjournal.com/demographic_duo/item/los_angeles_had_its_own_israeli_ex_prisoner_x |archive-date=22 February 2013 |access-date=20 February 2013 |website=Los Angeles Jewish Journal |publisher=Tribe Publications}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1976, yayin da yake zaune a Los Angeles, Elad ya bayyana kansa a bainar jama'a a matsayin &quot;Mutum na Uku&quot; daga Lavon Affair. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ex-Prisoner X&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1980, Harel ya bayyana shaidar da ke nuna cewa Masarawa sun juya Elad tun kafin Operation Susannah.

== Bayan siyasa ==

=== Musun da kuma bincike na farko ===
A wata ganawa da Firayim Minista Moshe Sharett, ministan tsaro Pinhas Lavon ya musanta cewa yana da masaniya game da wannan aiki. Lokacin da shugaban leken asiri Gibli ya musanta Lavon, Sharett ya umarci kwamitin bincike wanda ya kunshi Alkali Isaac Olshan na Kotun Koli ta Isra'ila da kuma babban hafsan hafsoshin rundunar tsaron Isra'ila, Yaakov Dori, wanda bai sami wata shaida mai gamsarwa ba cewa Lavon ne ya ba da izinin wannan aiki. Lavon ya yi kokarin dora alhakin kan Shimon Peres, wanda shi ne babban sakataren ma'aikatar tsaro, da kuma Gibli saboda rashin biyayya da sakaci a cikin ayyukan ta'addanci . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Sharett ya warware matsalar ta hanyar goyon bayan Peres (wanda, tare da Moshe Dayan, suka bayar da shaida a kan Lavon), bayan haka Lavon ya yi murabus a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1955. Tsohon [[Firai Minista|firayim minista]] David Ben-Gurion ya maye gurbin Lavon a matsayin ministan tsaro. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1955, Sharett (wanda bai san game da wannan aiki ba tukuna, kuma saboda haka ya musanta cewa Isra'ila ce ta shiga) ya yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista kuma Ben-Gurion ya maye gurbinsa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Bayyanai da bincike daga baya ===
A watan Afrilun 1960, wani bita na mintuna daga binciken ya gano rashin daidaito da kuma wataƙila takardar zamba a cikin shaidar Gibli ta asali wadda ta yi kama da ta goyi bayan labarin Lavon game da abubuwan da suka faru. A wannan lokacin ya bayyana cewa Elad (wakilin Isra'ila da ke gudanar da Operation Susannah a Masar) ya yi rantsuwar ƙarya a lokacin binciken farko. An kuma zargi Elad da cin amanar ƙungiyar ga hukumomin Masar, kodayake ba a taɓa tabbatar da tuhumar ba. Daga ƙarshe an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari saboda ƙoƙarin sayar da takardun Isra'ila ga Masarawa a cikin wani lamari da ba shi da alaƙa. Ben-Gurion ya shirya zaman sauraren ƙararraki tare da sabon kwamitin bincike wanda Haim Cohn, alkalin Kotun Ƙoli ke jagoranta. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Wannan binciken ya gano cewa an yi rantsuwar ƙarya, kuma Lavon bai ba da izinin aikin ba. Sharett da Levi Eshkol sun yi ƙoƙarin fitar da wata sanarwa da za ta kwantar da hankalin Lavon da waɗanda suka yi adawa da shi. Ben-Gurion ya ƙi amincewa da sulhun, kuma ya ɗauki hakan a matsayin wani abu da zai raba kan jam'iyyar Mapai . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Wani kwamitin bincike ya ɗauki matakin kuma ya goyi bayan binciken Cohn. Daga nan Ben-Gurion ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na ministan tsaro. Wannan ya haifar da korar Lavon daga ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Histadrut da kuma kiran da aka yi na fara zaɓe, wanda sakamakonsa ya canza tsarin siyasa a Isra'ila. An ɓoye takamaiman ayyukan Operation Susannah ga jama'ar Isra'ila a lokacin rikicin siyasa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Management ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Battle of Alexandria (1801)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353108859|Battle of Alexandria (1801)]]&quot;</comment>
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An yi '''Yaƙin Alexandria''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Yaƙin Canope''' / '''Canopus''' {{Sfn|Clodfelter|2008}} ) a ranar 21 ga Maris, 1801, inda sojojin Birtaniya da sojojin ruwa suka yi nasarar dakile wani hari da sojojin Faransa suka kai a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayar da Faransa ta yi wa Masar da Siriya . A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Sir Ralph Abercromby, sojojin Birtaniya da aka yi wa kawanya sun fafata da rundunar sojojin Faransa a ƙarƙashin Janar Jacques-François Menou kusa da baraguzan [[Nicopolis, Egypt|Nicopolis]], a kan wani ƙaramin fili tsakanin [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] da Abukir . Birtaniya ta fatattaki sojojin Menou bayan sa'o'i da dama na faɗa mai zafi, kodayake Abercromby ya ji rauni mai tsanani. Wani ɓangare na asarar da Faransawa suka yi a Alexandria ya faru ne sakamakon rundunar sojojin ruwan Birtaniya a ƙarƙashin Sidney Smith, wanda rawar da ya taka kuma tana da mahimmanci wajen dakile hare-haren Faransa. John Hely-Hutchinson, wanda ya maye gurbin Abercromby, ya jagoranci sojojin Birtaniya zuwa Alexandria kuma ya kewaye birnin, wanda ya miƙa wuya a watan Satumba. {{Sfn|Mackesy|1995}} &lt;ref name=&quot;warhistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-12 |title=Battle of Alexandria, (20–21 March 1801) – War History |url=https://warhistory.org/@msw/article/battle-of-alexandria-20-21-march-1801 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=warhistory.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egyptian Campaign |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/egyptian-campaign |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=[[National Army Museum]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Bayani ==
Bayan shan kayen Lanusse a Mandora, Menou ya iso daga Alkahira don ya jagoranci sojojin Faransa kai tsaye, kuma ya ƙuduri aniyar kai hari a ranar 21 ga Maris. François Lanusse zai jagoranci a hagu tare da rundunar Valentin da Silly, tare da goyon bayan Rundunar Sojojin Kafa ta Antoine-Guillaume Rampon a tsakiya da Jean Reynier a dama.

Matsayin Birtaniya a daren 20 ga Maris ya bazu a kan tudun, reshen dama yana kan baraguzan Nicopolis da teku, hagu a tafkin Abukir da magudanar ruwa ta Alexandria. Layin ya fuskanci kudu maso yamma zuwa birnin, sashen ajiye kaya a ƙarƙashin Manjo-Janar Sir John Moore a dama, rundunar tsaro ta ƙafa a ƙarƙashin George Ludlow a tsakiya, da kuma wasu runduna uku a hagu a ƙarƙashin Eyre Coote, John Cradock da Earl Cavan . A layi na biyu akwai runduna biyu na ƙafa da kuma rundunan dawaki (ana sauke su). {{Sfn|Atkinson|1911}}

== Yaƙi ==
[[Fayil:Faden_1801_alexandria_battle.jpg|thumb|Taswirar shirin Birtaniya na yaƙin]]
[[Fayil:Abercromby_fights_the_dragoons_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Abercromby (tsakiya) yana fafatawa da dodon Faransa guda biyu]]
Abercromby ya yi tsammanin harin dare, don haka a ranar 21 ga Maris, 'yan Birtaniya sun yi barci a tsaye a ƙarƙashin makamai. Da ƙarfe 3:30 na yamma.&amp;nbsp;'yan kwanaki, Faransawa sun kai hari suka kori sansanin sojojin Birtaniya. Da sauri suka ci gaba da jarumtaka daga hagu, Lanusse ta kai harin tare da rundunar Valentin a ginshiki a bakin teku, da kuma rundunar Silly ta dama a kan sansanin sojojin Birtaniya da ke kewaye da baraguzan Romawa. Mafi munin harin ya faru ne a kan umarnin Moore, musamman ma a kan rundunar sojoji ta 28 (North Gloucestershire) ta ƙafa . Birtaniya ta mayar da martani ga wannan hari na farko, inda aka harbi Silly da Lanusse. &quot;Janar Lanusse ya ga Janar Valentin ya bar bakin teku, kuma yana cikin kusurwar sake shiga na redoubt da sansanin Romawa, inda harbin abokan gaba ya hana shi. Janar Lanusse ya yi tattaki zuwa wannan wuri, ya ƙarfafa mutanen, ya kuma sa su ci gaba. An harbi janar mai cancantar a cinya da ƙwallon da ke cikin jirgin ruwan bindiga; jiragen yaƙi huɗu sun yi ƙoƙarin ɗauke shi, amma ƙwallon ta biyu ta kashe biyu daga cikin waɗannan jaruman.&quot; {{Sfn|François|1906}}

Ba da daɗewa ba aka fara yaƙi da rundunar Rampon a tsakiya, kuma duk da rashin fahimta a cikin duhu, sai ta ratsa tsakanin fikafikan gaba da na baya na rundunar 42 ta ƙafa . An yi faɗa mai rikitarwa a cikin baraguzan, inda aka kashe ko kuma aka kama sojojin Faransa, inda 42 suka ɗauki launinsu . {{Sfn|Atkinson|1911}} Sauran rundunonin Birtaniya da aka yi faɗa da su sune rundunonin ƙafa na 23, rundunonin ƙafa na 40 (Somersetshire ta 2) da rundunonin ƙafa na 58 (Rutlandshire), tare da rundunonin ƙafa na Stuart's Minorca .

A wannan lokacin, Menou ya miƙa wa waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsa iko, kuma an gan shi yana nuna alamun ƙarfi a baya &quot;kamar dai shi mai kallo ne fiye da babban kwamandan&quot;. {{Sfn|Phipps|1926}} Duk da haka yanzu ya umarci sojojin dawakansa su ci gaba da kai hari ba tare da goyon baya ba. Kwamandan, Cézar Antoine Roize ya yi ta ƙara a banza; duk da haka sojojin dawakan Republican sun sami damar shiga sansanin Birtaniya da hedikwatar Abercromby, inda suka yi asara mai yawa a ƙafa ta 42 {{Sfn|Atkinson|1911}} kafin haɗakar katanga da aka haƙa da kuma harbin bindiga ya kawo ƙarshen wannan ƙoƙarin.

Da ya juya ga jaruman sojojinsa, Janar Roize ya ce, 'Abokai, suna tura mu zuwa ga ɗaukaka da mutuwa! Tafiya!' Wannan ƙarar ta yi muni... Jarumi Janar Roize, ganin layinsa na farko da aka tura baya, ya ci gaba da na biyu, ya yi wani hari mai tsanani, ya shiga sansanin layin Ingila na biyu, yana yin harbi da kuma kifar da duk abin da ke kan hanyarsa. Turawan da suka firgita sun faɗi a ƙasa; wasu sun gudu zuwa tantinsu; amma wannan cikas ya dakatar da mummunan gudu na sojojinmu kuma ya jawo mana halaka. Turawan sun haƙa ramukan kerkeci a sansaninsu, kuma sun warwatse da yawa. Dawakai sun faɗa cikin waɗannan ramukan, ko kuma sun makale a tsakanin igiyoyi da ƙusoshin tanti. Jarumi kuma mara sa'a Janar Roize, wanda ya ga babu damar tserewa daga irin wannan matsayi, ya sauka daga kan doki, ya yi yaƙi kamar zaki, aka kashe shi, haka ma mutanensa.&quot; {{Sfn|François|1906}}

An yi amfani da jiragen sama na gaba da na baya na 28th Foot a lokaci guda, sojojin suna karɓar umarnin &quot;Ku tsaya a gaba kamar yadda kuke, a baya a kusa da juyawa&quot;. Don tunawa, rundunar daga baya ta ɗauki lambar hula ta biyu, 'Lambar Baya,' da ke sanye a bayan rigar kai. {{Sfn|Gloucestershire Museum|2023}} A lokacin harin layin Roize na biyu, dodanni na Faransa sun kama Sir Ralph Abercromby na ɗan lokaci, amma wani jirgin sama na 42 ya ceto shi da sauri. A wannan lokacin, ya sami rauni a cinya wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama mai kisa, kodayake ya ci gaba da kasancewa a filin wasa kuma yana kan umarni har zuwa ƙarshe. Rundunar sojojin Guards ta sake mayar da martani ga harin da Rampon ya kai a tsakiya, tare da goyon bayan rundunar Coote, kuma reshen hagu ya ci gaba da kasancewa a wurin cikin sauƙi, amma sojojin dawakin Faransa a karo na biyu, sun kusa isa wurin da aka ajiye su. {{Sfn|Atkinson|1911}}

Da misalin ƙarfe takwas da rabi na dare, yaƙin ya fara raguwa, kuma an harba harsasai na ƙarshe a kan goma. Yawancin hare-haren an matsa su ne a gefen dama na Birtaniya. ''Tarihin Rundunar Sarauta ta Yammacin Surrey ta Sarauniya'' ta yaba wa rundunar, tana mai cewa &quot;da an kai harin da aka ƙaddara zai yi nasara a kan kusan kowace runduna.&quot; A zahiri, cikakkun bayanai game da matakin sun nuna cewa, duk da cewa ba shi da kyau sosai a cikin rikici fiye da Faransawa masu fama da yaƙi, sojojin Burtaniya suna da ikon da babu wata runduna da ke da ita a lokacin, kuma waɗannan volleys ne suka yanke shawarar ranar fiye da taurin kai na mutanen. {{Sfn|Atkinson|1911}}

Na 42, wanda sojojin doki suka yi wa hari sau biyu, ya samu rauni a hannun saber . Wani ɓangare na asarar da Faransa ta yi ya faru ne sakamakon jiragen ruwan da ke kusa da bakin teku da kuma harba bindigogi a gefen hagu na ginshiƙan Faransa, da kuma wani babban bindigar ruwa da aka sanya a cikin batir kusa da wurin da ƙafa ta 28 take. {{Sfn|Atkinson|1911}}

== Bayan haka ==
[[Fayil:General_Sir_John_Hely-Hutchinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Donoughmore,_1827.webp|thumb|John Hely-Hutchinson, wanda ya maye gurbin Abercromby a matsayin kwamandan rundunar sojojin Birtaniya a Masar]]
Sojojin da suka fafata a wannan rana sun kai kimanin sojoji 14,000. {{Sfn|Tucker|2010}} An rasa jami'ai 10 da kuma wasu mukamai 233 da aka kashe, jami'ai 60 da wasu mukamai 1,193 sun jikkata, sannan an rasa jami'ai 3 da wasu mukamai 29. Daga cikin manyan hafsoshin, wadanda suka mutu sun hada da Abercromby (wanda ya mutu sakamakon raunin da ya samu a ranar 28 ga Maris), Laftanar Kanar David Ogilvy na rundunar 44th Foot da Laftanar Kanar Dutens na rundunar Minorca {{Sfn|Bisset|1803}} Moore, Oakes, da kuma Adjutant Janar John Hope sun jikkata. Faransawa sun mutu 1,000, sun jikkata 600 da kuma fursunoni 200, kodayake Fortescue ya dauki har zuwa 4,000 jimilla. Daga cikin wadanda suka mutu a Faransa akwai janar-janar uku da aka kashe (Lanusse, Roize da kwamandan rundunar Baudot a rundunar Reynier) da kuma wasu manyan jami'ai da dama da suka jikkata. Bugu da kari, an rasa tutar rundunar sojojin kasa ta 21st Light demi-brigade da kuma wani harsashin bindiga na Austria. {{Sfn|Phipps|1926}}

== Management ==

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An yi '''Yaƙin Alexandria''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Yaƙin Canope''' / '''Canopus''' {{Sfn|Clodfelter|2008}} ) a ranar 21 ga Maris, 1801, inda sojojin Birtaniya da sojojin ruwa suka yi nasarar dakile wani hari da sojojin Faransa suka kai a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayar da Faransa ta yi wa Masar da Siriya . A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Sir Ralph Abercromby, sojojin Birtaniya da aka yi wa kawanya sun fafata da rundunar sojojin Faransa a ƙarƙashin Janar Jacques-François Menou kusa da baraguzan [[Nicopolis, Egypt|Nicopolis]], a kan wani ƙaramin fili tsakanin [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] da Abukir . Birtaniya ta fatattaki sojojin Menou bayan sa'o'i da dama na faɗa mai zafi, kodayake Abercromby ya ji rauni mai tsanani. Wani ɓangare na asarar da Faransawa suka yi a Alexandria ya faru ne sakamakon rundunar sojojin ruwan Birtaniya a ƙarƙashin Sidney Smith, wanda rawar da ya taka kuma tana da mahimmanci wajen dakile hare-haren Faransa. John Hely-Hutchinson, wanda ya maye gurbin Abercromby, ya jagoranci sojojin Birtaniya zuwa Alexandria kuma ya kewaye birnin, wanda ya miƙa wuya a watan Satumba. {{Sfn|Mackesy|1995}} &lt;ref name=&quot;warhistory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-12 |title=Battle of Alexandria, (20–21 March 1801) – War History |url=https://warhistory.org/@msw/article/battle-of-alexandria-20-21-march-1801 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=warhistory.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Egyptian Campaign |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/egyptian-campaign |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=[[National Army Museum]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Bayani ==
Bayan shan kayen Lanusse a Mandora, Menou ya iso daga Alkahira don ya jagoranci sojojin Faransa kai tsaye, kuma ya ƙuduri aniyar kai hari a ranar 21 ga Maris. François Lanusse zai jagoranci a hagu tare da rundunar Valentin da Silly, tare da goyon bayan Rundunar Sojojin Kafa ta Antoine-Guillaume Rampon a tsakiya da Jean Reynier a dama.

Matsayin Birtaniya a daren 20 ga Maris ya bazu a kan tudun, reshen dama yana kan baraguzan Nicopolis da teku, hagu a tafkin Abukir da magudanar ruwa ta Alexandria. Layin ya fuskanci kudu maso yamma zuwa birnin, sashen ajiye kaya a ƙarƙashin Manjo-Janar Sir John Moore a dama, rundunar tsaro ta ƙafa a ƙarƙashin George Ludlow a tsakiya, da kuma wasu runduna uku a hagu a ƙarƙashin Eyre Coote, John Cradock da Earl Cavan . A layi na biyu akwai runduna biyu na ƙafa da kuma rundunan dawaki (ana sauke su). {{Sfn|Atkinson|1911}}

== Yaƙi ==
[[Fayil:Faden_1801_alexandria_battle.jpg|thumb|Taswirar shirin Birtaniya na yaƙin]]
[[Fayil:Abercromby_fights_the_dragoons_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Abercromby (tsakiya) yana fafatawa da dodon Faransa guda biyu]]
Abercromby ya yi tsammanin harin dare, don haka a ranar 21 ga Maris, 'yan Birtaniya sun yi barci a tsaye a ƙarƙashin makamai. Da ƙarfe 3:30 na yamma.&amp;nbsp;'yan kwanaki, Faransawa sun kai hari suka kori sansanin sojojin Birtaniya. Da sauri suka ci gaba da jarumtaka daga hagu, Lanusse ta kai harin tare da rundunar Valentin a ginshiki a bakin teku, da kuma rundunar Silly ta dama a kan sansanin sojojin Birtaniya da ke kewaye da baraguzan Romawa. Mafi munin harin ya faru ne a kan umarnin Moore, musamman ma a kan rundunar sojoji ta 28 (North Gloucestershire) ta ƙafa . Birtaniya ta mayar da martani ga wannan hari na farko, inda aka harbi Silly da Lanusse. &quot;Janar Lanusse ya ga Janar Valentin ya bar bakin teku, kuma yana cikin kusurwar sake shiga na redoubt da sansanin Romawa, inda harbin abokan gaba ya hana shi. Janar Lanusse ya yi tattaki zuwa wannan wuri, ya ƙarfafa mutanen, ya kuma sa su ci gaba. An harbi janar mai cancantar a cinya da ƙwallon da ke cikin jirgin ruwan bindiga; jiragen yaƙi huɗu sun yi ƙoƙarin ɗauke shi, amma ƙwallon ta biyu ta kashe biyu daga cikin waɗannan jaruman.&quot; {{Sfn|François|1906}}

Ba da daɗewa ba aka fara yaƙi da rundunar Rampon a tsakiya, kuma duk da rashin fahimta a cikin duhu, sai ta ratsa tsakanin fikafikan gaba da na baya na rundunar 42 ta ƙafa . An yi faɗa mai rikitarwa a cikin baraguzan, inda aka kashe ko kuma aka kama sojojin Faransa, inda 42 suka ɗauki launinsu . {{Sfn|Atkinson|1911}} Sauran rundunonin Birtaniya da aka yi faɗa da su sune rundunonin ƙafa na 23, rundunonin ƙafa na 40 (Somersetshire ta 2) da rundunonin ƙafa na 58 (Rutlandshire), tare da rundunonin ƙafa na Stuart's Minorca .

A wannan lokacin, Menou ya miƙa wa waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsa iko, kuma an gan shi yana nuna alamun ƙarfi a baya &quot;kamar dai shi mai kallo ne fiye da babban kwamandan&quot;. {{Sfn|Phipps|1926}} Duk da haka yanzu ya umarci sojojin dawakansa su ci gaba da kai hari ba tare da goyon baya ba. Kwamandan, Cézar Antoine Roize ya yi ta ƙara a banza; duk da haka sojojin dawakan Republican sun sami damar shiga sansanin Birtaniya da hedikwatar Abercromby, inda suka yi asara mai yawa a ƙafa ta 42 {{Sfn|Atkinson|1911}} kafin haɗakar katanga da aka haƙa da kuma harbin bindiga ya kawo ƙarshen wannan ƙoƙarin.

Da ya juya ga jaruman sojojinsa, Janar Roize ya ce, 'Abokai, suna tura mu zuwa ga ɗaukaka da mutuwa! Tafiya!' Wannan ƙarar ta yi muni... Jarumi Janar Roize, ganin layinsa na farko da aka tura baya, ya ci gaba da na biyu, ya yi wani hari mai tsanani, ya shiga sansanin layin Ingila na biyu, yana yin harbi da kuma kifar da duk abin da ke kan hanyarsa. Turawan da suka firgita sun faɗi a ƙasa; wasu sun gudu zuwa tantinsu; amma wannan cikas ya dakatar da mummunan gudu na sojojinmu kuma ya jawo mana halaka. Turawan sun haƙa ramukan kerkeci a sansaninsu, kuma sun warwatse da yawa. Dawakai sun faɗa cikin waɗannan ramukan, ko kuma sun makale a tsakanin igiyoyi da ƙusoshin tanti. Jarumi kuma mara sa'a Janar Roize, wanda ya ga babu damar tserewa daga irin wannan matsayi, ya sauka daga kan doki, ya yi yaƙi kamar zaki, aka kashe shi, haka ma mutanensa.&quot; {{Sfn|François|1906}}

An yi amfani da jiragen sama na gaba da na baya na 28th Foot a lokaci guda, sojojin suna karɓar umarnin &quot;Ku tsaya a gaba kamar yadda kuke, a baya a kusa da juyawa&quot;. Don tunawa, rundunar daga baya ta ɗauki lambar hula ta biyu, 'Lambar Baya,' da ke sanye a bayan rigar kai. {{Sfn|Gloucestershire Museum|2023}} A lokacin harin layin Roize na biyu, dodanni na Faransa sun kama Sir Ralph Abercromby na ɗan lokaci, amma wani jirgin sama na 42 ya ceto shi da sauri. A wannan lokacin, ya sami rauni a cinya wanda daga ƙarshe ya zama mai kisa, kodayake ya ci gaba da kasancewa a filin wasa kuma yana kan umarni har zuwa ƙarshe. Rundunar sojojin Guards ta sake mayar da martani ga harin da Rampon ya kai a tsakiya, tare da goyon bayan rundunar Coote, kuma reshen hagu ya ci gaba da kasancewa a wurin cikin sauƙi, amma sojojin dawakin Faransa a karo na biyu, sun kusa isa wurin da aka ajiye su. {{Sfn|Atkinson|1911}}

Da misalin ƙarfe takwas da rabi na dare, yaƙin ya fara raguwa, kuma an harba harsasai na ƙarshe a kan goma. Yawancin hare-haren an matsa su ne a gefen dama na Birtaniya. ''Tarihin Rundunar Sarauta ta Yammacin Surrey ta Sarauniya'' ta yaba wa rundunar, tana mai cewa &quot;da an kai harin da aka ƙaddara zai yi nasara a kan kusan kowace runduna.&quot; A zahiri, cikakkun bayanai game da matakin sun nuna cewa, duk da cewa ba shi da kyau sosai a cikin rikici fiye da Faransawa masu fama da yaƙi, sojojin Burtaniya suna da ikon da babu wata runduna da ke da ita a lokacin, kuma waɗannan volleys ne suka yanke shawarar ranar fiye da taurin kai na mutanen. {{Sfn|Atkinson|1911}}

Na 42, wanda sojojin doki suka yi wa hari sau biyu, ya samu rauni a hannun saber . Wani ɓangare na asarar da Faransa ta yi ya faru ne sakamakon jiragen ruwan da ke kusa da bakin teku da kuma harba bindigogi a gefen hagu na ginshiƙan Faransa, da kuma wani babban bindigar ruwa da aka sanya a cikin batir kusa da wurin da ƙafa ta 28 take. {{Sfn|Atkinson|1911}}

== Bayan haka ==
[[Fayil:General_Sir_John_Hely-Hutchinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Donoughmore,_1827.webp|thumb|John Hely-Hutchinson, wanda ya maye gurbin Abercromby a matsayin kwamandan rundunar sojojin Birtaniya a Masar]]
Sojojin da suka fafata a wannan rana sun kai kimanin sojoji 14,000. {{Sfn|Tucker|2010}} An rasa jami'ai 10 da kuma wasu mukamai 233 da aka kashe, jami'ai 60 da wasu mukamai 1,193 sun jikkata, sannan an rasa jami'ai 3 da wasu mukamai 29. Daga cikin manyan hafsoshin, wadanda suka mutu sun hada da Abercromby (wanda ya mutu sakamakon raunin da ya samu a ranar 28 ga Maris), Laftanar Kanar David Ogilvy na rundunar 44th Foot da Laftanar Kanar Dutens na rundunar Minorca {{Sfn|Bisset|1803}} Moore, Oakes, da kuma Adjutant Janar John Hope sun jikkata. Faransawa sun mutu 1,000, sun jikkata 600 da kuma fursunoni 200, kodayake Fortescue ya dauki har zuwa 4,000 jimilla. Daga cikin wadanda suka mutu a Faransa akwai janar-janar uku da aka kashe (Lanusse, Roize da kwamandan rundunar Baudot a rundunar Reynier) da kuma wasu manyan jami'ai da dama da suka jikkata. Bugu da kari, an rasa tutar rundunar sojojin kasa ta 21st Light demi-brigade da kuma wani harsashin bindiga na Austria. {{Sfn|Phipps|1926}}

== Management ==

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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353280242|Battle of Abukir (1801)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Yaƙin Abukir''' na ranar 8 ga Maris, 1801 shi ne yaƙi na biyu da aka yi a lokacin mamayar Faransa kan Masar da Siriya da aka yi a Abu Qir a bakin tekun [[Bahar Rum]], kusa da Kogin Nilu . Saukar sojojin Birtaniya a ƙarƙashin Laftanar Janar Sir Ralph Abercromby an yi shi ne don kayar da ko kuma korar kimanin sojojin Faransa 21,000 da suka rage a Masar. Rundunar sojojin da Baron Keith ke jagoranta ta haɗa da jiragen ruwa bakwai na layin, jiragen ruwa biyar da ƙananan jiragen yaƙi goma sha biyu. Tare da jigilar sojoji, an jinkirta shi a bakin teku na tsawon kwanaki da yawa ta hanyar iska mai ƙarfi da manyan tekuna kafin a ci gaba da sauka. [ 5 ]

== Bayani ==
[[Fayil:Disposition_of_landing_the_subdivision_of_reserve_or_First_division_of_landing_under_the_command_of_Captain_Larmour_-_Clarke_Edward_Daniel_-_1824.jpg|thumb|Tsarin rukunin farko na saukar jiragen sama a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kyaftin Larmour ( HMS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwSQ&quot;&gt;Wassenaar&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ) a Yaƙin. Edward Daniel Clarke]]
Da sanyin safiyar ranar 8 ga Maris, 1801, rundunar saukar jiragen ruwa ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin jiragen ruwa na ƙafa 40 da ƙafa 23 a dama. A tsakiya na 28, 42 da 58. A gefen hagu, Brigade of Guards (wanda aka kafa daga bataliyar kowace runduna), Corsican Rangers, Royals da 54. Rundunar saukar jiragen ruwa ta kai mutane 5,230. Duk sojojin suna cikin jiragen ruwan saukar jiragen ruwa da ƙarfe 2 na safe. Matuƙan jirgin ruwan sun cika da manyan bindigogi a tsakanin gwiwoyinsu, jiragen ruwan sun yi tuƙi a hankali zuwa wurin taron, kowannensu ya tsaya a inda yake sauka. Da ƙarfe 8 na safe, kowace runduna ta kasance a wurin.

== Yaƙi ==
Da ƙarfe 9 na safe, wani roka da aka harba daga jirgin Admiral ya nuna alamar ci gaba, jiragen ruwan kuma suka yi gaba. Rundunar sojojin Faransa ta Alexandria a ƙarƙashin Louis Friant, kimanin sojojin Faransa 2,500 da bindigogi goma a manyan wurare sun yi wa Birtaniya mummunan illa. Tare da kariya daga jiragen ruwa masu ɗauke da makamai masu sauƙi, ketches da bama-bamai sun rataye a gefen bakin teku, sojojin sun yi ta shawagi a bakin tekun a ƙarƙashin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi na harsasai da harsasai daga sojojin Friant da ke kan tuddai masu tsayi. 'Yan Birtaniya sun sauka, suka kafa layi, suka gyara bayonets suka kuma ci gaba. Tare da Janar Moore a kan gaba, suka yi ta faman hawa kan tudu mai laushi na yashi.

Faransawa sun bayyana a saman kololuwar suka zuba wani babban makami mai linzami. Manyan sojojin 42 sun isa saman kololuwar kafin Faransawa su sake cika kayansu suka kuma harba bayonet, suka mayar da su cikin rudani. Sojojin Faransa sun kai hari da rundunar sojojin doki, wani harin bayonet na biyu da aka kai a kan 42 ya sa suka gudu. A gefen hagu sojojin Faransa sun kai hari ga sojojin tsaro, sojojin Faransa kuma na 54 sun kai hari ga sojojin Faransa; an mayar da dukkan hare-haren biyu. Yanzu haka 'yan Birtaniya ne ke iko da gabar tekun kuma suka ci gaba da fadada kan gadar; Faransawa sun yi watsi da bindigoginsu.

== Bayan haka ==
Da yamma Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Army ta kai sauran rundunar sojoji 17,500 da kayan aikinta cikin tsari da kuma iko mai ƙarfi a Aboukir.  Wannan faɗan ya kasance farkon Yaƙin Alexandria kuma ya haifar da asarar rayuka 730 na Birtaniya da suka mutu ko suka jikkata ko suka ɓace. Faransawa sun janye, sun rasa aƙalla mutane 300 da suka mutu ko suka ji rauni da kuma bindigogi takwas. [ 5 ] Daga baya Napoleon ya bayyana saukar jiragen ruwan Birtaniya a matsayin &quot;ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da suka fi ƙarfin da za a iya tunanin&quot;. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Yaƙin Abukir''' na ranar 8 ga Maris, 1801 shi ne yaƙi na biyu da aka yi a lokacin mamayar Faransa kan Masar da Siriya da aka yi a Abu Qir a bakin tekun [[Bahar Rum]], kusa da Kogin Nilu . Saukar sojojin Birtaniya a ƙarƙashin Laftanar Janar Sir Ralph Abercromby an yi shi ne don kayar da ko kuma korar kimanin sojojin Faransa 21,000 da suka rage a Masar. Rundunar sojojin da Baron Keith ke jagoranta ta haɗa da jiragen ruwa bakwai na layin, jiragen ruwa biyar da ƙananan jiragen yaƙi goma sha biyu. Tare da jigilar sojoji, an jinkirta shi a bakin teku na tsawon kwanaki da yawa ta hanyar iska mai ƙarfi da manyan tekuna kafin a ci gaba da sauka. [ 5 ]

== Bayani ==
[[Fayil:Disposition_of_landing_the_subdivision_of_reserve_or_First_division_of_landing_under_the_command_of_Captain_Larmour_-_Clarke_Edward_Daniel_-_1824.jpg|thumb|Tsarin rukunin farko na saukar jiragen sama a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kyaftin Larmour ( HMS &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwSQ&quot;&gt;Wassenaar&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ) a Yaƙin. Edward Daniel Clarke]]
Da sanyin safiyar ranar 8 ga Maris, 1801, rundunar saukar jiragen ruwa ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin jiragen ruwa na ƙafa 40 da ƙafa 23 a dama. A tsakiya na 28, 42 da 58. A gefen hagu, Brigade of Guards (wanda aka kafa daga bataliyar kowace runduna), Corsican Rangers, Royals da 54. Rundunar saukar jiragen ruwa ta kai mutane 5,230. Duk sojojin suna cikin jiragen ruwan saukar jiragen ruwa da ƙarfe 2 na safe. Matuƙan jirgin ruwan sun cika da manyan bindigogi a tsakanin gwiwoyinsu, jiragen ruwan sun yi tuƙi a hankali zuwa wurin taron, kowannensu ya tsaya a inda yake sauka. Da ƙarfe 8 na safe, kowace runduna ta kasance a wurin.

== Yaƙi ==
Da ƙarfe 9 na safe, wani roka da aka harba daga jirgin Admiral ya nuna alamar ci gaba, jiragen ruwan kuma suka yi gaba. Rundunar sojojin Faransa ta Alexandria a ƙarƙashin Louis Friant, kimanin sojojin Faransa 2,500 da bindigogi goma a manyan wurare sun yi wa Birtaniya mummunan illa. Tare da kariya daga jiragen ruwa masu ɗauke da makamai masu sauƙi, ketches da bama-bamai sun rataye a gefen bakin teku, sojojin sun yi ta shawagi a bakin tekun a ƙarƙashin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi na harsasai da harsasai daga sojojin Friant da ke kan tuddai masu tsayi. 'Yan Birtaniya sun sauka, suka kafa layi, suka gyara bayonets suka kuma ci gaba. Tare da Janar Moore a kan gaba, suka yi ta faman hawa kan tudu mai laushi na yashi.

Faransawa sun bayyana a saman kololuwar suka zuba wani babban makami mai linzami. Manyan sojojin 42 sun isa saman kololuwar kafin Faransawa su sake cika kayansu suka kuma harba bayonet, suka mayar da su cikin rudani. Sojojin Faransa sun kai hari da rundunar sojojin doki, wani harin bayonet na biyu da aka kai a kan 42 ya sa suka gudu. A gefen hagu sojojin Faransa sun kai hari ga sojojin tsaro, sojojin Faransa kuma na 54 sun kai hari ga sojojin Faransa; an mayar da dukkan hare-haren biyu. Yanzu haka 'yan Birtaniya ne ke iko da gabar tekun kuma suka ci gaba da fadada kan gadar; Faransawa sun yi watsi da bindigoginsu.

== Bayan haka ==
Da yamma Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Army ta kai sauran rundunar sojoji 17,500 da kayan aikinta cikin tsari da kuma iko mai ƙarfi a Aboukir.  Wannan faɗan ya kasance farkon Yaƙin Alexandria kuma ya haifar da asarar rayuka 730 na Birtaniya da suka mutu ko suka jikkata ko suka ɓace. Faransawa sun janye, sun rasa aƙalla mutane 300 da suka mutu ko suka ji rauni da kuma bindigogi takwas. [ 5 ] Daga baya Napoleon ya bayyana saukar jiragen ruwan Birtaniya a matsayin &quot;ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da suka fi ƙarfin da za a iya tunanin&quot;. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Siege na Iskandariya (1801)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337501065|Siege of Alexandria (1801)]]&quot;</comment>
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An yi wa '''birnin Alexandria kawanya''' (17 ga Agusta - 2 ga Satumba 1801) a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa tsakanin sojojin Faransa da na Birtaniya. Wannan shine matakin ƙarshe na mamayar da Faransa ta yi wa Masar da Siriya (1798-1801). Faransawa sun mamaye [[Alexandria|birnin Alexandria]], wani babban birni mai ƙarfi a kan kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] a arewacin [[Misra|Masar]], tun daga ranar 2 ga Yuli 1798, kuma sojojin da ke wurin suka miƙa wuya a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1801.

== Bayani ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Yaƙin da aka yi tsakanin Birtaniya da Faransa a [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Canope]] a ranar 21 ga Maris 1801 ya haifar da korar Faransawa. Faransawa a ƙarƙashin Menou, waɗanda suka yi baƙin ciki da wannan gazawar, suka koma Alexandria. Da mutuwar Abercromby, John Hely-Hutchinson ya gaje shi a matsayin kwamandan rundunar sojojin Burtaniya a watan Agusta. Yanzu yana da niyyar kai hari ga Alexandria da kuma jefa Menou cikin kurkuku.

Hutchinson ya bar Coote tare da sojoji 6,000 sannan ya aika wani ɓangare na sansanin tare da [[Charles De Hompesh|Baron Charles de Hompesch]] don kama [[Rosetta]] . Daga nan ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kairo|Alkahira]], inda ya isa, bayan wasu yaƙe-yaƙe, a tsakiyar watan Yuni. Tare da rundunar Ottoman mai yawa, Hutchinson ya zuba jari a Alkahira kuma a ranar 27 ga Yuni, rundunar sojojin Faransa mai ƙarfi 13,000 ƙarƙashin Janar Augustin Daniel Belliard, wanda aka yi masa kisan gilla da kuma wanda aka yi masa kisan gilla, ya miƙa wuya. Daga nan sai Janar John Moore ya raka su zuwa bakin teku ta hanyar Rosetta. 

== Siege ==
Hutchinson, bayan da aka kawar da birnin Alkahira, yanzu ya fara rage darajar Alexandria. Yana da bataliyoyin sojoji talatin da biyar gaba ɗaya. Yayin da sansanin ke gabas, Coote, tare da Guards da wasu runduna biyu, sun sauka a ranar 16 ga Agusta zuwa yamma inda sansanin [[Fort Marabout]] ya fuskanci adawa mai tsanani, wanda rundunar sojoji ta 54 ta ƙafa ta yi wa kawanya daga ƙarshe. Bangarorin biyu sun kai hare-hare tare amma sojojin Faransa, waɗanda ba su iya tashi ba kuma saboda ƙarancin abinci da cututtuka suka yi musu barna, sun ƙara ruɗani da yaƙin. Menou ya san ba shi da bege kuma a ranar 26 ga Agusta ya nemi wa'adi; a ranar 26 ga Agusta ya gabatar da sharuɗɗan sallamawa na hukuma. Sharuɗɗan da kwamandojin Birtaniya suka gyara kuma aka aiwatar ana kiransu da [[Capitulation of Alexandria (1801)|Capitulation of Alexandria]] .

== Bayan haka ==
Zuwa ranar 2 ga Satumba, sojojin Faransa 10,000 sun mika wuya a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan da suka ba su damar ajiye makamansu da kayansu, sannan su koma Faransa a jiragen ruwan Birtaniya. Duk da haka, an miƙa dukkan jiragen ruwan Faransa da bindigogi a Alexandria ga waɗanda suka yi nasara. Jiragen ruwan yaƙin Faransa da aka kama a tashar jiragen ruwa sun rabu tsakanin Birtaniya da Ottoman. Jiragen ruwan &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwTQ&quot;&gt;Égyptienne&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwTw&quot;&gt;Régénérée&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; da ''Léoben'' sun tafi Birtaniya, yayin da jiragen ruwan &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwUg&quot;&gt;Justice&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; da ''Mantoue'', jirgin asibiti ''Causse'' da corvettes ''Halil Bey'', ''Momgo Balerie'' da ''Salâbetnümâ'' suka tafi Ottomans. &lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette|page=1354|date=10 November 1801}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masana tarihi sun ba da labarin cewa sansanin sojojin Faransa, wanda suke jin kamar an yi watsi da shi daga Jamhuriya mara kulawa, a hankali ya yi watsi da manyan halayen ɗabi'u da hidimar rundunar sojojin juyin juya halin Faransa . Sojoji da yawa sun ƙi sabunta rantsuwarsu ga Jamhuriyar, ko kuma sun yi hakan da son rai.  A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, babban likitan tiyata na rundunar sojojin Napoleon, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey, ya tuna yadda cin naman dawakai matasa na Larabawa ya taimaka wa Faransa wajen dakile annobar cutar scurvy . Don haka zai fara al'adar cin naman dawaki na ƙarni na 19 a Faransa. 

== Dutse na Rosetta ==
Bayan mika wuya, an samu takaddama kan makomar binciken kayan tarihi da kimiyya na Faransa a Masar. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman kayan tarihi shine [[Dutsen Rosetta|Rosetta Stone]] wanda masana kimiyya na Faransa na Institut d'Égypte suka gano a tsakiyar watan Yulin 1799. Menou ya ƙi miƙa su, yana mai cewa mallakar cibiyar ne. Ana jayayya kan yadda dutsen ya shiga hannun Birtaniya. Kanar Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner, wanda ya raka dutsen zuwa Birtaniya, ya yi iƙirarin daga baya cewa shi da kansa ya kwace shi daga Menou ya tafi da shi a cikin karusar bindiga .  Turner ya kawo dutsen zuwa Birtaniya a cikin jirgin ruwa ''na Egyptienne'', ya sauka a watan Fabrairun 1802. A ranar 11 ga Maris aka gabatar da shi ga Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta London . Daga baya aka kai shi [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya]], inda har yanzu yake. Rubuce-rubucen da aka zana da fari a kan kayan tarihi &quot; Sojojin Burtaniya sun kama shi a Masar a 1801&quot; a gefen hagu da kuma &quot;Sarki George na Uku ya gabatar&quot; a dama.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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An yi wa '''birnin Alexandria kawanya''' (17 ga Agusta - 2 ga Satumba 1801) a lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Faransa tsakanin sojojin Faransa da na Birtaniya. Wannan shine matakin ƙarshe na mamayar da Faransa ta yi wa Masar da Siriya (1798-1801). Faransawa sun mamaye [[Alexandria|birnin Alexandria]], wani babban birni mai ƙarfi a kan kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] a arewacin [[Misra|Masar]], tun daga ranar 2 ga Yuli 1798, kuma sojojin da ke wurin suka miƙa wuya a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1801.

== Bayani ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Yaƙin da aka yi tsakanin Birtaniya da Faransa a [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Canope]] a ranar 21 ga Maris 1801 ya haifar da korar Faransawa. Faransawa a ƙarƙashin Menou, waɗanda suka yi baƙin ciki da wannan gazawar, suka koma Alexandria. Da mutuwar Abercromby, John Hely-Hutchinson ya gaje shi a matsayin kwamandan rundunar sojojin Burtaniya a watan Agusta. Yanzu yana da niyyar kai hari ga Alexandria da kuma jefa Menou cikin kurkuku.

Hutchinson ya bar Coote tare da sojoji 6,000 sannan ya aika wani ɓangare na sansanin tare da [[Charles De Hompesh|Baron Charles de Hompesch]] don kama [[Rosetta]] . Daga nan ya ci gaba zuwa [[Kairo|Alkahira]], inda ya isa, bayan wasu yaƙe-yaƙe, a tsakiyar watan Yuni. Tare da rundunar Ottoman mai yawa, Hutchinson ya zuba jari a Alkahira kuma a ranar 27 ga Yuni, rundunar sojojin Faransa mai ƙarfi 13,000 ƙarƙashin Janar Augustin Daniel Belliard, wanda aka yi masa kisan gilla da kuma wanda aka yi masa kisan gilla, ya miƙa wuya. Daga nan sai Janar John Moore ya raka su zuwa bakin teku ta hanyar Rosetta. 

== Siege ==
Hutchinson, bayan da aka kawar da birnin Alkahira, yanzu ya fara rage darajar Alexandria. Yana da bataliyoyin sojoji talatin da biyar gaba ɗaya. Yayin da sansanin ke gabas, Coote, tare da Guards da wasu runduna biyu, sun sauka a ranar 16 ga Agusta zuwa yamma inda sansanin [[Fort Marabout]] ya fuskanci adawa mai tsanani, wanda rundunar sojoji ta 54 ta ƙafa ta yi wa kawanya daga ƙarshe. Bangarorin biyu sun kai hare-hare tare amma sojojin Faransa, waɗanda ba su iya tashi ba kuma saboda ƙarancin abinci da cututtuka suka yi musu barna, sun ƙara ruɗani da yaƙin. Menou ya san ba shi da bege kuma a ranar 26 ga Agusta ya nemi wa'adi; a ranar 26 ga Agusta ya gabatar da sharuɗɗan sallamawa na hukuma. Sharuɗɗan da kwamandojin Birtaniya suka gyara kuma aka aiwatar ana kiransu da [[Capitulation of Alexandria (1801)|Capitulation of Alexandria]] .

== Bayan haka ==
Zuwa ranar 2 ga Satumba, sojojin Faransa 10,000 sun mika wuya a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan da suka ba su damar ajiye makamansu da kayansu, sannan su koma Faransa a jiragen ruwan Birtaniya. Duk da haka, an miƙa dukkan jiragen ruwan Faransa da bindigogi a Alexandria ga waɗanda suka yi nasara. Jiragen ruwan yaƙin Faransa da aka kama a tashar jiragen ruwa sun rabu tsakanin Birtaniya da Ottoman. Jiragen ruwan &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwTQ&quot;&gt;Égyptienne&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwTw&quot;&gt;Régénérée&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; da ''Léoben'' sun tafi Birtaniya, yayin da jiragen ruwan &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwUg&quot;&gt;Justice&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; da ''Mantoue'', jirgin asibiti ''Causse'' da corvettes ''Halil Bey'', ''Momgo Balerie'' da ''Salâbetnümâ'' suka tafi Ottomans. &lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette|page=1354|date=10 November 1801}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masana tarihi sun ba da labarin cewa sansanin sojojin Faransa, wanda suke jin kamar an yi watsi da shi daga Jamhuriya mara kulawa, a hankali ya yi watsi da manyan halayen ɗabi'u da hidimar rundunar sojojin juyin juya halin Faransa . Sojoji da yawa sun ƙi sabunta rantsuwarsu ga Jamhuriyar, ko kuma sun yi hakan da son rai.  A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, babban likitan tiyata na rundunar sojojin Napoleon, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey, ya tuna yadda cin naman dawakai matasa na Larabawa ya taimaka wa Faransa wajen dakile annobar cutar scurvy . Don haka zai fara al'adar cin naman dawaki na ƙarni na 19 a Faransa. 

== Dutse na Rosetta ==
Bayan mika wuya, an samu takaddama kan makomar binciken kayan tarihi da kimiyya na Faransa a Masar. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman kayan tarihi shine [[Dutsen Rosetta|Rosetta Stone]] wanda masana kimiyya na Faransa na Institut d'Égypte suka gano a tsakiyar watan Yulin 1799. Menou ya ƙi miƙa su, yana mai cewa mallakar cibiyar ne. Ana jayayya kan yadda dutsen ya shiga hannun Birtaniya. Kanar Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner, wanda ya raka dutsen zuwa Birtaniya, ya yi iƙirarin daga baya cewa shi da kansa ya kwace shi daga Menou ya tafi da shi a cikin karusar bindiga .  Turner ya kawo dutsen zuwa Birtaniya a cikin jirgin ruwa ''na Egyptienne'', ya sauka a watan Fabrairun 1802. A ranar 11 ga Maris aka gabatar da shi ga Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta London . Daga baya aka kai shi [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya]], inda har yanzu yake. Rubuce-rubucen da aka zana da fari a kan kayan tarihi &quot; Sojojin Burtaniya sun kama shi a Masar a 1801&quot; a gefen hagu da kuma &quot;Sarki George na Uku ya gabatar&quot; a dama.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Sonderend</title>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1244088725|Sonderend River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Sonderend''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Riviersonenderend''' ([[Afrikaans|Africans]] for ''[[Kogi|River]] without an end''), babban rafin Kogin Breede ne, wanda ke lardin Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Ana kyautata zaton ƙauyen Riviersonenderend ya samo sunansa ne daga kogin.

== Suna ==
A shekara ta 1673, Willem ten Rhyne ya kira kogin da &quot;sine fine flumen&quot; ([[Harshen Latin|Latin]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;yana nufin &quot;kogi mara iyaka&quot;). A shekara ta 1707, Jan Hatogh, wani masanin aikin lambu na Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Dutch, ya kira kogin da &quot;Kantdydnn&quot;, wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga Hessequa &quot;Kamma-kan Kamma&quot;, kusan &quot;ruwa, ruwa mara iyaka&quot; ko &quot;kogi mara iyaka&quot;. Hessequa ƙabila ce ta makiyayan Khoi-khoi. &lt;ref name=&quot;r&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Riviersonderend !!! |url=http://www.riviersonderend.co.za/ |access-date=30 December 2015 |publisher=riviersonderend.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Intro (English) to the Resolutions of Cape of Good Hope / Place names of Khoi origin |url=http://www.tanap.net/content/activities/documents/resolutions_Cape_of_Good_Hope/introduction_english/38.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321224648/http://www.tanap.net/content/activities/documents/resolutions_Cape_of_Good_Hope/introduction_english/38.htm |archive-date=March 21, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Madatsun ruwa a Kogin ==

* [[Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof|Madatsar Ruwa ta Thewaterskoof]]

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
Sonderend RiverSonderend RiverSonderend RiverSonderend RiverSonderend RiverSonderend RiverSonderend River</text>
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      <id>843926</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T09:41:20Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
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'''Kogin Sonderend''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Riviersonenderend''' ([[Afrikaans|Africans]] for ''[[Kogi|River]] without an end''), babban rafin Kogin Breede ne, wanda ke lardin Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Ana kyautata zaton ƙauyen Riviersonenderend ya samo sunansa ne daga kogin.

== Suna ==
A shekara ta 1673, Willem ten Rhyne ya kira kogin da &quot;sine fine flumen&quot; ([[Harshen Latin|Latin]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;yana nufin &quot;kogi mara iyaka&quot;). A shekara ta 1707, Jan Hatogh, wani masanin aikin lambu na Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Dutch, ya kira kogin da &quot;Kantdydnn&quot;, wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga Hessequa &quot;Kamma-kan Kamma&quot;, kusan &quot;ruwa, ruwa mara iyaka&quot; ko &quot;kogi mara iyaka&quot;. Hessequa ƙabila ce ta makiyayan Khoi-khoi. &lt;ref name=&quot;r&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Riviersonderend !!! |url=http://www.riviersonderend.co.za/ |access-date=30 December 2015 |publisher=riviersonderend.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Intro (English) to the Resolutions of Cape of Good Hope / Place names of Khoi origin |url=http://www.tanap.net/content/activities/documents/resolutions_Cape_of_Good_Hope/introduction_english/38.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321224648/http://www.tanap.net/content/activities/documents/resolutions_Cape_of_Good_Hope/introduction_english/38.htm |archive-date=March 21, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Madatsun ruwa a Kogin ==

* [[Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof|Madatsar Ruwa ta Thewaterskoof]]

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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        <id>15878</id>
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'''Kogin Sonderend''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Riviersonenderend''' ([[Afrikaans|Africans]] for ''[[Kogi|River]] without an end''), babban rafin Kogin Breede ne, wanda ke lardin Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Ana kyautata zaton ƙauyen Riviersonenderend ya samo sunansa ne daga kogin.

== Suna ==
A shekara ta 1673, Willem ten Rhyne ya kira kogin da &quot;sine fine flumen&quot; ([[Harshen Latin|Latin]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;yana nufin &quot;kogi mara iyaka&quot;). A shekara ta 1707, Jan Hatogh, wani masanin aikin lambu na Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya na Dutch, ya kira kogin da &quot;Kantdydnn&quot;, wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga Hessequa &quot;Kamma-kan Kamma&quot;, kusan &quot;ruwa, ruwa mara iyaka&quot; ko &quot;kogi mara iyaka&quot;. Hessequa ƙabila ce ta makiyayan Khoi-khoi. &lt;ref name=&quot;r&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Riviersonderend !!! |url=http://www.riviersonderend.co.za/ |access-date=30 December 2015 |publisher=riviersonderend.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Intro (English) to the Resolutions of Cape of Good Hope / Place names of Khoi origin |url=http://www.tanap.net/content/activities/documents/resolutions_Cape_of_Good_Hope/introduction_english/38.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321224648/http://www.tanap.net/content/activities/documents/resolutions_Cape_of_Good_Hope/introduction_english/38.htm |archive-date=March 21, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Madatsun ruwa a Kogin ==

* [[Dam ɗin Theewaterskloof|Madatsar Ruwa ta Thewaterskoof]]

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Kogin Gishiri (Yammacin Cape)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304287541|Salt River (Western Cape)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Gishiri'''  kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana haɗuwa da [[Black River (Cape Town)|Kogin Baƙi]] wanda a da [[Kogin Elsieskraal]] ya haɗu da shi, da Kogin Liesbeeck. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State of Rivers Report: Greater Cape Town River 2005 |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater(resized).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082854/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater%28resized%29.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2013-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana kwarara zuwa Tebur Bay a bakin Kogin Salt. [[Ruwan ruwa|Matsuguninsa]] wani ɓangare ne na Yankin Gudanarwa na Tsakiya na Birnin Cape Town. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State of Rivers Report: Greater Cape Town River 2005 |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater(resized).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082854/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater%28resized%29.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2013-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1510 yankin ya kasance wurin Yaƙin Kogin Salt. A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu 1695, jiragen ruwa na VOC sun lalata ''Oosterland'' da ''Kallendijk'' a bakin kogin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 January 2024 |title=The Dutch East India Company's shipping between the Netherlands and Asia 1595-1795 |url=https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/das/detailVoyage/96324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109123340/https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/das/detailVoyage/96324 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=resources.huygens.knaw.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Kogin Salt, Cape Town, wani yanki na Cape Town
** Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Salt River, tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Metrorail a Salt River, Cape Town
* Yaƙin Kogin Gishiri
* Kogin Gishiri (Hanyar Lambu), wani kogi da ke maƙogwaro kusa da Kwarin Yanayi
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater(resized).pdf Rahoton Jihar Rivers: Babban Kogin Cape Town 2005] Archived</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Gishiri'''  kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana haɗuwa da [[Black River (Cape Town)|Kogin Baƙi]] wanda a da [[Kogin Elsieskraal]] ya haɗu da shi, da Kogin Liesbeeck. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State of Rivers Report: Greater Cape Town River 2005 |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater(resized).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082854/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater%28resized%29.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2013-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana kwarara zuwa Tebur Bay a bakin Kogin Salt. [[Ruwan ruwa|Matsuguninsa]] wani ɓangare ne na Yankin Gudanarwa na Tsakiya na Birnin Cape Town. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State of Rivers Report: Greater Cape Town River 2005 |url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater(resized).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082854/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater%28resized%29.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2013-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1510 yankin ya kasance wurin Yaƙin Kogin Salt. A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu 1695, jiragen ruwa na VOC sun lalata ''Oosterland'' da ''Kallendijk'' a bakin kogin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 January 2024 |title=The Dutch East India Company's shipping between the Netherlands and Asia 1595-1795 |url=https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/das/detailVoyage/96324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109123340/https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/das/detailVoyage/96324 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=resources.huygens.knaw.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Kogin Salt, Cape Town, wani yanki na Cape Town
** Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Salt River, tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Metrorail a Salt River, Cape Town
* Yaƙin Kogin Gishiri
* Kogin Gishiri (Hanyar Lambu), wani kogi da ke maƙogwaro kusa da Kwarin Yanayi
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanan ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/CSRM/Documents/State_of_rivers_report_greater(resized).pdf Rahoton Jihar Rivers: Babban Kogin Cape Town 2005] Archived</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304287507|Salt River (Nature's Valley)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Gishiri''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Southrivier''' of the Garden Route ya taso ne a tsaunukan Tsitsikamma tsakanin Knysna da [[Port Elizabeth]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], kuma yana shiga [[Tekun Indiya]] a yamma da Kwarin Yanayi.

== Bayani ==
Yawanci ƙaramin rafi ne mai laushi, sanin ruwa na kogin, wanda [[Ambaliyar ruwa|ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi]] za ta iya ratsawa ta cikin duwatsu bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Koguna a gefen wannan gaɓar teku suna fuskantar irin wannan ambaliyar, galibi suna da gajerun ramuka masu tsayi, amma manyan wuraren magudanar ruwa, suna kwarara ruwa zuwa cikin kunkuntar kwaruruka masu tsayi, tare da hauhawar matakan ruwa cikin sauri. Kloofers masu yawon buɗe ido suna cikin haɗarin shaƙa a irin waɗannan lokutan, irin wannan lamari na ƙarshe da ya faru a shekarar 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plett tourist drowns kloofing |url=http://www.knysnaplettherald.com/News/Article/General/plett-tourist-drowns-kloofing-20170711 |website=Knysna-Plett Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2000, Gidan Tarihi na Albany da ke Grahamstown ya fara bincike don tantance waɗanne ƙananan halittu masu rai ne ke zaune a Kogin Gishiri. Wannan binciken ya biyo bayan shawarar shigar da kifi a cikin kogin, wanda ba shi da nasa kifin ruwa. Wasu nau'ikan dabbobi masu rai guda 13 da ba a bayyana su ba waɗanda masu bincike suka tattara sun nuna cewa suna da matuƙar sha'awa, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen shirin shigar da kifi. Daga baya wannan adadin ya kai sabbin nau'ikan kifaye 33, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2016 |title=Researchers find 33 new animal species in Cape streams |url=https://www.ru.ac.za/facultyofscience/sciencenews/researchersfind33newanimalspeciesincapestreams-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001184750/https://www.ru.ac.za/facultyofscience/sciencenews/researchersfind33newanimalspeciesincapestreams-1.html |archive-date=2016-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; masana ilmin halittu Ferdy de Moor da Helen James daga Gidan Tarihi na Albany sun bayyana da yawa daga cikinsu.

An zaɓi kogunan Tsitsikamma goma sha ɗaya don yin nazari sosai kuma an gano suna ɗauke da nau'ikan kwari iri-iri na ruwa, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu nau'ikan halittu ne da ke rayuwa a yankuna daban-daban. &quot; ''Waɗannan tsaunukan fynbos da aka rufe da duwatsun yashi tare da kwarurukansu da yawa suna tantance yanayin kogunan waɗanda suke da sanyi, ruwa mai gudu da sauri, mai iskar oxygen tare da ƙarancin laka. Waɗannan kogunan suna da acidic kuma suna da launin ja-kasa-kasa, saboda kasancewar humic acid.'' &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tsitsikamma Rivers Project – quest to understand and conserve our rivers &amp;#124; The Van Plettenberg Historical Society |url=https://www.pletthistory.org/talks/tsitsikamma-rivers-project-quest-to-understand-and-conserve-our-rivers/ |website=www.pletthistory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙarin bincike sun nuna babbar barazanar da ke fuskantar dabbobin kogunan ita ce yawan zubar ruwa, raguwar kwararar ruwa wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a pH, eutrophication da yanayin zafi mara tabbas na ruwa. An ba da shawarar a ba da matsayin kiyayewa na musamman ga Kogin Gishiri kuma a cire kifayen baƙi a cikin madatsun ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marketing |first=Communications &amp; |date=July 21, 2010 |title=Albany Museum: Tsitsikamma River Research |url=http://albanymuseum.blogspot.com/2010/07/tsitsikamma-river-research.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519235222/http://albanymuseum.blogspot.com/2010/07/tsitsikamma-river-research.html |archive-date=May 19, 2018 |access-date=December 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
Salt River (Nature's Valley)Salt River (Nature's Valley)Salt River (Nature's Valley)Salt River (Nature's Valley)Salt River (Nature's Valley)Salt River (Nature's Valley)Salt River (Nature's Valley)Salt River (Nature's Valley)</text>
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'''Kogin Gishiri''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Southrivier''' of the Garden Route ya taso ne a tsaunukan Tsitsikamma tsakanin Knysna da [[Port Elizabeth]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], kuma yana shiga [[Tekun Indiya]] a yamma da Kwarin Yanayi.

== Bayani ==
Yawanci ƙaramin rafi ne mai laushi, sanin ruwa na kogin, wanda [[Ambaliyar ruwa|ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi]] za ta iya ratsawa ta cikin duwatsu bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Koguna a gefen wannan gaɓar teku suna fuskantar irin wannan ambaliyar, galibi suna da gajerun ramuka masu tsayi, amma manyan wuraren magudanar ruwa, suna kwarara ruwa zuwa cikin kunkuntar kwaruruka masu tsayi, tare da hauhawar matakan ruwa cikin sauri. Kloofers masu yawon buɗe ido suna cikin haɗarin shaƙa a irin waɗannan lokutan, irin wannan lamari na ƙarshe da ya faru a shekarar 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plett tourist drowns kloofing |url=http://www.knysnaplettherald.com/News/Article/General/plett-tourist-drowns-kloofing-20170711 |website=Knysna-Plett Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2000, Gidan Tarihi na Albany da ke Grahamstown ya fara bincike don tantance waɗanne ƙananan halittu masu rai ne ke zaune a Kogin Gishiri. Wannan binciken ya biyo bayan shawarar shigar da kifi a cikin kogin, wanda ba shi da nasa kifin ruwa. Wasu nau'ikan dabbobi masu rai guda 13 da ba a bayyana su ba waɗanda masu bincike suka tattara sun nuna cewa suna da matuƙar sha'awa, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen shirin shigar da kifi. Daga baya wannan adadin ya kai sabbin nau'ikan kifaye 33, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2016 |title=Researchers find 33 new animal species in Cape streams |url=https://www.ru.ac.za/facultyofscience/sciencenews/researchersfind33newanimalspeciesincapestreams-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001184750/https://www.ru.ac.za/facultyofscience/sciencenews/researchersfind33newanimalspeciesincapestreams-1.html |archive-date=2016-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; masana ilmin halittu Ferdy de Moor da Helen James daga Gidan Tarihi na Albany sun bayyana da yawa daga cikinsu.

An zaɓi kogunan Tsitsikamma goma sha ɗaya don yin nazari sosai kuma an gano suna ɗauke da nau'ikan kwari iri-iri na ruwa, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu nau'ikan halittu ne da ke rayuwa a yankuna daban-daban. &quot; ''Waɗannan tsaunukan fynbos da aka rufe da duwatsun yashi tare da kwarurukansu da yawa suna tantance yanayin kogunan waɗanda suke da sanyi, ruwa mai gudu da sauri, mai iskar oxygen tare da ƙarancin laka. Waɗannan kogunan suna da acidic kuma suna da launin ja-kasa-kasa, saboda kasancewar humic acid.'' &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tsitsikamma Rivers Project – quest to understand and conserve our rivers &amp;#124; The Van Plettenberg Historical Society |url=https://www.pletthistory.org/talks/tsitsikamma-rivers-project-quest-to-understand-and-conserve-our-rivers/ |website=www.pletthistory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙarin bincike sun nuna babbar barazanar da ke fuskantar dabbobin kogunan ita ce yawan zubar ruwa, raguwar kwararar ruwa wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a pH, eutrophication da yanayin zafi mara tabbas na ruwa. An ba da shawarar a ba da matsayin kiyayewa na musamman ga Kogin Gishiri kuma a cire kifayen baƙi a cikin madatsun ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marketing |first=Communications &amp; |date=July 21, 2010 |title=Albany Museum: Tsitsikamma River Research |url=http://albanymuseum.blogspot.com/2010/07/tsitsikamma-river-research.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519235222/http://albanymuseum.blogspot.com/2010/07/tsitsikamma-river-research.html |archive-date=May 19, 2018 |access-date=December 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Kogin Gishiri''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Southrivier''' of the Garden Route ya taso ne a tsaunukan Tsitsikamma tsakanin Knysna da [[Port Elizabeth]] a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], kuma yana shiga [[Tekun Indiya]] a yamma da Kwarin Yanayi.

== Bayani ==
Yawanci ƙaramin rafi ne mai laushi, sanin ruwa na kogin, wanda [[Ambaliyar ruwa|ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi]] za ta iya ratsawa ta cikin duwatsu bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Koguna a gefen wannan gaɓar teku suna fuskantar irin wannan ambaliyar, galibi suna da gajerun ramuka masu tsayi, amma manyan wuraren magudanar ruwa, suna kwarara ruwa zuwa cikin kunkuntar kwaruruka masu tsayi, tare da hauhawar matakan ruwa cikin sauri. Kloofers masu yawon buɗe ido suna cikin haɗarin shaƙa a irin waɗannan lokutan, irin wannan lamari na ƙarshe da ya faru a shekarar 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plett tourist drowns kloofing |url=http://www.knysnaplettherald.com/News/Article/General/plett-tourist-drowns-kloofing-20170711 |website=Knysna-Plett Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2000, Gidan Tarihi na Albany da ke Grahamstown ya fara bincike don tantance waɗanne ƙananan halittu masu rai ne ke zaune a Kogin Gishiri. Wannan binciken ya biyo bayan shawarar shigar da kifi a cikin kogin, wanda ba shi da nasa kifin ruwa. Wasu nau'ikan dabbobi masu rai guda 13 da ba a bayyana su ba waɗanda masu bincike suka tattara sun nuna cewa suna da matuƙar sha'awa, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen shirin shigar da kifi. Daga baya wannan adadin ya kai sabbin nau'ikan kifaye 33, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2016 |title=Researchers find 33 new animal species in Cape streams |url=https://www.ru.ac.za/facultyofscience/sciencenews/researchersfind33newanimalspeciesincapestreams-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001184750/https://www.ru.ac.za/facultyofscience/sciencenews/researchersfind33newanimalspeciesincapestreams-1.html |archive-date=2016-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; masana ilmin halittu Ferdy de Moor da Helen James daga Gidan Tarihi na Albany sun bayyana da yawa daga cikinsu.

An zaɓi kogunan Tsitsikamma goma sha ɗaya don yin nazari sosai kuma an gano suna ɗauke da nau'ikan kwari iri-iri na ruwa, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu nau'ikan halittu ne da ke rayuwa a yankuna daban-daban. &quot; ''Waɗannan tsaunukan fynbos da aka rufe da duwatsun yashi tare da kwarurukansu da yawa suna tantance yanayin kogunan waɗanda suke da sanyi, ruwa mai gudu da sauri, mai iskar oxygen tare da ƙarancin laka. Waɗannan kogunan suna da acidic kuma suna da launin ja-kasa-kasa, saboda kasancewar humic acid.'' &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tsitsikamma Rivers Project – quest to understand and conserve our rivers &amp;#124; The Van Plettenberg Historical Society |url=https://www.pletthistory.org/talks/tsitsikamma-rivers-project-quest-to-understand-and-conserve-our-rivers/ |website=www.pletthistory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙarin bincike sun nuna babbar barazanar da ke fuskantar dabbobin kogunan ita ce yawan zubar ruwa, raguwar kwararar ruwa wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a pH, eutrophication da yanayin zafi mara tabbas na ruwa. An ba da shawarar a ba da matsayin kiyayewa na musamman ga Kogin Gishiri kuma a cire kifayen baƙi a cikin madatsun ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marketing |first=Communications &amp; |date=July 21, 2010 |title=Albany Museum: Tsitsikamma River Research |url=http://albanymuseum.blogspot.com/2010/07/tsitsikamma-river-research.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519235222/http://albanymuseum.blogspot.com/2010/07/tsitsikamma-river-research.html |archive-date=May 19, 2018 |access-date=December 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Riet (Doring)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333636865|Riet River (Doring)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Riet'''  kogi ne a lardin Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana cikin tsarin Kogin Olifants/Doring. 

== Hanya ==
Ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Koue Bokkeveld a arewacin Ceres a mahaɗin [[Winkelhaak River|Kogin Winkelhaak]] da [[Houdenbeks River|Kogin Houdenbeks]], suna kwarara zuwa arewa. Bayan [[Kogin Groot (Yammacin Cape)|Kogin Groot]] ya haɗu da gefen hagu, Riet ya juya zuwa gabas. A ƙarƙashin wannan mahaɗin, Kogin Riet ya haɗu da [[Brandkraals River|Kogin Brandkraals]] a gefen dama da kuma [[Matjies River|Kogin Matjies]] a gefen hagu, bayan haka ya kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Doring]] a wani wuri da aka sani da De Mond. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Influence of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Temperature on the Distribution, Habitat, Use and Recruitment of Threatened Cyprinids in a Western Cape River, South Africa |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083759/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2012-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Halittu ==
Kifin Clanwilliam Yellowfish (''Labeobarbus capensis''), wani nau'in kifi da IUCN ta ware a matsayin mai rauni, har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin Doring da sauran kogunan da ke cikin kwarinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
Riet River (Doring)Riet River (Doring)Riet River (Doring)Riet River (Doring)Riet River (Doring)Riet River (Doring)
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/17/OlifantsDoornISPFeb05p8.pdf Olifants/Doorn WMA: Halayen Dabarun Cikin Gida]</text>
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'''Kogin Riet'''  kogi ne a lardin Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana cikin tsarin Kogin Olifants/Doring. 

== Hanya ==
Ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Koue Bokkeveld a arewacin Ceres a mahaɗin [[Winkelhaak River|Kogin Winkelhaak]] da [[Houdenbeks River|Kogin Houdenbeks]], suna kwarara zuwa arewa. Bayan [[Kogin Groot (Yammacin Cape)|Kogin Groot]] ya haɗu da gefen hagu, Riet ya juya zuwa gabas. A ƙarƙashin wannan mahaɗin, Kogin Riet ya haɗu da [[Brandkraals River|Kogin Brandkraals]] a gefen dama da kuma [[Matjies River|Kogin Matjies]] a gefen hagu, bayan haka ya kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Doring]] a wani wuri da aka sani da De Mond. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Influence of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Temperature on the Distribution, Habitat, Use and Recruitment of Threatened Cyprinids in a Western Cape River, South Africa |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083759/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2012-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Halittu ==
Kifin Clanwilliam Yellowfish (''Labeobarbus capensis''), wani nau'in kifi da IUCN ta ware a matsayin mai rauni, har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin Doring da sauran kogunan da ke cikin kwarinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/17/OlifantsDoornISPFeb05p8.pdf Olifants/Doorn WMA: Halayen Dabarun Cikin Gida]</text>
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'''Kogin Riet'''  kogi ne a lardin Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana cikin tsarin Kogin Olifants/Doring.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA17OlifantsDoorn.jpg Olifants/Doorn WMA 17]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Hanya ==
Ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Koue Bokkeveld a arewacin Ceres a mahaɗin [[Winkelhaak River|Kogin Winkelhaak]] da [[Houdenbeks River|Kogin Houdenbeks]], suna kwarara zuwa arewa. Bayan [[Kogin Groot (Yammacin Cape)|Kogin Groot]] ya haɗu da gefen hagu, Riet ya juya zuwa gabas. A ƙarƙashin wannan mahaɗin, Kogin Riet ya haɗu da [[Brandkraals River|Kogin Brandkraals]] a gefen dama da kuma [[Matjies River|Kogin Matjies]] a gefen hagu, bayan haka ya kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Doring]] a wani wuri da aka sani da De Mond. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Influence of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Temperature on the Distribution, Habitat, Use and Recruitment of Threatened Cyprinids in a Western Cape River, South Africa |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083759/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2012-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Halittu ==
Kifin Clanwilliam Yellowfish (''Labeobarbus capensis''), wani nau'in kifi da IUCN ta ware a matsayin mai rauni, har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin Doring da sauran kogunan da ke cikin kwarinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/17/OlifantsDoornISPFeb05p8.pdf Olifants/Doorn WMA: Halayen Dabarun Cikin Gida]</text>
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'''Kogin Riet'''  kogi ne a lardin Western Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Yana cikin tsarin Kogin Olifants/Doring.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA17OlifantsDoorn.jpg Olifants/Doorn WMA 17]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Hanya ==
Ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Koue Bokkeveld a arewacin Ceres a mahaɗin [[Winkelhaak River|Kogin Winkelhaak]] da [[Houdenbeks River|Kogin Houdenbeks]], suna kwarara zuwa arewa. Bayan [[Kogin Groot (Yammacin Cape)|Kogin Groot]] ya haɗu da gefen hagu, Riet ya juya zuwa gabas. A ƙarƙashin wannan mahaɗin, Kogin Riet ya haɗu da [[Brandkraals River|Kogin Brandkraals]] a gefen dama da kuma [[Matjies River|Kogin Matjies]] a gefen hagu, bayan haka ya kwarara zuwa [[Kogin Doring]] a wani wuri da aka sani da De Mond. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Influence of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Temperature on the Distribution, Habitat, Use and Recruitment of Threatened Cyprinids in a Western Cape River, South Africa |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083759/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2012-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Halittu ==
Kifin Clanwilliam Yellowfish (''Labeobarbus capensis''), wani nau'in kifi da IUCN ta ware a matsayin mai rauni, har yanzu ana samunsa a cikin Doring da sauran kogunan da ke cikin kwarinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2012-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/17/OlifantsDoornISPFeb05p8.pdf Olifants/Doorn WMA: Halayen Dabarun Cikin Gida]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Palmiet</title>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302933924|Palmiet River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Palmiet River'''  kogi ne da ke lardin Western Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin Palmiet kogin Western Cape ne na yau da kullum, yana fuskantar ruwan sama na hunturu kuma yana da mahimmanci ga [[Tsarin samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape|Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape]]. Yana da ƙaramin yanki na magudanar ruwa na kilomita 500, yana ratsawa ta faɗin Elgin Valley, kuma yana isa teku ta cikin wani bakin teku. 

Wannan kogin yana da madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke amfani da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a tsawonsa, kuma yana samar da ruwa ga amfanin gona da masana'antu, da kuma birnin Cape Town.  Ba a san dalilin da ya sa aka samu ƙaruwar kwararar ruwa a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ba.

An sanya wa wannan kogin suna ne bayan shukar da aka sani da Palmiet ''(Prionium serratum)'' kuma bai kamata a haɗa shi da Kogin Palmiet kusa da [[Durban]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Palmiet Nature Reserve Flooding |url=http://www.palmiet.za.net/flooding.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724141321/http://www.palmiet.za.net/flooding.htm |archive-date=2011-07-24 |access-date=2012-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko Kogin Palmiet wanda ke mahaɗar [[Kogin Keurbooms]] ba.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Multiple image/styles.css&quot; wrapper=&quot;.tmulti&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

== Madatsun ruwa a cikin wannan Kogin ==

* Tafkin Applethwaite
* [[Arieskraal Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Arieskraal]]
* Madatsar Ruwa ta Eikenhof
* Madatsar Ruwa ta Kogelberg
* Dam na Nuweberg
* [[Transpalmiet Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Transpalmiet]]

== Duba kuma ==

* Elgin, Western Cape
* [[Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Breede]]
* Jerin magudanar ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Tsarin Ajiya na Palmiet

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/westerncape/walk-the-palmiet-river-trail/ Tafiya Titin Kogin Palmiet (Kleinmond)]
* [http://www.gone-fishing.co.za/tag/kleinmond-palmiet-river/ 'Kleinmond. Kogin Palmiet'] Archived</text>
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      <id>843938</id>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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'''Palmiet River'''  kogi ne da ke lardin Western Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin Palmiet kogin Western Cape ne na yau da kullum, yana fuskantar ruwan sama na hunturu kuma yana da mahimmanci ga [[Tsarin samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape|Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape]]. Yana da ƙaramin yanki na magudanar ruwa na kilomita 500, yana ratsawa ta faɗin Elgin Valley, kuma yana isa teku ta cikin wani bakin teku.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.overstrandestuaries.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6&amp;Itemid=7 Palmiet River Estuary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326105205/http://www.overstrandestuaries.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6&amp;Itemid=7 |date=2011-03-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Wannan kogin yana da madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke amfani da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a tsawonsa, kuma yana samar da ruwa ga amfanin gona da masana'antu, da kuma birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20120801121350/http://www.capeaction.org.za/index.php?C=manage&amp;P=2 Palmiet river system]&lt;/ref&gt;  Ba a san dalilin da ya sa aka samu ƙaruwar kwararar ruwa a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ba.

An sanya wa wannan kogin suna ne bayan shukar da aka sani da Palmiet ''(Prionium serratum)'' kuma bai kamata a haɗa shi da Kogin Palmiet kusa da [[Durban]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Palmiet Nature Reserve Flooding |url=http://www.palmiet.za.net/flooding.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724141321/http://www.palmiet.za.net/flooding.htm |archive-date=2011-07-24 |access-date=2012-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko Kogin Palmiet wanda ke mahaɗar [[Kogin Keurbooms]] ba.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Multiple image/styles.css&quot; wrapper=&quot;.tmulti&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

== Madatsun ruwa a cikin wannan Kogin ==

* Tafkin Applethwaite
* [[Arieskraal Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Arieskraal]]
* Madatsar Ruwa ta Eikenhof
* Madatsar Ruwa ta Kogelberg
* Dam na Nuweberg
* [[Transpalmiet Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Transpalmiet]]

== Duba kuma ==

* Elgin, Western Cape
* [[Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Breede]]
* Jerin magudanar ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Tsarin Ajiya na Palmiet

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/westerncape/walk-the-palmiet-river-trail/ Tafiya Titin Kogin Palmiet (Kleinmond)]
* [http://www.gone-fishing.co.za/tag/kleinmond-palmiet-river/ 'Kleinmond. Kogin Palmiet'] Archived</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Palmiet River'''  kogi ne da ke lardin Western Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kogin Palmiet kogin Western Cape ne na yau da kullum, yana fuskantar ruwan sama na hunturu kuma yana da mahimmanci ga [[Tsarin samar da Ruwa na Yammacin Cape|Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Western Cape]]. Yana da ƙaramin yanki na magudanar ruwa na kilomita 500, yana ratsawa ta faɗin Elgin Valley, kuma yana isa teku ta cikin wani bakin teku.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.overstrandestuaries.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6&amp;Itemid=7 Palmiet River Estuary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326105205/http://www.overstrandestuaries.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=6&amp;Itemid=7 |date=2011-03-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Wannan kogin yana da madatsun ruwa guda shida da ke amfani da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a tsawonsa, kuma yana samar da ruwa ga amfanin gona da masana'antu, da kuma birnin Cape Town.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20120801121350/http://www.capeaction.org.za/index.php?C=manage&amp;P=2 Palmiet river system]&lt;/ref&gt;  Ba a san dalilin da ya sa aka samu ƙaruwar kwararar ruwa a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ba.

An sanya wa wannan kogin suna ne bayan shukar da aka sani da Palmiet ''(Prionium serratum)'' kuma bai kamata a haɗa shi da Kogin Palmiet kusa da [[Durban]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Palmiet Nature Reserve Flooding |url=http://www.palmiet.za.net/flooding.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724141321/http://www.palmiet.za.net/flooding.htm |archive-date=2011-07-24 |access-date=2012-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko Kogin Palmiet wanda ke mahaɗar [[Kogin Keurbooms]] ba.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Multiple image/styles.css&quot; wrapper=&quot;.tmulti&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

== Madatsun ruwa a cikin wannan Kogin ==

* Tafkin Applethwaite
* [[Arieskraal Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Arieskraal]]
* Madatsar Ruwa ta Eikenhof
* Madatsar Ruwa ta Kogelberg
* Dam na Nuweberg
* [[Transpalmiet Dam|Madatsar Ruwa ta Transpalmiet]]

== Duba kuma ==

* Elgin, Western Cape
* [[Yankin Gudanar da Ruwa na Breede]]
* Jerin magudanar ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Tsarin Ajiya na Palmiet

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [http://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/westerncape/walk-the-palmiet-river-trail/ Tafiya Titin Kogin Palmiet (Kleinmond)]
* [http://www.gone-fishing.co.za/tag/kleinmond-palmiet-river/ 'Kleinmond. Kogin Palmiet'] Archived</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Olifants (Kudancin Cape)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346312065|Olifants River (Southern Cape)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Olifants'''  kogi ne a yankin Klein Karoo da ke Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].

== Kwarara ==
Ya samo asali ne daga Kogin Traka da Kalkwal a arewacin Swartberg, inda ya zama Kogin Olifants bayan ya ratsa ta cikin Toorwaterpoort, yana kwarara zuwa yamma ta cikin Oudtshoorn sannan ya haɗu da [[Kogin Gamka]] don samar da [[Kogin Gourits]], sannan ya nufi kudu zuwa bakinsa a Gouritsmond a gabar tekun kudu na Yammacin Cape. 

Madatsun ruwa na arewacin Kogin Olifants suna tashi a cikin Babban Karoo a arewacin Dutsen Swartberg, yayin da Kogin Olifants da kansa ke tashi zuwa gabas kuma yana gudana zuwa yamma tsakanin tsaunukan Swartberg da [[Kammanassie]] zuwa gaurayawan [[Kogin Gamka]]. Ganuwar kudu na tsaunukan Swartberg ana zubar da su ta hanyar [[Kogin Groot (Yammacin Cape)|kogin Groot]], [[Kango River|Kogin Kango]], [[Grobbelaars River|Kogin Grobbelaars]], [[Wynands River|Kogin Wynands]], [[Kansa River|Kogin Kansa]] da [[Vlei River|Kogin Vlei]], waɗanda ke kwarara zuwa Kogin Olifants. [[Kammanassie River|Kogin Kammanassie]] yana tashi a cikin tsaunukan Outeniqua da Kammanassie kusa da Uniondale kuma yana haɗuwa da Kogin Olifants sama da Oudtshoorn.

== Madatsun ruwa a Kogin Olifants ==

* [[Dam ɗin Stompdrift|Madatsar Ruwa ta Stompdrift]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|55300000|m3}}),
* Madatsar ruwan Kammanassie (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|35800000|m3}}),
* [[Koos Raubenheimer]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|9200000|m3}}),
* [[Melville Dam|Dam ɗin Melville]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|400000|m3}}).

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
Olifants River (Southern Cape)Olifants River (Southern Cape)Olifants River (Southern Cape)Olifants River (Southern Cape)</text>
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'''Kogin Olifants'''  kogi ne a yankin Klein Karoo da ke Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].

== Kwarara ==
Ya samo asali ne daga Kogin Traka da Kalkwal a arewacin Swartberg, inda ya zama Kogin Olifants bayan ya ratsa ta cikin Toorwaterpoort, yana kwarara zuwa yamma ta cikin Oudtshoorn sannan ya haɗu da [[Kogin Gamka]] don samar da [[Kogin Gourits]], sannan ya nufi kudu zuwa bakinsa a Gouritsmond a gabar tekun kudu na Yammacin Cape. 

Madatsun ruwa na arewacin Kogin Olifants suna tashi a cikin Babban Karoo a arewacin Dutsen Swartberg, yayin da Kogin Olifants da kansa ke tashi zuwa gabas kuma yana gudana zuwa yamma tsakanin tsaunukan Swartberg da [[Kammanassie]] zuwa gaurayawan [[Kogin Gamka]]. Ganuwar kudu na tsaunukan Swartberg ana zubar da su ta hanyar [[Kogin Groot (Yammacin Cape)|kogin Groot]], [[Kango River|Kogin Kango]], [[Grobbelaars River|Kogin Grobbelaars]], [[Wynands River|Kogin Wynands]], [[Kansa River|Kogin Kansa]] da [[Vlei River|Kogin Vlei]], waɗanda ke kwarara zuwa Kogin Olifants. [[Kammanassie River|Kogin Kammanassie]] yana tashi a cikin tsaunukan Outeniqua da Kammanassie kusa da Uniondale kuma yana haɗuwa da Kogin Olifants sama da Oudtshoorn.

== Madatsun ruwa a Kogin Olifants ==

* [[Dam ɗin Stompdrift|Madatsar Ruwa ta Stompdrift]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|55300000|m3}}),
* Madatsar ruwan Kammanassie (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|35800000|m3}}),
* [[Koos Raubenheimer]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|9200000|m3}}),
* [[Melville Dam|Dam ɗin Melville]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|400000|m3}}).

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Olifants'''  kogi ne a yankin Klein Karoo da ke Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].

== Kwarara ==
Ya samo asali ne daga Kogin Traka da Kalkwal a arewacin Swartberg, inda ya zama Kogin Olifants bayan ya ratsa ta cikin Toorwaterpoort, yana kwarara zuwa yamma ta cikin Oudtshoorn sannan ya haɗu da [[Kogin Gamka]] don samar da [[Kogin Gourits]], sannan ya nufi kudu zuwa bakinsa a Gouritsmond a gabar tekun kudu na Yammacin Cape. 

Madatsun ruwa na arewacin Kogin Olifants suna tashi a cikin Babban Karoo a arewacin Dutsen Swartberg, yayin da Kogin Olifants da kansa ke tashi zuwa gabas kuma yana gudana zuwa yamma tsakanin tsaunukan Swartberg da [[Kammanassie]] zuwa gaurayawan [[Kogin Gamka]]. Ganuwar kudu na tsaunukan Swartberg ana zubar da su ta hanyar [[Kogin Groot (Yammacin Cape)|kogin Groot]], [[Kango River|Kogin Kango]], [[Grobbelaars River|Kogin Grobbelaars]], [[Wynands River|Kogin Wynands]], [[Kansa River|Kogin Kansa]] da [[Vlei River|Kogin Vlei]], waɗanda ke kwarara zuwa Kogin Olifants. [[Kammanassie River|Kogin Kammanassie]] yana tashi a cikin tsaunukan Outeniqua da Kammanassie kusa da Uniondale kuma yana haɗuwa da Kogin Olifants sama da Oudtshoorn.

== Madatsun ruwa a Kogin Olifants ==

* [[Dam ɗin Stompdrift|Madatsar Ruwa ta Stompdrift]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|55300000|m3}}),
* Madatsar ruwan Kammanassie (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|35800000|m3}}),
* [[Koos Raubenheimer]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|9200000|m3}}),
* [[Melville Dam|Dam ɗin Melville]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|400000|m3}}).

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843943</id>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Olifants'''  kogi ne a yankin Klein Karoo da ke Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kwarara ==
Ya samo asali ne daga Kogin Traka da Kalkwal a arewacin Swartberg, inda ya zama Kogin Olifants bayan ya ratsa ta cikin Toorwaterpoort, yana kwarara zuwa yamma ta cikin Oudtshoorn sannan ya haɗu da [[Kogin Gamka]] don samar da [[Kogin Gourits]], sannan ya nufi kudu zuwa bakinsa a Gouritsmond a gabar tekun kudu na Yammacin Cape.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Madatsun ruwa na arewacin Kogin Olifants suna tashi a cikin Babban Karoo a arewacin Dutsen Swartberg, yayin da Kogin Olifants da kansa ke tashi zuwa gabas kuma yana gudana zuwa yamma tsakanin tsaunukan Swartberg da [[Kammanassie]] zuwa gaurayawan [[Kogin Gamka]]. Ganuwar kudu na tsaunukan Swartberg ana zubar da su ta hanyar [[Kogin Groot (Yammacin Cape)|kogin Groot]], [[Kango River|Kogin Kango]], [[Grobbelaars River|Kogin Grobbelaars]], [[Wynands River|Kogin Wynands]], [[Kansa River|Kogin Kansa]] da [[Vlei River|Kogin Vlei]], waɗanda ke kwarara zuwa Kogin Olifants. [[Kammanassie River|Kogin Kammanassie]] yana tashi a cikin tsaunukan Outeniqua da Kammanassie kusa da Uniondale kuma yana haɗuwa da Kogin Olifants sama da Oudtshoorn.

== Madatsun ruwa a Kogin Olifants ==

* [[Dam ɗin Stompdrift|Madatsar Ruwa ta Stompdrift]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|55300000|m3}}),
* Madatsar ruwan Kammanassie (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|35800000|m3}}),
* [[Koos Raubenheimer]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|9200000|m3}}),
* [[Melville Dam|Dam ɗin Melville]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|400000|m3}}).

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <id>843944</id>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Olifants'''  kogi ne a yankin Klein Karoo da ke Yammacin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kwarara ==
Ya samo asali ne daga Kogin Traka da Kalkwal a arewacin Swartberg, inda ya zama Kogin Olifants bayan ya ratsa ta cikin Toorwaterpoort, yana kwarara zuwa yamma ta cikin Oudtshoorn sannan ya haɗu da [[Kogin Gamka]] don samar da [[Kogin Gourits]], sannan ya nufi kudu zuwa bakinsa a Gouritsmond a gabar tekun kudu na Yammacin Cape.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Madatsun ruwa na arewacin Kogin Olifants suna tashi a cikin Babban Karoo a arewacin Dutsen Swartberg, yayin da Kogin Olifants da kansa ke tashi zuwa gabas kuma yana gudana zuwa yamma tsakanin tsaunukan Swartberg da [[Kammanassie]] zuwa gaurayawan [[Kogin Gamka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; Ganuwar kudu na tsaunukan Swartberg ana zubar da su ta hanyar [[Kogin Groot (Yammacin Cape)|kogin Groot]], [[Kango River|Kogin Kango]], [[Grobbelaars River|Kogin Grobbelaars]], [[Wynands River|Kogin Wynands]], [[Kansa River|Kogin Kansa]] da [[Vlei River|Kogin Vlei]], waɗanda ke kwarara zuwa Kogin Olifants.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kammanassie River|Kogin Kammanassie]] yana tashi a cikin tsaunukan Outeniqua da Kammanassie kusa da Uniondale kuma yana haɗuwa da Kogin Olifants sama da Oudtshoorn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Madatsun ruwa a Kogin Olifants ==

* [[Dam ɗin Stompdrift|Madatsar Ruwa ta Stompdrift]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|55300000|m3}}),
* Madatsar ruwan Kammanassie (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|35800000|m3}}),
* [[Koos Raubenheimer]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|9200000|m3}}),
* [[Melville Dam|Dam ɗin Melville]] (mai ƙarfin {{Convert|400000|m3}}).

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Klein</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336492216|Klein River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Klein''' kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Bakin kogin yana Hermanus. Rafukan ruwansa sun haɗa da [[Karringmelk River|Kogin Karringmelk]]. Yana faɗawa cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa na G. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Cape Overberg, South Africa - The Klein River |url=http://www.overberg.co.za/content/view/206/28/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.overberg.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Klein_River_Cheese_Gruberg.jpg|none|thumb|Cukuwar Klein River]]

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanar ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843946</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T10:54:28Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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      <text bytes="711" sha1="lx2qgrqk0up957rrstlmcv8hjeat0so" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Klein''' kogi ne a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Bakin kogin yana Hermanus. Rafukan ruwansa sun haɗa da [[Karringmelk River|Kogin Karringmelk]]. Yana faɗawa cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa na G. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Cape Overberg, South Africa - The Klein River |url=http://www.overberg.co.za/content/view/206/28/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.overberg.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Klein_River_Cheese_Gruberg.jpg|none|thumb|Cukuwar Klein River]]

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]
* Jerin magudanar ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu
* [[Jerin Wuraren Gudanarwa na Ruwa|Yankunan Gudanar da Ruwa]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mika Abdalla</title>
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        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356990864|Mika Abdalla]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani Mikayla Sofia Abdalla''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2000) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Ta sami shahara saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin McKeyla McAlister a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Netflix Project Mc2 (2015-2017). Abdalla tun daga lokacin ya bayyana a cikin ayyuka daban-daban, gami da Sex Appeal (2022) da Snack Shack (2024).

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Mika Abdalla a Plano, Texas &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=West |first=Ella |title=Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood. |url=https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Rollacoaster.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2000.  Tana da asalin Bulgarian, Lebanese, Girkanci, Italiyanci, da Jamusanci.

Abubuwan da Abdalla ya fi so sun haɗa da rawa da ayyukan dawakai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=West |first=Ella |title=Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood. |url=https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Rollacoaster.tv}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWest&quot;&gt;West, Ella. [https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla &quot;Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood&quot;]. ''Rollacoaster.tv''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla Archived] from the original on 2025-05-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-05-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar sakandare shekara guda a farkon 2017, ta shiga Jami'ar California, Los Angeles kuma ta kammala karatu tare da digiri a fim da falsafar.

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyuka na farko ===
Ayyukan farko na Abdalla sun haɗa da bayyanar a fim din An American Girl: Saige Paints the Sky, inda ta buga Dylan Patterson . Ta kuma fito a fina-finai kamar The Fandango Sisters (2012), Departure (2012), da Summer's Shadow (2014).

=== Ci gaba da matsayi na gaba ===
A cikin 2015, an jefa Abdalla a matsayin Mckeyla McAlister a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Netflix na asali Project Mc2, wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi niyyar inganta ilimin STEM tsakanin 'yan mata. Jerin ya gudana na tsawon shekaru shida, ya ƙare a cikin 2017.

A cikin 2022, Abdalla ta fito a matsayin Avery Hansen-White a cikin fim din Hulu na asali Sex Appeal, wasan kwaikwayo na matasa da ke bincika jigogi na jima'i da gano kai.

A cikin 2024, Abdalla ya bayyana a matsayin Brooke a cikin fim din Snack Shack, wanda Adam Rehmeier ya jagoranta. An shirya fim din ne a Birnin Nebraska a cikin 1991 kuma ya bi abokai biyu mafi kyau da ke tafiya a lokacin balaga. Abdalla ta bayyana halinta a matsayin &quot;mafi kama&quot; da kanta wanda ta nuna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Munck |first=Victoria |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Q&amp;A: Unpacking the Nebraska nostalgia of 'Snack Shack' with Mika Abdalla, Conor Sherry |url=https://dailybruin.com/2024/03/13/qa-unpacking-the-nebraska-nostalgia-of-snack-shack-with-mika-abdalla-conor-sherry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717001927/https://dailybruin.com/2024/03/13/qa-unpacking-the-nebraska-nostalgia-of-snack-shack-with-mika-abdalla-conor-sherry |archive-date=July 17, 2025 |access-date= |website=Daily Bruin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Michael |date=April 24, 2024 |title=Star On The Rise Actress Mika Abdalla discusses latest project Snack Shack! |url=https://perceptionmag.com/star-on-the-rise-actress-mika-abdalla-discusses-latest-project-snack-shack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123615/https://perceptionmag.com/star-on-the-rise-actress-mika-abdalla-discusses-latest-project-snack-shack/ |archive-date=May 28, 2025 |access-date=May 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2025, ta nuna Jenna a cikin The ''Pitt'', jerin shirye-shiryen HBO Max . An jefa ta a matsayin Sierra Carson a cikin Suits LA, wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a Suits . Bugu da ƙari, ta nuna Allie Hayes a Off Campus, jerin bidiyo na Amazon Prime wanda ya danganci jerin litattafan Elle Kennedy.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
A cikin 2025, Abdalla ta yi alkawarin aure ga saurayinta na dogon lokaci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jake Short . Su biyu sun hadu a kan saitin wasan kwaikwayo na Hulu Sex Appeal . 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Fim ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|reference(s)}}
|-
|2012
|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan uwa mata na Fandango''
|Lil' Jackie
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Tafiya''
|Evelyn
|Wani ɗan gajeren fim
|
|-
|2013
|''Yarinyar Amurka: Saige Ya zana Sama''
|Dylan Patterson
|
|
|-
|2014
|''Inuwa ta bazara''
|
|
|
|-
|2022
|''Daukaka Kara Jima'i''
|Avery Hansen-White
|
|
|-
|2024
|''Abincin cin abinci''
|Brooke
|
|
|}

=== Talabiji ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|reference(s)}}
|-
|2008
|''Barney &amp;amp;amp; Abokai''
|Jill
|
|
|-
|2010
|''Farin Ciki don Ci gaba''
|
|
|
|-
|2015–2017
|''Shirin Mc2''
|McKeyla McAlister
|Babban rawar da take takawa
|
|-
|2020
|''S.W.A.T.''
|Zoey
|
|
|-
|2022
|''{{Sortname|The|Flash}}''
|Tinya Wazzo
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shaunette |first=Morgan |date=December 12, 2021 |title=The Flash Is Bringing a Legion of Super-Heroes Mainstay to the Arrowverse |url=https://www.cbr.com/the-flash-phantom-girl-arrowverse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212175137/https://www.cbr.com/the-flash-phantom-girl-arrowverse/ |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |access-date=September 17, 2025 |website=[[Comic Book Resources|CBR]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=West |first=Ella |title=Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood. |url=https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Rollacoaster.tv}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWest&quot;&gt;West, Ella. [https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla &quot;Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood&quot;]. ''Rollacoaster.tv''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla Archived] from the original on 2025-05-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-05-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2025
|''Pitt''
|Jenna
|
|
|-
|''Suits LA''
|Sierra Carson
|
|
|-
|2026-ya zuwa yanzu
|''A waje da harabar''
|Allie Hayes
|Babban rawar da take takawa
|
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>pij59yp83n1nq11a3449hmvqs54rwgp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843948</id>
      <parentid>843947</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:05:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843948</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6390" sha1="5rpv4b40auytbvrn7axlec05drrfe9v" xml:space="preserve">
'''Mikayla Sofia Abdalla''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2000) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Ta sami shahara saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin McKeyla McAlister a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Netflix Project Mc2 (2015-2017). Abdalla tun daga lokacin ya bayyana a cikin ayyuka daban-daban, gami da Sex Appeal (2022) da Snack Shack (2024).

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Mika Abdalla a Plano, Texas &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=West |first=Ella |title=Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood. |url=https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Rollacoaster.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2000.  Tana da asalin Bulgarian, Lebanese, Girkanci, Italiyanci, da Jamusanci.

Abubuwan da Abdalla ya fi so sun haɗa da rawa da ayyukan dawakai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=West |first=Ella |title=Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood. |url=https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Rollacoaster.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar sakandare shekara guda a farkon 2017, ta shiga Jami'ar California, Los Angeles kuma ta kammala karatu tare da digiri a fim da falsafar.

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyuka na farko ===
Ayyukan farko na Abdalla sun haɗa da bayyanar a fim din An American Girl: Saige Paints the Sky, inda ta buga Dylan Patterson . Ta kuma fito a fina-finai kamar The Fandango Sisters (2012), Departure (2012), da Summer's Shadow (2014).

=== Ci gaba da matsayi na gaba ===
A cikin 2015, an jefa Abdalla a matsayin Mckeyla McAlister a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Netflix na asali Project Mc2, wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi niyyar inganta ilimin STEM tsakanin 'yan mata. Jerin ya gudana na tsawon shekaru shida, ya ƙare a cikin 2017.

A cikin 2022, Abdalla ta fito a matsayin Avery Hansen-White a cikin fim din Hulu na asali Sex Appeal, wasan kwaikwayo na matasa da ke bincika jigogi na jima'i da gano kai.

A cikin 2024, Abdalla ya bayyana a matsayin Brooke a cikin fim din Snack Shack, wanda Adam Rehmeier ya jagoranta. An shirya fim din ne a Birnin Nebraska a cikin 1991 kuma ya bi abokai biyu mafi kyau da ke tafiya a lokacin balaga. Abdalla ta bayyana halinta a matsayin &quot;mafi kama&quot; da kanta wanda ta nuna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Munck |first=Victoria |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Q&amp;A: Unpacking the Nebraska nostalgia of 'Snack Shack' with Mika Abdalla, Conor Sherry |url=https://dailybruin.com/2024/03/13/qa-unpacking-the-nebraska-nostalgia-of-snack-shack-with-mika-abdalla-conor-sherry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717001927/https://dailybruin.com/2024/03/13/qa-unpacking-the-nebraska-nostalgia-of-snack-shack-with-mika-abdalla-conor-sherry |archive-date=July 17, 2025 |access-date= |website=Daily Bruin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Michael |date=April 24, 2024 |title=Star On The Rise Actress Mika Abdalla discusses latest project Snack Shack! |url=https://perceptionmag.com/star-on-the-rise-actress-mika-abdalla-discusses-latest-project-snack-shack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123615/https://perceptionmag.com/star-on-the-rise-actress-mika-abdalla-discusses-latest-project-snack-shack/ |archive-date=May 28, 2025 |access-date=May 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2025, ta nuna Jenna a cikin The ''Pitt'', jerin shirye-shiryen HBO Max . An jefa ta a matsayin Sierra Carson a cikin Suits LA, wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a Suits . Bugu da ƙari, ta nuna Allie Hayes a Off Campus, jerin bidiyo na Amazon Prime wanda ya danganci jerin litattafan Elle Kennedy.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
A cikin 2025, Abdalla ta yi alkawarin aure ga saurayinta na dogon lokaci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jake Short . Su biyu sun hadu a kan saitin wasan kwaikwayo na Hulu Sex Appeal . 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Fim ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|reference(s)}}
|-
|2012
|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan uwa mata na Fandango''
|Lil' Jackie
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Tafiya''
|Evelyn
|Wani ɗan gajeren fim
|
|-
|2013
|''Yarinyar Amurka: Saige Ya zana Sama''
|Dylan Patterson
|
|
|-
|2014
|''Inuwa ta bazara''
|
|
|
|-
|2022
|''Daukaka Kara Jima'i''
|Avery Hansen-White
|
|
|-
|2024
|''Abincin cin abinci''
|Brooke
|
|
|}

=== Talabiji ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|reference(s)}}
|-
|2008
|''Barney &amp;amp;amp; Abokai''
|Jill
|
|
|-
|2010
|''Farin Ciki don Ci gaba''
|
|
|
|-
|2015–2017
|''Shirin Mc2''
|McKeyla McAlister
|Babban rawar da take takawa
|
|-
|2020
|''S.W.A.T.''
|Zoey
|
|
|-
|2022
|''{{Sortname|The|Flash}}''
|Tinya Wazzo
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shaunette |first=Morgan |date=December 12, 2021 |title=The Flash Is Bringing a Legion of Super-Heroes Mainstay to the Arrowverse |url=https://www.cbr.com/the-flash-phantom-girl-arrowverse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212175137/https://www.cbr.com/the-flash-phantom-girl-arrowverse/ |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |access-date=September 17, 2025 |website=[[Comic Book Resources|CBR]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=West |first=Ella |title=Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood. |url=https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Rollacoaster.tv}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWest&quot;&gt;West, Ella. [https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla &quot;Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood&quot;]. ''Rollacoaster.tv''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla Archived] from the original on 2025-05-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-05-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2025
|''Pitt''
|Jenna
|
|
|-
|''Suits LA''
|Sierra Carson
|
|
|-
|2026-ya zuwa yanzu
|''A waje da harabar''
|Allie Hayes
|Babban rawar da take takawa
|
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>5rpv4b40auytbvrn7axlec05drrfe9v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843949</id>
      <parentid>843948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:07:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Talabiji */</comment>
      <origin>843949</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5962" sha1="fz3yfj3sfe2xfcfofyge430pl84uvym" xml:space="preserve">
'''Mikayla Sofia Abdalla''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2000) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Ta sami shahara saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin McKeyla McAlister a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Netflix Project Mc2 (2015-2017). Abdalla tun daga lokacin ya bayyana a cikin ayyuka daban-daban, gami da Sex Appeal (2022) da Snack Shack (2024).

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Mika Abdalla a Plano, Texas &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=West |first=Ella |title=Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood. |url=https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Rollacoaster.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2000.  Tana da asalin Bulgarian, Lebanese, Girkanci, Italiyanci, da Jamusanci.

Abubuwan da Abdalla ya fi so sun haɗa da rawa da ayyukan dawakai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=West |first=Ella |title=Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood. |url=https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Rollacoaster.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar sakandare shekara guda a farkon 2017, ta shiga Jami'ar California, Los Angeles kuma ta kammala karatu tare da digiri a fim da falsafar.

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyuka na farko ===
Ayyukan farko na Abdalla sun haɗa da bayyanar a fim din An American Girl: Saige Paints the Sky, inda ta buga Dylan Patterson . Ta kuma fito a fina-finai kamar The Fandango Sisters (2012), Departure (2012), da Summer's Shadow (2014).

=== Ci gaba da matsayi na gaba ===
A cikin 2015, an jefa Abdalla a matsayin Mckeyla McAlister a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Netflix na asali Project Mc2, wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi niyyar inganta ilimin STEM tsakanin 'yan mata. Jerin ya gudana na tsawon shekaru shida, ya ƙare a cikin 2017.

A cikin 2022, Abdalla ta fito a matsayin Avery Hansen-White a cikin fim din Hulu na asali Sex Appeal, wasan kwaikwayo na matasa da ke bincika jigogi na jima'i da gano kai.

A cikin 2024, Abdalla ya bayyana a matsayin Brooke a cikin fim din Snack Shack, wanda Adam Rehmeier ya jagoranta. An shirya fim din ne a Birnin Nebraska a cikin 1991 kuma ya bi abokai biyu mafi kyau da ke tafiya a lokacin balaga. Abdalla ta bayyana halinta a matsayin &quot;mafi kama&quot; da kanta wanda ta nuna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Munck |first=Victoria |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Q&amp;A: Unpacking the Nebraska nostalgia of 'Snack Shack' with Mika Abdalla, Conor Sherry |url=https://dailybruin.com/2024/03/13/qa-unpacking-the-nebraska-nostalgia-of-snack-shack-with-mika-abdalla-conor-sherry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717001927/https://dailybruin.com/2024/03/13/qa-unpacking-the-nebraska-nostalgia-of-snack-shack-with-mika-abdalla-conor-sherry |archive-date=July 17, 2025 |access-date= |website=Daily Bruin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Michael |date=April 24, 2024 |title=Star On The Rise Actress Mika Abdalla discusses latest project Snack Shack! |url=https://perceptionmag.com/star-on-the-rise-actress-mika-abdalla-discusses-latest-project-snack-shack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123615/https://perceptionmag.com/star-on-the-rise-actress-mika-abdalla-discusses-latest-project-snack-shack/ |archive-date=May 28, 2025 |access-date=May 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2025, ta nuna Jenna a cikin The ''Pitt'', jerin shirye-shiryen HBO Max . An jefa ta a matsayin Sierra Carson a cikin Suits LA, wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a Suits . Bugu da ƙari, ta nuna Allie Hayes a Off Campus, jerin bidiyo na Amazon Prime wanda ya danganci jerin litattafan Elle Kennedy.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
A cikin 2025, Abdalla ta yi alkawarin aure ga saurayinta na dogon lokaci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jake Short . Su biyu sun hadu a kan saitin wasan kwaikwayo na Hulu Sex Appeal . 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Fim ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|reference(s)}}
|-
|2012
|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan uwa mata na Fandango''
|Lil' Jackie
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Tafiya''
|Evelyn
|Wani ɗan gajeren fim
|
|-
|2013
|''Yarinyar Amurka: Saige Ya zana Sama''
|Dylan Patterson
|
|
|-
|2014
|''Inuwa ta bazara''
|
|
|
|-
|2022
|''Daukaka Kara Jima'i''
|Avery Hansen-White
|
|
|-
|2024
|''Abincin cin abinci''
|Brooke
|
|
|}

=== Talabiji ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|reference(s)}}
|-
|2008
|''Barney &amp;amp;amp; Abokai''
|Jill
|
|
|-
|2010
|''Farin Ciki don Ci gaba''
|
|
|
|-
|2015–2017
|''Shirin Mc2''
|McKeyla McAlister
|Babban rawar da take takawa
|
|-
|2020
|''S.W.A.T.''
|Zoey
|
|
|-
|2022
|''{{Sortname|The|Flash}}''
|Tinya Wazzo
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shaunette |first=Morgan |date=December 12, 2021 |title=The Flash Is Bringing a Legion of Super-Heroes Mainstay to the Arrowverse |url=https://www.cbr.com/the-flash-phantom-girl-arrowverse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212175137/https://www.cbr.com/the-flash-phantom-girl-arrowverse/ |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |access-date=September 17, 2025 |website=[[Comic Book Resources|CBR]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=West |first=Ella |title=Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood. |url=https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Rollacoaster.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2025
|''Pitt''
|Jenna
|
|
|-
|''Suits LA''
|Sierra Carson
|
|
|-
|2026-ya zuwa yanzu
|''A waje da harabar''
|Allie Hayes
|Babban rawar da take takawa
|
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>fz3yfj3sfe2xfcfofyge430pl84uvym</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843950</id>
      <parentid>843949</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:07:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843950</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5973" sha1="8jxmzz4jib3tefjvkfy21ycngtkriro" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Mikayla Sofia Abdalla''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2000) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Ta sami shahara saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin McKeyla McAlister a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Netflix Project Mc2 (2015-2017). Abdalla tun daga lokacin ya bayyana a cikin ayyuka daban-daban, gami da Sex Appeal (2022) da Snack Shack (2024).

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Mika Abdalla a Plano, Texas &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=West |first=Ella |title=Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood. |url=https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Rollacoaster.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2000.  Tana da asalin Bulgarian, Lebanese, Girkanci, Italiyanci, da Jamusanci.

Abubuwan da Abdalla ya fi so sun haɗa da rawa da ayyukan dawakai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=West |first=Ella |title=Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood. |url=https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Rollacoaster.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar sakandare shekara guda a farkon 2017, ta shiga Jami'ar California, Los Angeles kuma ta kammala karatu tare da digiri a fim da falsafar.

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyuka na farko ===
Ayyukan farko na Abdalla sun haɗa da bayyanar a fim din An American Girl: Saige Paints the Sky, inda ta buga Dylan Patterson . Ta kuma fito a fina-finai kamar The Fandango Sisters (2012), Departure (2012), da Summer's Shadow (2014).

=== Ci gaba da matsayi na gaba ===
A cikin 2015, an jefa Abdalla a matsayin Mckeyla McAlister a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Netflix na asali Project Mc2, wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi niyyar inganta ilimin STEM tsakanin 'yan mata. Jerin ya gudana na tsawon shekaru shida, ya ƙare a cikin 2017.

A cikin 2022, Abdalla ta fito a matsayin Avery Hansen-White a cikin fim din Hulu na asali Sex Appeal, wasan kwaikwayo na matasa da ke bincika jigogi na jima'i da gano kai.

A cikin 2024, Abdalla ya bayyana a matsayin Brooke a cikin fim din Snack Shack, wanda Adam Rehmeier ya jagoranta. An shirya fim din ne a Birnin Nebraska a cikin 1991 kuma ya bi abokai biyu mafi kyau da ke tafiya a lokacin balaga. Abdalla ta bayyana halinta a matsayin &quot;mafi kama&quot; da kanta wanda ta nuna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Munck |first=Victoria |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Q&amp;A: Unpacking the Nebraska nostalgia of 'Snack Shack' with Mika Abdalla, Conor Sherry |url=https://dailybruin.com/2024/03/13/qa-unpacking-the-nebraska-nostalgia-of-snack-shack-with-mika-abdalla-conor-sherry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717001927/https://dailybruin.com/2024/03/13/qa-unpacking-the-nebraska-nostalgia-of-snack-shack-with-mika-abdalla-conor-sherry |archive-date=July 17, 2025 |access-date= |website=Daily Bruin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Michael |date=April 24, 2024 |title=Star On The Rise Actress Mika Abdalla discusses latest project Snack Shack! |url=https://perceptionmag.com/star-on-the-rise-actress-mika-abdalla-discusses-latest-project-snack-shack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123615/https://perceptionmag.com/star-on-the-rise-actress-mika-abdalla-discusses-latest-project-snack-shack/ |archive-date=May 28, 2025 |access-date=May 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2025, ta nuna Jenna a cikin The ''Pitt'', jerin shirye-shiryen HBO Max . An jefa ta a matsayin Sierra Carson a cikin Suits LA, wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a Suits . Bugu da ƙari, ta nuna Allie Hayes a Off Campus, jerin bidiyo na Amazon Prime wanda ya danganci jerin litattafan Elle Kennedy.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
A cikin 2025, Abdalla ta yi alkawarin aure ga saurayinta na dogon lokaci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jake Short . Su biyu sun hadu a kan saitin wasan kwaikwayo na Hulu Sex Appeal . 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Fim ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|reference(s)}}
|-
|2012
|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan uwa mata na Fandango''
|Lil' Jackie
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Tafiya''
|Evelyn
|Wani ɗan gajeren fim
|
|-
|2013
|''Yarinyar Amurka: Saige Ya zana Sama''
|Dylan Patterson
|
|
|-
|2014
|''Inuwa ta bazara''
|
|
|
|-
|2022
|''Daukaka Kara Jima'i''
|Avery Hansen-White
|
|
|-
|2024
|''Abincin cin abinci''
|Brooke
|
|
|}

=== Talabiji ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|reference(s)}}
|-
|2008
|''Barney &amp;amp;amp; Abokai''
|Jill
|
|
|-
|2010
|''Farin Ciki don Ci gaba''
|
|
|
|-
|2015–2017
|''Shirin Mc2''
|McKeyla McAlister
|Babban rawar da take takawa
|
|-
|2020
|''S.W.A.T.''
|Zoey
|
|
|-
|2022
|''{{Sortname|The|Flash}}''
|Tinya Wazzo
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shaunette |first=Morgan |date=December 12, 2021 |title=The Flash Is Bringing a Legion of Super-Heroes Mainstay to the Arrowverse |url=https://www.cbr.com/the-flash-phantom-girl-arrowverse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212175137/https://www.cbr.com/the-flash-phantom-girl-arrowverse/ |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |access-date=September 17, 2025 |website=[[Comic Book Resources|CBR]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=West |first=Ella |title=Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood. |url=https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Rollacoaster.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2025
|''Pitt''
|Jenna
|
|
|-
|''Suits LA''
|Sierra Carson
|
|
|-
|2026-ya zuwa yanzu
|''A waje da harabar''
|Allie Hayes
|Babban rawar da take takawa
|
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>8jxmzz4jib3tefjvkfy21ycngtkriro</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843953</id>
      <parentid>843950</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:10:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */</comment>
      <origin>843953</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6488" sha1="kbr0nsj5a7ithve6bt6c7i67fkcgfjl" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Mikayla Sofia Abdalla''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2000) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. Ta sami shahara saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin McKeyla McAlister a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Netflix Project Mc2 (2015-2017). Abdalla tun daga lokacin ya bayyana a cikin ayyuka daban-daban, gami da Sex Appeal (2022) da Snack Shack (2024).

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Mika Abdalla a Plano, Texas &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=West |first=Ella |title=Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood. |url=https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Rollacoaster.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2000. &lt;ref name=&quot;mc1&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine | first=Quinci | last=Legardye | title=Who Is Mika Abdalla? Meet the Actress Who Plays Allie in 'Off Campus' | url=https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/tv-shows/who-is-mika-abdalla-off-campus-allie/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260522030325/https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/tv-shows/who-is-mika-abdalla-off-campus-allie/ | archive-date=May 22, 2026 | access-date=May 27, 2026 | url-status=live | date=May 22, 2026 | language=en-US | magazine=[[Marie Claire]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da asalin Bulgarian, Lebanese, Girkanci, Italiyanci, da Jamusanci.

Abubuwan da Abdalla ya fi so sun haɗa da rawa da ayyukan dawakai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=West |first=Ella |title=Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood. |url=https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Rollacoaster.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatunta daga makarantar sakandare shekara guda a farkon 2017, ta shiga Jami'ar California, Los Angeles kuma ta kammala karatu tare da digiri a fim da falsafar.

== Ayyuka ==

=== Ayyuka na farko ===
Ayyukan farko na Abdalla sun haɗa da bayyanar a fim din An American Girl: Saige Paints the Sky, inda ta buga Dylan Patterson . Ta kuma fito a fina-finai kamar The Fandango Sisters (2012), Departure (2012), da Summer's Shadow (2014).

=== Ci gaba da matsayi na gaba ===
A cikin 2015, an jefa Abdalla a matsayin Mckeyla McAlister a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Netflix na asali Project Mc2, wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi niyyar inganta ilimin STEM tsakanin 'yan mata. Jerin ya gudana na tsawon shekaru shida, ya ƙare a cikin 2017.

A cikin 2022, Abdalla ta fito a matsayin Avery Hansen-White a cikin fim din Hulu na asali Sex Appeal, wasan kwaikwayo na matasa da ke bincika jigogi na jima'i da gano kai.

A cikin 2024, Abdalla ya bayyana a matsayin Brooke a cikin fim din Snack Shack, wanda Adam Rehmeier ya jagoranta. An shirya fim din ne a Birnin Nebraska a cikin 1991 kuma ya bi abokai biyu mafi kyau da ke tafiya a lokacin balaga. Abdalla ta bayyana halinta a matsayin &quot;mafi kama&quot; da kanta wanda ta nuna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Munck |first=Victoria |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Q&amp;A: Unpacking the Nebraska nostalgia of 'Snack Shack' with Mika Abdalla, Conor Sherry |url=https://dailybruin.com/2024/03/13/qa-unpacking-the-nebraska-nostalgia-of-snack-shack-with-mika-abdalla-conor-sherry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717001927/https://dailybruin.com/2024/03/13/qa-unpacking-the-nebraska-nostalgia-of-snack-shack-with-mika-abdalla-conor-sherry |archive-date=July 17, 2025 |access-date= |website=Daily Bruin}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Michael |date=April 24, 2024 |title=Star On The Rise Actress Mika Abdalla discusses latest project Snack Shack! |url=https://perceptionmag.com/star-on-the-rise-actress-mika-abdalla-discusses-latest-project-snack-shack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123615/https://perceptionmag.com/star-on-the-rise-actress-mika-abdalla-discusses-latest-project-snack-shack/ |archive-date=May 28, 2025 |access-date=May 17, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2025, ta nuna Jenna a cikin The ''Pitt'', jerin shirye-shiryen HBO Max . An jefa ta a matsayin Sierra Carson a cikin Suits LA, wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a Suits . Bugu da ƙari, ta nuna Allie Hayes a Off Campus, jerin bidiyo na Amazon Prime wanda ya danganci jerin litattafan Elle Kennedy.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
A cikin 2025, Abdalla ta yi alkawarin aure ga saurayinta na dogon lokaci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jake Short . Su biyu sun hadu a kan saitin wasan kwaikwayo na Hulu Sex Appeal . 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

=== Fim ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|reference(s)}}
|-
|2012
|''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yan uwa mata na Fandango''
|Lil' Jackie
|
|
|-
|2012
|''Tafiya''
|Evelyn
|Wani ɗan gajeren fim
|
|-
|2013
|''Yarinyar Amurka: Saige Ya zana Sama''
|Dylan Patterson
|
|
|-
|2014
|''Inuwa ta bazara''
|
|
|
|-
|2022
|''Daukaka Kara Jima'i''
|Avery Hansen-White
|
|
|-
|2024
|''Abincin cin abinci''
|Brooke
|
|
|}

=== Talabiji ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Shekara
!Taken
!Matsayi
!Bayani
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|reference(s)}}
|-
|2008
|''Barney &amp;amp;amp; Abokai''
|Jill
|
|
|-
|2010
|''Farin Ciki don Ci gaba''
|
|
|
|-
|2015–2017
|''Shirin Mc2''
|McKeyla McAlister
|Babban rawar da take takawa
|
|-
|2020
|''S.W.A.T.''
|Zoey
|
|
|-
|2022
|''{{Sortname|The|Flash}}''
|Tinya Wazzo
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shaunette |first=Morgan |date=December 12, 2021 |title=The Flash Is Bringing a Legion of Super-Heroes Mainstay to the Arrowverse |url=https://www.cbr.com/the-flash-phantom-girl-arrowverse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212175137/https://www.cbr.com/the-flash-phantom-girl-arrowverse/ |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |access-date=September 17, 2025 |website=[[Comic Book Resources|CBR]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=West |first=Ella |title=Introducing Mika Abdalla: A Rising Star in Hollywood. |url=https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528123509/https://rollacoaster.tv/pages/mika_abdalla |archive-date=2025-05-28 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Rollacoaster.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2025
|''Pitt''
|Jenna
|
|
|-
|''Suits LA''
|Sierra Carson
|
|
|-
|2026-ya zuwa yanzu
|''A waje da harabar''
|Allie Hayes
|Babban rawar da take takawa
|
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>kbr0nsj5a7ithve6bt6c7i67fkcgfjl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kogin Klein Berg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153697</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843951</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:08:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231975929|Klein Berg River]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843951</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2104" sha1="fhg6kd7wkkhe9uudyx64eyg8syabydv" xml:space="preserve">
'''Kogin Klein Berg''' (ko kuma '''Little Berg River'''; a cikin [[Afrikaans|harshen Afirka]] ''Klein-Bergrivier'') babban rafin hannun dama ne na Kogin Berg a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Klein Berg yana kwarara a kwarin Tulbagh ta hanyar Nuwekloof zuwa Swartland, inda ya haɗu da Berg.

Kogin Tulbagh (wanda aka fi sani da ''Land van Waveren'' ) yana yamma da tsaunukan [[Obiqua Mountains|Obiqua]] da [[Waterval Mountains|Waterval]], a arewa da jerin Groot Winterhoek, a gabas kuma da [[Witzenberg (mountain)|Witzenberg]]. A kudu, an raba shi daga kwarin kogin Breede ta wani ƙaramin [[Raba magudanan ruwa|rami]] da ke ratsa garin Wolseley. Klein Berg yana tashi a kan gangaren Groot Winterhoek kuma yana malalar ruwan arewa na kwarin, yayin da babban rafinsa [[Boontjies River|Kogin Boontjies]] ya tashi daga Witzenberg kuma yana malalar ruwan kudu na kwarin. Waɗannan koguna biyu suna taruwa a bakin gabas na Nuwekloof, wani ƙaramin kwarin da ke ratsa tsaunukan Obiqua. A cikin kogin Nuwekloof, wani rami ya toshe shi wanda ke karkatar da ruwa zuwa [[Dam ɗin Voëlvlei|madatsar ruwa ta Voëlvlei]]. Bayan ya fito daga kwarin, Klein Berg ya ratsa garin Gouda kafin ya shiga Kogin Berg kusa da Saron.

Layin da ke cikin Nuwekloof Pass yana karkatar da har zuwa {{Convert|1.7|e6m3}}    na ruwa a kowace rana, wanda a lokacin rani zai iya zama daidai da dukkan kwararar kogin. Haka kuma fitar da ruwan shara daga birnin Tulbagh da kuma kwararar gona na shafar lafiyar kogin. 

Gibin ruwan Nuwekloof da Kogin Klein Berg ya samar shine kawai hanyar da ke ƙasa ta cikin tsaunukan da ke gabashin Cape Town, kuma an daɗe ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya. An gina hanyar keken hawa ta cikin kogon tun farkon shekarun 1750; a yau tana ɗaya daga cikin hanyar yankin R46. An gina babban layin jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa cikin ciki ta kogon a shekarar 1875.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Kogin Klein]]
* Kogin Berg

== Manazarta ==
Klein Berg RiverKlein Berg RiverKlein Berg RiverKlein Berg RiverKlein Berg RiverKlein Berg RiverKlein Berg RiverKlein Berg RiverKlein Berg River
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>fhg6kd7wkkhe9uudyx64eyg8syabydv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843952</id>
      <parentid>843951</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:09:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
      <origin>843952</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1960" sha1="bstrb8hh5kb0h84t7qkngiivc2lsw21" xml:space="preserve">
'''Kogin Klein Berg''' (ko kuma '''Little Berg River'''; a cikin [[Afrikaans|harshen Afirka]] ''Klein-Bergrivier'') babban rafin hannun dama ne na Kogin Berg a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Klein Berg yana kwarara a kwarin Tulbagh ta hanyar Nuwekloof zuwa Swartland, inda ya haɗu da Berg.

Kogin Tulbagh (wanda aka fi sani da ''Land van Waveren'' ) yana yamma da tsaunukan [[Obiqua Mountains|Obiqua]] da [[Waterval Mountains|Waterval]], a arewa da jerin Groot Winterhoek, a gabas kuma da [[Witzenberg (mountain)|Witzenberg]]. A kudu, an raba shi daga kwarin kogin Breede ta wani ƙaramin [[Raba magudanan ruwa|rami]] da ke ratsa garin Wolseley. Klein Berg yana tashi a kan gangaren Groot Winterhoek kuma yana malalar ruwan arewa na kwarin, yayin da babban rafinsa [[Boontjies River|Kogin Boontjies]] ya tashi daga Witzenberg kuma yana malalar ruwan kudu na kwarin. Waɗannan koguna biyu suna taruwa a bakin gabas na Nuwekloof, wani ƙaramin kwarin da ke ratsa tsaunukan Obiqua. A cikin kogin Nuwekloof, wani rami ya toshe shi wanda ke karkatar da ruwa zuwa [[Dam ɗin Voëlvlei|madatsar ruwa ta Voëlvlei]]. Bayan ya fito daga kwarin, Klein Berg ya ratsa garin Gouda kafin ya shiga Kogin Berg kusa da Saron.

Layin da ke cikin Nuwekloof Pass yana karkatar da har zuwa {{Convert|1.7|e6m3}}    na ruwa a kowace rana, wanda a lokacin rani zai iya zama daidai da dukkan kwararar kogin. Haka kuma fitar da ruwan shara daga birnin Tulbagh da kuma kwararar gona na shafar lafiyar kogin. 

Gibin ruwan Nuwekloof da Kogin Klein Berg ya samar shine kawai hanyar da ke ƙasa ta cikin tsaunukan da ke gabashin Cape Town, kuma an daɗe ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya. An gina hanyar keken hawa ta cikin kogon tun farkon shekarun 1750; a yau tana ɗaya daga cikin hanyar yankin R46. An gina babban layin jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa cikin ciki ta kogon a shekarar 1875.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Kogin Klein]]
* Kogin Berg

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>bstrb8hh5kb0h84t7qkngiivc2lsw21</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>843955</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:11:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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'''Kogin Klein Berg''' (ko kuma '''Little Berg River'''; a cikin [[Afrikaans|harshen Afirka]] ''Klein-Bergrivier'') babban rafin hannun dama ne na Kogin Berg a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Klein Berg yana kwarara a kwarin Tulbagh ta hanyar Nuwekloof zuwa Swartland, inda ya haɗu da Berg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kogin Tulbagh (wanda aka fi sani da ''Land van Waveren'' ) yana yamma da tsaunukan [[Obiqua Mountains|Obiqua]] da [[Waterval Mountains|Waterval]], a arewa da jerin Groot Winterhoek, a gabas kuma da [[Witzenberg (mountain)|Witzenberg]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=State-of-Rivers Report: Berg River System |year=2004 |author=River Health Programme |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |location=Pretoria |isbn=0-620-32075-3 |pages=25–28 |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kudu, an raba shi daga kwarin kogin Breede ta wani ƙaramin [[Raba magudanan ruwa|rami]] da ke ratsa garin Wolseley. Klein Berg yana tashi a kan gangaren Groot Winterhoek kuma yana malalar ruwan arewa na kwarin, yayin da babban rafinsa [[Boontjies River|Kogin Boontjies]] ya tashi daga Witzenberg kuma yana malalar ruwan kudu na kwarin. Waɗannan koguna biyu suna taruwa a bakin gabas na Nuwekloof, wani ƙaramin kwarin da ke ratsa tsaunukan Obiqua. A cikin kogin Nuwekloof, wani rami ya toshe shi wanda ke karkatar da ruwa zuwa [[Dam ɗin Voëlvlei|madatsar ruwa ta Voëlvlei]]. Bayan ya fito daga kwarin, Klein Berg ya ratsa garin Gouda kafin ya shiga Kogin Berg kusa da Saron.

Layin da ke cikin Nuwekloof Pass yana karkatar da har zuwa {{Convert|1.7|e6m3}}    na ruwa a kowace rana, wanda a lokacin rani zai iya zama daidai da dukkan kwararar kogin. Haka kuma fitar da ruwan shara daga birnin Tulbagh da kuma kwararar gona na shafar lafiyar kogin. 

Gibin ruwan Nuwekloof da Kogin Klein Berg ya samar shine kawai hanyar da ke ƙasa ta cikin tsaunukan da ke gabashin Cape Town, kuma an daɗe ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya. An gina hanyar keken hawa ta cikin kogon tun farkon shekarun 1750; a yau tana ɗaya daga cikin hanyar yankin R46. An gina babban layin jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa cikin ciki ta kogon a shekarar 1875.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Kogin Klein]]
* Kogin Berg

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>c25im9wvxf3yr4vagb1ozbx3yfkh3dc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843957</id>
      <parentid>843955</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:12:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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'''Kogin Klein Berg''' (ko kuma '''Little Berg River'''; a cikin [[Afrikaans|harshen Afirka]] ''Klein-Bergrivier'') babban rafin hannun dama ne na Kogin Berg a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Klein Berg yana kwarara a kwarin Tulbagh ta hanyar Nuwekloof zuwa Swartland, inda ya haɗu da Berg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kogin Tulbagh (wanda aka fi sani da ''Land van Waveren'' ) yana yamma da tsaunukan [[Obiqua Mountains|Obiqua]] da [[Waterval Mountains|Waterval]], a arewa da jerin Groot Winterhoek, a gabas kuma da [[Witzenberg (mountain)|Witzenberg]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=State-of-Rivers Report: Berg River System |year=2004 |author=River Health Programme |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |location=Pretoria |isbn=0-620-32075-3 |pages=25–28 |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kudu, an raba shi daga kwarin kogin Breede ta wani ƙaramin [[Raba magudanan ruwa|rami]] da ke ratsa garin Wolseley. Klein Berg yana tashi a kan gangaren Groot Winterhoek kuma yana malalar ruwan arewa na kwarin, yayin da babban rafinsa [[Boontjies River|Kogin Boontjies]] ya tashi daga Witzenberg kuma yana malalar ruwan kudu na kwarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=State-of-Rivers Report: Berg River System |year=2004 |author=River Health Programme |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |location=Pretoria |isbn=0-620-32075-3 |pages=25–28 |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan koguna biyu suna taruwa a bakin gabas na Nuwekloof, wani ƙaramin kwarin da ke ratsa tsaunukan Obiqua.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=State-of-Rivers Report: Berg River System |year=2004 |author=River Health Programme |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |location=Pretoria |isbn=0-620-32075-3 |pages=25–28 |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kogin Nuwekloof, wani rami ya toshe shi wanda ke karkatar da ruwa zuwa [[Dam ɗin Voëlvlei|madatsar ruwa ta Voëlvlei]]. Bayan ya fito daga kwarin, Klein Berg ya ratsa garin Gouda kafin ya shiga Kogin Berg kusa da Saron.

Layin da ke cikin Nuwekloof Pass yana karkatar da har zuwa {{Convert|1.7|e6m3}}    na ruwa a kowace rana, wanda a lokacin rani zai iya zama daidai da dukkan kwararar kogin. Haka kuma fitar da ruwan shara daga birnin Tulbagh da kuma kwararar gona na shafar lafiyar kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=State-of-Rivers Report: Berg River System |year=2004 |author=River Health Programme |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |location=Pretoria |isbn=0-620-32075-3 |pages=25–28 |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Gibin ruwan Nuwekloof da Kogin Klein Berg ya samar shine kawai hanyar da ke ƙasa ta cikin tsaunukan da ke gabashin Cape Town, kuma an daɗe ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya. An gina hanyar keken hawa ta cikin kogon tun farkon shekarun 1750; a yau tana ɗaya daga cikin hanyar yankin R46. An gina babban layin jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa cikin ciki ta kogon a shekarar 1875.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=State-of-Rivers Report: Berg River System |year=2004 |author=River Health Programme |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |location=Pretoria |isbn=0-620-32075-3 |pages=25–28 |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Kogin Klein]]
* Kogin Berg

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843959</id>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Klein Berg''' (ko kuma '''Little Berg River'''; a cikin [[Afrikaans|harshen Afirka]] ''Klein-Bergrivier'') babban rafin hannun dama ne na Kogin Berg a lardin Yammacin Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Klein Berg yana kwarara a kwarin Tulbagh ta hanyar Nuwekloof zuwa Swartland, inda ya haɗu da Berg.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kogin Tulbagh (wanda aka fi sani da ''Land van Waveren'' ) yana yamma da tsaunukan [[Obiqua Mountains|Obiqua]] da [[Waterval Mountains|Waterval]], a arewa da jerin Groot Winterhoek, a gabas kuma da [[Witzenberg (mountain)|Witzenberg]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=State-of-Rivers Report: Berg River System |year=2004 |author=River Health Programme |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |location=Pretoria |isbn=0-620-32075-3 |pages=25–28 |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kudu, an raba shi daga kwarin kogin Breede ta wani ƙaramin [[Raba magudanan ruwa|rami]] da ke ratsa garin Wolseley. Klein Berg yana tashi a kan gangaren Groot Winterhoek kuma yana malalar ruwan arewa na kwarin, yayin da babban rafinsa [[Boontjies River|Kogin Boontjies]] ya tashi daga Witzenberg kuma yana malalar ruwan kudu na kwarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=State-of-Rivers Report: Berg River System |year=2004 |author=River Health Programme |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |location=Pretoria |isbn=0-620-32075-3 |pages=25–28 |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan koguna biyu suna taruwa a bakin gabas na Nuwekloof, wani ƙaramin kwarin da ke ratsa tsaunukan Obiqua.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=State-of-Rivers Report: Berg River System |year=2004 |author=River Health Programme |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |location=Pretoria |isbn=0-620-32075-3 |pages=25–28 |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kogin Nuwekloof, wani rami ya toshe shi wanda ke karkatar da ruwa zuwa [[Dam ɗin Voëlvlei|madatsar ruwa ta Voëlvlei]]. Bayan ya fito daga kwarin, Klein Berg ya ratsa garin Gouda kafin ya shiga Kogin Berg kusa da Saron.

Layin da ke cikin Nuwekloof Pass yana karkatar da har zuwa {{Convert|1.7|e6m3}}    na ruwa a kowace rana, wanda a lokacin rani zai iya zama daidai da dukkan kwararar kogin. Haka kuma fitar da ruwan shara daga birnin Tulbagh da kuma kwararar gona na shafar lafiyar kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=State-of-Rivers Report: Berg River System |year=2004 |author=River Health Programme |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |location=Pretoria |isbn=0-620-32075-3 |pages=25–28 |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Gibin ruwan Nuwekloof da Kogin Klein Berg ya samar shine kawai hanyar da ke ƙasa ta cikin tsaunukan da ke gabashin Cape Town, kuma an daɗe ana amfani da ita wajen jigilar kaya. An gina hanyar keken hawa ta cikin kogon tun farkon shekarun 1750; a yau tana ɗaya daga cikin hanyar yankin R46. An gina babban layin jirgin ƙasa daga Cape Town zuwa cikin ciki ta kogon a shekarar 1875.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=State-of-Rivers Report: Berg River System |year=2004 |author=River Health Programme |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |location=Pretoria |isbn=0-620-32075-3 |pages=25–28 |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |access-date=26 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Kogin Klein]]
* Kogin Berg

== Manazarta ==

{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shirin Kogin Nilu</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338149838|Nile Basin Initiative]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:The_Basin_of_the_Nile_River_in_Egypt_to_illustrate_Sir_S.W._Baker's_Routes_and_Discoveries.jpg|thumb|Kogin Nilu]]
The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin jihohin da ke kusa da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] wanda &quot;ke neman bunkasa kogin a hanyar hadin gwiwa, raba fa'idodi masu yawa na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da inganta zaman lafiya da tsaro na yanki&quot;. NBI ta fara ne da tattaunawa tsakanin jihohin da ke cikin kogi wanda ya haifar da burin ra'ayi na ra'ayi &quot;don cimma ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa ta hanyar amfani da daidaito, da kuma amfana daga, albarkatun ruwa na Kogin Nilu. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ƙaddamar da shi a hukumance a watan Fabrairun 1999 &lt;ref name=&quot;NBI Background&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=homepage &amp;#124; Nile Basin Initiative |url=https://nilebasin.org/?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=13&amp;Itemid=42 |website=nilebasin.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta ministocin ruwa na kasashe tara da ke raba kogin: [[Misra|Misira]], [[Sudan]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Burundi]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), da [[Eritrea]] a matsayin mai kallo. Tun daga farkonsa Bankin Duniya da sauran abokan hulɗa na waje sun goyi bayan shirin Nilu Basin Initiative da sauran abokan tarayya na waje. &quot;Aikin ci gaba mai kula da kuma masu yawa na Nilu Basing Trust&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, 2010, pgs. 90-95 {{Cite web |title=Sustaining water for all in a changing climate: World Bank Group Implementation Progress Report |url=http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/sustaining-water-all-changing-climate-world-bank-group-implementation-progress-report |access-date=2011-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, jihohi biyar da ke sama sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki (CFA) don neman ƙarin ruwa daga Kogin Nilu da kuma kafa haƙƙin raba ruwa tsakanin jihohin NBI - matakin da Masar da Sudan suka yi tsayayya da shi sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC May 14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 May 2010 |title=East Africa seeks more Nile water from Egypt |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8682387.stm |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Habasha, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda da Tanzania sune masu sanya hannu na asali tare da Burundi sanya hannu a watan Fabrairun 2011. Yarjejeniyar ta tabbatar da Habasha, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, da Burundi tsakanin 2013 da 2023, tare da Sudan ta Kudu ta tabbatar da CFA a ranar 8 ga Yuli 2024 . &lt;ref name=&quot;nbi-cfa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cooperative Framework Agreement {{!}} Content of the CFA |url=https://nilebasin.org/about-us/cooperative-framework-agreement |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=Nile Basin Initiative}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indug-20240812&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musoke |first=Ronald |date=12 August 2024 |title=South Sudan signs Nile Treaty |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/south-sudan-signs-nile-treaty/ |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=[[The Independent (Uganda)|The Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; DRC ta guje wa, yayin da Masar da Sudan suka ki sanya hannu bayan sun yi tir da CFA a matsayin ƙoƙari na rage rabon su na ruwan Nilu. Duk da wadannan ƙin yarda, CFA a hukumance ta zama doka a kan jihohin NBI a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;ap-20241014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhumuza |first=Rodney |date=14 October 2024 |title=Nile basin nations say water-sharing accord has come into force without Egypt's backing |url=https://apnews.com/article/nile-river-accord-egypt-ethiopia-water-sharing-e245661a016bb75d9337d3e45a7753f7 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=[[AP News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin ma'aikata ==
Tsarin ma'aikatar NBI ya ƙunshi manyan cibiyoyi uku: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=homepage &amp;#124; Nile Basin Initiative |url=https://nilebasin.org/?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=30&amp;Itemid=77 |website=nilebasin.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Majalisar Ministocin Harkokin Ruwa ta Nilu tana ba da jagorar manufofi kuma tana yanke shawara. Shugabancinsa yana kan sauyawa na shekara guda. Ana zabar mai karɓar bakuncin taron majalisa na yau da kullun a matsayin Shugaban shekara mai zuwa. Tun daga watan Yunin 2010 shugaban shine [[Asfaw Dingamo]], Ministan Harkokin Ruwa na Habasha, wanda aka zaba a taron 18 na yau da kullun a Addis Ababa a watan Yunin 2010. Ministan albarkatun ruwa da ban ruwa na Masar, [[Mohamed Nasr el Din Allam|Mohamed Nasr da Din Allam]] (2009-10), wanda aka zaba a taron na 17 a Alexandria a watan Yulin 2009, da kuma [[Jose Endundu]], Ministan Muhalli na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (2008-09) da Ministan Ruwa da Muhalli na Uganda, [[Maria Mutagamba]] (2007-2008) ne suka riga shi. Majalisar tana gudanar da tarurruka na shekara-shekara na yau da kullun da kuma tarurruka masu ban mamaki. An gudanar da tarurruka na musamman a watan Mayu 2009 a Kinshasa kuma a watan Afrilu 2010 a Sharm el-Sheikh .
* '''Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Fasaha na NBI''', wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1998. Ya ƙunshi manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati kuma yana ba da shawara ta fasaha da taimako ga Majalisar Ministoci. Kwamitin ya kunshi wakili daya daga kowace ƙasa mai kogi da kuma madadin daya. Yana haɗuwa sau biyu zuwa uku a shekara.
* '''Sakatariyar NBI''', wacce aka kafa a 1999 tana ba da tallafin gudanarwa ga Majalisar Ministoci da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Fasaha. Tana zaune ne a Entebbe, Uganda, karkashin jagorancin Babban Darakta. Matsayin yana kan juyawa na tsawon shekaru 2. Babban Darakta na yanzu, Teferra Beyene Asfaw daga Habasha, ya hau mulki a watan Satumbar 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nile Basin Initiative - Member States |url=http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=141%3Aintroducing-the-nbi-new-executive-director-a-head-of-strategic-planning&amp;catid=40%3Alatest-news&amp;Itemid=84&amp;lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222412/http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=141%3Aintroducing-the-nbi-new-executive-director-a-head-of-strategic-planning&amp;catid=40%3Alatest-news&amp;Itemid=84&amp;lang=en |archive-date=2016-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ofishin Fasaha na Yankin Nilu na Gabas (ENTRO), wanda ke zaune a Addis Ababa, da kuma NELSAP Coordinating Unit (NELSAP-CU), wanda ke aiki a Kigali, Rwanda, suna gudanar da shirye-shirye guda biyu. Bugu da kari, ayyuka daban-daban a karkashin Shirin Share Vision suna da rukunin gudanar da ayyukan yanki da ke Alkahira (koyarwa da aka yi amfani da shi), Addis Ababa (shirye-shiryen albarkatun ruwa), Dar es-Salaam (cinikin wutar lantarki) da Nairobi (aikin noma).

== Babban shirye-shirye ==
NBI ta kunshi manyan shirye-shirye guda uku: Shirin Shared Vision, Shirin Ayyuka na Gabashin Nilu da Shirin Ayyukan Kudancin Kogin Nilu.

=== Shirin Ra'ayi na Ra'ayi ===
Shirin Shared Vision (SVP), &quot;wani shirin Basin-wide wanda ke mai da hankali kan gina cibiyoyin, raba bayanai da bayanai, samar da horo da ƙirƙirar hanyoyin tattaunawa da hanyoyin sadarwar yanki da ake buƙata don warware matsalolin hadin gwiwa, ci gaban hadin gwiwa da haɓaka shirye-shiryen saka hannun jari na bangarori da yawa don haɓaka albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar ɗorewa. &quot;  Ana tallafawa ta hanyar tallafi da niyyar haɓaka amincewa don gina yanayin da ke ba da damar saka hannun jari. A cikin 2010 ya haɗa da ayyukan takwas masu zuwa waɗanda suka fi mayar da hankali kan horar da yanki:

* Shirin Horar da Ayyuka wanda ke ba da horo a cikin [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]];
* a Confidence-Building and Stakeholder Involvement Project cewa &quot;yana aiki don kara yawan masu ruwa da tsaki - daga manufofi da masu yanke shawara, zuwa kananan 'yan kasuwa maza da mata, zuwa masunta da manoma, zuwa kungiyoyin addini da matasa&quot;;
* Shirin Kasuwancin Wutar Lantarki na Yankin;
* a Transboundary Environmental Action Project wanda &quot;ke ba da horo a cikin kula da muhalli da saka idanu, saka idanu kan ingancin ruwa, da kiyaye wuraren da ke da ruwa&quot;;
* ingantaccen Amfani da Ruwa don Aikin Gona;
* Aikin Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa;
* A Social-economic and Benefits Sharing Project wanda ke gina &quot;cibiyar sadarwa ta kwararru daga tsarin tattalin arziki da cibiyoyin bincike, masana fasaha daga bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu, malamai, masu ilimin zamantakewa, da wakilan kungiyoyin jama'a kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu&quot;;
* Aikin Gudanar da Ra'ayi.

=== Shirin Ayyuka na Gabashin Nilu ===
'''Shirin Ayyuka na [[Blue Nile|Gabashin Nilu]]''' (ENSAP) &quot;yana neman bunkasa albarkatun ruwa na Gabashin Kogin Nilu a hanyar da ta dace don tabbatar da wadata, tsaro da zaman lafiya ga dukkan mutanenta&quot;. Ofishin Fasaha na Yankin Gabashin Nilu (ENTRO) ne ke gudanar da shi wanda ke Addis Ababa, Habasha. An haɗa shi cikin saka hannun jari mai sauri da kuma mafi rikitarwa, saka hannun jari na dogon lokaci.

==== Kasuwanci mai sauri ====
Wannan waƙar ta haɗa da ayyuka huɗu a farkon 2008: &lt;ref name=&quot;ENSAP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty and Sustainability |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/home |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Shirin gudanar da ruwa''' na Yankin yana da niyyar kafa gudanarwa mai ɗorewa na ruwa a kan [[Kogin Tekezé|Tekeze]], Atbara, Mareb, [[Blue Nile|Abbay]] / [[Blue Nile]] da kogin [[Kogin Baro|Baro]] / [[Kogin Akobo|Akobo]] / [[Kogin Sobat|Sobat]] a Habasha da Sudan. Shafukan aikin farko da aka gano sun haɗa da [[Tafkin Nasser]] / Nubia a Misira; [[Kogin Jamma|Jamma]], Reb, da ƙananan wuraren [[Kogin Gumara|Gumara]], da kuma gudanar da ruwa a [[Tafkin Tana|Tana]]-Beles a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Ci gaban Ruwa na Tana-Bels a Habasha; da ƙananan Atbara, Dutsen [[Ingessena]] da yankunan da ke kusa da Dinder National Park a Sudan.

=== Manazarta ===</text>
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      <text bytes="9641" sha1="p2liaqo67pvchih7pp6zkyjodevsp1y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:The_Basin_of_the_Nile_River_in_Egypt_to_illustrate_Sir_S.W._Baker's_Routes_and_Discoveries.jpg|thumb|Kogin Nilu]]
The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin jihohin da ke kusa da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] wanda &quot;ke neman bunkasa kogin a hanyar hadin gwiwa, raba fa'idodi masu yawa na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da inganta zaman lafiya da tsaro na yanki&quot;. NBI ta fara ne da tattaunawa tsakanin jihohin da ke cikin kogi wanda ya haifar da burin ra'ayi na ra'ayi &quot;don cimma ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa ta hanyar amfani da daidaito, da kuma amfana daga, albarkatun ruwa na Kogin Nilu. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ƙaddamar da shi a hukumance a watan Fabrairun 1999 &lt;ref name=&quot;NBI Background&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=homepage &amp;#124; Nile Basin Initiative |url=https://nilebasin.org/?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=13&amp;Itemid=42 |website=nilebasin.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta ministocin ruwa na kasashe tara da ke raba kogin: [[Misra|Misira]], [[Sudan]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Burundi]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), da [[Eritrea]] a matsayin mai kallo. Tun daga farkonsa Bankin Duniya da sauran abokan hulɗa na waje sun goyi bayan shirin Nilu Basin Initiative da sauran abokan tarayya na waje. &quot;Aikin ci gaba mai kula da kuma masu yawa na Nilu Basing Trust&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;The World Bank, 2010, pgs. 90-95 {{Cite web |title=Sustaining water for all in a changing climate: World Bank Group Implementation Progress Report |url=http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/sustaining-water-all-changing-climate-world-bank-group-implementation-progress-report |access-date=2011-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, jihohi biyar da ke sama sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki (CFA) don neman ƙarin ruwa daga Kogin Nilu da kuma kafa haƙƙin raba ruwa tsakanin jihohin NBI - matakin da Masar da Sudan suka yi tsayayya da shi sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC May 14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 May 2010 |title=East Africa seeks more Nile water from Egypt |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8682387.stm |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Habasha, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda da Tanzania sune masu sanya hannu na asali tare da Burundi sanya hannu a watan Fabrairun 2011. Yarjejeniyar ta tabbatar da Habasha, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, da Burundi tsakanin 2013 da 2023, tare da Sudan ta Kudu ta tabbatar da CFA a ranar 8 ga Yuli 2024 . &lt;ref name=&quot;nbi-cfa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cooperative Framework Agreement {{!}} Content of the CFA |url=https://nilebasin.org/about-us/cooperative-framework-agreement |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=Nile Basin Initiative}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indug-20240812&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Musoke |first=Ronald |date=12 August 2024 |title=South Sudan signs Nile Treaty |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/south-sudan-signs-nile-treaty/ |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=[[The Independent (Uganda)|The Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; DRC ta guje wa, yayin da Masar da Sudan suka ki sanya hannu bayan sun yi tir da CFA a matsayin ƙoƙari na rage rabon su na ruwan Nilu. Duk da wadannan ƙin yarda, CFA a hukumance ta zama doka a kan jihohin NBI a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;ap-20241014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Muhumuza |first=Rodney |date=14 October 2024 |title=Nile basin nations say water-sharing accord has come into force without Egypt's backing |url=https://apnews.com/article/nile-river-accord-egypt-ethiopia-water-sharing-e245661a016bb75d9337d3e45a7753f7 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=[[AP News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin ma'aikata ==
Tsarin ma'aikatar NBI ya ƙunshi manyan cibiyoyi uku: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=homepage &amp;#124; Nile Basin Initiative |url=https://nilebasin.org/?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=30&amp;Itemid=77 |website=nilebasin.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Majalisar Ministocin Harkokin Ruwa ta Nilu tana ba da jagorar manufofi kuma tana yanke shawara. Shugabancinsa yana kan sauyawa na shekara guda. Ana zabar mai karɓar bakuncin taron majalisa na yau da kullun a matsayin Shugaban shekara mai zuwa. Tun daga watan Yunin 2010 shugaban shine [[Asfaw Dingamo]], Ministan Harkokin Ruwa na Habasha, wanda aka zaba a taron 18 na yau da kullun a Addis Ababa a watan Yunin 2010. Ministan albarkatun ruwa da ban ruwa na Masar, [[Mohamed Nasr el Din Allam|Mohamed Nasr da Din Allam]] (2009-10), wanda aka zaba a taron na 17 a Alexandria a watan Yulin 2009, da kuma [[Jose Endundu]], Ministan Muhalli na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (2008-09) da Ministan Ruwa da Muhalli na Uganda, [[Maria Mutagamba]] (2007-2008) ne suka riga shi. Majalisar tana gudanar da tarurruka na shekara-shekara na yau da kullun da kuma tarurruka masu ban mamaki. An gudanar da tarurruka na musamman a watan Mayu 2009 a Kinshasa kuma a watan Afrilu 2010 a Sharm el-Sheikh .
* '''Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Fasaha na NBI''', wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1998. Ya ƙunshi manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati kuma yana ba da shawara ta fasaha da taimako ga Majalisar Ministoci. Kwamitin ya kunshi wakili daya daga kowace ƙasa mai kogi da kuma madadin daya. Yana haɗuwa sau biyu zuwa uku a shekara.
* '''Sakatariyar NBI''', wacce aka kafa a 1999 tana ba da tallafin gudanarwa ga Majalisar Ministoci da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Fasaha. Tana zaune ne a Entebbe, Uganda, karkashin jagorancin Babban Darakta. Matsayin yana kan juyawa na tsawon shekaru 2. Babban Darakta na yanzu, Teferra Beyene Asfaw daga Habasha, ya hau mulki a watan Satumbar 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nile Basin Initiative - Member States |url=http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=141%3Aintroducing-the-nbi-new-executive-director-a-head-of-strategic-planning&amp;catid=40%3Alatest-news&amp;Itemid=84&amp;lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222412/http://www.nilebasin.org/newsite/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=141%3Aintroducing-the-nbi-new-executive-director-a-head-of-strategic-planning&amp;catid=40%3Alatest-news&amp;Itemid=84&amp;lang=en |archive-date=2016-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ofishin Fasaha na Yankin Nilu na Gabas (ENTRO), wanda ke zaune a Addis Ababa, da kuma NELSAP Coordinating Unit (NELSAP-CU), wanda ke aiki a Kigali, Rwanda, suna gudanar da shirye-shirye guda biyu. Bugu da kari, ayyuka daban-daban a karkashin Shirin Share Vision suna da rukunin gudanar da ayyukan yanki da ke Alkahira (koyarwa da aka yi amfani da shi), Addis Ababa (shirye-shiryen albarkatun ruwa), Dar es-Salaam (cinikin wutar lantarki) da Nairobi (aikin noma).

== Babban shirye-shirye ==
NBI ta kunshi manyan shirye-shirye guda uku: Shirin Shared Vision, Shirin Ayyuka na Gabashin Nilu da Shirin Ayyukan Kudancin Kogin Nilu.

=== Shirin Ra'ayi na Ra'ayi ===
Shirin Shared Vision (SVP), &quot;wani shirin Basin-wide wanda ke mai da hankali kan gina cibiyoyin, raba bayanai da bayanai, samar da horo da ƙirƙirar hanyoyin tattaunawa da hanyoyin sadarwar yanki da ake buƙata don warware matsalolin hadin gwiwa, ci gaban hadin gwiwa da haɓaka shirye-shiryen saka hannun jari na bangarori da yawa don haɓaka albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar ɗorewa. &quot;  Ana tallafawa ta hanyar tallafi da niyyar haɓaka amincewa don gina yanayin da ke ba da damar saka hannun jari. A cikin 2010 ya haɗa da ayyukan takwas masu zuwa waɗanda suka fi mayar da hankali kan horar da yanki:

* Shirin Horar da Ayyuka wanda ke ba da horo a cikin [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa]];
* a Confidence-Building and Stakeholder Involvement Project cewa &quot;yana aiki don kara yawan masu ruwa da tsaki - daga manufofi da masu yanke shawara, zuwa kananan 'yan kasuwa maza da mata, zuwa masunta da manoma, zuwa kungiyoyin addini da matasa&quot;;
* Shirin Kasuwancin Wutar Lantarki na Yankin;
* a Transboundary Environmental Action Project wanda &quot;ke ba da horo a cikin kula da muhalli da saka idanu, saka idanu kan ingancin ruwa, da kiyaye wuraren da ke da ruwa&quot;;
* ingantaccen Amfani da Ruwa don Aikin Gona;
* Aikin Gudanar da albarkatun ruwa;
* A Social-economic and Benefits Sharing Project wanda ke gina &quot;cibiyar sadarwa ta kwararru daga tsarin tattalin arziki da cibiyoyin bincike, masana fasaha daga bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu, malamai, masu ilimin zamantakewa, da wakilan kungiyoyin jama'a kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu&quot;;
* Aikin Gudanar da Ra'ayi.

=== Shirin Ayyuka na Gabashin Nilu ===
'''Shirin Ayyuka na [[Blue Nile|Gabashin Nilu]]''' (ENSAP) &quot;yana neman bunkasa albarkatun ruwa na Gabashin Kogin Nilu a hanyar da ta dace don tabbatar da wadata, tsaro da zaman lafiya ga dukkan mutanenta&quot;. Ofishin Fasaha na Yankin Gabashin Nilu (ENTRO) ne ke gudanar da shi wanda ke Addis Ababa, Habasha. An haɗa shi cikin saka hannun jari mai sauri da kuma mafi rikitarwa, saka hannun jari na dogon lokaci.

==== Kasuwanci mai sauri ====
Wannan waƙar ta haɗa da ayyuka huɗu a farkon 2008: &lt;ref name=&quot;ENSAP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty and Sustainability |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/home |website=www.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Shirin gudanar da ruwa''' na Yankin yana da niyyar kafa gudanarwa mai ɗorewa na ruwa a kan [[Kogin Tekezé|Tekeze]], Atbara, Mareb, [[Blue Nile|Abbay]] / [[Blue Nile]] da kogin [[Kogin Baro|Baro]] / [[Kogin Akobo|Akobo]] / [[Kogin Sobat|Sobat]] a Habasha da Sudan. Shafukan aikin farko da aka gano sun haɗa da [[Tafkin Nasser]] / Nubia a Misira; [[Kogin Jamma|Jamma]], Reb, da ƙananan wuraren [[Kogin Gumara|Gumara]], da kuma gudanar da ruwa a [[Tafkin Tana|Tana]]-Beles a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Ci gaban Ruwa na Tana-Bels a Habasha; da ƙananan Atbara, Dutsen [[Ingessena]] da yankunan da ke kusa da Dinder National Park a Sudan.

=== Manazarta ===</text>
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    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ndula</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/918098977|Ndula Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3190" sha1="tueec6a51m3cnfktguak9b9vddsp6fi" xml:space="preserve">'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ndula''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta {{Convert|2.0|MW}}   a kan [[Kogin Thika]] a Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;List&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=KENGEN |date=12 April 2016 |title=Kenya Electricity Generating Company: Hydropower Stations |url=http://www.kengen.co.ke/%3Fq%3Dcontent/hydro-power-stations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417203736/http://www.kengen.co.ke/?q=content%2Fhydro-power-stations |archive-date=17 April 2016 |access-date=12 April 2016 |publisher=[[Kenya Electricity Generating Company]] (KENGEN)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana da nisan kilomita 25 (16 , ta hanyar hanya, gabashin garin Thika, Kiambu County . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=12 April 2016 |title=Distance between Thika, Kiambu, Kenya and Ndula Village Centre, Kenya |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Thika%2C%20Kiambu%2C%20Kenya&amp;toplace=Ndula%20Village%20Centre%2C%20Kenya%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJF2HGJ1tOLxgRJiwVJuGn-LY&amp;dt2=ChIJCx_0ZIJWLxgR8-JK-59pwjc |access-date=12 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya kasance kusan kilomita 65 (40 , ta hanyar hanya, arewa maso gabashin [[Nairobi]], babban birnin kuma birni mafi girma a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=12 April 2016 |title=Distance between Nairobi, Kenya and Ndula Village Centre, Kenya |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Nairobi%2C%20Kenya&amp;toplace=Ndula%20Village%20Centre%2C%20Kenya%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJp0lN2HIRLxgRTJKXslQCz_c&amp;dt2=ChIJCx_0ZIJWLxgR8-JK-59pwjc |access-date=12 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aunin tashar wutar lantarki sune: 1°01'35.0&quot;S, 37°14'36.0&quot;E (Latitude:-1.026384; Longitude:37.243335). 

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
An kaddamar da tashar wutar lantarki ta Ndula a 1924. Yana da turbines Francis guda biyu a kwance, yana tuka janareto biyu. Kamfanin Kenya Electricity Generating Company ne ke mallakarta kuma ke sarrafa ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;List&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=KENGEN |date=12 April 2016 |title=Kenya Electricity Generating Company: Hydropower Stations |url=http://www.kengen.co.ke/%3Fq%3Dcontent/hydro-power-stations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417203736/http://www.kengen.co.ke/?q=content%2Fhydro-power-stations |archive-date=17 April 2016 |access-date=12 April 2016 |publisher=[[Kenya Electricity Generating Company]] (KENGEN)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKENGEN2016&quot;&gt;KENGEN (12 April 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160417203736/http://www.kengen.co.ke/?q=content%2Fhydro-power-stations &quot;Kenya Electricity Generating Company: Hydropower Stations&quot;]. Nairobi: [[Kenya Electricity Generating Company]] (KENGEN). Archived from [http://www.kengen.co.ke/%3Fq%3Dcontent/hydro-power-stations the original] on 17 April 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 April&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Ndula Hydroelectric Power Station yana da kashi 100 cikin 100 mallakar Kamfanin Kenya Electricity Generating Company, kamfani ne na gwamnatin Kenya.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kenya

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ndula''' tashar wutar lantarki ce ta {{Convert|2.0|MW}}   a kan [[Kogin Thika]] a Kenya . &lt;ref name=&quot;List&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=KENGEN |date=12 April 2016 |title=Kenya Electricity Generating Company: Hydropower Stations |url=http://www.kengen.co.ke/%3Fq%3Dcontent/hydro-power-stations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417203736/http://www.kengen.co.ke/?q=content%2Fhydro-power-stations |archive-date=17 April 2016 |access-date=12 April 2016 |publisher=[[Kenya Electricity Generating Company]] (KENGEN)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana da nisan kilomita 25 (16 , ta hanyar hanya, gabashin garin Thika, Kiambu County . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=12 April 2016 |title=Distance between Thika, Kiambu, Kenya and Ndula Village Centre, Kenya |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Thika%2C%20Kiambu%2C%20Kenya&amp;toplace=Ndula%20Village%20Centre%2C%20Kenya%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJF2HGJ1tOLxgRJiwVJuGn-LY&amp;dt2=ChIJCx_0ZIJWLxgR8-JK-59pwjc |access-date=12 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya kasance kusan kilomita 65 (40 , ta hanyar hanya, arewa maso gabashin [[Nairobi]], babban birnin kuma birni mafi girma a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=12 April 2016 |title=Distance between Nairobi, Kenya and Ndula Village Centre, Kenya |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Nairobi%2C%20Kenya&amp;toplace=Ndula%20Village%20Centre%2C%20Kenya%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJp0lN2HIRLxgRTJKXslQCz_c&amp;dt2=ChIJCx_0ZIJWLxgR8-JK-59pwjc |access-date=12 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aunin tashar wutar lantarki sune: 1°01'35.0&quot;S, 37°14'36.0&quot;E (Latitude:-1.026384; Longitude:37.243335). 

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
An kaddamar da tashar wutar lantarki ta Ndula a 1924. Yana da turbines Francis guda biyu a kwance, yana tuka janareto biyu. Kamfanin Kenya Electricity Generating Company ne ke mallakarta kuma ke sarrafa ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;List&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=KENGEN |date=12 April 2016 |title=Kenya Electricity Generating Company: Hydropower Stations |url=http://www.kengen.co.ke/%3Fq%3Dcontent/hydro-power-stations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417203736/http://www.kengen.co.ke/?q=content%2Fhydro-power-stations |archive-date=17 April 2016 |access-date=12 April 2016 |publisher=[[Kenya Electricity Generating Company]] (KENGEN)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKENGEN2016&quot;&gt;KENGEN (12 April 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160417203736/http://www.kengen.co.ke/?q=content%2Fhydro-power-stations &quot;Kenya Electricity Generating Company: Hydropower Stations&quot;]. Nairobi: [[Kenya Electricity Generating Company]] (KENGEN). Archived from [http://www.kengen.co.ke/%3Fq%3Dcontent/hydro-power-stations the original] on 17 April 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 April&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Ndula Hydroelectric Power Station yana da kashi 100 cikin 100 mallakar Kamfanin Kenya Electricity Generating Company, kamfani ne na gwamnatin Kenya.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kenya

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>cm8pppg3hkxx382qs8qwa6v00pm6ki0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michael Eifert</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153700</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843961</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:15:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356973362|Michael Eifert]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843961</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4943" sha1="aehfiiv8oao0hsvov200s4bbpryy1uf" xml:space="preserve">
Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na Michael Eifert (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan dambe ne na Jamus. Ya yi gasa a cikin rukuni mai nauyi, inda ya kalubalanci gasar zakarun Unified mai nauyi a shekara ta 2026.

== Ayyukan sana'a ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Eifert ya fara aikinsa na farko a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2018 a Jamus. Ya doke Przemyslaw Binienda na Poland ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya. Eifert ya sha wahala a farkon aikinsa lokacin da ya rasa dan uwansa na Jamus Tom Dzemski . Koyaya, Eifert daga baya ya rama wannan asarar don kama taken IBF Youth Light Heavyweight.

=== Eifert da Pascal ===
Eifert ya sami babbar nasara a cikin aikinsa a kan tsohon mai kalubalantar WBA mai nauyi Jean Pascal . Duk da cewa Pascal ya wuce mafi kyawunsa, Eifert har yanzu yana da rauni. Eifert ya mamaye yakin a ko'ina, tare da Pascal yana kallon kowane bangare na mayaƙan mai shekaru arba'in da yake. Tare da nasarar, an inganta Eifert zuwa mai fafatawa na farko don taken IBF mai nauyi.

== Rubuce-rubucen harkokin dambe ==
{{Boxing record summary}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Sakamakon
!Rubuce-rubuce
!Abokin hamayya
!Irin wannan
!Zagaye, lokaci
!Ranar
!Wurin da yake
!Bayani
|-
|15|{{no2}}Loss
|13–2
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |Dmitry Bivol
|UD
|12
|30 ga Mayu 2026
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |&lt;small&gt;UMMC Arena, Yekaterinburg, Rasha&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|For [[World Boxing Association|WBA (Super)]], [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] and [[The Ring Magazine|The Ring light heavyweight titles]]}}
|-
|14|{{yes2}}Win
|13–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Carlos Eduardo Jimenez
|RTD
|2 (6), {{Small|1:00}}
|24 ga watan Agusta 2024
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Wolfgang-Lakenmacher-Halle, Magdeburg, Germany}}
|
|-
|13|{{yes2}}Win
|12–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Jean Pascal
|UD
|12
|16 Maris 2023
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|[[Place Bell]], [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]], Canada}}
|
|-
|12|{{yes2}}Win
|11–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Adriano Sperandio
|UD
|10
|16 Yuli 2022
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Maritim Hotel, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant IBF Inter-Continental light heavyweight title}}
|-
|11|{{yes2}}Win
|10–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Gyorgy Varju
|KO
|1 (6), {{Small|2:48}}
|22 Afrilu 2022
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Berg Tal Resort Lueneburger Heide, [[Bispingen]], Germany}}
|
|-
|10|{{yes2}}Win
|9–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Nils Schmidt
|KO
|3 (10), {{Small|1:53}}
|18 Disamba 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Maritim Hotel, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won the vacant BDB German light heavyweight title}}
|-
|9|{{yes2}}Win
|8–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Tom Dzemski
|MD
|10
|17 Yuli 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won IBF Youth and vacant [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] Youth light heavyweight titles.}}
|-
|8|{{yes2}}Win
|7–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Dustin Ammann
|UD
|8
|5 Yuni 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]] Youth light heavyweight title}}
|-
|7|{{no2}}Loss
|6–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Tom Dzemski
|MD
|8
|22 ga watan Agusta 2020
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|For vacant [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] Youth light heavyweight title.}}
|-
|6|{{yes2}}Win
|6–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Beka Aduashvili
|UD
|6
|30 Nuwamba 2019
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Sportovni Hala Kladno, [[Kladno]], Czech Republic}}
|
|-
|5|{{yes2}}Win
|5–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Stanislav Eschner
|MD
|6
|11 ga Mayu 2019
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Stadthalle, [[Magdeburg]], Germany}}
|
|-
|4|{{yes2}}Win
|4–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Istvan Zeller
|UD
|6
|15 Disamba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|[[Tirana Olympic Park|Olympic Park “Feti Borova”]], [[Tirana]], Albania}}
|
|-
|3|{{yes2}}Win
|3–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Patrick Doering
|TKO
|2 (4), {{Small|2:00}}
|17 Nuwamba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Anhalt Arena, [[Dessau-Roßlau]], Germany}}
|
|-
|2|{{yes2}}Win
|2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ondrej Schwarz
|KO
|2 (4), {{Small|0:30}}
|27 ga Oktoba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Stadthalle, [[Weißenfels]], Germany}}
|
|-
|1|{{yes2}}Win
|1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Przemyslaw Binienda
|UD
|4
|2 Yuni 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|weeArena, [[Bad Tölz]], Germany}}
|
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
BoxRec: Michael Eifert
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>aehfiiv8oao0hsvov200s4bbpryy1uf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843963</id>
      <parentid>843961</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:16:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843963</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4813" sha1="6idybj27ra8v4fxw7fud7ueyqfyd028" xml:space="preserve">
Michael Eifert (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan dambe ne na Jamus. Ya yi gasa a cikin rukuni mai nauyi, inda ya kalubalanci gasar zakarun Unified mai nauyi a shekara ta 2026.

== Ayyukan sana'a ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Eifert ya fara aikinsa na farko a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2018 a Jamus. Ya doke Przemyslaw Binienda na Poland ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya. Eifert ya sha wahala a farkon aikinsa lokacin da ya rasa dan uwansa na Jamus Tom Dzemski . Koyaya, Eifert daga baya ya rama wannan asarar don kama taken IBF Youth Light Heavyweight.

=== Eifert da Pascal ===
Eifert ya sami babbar nasara a cikin aikinsa a kan tsohon mai kalubalantar WBA mai nauyi Jean Pascal . Duk da cewa Pascal ya wuce mafi kyawunsa, Eifert har yanzu yana da rauni. Eifert ya mamaye yakin a ko'ina, tare da Pascal yana kallon kowane bangare na mayaƙan mai shekaru arba'in da yake. Tare da nasarar, an inganta Eifert zuwa mai fafatawa na farko don taken IBF mai nauyi.

== Rubuce-rubucen harkokin dambe ==
{{Boxing record summary}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Sakamakon
!Rubuce-rubuce
!Abokin hamayya
!Irin wannan
!Zagaye, lokaci
!Ranar
!Wurin da yake
!Bayani
|-
|15|{{no2}}Loss
|13–2
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |Dmitry Bivol
|UD
|12
|30 ga Mayu 2026
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |&lt;small&gt;UMMC Arena, Yekaterinburg, Rasha&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|For [[World Boxing Association|WBA (Super)]], [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] and [[The Ring Magazine|The Ring light heavyweight titles]]}}
|-
|14|{{yes2}}Win
|13–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Carlos Eduardo Jimenez
|RTD
|2 (6), {{Small|1:00}}
|24 ga watan Agusta 2024
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Wolfgang-Lakenmacher-Halle, Magdeburg, Germany}}
|
|-
|13|{{yes2}}Win
|12–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Jean Pascal
|UD
|12
|16 Maris 2023
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|[[Place Bell]], [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]], Canada}}
|
|-
|12|{{yes2}}Win
|11–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Adriano Sperandio
|UD
|10
|16 Yuli 2022
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Maritim Hotel, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant IBF Inter-Continental light heavyweight title}}
|-
|11|{{yes2}}Win
|10–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Gyorgy Varju
|KO
|1 (6), {{Small|2:48}}
|22 Afrilu 2022
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Berg Tal Resort Lueneburger Heide, [[Bispingen]], Germany}}
|
|-
|10|{{yes2}}Win
|9–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Nils Schmidt
|KO
|3 (10), {{Small|1:53}}
|18 Disamba 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Maritim Hotel, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won the vacant BDB German light heavyweight title}}
|-
|9|{{yes2}}Win
|8–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Tom Dzemski
|MD
|10
|17 Yuli 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won IBF Youth and vacant [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] Youth light heavyweight titles.}}
|-
|8|{{yes2}}Win
|7–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Dustin Ammann
|UD
|8
|5 Yuni 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]] Youth light heavyweight title}}
|-
|7|{{no2}}Loss
|6–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Tom Dzemski
|MD
|8
|22 ga watan Agusta 2020
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|For vacant [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] Youth light heavyweight title.}}
|-
|6|{{yes2}}Win
|6–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Beka Aduashvili
|UD
|6
|30 Nuwamba 2019
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Sportovni Hala Kladno, [[Kladno]], Czech Republic}}
|
|-
|5|{{yes2}}Win
|5–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Stanislav Eschner
|MD
|6
|11 ga Mayu 2019
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Stadthalle, [[Magdeburg]], Germany}}
|
|-
|4|{{yes2}}Win
|4–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Istvan Zeller
|UD
|6
|15 Disamba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|[[Tirana Olympic Park|Olympic Park “Feti Borova”]], [[Tirana]], Albania}}
|
|-
|3|{{yes2}}Win
|3–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Patrick Doering
|TKO
|2 (4), {{Small|2:00}}
|17 Nuwamba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Anhalt Arena, [[Dessau-Roßlau]], Germany}}
|
|-
|2|{{yes2}}Win
|2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ondrej Schwarz
|KO
|2 (4), {{Small|0:30}}
|27 ga Oktoba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Stadthalle, [[Weißenfels]], Germany}}
|
|-
|1|{{yes2}}Win
|1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Przemyslaw Binienda
|UD
|4
|2 Yuni 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|weeArena, [[Bad Tölz]], Germany}}
|
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
BoxRec: Michael Eifert
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>6idybj27ra8v4fxw7fud7ueyqfyd028</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843965</id>
      <parentid>843963</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:17:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843965</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5082" sha1="ir5m89lfkkwdyn59rw6nczelkimgevv" xml:space="preserve">
Michael Eifert (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan dambe ne na Jamus. Ya yi gasa a cikin rukuni mai nauyi, inda ya kalubalanci gasar zakarun Unified mai nauyi a shekara ta 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Artur Beterbiev ordered to take on IBF mandatory challenger despite Dmitry Bivol's rematch plea|url=https://www..tntsports.co.uk/boxing/artur-beterbiev-dmitry-bivol-ibf-rematch-michael-eifert_sto20046201/story.shtml|date=27 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan sana'a ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Eifert ya fara aikinsa na farko a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2018 a Jamus. Ya doke Przemyslaw Binienda na Poland ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya. Eifert ya sha wahala a farkon aikinsa lokacin da ya rasa dan uwansa na Jamus Tom Dzemski . Koyaya, Eifert daga baya ya rama wannan asarar don kama taken IBF Youth Light Heavyweight.

=== Eifert da Pascal ===
Eifert ya sami babbar nasara a cikin aikinsa a kan tsohon mai kalubalantar WBA mai nauyi Jean Pascal . Duk da cewa Pascal ya wuce mafi kyawunsa, Eifert har yanzu yana da rauni. Eifert ya mamaye yakin a ko'ina, tare da Pascal yana kallon kowane bangare na mayaƙan mai shekaru arba'in da yake. Tare da nasarar, an inganta Eifert zuwa mai fafatawa na farko don taken IBF mai nauyi.

== Rubuce-rubucen harkokin dambe ==
{{Boxing record summary}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Sakamakon
!Rubuce-rubuce
!Abokin hamayya
!Irin wannan
!Zagaye, lokaci
!Ranar
!Wurin da yake
!Bayani
|-
|15|{{no2}}Loss
|13–2
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |Dmitry Bivol
|UD
|12
|30 ga Mayu 2026
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |&lt;small&gt;UMMC Arena, Yekaterinburg, Rasha&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|For [[World Boxing Association|WBA (Super)]], [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] and [[The Ring Magazine|The Ring light heavyweight titles]]}}
|-
|14|{{yes2}}Win
|13–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Carlos Eduardo Jimenez
|RTD
|2 (6), {{Small|1:00}}
|24 ga watan Agusta 2024
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Wolfgang-Lakenmacher-Halle, Magdeburg, Germany}}
|
|-
|13|{{yes2}}Win
|12–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Jean Pascal
|UD
|12
|16 Maris 2023
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|[[Place Bell]], [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]], Canada}}
|
|-
|12|{{yes2}}Win
|11–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Adriano Sperandio
|UD
|10
|16 Yuli 2022
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Maritim Hotel, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant IBF Inter-Continental light heavyweight title}}
|-
|11|{{yes2}}Win
|10–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Gyorgy Varju
|KO
|1 (6), {{Small|2:48}}
|22 Afrilu 2022
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Berg Tal Resort Lueneburger Heide, [[Bispingen]], Germany}}
|
|-
|10|{{yes2}}Win
|9–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Nils Schmidt
|KO
|3 (10), {{Small|1:53}}
|18 Disamba 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Maritim Hotel, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won the vacant BDB German light heavyweight title}}
|-
|9|{{yes2}}Win
|8–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Tom Dzemski
|MD
|10
|17 Yuli 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won IBF Youth and vacant [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] Youth light heavyweight titles.}}
|-
|8|{{yes2}}Win
|7–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Dustin Ammann
|UD
|8
|5 Yuni 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]] Youth light heavyweight title}}
|-
|7|{{no2}}Loss
|6–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Tom Dzemski
|MD
|8
|22 ga watan Agusta 2020
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|For vacant [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] Youth light heavyweight title.}}
|-
|6|{{yes2}}Win
|6–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Beka Aduashvili
|UD
|6
|30 Nuwamba 2019
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Sportovni Hala Kladno, [[Kladno]], Czech Republic}}
|
|-
|5|{{yes2}}Win
|5–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Stanislav Eschner
|MD
|6
|11 ga Mayu 2019
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Stadthalle, [[Magdeburg]], Germany}}
|
|-
|4|{{yes2}}Win
|4–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Istvan Zeller
|UD
|6
|15 Disamba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|[[Tirana Olympic Park|Olympic Park “Feti Borova”]], [[Tirana]], Albania}}
|
|-
|3|{{yes2}}Win
|3–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Patrick Doering
|TKO
|2 (4), {{Small|2:00}}
|17 Nuwamba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Anhalt Arena, [[Dessau-Roßlau]], Germany}}
|
|-
|2|{{yes2}}Win
|2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ondrej Schwarz
|KO
|2 (4), {{Small|0:30}}
|27 ga Oktoba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Stadthalle, [[Weißenfels]], Germany}}
|
|-
|1|{{yes2}}Win
|1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Przemyslaw Binienda
|UD
|4
|2 Yuni 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|weeArena, [[Bad Tölz]], Germany}}
|
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
BoxRec: Michael Eifert
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>ir5m89lfkkwdyn59rw6nczelkimgevv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843966</id>
      <parentid>843965</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:17:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843966</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5093" sha1="3v9evrnyxn9rfa1os7sflnryx1qtdz7" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Michael Eifert (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan dambe ne na Jamus. Ya yi gasa a cikin rukuni mai nauyi, inda ya kalubalanci gasar zakarun Unified mai nauyi a shekara ta 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Artur Beterbiev ordered to take on IBF mandatory challenger despite Dmitry Bivol's rematch plea|url=https://www..tntsports.co.uk/boxing/artur-beterbiev-dmitry-bivol-ibf-rematch-michael-eifert_sto20046201/story.shtml|date=27 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan sana'a ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Eifert ya fara aikinsa na farko a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2018 a Jamus. Ya doke Przemyslaw Binienda na Poland ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya. Eifert ya sha wahala a farkon aikinsa lokacin da ya rasa dan uwansa na Jamus Tom Dzemski . Koyaya, Eifert daga baya ya rama wannan asarar don kama taken IBF Youth Light Heavyweight.

=== Eifert da Pascal ===
Eifert ya sami babbar nasara a cikin aikinsa a kan tsohon mai kalubalantar WBA mai nauyi Jean Pascal . Duk da cewa Pascal ya wuce mafi kyawunsa, Eifert har yanzu yana da rauni. Eifert ya mamaye yakin a ko'ina, tare da Pascal yana kallon kowane bangare na mayaƙan mai shekaru arba'in da yake. Tare da nasarar, an inganta Eifert zuwa mai fafatawa na farko don taken IBF mai nauyi.

== Rubuce-rubucen harkokin dambe ==
{{Boxing record summary}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Sakamakon
!Rubuce-rubuce
!Abokin hamayya
!Irin wannan
!Zagaye, lokaci
!Ranar
!Wurin da yake
!Bayani
|-
|15|{{no2}}Loss
|13–2
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |Dmitry Bivol
|UD
|12
|30 ga Mayu 2026
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |&lt;small&gt;UMMC Arena, Yekaterinburg, Rasha&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|For [[World Boxing Association|WBA (Super)]], [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] and [[The Ring Magazine|The Ring light heavyweight titles]]}}
|-
|14|{{yes2}}Win
|13–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Carlos Eduardo Jimenez
|RTD
|2 (6), {{Small|1:00}}
|24 ga watan Agusta 2024
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Wolfgang-Lakenmacher-Halle, Magdeburg, Germany}}
|
|-
|13|{{yes2}}Win
|12–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Jean Pascal
|UD
|12
|16 Maris 2023
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|[[Place Bell]], [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]], Canada}}
|
|-
|12|{{yes2}}Win
|11–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Adriano Sperandio
|UD
|10
|16 Yuli 2022
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Maritim Hotel, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant IBF Inter-Continental light heavyweight title}}
|-
|11|{{yes2}}Win
|10–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Gyorgy Varju
|KO
|1 (6), {{Small|2:48}}
|22 Afrilu 2022
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Berg Tal Resort Lueneburger Heide, [[Bispingen]], Germany}}
|
|-
|10|{{yes2}}Win
|9–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Nils Schmidt
|KO
|3 (10), {{Small|1:53}}
|18 Disamba 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Maritim Hotel, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won the vacant BDB German light heavyweight title}}
|-
|9|{{yes2}}Win
|8–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Tom Dzemski
|MD
|10
|17 Yuli 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won IBF Youth and vacant [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] Youth light heavyweight titles.}}
|-
|8|{{yes2}}Win
|7–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Dustin Ammann
|UD
|8
|5 Yuni 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]] Youth light heavyweight title}}
|-
|7|{{no2}}Loss
|6–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Tom Dzemski
|MD
|8
|22 ga watan Agusta 2020
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|For vacant [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] Youth light heavyweight title.}}
|-
|6|{{yes2}}Win
|6–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Beka Aduashvili
|UD
|6
|30 Nuwamba 2019
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Sportovni Hala Kladno, [[Kladno]], Czech Republic}}
|
|-
|5|{{yes2}}Win
|5–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Stanislav Eschner
|MD
|6
|11 ga Mayu 2019
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Stadthalle, [[Magdeburg]], Germany}}
|
|-
|4|{{yes2}}Win
|4–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Istvan Zeller
|UD
|6
|15 Disamba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|[[Tirana Olympic Park|Olympic Park “Feti Borova”]], [[Tirana]], Albania}}
|
|-
|3|{{yes2}}Win
|3–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Patrick Doering
|TKO
|2 (4), {{Small|2:00}}
|17 Nuwamba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Anhalt Arena, [[Dessau-Roßlau]], Germany}}
|
|-
|2|{{yes2}}Win
|2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ondrej Schwarz
|KO
|2 (4), {{Small|0:30}}
|27 ga Oktoba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Stadthalle, [[Weißenfels]], Germany}}
|
|-
|1|{{yes2}}Win
|1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Przemyslaw Binienda
|UD
|4
|2 Yuni 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|weeArena, [[Bad Tölz]], Germany}}
|
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
BoxRec: Michael Eifert
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>3v9evrnyxn9rfa1os7sflnryx1qtdz7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843967</id>
      <parentid>843966</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:18:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Farkon aiki */</comment>
      <origin>843967</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5358" sha1="08nvg3egexjkoqyvh6dmwyzddsqq3dq" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Michael Eifert (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan dambe ne na Jamus. Ya yi gasa a cikin rukuni mai nauyi, inda ya kalubalanci gasar zakarun Unified mai nauyi a shekara ta 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Artur Beterbiev ordered to take on IBF mandatory challenger despite Dmitry Bivol's rematch plea|url=https://www..tntsports.co.uk/boxing/artur-beterbiev-dmitry-bivol-ibf-rematch-michael-eifert_sto20046201/story.shtml|date=27 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan sana'a ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Eifert ya fara aikinsa na farko a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2018 a Jamus. Ya doke Przemyslaw Binienda na Poland ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya. Eifert ya sha wahala a farkon aikinsa lokacin da ya rasa dan uwansa na Jamus Tom Dzemski . Koyaya, Eifert daga baya ya rama wannan asarar don kama taken IBF Youth Light Heavyweight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=How to watch Jean Pascal vs Michael Eifert IBF light heavyweight world title eliminator|url=https://globalboxingnews.co.uk/blogs/how-to-watch-jean-pascal-vs-michael-eifert-ibf-light-heavyweight-world-title-eliminator|date=27 Feb 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Eifert da Pascal ===
Eifert ya sami babbar nasara a cikin aikinsa a kan tsohon mai kalubalantar WBA mai nauyi Jean Pascal . Duk da cewa Pascal ya wuce mafi kyawunsa, Eifert har yanzu yana da rauni. Eifert ya mamaye yakin a ko'ina, tare da Pascal yana kallon kowane bangare na mayaƙan mai shekaru arba'in da yake. Tare da nasarar, an inganta Eifert zuwa mai fafatawa na farko don taken IBF mai nauyi.

== Rubuce-rubucen harkokin dambe ==
{{Boxing record summary}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Sakamakon
!Rubuce-rubuce
!Abokin hamayya
!Irin wannan
!Zagaye, lokaci
!Ranar
!Wurin da yake
!Bayani
|-
|15|{{no2}}Loss
|13–2
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |Dmitry Bivol
|UD
|12
|30 ga Mayu 2026
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |&lt;small&gt;UMMC Arena, Yekaterinburg, Rasha&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|For [[World Boxing Association|WBA (Super)]], [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] and [[The Ring Magazine|The Ring light heavyweight titles]]}}
|-
|14|{{yes2}}Win
|13–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Carlos Eduardo Jimenez
|RTD
|2 (6), {{Small|1:00}}
|24 ga watan Agusta 2024
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Wolfgang-Lakenmacher-Halle, Magdeburg, Germany}}
|
|-
|13|{{yes2}}Win
|12–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Jean Pascal
|UD
|12
|16 Maris 2023
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|[[Place Bell]], [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]], Canada}}
|
|-
|12|{{yes2}}Win
|11–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Adriano Sperandio
|UD
|10
|16 Yuli 2022
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Maritim Hotel, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant IBF Inter-Continental light heavyweight title}}
|-
|11|{{yes2}}Win
|10–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Gyorgy Varju
|KO
|1 (6), {{Small|2:48}}
|22 Afrilu 2022
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Berg Tal Resort Lueneburger Heide, [[Bispingen]], Germany}}
|
|-
|10|{{yes2}}Win
|9–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Nils Schmidt
|KO
|3 (10), {{Small|1:53}}
|18 Disamba 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Maritim Hotel, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won the vacant BDB German light heavyweight title}}
|-
|9|{{yes2}}Win
|8–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Tom Dzemski
|MD
|10
|17 Yuli 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won IBF Youth and vacant [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] Youth light heavyweight titles.}}
|-
|8|{{yes2}}Win
|7–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Dustin Ammann
|UD
|8
|5 Yuni 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]] Youth light heavyweight title}}
|-
|7|{{no2}}Loss
|6–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Tom Dzemski
|MD
|8
|22 ga watan Agusta 2020
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|For vacant [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] Youth light heavyweight title.}}
|-
|6|{{yes2}}Win
|6–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Beka Aduashvili
|UD
|6
|30 Nuwamba 2019
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Sportovni Hala Kladno, [[Kladno]], Czech Republic}}
|
|-
|5|{{yes2}}Win
|5–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Stanislav Eschner
|MD
|6
|11 ga Mayu 2019
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Stadthalle, [[Magdeburg]], Germany}}
|
|-
|4|{{yes2}}Win
|4–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Istvan Zeller
|UD
|6
|15 Disamba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|[[Tirana Olympic Park|Olympic Park “Feti Borova”]], [[Tirana]], Albania}}
|
|-
|3|{{yes2}}Win
|3–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Patrick Doering
|TKO
|2 (4), {{Small|2:00}}
|17 Nuwamba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Anhalt Arena, [[Dessau-Roßlau]], Germany}}
|
|-
|2|{{yes2}}Win
|2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ondrej Schwarz
|KO
|2 (4), {{Small|0:30}}
|27 ga Oktoba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Stadthalle, [[Weißenfels]], Germany}}
|
|-
|1|{{yes2}}Win
|1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Przemyslaw Binienda
|UD
|4
|2 Yuni 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|weeArena, [[Bad Tölz]], Germany}}
|
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
BoxRec: Michael Eifert
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>08nvg3egexjkoqyvh6dmwyzddsqq3dq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843968</id>
      <parentid>843967</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:19:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Farkon aiki */</comment>
      <origin>843968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5489" sha1="d2271cprbvsuyst80qiptezoal7tn0y" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Michael Eifert (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan dambe ne na Jamus. Ya yi gasa a cikin rukuni mai nauyi, inda ya kalubalanci gasar zakarun Unified mai nauyi a shekara ta 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Artur Beterbiev ordered to take on IBF mandatory challenger despite Dmitry Bivol's rematch plea|url=https://www..tntsports.co.uk/boxing/artur-beterbiev-dmitry-bivol-ibf-rematch-michael-eifert_sto20046201/story.shtml|date=27 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan sana'a ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Eifert ya fara aikinsa na farko a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2018 a Jamus. Ya doke Przemyslaw Binienda na Poland ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Michael Eifert |url=https://champinon.info/boxing/michael-eifert/#google_vignette |date=27 Feb 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eifert ya sha wahala a farkon aikinsa lokacin da ya rasa dan uwansa na Jamus Tom Dzemski . Koyaya, Eifert daga baya ya rama wannan asarar don kama taken IBF Youth Light Heavyweight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=How to watch Jean Pascal vs Michael Eifert IBF light heavyweight world title eliminator|url=https://globalboxingnews.co.uk/blogs/how-to-watch-jean-pascal-vs-michael-eifert-ibf-light-heavyweight-world-title-eliminator|date=27 Feb 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Eifert da Pascal ===
Eifert ya sami babbar nasara a cikin aikinsa a kan tsohon mai kalubalantar WBA mai nauyi Jean Pascal . Duk da cewa Pascal ya wuce mafi kyawunsa, Eifert har yanzu yana da rauni. Eifert ya mamaye yakin a ko'ina, tare da Pascal yana kallon kowane bangare na mayaƙan mai shekaru arba'in da yake. Tare da nasarar, an inganta Eifert zuwa mai fafatawa na farko don taken IBF mai nauyi.

== Rubuce-rubucen harkokin dambe ==
{{Boxing record summary}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Sakamakon
!Rubuce-rubuce
!Abokin hamayya
!Irin wannan
!Zagaye, lokaci
!Ranar
!Wurin da yake
!Bayani
|-
|15|{{no2}}Loss
|13–2
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |Dmitry Bivol
|UD
|12
|30 ga Mayu 2026
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |&lt;small&gt;UMMC Arena, Yekaterinburg, Rasha&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|For [[World Boxing Association|WBA (Super)]], [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] and [[The Ring Magazine|The Ring light heavyweight titles]]}}
|-
|14|{{yes2}}Win
|13–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Carlos Eduardo Jimenez
|RTD
|2 (6), {{Small|1:00}}
|24 ga watan Agusta 2024
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Wolfgang-Lakenmacher-Halle, Magdeburg, Germany}}
|
|-
|13|{{yes2}}Win
|12–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Jean Pascal
|UD
|12
|16 Maris 2023
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|[[Place Bell]], [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]], Canada}}
|
|-
|12|{{yes2}}Win
|11–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Adriano Sperandio
|UD
|10
|16 Yuli 2022
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Maritim Hotel, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant IBF Inter-Continental light heavyweight title}}
|-
|11|{{yes2}}Win
|10–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Gyorgy Varju
|KO
|1 (6), {{Small|2:48}}
|22 Afrilu 2022
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Berg Tal Resort Lueneburger Heide, [[Bispingen]], Germany}}
|
|-
|10|{{yes2}}Win
|9–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Nils Schmidt
|KO
|3 (10), {{Small|1:53}}
|18 Disamba 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Maritim Hotel, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won the vacant BDB German light heavyweight title}}
|-
|9|{{yes2}}Win
|8–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Tom Dzemski
|MD
|10
|17 Yuli 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won IBF Youth and vacant [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] Youth light heavyweight titles.}}
|-
|8|{{yes2}}Win
|7–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Dustin Ammann
|UD
|8
|5 Yuni 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]] Youth light heavyweight title}}
|-
|7|{{no2}}Loss
|6–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Tom Dzemski
|MD
|8
|22 ga watan Agusta 2020
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|For vacant [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] Youth light heavyweight title.}}
|-
|6|{{yes2}}Win
|6–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Beka Aduashvili
|UD
|6
|30 Nuwamba 2019
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Sportovni Hala Kladno, [[Kladno]], Czech Republic}}
|
|-
|5|{{yes2}}Win
|5–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Stanislav Eschner
|MD
|6
|11 ga Mayu 2019
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Stadthalle, [[Magdeburg]], Germany}}
|
|-
|4|{{yes2}}Win
|4–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Istvan Zeller
|UD
|6
|15 Disamba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|[[Tirana Olympic Park|Olympic Park “Feti Borova”]], [[Tirana]], Albania}}
|
|-
|3|{{yes2}}Win
|3–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Patrick Doering
|TKO
|2 (4), {{Small|2:00}}
|17 Nuwamba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Anhalt Arena, [[Dessau-Roßlau]], Germany}}
|
|-
|2|{{yes2}}Win
|2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ondrej Schwarz
|KO
|2 (4), {{Small|0:30}}
|27 ga Oktoba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Stadthalle, [[Weißenfels]], Germany}}
|
|-
|1|{{yes2}}Win
|1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Przemyslaw Binienda
|UD
|4
|2 Yuni 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|weeArena, [[Bad Tölz]], Germany}}
|
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
BoxRec: Michael Eifert
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>d2271cprbvsuyst80qiptezoal7tn0y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843969</id>
      <parentid>843968</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:19:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Eifert da Pascal */</comment>
      <origin>843969</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5885" sha1="m6fg1cu28x96rtzm0mzdb6j6m3m65fa" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Michael Eifert (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan dambe ne na Jamus. Ya yi gasa a cikin rukuni mai nauyi, inda ya kalubalanci gasar zakarun Unified mai nauyi a shekara ta 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Artur Beterbiev ordered to take on IBF mandatory challenger despite Dmitry Bivol's rematch plea|url=https://www..tntsports.co.uk/boxing/artur-beterbiev-dmitry-bivol-ibf-rematch-michael-eifert_sto20046201/story.shtml|date=27 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan sana'a ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Eifert ya fara aikinsa na farko a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2018 a Jamus. Ya doke Przemyslaw Binienda na Poland ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Michael Eifert |url=https://champinon.info/boxing/michael-eifert/#google_vignette |date=27 Feb 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eifert ya sha wahala a farkon aikinsa lokacin da ya rasa dan uwansa na Jamus Tom Dzemski . Koyaya, Eifert daga baya ya rama wannan asarar don kama taken IBF Youth Light Heavyweight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=How to watch Jean Pascal vs Michael Eifert IBF light heavyweight world title eliminator|url=https://globalboxingnews.co.uk/blogs/how-to-watch-jean-pascal-vs-michael-eifert-ibf-light-heavyweight-world-title-eliminator|date=27 Feb 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Eifert da Pascal ===
Eifert ya sami babbar nasara a cikin aikinsa a kan tsohon mai kalubalantar WBA mai nauyi Jean Pascal . Duk da cewa Pascal ya wuce mafi kyawunsa, Eifert har yanzu yana da rauni. Eifert ya mamaye yakin a ko'ina, tare da Pascal yana kallon kowane bangare na mayaƙan mai shekaru arba'in da yake. Tare da nasarar, an inganta Eifert zuwa mai fafatawa na farko don taken IBF mai nauyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Results: Michael Eifert upsets Jean Pascal, wins clear decision in IBF eliminator|url=https://www.badlefthook.com/2023/3/16/23644030/results-michael-eifert-upsets-jean-pascal-wins-clear-decision-ibf-eliminator-boxing-news-2023#:~:text=Michael%20Eifert%20earned%20a%20clear%20decision%20win%20tonight%20over%20Jean,and%20should%20be%20called%20out.|date=27 Feb 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubucen harkokin dambe ==
{{Boxing record summary}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!{{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!Sakamakon
!Rubuce-rubuce
!Abokin hamayya
!Irin wannan
!Zagaye, lokaci
!Ranar
!Wurin da yake
!Bayani
|-
|15|{{no2}}Loss
|13–2
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |Dmitry Bivol
|UD
|12
|30 ga Mayu 2026
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |&lt;small&gt;UMMC Arena, Yekaterinburg, Rasha&lt;/small&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|For [[World Boxing Association|WBA (Super)]], [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] and [[The Ring Magazine|The Ring light heavyweight titles]]}}
|-
|14|{{yes2}}Win
|13–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Carlos Eduardo Jimenez
|RTD
|2 (6), {{Small|1:00}}
|24 ga watan Agusta 2024
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Wolfgang-Lakenmacher-Halle, Magdeburg, Germany}}
|
|-
|13|{{yes2}}Win
|12–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Jean Pascal
|UD
|12
|16 Maris 2023
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|[[Place Bell]], [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]], Canada}}
|
|-
|12|{{yes2}}Win
|11–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Adriano Sperandio
|UD
|10
|16 Yuli 2022
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Maritim Hotel, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant IBF Inter-Continental light heavyweight title}}
|-
|11|{{yes2}}Win
|10–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Gyorgy Varju
|KO
|1 (6), {{Small|2:48}}
|22 Afrilu 2022
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Berg Tal Resort Lueneburger Heide, [[Bispingen]], Germany}}
|
|-
|10|{{yes2}}Win
|9–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Nils Schmidt
|KO
|3 (10), {{Small|1:53}}
|18 Disamba 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Maritim Hotel, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won the vacant BDB German light heavyweight title}}
|-
|9|{{yes2}}Win
|8–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Tom Dzemski
|MD
|10
|17 Yuli 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won IBF Youth and vacant [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] Youth light heavyweight titles.}}
|-
|8|{{yes2}}Win
|7–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Dustin Ammann
|UD
|8
|5 Yuni 2021
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Won vacant [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]] Youth light heavyweight title}}
|-
|7|{{no2}}Loss
|6–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Tom Dzemski
|MD
|8
|22 ga watan Agusta 2020
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Seebühne Elbauenpark, Magdeburg, Germany}}
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|For vacant [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]] Youth light heavyweight title.}}
|-
|6|{{yes2}}Win
|6–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Beka Aduashvili
|UD
|6
|30 Nuwamba 2019
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Sportovni Hala Kladno, [[Kladno]], Czech Republic}}
|
|-
|5|{{yes2}}Win
|5–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Stanislav Eschner
|MD
|6
|11 ga Mayu 2019
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Stadthalle, [[Magdeburg]], Germany}}
|
|-
|4|{{yes2}}Win
|4–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Istvan Zeller
|UD
|6
|15 Disamba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|[[Tirana Olympic Park|Olympic Park “Feti Borova”]], [[Tirana]], Albania}}
|
|-
|3|{{yes2}}Win
|3–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Patrick Doering
|TKO
|2 (4), {{Small|2:00}}
|17 Nuwamba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Anhalt Arena, [[Dessau-Roßlau]], Germany}}
|
|-
|2|{{yes2}}Win
|2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ondrej Schwarz
|KO
|2 (4), {{Small|0:30}}
|27 ga Oktoba 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|Stadthalle, [[Weißenfels]], Germany}}
|
|-
|1|{{yes2}}Win
|1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Przemyslaw Binienda
|UD
|4
|2 Yuni 2018
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |{{Small|weeArena, [[Bad Tölz]], Germany}}
|
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==
BoxRec: Michael Eifert
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>m6fg1cu28x96rtzm0mzdb6j6m3m65fa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sondu Miriu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153701</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843962</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:15:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310912020|Sondu Miriu Hydroelectric Power Station]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5501" sha1="a8l2dcsdycr503wtw9nswjgahk7hdso" xml:space="preserve">'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sondu Miriu''' tashar wutar lantarki ce a kan [[Kogin Sondu Miriu|Kogin Sondu]] a Kenya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Africa Water Network |date=22 December 1999 |title=The Impacts of Sondu-Miriu River Hydro-Electric Power Project on the People of Nyanza |url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/the-impacts-of-sondu-miriu-river-hydro-electric-power-project-on-the-people-of-nyanza-2014 |access-date=5 April 2016 |publisher=Internationalrivers.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=KENGEN |date=5 April 2015 |title=Kenya Electricity Generating Company: Sondu Miriu Hydroelectric Power Project |url=http://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php?page=business&amp;subpage=hydro&amp;id=10 |access-date=5 April 2015 |publisher=[[Kenya Electricity Generating Company]] (KENGEN)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana ''Kusa'' da ƙauyen Kusa a cikin [[Kisumu]]_County&quot; id=&quot;mwMQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Kisumu County&quot;&gt;Gundumar Kisumu, kimanin kilomita 55 (34 , ta hanya, kudu maso gabashin Kisumu, wurin hedkwatar gundumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=5 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kusa, Kisumu, Kenya and Kisumu, Kenya |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kusa%2C%20Kisumu%2C%20Kenya&amp;toplace=Kisumu%2C%20Kenya%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJNfbeIxbCKhgRsVIYQ9JR4wU&amp;dt2=ChIJHchKrTekKhgR0o0k1jmkEiA |access-date=5 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya kasance kusan kilomita 350 (217 mi), ta hanya, arewa maso yammacin [[Nairobi]], babban birnin kuma birni mafi girma a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=5 April 2016 |title=Distance between Nairobi, Kenya and Kusa, Kisumu, Kenya |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Nairobi%2C%20Kenya&amp;toplace=Kusa%2C%20Kisumu%2C%20Kenya%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJp0lN2HIRLxgRTJKXslQCz_c&amp;dt2=ChIJNfbeIxbCKhgRsVIYQ9JR4wU |access-date=5 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aunin tashar wutar lantarki sune:0°20'33.0&quot;S, 34°51'08.0&quot;E (Latitude:0°-20'33.8&quot;S; Longitude:34°51'080&quot;E). 

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
Tashar wutar lantarki ta musamman ce saboda ba ta kai tsaye a kan kogi daga inda ta samo ruwan da ke ba da wutar lantarki. A wurin shigarwa, ana karkatar da ruwa zuwa tashar wutar lantarki, ta hanyar ramin shigarwa mai nisan kilomita 6.2. Bayan an samar da wutar lantarki, ana zubar da ruwa mai guba kusan kilomita 13 (8  daga cikin ruwa ta hanyar tashar fitarwa wacce ke auna kilomita 4.7 (3 . Layin watsawa na kilomita 50 (31  135kV yana ɗaukar wutar lantarki daga tashar wutar lantarki zuwa tashar a Kisumu, inda aka haɗa shi cikin grid na wutar lantarki na ƙasa. Ginin ya dauki shekaru 10, tare da rancen daga Bankin Japan don hadin kan kasa da kasa a jimlar kudin Sh19 biliyan (US $ 249 miliyan). &lt;ref name=&quot;Start&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sambu |first=Zeddy |date=28 July 2009 |title=Proposed project on Sondu Miriu River to ease power shortages |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/-/539550/630882/-/15p1u3c/-/index.html |access-date=5 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Details&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=DCIL |date=5 April 2016 |title=Durant &amp; Company International Limited: Sondu/Miriu Hydropower Project, Nyanza Province, Kenya |url=http://durrantinternational.com/ProjectPage_africa6.htm |access-date=5 April 2016 |publisher=Durant &amp; Company International Limited (DCIL)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Bayan an gina Sondu Miriu, an gina wani tashar wutar lantarki mai alaƙa, tashar wutar wutar lantarki ta {{Convert|20.2|MW}} MW (27,100 , tsakanin 2007 da 2013, ta amfani da fitar da ruwa daga Sondu Miriun a matsayin abin sha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cherono |first=Stella |date=27 July 2011 |title=Sondu Miriu power plant boost for jobs and schools |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/Counties/Sondu+Miriu+power+plant+boost+for+jobs+and+schools+/-/1107872/1208672/-/468ihn/-/index.html |access-date=5 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sunday |first=Frankline |date=11 August 2011 |title=Sondu Miriu power project to ease energy crisis in western Kenya |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Sondu-Miriu-power-project-to-ease-energy-crisis-in-western-Kenya/-/539546/1216804/-/12wc4gdz/-/index.html |access-date=5 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=JICA |date=23 January 2007 |title=Sondu-Miriu Hydropower Project Sang'oro Power Plant: Ex-Ante Evaluation |url=http://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/evaluation/oda_loan/economic_cooperation/c8h0vm000001rdjt-att/kenya.pdf |access-date=5 April 2016 |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sondu Miriu kashi 100 ne mallakar Kamfanin Wutar Lutar Lantarki na Kenya, kamfani ne na gwamnatin Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=KENGEN |date=5 April 2015 |title=Kenya Electricity Generating Company: Sondu Miriu Hydroelectric Power Project |url=http://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php?page=business&amp;subpage=hydro&amp;id=10 |access-date=5 April 2015 |publisher=[[Kenya Electricity Generating Company]] (KENGEN)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKENGEN2015&quot;&gt;KENGEN (5 April 2015). [http://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php?page=business&amp;subpage=hydro&amp;id=10 &quot;Kenya Electricity Generating Company: Sondu Miriu Hydroelectric Power Project&quot;]. Nairobi: [[Kenya Electricity Generating Company]] (KENGEN)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kenya

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843964</id>
      <parentid>843962</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:16:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="5514" sha1="atkzr2zwq5ara1qgyo8jdb0kbwu60kx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sondu Miriu''' tashar wutar lantarki ce a kan [[Kogin Sondu Miriu|Kogin Sondu]] a Kenya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Africa Water Network |date=22 December 1999 |title=The Impacts of Sondu-Miriu River Hydro-Electric Power Project on the People of Nyanza |url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/the-impacts-of-sondu-miriu-river-hydro-electric-power-project-on-the-people-of-nyanza-2014 |access-date=5 April 2016 |publisher=Internationalrivers.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=KENGEN |date=5 April 2015 |title=Kenya Electricity Generating Company: Sondu Miriu Hydroelectric Power Project |url=http://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php?page=business&amp;subpage=hydro&amp;id=10 |access-date=5 April 2015 |publisher=[[Kenya Electricity Generating Company]] (KENGEN)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wurin da yake ==
Tashar wutar lantarki tana ''Kusa'' da ƙauyen Kusa a cikin [[Kisumu]]_County&quot; id=&quot;mwMQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Kisumu County&quot;&gt;Gundumar Kisumu, kimanin kilomita 55 (34 , ta hanya, kudu maso gabashin Kisumu, wurin hedkwatar gundumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=5 April 2016 |title=Distance between Kusa, Kisumu, Kenya and Kisumu, Kenya |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kusa%2C%20Kisumu%2C%20Kenya&amp;toplace=Kisumu%2C%20Kenya%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJNfbeIxbCKhgRsVIYQ9JR4wU&amp;dt2=ChIJHchKrTekKhgR0o0k1jmkEiA |access-date=5 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya kasance kusan kilomita 350 (217 mi), ta hanya, arewa maso yammacin [[Nairobi]], babban birnin kuma birni mafi girma a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GFC |date=5 April 2016 |title=Distance between Nairobi, Kenya and Kusa, Kisumu, Kenya |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Nairobi%2C%20Kenya&amp;toplace=Kusa%2C%20Kisumu%2C%20Kenya%2C&amp;dt1=ChIJp0lN2HIRLxgRTJKXslQCz_c&amp;dt2=ChIJNfbeIxbCKhgRsVIYQ9JR4wU |access-date=5 April 2016 |publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aunin tashar wutar lantarki sune:0°20'33.0&quot;S, 34°51'08.0&quot;E (Latitude:0°-20'33.8&quot;S; Longitude:34°51'080&quot;E). 

== Bayani na gaba ɗaya ==
Tashar wutar lantarki ta musamman ce saboda ba ta kai tsaye a kan kogi daga inda ta samo ruwan da ke ba da wutar lantarki. A wurin shigarwa, ana karkatar da ruwa zuwa tashar wutar lantarki, ta hanyar ramin shigarwa mai nisan kilomita 6.2. Bayan an samar da wutar lantarki, ana zubar da ruwa mai guba kusan kilomita 13 (8  daga cikin ruwa ta hanyar tashar fitarwa wacce ke auna kilomita 4.7 (3 . Layin watsawa na kilomita 50 (31  135kV yana ɗaukar wutar lantarki daga tashar wutar lantarki zuwa tashar a Kisumu, inda aka haɗa shi cikin grid na wutar lantarki na ƙasa. Ginin ya dauki shekaru 10, tare da rancen daga Bankin Japan don hadin kan kasa da kasa a jimlar kudin Sh19 biliyan (US $ 249 miliyan). &lt;ref name=&quot;Start&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sambu |first=Zeddy |date=28 July 2009 |title=Proposed project on Sondu Miriu River to ease power shortages |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate-News/-/539550/630882/-/15p1u3c/-/index.html |access-date=5 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Details&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=DCIL |date=5 April 2016 |title=Durant &amp; Company International Limited: Sondu/Miriu Hydropower Project, Nyanza Province, Kenya |url=http://durrantinternational.com/ProjectPage_africa6.htm |access-date=5 April 2016 |publisher=Durant &amp; Company International Limited (DCIL)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran la'akari ==
Bayan an gina Sondu Miriu, an gina wani tashar wutar lantarki mai alaƙa, tashar wutar wutar lantarki ta {{Convert|20.2|MW}} MW (27,100 , tsakanin 2007 da 2013, ta amfani da fitar da ruwa daga Sondu Miriun a matsayin abin sha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cherono |first=Stella |date=27 July 2011 |title=Sondu Miriu power plant boost for jobs and schools |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/Counties/Sondu+Miriu+power+plant+boost+for+jobs+and+schools+/-/1107872/1208672/-/468ihn/-/index.html |access-date=5 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sunday |first=Frankline |date=11 August 2011 |title=Sondu Miriu power project to ease energy crisis in western Kenya |url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Sondu-Miriu-power-project-to-ease-energy-crisis-in-western-Kenya/-/539546/1216804/-/12wc4gdz/-/index.html |access-date=5 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=JICA |date=23 January 2007 |title=Sondu-Miriu Hydropower Project Sang'oro Power Plant: Ex-Ante Evaluation |url=http://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/evaluation/oda_loan/economic_cooperation/c8h0vm000001rdjt-att/kenya.pdf |access-date=5 April 2016 |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mallaka ==
Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Sondu Miriu kashi 100 ne mallakar Kamfanin Wutar Lutar Lantarki na Kenya, kamfani ne na gwamnatin Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=KENGEN |date=5 April 2015 |title=Kenya Electricity Generating Company: Sondu Miriu Hydroelectric Power Project |url=http://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php?page=business&amp;subpage=hydro&amp;id=10 |access-date=5 April 2015 |publisher=[[Kenya Electricity Generating Company]] (KENGEN)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKENGEN2015&quot;&gt;KENGEN (5 April 2015). [http://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php?page=business&amp;subpage=hydro&amp;id=10 &quot;Kenya Electricity Generating Company: Sondu Miriu Hydroelectric Power Project&quot;]. Nairobi: [[Kenya Electricity Generating Company]] (KENGEN)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Kenya

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Kogin Mékrou</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1275482165|Mékrou River]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:River_Niger_Tributaries_from_Benin_OSM.png|thumb]]
[[Fayil:Mekrou_river_in_W-National_Park_MS_6380.JPG|thumb|300x300px|Kogin Mékrou a cikin W-National Park]]
'''[[Kogi|kogin]] Mékrou''' wani kogi ne na [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Yana gudana ta hanyar [[Filin shakatawa na W|W National Park]].&lt;ref&gt;Houngnikpo, Mathurin; Decalo, Samuel (2013). Historical Dictionary of Benin. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0810871717&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin [[Neja (kogi)|Niger, wanda yake magudanar ruwa ta kogin Niger]], yana farawa ne daga Benin a arewacin Kouande kuma yana gudana tsawon kilomita 250.  Yana cikin iyakar da ke tsakanin Benin da Burkina Faso da kuma tsakanin Benin da Nijar. Tsarin gina madatsar wutar lantarki ta Dyondyonga a kan kogin ya haifar da damuwa ga masu rajin kare muhalli.

== Manazarta ==

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[[Fayil:Mekrou_river_in_W-National_Park_MS_6380.JPG|thumb|300x300px|Kogin Mékrou a cikin W-National Park]]
'''[[Kogi|kogin]] Mékrou''' wani kogi ne na [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]], da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . Yana gudana ta hanyar [[Filin shakatawa na W|W National Park]].&lt;ref&gt;Houngnikpo, Mathurin; Decalo, Samuel (2013). Historical Dictionary of Benin. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0810871717&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin [[Neja (kogi)|Niger, wanda yake magudanar ruwa ta kogin Niger]], yana farawa ne daga Benin a arewacin Kouande kuma yana gudana tsawon kilomita 250.  Yana cikin iyakar da ke tsakanin Benin da Burkina Faso da kuma tsakanin Benin da Nijar. Tsarin gina madatsar wutar lantarki ta Dyondyonga a kan kogin ya haifar da damuwa ga masu rajin kare muhalli.

== Manazarta ==

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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|12.4|N|2.81667|E}}</text>
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    <title>Dam din Oumarou Kanazoé</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1255274241|Oumarou Kanazoé Dam]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Dam din Oumarou Kanazoé''' ( French   ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Toécé Dam''' ( French   ), madatsar ruwa ce da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Lardunan Yatenga da Passoré a Yankin Arewa na [[Burkina Faso]] . An sanya mata suna ne bayan ɗan kasuwan Burkinabe {{Interlanguage link|Oumarou Kanazoé|de}}, Kamfanin gine-gine, {{Interlanguage link|Kanazoé Frères|de}}, an gina shi a shekarar 1995. Ya ƙunshi babban ma'ajiyar ruwa a yankin Nord, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban ruwa da kamun kifi. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, ana ci gaba da ƙoƙarin kawar da ma'ajiyar daga typha mai mamaye, wanda ya mamaye kashi 50.6% na faɗin yankinsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;lefaso&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Protection des ressources en eau : Des résultats satisfaisants à Toécé dans la lutte contre le typha |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article91172 |access-date=19 September 2019 |website=le Faso.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;eaunakanbe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fight against invasive plants: the AEN holds in the first week of July 2019, an information and awareness workshop for the people of the Northern Region |url=https://eaunakanbe.bf/en/fight-against-invasive-plants-the-aen-holds-in-the-first-week-of-july-2019-an-information-and-awareness-workshop-for-the-people-of-the-northern-region/ |access-date=19 September 2019 |website=Agence de l'Eau du Nakanbé}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Dam din Oumarou Kanazoé''' ( French   ), wanda aka fi sani da '''Toécé Dam''' ( French   ), madatsar ruwa ce da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Lardunan Yatenga da Passoré a Yankin Arewa na [[Burkina Faso]] . An sanya mata suna ne bayan ɗan kasuwan Burkinabe {{Interlanguage link|Oumarou Kanazoé|de}}, Kamfanin gine-gine, {{Interlanguage link|Kanazoé Frères|de}}, an gina shi a shekarar 1995. Ya ƙunshi babban ma'ajiyar ruwa a yankin Nord, wanda ake amfani da shi don ban ruwa da kamun kifi. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, ana ci gaba da ƙoƙarin kawar da ma'ajiyar daga typha mai mamaye, wanda ya mamaye kashi 50.6% na faɗin yankinsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;lefaso&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Protection des ressources en eau : Des résultats satisfaisants à Toécé dans la lutte contre le typha |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article91172 |access-date=19 September 2019 |website=le Faso.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;eaunakanbe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fight against invasive plants: the AEN holds in the first week of July 2019, an information and awareness workshop for the people of the Northern Region |url=https://eaunakanbe.bf/en/fight-against-invasive-plants-the-aen-holds-in-the-first-week-of-july-2019-an-information-and-awareness-workshop-for-the-people-of-the-northern-region/ |access-date=19 September 2019 |website=Agence de l'Eau du Nakanbé}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Teresita Lazaro</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348415573|Teresita Lazaro]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani Teresita''' &quot;Ningning&quot; '''Santiago Lazaro''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1942) 'yar siyasar Filipino ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Laguna na 16 daga 2001 zuwa 2010. Kafin a zabe ta a matsayin gwamna, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna daga 1995 zuwa 2001 kuma a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Lardin Laguna daga 1992 zuwa 1995.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
Lazaro ta fara aikinta a aikin gwamnati daga 1964 zuwa 1974 a matsayin malamar makarantar firamare ta jama'a a Cabuyao kuma daga baya a garinsu Calamba . Nasararta mai ban sha'awa a harkokin kasuwanci ta zama babban abin da ya sa Shugaba Corazon C. Aquino ya nada ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Calamba a shekarar 1986.

Wannan ya biyo Bay zaben ta a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari na Calamba a shekarar 1988 zuwa 1992. &quot;Yar yi kamar tauraro mai haske&quot; a cikin zaben 1992, an zabe ta da yawa a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Lardin Laguna wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Laguna ta biyu, wanda ya ƙunshi kananan hukumomin Calamba, Los Baños, Bay, da Cabuyao.

Tare da mutuwar Gwamna Felicisimo San Luis a shekarar 1992, memba na kwamitin Lazaro ya ɗauki mukamin mataimakin gwamna tun lokacin da ta kasance a kan jerin zaɓaɓɓun mambobin kwamitin. A shekara ta 1994, Sandiganbayan ta dakatar da ita na tsawon watanni uku saboda keta dokar Anti-Graft da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta hanyar canza ƙasar noma zuwa yankin zama, wanda ake zargi don amfanin kansa.

A cikin zaben 1995, Mataimakin Gwamna Lazaro ya haɗu da Sanata Joey Lina, wanda ya tsaya takarar gwamna. Tandem din ya ci nasara tare kuma an sake zabar su duka biyu a lokacin zaben 1998. Lokacin da Shugaba Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ya nada Gwamna Joey Lina a shekara ta 2001 a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida da Karamar Hukumar, An ɗaga Mataimakin Gwamna Lazaro zuwa gwamna. Ta yi rantsuwa a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin gwamnan Laguna a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2001.

Ta yi takara a karo na farko a matsayin gwamna a zaben 2001, amma an sake hana ta saboda zargin amfani da kudaden gwamnati don inganta takarar ta. Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta Philippines daga baya ta musanta rashin cancanta, ta goyi bayan ƙudurin Hukumar Zabe da ya yanke cewa ayyukanta a matsayin gwamna ba daidai ba ne da yakin neman zabe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2019 |title=SC upholds ex-Laguna gov Lazaro's liability over illegal purchase worth P118M |url=https://southluzon.politics.com.ph/2019/04/03/sc-upholds-ex-laguna-gov-lazaros-liability-over-illegal-purchase-worth-p118m/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |website=Politiko South Luzon |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an ayyana ta a hukumance a matsayin mai nasara a tseren gwamna na Laguna a lokacin zaben, inda ta ci nasara da yawa. Wannan ya biyo bayan sake zabar ta a karo na biyu a shekara ta 2004 da kuma karo na karshe da na karshe a shekara ta 2007. Lokacin da ta yi a matsayin gwamna ya ƙare a shekara ta 2010. Magajin garin Pagsanjan E.R. Ejercito ne ya gaje ta, dan dan tsohon shugaban kasar Joseph Estrada.

A cikin Zaben 2013, ta yi ƙoƙari ta dawo siyasa ta hanyar tsayawa takarar wakilin gundumar Laguna ta 2. Koyaya, ta sha kashi a hannun magajin garin Calamba da tsohon wakilin Jun Chipeco.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Lazaro ta auri Angelito Lazaro Sr., tare da ita tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu: Dennis da Angelito Jr. (Totie). Dennis ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da lardin Laguna a lokacin wa'adinta na karshe a matsayin gwamna kuma ta yi takara ba tare da nasara ba don gwamna a shekarar 2010. Totie ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari na Calamba tun 2022.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]</text>
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        <id>22074</id>
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'''Teresita''' &quot;Ningning&quot; '''Santiago Lazaro''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1942) 'yar siyasar Filipino ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Laguna na 16 daga 2001 zuwa 2010. Kafin a zabe ta a matsayin gwamna, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna daga 1995 zuwa 2001 kuma a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Lardin Laguna daga 1992 zuwa 1995.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
Lazaro ta fara aikinta a aikin gwamnati daga 1964 zuwa 1974 a matsayin malamar makarantar firamare ta jama'a a Cabuyao kuma daga baya a garinsu Calamba . Nasararta mai ban sha'awa a harkokin kasuwanci ta zama babban abin da ya sa Shugaba Corazon C. Aquino ya nada ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Calamba a shekarar 1986.

Wannan ya biyo Bay zaben ta a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari na Calamba a shekarar 1988 zuwa 1992. &quot;Yar yi kamar tauraro mai haske&quot; a cikin zaben 1992, an zabe ta da yawa a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Lardin Laguna wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Laguna ta biyu, wanda ya ƙunshi kananan hukumomin Calamba, Los Baños, Bay, da Cabuyao.

Tare da mutuwar Gwamna Felicisimo San Luis a shekarar 1992, memba na kwamitin Lazaro ya ɗauki mukamin mataimakin gwamna tun lokacin da ta kasance a kan jerin zaɓaɓɓun mambobin kwamitin. A shekara ta 1994, Sandiganbayan ta dakatar da ita na tsawon watanni uku saboda keta dokar Anti-Graft da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta hanyar canza ƙasar noma zuwa yankin zama, wanda ake zargi don amfanin kansa.

A cikin zaben 1995, Mataimakin Gwamna Lazaro ya haɗu da Sanata Joey Lina, wanda ya tsaya takarar gwamna. Tandem din ya ci nasara tare kuma an sake zabar su duka biyu a lokacin zaben 1998. Lokacin da Shugaba Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ya nada Gwamna Joey Lina a shekara ta 2001 a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida da Karamar Hukumar, An ɗaga Mataimakin Gwamna Lazaro zuwa gwamna. Ta yi rantsuwa a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin gwamnan Laguna a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2001.

Ta yi takara a karo na farko a matsayin gwamna a zaben 2001, amma an sake hana ta saboda zargin amfani da kudaden gwamnati don inganta takarar ta. Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta Philippines daga baya ta musanta rashin cancanta, ta goyi bayan ƙudurin Hukumar Zabe da ya yanke cewa ayyukanta a matsayin gwamna ba daidai ba ne da yakin neman zabe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2019 |title=SC upholds ex-Laguna gov Lazaro's liability over illegal purchase worth P118M |url=https://southluzon.politics.com.ph/2019/04/03/sc-upholds-ex-laguna-gov-lazaros-liability-over-illegal-purchase-worth-p118m/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |website=Politiko South Luzon |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an ayyana ta a hukumance a matsayin mai nasara a tseren gwamna na Laguna a lokacin zaben, inda ta ci nasara da yawa. Wannan ya biyo bayan sake zabar ta a karo na biyu a shekara ta 2004 da kuma karo na karshe da na karshe a shekara ta 2007. Lokacin da ta yi a matsayin gwamna ya ƙare a shekara ta 2010. Magajin garin Pagsanjan E.R. Ejercito ne ya gaje ta, dan dan tsohon shugaban kasar Joseph Estrada.

A cikin Zaben 2013, ta yi ƙoƙari ta dawo siyasa ta hanyar tsayawa takarar wakilin gundumar Laguna ta 2. Koyaya, ta sha kashi a hannun magajin garin Calamba da tsohon wakilin Jun Chipeco.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Lazaro ta auri Angelito Lazaro Sr., tare da ita tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu: Dennis da Angelito Jr. (Totie). Dennis ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da lardin Laguna a lokacin wa'adinta na karshe a matsayin gwamna kuma ta yi takara ba tare da nasara ba don gwamna a shekarar 2010. Totie ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari na Calamba tun 2022.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]</text>
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'''Teresita &quot;Ningning&quot; Santiago Lazaro''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1942) 'yar siyasar Filipino ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Laguna na 16 daga 2001 zuwa 2010. Kafin a zabe ta a matsayin gwamna, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna daga 1995 zuwa 2001 kuma a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Lardin Laguna daga 1992 zuwa 1995.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
Lazaro ta fara aikinta a aikin gwamnati daga 1964 zuwa 1974 a matsayin malamar makarantar firamare ta jama'a a Cabuyao kuma daga baya a garinsu Calamba . Nasararta mai ban sha'awa a harkokin kasuwanci ta zama babban abin da ya sa Shugaba Corazon C. Aquino ya nada ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Calamba a shekarar 1986.

Wannan ya biyo Bay zaben ta a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari na Calamba a shekarar 1988 zuwa 1992. &quot;Yar yi kamar tauraro mai haske&quot; a cikin zaben 1992, an zabe ta da yawa a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Lardin Laguna wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Laguna ta biyu, wanda ya ƙunshi kananan hukumomin Calamba, Los Baños, Bay, da Cabuyao.

Tare da mutuwar Gwamna Felicisimo San Luis a shekarar 1992, memba na kwamitin Lazaro ya ɗauki mukamin mataimakin gwamna tun lokacin da ta kasance a kan jerin zaɓaɓɓun mambobin kwamitin. A shekara ta 1994, Sandiganbayan ta dakatar da ita na tsawon watanni uku saboda keta dokar Anti-Graft da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta hanyar canza ƙasar noma zuwa yankin zama, wanda ake zargi don amfanin kansa.

A cikin zaben 1995, Mataimakin Gwamna Lazaro ya haɗu da Sanata Joey Lina, wanda ya tsaya takarar gwamna. Tandem din ya ci nasara tare kuma an sake zabar su duka biyu a lokacin zaben 1998. Lokacin da Shugaba Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ya nada Gwamna Joey Lina a shekara ta 2001 a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida da Karamar Hukumar, An ɗaga Mataimakin Gwamna Lazaro zuwa gwamna. Ta yi rantsuwa a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin gwamnan Laguna a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2001.

Ta yi takara a karo na farko a matsayin gwamna a zaben 2001, amma an sake hana ta saboda zargin amfani da kudaden gwamnati don inganta takarar ta. Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta Philippines daga baya ta musanta rashin cancanta, ta goyi bayan ƙudurin Hukumar Zabe da ya yanke cewa ayyukanta a matsayin gwamna ba daidai ba ne da yakin neman zabe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2019 |title=SC upholds ex-Laguna gov Lazaro's liability over illegal purchase worth P118M |url=https://southluzon.politics.com.ph/2019/04/03/sc-upholds-ex-laguna-gov-lazaros-liability-over-illegal-purchase-worth-p118m/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |website=Politiko South Luzon |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an ayyana ta a hukumance a matsayin mai nasara a tseren gwamna na Laguna a lokacin zaben, inda ta ci nasara da yawa. Wannan ya biyo bayan sake zabar ta a karo na biyu a shekara ta 2004 da kuma karo na karshe da na karshe a shekara ta 2007. Lokacin da ta yi a matsayin gwamna ya ƙare a shekara ta 2010. Magajin garin Pagsanjan E.R. Ejercito ne ya gaje ta, dan dan tsohon shugaban kasar Joseph Estrada.

A cikin Zaben 2013, ta yi ƙoƙari ta dawo siyasa ta hanyar tsayawa takarar wakilin gundumar Laguna ta 2. Koyaya, ta sha kashi a hannun magajin garin Calamba da tsohon wakilin Jun Chipeco.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Lazaro ta auri Angelito Lazaro Sr., tare da ita tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu: Dennis da Angelito Jr. (Totie). Dennis ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da lardin Laguna a lokacin wa'adinta na karshe a matsayin gwamna kuma ta yi takara ba tare da nasara ba don gwamna a shekarar 2010. Totie ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari na Calamba tun 2022.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]</text>
      <sha1>lt34bsk3q4xll6e8tpay544cjasaia6</sha1>
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        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
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'''Teresita &quot;Ningning&quot; Santiago Lazaro''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1942) 'yar siyasar Filipino ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Laguna na 16 daga 2001 zuwa 2010. Kafin a zabe ta a matsayin gwamna, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna daga 1995 zuwa 2001 kuma a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Lardin Laguna daga 1992 zuwa 1995.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
Lazaro ta fara aikinta a aikin gwamnati daga 1964 zuwa 1974 a matsayin malamar makarantar firamare ta jama'a a Cabuyao kuma daga baya a garinsu Calamba . Nasararta mai ban sha'awa a harkokin kasuwanci ta zama babban abin da ya sa Shugaba Corazon C. Aquino ya nada ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Calamba a shekarar 1986.

Wannan ya biyo Bay zaben ta a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari na Calamba a shekarar 1988 zuwa 1992. &quot;Yar yi kamar tauraro mai haske&quot; a cikin zaben 1992, an zabe ta da yawa a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Lardin Laguna wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Laguna ta biyu, wanda ya ƙunshi kananan hukumomin Calamba, Los Baños, Bay, da Cabuyao.

Tare da mutuwar Gwamna Felicisimo San Luis a shekarar 1992, memba na kwamitin Lazaro ya ɗauki mukamin mataimakin gwamna tun lokacin da ta kasance a kan jerin zaɓaɓɓun mambobin kwamitin. A shekara ta 1994, Sandiganbayan ta dakatar da ita na tsawon watanni uku saboda keta dokar Anti-Graft da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta hanyar canza ƙasar noma zuwa yankin zama, wanda ake zargi don amfanin kansa.

A cikin zaben 1995, Mataimakin Gwamna Lazaro ya haɗu da Sanata Joey Lina, wanda ya tsaya takarar gwamna. Tandem din ya ci nasara tare kuma an sake zabar su duka biyu a lokacin zaben 1998. Lokacin da Shugaba Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ya nada Gwamna Joey Lina a shekara ta 2001 a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida da Karamar Hukumar, An ɗaga Mataimakin Gwamna Lazaro zuwa gwamna. Ta yi rantsuwa a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin gwamnan Laguna a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2001.

Ta yi takara a karo na farko a matsayin gwamna a zaben 2001, amma an sake hana ta saboda zargin amfani da kudaden gwamnati don inganta takarar ta. Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta Philippines daga baya ta musanta rashin cancanta, ta goyi bayan ƙudurin Hukumar Zabe da ya yanke cewa ayyukanta a matsayin gwamna ba daidai ba ne da yakin neman zabe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2019 |title=SC upholds ex-Laguna gov Lazaro's liability over illegal purchase worth P118M |url=https://southluzon.politics.com.ph/2019/04/03/sc-upholds-ex-laguna-gov-lazaros-liability-over-illegal-purchase-worth-p118m/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |website=Politiko South Luzon |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an ayyana ta a hukumance a matsayin mai nasara a tseren gwamna na Laguna a lokacin zaben, inda ta ci nasara da yawa. Wannan ya biyo bayan sake zabar ta a karo na biyu a shekara ta 2004 da kuma karo na karshe da na karshe a shekara ta 2007. Lokacin da ta yi a matsayin gwamna ya ƙare a shekara ta 2010. Magajin garin Pagsanjan E.R. Ejercito ne ya gaje ta, dan dan tsohon shugaban kasar Joseph Estrada.

A cikin Zaben 2013, ta yi ƙoƙari ta dawo siyasa ta hanyar tsayawa takarar wakilin gundumar Laguna ta 2. Koyaya, ta sha kashi a hannun magajin garin Calamba da tsohon wakilin Jun Chipeco.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Lazaro ta auri Angelito Lazaro Sr., tare da ita tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu: Dennis da Angelito Jr. (Totie). Dennis ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da lardin Laguna a lokacin wa'adinta na karshe a matsayin gwamna kuma ta yi takara ba tare da nasara ba don gwamna a shekarar 2010. Totie ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari na Calamba tun 2022.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]</text>
      <sha1>hdxcoappex0aex9e3lxrzoj4rkdkjzg</sha1>
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      <id>843978</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:29:18Z</timestamp>
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        <id>22074</id>
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'''Teresita &quot;Ningning&quot; Santiago Lazaro''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1942) 'yar siyasar Filipino ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Laguna na 16 daga 2001 zuwa 2010. Kafin a zabe ta a matsayin gwamna, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna daga 1995 zuwa 2001 kuma a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Lardin Laguna daga 1992 zuwa 1995.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
Lazaro ta fara aikinta a aikin gwamnati daga 1964 zuwa 1974 a matsayin malamar makarantar firamare ta jama'a a Cabuyao kuma daga baya a garinsu Calamba . Nasararta mai ban sha'awa a harkokin kasuwanci ta zama babban abin da ya sa Shugaba Corazon C. Aquino ya nada ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Calamba a shekarar 1986.

Wannan ya biyo Bay zaben ta a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari na Calamba a shekarar 1988 zuwa 1992. &quot;Yar yi kamar tauraro mai haske&quot; a cikin zaben 1992, an zabe ta da yawa a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Lardin Laguna wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Laguna ta biyu, wanda ya ƙunshi kananan hukumomin Calamba, Los Baños, Bay, da Cabuyao.

Tare da mutuwar Gwamna Felicisimo San Luis a shekarar 1992, memba na kwamitin Lazaro ya ɗauki mukamin mataimakin gwamna tun lokacin da ta kasance a kan jerin zaɓaɓɓun mambobin kwamitin. A shekara ta 1994, Sandiganbayan ta dakatar da ita na tsawon watanni uku saboda keta dokar Anti-Graft da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta hanyar canza ƙasar noma zuwa yankin zama, wanda ake zargi don amfanin kansa.

A cikin zaben 1995, Mataimakin Gwamna Lazaro ya haɗu da Sanata Joey Lina, wanda ya tsaya takarar gwamna. Tandem din ya ci nasara tare kuma an sake zabar su duka biyu a lokacin zaben 1998. Lokacin da Shugaba Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ya nada Gwamna Joey Lina a shekara ta 2001 a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida da Karamar Hukumar, An ɗaga Mataimakin Gwamna Lazaro zuwa gwamna. Ta yi rantsuwa a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin gwamnan Laguna a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2001.

Ta yi takara a karo na farko a matsayin gwamna a zaben 2001, amma an sake hana ta saboda zargin amfani da kudaden gwamnati don inganta takarar ta. Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta Philippines daga baya ta musanta rashin cancanta, ta goyi bayan ƙudurin Hukumar Zabe da ya yanke cewa ayyukanta a matsayin gwamna ba daidai ba ne da yakin neman zabe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite PH act|chamber=GR|number=148075|title=Pangkat Laguna vs. Commission on Elections and Teresita &quot;Ningning&quot; Lazaro|date=February 4, 2002|accessdate=December 11, 2024|url=https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/feb2002/gr_148075_2002.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2019 |title=SC upholds ex-Laguna gov Lazaro's liability over illegal purchase worth P118M |url=https://southluzon.politics.com.ph/2019/04/03/sc-upholds-ex-laguna-gov-lazaros-liability-over-illegal-purchase-worth-p118m/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |website=Politiko South Luzon |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2019 |title=SC upholds ex-Laguna gov Lazaro's liability over illegal purchase worth P118M |url=https://southluzon.politics.com.ph/2019/04/03/sc-upholds-ex-laguna-gov-lazaros-liability-over-illegal-purchase-worth-p118m/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |website=Politiko South Luzon |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an ayyana ta a hukumance a matsayin mai nasara a tseren gwamna na Laguna a lokacin zaben, inda ta ci nasara da yawa. Wannan ya biyo bayan sake zabar ta a karo na biyu a shekara ta 2004 da kuma karo na karshe da na karshe a shekara ta 2007. Lokacin da ta yi a matsayin gwamna ya ƙare a shekara ta 2010. Magajin garin Pagsanjan E.R. Ejercito ne ya gaje ta, dan dan tsohon shugaban kasar Joseph Estrada.

A cikin Zaben 2013, ta yi ƙoƙari ta dawo siyasa ta hanyar tsayawa takarar wakilin gundumar Laguna ta 2. Koyaya, ta sha kashi a hannun magajin garin Calamba da tsohon wakilin Jun Chipeco.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Lazaro ta auri Angelito Lazaro Sr., tare da ita tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu: Dennis da Angelito Jr. (Totie). Dennis ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da lardin Laguna a lokacin wa'adinta na karshe a matsayin gwamna kuma ta yi takara ba tare da nasara ba don gwamna a shekarar 2010. Totie ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari na Calamba tun 2022.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]</text>
      <sha1>jzemv5xw2cqkkw45tztck20sioroh4z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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        <id>22074</id>
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'''Teresita &quot;Ningning&quot; Santiago Lazaro''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1942) 'yar siyasar Filipino ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Laguna na 16 daga 2001 zuwa 2010. Kafin a zabe ta a matsayin gwamna, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna daga 1995 zuwa 2001 kuma a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Lardin Laguna daga 1992 zuwa 1995.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
Lazaro ta fara aikinta a aikin gwamnati daga 1964 zuwa 1974 a matsayin malamar makarantar firamare ta jama'a a Cabuyao kuma daga baya a garinsu Calamba . Nasararta mai ban sha'awa a harkokin kasuwanci ta zama babban abin da ya sa Shugaba Corazon C. Aquino ya nada ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Calamba a shekarar 1986.

Wannan ya biyo Bay zaben ta a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari na Calamba a shekarar 1988 zuwa 1992. &quot;Yar yi kamar tauraro mai haske&quot; a cikin zaben 1992, an zabe ta da yawa a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Lardin Laguna wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Laguna ta biyu, wanda ya ƙunshi kananan hukumomin Calamba, Los Baños, Bay, da Cabuyao.

Tare da mutuwar Gwamna Felicisimo San Luis a shekarar 1992, memba na kwamitin Lazaro ya ɗauki mukamin mataimakin gwamna tun lokacin da ta kasance a kan jerin zaɓaɓɓun mambobin kwamitin. A shekara ta 1994, Sandiganbayan ta dakatar da ita na tsawon watanni uku saboda keta dokar Anti-Graft da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta hanyar canza ƙasar noma zuwa yankin zama, wanda ake zargi don amfanin kansa.

A cikin zaben 1995, Mataimakin Gwamna Lazaro ya haɗu da Sanata Joey Lina, wanda ya tsaya takarar gwamna. Tandem din ya ci nasara tare kuma an sake zabar su duka biyu a lokacin zaben 1998. Lokacin da Shugaba Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ya nada Gwamna Joey Lina a shekara ta 2001 a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida da Karamar Hukumar, An ɗaga Mataimakin Gwamna Lazaro zuwa gwamna. Ta yi rantsuwa a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin gwamnan Laguna a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2001.

Ta yi takara a karo na farko a matsayin gwamna a zaben 2001, amma an sake hana ta saboda zargin amfani da kudaden gwamnati don inganta takarar ta.&lt;ref name=disqualify&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2001/05/13/86492/comelec-disqualifies-laguna-governor-law-violations|title=Comelec disqualifies Laguna governor for law violations
|first=Rene|last=Alviar|date=May 13, 2001|accessdate=December 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta Philippines daga baya ta musanta rashin cancanta, ta goyi bayan ƙudurin Hukumar Zabe da ya yanke cewa ayyukanta a matsayin gwamna ba daidai ba ne da yakin neman zabe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite PH act|chamber=GR|number=148075|title=Pangkat Laguna vs. Commission on Elections and Teresita &quot;Ningning&quot; Lazaro|date=February 4, 2002|accessdate=December 11, 2024|url=https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2002/feb2002/gr_148075_2002.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2019 |title=SC upholds ex-Laguna gov Lazaro's liability over illegal purchase worth P118M |url=https://southluzon.politics.com.ph/2019/04/03/sc-upholds-ex-laguna-gov-lazaros-liability-over-illegal-purchase-worth-p118m/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |website=Politiko South Luzon |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2019 |title=SC upholds ex-Laguna gov Lazaro's liability over illegal purchase worth P118M |url=https://southluzon.politics.com.ph/2019/04/03/sc-upholds-ex-laguna-gov-lazaros-liability-over-illegal-purchase-worth-p118m/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |website=Politiko South Luzon |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an ayyana ta a hukumance a matsayin mai nasara a tseren gwamna na Laguna a lokacin zaben, inda ta ci nasara da yawa. Wannan ya biyo bayan sake zabar ta a karo na biyu a shekara ta 2004 da kuma karo na karshe da na karshe a shekara ta 2007. Lokacin da ta yi a matsayin gwamna ya ƙare a shekara ta 2010. Magajin garin Pagsanjan E.R. Ejercito ne ya gaje ta, dan dan tsohon shugaban kasar Joseph Estrada.

A cikin Zaben 2013, ta yi ƙoƙari ta dawo siyasa ta hanyar tsayawa takarar wakilin gundumar Laguna ta 2. Koyaya, ta sha kashi a hannun magajin garin Calamba da tsohon wakilin Jun Chipeco.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Lazaro ta auri Angelito Lazaro Sr., tare da ita tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu: Dennis da Angelito Jr. (Totie). Dennis ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da lardin Laguna a lokacin wa'adinta na karshe a matsayin gwamna kuma ta yi takara ba tare da nasara ba don gwamna a shekarar 2010. Totie ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari na Calamba tun 2022.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]</text>
      <sha1>tsj035i3owvxx9h6qanxp3qfizk4txj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843980</id>
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        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwa da aiki */</comment>
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'''Teresita &quot;Ningning&quot; Santiago Lazaro''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1942) 'yar siyasar Filipino ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Laguna na 16 daga 2001 zuwa 2010. Kafin a zabe ta a matsayin gwamna, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna daga 1995 zuwa 2001 kuma a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Lardin Laguna daga 1992 zuwa 1995.

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
Lazaro ta fara aikinta a aikin gwamnati daga 1964 zuwa 1974 a matsayin malamar makarantar firamare ta jama'a a Cabuyao kuma daga baya a garinsu Calamba . Nasararta mai ban sha'awa a harkokin kasuwanci ta zama babban abin da ya sa Shugaba Corazon C. Aquino ya nada ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara na Calamba a shekarar 1986.

Wannan ya biyo Bay zaben ta a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari na Calamba a shekarar 1988 zuwa 1992. &quot;Yar yi kamar tauraro mai haske&quot; a cikin zaben 1992, an zabe ta da yawa a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Lardin Laguna wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Laguna ta biyu, wanda ya ƙunshi kananan hukumomin Calamba, Los Baños, Bay, da Cabuyao.

Tare da mutuwar Gwamna Felicisimo San Luis a shekarar 1992, memba na kwamitin Lazaro ya ɗauki mukamin mataimakin gwamna tun lokacin da ta kasance a kan jerin zaɓaɓɓun mambobin kwamitin. A shekara ta 1994, Sandiganbayan ta dakatar da ita na tsawon watanni uku saboda keta dokar Anti-Graft da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta hanyar canza ƙasar noma zuwa yankin zama, wanda ake zargi don amfanin kansa.

A cikin zaben 1995, Mataimakin Gwamna Lazaro ya haɗu da Sanata Joey Lina, wanda ya tsaya takarar gwamna. Tandem din ya ci nasara tare kuma an sake zabar su duka biyu a lokacin zaben 1998. Lokacin da Shugaba Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ya nada Gwamna Joey Lina a shekara ta 2001 a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida da Karamar Hukumar, An ɗaga Mataimakin Gwamna Lazaro zuwa gwamna. Ta yi rantsuwa a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin gwamnan Laguna a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2001.

Ta yi takara a karo na farko a matsayin gwamna a zaben 2001, amma an sake hana ta saboda zargin amfani da kudaden gwamnati don inganta takarar ta.&lt;ref name=disqualify&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2001/05/13/86492/comelec-disqualifies-laguna-governor-law-violations|title=Comelec disqualifies Laguna governor for law violations
|first=Rene|last=Alviar|date=May 13, 2001|accessdate=December 11, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta Philippines daga baya ta musanta rashin cancanta, ta goyi bayan ƙudurin Hukumar Zabe da ya yanke cewa ayyukanta a matsayin gwamna ba daidai ba ne da yakin neman zabe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2019 |title=SC upholds ex-Laguna gov Lazaro's liability over illegal purchase worth P118M |url=https://southluzon.politics.com.ph/2019/04/03/sc-upholds-ex-laguna-gov-lazaros-liability-over-illegal-purchase-worth-p118m/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |website=Politiko South Luzon |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2019 |title=SC upholds ex-Laguna gov Lazaro's liability over illegal purchase worth P118M |url=https://southluzon.politics.com.ph/2019/04/03/sc-upholds-ex-laguna-gov-lazaros-liability-over-illegal-purchase-worth-p118m/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |website=Politiko South Luzon |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka, an ayyana ta a hukumance a matsayin mai nasara a tseren gwamna na Laguna a lokacin zaben, inda ta ci nasara da yawa. Wannan ya biyo bayan sake zabar ta a karo na biyu a shekara ta 2004 da kuma karo na karshe da na karshe a shekara ta 2007. Lokacin da ta yi a matsayin gwamna ya ƙare a shekara ta 2010. Magajin garin Pagsanjan E.R. Ejercito ne ya gaje ta, dan dan tsohon shugaban kasar Joseph Estrada.

A cikin Zaben 2013, ta yi ƙoƙari ta dawo siyasa ta hanyar tsayawa takarar wakilin gundumar Laguna ta 2. Koyaya, ta sha kashi a hannun magajin garin Calamba da tsohon wakilin Jun Chipeco.

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Lazaro ta auri Angelito Lazaro Sr., tare da ita tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu: Dennis da Angelito Jr. (Totie). Dennis ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da lardin Laguna a lokacin wa'adinta na karshe a matsayin gwamna kuma ta yi takara ba tare da nasara ba don gwamna a shekarar 2010. Totie ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari na Calamba tun 2022.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]]</text>
      <sha1>74depb32zloq6rqxiufi6dgbhon5wb2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mechthild Heil</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>843981</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:36:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350724965|Mechthild Heil]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>843981</origin>
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'''Muhammad ya ba da wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da wuri ba a yanzu haka dai wannan lokaci ne ya sanya mu na zamani bisa al'adar da Mechthild Heil''' (née '''Rumpf''', an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1961) ƴar Jamus ce kuma 'yar siyasa ta Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wacce ke aiki a matsayin memba na Bundestag daga jihar Rhineland-Palatinate tun shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mechthild Heil {{!}} Abgeordnetenwatch |url=https://www.abgeordnetenwatch.de/profile/mechthild-heil |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=www.abgeordnetenwatch.de |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Heil ya fara zama memba na Bundestag a [[2009 German federal election|Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2009]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mechthild Heil |url=https://www.cducsu.de/abgeordnete/mechthild-heil |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=CDU/CSU-Fraktion}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Harkokin Kasuwanci da Jama'a (2009-2010) da Kwamitin Wasanni (2009-2013) kafin ta koma Kwamitin Harshen Shari'a da Kare Abokin Ciniki a 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=German Bundestag - Legal Affairs and Consumer Protection |url=https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a06 |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=German Bundestag |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin tattaunawar da aka yi don kafa Babban hadin gwiwar 'yan Democrat Kirista (CDU tare da CSU na Bavaria) da SPD a karkashin jagorancin Shugaba [[Angela Merkel]] bayan [[Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2013|Zaben 2013]], Heil ya kasance daga cikin tawagar CDU / CSU a cikin ƙungiyar aiki kan muhalli da aikin gona, karkashin jagorancin Katherina Reiche da Ute Vogt. A cikin irin wannan tattaunawar bayan Zaben tarayya na 2017, ta kasance daga cikin ƙungiyar aiki kan harkokin cikin gida da shari'a, karkashin jagorancin Thomas de Maizière, Stephan Mayer da Heiko Maas. Daga 2018 zuwa 2021, ta jagoranci Kwamitin Gine-gine, Gidaje, Ci gaban Birane da Karamar Hukumar.

Tun daga shekara ta 2025, Heil tana aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin majalisar dokokin Jamus kan 'yancin dan adam da taimakon jin kai.

== Sauran ayyukan ==

* Hukumar Tarayya ta Ilimi ta Jama'a (BPB), memba na Kwamitin Amintattun
* Kreissparkasse Mayen, memba na Kwamitin Kulawa

== Matsayi na siyasa ==
A watan Yunin 2017, Heil ta kada kuri'a a kan mafi rinjaye na ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa kuma ta goyi bayan gabatarwar auren jinsi guda a Jamus.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://www.bundestag.de/en/members/heil_mechthild-520216 Tarihin Bundestag] (a Turanci) {{In lang|en}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>843982</id>
      <parentid>843981</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:36:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843982</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2480" sha1="9u47mu76r5ue7ogay5d3ll4rmr4t60k" xml:space="preserve">
'''Mechthild Heil''' (née '''Rumpf''', an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1961) ƴar Jamus ce kuma 'yar siyasa ta Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wacce ke aiki a matsayin memba na Bundestag daga jihar Rhineland-Palatinate tun shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mechthild Heil {{!}} Abgeordnetenwatch |url=https://www.abgeordnetenwatch.de/profile/mechthild-heil |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=www.abgeordnetenwatch.de |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Heil ya fara zama memba na Bundestag a [[2009 German federal election|Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2009]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mechthild Heil |url=https://www.cducsu.de/abgeordnete/mechthild-heil |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=CDU/CSU-Fraktion}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Harkokin Kasuwanci da Jama'a (2009-2010) da Kwamitin Wasanni (2009-2013) kafin ta koma Kwamitin Harshen Shari'a da Kare Abokin Ciniki a 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=German Bundestag - Legal Affairs and Consumer Protection |url=https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a06 |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=German Bundestag |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin tattaunawar da aka yi don kafa Babban hadin gwiwar 'yan Democrat Kirista (CDU tare da CSU na Bavaria) da SPD a karkashin jagorancin Shugaba [[Angela Merkel]] bayan [[Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2013|Zaben 2013]], Heil ya kasance daga cikin tawagar CDU / CSU a cikin ƙungiyar aiki kan muhalli da aikin gona, karkashin jagorancin Katherina Reiche da Ute Vogt. A cikin irin wannan tattaunawar bayan Zaben tarayya na 2017, ta kasance daga cikin ƙungiyar aiki kan harkokin cikin gida da shari'a, karkashin jagorancin Thomas de Maizière, Stephan Mayer da Heiko Maas. Daga 2018 zuwa 2021, ta jagoranci Kwamitin Gine-gine, Gidaje, Ci gaban Birane da Karamar Hukumar.

Tun daga shekara ta 2025, Heil tana aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin majalisar dokokin Jamus kan 'yancin dan adam da taimakon jin kai.

== Sauran ayyukan ==

* Hukumar Tarayya ta Ilimi ta Jama'a (BPB), memba na Kwamitin Amintattun
* Kreissparkasse Mayen, memba na Kwamitin Kulawa

== Matsayi na siyasa ==
A watan Yunin 2017, Heil ta kada kuri'a a kan mafi rinjaye na ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa kuma ta goyi bayan gabatarwar auren jinsi guda a Jamus.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://www.bundestag.de/en/members/heil_mechthild-520216 Tarihin Bundestag] (a Turanci) {{In lang|en}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]]</text>
      <sha1>9u47mu76r5ue7ogay5d3ll4rmr4t60k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843983</id>
      <parentid>843982</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:37:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843983</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2491" sha1="cmbyglscfxmo3anun636cqitarn5kes" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Mechthild Heil''' (née '''Rumpf''', an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1961) ƴar Jamus ce kuma 'yar siyasa ta Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wacce ke aiki a matsayin memba na Bundestag daga jihar Rhineland-Palatinate tun shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mechthild Heil {{!}} Abgeordnetenwatch |url=https://www.abgeordnetenwatch.de/profile/mechthild-heil |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=www.abgeordnetenwatch.de |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Heil ya fara zama memba na Bundestag a [[2009 German federal election|Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2009]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mechthild Heil |url=https://www.cducsu.de/abgeordnete/mechthild-heil |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=CDU/CSU-Fraktion}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Harkokin Kasuwanci da Jama'a (2009-2010) da Kwamitin Wasanni (2009-2013) kafin ta koma Kwamitin Harshen Shari'a da Kare Abokin Ciniki a 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=German Bundestag - Legal Affairs and Consumer Protection |url=https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a06 |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=German Bundestag |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin tattaunawar da aka yi don kafa Babban hadin gwiwar 'yan Democrat Kirista (CDU tare da CSU na Bavaria) da SPD a karkashin jagorancin Shugaba [[Angela Merkel]] bayan [[Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2013|Zaben 2013]], Heil ya kasance daga cikin tawagar CDU / CSU a cikin ƙungiyar aiki kan muhalli da aikin gona, karkashin jagorancin Katherina Reiche da Ute Vogt. A cikin irin wannan tattaunawar bayan Zaben tarayya na 2017, ta kasance daga cikin ƙungiyar aiki kan harkokin cikin gida da shari'a, karkashin jagorancin Thomas de Maizière, Stephan Mayer da Heiko Maas. Daga 2018 zuwa 2021, ta jagoranci Kwamitin Gine-gine, Gidaje, Ci gaban Birane da Karamar Hukumar.

Tun daga shekara ta 2025, Heil tana aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin majalisar dokokin Jamus kan 'yancin dan adam da taimakon jin kai.

== Sauran ayyukan ==

* Hukumar Tarayya ta Ilimi ta Jama'a (BPB), memba na Kwamitin Amintattun
* Kreissparkasse Mayen, memba na Kwamitin Kulawa

== Matsayi na siyasa ==
A watan Yunin 2017, Heil ta kada kuri'a a kan mafi rinjaye na ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa kuma ta goyi bayan gabatarwar auren jinsi guda a Jamus.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://www.bundestag.de/en/members/heil_mechthild-520216 Tarihin Bundestag] (a Turanci) {{In lang|en}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]]</text>
      <sha1>cmbyglscfxmo3anun636cqitarn5kes</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843984</id>
      <parentid>843983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:37:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>843984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2493" sha1="cos6rbovq9nog74nm8fcvww9rvroxzf" xml:space="preserve">{{databox|2}}
'''Mechthild Heil''' (née '''Rumpf''', an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1961) ƴar Jamus ce kuma 'yar siyasa ta Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wacce ke aiki a matsayin memba na Bundestag daga jihar Rhineland-Palatinate tun shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mechthild Heil {{!}} Abgeordnetenwatch |url=https://www.abgeordnetenwatch.de/profile/mechthild-heil |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=www.abgeordnetenwatch.de |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Heil ya fara zama memba na Bundestag a [[2009 German federal election|Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2009]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mechthild Heil |url=https://www.cducsu.de/abgeordnete/mechthild-heil |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=CDU/CSU-Fraktion}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Harkokin Kasuwanci da Jama'a (2009-2010) da Kwamitin Wasanni (2009-2013) kafin ta koma Kwamitin Harshen Shari'a da Kare Abokin Ciniki a 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=German Bundestag - Legal Affairs and Consumer Protection |url=https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a06 |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=German Bundestag |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin tattaunawar da aka yi don kafa Babban hadin gwiwar 'yan Democrat Kirista (CDU tare da CSU na Bavaria) da SPD a karkashin jagorancin Shugaba [[Angela Merkel]] bayan [[Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2013|Zaben 2013]], Heil ya kasance daga cikin tawagar CDU / CSU a cikin ƙungiyar aiki kan muhalli da aikin gona, karkashin jagorancin Katherina Reiche da Ute Vogt. A cikin irin wannan tattaunawar bayan Zaben tarayya na 2017, ta kasance daga cikin ƙungiyar aiki kan harkokin cikin gida da shari'a, karkashin jagorancin Thomas de Maizière, Stephan Mayer da Heiko Maas. Daga 2018 zuwa 2021, ta jagoranci Kwamitin Gine-gine, Gidaje, Ci gaban Birane da Karamar Hukumar.

Tun daga shekara ta 2025, Heil tana aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin majalisar dokokin Jamus kan 'yancin dan adam da taimakon jin kai.

== Sauran ayyukan ==

* Hukumar Tarayya ta Ilimi ta Jama'a (BPB), memba na Kwamitin Amintattun
* Kreissparkasse Mayen, memba na Kwamitin Kulawa

== Matsayi na siyasa ==
A watan Yunin 2017, Heil ta kada kuri'a a kan mafi rinjaye na ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa kuma ta goyi bayan gabatarwar auren jinsi guda a Jamus.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://www.bundestag.de/en/members/heil_mechthild-520216 Tarihin Bundestag] (a Turanci) {{In lang|en}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]]</text>
      <sha1>cos6rbovq9nog74nm8fcvww9rvroxzf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843986</id>
      <parentid>843984</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:38:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Matsayi na siyasa */</comment>
      <origin>843986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2714" sha1="92neterzswiahdinalxqkswp1ec93gr" xml:space="preserve">{{databox|2}}
'''Mechthild Heil''' (née '''Rumpf''', an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1961) ƴar Jamus ce kuma 'yar siyasa ta Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wacce ke aiki a matsayin memba na Bundestag daga jihar Rhineland-Palatinate tun shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mechthild Heil {{!}} Abgeordnetenwatch |url=https://www.abgeordnetenwatch.de/profile/mechthild-heil |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=www.abgeordnetenwatch.de |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Heil ya fara zama memba na Bundestag a [[2009 German federal election|Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2009]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mechthild Heil |url=https://www.cducsu.de/abgeordnete/mechthild-heil |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=CDU/CSU-Fraktion}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Harkokin Kasuwanci da Jama'a (2009-2010) da Kwamitin Wasanni (2009-2013) kafin ta koma Kwamitin Harshen Shari'a da Kare Abokin Ciniki a 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=German Bundestag - Legal Affairs and Consumer Protection |url=https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a06 |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=German Bundestag |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin tattaunawar da aka yi don kafa Babban hadin gwiwar 'yan Democrat Kirista (CDU tare da CSU na Bavaria) da SPD a karkashin jagorancin Shugaba [[Angela Merkel]] bayan [[Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2013|Zaben 2013]], Heil ya kasance daga cikin tawagar CDU / CSU a cikin ƙungiyar aiki kan muhalli da aikin gona, karkashin jagorancin Katherina Reiche da Ute Vogt. A cikin irin wannan tattaunawar bayan Zaben tarayya na 2017, ta kasance daga cikin ƙungiyar aiki kan harkokin cikin gida da shari'a, karkashin jagorancin Thomas de Maizière, Stephan Mayer da Heiko Maas. Daga 2018 zuwa 2021, ta jagoranci Kwamitin Gine-gine, Gidaje, Ci gaban Birane da Karamar Hukumar.

Tun daga shekara ta 2025, Heil tana aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin majalisar dokokin Jamus kan 'yancin dan adam da taimakon jin kai.

== Sauran ayyukan ==

* Hukumar Tarayya ta Ilimi ta Jama'a (BPB), memba na Kwamitin Amintattun
* Kreissparkasse Mayen, memba na Kwamitin Kulawa

== Matsayi na siyasa ==
A watan Yunin 2017, Heil ta kada kuri'a a kan mafi rinjaye na ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa kuma ta goyi bayan gabatarwar auren jinsi guda a Jamus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article166099805/Diese-Unionsabgeordneten-stimmten-fuer-die-Ehe-fuer-alle.html Diese Unionsabgeordneten stimmten für die Ehe für alle] ''[[Die Welt]]'', June 30, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://www.bundestag.de/en/members/heil_mechthild-520216 Tarihin Bundestag] (a Turanci) {{In lang|en}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]]</text>
      <sha1>92neterzswiahdinalxqkswp1ec93gr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>843988</id>
      <parentid>843986</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:39:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A'isha A Ibrahim</username>
        <id>22074</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ayyukan siyasa */</comment>
      <origin>843988</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2977" sha1="pufxhuah1uue8o6binn8ozvvksp9ppv" xml:space="preserve">{{databox|2}}
'''Mechthild Heil''' (née '''Rumpf''', an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1961) ƴar Jamus ce kuma 'yar siyasa ta Ƙungiyar Demokradiyyar Kirista (CDU) wacce ke aiki a matsayin memba na Bundestag daga jihar Rhineland-Palatinate tun shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mechthild Heil {{!}} Abgeordnetenwatch |url=https://www.abgeordnetenwatch.de/profile/mechthild-heil |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=www.abgeordnetenwatch.de |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Heil ya fara zama memba na Bundestag a [[2009 German federal election|Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2009]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mechthild Heil |url=https://www.cducsu.de/abgeordnete/mechthild-heil |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=CDU/CSU-Fraktion}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Harkokin Kasuwanci da Jama'a (2009-2010) da Kwamitin Wasanni (2009-2013) kafin ta koma Kwamitin Harshen Shari'a da Kare Abokin Ciniki a 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=German Bundestag - Legal Affairs and Consumer Protection |url=https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a06 |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=German Bundestag |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin tattaunawar da aka yi don kafa Babban hadin gwiwar 'yan Democrat Kirista (CDU tare da CSU na Bavaria) da SPD a karkashin jagorancin Shugaba [[Angela Merkel]] bayan [[Zaben tarayya na Jamus na 2013|Zaben 2013]], Heil ya kasance daga cikin tawagar CDU / CSU a cikin ƙungiyar aiki kan muhalli da aikin gona, karkashin jagorancin Katherina Reiche da Ute Vogt. A cikin irin wannan tattaunawar bayan Zaben tarayya na 2017, ta kasance daga cikin ƙungiyar aiki kan harkokin cikin gida da shari'a, karkashin jagorancin Thomas de Maizière, Stephan Mayer da Heiko Maas. Daga 2018 zuwa 2021, ta jagoranci Kwamitin Gine-gine, Gidaje, Ci gaban Birane da Karamar Hukumar.

Tun daga shekara ta 2025, Heil tana aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin majalisar dokokin Jamus kan 'yancin dan adam da taimakon jin kai.&lt;ref&gt;Eckart Lohse and Mona Jaeger (16 May 2025), [https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/armin-laschet-soll-den-auswaertigen-ausschuss-fuehren-110480575.html Armin Laschet soll den Auswärtigen Ausschuss führen] ''[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran ayyukan ==

* Hukumar Tarayya ta Ilimi ta Jama'a (BPB), memba na Kwamitin Amintattun
* Kreissparkasse Mayen, memba na Kwamitin Kulawa

== Matsayi na siyasa ==
A watan Yunin 2017, Heil ta kada kuri'a a kan mafi rinjaye na ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa kuma ta goyi bayan gabatarwar auren jinsi guda a Jamus.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article166099805/Diese-Unionsabgeordneten-stimmten-fuer-die-Ehe-fuer-alle.html Diese Unionsabgeordneten stimmten für die Ehe für alle] ''[[Die Welt]]'', June 30, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* Shafin yanar gizon hukuma (a cikin Jamusanci) 
* [https://www.bundestag.de/en/members/heil_mechthild-520216 Tarihin Bundestag] (a Turanci) {{In lang|en}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kogin Kaap</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299896949|Kaap River]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1682" sha1="c6coh1urbicp0iend7b0kcy0hb3nf8v" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Kaap''' (wanda kuma ''ake kira Umlambongwane'' ko '''Little Crocodile River''') kogi ne a kwarin De Kaap da ke gabashin lardin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mtnl&quot; /&gt; Yana da rafukan Kogin Crocodile wanda yake da mahaɗa a Kaapmuiden. Kogin Kaap yana da manyan rafukan ruwa guda biyu, wato Kogin North Kaap ([[Afrikaans|Afrika]]: Noordkaap) da Kogin South Kaap (Afrikaans: Suidkaap). Ƙasan sa ya ratsa ta cikin kyawawan tsaunukan Krokodilpoortsberge, inda yake da rafukan ruwa da dama, ciki har da rafukan Figtree da rafukan Low (ko Mantibovu).

== Tarihi ==
Yankin da kogin ke magudanar ruwa a da, ƙabilar Mbayi, ko kuma mutanen Maseko, waɗanda bakaNgomane ke iko da su ne, ya taɓa zama a yankin da ake samun ruwa a cikinsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;mtnl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.mountainlands.co.za/history/ |access-date=22 June 2018 |website=mountainlands.co.za |publisher=Mountainlands Nature Reserve}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har yanzu ana iya gane wuraren da suke zama ta hanyar kogunansu, wanda manufarsa ba a fayyace ta ba.
[[Fayil:The_Castle_Line_atlas_of_South_Africa_-_a_series_of_16_plates,_printed_in_colour,_containing_30_maps_and_diagrams,_with_an_account_of_the_geograaphical_features_,_the_climate,_the_mineral_and_other_(14579454658),_crop.jpg|none|thumb|250x250px|Kogin Kaap da magudanan ruwa a taswirar 1895. An nuna iyakar da ke tsakanin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da Swaziland (tun daga 2018 aka sake masa suna zuwa [[Eswatini]] ) a ƙasan dama.]]

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
Kaap RiverKaap RiverKaap RiverKlein Berg RiverKaap RiverKlein Berg RiverKaap RiverKlein Berg River</text>
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    <revision>
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      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1595" sha1="7h8eoe39v6up5wuvyzz0jbek06pyrsn" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Kaap''' (wanda kuma ''ake kira Umlambongwane'' ko '''Little Crocodile River''') kogi ne a kwarin De Kaap da ke gabashin lardin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mtnl&quot; /&gt; Yana da rafukan Kogin Crocodile wanda yake da mahaɗa a Kaapmuiden. Kogin Kaap yana da manyan rafukan ruwa guda biyu, wato Kogin North Kaap ([[Afrikaans|Afrika]]: Noordkaap) da Kogin South Kaap (Afrikaans: Suidkaap). Ƙasan sa ya ratsa ta cikin kyawawan tsaunukan Krokodilpoortsberge, inda yake da rafukan ruwa da dama, ciki har da rafukan Figtree da rafukan Low (ko Mantibovu).

== Tarihi ==
Yankin da kogin ke magudanar ruwa a da, ƙabilar Mbayi, ko kuma mutanen Maseko, waɗanda bakaNgomane ke iko da su ne, ya taɓa zama a yankin da ake samun ruwa a cikinsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;mtnl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.mountainlands.co.za/history/ |access-date=22 June 2018 |website=mountainlands.co.za |publisher=Mountainlands Nature Reserve}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har yanzu ana iya gane wuraren da suke zama ta hanyar kogunansu, wanda manufarsa ba a fayyace ta ba.
[[Fayil:The_Castle_Line_atlas_of_South_Africa_-_a_series_of_16_plates,_printed_in_colour,_containing_30_maps_and_diagrams,_with_an_account_of_the_geograaphical_features_,_the_climate,_the_mineral_and_other_(14579454658),_crop.jpg|none|thumb|250x250px|Kogin Kaap da magudanan ruwa a taswirar 1895. An nuna iyakar da ke tsakanin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da Swaziland (tun daga 2018 aka sake masa suna zuwa [[Eswatini]] ) a ƙasan dama.]]

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>7h8eoe39v6up5wuvyzz0jbek06pyrsn</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>843989</id>
      <parentid>843987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-31T11:40:10Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Muhammad Idriss Criteria</username>
        <id>15878</id>
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      <text bytes="2171" sha1="n1oifl6dzvldbgl4l37jzqo0xci0fpa" xml:space="preserve">'''Kogin Kaap''' (wanda kuma ''ake kira Umlambongwane'' ko '''Little Crocodile River''') kogi ne a kwarin De Kaap da ke gabashin lardin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mtnl&quot; /&gt; Yana da rafukan Kogin Crocodile wanda yake da mahaɗa a Kaapmuiden. &lt;ref name=&quot;mtnl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.mountainlands.co.za/history/ |access-date=22 June 2018 |website=mountainlands.co.za |publisher=Mountainlands Nature Reserve}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Kaap yana da manyan rafukan ruwa guda biyu, wato Kogin North Kaap ([[Afrikaans|Afrika]]: Noordkaap) da Kogin South Kaap (Afrikaans: Suidkaap). Ƙasan sa ya ratsa ta cikin kyawawan tsaunukan Krokodilpoortsberge, inda yake da rafukan ruwa da dama, ciki har da rafukan Figtree da rafukan Low (ko Mantibovu). &lt;ref name=&quot;mtnl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.mountainlands.co.za/history/ |access-date=22 June 2018 |website=mountainlands.co.za |publisher=Mountainlands Nature Reserve}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Yankin da kogin ke magudanar ruwa a da, ƙabilar Mbayi, ko kuma mutanen Maseko, waɗanda bakaNgomane ke iko da su ne, ya taɓa zama a yankin da ake samun ruwa a cikinsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;mtnl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.mountainlands.co.za/history/ |access-date=22 June 2018 |website=mountainlands.co.za |publisher=Mountainlands Nature Reserve}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har yanzu ana iya gane wuraren da suke zama ta hanyar kogunansu, wanda manufarsa ba a fayyace ta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;mtnl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.mountainlands.co.za/history/ |access-date=22 June 2018 |website=mountainlands.co.za |publisher=Mountainlands Nature Reserve}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:The_Castle_Line_atlas_of_South_Africa_-_a_series_of_16_plates,_printed_in_colour,_containing_30_maps_and_diagrams,_with_an_account_of_the_geograaphical_features_,_the_climate,_the_mineral_and_other_(14579454658),_crop.jpg|none|thumb|250x250px|Kogin Kaap da magudanan ruwa a taswirar 1895. An nuna iyakar da ke tsakanin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da Swaziland (tun daga 2018 aka sake masa suna zuwa [[Eswatini]] ) a ƙasan dama.]]

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <text bytes="2184" sha1="ipxosfphxtvnwb51yqbk3t6ntq4pbdr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Kogin Kaap''' (wanda kuma ''ake kira Umlambongwane'' ko '''Little Crocodile River''') kogi ne a kwarin De Kaap da ke gabashin lardin Mpumalanga, [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mtnl&quot; /&gt; Yana da rafukan Kogin Crocodile wanda yake da mahaɗa a Kaapmuiden. &lt;ref name=&quot;mtnl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.mountainlands.co.za/history/ |access-date=22 June 2018 |website=mountainlands.co.za |publisher=Mountainlands Nature Reserve}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kogin Kaap yana da manyan rafukan ruwa guda biyu, wato Kogin North Kaap ([[Afrikaans|Afrika]]: Noordkaap) da Kogin South Kaap (Afrikaans: Suidkaap). Ƙasan sa ya ratsa ta cikin kyawawan tsaunukan Krokodilpoortsberge, inda yake da rafukan ruwa da dama, ciki har da rafukan Figtree da rafukan Low (ko Mantibovu). &lt;ref name=&quot;mtnl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.mountainlands.co.za/history/ |access-date=22 June 2018 |website=mountainlands.co.za |publisher=Mountainlands Nature Reserve}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Yankin da kogin ke magudanar ruwa a da, ƙabilar Mbayi, ko kuma mutanen Maseko, waɗanda bakaNgomane ke iko da su ne, ya taɓa zama a yankin da ake samun ruwa a cikinsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;mtnl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.mountainlands.co.za/history/ |access-date=22 June 2018 |website=mountainlands.co.za |publisher=Mountainlands Nature Reserve}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har yanzu ana iya gane wuraren da suke zama ta hanyar kogunansu, wanda manufarsa ba a fayyace ta ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;mtnl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.mountainlands.co.za/history/ |access-date=22 June 2018 |website=mountainlands.co.za |publisher=Mountainlands Nature Reserve}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:The_Castle_Line_atlas_of_South_Africa_-_a_series_of_16_plates,_printed_in_colour,_containing_30_maps_and_diagrams,_with_an_account_of_the_geograaphical_features_,_the_climate,_the_mineral_and_other_(14579454658),_crop.jpg|none|thumb|250x250px|Kogin Kaap da magudanan ruwa a taswirar 1895. An nuna iyakar da ke tsakanin [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da Swaziland (tun daga 2018 aka sake masa suna zuwa [[Eswatini]] ) a ƙasan dama.]]

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu|Jerin koguna na Afirka ta Kudu]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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